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1969
Defense Department
commissions ARPAnet to promote networking research.
UCLA, BBN (Bolt Beranek & Newman), and UCSB are
connected forming a three-node backbone.
|
1971
NASA
Ames Research Center is connected to
ARPAnet as fourth site on an analog
56-kbps backbone using an Internet Message
Processor. The first Terminal Interface
Processor providing 300-kbps direct user
interface to ARPAnet was installed at NASA
Ames as a joint research project with UC
Santa Barbara.
|
1974
Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf
publish paper which specifies protocol for data
networks.
|
1981
National
Science Foundation (NSF) provides seed
money for the Computer Science Network
(CSNET) to connect U.S. computer science
departments.
|
1982
Defense Department
establishes TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) as standard.
|
1983
NASA
provides seed money to connect the Space
Physics Analysis Network (SPAN) with
DECnet at 9.6 kbps.
|
1984
Number of hosts (computers)
connected to the Internet breaks 1,000.
|
1986
NASA
provides seed money to connect Earth
scientists with TCP/IP to 10 sites with a
digital 56-kbps backbone using router
technology. NASA Science Network (NSN)
formed.
NASA, DOE,
NSF and DARPA agree to establish 2 Federal
Internet Exchanges (FIX-East and
FIX-West). NASA provides seed money to
host the FIXes. The Internet is
born.
NSFNET and
5 NSF-funded supercomputer centers
created. NSFNET backbone is 56
kbps.
|
|
1988
NSN and SPAN are
consolidated into the NASA Science Internet (NSI).
NSI establishes a strong customer requirements
service model to reach over 15,000 scientists
worldwide with a 1.5-Mbps multiprotocol routed
backbone.
|
1989
Number
of hosts breaks 100,000.
|
1991
NSF lifts restrictions on
commercial use of the Internet.
High Performance Computing Act,
authored by then-Senator Gore, is signed into
law.
World Wide Web software released by
CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle
Physics.
|
1993
President
Clinton and Vice President Gore get e-mail
addresses.
Mosaic, a
graphical "Web browser" developed at the
NSF-funded National Center for
Supercomputing Applications, is released.
Traffic on the Web explodes.
|
1994
NASA establishes
experimental 155-Mbps backbone at 5 NASA science
centers named the NASA Research and Education
Network (NREN).
White House goes on-line with
"Welcome to the White House."
|
1995
U.S.
Internet traffic now carried by commercial
Internet service providers.
|
1996
Number of Internet hosts
reaches 12.8 million.
NASA consolidates all operational
wide-area networking activities into NASA
Integrated Services Network (NISN). Operational
networks to be fully commercialized by April
1999.
President Clinton and Vice
President Gore announce "Next Generation Internet"
initiative.
|
The National Center
for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the
University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign on
June 19, 1997 announced that John C. Toole has
joined the center's senior management team.
Recently named one
of the National Science Foundation's two leading
edge sites in the new Partnership for Advanced
Computational Infrastructure program, NCSA will be
creating a 21st Century national information
infrastructure prototype in order to enable
computational science and engineering in the United
States. NCSA's new NSF program is called the
National Computational Science Alliance (Alliance)
and becomes effective October 1, 1997.
Beginning in the
middle of August, Toole now serves as one of the
center's two Deputy Directors, focusing on Alliance
programs. He will oversee the technical operation
and coordination of Alliance teams throughout the
United States.
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