 Microsoft Operating System/2: Learning Guide


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 Microsoft(R) Operating System/2: Learning Guide

 Version 1.1


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   Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does
   not represent a commitment on the part of Microsoft Corporation. The
   software and/or databases described in this document are furnished under a
   license agreement or nondisclosure agreement. The software and/or
   databases may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the
   agreement. The purchaser may make one copy of the software for backup
   purposes. No part of this manual and/or database may be reproduced or
   transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
   including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval
   systems, for any purpose other than the purchaser's personal use, without
   the written permission of Microsoft Corporation.

   (C) Copyright Microsoft Corporation, 1989. All rights reserved.
   Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada.

   Printed in the United States of America.

   Microsoft(R), MS(R), MS-DOS(R), and the Microsoft logo are registered
   trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

   Document No. SY0704-110-O00-1288



 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Contents

   Welcome
     About This Guide
     Notational Conventions
     Using a Mouse with MS OS/2
     Going On

   Chapter 1  Learning Presentation Manager Skills
     Introduction
     The MS OS/2 Presentation Manager Screen
     Exercise 1: Getting Help
       Scrolling the Help Window
       Closing the Help Window
     Exercise 2: Starting an Application
     Exercise 3: Shrinking a Window to an Icon
     Exercise 4: Changing Groups in Start Programs
     Exercise 5: Starting and Shrinking Control Panel
     Exercise 6: Switching Among Applications with Task Manager
       Displaying Task Manager
       Switching to the DOS Session
       Returning to the Presentation Manager Session
       Switching to File System
       Switching to Control Panel
     Exercise 7: Arranging Windows with Task Manager
     Exercise 8: Moving and Sizing Windows
       Moving Windows
       Sizing Windows
     Exercise 9: Quitting Applications
       Quitting Control Panel
       Quitting File System
     Exercise 10: Shutting Down MS OS/2
     Summary

   Chapter 2  Using a Presentation Manager Application
     Introduction
     Exercise 1: Starting and Playing Bricks
       Starting Bricks
       Game Rules
       Setting Options
       Playing a Game Yourself
       Stopping and Resuming a Game
     Exercise 2: Opening Files
       Using a Dialog Box
     Exercise 3: Learning About Multitasking
     Exercise 4: Creating New Files
       Adding Bricks
         Using the Add Bricks Dialog Box
         Adding a Brick to Your Game
         Correcting Mistakes
       Removing Bricks
       Completing Your Game
     Exercise 5: Saving Files
     Quitting Bricks
       Shutting Down MS OS/2
     Summary

   Chapter 3  Learning File System
     Introduction
     Exercise 1: Starting File System
       Looking at the Directory Tree Window
     Exercise 2: Opening a Directory Window
       Looking at the Directory Window
       Changing the Display in a Directory Window
     Exercise 3: Managing Files and Directories
       Creating and Opening Subdirectories
       Arranging File System Windows
       Switching Between Directory Windows
       Copying Files
       Moving Files
       Renaming Files
       Deleting Files
     Exercise 4: Closing Directory Windows
     Exercise 5: Quitting File System
       Shutting Down MS OS/2
     Summary

   Chapter 4  Learning the MS OS/2 and DOS Command Interpreters
     Introduction
       Typing Commands
       Controlling the Screen's Contents
       Using the Copy Command
         Using Editing Keys
       Starting an Application
       Using the System Menu in Cmd
         Changing the Font Size
         Scrolling the Contents of the Screen
       Quitting Cmd and Closing the Window
     Exercise 2: Running Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session
       Using Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session
       Starting an Application
       Quitting Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session
     Exercise 3: Running the DOS Command Interpreter
       Starting the DOS Command Interpreter
       Typing Commands
       Starting a DOS Application
     Shutting Down MS OS/2
     Going On

   Appendix  Computer Basics



 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Welcome

   About This Guide
   Notational Conventions
   Using a Mouse with MS OS/2
   Going On


   Microsoft(R) Operating System/2 is a powerful and flexible tool that
   allows you to perform several tasks on your computer at the same time. The
   way you work with MS(R) OS/2 is entirely up to you. Presentation Manager
   offers you a graphical way of working with MS OS/2 by providing windows
   you can work in and menus from which you can choose commands. In addition,
   the MS OS/2 and DOS command interpreters offer you a way of working with
   MS OS/2 that more closely resembles DOS.

   This guide is designed as a tutorial (a series of exercises) to help you
   learn about the different ways you can work with MS OS/2. It will give you
   hands-on experience using Presentation Manager and the MS OS/2 and DOS
   command interpreters to perform basic tasks, such as starting applications
   and managing files and directories. Also, the appendix to this tutorial
   provides an overview of basic computer terms and concepts, which you might
   find helpful in working through the exercises.

   If you would prefer to experiment with MS OS/2 on your own, you may find
   Microsoft Operating System/2 Getting Started helpful. There you will find
   information on setting up MS OS/2 on your computer, followed by a brief
   tour of the system. If you want to start using MS OS/2 right away, see the
   Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide for instructions on how to
   perform specific tasks. For a complete reference to all of the commands,
   applications, and programs that come with MS OS/2, see the Microsoft
   Operating System/2 Desktop Reference.


 About This Guide

   This guide consists of four chapters. Each chapter presents exercises that
   explain how to use a particular MS OS/2 operating environment or
   application:

   þ  Chapter 1, "Learning Presentation Manager Skills," teaches the basic
      skills you need to use windows and to start and quit applications.

   þ  Chapter 2, "Using a Presentation Manager Application," demonstrates a
      sample game application called Bricks to teach basic techniques for
      working with Presentation Manager applications.

   þ  Chapter 3, "Learning File System," describes how to use File System to
      create a subdirectory and to move, copy, and delete files.

   þ  Chapter 4, "Learning the MS OS/2 and DOS Command Interpreters,"
      describes some basic techniques for using the MS OS/2 and DOS command
      interpreters, cmd and command. Here, you'll learn about typing commands
      and about an alternate way to manage your files and directories.

   If you've never used a personal computer before or are new to graphical
   operating environments such as Microsoft Windows, it's a good idea to work
   through the exercises in these chapters before you start using MS OS/2 to
   do your work. When you finish the set of exercises in each chapter, you
   can proceed to the next one or take a break.

   It is highly recommended that you use a mouse while working through the
   exercisesÄÄhaving a mouse makes Presentation Manager fast and easy to use.
   (For more information about the mouse, see "Using a Mouse with MS OS/2"
   in this chapter.)

   Textured bars in the left margin point out procedures for performing a
   particular task.

   The procedures for performing a task by using a mouse are marked by a
   mouse icon in the margin. If you don't have a mouse, you can still work
   through the exercises by using your keyboard. Keyboard procedures
   immediately follow the mouse procedures and are also marked by an icon in
   the margin. If you have a mouse, feel free to try both methods. This will
   give you an idea of the variety of ways you can accomplish tasks in the
   Presentation Manager session and will help you discover the method that is
   most comfortable for you.

   When the procedure may be performed by using either a mouse or keyboard,
   or by using both a mouse and keyboard in a combination of steps, the
   textured bar appears by itself in the margin.


 Notational Conventions

   To help you locate and interpret information easily, this guide uses
   specific typographic conventions and terminology. The following
   typographic conventions are used in this guide:

   Convention        Used for
   ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
   bold              Bold letters indicate anything you must type exactly as
                     it appears in this guide.

   this type         Sample command lines, program code, program output, and
                     examples.

   ALL CAPITALS      Filenames, directory names, and acronyms.

                     Names of keys on your keyboard.

   Initial Capitals  Presentation Manager commands and menu names.
   ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

   Key combinations and key sequences appear in the following format:

   Notation        Meaning
   ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
   KEY+KEY         A plus sign (+) between key names means you must press the
                   keys at the same time; for example, "Press ALT+ESC" means
                   that you press the ALT key and hold it down while you
                   press the ESC key.

   KEY, KEY        A comma (,) between key names means you must press the
                   keys in sequence; for example, "Press ALT, SPACEBAR" means
                   that you press the ALT key and release it, and then press
                   the SPACEBAR and release it.

   DIRECTION keys  Arrow keys on your computer keypad indicate DIRECTION
                   keys. The names refer to the direction the key points: UP,
                   DOWN, RIGHT, and LEFT.
   ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ


 Using a Mouse with MS OS/2

   A mouse is a small pointing device that you can use with MS OS/2. Moving
   the mouse across a flat surface, such as a table or a desktop, moves the
   pointer, which appears as an arrow on the screen. With a mouse, there's no
   need to memorize keystrokes or key sequences to perform common
   Presentation Manager tasks. You can use it to choose commands, select
   files and directories, and start applications by simply pointing on the
   screen and clicking the mouse button. You can use either a single-button
   or a multiple-button mouse with Presentation Manager applications. If you
   have a mouse with more than one button, use the left button. Other
   applications you use may respond to the other buttons, but the
   applications that come with MS OS/2 recognize the left button. (You can
   change which button Presentation Manager recognizes. See Part 1, "Using
   Presentation Manager," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide
   for more information.)

   If you run out of room while moving the mouse (for example, by running off
   the edge of your desk), lift the mouse and put it back down where you have
   more room. Lifting the mouse does not move the pointer on the screen.

   The following list describes the mouse actions you will use in this guide:

   Term                Action
   ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
   Point               Move the mouse until the tip of the pointer rests on
                       the object on the screen that you want to point to.

   Click               Quickly press and release the mouse button. To click
                       an object means to point to that object (for example,
                       an icon or a menu name) and press the mouse button.

   Double-click        Click the mouse button twice in rapid succession.

   Drag                Press the mouse button and hold it down while moving
                       the mouse.
   ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ


 Going On

   When you are ready, go on to Chapter 1, "Learning Presentation Manager
   Skills." Make sure you have installed and started MS OS/2 on your
   computer. If you have not installed MS OS/2 yet, or if you need a reminder
   on how to start it, see Microsoft Operating System/2 Getting Started
   before beginning the exercises in Chapter 1.



 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Chapter 1  Learning Presentation Manager Skills

   Introduction
   The MS OS/2 Presentation Manager Screen
   Exercise 1: Getting Help
     Scrolling the Help Window
     Closing the Help Window
   Exercise 2: Starting an Application
   Exercise 3: Shrinking a Window to an Icon
   Exercise 4: Changing Groups in Start Programs
   Exercise 5: Starting and Shrinking Control Panel
   Exercise 6: Switching Among Applications with Task Manager
     Displaying Task Manager
     Switching to the DOS Session
     Returning to the Presentation Manager Session
     Switching to File System
     Switching to Control Panel
   Exercise 7: Arranging Windows with Task Manager
   Exercise 8: Moving and Sizing Windows
     Moving Windows
     Sizing Windows
   Exercise 9: Quitting Applications
     Quitting Control Panel
     Quitting File System
   Exercise 10: Shutting Down MS OS/2
   Summary


 Introduction

   Microsoft Operating System/2 includes several different applications and
   programs that you can use to perform a variety of tasks. Presentation
   Manager is the graphical environment that provides you with a visual way
   of working with your computer, by displaying windows and menus on your
   screen.

   This chapter contains ten exercises that will give you hands-on experience
   performing basic Presentation Manager tasks. While working through the
   exercises, you will learn and practice the following skills:

   þ  Using Help information

   þ  Selecting and starting applications

   þ  Shrinking application windows to icons

   þ  Switching between applications

   þ  Arranging windows

   þ  Moving and sizing windows

   þ  Quitting applications

   þ  Shutting down MS OS/2

   Before beginning the exercises, make sure you have set up and started MS
   OS/2 on your computer. If you have not set up MS OS/2 or if you need a
   review on how to start MS OS/2, see Microsoft Operating System/2 Getting
   Started.


 The MS OS/2 Presentation Manager Screen

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   When you start MS OS/2, the Start Programs application appears on your
   screen, running in the Presentation Manager session (a special graphical
   environment). Here are some terms that describe the elements of the
   Presentation Manager screen:

   þ  The work area is where a list of applications, directories, or the
      contents of a file are displayed. For example, in the Start Programs
      work area, you can see a list of applications that you can start by
      using Start Programs.

   þ  An arrow-shaped pointer shows your position on the screen, if you are
      using a mouse.

   þ  Scroll bars may appear in a window when it contains more information
      than can fit in the work area. If you are using a mouse, you use scroll
      bars to bring the information that does not fit in the work area into
      view. Clicking one of the scroll bars moves information in the work
      area up or down one line.

   þ  The border defines the boundaries of a window and determines its size.
      You can change the size and location of a window on your screen by
      adjusting the position of its borders.

   þ  The title bar displays the name of the application that is currently
      running in a window or, if you are using File System, the directory
      path of an open directory.

   þ  The System-menu box is used to display the System menu. The System menu
      is common to all applications that run in a window, and it can be used
      to move and size windows and to quit applications.

   þ  The menu bar displays the names of the menus in a Presentation Manager
      application.

   þ  The Minimize box can shrink a window to an icon, if you are using a
      mouse. If you are not using a mouse, you can use the Minimize command
      on the System menu to do this.

   þ  The Maximize box can enlarge a window, if you are using a mouse. If you
      are not using a mouse, you can use the Maximize command on the System
      menu to do this.

   þ  An icon represents a window that has been shrunk by using the Minimize
      command or the Minimize box. When you start MS OS/2, icons for Task
      Manager, Spooler Queue Manager, and the DOS session (the environment
      used to run DOS applications) automatically appear in the icon area
      located at the bottom of your screen.

   þ  The Help key reminds you that you can display Help information at any
      time by pressing the F1 function key.


 Exercise 1: Getting Help

   If you get stuck at any time while working in the Presentation Manager
   session, you can get help for the task you are performing. To display Help
   information, use the F1 function key. Do this now:

   1.  Press F1.

   Help information for Start Programs appears in a window on your screen.

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   Scrolling the Help Window

   The scroll bar at the right shows you that there's more Help information
   available than can fit in the window. If you are using a mouse, you can
   use the scroll bars to display more of the information:

   1.  Point to the scroll box in the scroll bar.

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   2.  Press and hold down the left mouse button, then drag the scroll box
       down towards the bottom of the scroll bar. More of the text appears in
       the window as you drag the scroll box.

   If you are using your keyboard, you can scroll the Help information one
   window at a time by using the PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys. If you are using
   your keyboard, try scrolling the text down one screen:

   1.  Press the PAGE DOWN key to display more Help text.

   Practice scrolling through the Help information by using your mouse or
   keyboard until you've reached the end. You'll know that you're at the end
   of the text when the scroll box reaches the bottom of the scroll bar.

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   Closing the Help Window

   To close the Help window, do the following:

   1.  Press the ESC key.

   The Help window disappears from your screen. For more detailed information
   on using Help, see Part 1, "Using Presentation Manager," of the Microsoft
   Operating System/2 User's Guide.


 Exercise 2: Starting an Application

   When you start MS OS/2, the first application you see is Start Programs.
   Start Programs is a Presentation Manager application that you can use to
   start other applications. The applications you start are categorized into
   different groups. When you start MS OS/2, the titles of the applications
   in the Main Group are listed in the Start Programs window.

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   Starting an application is easy by using a mouse; you just point to the
   title of the application you want to start and then double-click the left
   mouse button. Start File System by using your mouse:

   1.  Point to File System in the application list.

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   2.  Double-click the left mouse button to start File System.

   When you start File System by using a mouse, the pointer becomes a small
   hourglass to let you know that File System is being started. After a short
   pause, File System appears in a window on your screen.
   If you don't have a  mouse, select and start File System by using your
   keyboard:

   1.  If File System is not already selected, press the UP or DOWN key until
       File System is highlighted.

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   2.  Press the ENTER key.

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   File System is a Presentation Manager application you can use to manage
   your files and directories on any disk you choose. You will learn some
   basic techniques for using File System in Chapter 3, "Learning File
   System."


 Exercise 3: Shrinking a Window to an Icon

   Whenever you're not currently using an application that is running in a
   window, you can shrink the application window to an icon without having to
   quit the application. Since you won't be using File System in this
   chapter, you'll shrink the File System window to an icon.

   You shrink a window to an icon with the mouse by using the Minimize
   box in the upper-right corner of the window. If you have a mouse,
   shrink the File System window to an icon:

   1.  Point to the Minimize box in the upper-right corner of the File System
       window.

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   2.  Click the left mouse button.

   To shrink a window to an icon by using your keyboard, you use the Minimize
   command on the System menu:

   1.  Press and hold down the SHIFT key.

   2.  While holding down the SHIFT key, press the ESC key to display the
       System menu (SHIFT+ESC). The System menu appears on your screen with
       the first command, Restore, highlighted to show that it is selected.

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       The System menu contains commands that let you size, move, and close
       windows. The Minimize command shrinks the File System window to an
       icon.

   3.  Press the N key to choose the Minimize command.

   File System is now represented by an icon in the lower-left corner of your
   screen. The Start Programs window appears at the front of your screen.

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   File System is still running, but it doesn't take up as much space on your
   screen.

   In this exercise, you've learned how to shrink a window to an icon. Next,
   you will learn how to change groups in Start Programs so that you can
   start other applications in other groups.


 Exercise 4: Changing Groups in Start Programs

   In addition to the applications listed in the Main Group, MS OS/2 includes
   other applications listed in two other groupsÄÄthe Utility Programs group
   and the Demonstration Programs group.

   If you have a mouse, change to the Utility Programs group:

   1.  Point to the Group menu.

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   2.  Click the left mouse button. The commands and groups on the Group menu
       appear on your screen.

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       The check mark next to the Main Group shows you that the applications
       in the Main Group are those currently displayed in the Start Programs
       window.

   3.  Point to the second group, Utility Programs.

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   4.  Click the left mouse button.

   If you don't have a mouse, you can change to the Utility Programs group by
   using your keyboard:

   1.  Press the ALT key. The Program-menu name is then highlighted, showing
       you the menu is ready to use.

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   2.  Press the G key. The Group menu appears on your screen.

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       The check mark next to the Main Group shows you that the applications
       in the Main Group are those currently displayed in the Start Programs
       window.

   3.  Press the 2 key to change to the Utility Programs group.

   When you change to the Utility Programs group, the titles of the
   applications in the group appear in the Start Programs window.

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   Notice that the Utility Programs group includes Control Panel. Now that
   Control Panel is selected in the Start Programs window, you can easily
   start it.


 Exercise 5: Starting and Shrinking Control Panel

   If you have a mouse, follow these steps to start Control Panel:

   1.  Point to Control Panel in the applications list.

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   2.  Double-click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, here's how to start Control Panel:

   1.  If Control Panel is not already selected, press the UP or DOWN key to
       select Control Panel.

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   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   Control Panel appears in a window on your screen.

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   Control Panel is a Presentation Manager application you can use to
   customize MS OS/2 to your specific needs. Part 1, "Using Presentation
   Manager," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide, describes in
   detail how to use Control Panel.

   Since you won't be using Control Panel in this chapter, you'll shrink
   the Control Panel window to an icon. If you are using a mouse, the
   following steps will shrink the Control Panel window:

   1.  Point to the Minimize box in the upper-right corner of the window.

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   2.  Click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, shrink the Control Panel window by
   choosing the Minimize command from the System menu:

   1.  Press and hold down the SHIFT key.

   2.  While holding down the SHIFT key, press the ESC key to display the
       System menu.

   3.  Press the N key to choose the Minimize command.

   Control Panel appears as an icon in the lower-left corner of your screen,
   next to the File System icon. Once again, the Start Programs window
   appears at the front of your screen.

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   Just like File System, Control Panel is still running, but it occupies
   less space on your screen than before.

   You now have several application windows and the DOS session, Spooler
   Queue Manager, and Task Manager icons displayed on your screen at once.
   Start Programs is running in a window at the front of your screen; File
   System and Control Panel are running in icons at the bottom of your
   screen. In the next exercise, you'll learn how to use Task Manager to
   switch between these applications.


 Exercise 6: Switching Among Applications with Task Manager

   In MS OS/2, you can have several applications running at once, but you can
   work with only one application at a time. The application you are
   currently working with is the active application.

   When a Presentation Manager application becomes active, it appears at the
   front of your screen and its window borders and title bar change colors.
   For example, since Start Programs is now at the front of your screen and
   its window borders and title bar have changed colors, it is the active
   application.

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   If you want to use an application other than the one that is currently
   active, you need to switch to it. The most direct way to switch to another
   application is by using Task Manager. To switch to another application,
   you first display Task Manager and then choose the application you want to
   switch to from the list of applications displayed in the Task Manager
   window.

   Displaying Task Manager

   Since Task Manager is currently running in an icon, you need to restore it
   before you can switch to another application. Restoring Task Manager by
   using the mouse is easy; point to the Task Manager icon in the lower-right
   corner of your screen and then double-click the left mouse button.

   If you are using a mouse, follow these steps to restore Task Manager:

   1.  Point to the Task Manager icon.

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   2.  Double-click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, press CTRL+ESC to restore Task Manager. Do
   this now:

   1.  Press and hold down the CTRL key.

   2.  Press the ESC key.

   3.  Release both keys.

   When you restore Task Manager, it appears at the front of your screen,
   displaying a list of applications that are currently running.

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   Switching to the DOS Session

   The way you switch to another application with Task Manager is similar to
   the way you start an application with Start ProgramsÄÄyou point to the
   application and then double-click the left mouse button. If you are using
   the keyboard, use the UP or DOWN key to select the application and then
   press the ENTER key.

   To practice switching to another application, switch to the DOS session
   (the environment used to run DOS applications). If you are using a mouse,
   do the following:

   1.  Point to DOS Command Prompt in the Task Manager window.

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   2.  Double-click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, do the following to switch to the DOS
   session:

   1.  Press the UP or DOWN key to select the DOS Command Prompt.

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   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   The Presentation Manager screen temporarily disappears and you are
   switched to the DOS session. Switching to the DOS session automatically
   starts the DOS command interpreter, command, as shown by the DOS prompt in
   the upper-left corner of your screen.

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   Command is the program you use to run your DOS applications.
   You'll learn more about using command in Chapter 4, "Learning the MS OS/2
   and DOS Command Interpreters."

   Returning to the Presentation Manager Session

   When you are using an application that is running in the DOS session or
   in the full-screen OS/2 session, you can quickly return to the
   Presentation Manager session and Task Manager at any time. Here's how:

   1.  Press CTRL+ESC.

   The Presentation Manager screen reappears, with Task Manager displayed.

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   Switching to File System

   To give yourself more practice using Task Manager, switch to File System.
   If you are using a mouse, do the following:

   1.  Point to File System in the list of applications displayed in the Task
       Manager window.

   2.  Double-click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, you switch to File System in this way:

   1.  Press the UP or DOWN key to select File System.

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   When you switch to File System, the File System icon is automatically
   restored to a window and appears at the front of your screen. The window
   borders and title bar change colors, showing you that File System is now
   active.

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   Switching to Control Panel

   Next, you'll use Task Manager to switch to Control Panel. Before you can
   switch to Control Panel, you need to make Task Manager active. You can
   make Task Manager active at any timeÄÄhere's how:

   1.  Press CTRL+ESC.

   The Task Manager window appears at the front of your screen.

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   You can now switch to Control Panel. If you are using a mouse, follow
   these steps:

   1.  Point to Control Panel in the list of applications displayed in the
       Task Manager window.

   2.  Double-click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, follow these steps to switch to Control
   Panel:

   1.  Press the UP or DOWN key to select Control Panel.

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   The Control Panel icon is automatically restored to a window on your
   screen.

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   The Control Panel window appears in front of the File System window and
   its title bar changes color, showing you that Control Panel is active.

   You now have several application windows on your screen at the same timeÄÄ
   the Start Programs window, the File System window, the Control Panel
   window, and the Task Manager window. The Control Panel, File System, and
   Task Manager windows are all partially visible. The Start Programs window
   is hidden behind the File System window.


 Exercise 7: Arranging Windows with Task Manager

   When you have several windows on your screen at once, it's useful to be
   able to arrange them so that each is at least partially visible. This
   helps you to keep track of where your applications are and lets you view
   several windows on your screen at the same time.

   Task Manager provides you with a convenient way to arrange windows on your
   screen by using the Cascade or the Tile command on the Arrange menu. The
   Cascade command arranges your windows so that they overlap and so that
   their title bars are visible. The Tile command arranges your windows so
   that they appear side-by-side on your screen.

   To see how this works, use the Cascade command to arrange the windows.
   To do this, you need to make Task Manager active:

   1.  Press CTRL+ESC.

   Task Manager becomes the active application. You now can use the Cascade
   command to arrange the windows on your screen. If you have a mouse, follow
   these steps:

   1.  Point to the Arrange menu in the Task Manager menu bar and click the
       left mouse button. The Arrange menu appears on your screen.

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   2.  Point to the Cascade command and click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, follow these steps to arrange your
   windows:

   1.  Press the ALT key and then the A key to select the Arrange Menu.

   2.  Press the C key to choose the Cascade command.

   Presentation Manager arranges the windows so that they overlap and so that
   their title bars are visible.

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   The Control Panel window is in front of the other application windows,
   showing you that Control Panel is now active.


 Exercise 8: Moving and Sizing Windows

   In addition to using Task Manager to arrange your windows, you can also
   move and size them. By sizing your windows, you can make them as small or
   as large as you want. By moving them, you can place them anywhere on your
   screen.

   Moving Windows

   To move a window by using a mouse, you point to its title bar and then
   drag its borders to where you want it on your screen. To try this, move
   the Task Manager window to the lower-right area of your screen.

   Before you can move a window, you must first make it active. Make
   Task Manager active:

   1.  Press CTRL+ESC.

   The Task Manager window, now active, moves to the front. If you have a
   mouse, follow these steps to move the Task Manager window to the
   lower-right area of your screen:

   1.  Point to the title bar of the Task Manager window.

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   2.  Press and hold down the left mouse button. When you press the left
       mouse button, the window borders turn gray.

   3.  While holding down the left mouse button, drag the window borders to
       the lower-right area of your screen.

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   4.  Release the mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, you can move the Task Manager
   window with the Move command on the System menu, together
   with the DIRECTION keys. Do the following:

   1.  Press SHIFT+ESC to display the System menu.

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   2.  Press the M key to choose the Move command. The borders around the
       Task Manager window turn gray.

   3.  Press the DOWN key several times until the bottom border rests just
       above the DOS and Spool Queue Manager icons.

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   4.  Press and hold down the RIGHT key until the right border touches the
       right edge of your screen.

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   5.  Release the RIGHT key.

   6.  Press the ENTER key.

   The Task Manager window now appears in the lower-right area of your
   screen.

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   Sizing Windows

   Besides being able to move application windows around on your screen, you
   can also change their size. You change the size of a window by expanding
   or contracting its borders.

   To see how this works, try making the Task Manager window smaller. If
   you have a mouse, try this now:

   1.  Point to the left border of the Task Manager window. The pointer turns
       into a two-headed arrow.

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   2.  Press and hold down the left mouse button. The window borders turn
       gray.

   3.  While holding down the left mouse button, drag the border to a
       position about halfway inside the work area.

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   4.  Release the mouse button.

   5.  Point to the bottom border. Once again, the pointer turns into
       a two-headed arrow.

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   6.  Press and hold down the left mouse button. The window borders turn
       gray.

   7.  While holding down the left mouse button, drag the border upward to a
       position just below the title of the last application displayed
       in the work area.

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   8.  Release the mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, you use the Size command on the
   System menu, together with the DIRECTION keys, to size a window. Try
   sizing the Task Manager window:

   1.  Press SHIFT+ESC to display the System menu.

   2.  Press the S key to choose the Size command. The borders around the
       Task Manager window turn gray.

   3.  Press the LEFT key to indicate that you want to move the left border.

   4.  Press and hold down the RIGHT key until the left border is at a
       position halfway inside the work area.

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   5.  Press the DOWN key to indicate that you now want to move the bottom
       border.

   6.  Press and hold down the UP key until the bottom border is at a
       position just below the title of the last application listed in the
       work area.

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   7.  Press the ENTER key.

   The Task Manager window becomes smaller, occupying the new space defined
   by its borders.

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   Now that you have had some practice starting applications, shrinking
   application windows, switching between applications, and arranging,
   moving, and sizing windows, the final steps are to quit each of the
   applications you have started and then shut down MS OS/2.


 Exercise 9: Quitting Applications

   You quit a Presentation Manager application by double-clicking the
   System-menu box or by using the Close command on the System menu. This
   quits the application by closing the application window.

   Quitting Control Panel

   Before you can quit an application, you must make it active. If you have a
   mouse, switch to Control Panel now:

   1.  Point to Control Panel in the Task Manager window and double-click the
       left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, here's how to switch to Control Panel:

   1.  Use the UP or DOWN key to select Control Panel.

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   Control Panel moves to the front of your screen and becomes the
   active application.

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   You can now quit Control Panel. If you are using a mouse, do the
   following:

   1.  Point to the System-menu box in the Control Panel window and
       double-click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, use the Close command in the System menu
   to close Control Panel. Here's how:

   1.  Press SHIFT+ESC to display the System menu for Control Panel.

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   2.  Press the C key to choose the Close command.

   When you double-click the System-menu box or choose the Close
   command, the Control Panel window disappears, showing you that
   Control Panel is no longer running. Start Programs becomes the active
   application.

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   Quitting File System

   Now quit File System. Remember, before you can do anything with an
   application, you need to switch to it first. Switch to File System:

   1.  Press CTRL+ESC to make Task Manager active.

   2.  Choose File System from the list of applications that is displayed
       in the Task Manager window.

       (Point to File System and double-click with the mouse or, if you are
       using the keyboard, select File System with the UP or DOWN key and
       press the ENTER key.)

   The File System window moves to the front of your screen and is now
   active.

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   If you are using a mouse, quit File System the same way as you quit
   Control Panel:

   1.  Point to the System-menu box and double-click the left mouse
       button. A message appears, asking you to confirm your decision
       to quit File System.

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   2.  Point to the Yes button and click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, use the Close command on the System menu.
   Follow these steps:

   1.  Press SHIFT+ESC to display the System menu.

   2.  Press the C key. A message appears, asking you to confirm your
       decision to quit File System.

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   3.  Press the ENTER key.

   When you quit File System, Start Programs moves to the front of
   your screen and becomes the active application.

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   Now, you are almost back to where you beganÄÄthe DOS session and Spooler
   Queue Manager are represented by icons and Start Programs
   is the active application. Task Manager is running in a window behind
   Start Programs. Start Programs, Task Manager, Spooler Queue Manager, and
   the DOS session are always present on your screen; you
   can't close them and they won't go away. If you don't have any other
   applications running in windows or in icons, it is safe to shut down
   MS OS/2.


 Exercise 10: Shutting Down MS OS/2

   At this point, you either can begin the exercises in the next chapter,
   or you can take a break and return to the next chapter later.

   If you decide to take a break and will be away from your computer for a
   while, it's a good idea to shut down MS OS/2 and turn off your computer.
   You shut down MS OS/2 by using the Shutdown Now command in Task Manager.
   When you shut down MS OS/2, each application that is still running
   displays a message, asking you to confirm your decision to quit the
   application and to continue the shutdown process.

   Try shutting down MS OS/2:

   1.  Switch to Task Manager (press CTRL+ESC).

   2.  Select the Shutdown menu (point to it and then click the left mouse
       button or press the ALT key and then the S key).

       The Shutdown menu appears on your screen with the Shutdown Now command
       highlighted, showing you that it is already selected.

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   3.  Press the ENTER key to carry out the Shutdown Now command.

       A message appears, asking you to confirm your decision to quit
       the applications that are still running and to continue shutting down
       MS OS/2.

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   4.  Choose the Yes button (point to it and then click the left mouse
       button or press the LEFT key and then the ENTER key).

       A message appears to let you know that all your applications are
       closed and that it is now safe to turn off your computer.

   5.  If you will be leaving your computer for a while, turn it off. If you
       decide to continue working and want to restart MS OS/2, press
       the ENTER key.


 Summary

   The exercises in this chapter provided you with hands-on experience
   performing basic Presentation Manager skills, such as starting
   applications, shrinking windows to icons, switching between applications,
   arranging, moving and sizing windows, and quitting applications. If you
   want more detailed information about these features of the system before
   going to the next chapter, see Part 1, "Using Presentation Manager," of
   the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide.

   In the next chapter, you will use a sample application called Bricks
   to learn how to use dialog boxes and to open, create, and save files.
   The sample application is an entertaining way to learn new skills and
   to sharpen some of the skills you've already learned in this chapter.
   When you are ready, go on to Chapter 2, "Using a Presentation
   Manager Application."



 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Chapter 2  Using a Presentation Manager Application

   Introduction
   Exercise 1: Starting and Playing Bricks
     Starting Bricks
     Game Rules
     Setting Options
     Playing a Game Yourself
     Stopping and Resuming a Game
   Exercise 2: Opening Files
     Using a Dialog Box
   Exercise 3: Learning About Multitasking
   Exercise 4: Creating New Files
     Adding Bricks
       Using the Add Bricks Dialog Box
       Adding a Brick to Your Game
       Correcting Mistakes
     Removing Bricks
     Completing Your Game
   Exercise 5: Saving Files
   Quitting Bricks
     Shutting Down MS OS/2
   Summary


 Introduction

   In this chapter, you will use the sample applications, Bricks and Alarm
   Clock, to learn some basic techniques for using all Presentation Manager
   applications. Although each Presentation Manager application is unique,
   all of them have several characteristics in common. For example, the way
   you open, create, and save files is basically the same in all Presentation
   Manager applications.

   Bricks has been designed to incorporate features that are common to many
   Presentation Manager applications. While playing Bricks and creating your
   own customized bricks games, you will learn, review,
   and practice the following skills:

   þ  Starting applications

   þ  Switching between applications

   þ  Using multitasking

   þ  Opening, creating, and saving files

   þ  Using dialog boxes


 Exercise 1: Starting and Playing Bricks

   In this exercise, you will review how to start a Presentation Manager
   application by starting Bricks. Then, you will play a game of Bricks to
   familiarize yourself with the game rules and the way the Bricks
   application works.

   Starting Bricks

   The Bricks game is located in the Demonstration Programs group,
   so you need to change groups in Start Programs before starting Bricks. You
   change groups in Start Programs by selecting the Group menu
   and then choosing the group that you want to change to.

   If you decided not to shut down MS OS/2 in the last chapter,
   the first thing you need to do is switch to Start Programs.

   1.  Choose Start Programs from the list of applications displayed in
       the Task Manager window (point to Start Programs and double-click with
       the mouse, or, if you are using your keyboard, select Start
       Programs with the UP or DOWN key and then press the ENTER key).

   Now, if you have a mouse, change to the Demonstration Programs group:

   1.  Point to the Group menu in the Start Programs menu bar and then click
       the left mouse button. The commands on the Group menu appear on your
       screen.

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   2.  Point to Demonstration Programs and then click the left mouse
       button.

   If you are using the keyboard, change to the Demonstration Programs group:

   1.  Press the ALT key and then the G key to select the Group menu.

   2.  Press the 3 key.

   A list of applications in the Demonstration Group appears in the Start
   Programs window.

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   Now, you can start Bricks. If you are using the mouse, here's how:

   1.  Point to Bricks and then double-click the left mouse button.

   If you are using the keyboard, do this to start Bricks:

   1.  Use the UP or DOWN key to select Bricks and then press
       the ENTER key.

   Bricks appears in a window on your screen, with the Paris game displayed
   in the work area.

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   The title bar displays the name of the application (in this case, Bricks),
   the name of the file that is currently open (in this case, PARIS.BRK), and
   the score counter.

   The Paris game, as well as the other Bricks games, is composed of numerous
   rectangular objects, or "bricks," of different sizes and colors. The
   object of the game is to clear the screen by knocking away all
   of the bricks that compose the scene.

   Before you play a game of Bricks, take a few minutes to read the next two
   sections to learn the game rules and to familiarize yourself with how
   Bricks works.

   Game Rules

   There are two options for playing BricksÄÄyou can use the Play command to
   play a game yourself or you can use the Self Play command
   to have Bricks play a game automatically. To get an idea of how Bricks
   works, start a self-play game of Bricks and then watch what happens.

   To start a self-play game of Bricks by using your mouse, follow these
   steps:

   1.  Point to the Game menu in the Bricks menu bar and then click
       the left mouse button. The Game menu appears on your screen.

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   2.  Point to the Self Play command and then click the left mouse
       button.

   If you are using the keyboard, do this to start a self-play game:

   1.  Press the ALT key and then the G key to select the Game menu.

   2.  Press the DOWN key once to select Self Play and then press
       the ENTER key.

   A small white ball appears in the work area and starts moving toward the
   bricks.

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   When the ball hits a brick, the brick is removed from the work area and
   you are awarded points, which are displayed by the score counter. The red
   paddle at the bottom of the window moves back and forth with the ball.
   When the ball hits the paddle, the ball bounces back into play.

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   Setting Options

   When you first start a game of Bricks, the paddle size is set to Medium
   Paddle, the ball speed is set to Regular Ball, and the sound is turned on.
   If, while you are playing a game, you want to make the game easier or more
   challenging, you can adjust the paddle size and the ball speed yourself.

   You can also turn off the sound so that your computer won't beep each time
   the ball hits a brick. You adjust the ball speed, paddle size, and sound
   by using the commands on the Options menu. Many Presentation Manager
   applications have an Options menu that you can use to change the way your
   application runs.

   To see how this works, try making the ball move slower:

   1.  Select the Options menu (point to it and then click the left mouse
       button or press the ALT key and then the O key).

       The commands on the Options menu appear on your screen.

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       Notice the check marks next to the Medium Paddle, Regular Ball, and
       Sound commands. A check mark next to a command shows you that it is
       currently active.

   2.  Choose the Slow Ball command to slow down the ball (point to it and
       then click the left mouse button or use the DOWN key to select it and
       then press the ENTER key).

   The ball now moves slower in the Bricks window. If you were to select the
   Options menu again, you would see a check mark next to the Slow Ball
   command, since it is now active.

   If you want to adjust the paddle size, just select the Options menu again
   and choose the paddle size you want to use. To turn the Sound off, select
   the Options menu one more time and then choose the Sound command.

   Playing a Game Yourself

   Now that you've seen how Bricks works, try playing a game yourself:

   1.  Select the Game menu (click the menu or press ALT, G).

       The commands on the Game menu appear on your screen.

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   2.  Choose the Play command (click the command or, since it is already
       selected, press the ENTER key).

       The first ball appears in the window and starts moving toward
       the bricks.

   3.  Use the RIGHT and LEFT keys to move the paddle and keep
       the ball in play.

   If the ball misses the paddle, it is taken out of play. Bricks gives you
   three balls per game. When you've used up all three balls, a message
   appears, letting you know that the game is over. The message displays how
   many bricks you hit out of all the bricks possible.

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   To delete the message from your screen, do the following:

   1.  Click the OK button or press the ENTER key.

   Stopping and Resuming a Game

   If you want to take a break in the middle of a game, you can stop it
   any time and then resume it when you are ready. Just choose the Stop
   command from the Game menu to stop the game. When you are ready
   to resume the game, choose the Continue command. Now try stopping and
   resuming your game:

   1.  Select the Game menu (click the menu or press ALT, G).

   2.  Choose the Stop command (click the command or press the S key).

       The ball and the paddle stop moving and the game pauses.

   3.  Select the Game menu again.

   4.  Choose the Continue command.

       The ball and the paddle start moving again.

   To start a new game at any time, just choose the Play command from the
   Game menu again. The Paris game will reappear in the window, with all its
   bricks in place. When you are ready, go on to the next
   exercise to learn how to open files.


 Exercise 2: Opening Files

   In this exercise, you'll learn how to open files and use dialog boxes
   in Presentation Manager applications. Because you just played a game
   of Bricks using the PARIS.BRK file, you'll open a different file called
   SEATTLE.BRK.

   You open files in most Presentation Manager applications with the Open
   command on the File menu. Choose the Open command
   by using either your mouse or your keyboard. The general procedure
   is the same:

   1.  Select the File menu (click the menu or press ALT, F).

       The commands on the File menu appear on your screen.

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   2.  Choose the Open command (click the command or press
       the O key).

       The Open Brick File dialog box appears on your screen.

   Using a Dialog Box

   Some commands in Presentation Manager applications, such as
   the Open command, require additional information from you before
   the command can be carried out. If this is the case, the application
   displays a dialog box on your screen. The dialog box prompts you
   to select items, choose options, or type additional information needed
   to carry out the command.

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   The Open Brick File dialog box includes three different types of areasÄÄa
   text box, two list boxes, and two command buttons. The selection cursor
   shows you which area of the dialog box is currently selected. To specify
   the game file that you want to open, you can either select the filename
   from the list of files displayed in the list box or you can type the name
   of the file in the text box. The insertion point marks the place in the
   text box where you start typing, and as you type, it moves to the right.
   Once you've selected or typed the filename, choose the Open command button
   to carry out the Open command.

   If a file is already open (in this case, the PARIS.BRK file is open),
   the name of that file appears in the text box. Now open the file
   named SEATTLE.BRK by erasing PARIS.BRK and then typing SEATTLE.BRK in the
   text box:

   1.  Press the BACKSPACE key repeatedly to erase PARIS.BRK. The insertion
       point moves to the left as you press the BACKSPACE key.

   2.  Now type the following:

       seattle.brk

       The insertion point moves to the right as you type.

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       If you make a mistake while typing, use the BACKSPACE key
       to erase it, and then continue typing.

   3.  When you've typed the filename correctly, point to the Open
       command button and then click the left mouse button. If you don't
       have a mouse, just press the ENTER key.

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   The Seattle game appears in the work area of the Bricks window. Because
   the Seattle game is larger than the Paris game, the Bricks
   window expands to fill your entire screen.

   Now play another game of Bricks, or go on to the next step to learn how to
   use list boxes. Remember, you can stop and then resume
   your game at any time by using the Stop and Continue commands
   on the Game menu.

   When you've finished playing, try opening another file. This time, open
   the file that contains the Athens game by selecting it from the list
   of files in the list box. Do the following:

   1.  Select the File menu (click the menu or press ALT, F).

   2.  Choose the Open command (click the command or press the
       O key).

   The Open Brick File dialog box appears on your screen.

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   If you are using a mouse, follow these steps to select the file:

   1.  Point to the file named ATHENS.BRK in the Filenames list box
       and then double-click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, you use the TAB key to move around
   in a dialog box and the UP and DOWN keys to select items in an area. Move
   to the Filenames list box and select the ATHENS.BRK file:

   1.  Press the TAB key twice to move to the Filenames list box. The
       selection cursor appears in the list box, showing you that the list
       box is selected.

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   2.  Press the UP key repeatedly until the file named ATHENS.BRK is
       selected.

   3.  Press the ENTER key.

   The Athens game appears in the window.

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   Now go on to the next exercise to learn about multitasking.


 Exercise 3: Learning About Multitasking

   In MS OS/2 you can perform several related tasks or even several
   completely different tasks at the same time. This feature is called
   multitasking.

   To see how multitasking works in the Presentation Manager session, you'll
   start another application called Alarm Clock and run it at the same time
   you are running Bricks. Before you can start Alarm Clock, you need to
   switch to Start Programs.

   If you don't remember how to switch to another application with Task
   Manager, here's a review:

   1.  Press CTRL+ESC to make Task Manager active.

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   2.  Choose Start Programs from the list of applications in the Task
       Manager window (double-click Start Programs or use the UP or DOWN key
       to select it and then press the ENTER key).

   Start Programs moves to the front of your screen, displaying the list
   of applications in the Demonstration Programs group.

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   Now, you can start Alarm Clock:

   1.  Choose Alarm Clock from the list of applications displayed
       in the window.

   Alarm Clock appears in a window on your screen, displaying the time.

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   You now have two application windows on your screen at the same time. Use
   Task Manager to switch to the Bricks window and start
   a self-play game:

   1.  Press CTRL+ESC to make Task Manager active.

   2.  Choose Bricks from the list of applications displayed in the Task
       Manager window.

   The Bricks window, with the Athens game displayed, moves to
   the front of your screen, showing you that Bricks is now the active
   application.

   Now start a self-play game of Bricks:

   1.  Select the Game menu.

   2.  Choose the Self Play command.

   The ball in the Bricks window starts moving.

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   You now have Alarm Clock and a game of Bricks going on at once,
   illustrating the multitasking capabilities of MS OS/2.

   Now use Task Manager to switch to the Alarm Clock window so that you
   can quit Alarm Clock and close the window:

   1.  Press CTRL+ESC to display Task Manager.

   2.  Choose Alarm from the list of applications displayed in the Task
       Manager window.

   The Alarm Clock window becomes active, as shown by the colored
   title bar.

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   Now quit Alarm Clock and close the window. If you are using a mouse, do
   the following:

   1.  Point to the System-menu box in the Alarm Clock window and
       double-click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, here's how you quit Alarm Clock:

   1.  Press SHIFT+ESC to display the System menu.

   2.  Press the C key to choose the Close command.

   The Alarm Clock window disappears and the Start Programs window
   is now active.

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   Now switch to the Bricks window with Task Manager:

   1.  Press CTRL+ESC to display Task Manager.

   2.  Choose Bricks from the list of applications displayed in
       the Task Manager window.

   Bricks moves to the front of your screen and becomes the active
   application.

   Now go on to the next exercise to learn how to create new files.


 Exercise 4: Creating New Files

   This exercise demonstrates how you can create new files by creating your
   own customized Bricks game.

   To create your own game, the first thing you need to do is clear the
   Athens game from the work area and create a new file for storing your
   game.

   In most Presentation Manager applications, you create new files by
   using the New command on the File menu. Try it now, using either your
   mouse or your keyboard. The general procedure is the same:

   1.  Select the File menu (click the menu or press ALT, F).

       The commands on the File menu appear on your screen.

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   2.  Choose the New command (click the command or, since it is already
       selected, press the ENTER key).

   The Athens game is cleared from the work area and the word
   "untitled" appears in the title bar.

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   The word "untitled" in the title bar lets you know that the file displayed
   in the window does not have a filename assigned to it. You'll learn how to
   assign names to new files later on. Now, you can begin creating your new
   game.

   Adding Bricks

   In Bricks, there are two ways that you can add bricks to create a new
   gameÄÄby using either the Random Bricks or the Add Bricks commands on the
   Bricks menu.

   With the Random Bricks command, Bricks clears whatever is currently
   displayed in the work area and replaces it with a stack of bricks of
   different colors and sizes. This lets you create a basic Bricks game
   quickly and easily. In this exercise, you won't be using the Random Bricks
   command. Instead, you will create your own Bricks game by using any size
   or color of bricks you'd like to make a scene or picture of your choice.

   With the Add Bricks command, you can specify the color and size
   of the bricks that you want to add to your game by selecting the brick
   color, height, and width from the color and size options in the Add Bricks
   dialog box.

   Start creating your game by specifying the first kind of brick you want
   to add to your game. To do this, choose the Add Bricks command:

   1.  Select the Bricks menu.

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   2.  Choose the Add Bricks command.

   The Add Bricks dialog box appears on your screen.

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   Using the Add Bricks Dialog Box

   The Add Bricks dialog box is a different kind of dialog box from the Open
   dialog box. Instead of a text box and list boxes, it contains three groups
   of round option buttonsÄÄone group for the brick color, one for the brick
   width, and one for the brick height. Like the Open dialog box, the Add
   Bricks dialog box also includes a selection cursor and two command
   buttonsÄÄEnter and Cancel.

   To specify the type of brick you want to add, you select the option
   button that corresponds to the color, width, and height of the brick.
   In most Presentation Manager applications, you select an option button
   by pointing to it and then clicking the left mouse button or, if you are
   using your keyboard, by pressing the TAB key to move to the group of
   options you want to use, and then using the UP and DOWN keys to select the
   option. A round mark appears inside the option button when the
   corresponding option is selected.

   Use the Add Bricks dialog box to specify the kind of brick you want
   to add. If you are using a mouse, do the following:

   1.  Click the option button in the Brick Colors group that corresponds to
       the brick color of your choice.

   2.  Click the option button in the Brick Width group that corresponds to
       the brick width of your choice.

   3.  Click the option button in the Brick Height group that corresponds to
       the brick height of your choice.

       The brick in the lower-right corner of the dialog box shows what
       the brick looks like with the options you've just selected.

   4.  Click the Enter command button to activate your selections.

   If you are using the keyboard, follow these steps to specify the brick you
   want to add:

   1.  Press the UP or DOWN key to select the option button that corresponds
       to the brick color of your choice.

   2.  Press the TAB key to move to the Brick Width group.

       The selection cursor appears around the second option button
       in the Brick Width group, showing you that the group is selected.

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   3.  Press the UP or DOWN key to select the option button that corresponds
       to the brick width of your choice.

   4.  Press the TAB key to move to the Brick Height group.

       The selection cursor now appears around the first option in the
       Brick Height group.

   5.  Press the UP or DOWN key to select the option button that corresponds
       to the brick height of your choice.

       The brick in the lower-right corner of the dialog box shows what
       the brick looks like with the options you've just selected.

   6.  Press the ENTER key to activate your selections.

   After you've specified the kind of brick you want to add, the pointer
   turns into cross-hairs, showing you that you can now add the bricks
   you specified to your game.

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   Adding a Brick to Your Game

   Now add the brick you just specified to your game. If you have a
   mouse, follow these steps:

   1.  Point to the place in the work area where you want the bottom-left
       corner of the brick to appear.

   2.  Click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, follow these steps to add a brick:

   1.  Use the DIRECTION keys to move the pointer to the place in
       the work area where you want the bottom-left corner of the brick
       to appear.

   2.  Press the SPACEBAR to add the brick.

   The brick appears in the work area.

   If the brick you are about to add is on top of another brick, a message
   box appears, asking if you want to overlap bricks.

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   If you want to create a solid mass of color by overlapping bricks, choose
   the Yes button by pointing to it and then clicking the left mouse button
   or press the LEFT key to select it and then press the ENTER key. If you
   don't want to overlap bricks, just press the ENTER key.

   You can now continue adding bricks of the same size and color to your new
   game, or you can use the Add Bricks dialog box to specify a new kind of
   brick.

   To specify a new kind of brick, choose the Add Bricks command from the
   Bricks menu and then select the color, width, and height for the new brick
   you want to add. Continue to repeat these steps, specifying and placing as
   many kinds of bricks as you want.

   Correcting Mistakes

   If you make a mistake and put a brick in the wrong place, you can clear it
   from the work area by using the Undo command on the Edit menu. In most
   Presentation Manager applications, choosing the Undo command cancels the
   last action (such as adding or removing a brick) that you performed.

   Here's how to cancel your last action:

   1.  Select the Edit menu.

   2.  Choose the Undo command.

   The work area looks the same as it did before you performed your
   last action. You can now add the brick again so that it appears in the
   correct place.

   Removing Bricks

   You can remove bricks at any time from any game file. If you put
   a brick in the wrong place while creating your game, or if you just
   want to remove it, use the Remove Bricks command. Here's how:

   1.  Select the Bricks menu.

   2.  Choose the Remove Bricks command.

   The pointer turns into a moving hammer with a nail underneath it,
   your tool for removing unwanted bricks.

   If you have a mouse, here's how to remove a brick:

   1.  Point to the brick you want to remove so that the nail is on top
       of it.

   2.  Click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, follow these steps to remove a brick:

   1.  Use the DIRECTION keys to move the nail over the brick you want
       to remove.

   2.  Press the SPACEBAR.

   When you click the left mouse button or press the SPACEBAR, the brick
   disappears.

   If, directly after removing a brick, you decide that you want
   to keep it after all, you can use the Undo command to restore it. Here's
   how:

   1.  Select the Edit menu and choose the Undo command.

   The brick you removed reappears in its previous place in the work area.

   Completing Your Game

   To switch back to adding bricks, just choose the Add Bricks command from
   the Bricks menu and then specify the type of brick you want
   to add.

   If you are using a mouse, here's a quick method for adding the rest
   of the bricks to your game:

   1.  Use the Add Bricks command to specify the color of brick you want to
       add. (With this method, you don't need to specify the brick height or
       width.)

   2.  Point to the place where you want the brick to appear.

   3.  Press and hold down the right mouse button.

   4.  Drag the cross-hairs. As you drag the cross-hairs, the brick changes
       size.

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   5.  When the brick is the size you want it, release the right mouse
       button.

   Using this method, you can add bricks of any size. If you put a brick in
   the wrong place, use either the Undo command or the Remove Bricks command
   to correct your mistake.

   When you are finished creating your new game, go on to the next
   exercise to learn how to save it.


 Exercise 5: Saving Files

   Once your game is complete, you can save it in a separate file by using
   the Save or Save As command on the File menu.

   If you've modified a game file that already exists, you can use the Save
   command to save your modified file and overwrite the original file, or you
   can use the Save As command to keep the original file and save
   the modified file under a new filename.

   For example, suppose you added some bricks to the Seattle game.
   You could either use the Save command to overwrite the original
   SEATTLE.BRK file, or you could use the Save As command to store the
   modified Seattle game in a separate file with its own filename,
   such as NEWFILE.BRK, leaving the original SEATTLE.BRK file unchanged.

   If you are saving a new file that does not yet have a name assigned
   to it (such as the new game file you just created), use the Save As
   command. To save your new game, do the following:

   1.  Select the File menu.

   2.  Choose the Save As command.

       A dialog box appears, prompting you for a name for the new file.

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   3.  In the text box, type a descriptive name for your new game file,
       including the .BRK extension.

       For example, suppose you have created a scene of your favorite city.
       You might name the file MYCITY.BRK.

   4.  Choose the Save button (click it or press the TAB key and then
       the ENTER key).

   Bricks stores your game in a file and assigns it the filename you typed.

   You may want to play the game you just created, or you may want
   to try your hand at the Tokyo or Atlantis game (TOKYO.BRK or
   ATLANTIS.BRK).

   You can play any of the Bricks games as they are, or you can modify them
   by adding or removing bricks.

   If you decide to modify an existing game, use the Save As command to save
   your modified game in a separate file. Otherwise, you will lose the
   original game by overwriting the existing file with the modified game.


 Quitting Bricks

   When you are finished using Bricks, quit Bricks and close the Bricks
   window. Here's a reminder on how to quit an application and close
   a window with the mouse:

   1.  Double-click the System-menu box. If you modified the current game
       file, a message appears, asking if you want to save your
       changes.

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   2.  If you want to save your changes, double-click the Yes button.
       Otherwise, press the ENTER key to choose the No button.

   If you are using your keyboard, follow these steps to quit Bricks:

   1.  Press SHIFT+ESC to select the System menu.

   2.  Press the C key to choose the Close command. If you modified
       the current game file, a message appears, asking if you want to
       save your changes.

   3.  If you want to save your changes, press the LEFT key to select
       the Yes button and then press the ENTER key. Otherwise, just press
       the ENTER key to choose the No button.

   The Bricks window disappears.

   Shutting Down MS OS/2

   If you want to take a break before going on to the next chapter, you
   might want to shut down MS OS/2 if you're going to be away from your
   computer for a while.

   Here's a review of how to shutdown MS OS/2:

   1.  Switch to Task Manager (press CTRL+ESC).

   2.  Choose the Shutdown Now command from the Shutdown menu.

       A message appears, asking if you want to quit the applications
       that are still running and continue shutting down MS OS/2.

   3.  Choose the Yes button.

       A message appears to let you know that it is now safe to turn off your
       computer.

   You can now safely turn off your computer or you can press the ENTER key
   to restart MS OS/2.


 Summary

   This chapter has described some basic techniques for using Presentation
   Manager applications and has introduced you to the multitasking feature of
   MS OS/2. The methods for performing certain tasks, such as using dialog
   boxes, and opening, creating, and saving files are similar, regardless of
   the Presentation Manager application you are using.

   Although Presentation Manager applications are similar in some ways, keep
   in mind that each one is unique and is designed for performing specific
   kinds of tasks. To learn how to best use a specific Presentation Manager
   application, see the user's instructions that accompany it.

   When you are ready, go on to Chapter 3, "Learning File System,"
   to learn how you can use File System to help you manage your files
   and directories.



 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Chapter 3  Learning File System

   Introduction
   Exercise 1: Starting File System
     Looking at the Directory Tree Window
   Exercise 2: Opening a Directory Window
     Looking at the Directory Window
     Changing the Display in a Directory Window
   Exercise 3: Managing Files and Directories
     Creating and Opening Subdirectories
     Arranging File System Windows
     Switching Between Directory Windows
     Copying Files
     Moving Files
     Renaming Files
     Deleting Files
   Exercise 4: Closing Directory Windows
   Exercise 5: Quitting File System
     Shutting Down MS OS/2
   Summary


 Introduction

   File System is a Presentation Manager application you can use to manage
   your files and directories. With File System, you can view the directory
   structure of any drive you choose and look at the contents of your
   directories. To help you keep your files and directories organized and
   up-to-date, File System provides you with easy ways to perform several
   file-management tasks, such as copying, moving, renaming,
   and deleting files and directories.

   While working through the exercises in this chapter, you will use
   the Bricks game files that you used in the previous chapter to learn
   and practice these skills:

   þ  Viewing the directory structure on your disk

   þ  Opening directory windows

   þ  Creating subdirectories

   þ  Arranging File System windows

   þ  Copying, moving, renaming, and deleting files

   þ  Closing directory windows


 Exercise 1: Starting File System

   To begin learning File System, start File System from Start Programs.

   If you decided not to shut down MS OS/2 in the last chapter, the first
   thing you need to do is switch to Start Programs. Here's a reminder:

   1.  Choose Start Programs from the list of applications displayed
       in the Task Manager window.

   To start File System, you need to be in the Main Group. If you are not in
   the Main Group, change to it now:

   1.  Choose Main Group from the Group menu.

   Now, to start File System with the mouse, do the following:

   1.  Double-click File System in the work area of the Start Programs
       window.

   To start File System by using your keyboard, follow these steps:

   1.  If File System is not already selected, press the UP or DOWN key
       to select it.

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   The File System window appears on your screen, with the Directory Tree
   window displayed in it.

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   Looking at the Directory Tree Window

   The Directory Tree window makes it easy for you to view the layout,
   or directory structure, of the directories and subdirectories on any disk
   or drive you choose. The directory structure is arranged like a "tree"
   in the Directory Tree window. The root directory appears at the top
   of the tree, with the names of the other directories listed underneath
   the root directory in alphabetical order. (For definitions of computer
   terminology, see the appendix, "Computer Basics," in this manual.)

   The root directory is automatically created when you format a disk.
   All other directories you create are simply subdirectories of the root
   directory. Note that the Directory Tree window displays only the
   directory structure, and not the files in each directory.

   The Directory Tree window looks similar to other Presentation Manager
   windowsÄÄit has borders, a title bar, and a System-menu box. Below the
   title bar are the drive icons. They represent the disk drives on your
   computer. The current drive is the one that is highlighted. The structure
   of your directories and subdirectories on the current drive is shown in
   the work area.

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   Unlike a Presentation Manager application window, the Directory Tree
   window does not have a menu bar and it does not have Minimize or Maximize
   boxes. The size of the Directory Tree window is limited to the size of the
   File System work area, so you cannot enlarge it to fill the entire screen,
   nor can you shrink it to an icon.

   Since the Directory Tree window has its own System menu, you can use the
   Size and Move commands to size the Directory Tree window and move it
   around within the File System work area. The Directory Tree does not have
   its own menus and commands because it is not a separate application. These
   characteristics apply to all windows that appear in the work area of an
   application window.

   From the Directory Tree window, you can open another window that lists the
   contents (subdirectories and files) of the directory you want to view. You
   can have several directory windows open at once, allowing you to view the
   contents of several different directories at the same time and carry out
   tasks that involve more than one directory.


 Exercise 2: Opening a Directory Window

   To practice opening a directory, open the OS2\INTRO directory, which
   contains the Bricks game files you used in the previous chapter. If you
   are using a mouse, do the following:

   1.  Point to OS2\INTRO in the directory tree.

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   2.  Double-click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, you can open the OS2\INTRO directory by
   using the UP and DOWN keys to select OS2\INTRO from
   the Directory Tree. Here's how:

   1.  Press the DOWN or UP key several times until OS2\INTRO is selected.

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   Looking at the Directory Window

   Like the Directory Tree window, the OS2\INTRO directory window is a window
   within the File System windowÄÄit has a System-menu box, but no menu bar
   and no Maximize or Minimize boxes. You can move and size the OS2\INTRO
   directory window, but you cannot enlarge it to fill the entire screen and
   you cannot shrink it to an icon.

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   The drive letter and the directory path for the OS2\INTRO directory appear
   in the title bar. The directory path shows the OS2\INTRO directory's
   location in relation to the root directory. The wildcard characters *.*
   tell you that the entire contents of the OS2\INTRO directory are displayed
   in the directory window. (When you are specifying filenames, the wildcard
   characters can take the place of any other
   characters, allowing you to find several related files at once.)

   The files in the OS2\INTRO directory are marked with a file icon and the
   program files (files you use to start applications) are marked with
   a program icon. Both types of icons appear to the left of the filename.

   Changing the Display in a Directory Window

   You can view the contents of an open directory in several different ways.
   For example, you can display full details about the files and
   subdirectories, including their sizes in bytes and the dates and times
   they were created or last modified.

   To do this, use the Full File Details command on the Options menu:

   1.  Select the Options menu (click the menu or press ALT, O).

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   2.  Choose the Full File Details command (click the command or press the F
       key).

   The file information displayed in the OS2\INTRO directory window changes
   to show the size of each file and the date and time it was created or last
   modified.

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   If you select the Options menu again, you'll see a check mark next to the
   Full File Details command. The check mark shows you that the command is
   active.

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 Exercise 3: Managing Files and Directories

   Once you have opened a directory window, you can perform several tasks
   with File System to organize and keep track of your files and
   subdirectories. For example, you can easily rename and delete files, as
   well as copy and move files within a directory or from one directory to
   another. With File System, you can also create subdirectories in
   the open directory.

   In this exercise, you'll create a subdirectory in the OS2\INTRO directory,
   and then you'll copy and move some of your Bricks game files to that
   subdirectory. You'll also learn how to rename files, as well as how to
   delete old files you no longer need.

   Creating and Opening Subdirectories

   With File System, you can create subdirectories in an open directory
   window. To see how to do this, you'll create a subdirectory named OLDGAMES
   in the OS2\INTRO directory. Follow these steps:

   1.  Select the File menu.

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   2.  Choose the Create Directory command. The Create Directory
       dialog box appears on your screen.

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   3.  In the text box, type the following:

       oldgames

       If you make a mistake while typing, use the BACKSPACE key
       to erase it and then continue typing.

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   4.  Choose the Create button (click it or press the ENTER key).

   OLDGAMES is added to the list of files and subdirectories shown in the
   work area of the OS2\INTRO directory window. The directory icon appears to
   the left of OLDGAMES. The directory icon lets you know that OLDGAMES is a
   subdirectory of the OS2\INTRO directory.

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   ³   page 106 of the printed manual.  ³
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   Now, you'll open the OLDGAMES subdirectory from the OS2\INTRO directory
   window. You open a subdirectory from a directory window
   by using the mouse the same way as you open a directory from the
   Directory Tree window:

   1.  Point to OLDGAMES in the OS2\INTRO directory window and double-click
       the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, do the following to open the
   OLDGAMES directory:

   1.  If OLDGAMES is not already selected, press the UP or DOWN key to
       select it.

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   The OLDGAMES directory window appears in front of the OS2\INTRO directory
   window with the path for OLDGAMES displayed in the title bar.

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   Note that, since there are no files or subdirectories in the OLDGAMES
   subdirectory, nothing is listed in the work area
   of the OLDGAMES directory window.

   Arranging File System Windows

   When you have several windows displayed on top of each other at the same
   time, you can arrange them so that they do not overlap in the File System
   work area. Arranging directory windows with File System is similar to
   arranging application windows with Task ManagerÄÄyou use the commands on
   the Arrange menu.

   To see how this works, use the Tile command on the Arrange menu to arrange
   the Directory Tree, OS2\INTRO, and OLDGAMES windows so that they do
   not overlap:

   1.  Select the Arrange menu and choose the Tile command.

   File System arranges the windows in the work area so that they do not
   overlap, making it easy for you to view the directory tree and the
   contents of each open directory at the same time.

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   Switching Between Directory Windows

   When you have several directory windows open at the same time, only one of
   them is active. Right now the OLDGAMES directory window
   is active, as you can see by its colored borders and title bar. Since you
   will be performing tasks on files in the OS2\INTRO directory, you need to
   switch to the OS2\INTRO directory window to make it active.

   If you are using a mouse, make the OS2\INTRO directory window active:

   1.  Point to a place anywhere in the background of the OS2\INTRO directory
       window. (Make sure that the pointer is not touching
       a filename, a directory name, or an icon.)

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   2.  Click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, you can switch to the OS2\INTRO directory
   window by using the Window menu. Do the following:

   1.  Press ALT, W to select the Window menu. The list of directory
       windows that are currently open appears on the Windows menu.

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       The check mark next to the OLDGAMES directory tells you that the
       OLDGAMES directory window is active.

   2.  Press the 2 key to choose C:\OS2\INTRO.

   When you switch to the OS2\INTRO directory window, the bor-
   ders and title bar of the window change colors, showing you that
   OS2\INTRO is now the active window.

   Now that the OS2\INTRO directory window is active, you'll learn how to
   perform a few basic file-management tasks by using some of the files in
   the OS2\INTRO directory.

   Copying Files

   With File System, you can easily copy and move files from one
   directory to another with your mouse. If you are using a mouse, try
   copying the ATHENS.BRK file from the OS2\INTRO directory to
   the OLDGAMES directory:

   1.  Point to ATHENS.BRK in the OS2\INTRO directory window.

   2.  Press and hold down the left mouse button.

   3.  While holding down the mouse button, drag the pointer to a place
       anywhere in the work area of the OLDGAMES directory window. When you
       start dragging the mouse, the pointer changes to a file icon.

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   4.  When the pointer is in the work area of the OLDGAMES directory window,
       release the mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, you use the Copy command on the File menu
   to copy a file from one directory to another. Here's how to copy the
   ATHENS.BRK file with your keyboard:

   1.  Press the UP or DOWN key to select ATHENS.BRK.

   2.  Select the File menu.

   3.  Choose the Copy command. The Copy dialog box appears, with the
       name of the file you just selected displayed in the From text box.

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   4.  In the To text box, type the following:

       c:\os2\intro\oldgames

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   5.  Choose the Copy button (press the ENTER key).

   The ATHENS.BRK file is now listed both in the OS2\INTRO directory window
   and in the OLDGAMES directory window. This tells you that two copies of
   ATHENS.BRK exist in two different directories. The borders and title bar
   of the OS2\INTRO directory window are still colored, showing you that
   OS2\INTRO is still the active directory window.

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   Moving Files

   You may want to move a file into another directory without making
   a copy of it. If you are using a mouse, try this method now to move
   the file named APLTREE.BRK from the OS2\INTRO directory to
   the OLDGAMES directory:

   1.  Point to the file named APLTREE.BRK in the OS2\INTRO
       directory window.

   2.  Press and hold down the ALT key.

   3.  While holding down the ALT key, press and hold down the left mouse
       button.

   4.  While holding down the left mouse button, release the ALT key and then
       drag the pointer to a place anywhere within the work area of the
       OLDGAMES directory window. When you begin dragging,
       the pointer turns into a file icon.

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   5.  Release the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, you use the Move command on the
   File menu to move a file from one directory to another. Moving a file
   with the keyboard is similar to copying a file. Try this method to move
   the APLTREE.BRK file from the OS2\INTRO directory to the OLDGAMES
   directory:

   1.  Press the UP or DOWN key to select APLTREE.BRK from the list
       of files in the OS2\INTRO directory window.

   2.  Select the File menu.

   3.  Choose the Move command. The Move dialog box appears,
       with the name of the selected file in the From text box.

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   4.  In the To text box, type the following:

       c:\os2\intro\oldgames

       Because you won't be changing the name of the file, you do not need to
       include a filename with the directory path.

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   5.  Choose the Move button (press the ENTER key).

   The file APLTREE.BRK now appears in its alphabetical place in
   the OLDGAMES directory window and is gone from the OS2\INTRO
   directory window. The OS2\INTRO directory window is still active.

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   Renaming Files

   The Rename command on the File menu makes it easy to change the name of a
   file. The general procedure for renaming files is the same, regardless of
   whether you are using the mouse or the keyboard.

   Try giving the file named ATHENS.BRK in the OLDGAMES directory the new
   name ATHENS.OLD. Remember, before you can
   perform a task on a file, the directory window in which that file is
   located must be active. Since you will be renaming the copy of
   the ATHENS.BRK file that is located in the OLDGAMES directory,
   you first need to switch to the OLDGAMES directory window.

   If you are using a mouse, here's how:

   1.  Click the OLDGAMES directory window.

   If you are using your keyboard, do the following to switch to
   the OLDGAMES directory window:

   1.  Select the Window menu.

   2.  Choose the OLDGAMES directory window.

   The borders and title bar of the OLDGAMES directory window change colors,
   showing you that the OLDGAMES directory window is active.

   You now can rename the ATHENS.BRK file to ATHENS.OLD:

   1.  Select ATHENS.BRK from the list of files in the OLDGAMES directory
       window.

   2.  Select the File menu.

   3.  Choose the Rename command. The Rename dialog box appears, with
       ATHENS.BRK displayed in the From text box.

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   4.  In the To text box, type the following:

       athens.old

   5.  Choose the Rename button.

   File System changes the name of ATHENS.BRK to ATHENS.OLD.

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   Now practice renaming files by changing the name of the APLTREE.BRK file
   to APLTREE.OLD. Follow these steps:

   1.  Select APLTREE.BRK from the list of files in the OLDGAMES directory
       window.

   2.  Select the File menu.

   3.  Choose the Rename command. The Rename dialog box appears, with
       APLTREE.BRK displayed in the From text box.

   4.  In the To text box, type the following:

       apltree.old

   5.  Choose the Rename button.

   File System changes the name of APLTREE.BRK to the new name, APLTREE.OLD.

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   Deleting Files

   It's a good idea to clean up your disk regularly by deleting files you no
   longer need. Deleting unwanted files frees up storage space on your disk
   so that you have more room for additional software and data files.

   With File System, you can delete a single file or you can delete multiple
   files at once. If you are deleting multiple files that are not related,
   you can select all the files you want to delete from the directory window,
   or you can type their filenames in the text box of the Delete dialog box.

   If you are deleting multiple files that are related (for example, the
   files have the same filename or extension), you can use wildcard
   characters when specifying the files in the Delete dialog box.

   Try using wildcard characters to delete the ATHENS.OLD and APLTREE.OLD
   files from the OLDGAMES directory:

   1.  Select the file ATHENS.OLD from the list of files in the
       OLDGAMES directory window.

   2.  Select the File menu.

   3.  Choose the Delete command. The Delete dialog box appears,
       with ATHENS.OLD displayed in the Delete text box.

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   4.  Select the Delete text box (point somewhere to the right of the
       filename in the text box and then click the left mouse button or press
       SHIFT+TAB).

   5.  Use the BACKSPACE key to erase ATHENS.OLD, then type the
       following:

       *.old

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   6.  Choose the Delete button.

       A message appears, asking you to confirm your decision to delete the
       ATHENS.OLD file.

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   7.  Choose the Yes button.

       Another message appears, asking you to confirm your decision
       to delete the APLTREE.OLD file.

   8.  For each message you see, choose the Yes button.

   The files with the extension .OLD no longer appear in the OLDGAMES
   directory window, showing you that they have been deleted.

   Now that you've deleted your old Bricks game files, you have almost
   reached the end of this set of exercises. The last things you'll do are
   close the OS2\INTRO and OLDGAMES directory windows and then quit File
   System.


 Exercise 4: Closing Directory Windows

   When you are finished working in a directory, you can close the
   directory window to make more room in the File System work area.
   To close a directory window with the mouse, just double-click
   the System-menu box.

   If you are using a mouse, do the following:

   1.  Point to the System-menu box in the OLDGAMES directory
       window.

       Make sure that you don't accidentally point to the System-menu box in
       the File System window. Otherwise, you will close File System instead
       of the OLDGAMES directory window.

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       ³   page 122 of the printed manual.  ³
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   2.  Double-click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, you can close a directory window easily by
   using the Close command on the System menu.

   You select the System menu in a directory window differently from the way
   you select the System menu in an application window. Instead of pressing
   SHIFT+ESC, you press CTRL+- (the CTRL key and the hyphen key). Pressing
   SHIFT+ESC selects the System menu in the File System window, whereas
   pressing CTRL+- selects the System menu in the active directory window.
   This allows you to select either System menu and use its commands quickly
   and easily.

   If you are using your keyboard, close the OLDGAMES directory window:

   1.  Press CTRL+- to display the System menu in the OLDGAMES directory
       window.

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   2.  Press C to choose the Close command.

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   The OLDGAMES directory window no longer appears in the work area of the
   File System window. The OS2\INTRO directory window
   is now active.

   Now close the OS2\INTRO directory window the same way you closed the
   OLDGAMES directory window. If you have a mouse, do the following:

   1.  Double-click the System-menu box in the OS2\INTRO directory window.

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   If you are using your keyboard, follow these steps to close the
   OS2\INTRO directory window:

   1.  Select the System menu in the OS2\INTRO directory window
       (press CTRL+-).

   2.  Choose the Close command.

   The OS2\INTRO directory no longer appears in the File System
   work area.

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 Exercise 5: Quitting File System

   Now that you have closed the directory windows, you are ready to quit File
   System. If you are using a mouse, follow these steps:

   1.  Double-click the System-menu box.

       A message appears, asking you to confirm your decision to quit
       File System.

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       ³   page 126 of the printed manual.  ³
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       (The message dialog box also gives you an opportunity to save any
       settings you have made on the Options menu, but you don't need
       to change this now. For more information about changing and
       saving settings, see Part 1, "Using Presentation Manager," of
       the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide.)

   2.  Choose the Yes button.

   Here's a review of how to quit File System by using your keyboard:

   1.  Select the System menu (press SHIFT+ESC).

   2.  Choose the Close command.

       A message appears, asking you to confirm your decision to quit
       File System.

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       (The message dialog box also gives you an opportunity to save any
       settings you have made on the Options menu, but you don't need
       to change this now. For more information about changing and
       saving settings, see Part 1, "Using Presentation Manager," of
       the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide.)

   3.  Choose the Yes button.

   The File System window disappears and Start Programs becomes
   the active window.

   Shutting Down MS OS/2

   You can now go on to the exercises in Chapter 4 or, if you want to take a
   break, you can shut down MS OS/2. If you want to shut down MS OS/2, switch
   to Task Manager and then choose the Shutdown Now command from the Shutdown
   menu, as described in Chapters 1 and 2 of this manual.


 Summary

   So far, you've learned some basic techniques for working with
   Presentation Manager applications in the Presentation Manager
   session. In Chapter 1, you learned how to start applications, shrink
   application windows to icons, and arrange application windows on
   your screen. In Chapter 2, you were introduced to multitasking and
   several features that are common to most Presentation Manager
   applications.

   In this chapter, you've learned about using File System to view the
   directory structure on any drive you choose and the contents of any
   directory you choose. In addition, you've practiced some basic
   file-management tasks, such as creating subdirectories and copying
   and moving files.

   If you've worked through the exercises up to this point, you should have
   all the information you need to begin working in the Presentation Manager
   session of MS OS/2 on your own. If, while working in the Presentation
   Manager session, you need more detailed information
   to perform a specific task, see Part 1, "Using Presentation Manager,"
   of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide.

   Chapter 4, "Learning the MS OS/2 and DOS Command Interpreters,"
   introduces you to two other kinds of sessions in MS OS/2ÄÄthe full-screen
   OS/2 session and the DOS session. Chapter 4 also describes some basic
   techniques for using the MS OS/2 and DOS command interpretersÄÄcmd and
   command. Cmd and command are the programs you use to perform some advanced
   tasks with MS OS/2, such as configuring your system and running utilities
   for maintaining your disks.

   If you have never used DOS and are unfamiliar with typing commands, it is
   recommended that you work through the exercises in Chapter 4. There you
   will learn and practice some basic techniques of typing
   commands by performing some of the same tasks you've performed in
   the previous chapters. For example, you'll learn how to type commands
   to start applications, view the contents of a directory, and copy files.

   If you are familiar with DOS and know how to type commands and start DOS
   applications, you may want to skip Chapter 4 and see Part 2, "Using Cmd
   and the DOS Session," of the Microsoft Operating
   System/2 User's Guide and the Microsoft Operating System/2 Desktop
   Reference for instructions on how to perform specific tasks with cmd
   and command.



 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Chapter 4  Learning the MS OS/2 and DOS Command Interpreters

   Introduction
     Typing Commands
     Controlling the Screen's Contents
     Using the Copy Command
       Using Editing Keys
     Starting an Application
     Using the System Menu in Cmd
       Changing the Font Size
       Scrolling the Contents of the Screen
     Quitting Cmd and Closing the Window
   Exercise 2: Running Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session
     Using Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session
     Starting an Application
     Quitting Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session
   Exercise 3: Running the DOS Command Interpreter
     Starting the DOS Command Interpreter
     Typing Commands
     Starting a DOS Application
   Shutting Down MS OS/2
   Going On


 Introduction

   The MS OS/2 command interpreter, cmd, is another program you can use to
   perform the same kinds of tasks that you can perform with Start Programs
   and File System. With cmd, you can start both Presentation
   Manager and full-screen OS/2 applications, as well as manage your files
   and directories.

   The DOS command interpreter, command, is the program you use to run your
   applications that were designed for MS-DOS or a computer manufacturer's
   version of DOS. In addition to running your DOS
   applications, you can also use command to perform some file- and
   directory-management tasks. (If you are familiar with how to use DOS, you
   may want to do only the exercises that demonstrate cmd.)

   With cmd and command, instead of choosing commands from menus, you type
   them in yourself by using your keyboard. In addition, cmd is the program
   you use to run utilities for maintaining your disks and configuring your
   system. (For more detailed information on using utilities, see the
   Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide. Also, if you feel an overview
   of computer terms and concepts would be helpful, see the appendix,
   "Computer Basics," in this tutorial.)

   The exercises in this chapter will give you hands-on experience using cmd
   and command, while you learn and practice the following skills:

   þ  Running cmd in both the Presentation Manager and the full-screen OS/2
      sessions

   þ  Running the DOS command interpreter in the DOS session

   þ  Typing commands

   þ  Using editing keys

   þ  Starting applications

   þ  Quitting cmd and command

   When you run cmd in the Presentation Manager session, it runs in
   a window that you can move, size, and shrink to an icon. This exercise
   shows you how to run cmd in a window, how to type commands,
   control the movement of text on the screen, and use the commands
   on the System menu that are unique to full-screen OS/2 applications
   that can run in the Presentation Manager session.

   If you decided not to shut down MS OS/2 in the last chapter, the
   first thing you need to do is switch to Start Programs:

   1.  Choose Start Programs from the list of applications displayed
       in the Task Manager window.

   To start cmd, you need to be in the Main Group. If you are not in the Main
   Group, change to it now:

   1.  Choose Main Group from the Group menu.

   Now start cmd so that it runs in the Presentation Manager session.
   If you are using a mouse, do the following:

   1.  Point to OS/2 Windowed Command Prompt in the Start Programs window.

   2.  Double-click the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, do the following to start cmd:

   1.  Use the UP or DOWN key to select OS/2 Windowed Command Prompt from the
       list of applications displayed in the Start Programs window.

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   Cmd appears in a window on your screen.

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   The MS OS/2 prompt is located in the upper-left corner of the work area,
   followed by a cursor. The cursor indicates where the command line is. The
   command line is the place where you type information, such as commands or
   text, for cmd to process.

   Typing Commands

   Cmd has its own commands that you can use to manage files and
   directories, maintain disks, and customize MS OS/2 for your needs.
   When you communicate with an application by using cmd, you type
   commands instead of choosing them from menus.

   To practice typing commands, you'll use the commands cd and dir to change
   to the OS2\INTRO directory (the directory that contains your Bricks game
   files) and then list its contents. When you type commands, make sure you
   include one space between the command and the directory path or filename.
   Also, it makes no difference whether you type the letters in uppercase or
   lowercase; the system doesn't distinguish between them.

   Here's how to change to the OS2\INTRO directory:

   1.  Type the following:

       cd \os2\intro

       The cursor moves to the right as you type. If you make a mistake while
       typing, use the BACKSPACE key to erase it, then continue
       typing the command correctly.

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   The command prompt changes to show you that OS2\INTRO is now the current
   directory.

   C:\OS2\INTRO

   Now list the contents of the OS2\INTRO directory by using the dir
   command:

   1.  Type the following:

       dir

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   A list of the subdirectories and files in the OS2\INTRO directory appears
   on your screen.


    The volume label in drive C is RALPH.
    Directory of C:\OS2\INTRO

   .            <DIR>     10-31-88   2:32p
   ..           <DIR>     10-31-88   2:32p
   OLDGAMES     <DIR>     11-09-88  12:19p
   ACLOCK   EXE    11264  10-27-88   6:53a
   APLTREE  BRK      738  10-26-88   1:53a
   ATHENS   BRK     6878  10-28-88   8:49a
   ATLANTIS BRK    17098  10-26-88   1:54p
   BRICKS   EXE    36864  11-02-88   4:25a
   PARIS    BRK     8818  10-28-88   8:36a
   SEATTLE  BRK    21578  10-26-88   1:55p
   TOKYO    BRK     9058  10-26-88   1:55p
        11 File(s)   7643136 bytes free


   Controlling the Screen's Contents

   Often, the list of files and subdirectories in a directory is too long to
   fit on your screen. With the CTRL key and the S key, you can stop the list
   from scrolling by pressing CTRL+S. To resume scrolling, press CTRL+S
   again.

   Now use the dir command again to redisplay the contents of the
   OS2\INTRO directory, but this time practice controlling the contents of
   the screen:

   1.  Type the following:

       dir

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   3.  While the list is scrolling, quickly press CTRL+S.

   If you reached the end of the list before you were able to press CTRL+S,
   repeat the previous procedure and try again.

   Now resume scrolling the list to display the rest of the files in
   the directory:

   1.  Press CTRL+S again.

   The list continues scrolling until the entire contents of the OS2\INTRO
   directory have been displayed. You can scroll and stop the contents of
   your screen by pressing CTRL+S as many times as you like, until you reach
   the end of the list.

   Using the Copy Command

   Just like the Copy command on the File menu in File System, the copy
   command in cmd lets you copy files and directories to the same directory
   or to other directories.

   To practice using the copy command, copy the SEATTLE.BRK file
   to a new file, which you'll name SEATTLE.OLD:

   1.  Type the following:

       copy seattle.brk seattle.old

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   Cmd copies the SEATTLE.BRK file to a new file named SEATTLE.OLD and stores
   it in the current directory (in this case,
   the OS2\INTRO directory). When the copy operation is complete,
   a message appears in the work area that tells you how many files have been
   copied.

   1 file(s) copied.

   Using Editing Keys

   If you want to carry out the same command on different files or want to
   modify a command slightly, you don't have to type the entire command over
   again. Cmd remembers the last command you typed, so you can use an editing
   key to redisplay a command. With editing keys, you can redisplay the
   entire command or only the part that you specify, in just one keystroke.

   Next, you'll copy three more files, to practice using three of the MS OS/2
   editing keys. With the F1 key, you can redisplay the previous
   command, one character at a time:

   1.  Press the F1 key once.

   The "c" from "copy" appears on the command line. Now redisplay the
   remaining characters in "copy":

   1.  Press the F1 key three more times to redisplay the "o," the "p,"
       and the "y."

   Now copy the PARIS.BRK file to a new file named PARIS.OLD
   by typing the filenames after the copy command:

   1.  After the "y" in "copy," press the SPACEBAR once.

   2.  Type the following:

       paris.brk paris.old

   3.  Press the ENTER key.

   Cmd copies PARIS.BRK to a new file named PARIS.OLD and stores it in the
   OS2\INTRO directory. When the copy operation is complete, the message that
   the file has been copied appears in the work area.

   Now use the F3 key to copy the TOKYO.BRK file to a new file named
   TOKYO.OLD. The F3 key redisplays the entire previous command, including
   the names of the files you typed. Try the following:

   1.  Press the F3 key. The copy command and the names of the files
       you previously specified reappear on the command line.

       copy paris.brk paris.old

   2.  Press the BACKSPACE key several times to erase the names of
       the two files you specified, leaving a blank space after the "y"
       in "copy."

       copy

   3.  Type the following:

       tokyo.brk tokyo.old

   4.  Press the ENTER key.

   Cmd copies TOKYO.BRK to a new file named TOKYO.OLD and stores it in the
   OS2\INTRO directory.

   Now try using one more editing key to copy the ATHENS.BRK file. This time,
   use the F2 key to redisplay the previous command up to the first letter you
  specify. Follow these steps:

   1.  Press the F2 key. Nothing appears on your screen until you specify
       a character from the previous command.

   2.  Type the following:

       t

       The letters and spaces in the previous command up to the "t"
       in "tokyo" reappear on the command line.

       copy

   3.  Type the following:

       athens.brk athens.old

   4.  Press the ENTER key.

   Cmd copies the file and displays a message when the copy is complete.

   At this point, you have copied four files using the copy command and the
   editing keys. Since you won't be using the copies you've just made, you'll
   use the del command to delete them from your disk.

   Delete the copy of the first file:

   1.  Type the following:

       del seattle.old

       Since you cannot recover any files that you've deleted, make sure that
       you type the filename exactly as shown. If you make a mistake, use the
       BACKSPACE key to erase it and then type the del command and the
       filename correctly.

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   When you press the ENTER key, cmd deletes the file you specified. You can
   use the dir command to see whether the file was deleted correctly. Try it
   now:

   1.  Type the following:

       dir seattle.old

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   If the file was deleted correctly, you'll see the message "The system
   cannot find the file specified" on your screen.

   With the del command, you can delete a single file or several files
   at the same time. To see how this works, delete the three files PARIS.OLD,
   TOKYO.OLD and ATHENS.OLD:

   1.  Type the following:

       del paris.old tokyo.old athens.old

       Remember, once you delete a file you cannot restore it, so make sure
       that you type the filenames exactly as they are shown.

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   Now use the dir command to make sure that the files were deleted
   correctly:

   1.  Type the following:

       dir paris.old tokyo.old athens.old

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   If the files were deleted, you'll see the message "The system cannot find
   the file specified" on your screen. If, instead of the message, you see
   information for any of the files you just specified, then the files were
   not deleted correctly. If this is the case, try repeating the procedure
   with the undeleted files by using the del command.

   Starting an Application

   You start an application with cmd by typing the command that starts the
   application you want to use. To practice starting an application, start
   the Bricks application that you used in Chapter 2:

   1.  At the MS OS/2 prompt, type the following:

       bricks

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   The Bricks game appears in a window on your screen. The window where cmd
   is running shrinks to an icon.

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   You can start any kind of application with cmd, regardless of whether
   it runs in the Presentation Manager session or in a full-screen OS/2
   session. Your screen changes to reflect the type of application you start.
   When you are ready to quit Bricks, do the following:

   1.  Select the System menu.

   2.  Choose the Close command.

   Bricks disappears and cmd is automatically restored to a window
   on your screen.

   Using the System Menu in Cmd

   The System menu for cmd running in a window differs slightly from
   the System menu in Presentation Manager applicationsÄÄit contains
   additional commands at the bottom of the menu.

   You display the System menu for cmd running in a window the same way as
   you display the System menu in Presentation Manager applications.

   If you are using a mouse, display the System menu:

   1.  Point to the System-menu box in the cmd window and click
       the left mouse button.

   If you are using your keyboard, do the following to display
   the System menu:

   1.  Press SHIFT+ESC.

   The System menu appears on your screen, with four additional
   commands listed at the bottom of the menu.

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   Choosing the Help command is similar to pressing the F1 keyÄÄa window of
   Help information appears on your screen for the task you are performing.
   The Next Window command makes another window active. The following
   sections will show you how to use the Small Font command to adjust the
   font size of the characters on your screen and how to use the Scroll
   command to bring information not currently visible in the window into
   view.

   Changing the Font Size

   Use the Small Font command to change the size of the characters displayed
   in the work area of the cmd window. Here's how:

   1.  With the System menu displayed, choose the Small Font command (click
       Small Font by using your mouse or press the F key).

   The font size of the characters in the work area becomes smaller.

   Displaying information in a smaller font lets you fit more information
   in the work area.

   Now change the screen characters back to the larger font:

   1.  Select the System menu (click the System-menu box or press SHIFT+ESC).

       When the information in the work area is displayed in the smaller
       font, the Small Font command changes to the Large Font
       command.

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   2.  Choose the Large Font command (click Large Font or press
       the F key).

   The characters in the work area reappear in the larger font.

   Scrolling the Contents of the Screen

   If you are using a mouse, you can use the vertical and horizontal scroll
   bars at the right and at the bottom of the cmd window to scroll the
   contents of the screen.

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   See how this works by using the mouse and the horizontal scroll bar to
   scroll the contents of the screen to the right:

   1.  Click the right scroll arrow in the horizontal scroll bar.

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       The contents move to the left.

   2.  Click the left scroll arrow.

       The contents move back to their original position.

   If you are using your keyboard, you can scroll the contents of the screen
   by using the Scroll command, together with the DIRECTION keys. Choose the
   Scroll command:

   1.  Press SHIFT+ESC to display the System menu.

   2.  Press the L key to choose the Scroll command.

   You now can scroll the contents of the screen by using the DIRECTION keys
   on your keyboard. Press the RIGHT key to move the contents
   to the left and then the LEFT key to move the contents to the right.
   Here's how:

   1.  Press the RIGHT key several times to move the contents of the screen
       to the left. Notice that the scroll box in the horizontal scroll bar
       also moves as you press the RIGHT key.

   2.  Press the LEFT key several times to move the contents back to
       its original position.

   To scroll the contents of the screen by using the keyboard, the Scroll
   command must be active. The Scroll command is active if there is
   a small check mark next to the command on the System menu.

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   To make the Scroll command inactive, just choose it again
   from the System menu. Do the following:

   1.  Press SHIFT+ESC to display the System menu.

   2.  Press the L key to choose the Scroll command.

   Since the Scroll command is now inactive, pressing the DIRECTION keys will
   not scroll the contents of the screen.

   In this exercise, you've been introduced to two commands that appear on
   the System menu when you run full-screen OS/2 applications in
   a windowÄÄthe Small Font command and the Scroll command. Part 1, "Using
   Presentation Manager," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide,
   describes the other commands in detail.

   Quitting Cmd and Closing the Window

   To quit cmd and close the window, you use the exit command.
   Do this now:

   1.  At the MS OS/2 prompt, type the following:

       exit

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   The cmd window disappears from your screen and Start Programs becomes the
   active application.

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   In this exercise, you've learned and practiced some techniques for running
   cmd in a window in the Presentation Manager session. In the next exercise,
   you'll learn how to run cmd in a full-screen OS/2 session.


 Exercise 2: Running Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session

   Using cmd while it is running in a full-screen OS/2 session is easy. The
   way you type commands, control the contents of the screen, use editing
   keys, and start applications is identical to the way you perform these
   tasks when cmd is running in the Presentation Manager session.

   First, start cmd so that it runs in a full-screen OS/2 session.
   If you are using a mouse, do the following:

   1.  Point to OS/2 Full-Screen Command Prompt in the Start Programs window.

   2.  Double-click the left mouse button.

   If you are using the keyboard, do the following:

   1.  Use the UP or DOWN key to select OS/2 Full-Screen Command Prompt.

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   The Presentation Manager window disappears and cmd appears on your screen,
   running in a full-screen OS/2 session. The MS OS/2 prompt appears in the
   upper-left corner of your screen, with the cursor next
   to it.

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   Using Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session

   When you run cmd in a full-screen OS/2 session, it looks different from
   when you run it in a window in the Presentation Manager session. In a
   full-screen OS/2 session, cmd occupies your entire screen and there is no
   System-menu box, no Maximize or Minimize boxes, no title bar,
   and no borders.

   Even though cmd looks different when it is running in a full-screen
   session, it is the same program and you use it the same way as when
   it is running in a window.

   Now change to the OS2\INTRO directory, and then list its contents
   the same way as you did in the previous exerciseÄÄby using the cd and
   dir commands. Here's how:

   1.  To change to the OS2\INTRO directory, type the following:

       cd \os2\intro

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

       The name of the current directory appears as part of the MS OS/2
       prompt.

   3.  To list the contents of the OS2\INTRO directory, type
       the following:

       dir

   4.  Press the ENTER key.

   A list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory appears
   on your screen.

   Starting an Application

   You start an application when cmd is running in a full-screen OS/2 session
   the same way as when it is running in the Presentation Manager session.

   To see how this works, start the Bricks game again:

   1.  At the MS OS/2 prompt, type the following:

       bricks

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   Because Bricks is a Presentation Manager application, cmd automatically
   switches to the Presentation Manager session, and Bricks appears in a
   window on your screen.

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   To quit Bricks, do the following:

   1.  Select the System menu.

   2.  Choose the Close command.

   Bricks disappears and cmd returns, running in a full-screen session, just
   as cmd running in a window returned when you quit Bricks
   in the previous exercise.

   Quitting Cmd in a Full-Screen OS/2 Session

   You use the exit command to quit cmd when it is running in a full-screen
   OS/2 session, just as you did when it was running in a window. Try it now:

   1.  At the MS OS/2 prompt, type the following:

       exit

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   Cmd disappears and Start Programs becomes the active application
   in the Presentation Manager session.

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   In this exercise, you were introduced to cmd running in a full-screen OS/2
   session. When using cmd, keep in mind that it is the same
   program, whether you run it in the Presentation Manager session or
   in a full-screen OS/2 session. There is no difference in the way you
   type commands, use editing keys, control the movement of text on
   the screen, or start applications.

   The only difference, when you run cmd in the Presentation Manager session,
   is that it is running in a window that you can move, size, and shrink to
   an icon. You can also use the additional commands located
   at the bottom of the System menu.

   In the next exercise, you will run the DOS command interpreter,
   command, in the DOS session. Then, you'll learn how to use it to start
   your DOS applications and perform some file-management tasks.


 Exercise 3: Running the DOS Command Interpreter

   The DOS command interpreter, command, is the program that you
   use to run applications that were designed for the MS-DOS operating
   system, or a computer manufacturer's own version of DOS.

   Starting the DOS Command Interpreter

   When you start MS OS/2, the Presentation Manager session appears, with
   Start Programs running in a window and command represented as a DOS icon
   in the lower-left corner of your screen. The DOS icon lets you know that
   command is available to use whenever you want to start a DOS application.

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   Unlike other applications that have been shrunk to icons, command doesn't
   actually run until you restore it or until you switch to it by using Task
   Manager. If you are using the mouse, do the following to run command:

   1.  Click the DOS icon.

   If you are using your keyboard, follow these steps to start command:

   1.  Press CTRL+ESC to display Task Manager.

   2.  Use the UP or DOWN key to select DOS Command Prompt from
       the list of applications displayed in the Task Manager window.

   3.  Press the ENTER key.

   The Presentation Manager window disappears and command appears
   as a darkened background on your screen. The DOS prompt appears in the
   upper-left corner, followed by a cursor, indicating that you are now in
   the DOS session.

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   Unlike cmd, command cannot run in the Presentation Manager or
   full-screen OS/2 session. It can only run in the DOS session.

   Typing Commands

   Like cmd, command has its own set of commands that help you manage your
   files and maintain your disks. Several of these commands are identical to
   those in cmd. Some of these commands function a little differently from
   the same commands in cmd, and others are unique
   to command. For a list and a complete description of command commands, see
   the Microsoft Operating System/2 Desktop Reference and, for more detailed
   information on the DOS session, see Part 2, "Using Cmd and the DOS
   Session," of the Microsoft Operating System/2
   User's Guide.

   The way you type commands, use editing keys, start applications, and
   control the contents of the screen in command is exactly the same as the
   way you perform these tasks in cmd. For example, you type the cd and dir
   commands to change to a new directory and to display its
   contents in the same way.

   Starting a DOS Application

   Starting a DOS application with command is exactly like starting
   an MS OS/2 application with cmdÄÄyou type the command that starts
   the application. (If the application you want is not in your current
   directory, you may have to switch to the directory that contains
   the application.)

   For example, to start Microsoft Word, you do the following:

   1.  At the DOS prompt, type the following:

       word

   2.  Press the ENTER key.

   If you have Microsoft Word on your system, Word will appear on
   your screen.

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   When you are using MS OS/2 to run applications, keep in mind that you must
   use command to run DOS applications. DOS applications will not run with
   cmd or in a Presentation Manager session. Similarly, applications designed
   for MS OS/2 will run with Presentation Manager or cmd, but they will not
   run with command.

   Now quit command and switch to Task Manager:

   1.  Press CTRL+ESC.

   The Presentation Manager window reappears with Task Manager displayed.
   Command is represented as an icon at the bottom of
   your screen, just as it was when you first started MS OS/2.

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 Shutting Down MS OS/2

   You have now reached the end of the MS OS/2 tutorial. If you want to leave
   your computer or turn it off for a while, it is recommended that you shut
   down MS OS/2. To do this, switch to Task Manager and then choose the
   Shutdown Now command from the Shutdown menu.


 Going On

   In this guide, you've been introduced to Presentation Manager and
   the MS OS/2 and DOS command interpreters, cmd and command. For more
   information and instructions on how to use Presentation Manager and the
   Presentation Manager applications, Start Programs, Task Manager, Control
   Panel, File Manager, and Spooler Queue Manager, see Part 1, "Using
   Presentation Manager," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide.

   For more detailed information and instructions on how to use the MS OS/2
   and DOS command interpreters, cmd and command, see Part 2, "Using Cmd and
   the DOS Session," of the Microsoft Operating
   System/2 User's Guide. For advanced information on customizing
   MS OS/2 to your needs, see Part 3, "Configuring and Maintaining
   Your System," of the Microsoft Operating System/2 User's Guide.



 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Appendix  Computer Basics

   This section describes some of the basic computer terms you will need to
   know in order to work with MS OS/2. In the descriptions, italicized words
   are defined elsewhere in the appendix.

 A

   Application  A computer program that is used for a particular purpose,
   such as word processing or data management. For example, if you want to
   organize your company's financial records, you can work with a spreadsheet
   application.

 B

   Byte  A unit of measure used to indicate an amount of information on a
   computer. One byte usually represents one character; for example, one
   letter or a single-digit number. See also Kilobyte.

 C

   Command  A word or phrase you choose from a menu listing that carries out
   a certain action. For example, choosing the Copy command allows you to
   copy a file, and the Rename command allows you to give the file a
   different name. In some cases, rather than choosing a command from a menu,
   you type it at the command prompt. For example, typing dir
   gives you a list of the contents of your directory.

   Command prompt  The drive letter and accompanying symbols that appear on
   your screen when you switch to DOS in MS OS/2 or to the MS OS/2 command
   interpreter. You type commands at the command prompt.

   Cursor  Usually a blinking line or small box on the computer screen that
   shows where the next character you type will appear. See also Selection
   cursor.

 D

   Dialog box  A rectangular box that appears when MS OS/2 needs further
   information from you before it can carry out a command, or when the
   system is providing you with information.

   Direction key  See Keyboard.

   Directory  A single group of files that may be linked in a structure to
   other groups of related files. A directory is similar to a file drawer
   that contains a group of file folders. A directory can include both files
   and subdirectories, and those subdirectories in turn may include
   additional files (and subdirectories). The directory listing contains the
   names of your files and subdirectories, and may also contain the sizes in
   bytes, and the dates they were created or last modified.
   To learn more about directories and directory structures, see "Exercise 1,
   Starting File System" in Chapter 3 of this guide. See also Directory
   name, File, Path, Root directory, and Subdirectory.

   Directory name  A name, up to eight characters long, that identifies
   a particular directory. For example, OLDGAMES and OS2\INTRO
   are the names of two directories used in this guide. A directory may
   also have an extensionÄÄup to three additional characters added to
   the directory name and separated from the name by a period (.).

   Directory path  See Path.

   Disk  A disk is a permanent storage medium for computer information. Once
   you save information to a disk, the information remains there until you
   change or delete it. Information is stored on disks in files and
   directories. The process of storing information is referred to as
   "writing to a disk," while retrieving information is called "reading from
   a disk." Disks are either hard disks (sometimes called fixed disks) or
   floppy disks (sometimes called diskettes). The hard disk usually is
   located inside your computer's system unit; you can't see the disk, only
   the indicator light that goes on when the disk ".br is in use. A hard disk
   can store much more information than a floppy disk, and you can write to
   and read from a hard disk much faster than with a floppy disk. See also
   Disk drive, Floppy disk, and Hard disk.

   Disk drive  Disk drives come in two varietiesÄÄthe hard disk or
   hard-disk drive and the so-called "floppy" drives. Disk drives are named
   by letters of the alphabet, and the hard disk often is called drive C.
   (In some cases, the hard disk is organized into additional drives,
   named D, E, and so forth.)

   Your computer may have more than one floppy-disk drive, and the drives may
   or may not be located in the system unit. A floppy-disk
   drive is a narrow slot into which you can slide a floppy disk. On most
   5-1/4-inch drives, after you slide in the disk, you need to close a small
   lever, locking the disk into the drive. There are two sizes of floppy
   drives to accomodate the two sizes of disksÄÄ5-1/4-inch and 3-1/2-inch. You
   computer may have either or both sizes of floppy-disk drives.

   Floppy-disk drives have indicator lights just as do hard-disk drives, and
   their purpose is the sameÄÄto show when activity is taking place on
   the disk. Floppy-disk drives are usually named A or B. See also Disk,
   Drive letter, Floppy disk, and Hard disk.

   Drive letter  A letter representing a hard- or floppy-disk drive. For
   example, "A" usually denotes a floppy-disk drive.

 F

   File  A collection of related information, stored on a disk. There are
   different kinds of files, including program files and text or data files,
   which are roughly equivalent to file folders containing papers of text
   information. For example, a file might contain the text of a letter or
   budgetary information on a particular project. See also Directory and
   Filename.

   Filename  A name, up to eight characters long, that identifies a
   particular file. A filename may also have an extensionÄÄup to three
   additional characters added to the base filename, and separated from the
   name by a period (.). Extensions often give you information about the kind
   of file; for example, the .TXT extension may be used for text files for a
   particular word-processing application.

   Format  To prepare a disk so that it can hold information. Formatting a
   disk erases whatever information was previously on it.

   Floppy disk  Floppy disks are removeable, flat disks, permanently encased
   in a square protective cover. There are two common sizes of floppy disks:
   5-1/4-inch and 3-1/2-inch. (The term "floppy" originated from the fact that
   the disks, made of a thin plastic, first were encased in a flexible cover
   and thus were "floppy." This is still the case with 5-1/4-inch disks.
   However, the 3-1/2-inch disks are protected by a hard plastic cover and are
   no longer flexible, though they are sometimes still referred to as
   floppy disks.) Floppy disks are often packaged and stored in removeable
   paper envelopes for further protection.

   There are two types of floppy disksÄÄlow density and high density. As the
   name implies, a high-density disk can store more information than
   a low-density disk.

   Floppy disks have a write-protection feature that you use to prevent their
   contents from being overwritten or added to. On the 5-1/4-inch disks, there
   is a small notch along the side of the protective cover. You cannot write
   information to the disk if this notch is covered (usually with a piece of
   tape or small adhesive tab). The 3-1/2-inch disks have
   a built-in write-protect tab, which slides one direction to allow writing
   and the other direction to protect the disk from being written to.
   You can read the information on a floppy disk whether or not it is
   write-protected.

   Although they are protected by their covers, floppy disks must be
   carefully handled.

   To ensure the safety of your disks, follow these guidelines:

   þ  Store floppy disks in their paper envelopes.

   þ  Label disks by using a felt-tip pen (be sure to label all disks, so you
      know what they contain).

   þ  Hold the disk at the corner of the protective cover to avoid pressure
      on the disk inside the cover.

   To prevent damage to your disks, avoid these situations:

   þ  Bending, cleaning, exposing to extreme heat, or touching the exposed
      surface (inside the oblong hole in the protective cover)

   þ  Writing on the disk with a ballpoint pen or pencil

   þ  Placing the disk near a magnet

   See also Disk, Disk drive, Format, and Hard disk.

   Function key  See Keyboard.

 H

   Hard disk  A hard disk is a circular metallic plate on which computer
   information is stored magnetically. Your computer generally has only one
   hard disk, usually located out of sight in the system unit. An indicator
   light comes on when information is being stored on or retrieved from the
   disk. A hard disk has some advantages over a floppy disk. Besides being
   able to store more information (usually many times more), it gives you
   faster access to the information. See also Disk, Disk drive and Floppy
   disk.

   Hardware  Hardware is loosely defined as the parts of the computer you
   can touch, including those you could touch if you opened up
   the computer. Hardware includes the system unit (with all its parts),
   the keyboard, modem, mouse, printer, and screen.

   High density  See Floppy disk.

 K

   Keyboard  Probably the most familiar-looking part of the hardware
   is the keyboard, which you use to type information into the computer.
   Though the keys may have slightly different names, they are much
   like the keys on a normal typewriter, with the letters of the alphabet,
   the numbers, the SHIFT key, the SPACEBAR, and so forth.

   The computer keys are, for the most part, not like any keys on a
   typewriter. These are divided into four groupsÄÄnumeric keypad,
   DIRECTION keys, function keys, and other special keys. For a description
   of each group, read the following:

   þ  Numeric keypadÄÄSimilar in appearance to a 10-key adding machine or
      calculator keyboard, these keys are used for much the same purposeÄÄto
      quickly type numbers. Notice that in addition to numbers, these keys
      may also have characters on them; for example, "HOME," "END," and
      arrows. Before using these keys to type numbers, you may have to press
      the NUMLOCK key (just as you would need to press the CAPS LOCK or SHIFT
      LOCK key on a typewriter to type in capital letters).

   þ  DIRECTION keysÄÄThese keys move the cursor to locations you choose on
      the screen. Each DIRECTION key has an arrow or a
      word on it (such as "PAGE UP" or "PAGE DOWN"), to show which
      direction the cursor will move. On the keyboard, you'll notice that
      some keys are labeled to suggest a dual purpose, such as when a
      DIRECTION key arrow and a numeric keypad number share the same keytop.

   þ  Function keysÄÄThese are special keys (labeled F1, F2, and so forth)
      whose purpose is defined by the software application. For example, in
      some applications, pressing the F1 key displays Help information about
      the subject you selected on the screen. To learn about the function
      keys used by your application, see the manual for your application.

   þ  Other keysÄÄSome additional keys don't fit into any particular
      category, but you will use them often. These keys have various
      functions, which you'll learn as you become more experienced with
      MS OS/2. For example, the ENTER key generally is used to complete an
      operation. And pressing the CTRL, ALT, and DEL keys at the same time
      restarts your computer.

   Kilobyte  A unit of measure for the amount of information that can be
   processed or stored in a computerÄÄapproximately 1000 bytes. Storage
   (disk space) and memory are often measured in kilobytes or megabytes
   (approximately 1,000,000 bytes).

 L

   Low density  See Floppy disk.

 M

   Megabyte  See Kilobyte.

   Memory  More properly called random-access memory or RAM, this is the
   place where data and programs are stored temporarily while your computer
   is turned on. If you want to preserve something you have in memory, you
   must save it in storage, which usually means saving it on
   a disk. For example, if you are using a word-processing application to
   edit a text file, a copy of your text file is loaded from disk storage
   into memory. Once you make changes to the memory copy (for example,
   if you rewrite a paragraph), you need to save the revised version on
   the disk. This is important because, when you turn off your computer,
   the memory copy disappears.

   Memory is measured in units called kilobytes (K) or megabytes. Your
   applications require a minimum amount of memory to run; you can generally
   find out how much by checking the application's manual or packaging.

   Menu  A menu is a list of commands or tasks you can choose to have your
   computer do. Each menu has a nameÄÄto look at the list of available
   commands, you select the menu name. Menus appear in the menu bar of a
   window.

   Message  A sentence or short paragraph of information that may appear on
   your screen, warning you about the consequence of some action you've taken
   or asking for additional information or verification from you. For
   example, when you attempt to shut down MS OS/2,
   you will see a message, asking if you really want to quit all your
   applications.

   Modem  A modem is a piece of hardware that allows you to connect your
   computer to telephone lines so that you can communicate with another
   computer. Modems are commonly used to connect your computer to an
   information service, such as a stock-quote service, but you also can use a
   modem to send information to another computer.

   Monitor  The monitor or display screen is similar to a television screen,
   which in this case you use to see what you are typing or to read
   information the computer is sending you. There are various types of
   monitors. In general, monitors fall into two categories: monochrome and
   color. Monochrome monitors produce one color (usually green, amber, or
   white) on a black background. In addition, some can display graphics.
   Color monitors may display a range of colors, as well as graphics.

   Mouse  The mouse is a small device attached to your computer by a long
   cord. You slide the mouse across a flat surface, such as a tabletop or a
   book, and as you do, the mouse pointer moves across the screen
   in the same direction. If you're using a word-processing application, you
   might use the mouse to select a word you want to change on the screen by
   pointing to it with the mouse pointer, then pressing and releasing a mouse
   button. In other applications, you can move an item across
   the screen by pointing to it, pressing a mouse button, and holding down
   the button while you move the mouse. See also Mouse button and Mouse
   pointer.

   Mouse button  A mouse has one, two, or three small buttons that you press
   with your fingertip. This transmits a signal to the mouse
   pointer, which usually results in something happening on
   the screen;
   for example, an item is selected or moved.

   Mouse pointer  The arrow or other shape on your screen that moves as you
   slide the mouse across a flat surface.

   Multitasking  Multitasking is the ability to run more than one
   program at the same time. The multitasking feature of MS OS/2
   allows you to do such things as start a program that is performing complex
   calculations, while you switch to your word-processing application and
   start typing. The first program continues to calculate, while you work on
   your document.

 N

   Numeric keypad  See Keyboard.

 O

   On/Off switch  Both your system unit and monitor usually have on/off
   switches that you will need to turn on before you can work with your
   computer. Common locations for these switches are on the back, side, or
   front of the system unit, and on the front, back, or side of the
   monitor.

   Operating system  The operating system is a collection of instructions
   that tell your computer how to run programs and applications. Microsoft
   Operating System/2 (this system) has a particularly important feature you
   should be aware ofÄÄmultitasking. See also Multitasking.

 P

   Path  One or more directory names that specify the exact location
   of a file or directory. In the path, also called the directory path,
   each directory is separated from the next by a backslash (\). You could
   also add a drive-letter designation to the path. The following is an
   example of a path, preceded by a drive letter, with a filename added.

   c:\customers\ecoast\nyc\berman.jkl

   See also Directory and Drive letter.

   Port  A port is a kind of electrical outlet in your system unit that you
   can use to plug additional equipment into your computer, such as a modem,
   a mouse, or a printer. Ports have names that relate to the type of
   equipment that can be connected to them. For example, printer ports are
   usually named LPT1, LPT2, and so forth (the LPT originates from "line
   printer," which most printers used to be). Communication ports (where you
   plug in a modem and some types of printers) are named COM1, COM2, COM3.
   Ports often are located on the back of your system unit.

   Printer  Printers come in many styles. They all print information from
   your computer onto paper, but vary widely in printing speed, print
   quality, and what they can print. For example, some dot-matrix and laser
   printers print both text and graphics, while some letter-quality printers
   are limited to text.

   Processor  Also called the CPU or central processing unit, this is
   the physical place your computer interprets and processes information.

   Program  A set of instructions, written in computer language, that tell
   the computer how to perform a task or set of tasks. See also Application.

   Prompt  See Command prompt.

 R

   Root directory  The highest-level in the directory structure. All files
   and directories are contained within the root directory. The root
   directory is created automatically by the system, and it is indicated by a
   backslash (\) that follows the drive letter. See also Directory.

 S

   Screen  See Monitor.

   Selection cursor  In Presentation Manager, the mark, often a dark bar or
   dotted box, that shows you where you are working in a window or dialog
   box and what you have selected. The selection cursor varies, depending on
   where you are working. For example, in File System,
   a dark bar shows you which disk drive or file you have selected. In a
   dialog box, a dotted box shows you which area of the dialog box you are
   working in.

   Software  Software is a set of computer instructions that make the
   hardware perform the tasks the computer was designed to do, such as
   displaying graphics on the screen, printing a text file, or calculating
   mathematics. Software includes the operating system (MS OS/2) that
   allows you to run applications, as well as the applications themselves,
   and is supplied on floppy disks.

   Storage  Storage is the saving of computer information on a permanent
   medium. Usually, this refers to saving information on a disk, either hard
   or floppy. Once saved to a disk, information will remain there until it is
   changed or deleted, as opposed to information in your computer's memory,
   which is deleted when the computer is turned off. See also Memory.

   Subdirectory  A directory contained within another directory. In
   actuality, all directories are subdirectories of the root directory.
   See also Directory and Root directory.

   System unit  The system unit is the main part of your computer,
   the piece of hardware that integrates all the other pieces. It contains
   several important parts of your computerÄÄthe disk drives, memory,
   on/off switch, ports, and a processor.

 W

   Window  A window is a rectangular area on the screen in which an
   application is displayed. A window has menus from which you choose
   commands, in order to perform certain tasks. A window may also include a
   title bar, menu bar, System menu, work area, scroll bars, and borders.
   Your screen may have several windows displayed at one time, either
   overlapping or side-by-side.

