 Microsoft  QuickC  Compiler - UP AND RUNNING








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              Microsoft (R) QuickC (R) Compiler - UP AND RUNNING

                                 VERSION 2.5
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ


                            MICROSOFT CORPORATION








 Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does
 not represent a commitment on the part of Microsoft Corporation. The
 software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement
 or nondisclosure agreement. The software may be used or copied only in
 accordance with the terms of the agreement. It is against the law to copy
 the software on any medium except as specifically allowed in the license or
 nondisclosure agreement. No part of this manual may be reproduced or trans-
 mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
 photocopying and recording, for any purpose without the express written
 permission of Microsoft.
 (C) Copyright Microsoft Corporation, 1988, 1990. All rights reserved.


 Printed and bound in the United States of America.


 Microsoft, MS, MS-DOS, CodeView, and QuickC are registered
 trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

 Amdek is a registered trademark of Amdek Corporation.

 BRIEF is a registered trademark of UnderWare, Inc.

 COMPAQ is a registered trademark of Compaq Computer Corporation.

 Epsilon is a trademark of Lugaru Software, Inc.

 Hercules is a registered trademark of Hercules Computer
 Technology.

 IBM is a registered trademark of International Business
 Machines Corporation.

 Norton Guides is a trademark of Peter Norton Computing.

 WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro International
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 Document No. SY10424-0290
 OEM D703-2Z
 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1






 Table of Contents
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 Introduction
      Read This Manual First
      Features New to Version 2.5

 Chapter 1  Unpacking QuickC(R)

      System Requirements
      The QuickC Package

 Chapter 2  Installing QuickC

      A Quick Overview
      Running SETUP
             SETUP Stage One
             SETUP Stage Two
             SETUP Stage Three

 Chapter 3  Using QuickC

      The QuickC Environment
      Using Windows and Menus
             Getting Started
             Using the Mouse and Keyboard
             Windows
             Menus
             Dialog Boxes
      Using the Editor
             Moving Around in a Source File
             Customizing the Editor
             Using Another Editor
      Compiling and Linking
             Building within the QuickC Environment
             Building from Multiple Source Files
             Compiling and Linking from the Command Line
      The Debugger

 Chapter 4  Getting Help

      Structure of the Microsoft Advisor
      Navigating through the Microsoft Advisor
             Using the Help Menu
             Using the F1 Key
             Using Hyperlinks
             Using Help Windows and Dialog Boxes
             Accessing Different Types of Information

 Chapter 5  Where to Go from Here


 Appendix A  Editor Functions


 Appendix B  QuickC Differences

      QuickC Version 2.0 Additions
      QuickC Version 2.5 Additions and Changes
             Interface and Environment Changes
             Language and Compiler Changes


 Introduction
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 Welcome to the Microsoft(R) QuickC(R) Compiler version 2.5, a powerful and
 sophisticated yet easy-to-use integrated environment for writing programs in
 the C language.

 In recent years, the popularity of C has grown tremendously. C programs
 often can be ported from one computer to another. C programs are fast. C
 source code is compact and concise. The language encourages, but does not
 enforce, modular and structured programming styles. For these and other
 reasons, many programmers and professional software developers prefer C to
 any other language.

 Microsoft QuickC combines the power of C with an environment that makes C
 easy to learn and to use. You can write code, compile and link it, run the
 program, and debug it, all without leaving the QuickC environment.


 Read This Manual First

 This manual contains all the information you need to install and begin using
 QuickC on your computer. There are five chapters:

 Unpacking QuickC - Chapter 1 lists the system requirements (hardware that
 you provide) and the contents of this package (software and documentation
 that we provide).

 Installing QuickC - Before you can start using QuickC, you must install it.
 Although the installation process is quick and easy, you may want more
 information about libraries and memory models. Chapter 2 guides you through
 installation and provides answers to commonly asked questions.

 Using QuickC - Chapter 3 explains how to run QuickC and introduces the
 window and menu environment. Next, it presents an example of a typical
 development cycle: writing, compiling, linking, running, and debugging a
 short program.

 Getting Help - The Microsoft QuickC Advisor (online help) provides important
 reference information at the click of a button or press of a key. Chapter 4
 illustrates the many facets of QuickC's powerful online help system.

 Where to Go from Here - Once you have unpacked QuickC, installed it on your
 system, and compiled a sample program, you will probably want to investigate
 QuickC further. Chapter 5 provides some suggestions on what to do next.


 Features New to Version 2.5

 If you have used an earlier version of QuickC, you'll find a variety of new
 features in version 2.5. These features include


   þ   Language compatibility with Microsoft C version 6.0

   þ   Increased ANSI standard C compatibility

   þ   Support for the tiny memory model (.COM files)

   þ   Enhanced C for Yourself

   þ   New Quickwatch debugging feature

   þ   Customized color window support


 For a comprehensive list of new features, refer to Appendix B.






 Chapter 1  Unpacking QuickC(R)
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 You're probably eager to install the QuickC Compiler immediately. But you
 should first take a few minutes to make sure your system meets minimum
 requirements and to determine that your package is complete.


 System Requirements

 QuickC requires the following minimum configuration:


   þ   An IBM(R) Personal Computer or compatible running DOS version 2.1 or
       later.

   þ   One hard-disk drive and one floppy-disk drive.

   þ   448K (kilobytes) of available memory (512K is recommended for medium
       to large projects).

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 NOTE

 Microsoft documentation uses the term "DOS" to refer to both the Microsoft
 and the IBM Disk Operating Systems (MS-DOS(R) and PC-DOS).
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 The QuickC Package

 Check your QuickC package to see if everything is there. If any pieces are
 missing, contact the retailer from whom you bought QuickC. In the package,
 you should find the following items:

 Registration card: there are many advantages to being a registered owner of
 QuickC version 2.5, including notification of future software releases and
 easy access to customer assistance. Please take the time to fill out and
 mail the registration card now.

 Disks: eight 5.25-inch floppy disks or four 3.5-inch floppy disks. The
 distribution disk labeled "Setup" contains a file named PACKING.LST that
 lists the location and description of all disk files in the Microsoft QuickC
 package.

 Up and Running: the book you're reading now. It explains how to install and
 use QuickC.

 C for Yourself: this book is written for programmers who know at least one
 language (such as BASIC or Pascal) but who don't know C. Part 1, "Learning
 C," is a tutorial that explains how to program in C. Many examples are
 included. Part 2, "Using C," examines further the library functions that
 perform input and output, the functions that create graphics, and new
 features such as real coordinate graphics, presentation graphics, fonts, and
 in-line assembly. The appendixes summarize the C language and QuickC library
 functions.

 Microsoft QuickC Tool Kit: this book explains the individual tools and
 utilities that accompany QuickC. Beginners probably won't need to refer to
 this book while they're learning the fundamentals of C. Advanced C
 programmers should turn to this book for detailed information about
 compiling, linking, creating libraries, maintaining multiple-module
 programs, and more.






 Chapter 2  Installing QuickC
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 This chapter tells you how to install the QuickC Compiler on your system.
 The SETUP.EXE program on the Setup distribution disk performs the
 installation.

 SETUP.EXE does two things. First, it copies several programs (the compiler,
 the linker, the library manager, the help system, and others) from the
 distribution disks to your hard disk. Second, it creates one or more
 combined libraries. You can't program in C without a library.

 This chapter also explains why it's necessary to build combined libraries
 and how the components fit together.

 If you follow the instructions, when you finish the chapter you'll have a
 working version of QuickC on your system and you'll be ready to start
 programming in C.


 A Quick Overview

 There are four steps to installing QuickC:


   1.  Make backup copies of all distribution disks.

   2.  Read the first section of the README.DOC file for information on
       installing QuickC. If there are any corrections to this book, they're
       listed at the beginning of README.DOC.

   3.  Run SETUP.EXE, which is an interactive program. The questions you
       answer determine the QuickC environment that is installed. Default
       answers are listed in brackets. At the bottom of each screen is a
       brief synopsis of what each question means.

   4.  Adjust your system and environment variables. SETUP.EXE creates two
       files: NEW-VARS.BAT and NEW-CONF.SYS. Add the information from the
       NEW-VARS.BAT file to your AUTOEXEC.BAT file. If you'd prefer not to
       make the changes permanent, you can run NEW-VARS.BAT as a batch file.
       Change your CONFIG.SYS file if the  files  value and  buffers  value
       are currently smaller than the values in NEW-CONF.SYS. After modifying
       these files, reboot.


 The process is not difficult and each screen provides helpful guidance. If
 you have enough DOS and programming experience to complete these four steps
 without further assistance, we encourage you to do so. (If you get stuck,
 return to this chapter.) You may then skip ahead to Chapter 3, "Using
 QuickC."

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 NOTE

 If you make a mistake during the setup process, just run the program again.
 SETUP.EXE never erases files from the distribution disks.
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ


 Running SETUP

 Before you run SETUP, back up the distribution disks using the DOS COPY
 command or the DISKCOPY program. Then read the first part of the README.DOC
 file by loading it into a word processor or by using the TYPE command:

   TYPE README.DOC | MORE

 When you are ready to install QuickC, insert the Setup disk in drive A and
 then change to that drive (type  A: ). At the DOS command line, type

   SETUP

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 NOTE

 The following instructions assume that you plan to install QuickC on a
 system that has at least one floppy-disk drive and one hard-disk drive.
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ


 Correcting Mistakes

 Each setup screen ends by asking if you want to change any of the options.
 If you press Y, you can correct any of the answers you entered.

 To exit the SETUP program at any time, press CTRL+C.


 Understanding Libraries

 Compared to other programming languages, C is very lean. It contains only a
 few dozen keywords and operators. To print something on the screen, for
 example, you call the printf function, which is not a keyword or an
 operator. It's not included in the C language proper. Strictly speaking,
 printf is a "library function."

 When you link a program, the linker looks in the current library for any
 functions that were not defined in the program. If your source file calls
 printf, for example, the linker looks in the library for the machine code
 that executes the function, adds it to the executable program, and resolves
 any references to printf.

 A library, then, is just a set of commonly used functions that have been
 gathered into one place. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
 defines a great number of library functions (including printf). Microsoft
 QuickC adds even more. In C, the keywords and operators number in the
 dozens, while the library functions number in the hundreds. Incidentally,
 you can add your own heavily used functions to the library (or combine them
 into a separate library) if you wish. See Microsoft QuickC Tool Kit for more
 information on using the Library Manager (LIB.EXE).

 One of the key jobs performed by SETUP.EXE is building at least one large
 "combined library." Individual smaller parts of the library are called
 "component libraries." The two component libraries you must have are the
 memory model library and the math package library. The two additional
 component libraries containing graphics functions are optional.

 You'll ultimately use one of the combined libraries when you compile and
 link a program.


 SETUP Options

 SETUP has two options for shortcuts: /H and /L. You should not use these
 options the first time you run SETUP.

 Use the /L option after you have already installed QuickC and you want to
 build additional combined libraries without going through the entire setup
 process.

 Combined libraries are described above (see "Understanding Libraries"). If
 you wish to add more libraries in the future, use the /L option:

   SETUP /L

 The /H option suppresses the SETUP help information sent to the screen. If
 you install QuickC again, you can bypass the help information by using the
 /H option:

   SETUP /H


 SETUP Stage One

 Before SETUP can install QuickC, it needs some information about your system
 and the type of programming you intend to do. This first stage of SETUP is a
 series of questions split into three screens.


 First Screen: The Libraries

 The first screen asks these questions:

   Source of disk images [A:]:
   Math Options: Emulator [Y]:8087 [N]:
   Memory Models:Small[Y]:Medium[N]:Compact[N]:Large[N]:
   Delete the component libraries when finished [Y]:
   Include in combined libraries: GRAPHICS.LIB [N]:PGCHART.LIB [N]

   Do you want to change any of the above options [Y]:

 The questions appear on the screen one at a time. An explanation of each
 option appears at the bottom of the screen, unless you added the /H option
 when you ran SETUP. Answer the questions by typing in your responses and
 pressing ENTER.

 Each question ends with a default answer inside square brackets ([Y], for
 example). Press ENTER to accept the default. If you are unsure of the proper
 reply for any of these questions, consider the default a good place to
 start. If you later find you would have preferred to make another choice,
 you can always run SETUP again.

 Each screen concludes by asking if you want to change any of your choices.
 When you're satisfied, press N (the default answer is Y, which returns you
 to the first question on the screen). If you start over, the default answers
 become the choices you made previously.


 Which Disk Drive?

 The first question on the first screen asks where you're starting from (the
 drive containing the distribution disks):

   Source of disk images [A:]:


 Which Math Library?

 Your answer to the second question determines which math component libraries
 will be included in the combined library:

   Math Options: Emulator [Y]:    8087 [N]:

 Some computers contain an 8087 or 80287 math coprocessor chip and some
 don't.

 If your machine is equipped with a coprocessor, linking your programs with
 the combined library tailored for the 8087 will speed up all floating-point
 calculations. However, these programs will run only on a machine that has an
 8087 or 80287 chip.

 Programs linked with the emulator library, on the other hand, will run on
 any computer, whether it has a coprocessor or not. The emulator library does
 check for the presence of a math coprocessor. If the computer has a
 coprocessor, it performs all floating-point math operations. If no
 coprocessor is installed, the emulator library "emulates" (imitates) the
 actions of a coprocessor.

 If you're not sure which math library to include, choose the emulator
 library because it's the most flexible.

 You may include both math libraries, but doing so doubles the number of
 combined libraries SETUP builds, thus doubling the time it takes to install
 QuickC. If you intend to install all possible library configurations, you'll
 need approximately 6 megabytes of available space on your hard disk. If you
 install just one library, you'll need about 2.7 megabytes of free space.


 Which Memory Model?

 The next question asks which memory models you plan to use:

   Memory Models: Small [Y]:   Medium [N]:   Compact [N]:   Large [N]:

 The small memory model is the default. If you're in a hurry to install
 QuickC, accept the default answer by pressing ENTER four times and bypass
 the explanation below. Should you discover that you need additional memory
 for your programs, you can run the SETUP program again. If you're curious
 about memory models, read on.

 The 8086 processor and its relatives access memory in 64K blocks called
 "segments." To move outside of the current 64K segment requires additional
 machine instructions. Also, an address within the 64K segment can be
 specified with only two bytes. If you wish to access more than 64K of memory
 locations, their addresses must include additional bytes (which makes
 pointer variables longer and program execution slower).

 C programs have two parts: the code (machine instructions) and the data
 (variables and constants). If you write programs that fit either the code or
 the data entirely within one 64K segment of memory, the program will execute
 faster and use less memory. However, if you need to use multiple memory
 segments for the code or the data, you may, although the program will run
 more slowly.

 The various configurations of memory usage are called "memory models."
 QuickC supports six standard memory models. Table 2.1 illustrates the
 relationship between the six available memory models and the limits placed
 on their code and data segments.

 Table 2.1  Memory Models

ÖÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ·
 Memory Model  Code Segment Limit       Data Segment Limit
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Tiny          64K total Code and Data  Ä
 Small         64K                      64K
 Medium        None                     64K
 Compact       64K                      None
 Large         None                     None
 Huge          None                     None
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ


 For a great many applications, the small memory model suffices. The tiny
 memory model is similar to the small model except it is limited to 64K per
 program (including both code and data) and it produces .COM files instead of
 .EXE files. If you're working on a large database manager, you might want
 one of the models that provides unlimited data segments (compact, large, or
 huge). If you're writing a program with many functions, you might want to
 remove the limit on the code segment (medium, large, or huge).

 The huge memory model uses the same library as the large model, so the SETUP
 program offers only four choices. The difference between large and huge is
 that

 the huge model allows individual arrays to exceed 64K, whereas the large
 model limits arrays to 64K.

 Any or all of these memory models may be selected, but SETUP.EXE will build
 a separate combined library for each model. For example, if you choose the
 small memory model and the math emulator, the library file SLIBCE.LIB is
 created. If you choose the medium model and the 8087 math package,
 MLIBC7.LIB is created. The small memory model libraries start with the
 letter "S," medium with "M," compact with "C," and large with "L."
 Similarly, the emulator math package is shown by a final "E" in the file
 name, the 8087 package by a "7."

 Given four memory models and two math packages, you can create a total of
 eight combined libraries. But the more combined libraries you create, the
 more space they'll take on your hard disk and the longer the installation
 process will take.

 The first time you install QuickC, create only one or two combined
 libraries. If you find a need for other memory models or math packages, just
 run the SETUP program again.


 Include Graphics Libraries?

 The graphics library GRAPHICS.LIB contains numerous functions for drawing
 lines, rectangles, circles, and other shapes. If you plan to write programs
 that use these functions, press Y to answer the first of these two
 questions:

   Include in combined libraries:GRAPHICS.LIB[N]: PGCHART.LIB[N]:

 However, if you plan to write programs that use text output only, then you
 probably don't need GRAPHICS.LIB taking up room on your disk. Press N to
 omit the graphics library. (If you very rarely need graphics functions, you
 can omit the graphics library and, whenever you need the functions,
 explicitly link the graphics library GRAPHICS.LIB. See the Microsoft QuickC
 Tool Kit manual for more information about linking with a specific library.)


 The PGCHART.LIB library contains presentation graphics functions for
 creating high-resolution graphs (line graphs, bar charts, column charts,
 scatter diagrams, and pie charts). Again, if you want to display such
 graphics in your programs, press Y to include this component library. If
 you'll use presentation graphics rarely or not at all, press N to omit this
 library.


 Second Screen: Extra Files

 The next screen asks the following questions about copying additional files
 to your hard disk:

   Install Microsoft Mouse [Y]:
   Copy documentation files [Y]:
   Copy the DOS patch files [N]:
   Copy sample C programs [N]:
   Copy the QuickC tutorial files [N]:

   Do you want to change any of the above options [Y]:

 SETUP will copy these extra files to your hard disk if you want them.

 As before, each of these questions is accompanied by an explanation at the
 bottom of your screen to help you decide if these files would be useful.


 Third Screen: The Directories

 The final set of questions asks for the names of directories in which to
 store the various files.

   Directory for Executable files [C:\QC25\BIN]:
   Directory for Libraries [C:\QC25\LIB]:
   Directory for Include files [C:\QC25\INCLUDE]:
   Directory for Sample files [C:\QC25\SAMPLES]:
   Directory for Tutorial files [C:\QC25\TUTORIAL]:

   Do you want to change any of the above options [Y]:

 You don't have to choose any of the default options. You might decide you
 want your executable programs in C:\QC25\BIN and your source files in
 C:\C_CODE, for example. Type in the names of directories you want SETUP to
 use (including the drive name in the path). If the directories don't exist,
 SETUP asks if you want to create them.

 QuickC can be used in conjunction with the Microsoft C Professional
 Development System version 6.0. To use QuickC with Microsoft C, choose the
 directories where Microsoft C stores executable files, libraries, and header
 files: their default names are C:\C600\BIN, C:\C600\LIB, and
 C:\C600\INCLUDE; corresponding QuickC directories are C:\QC25\BIN,
 C:\QC25\LIB, and C:\QC25\INCLUDE.


 Checking the Available Disk Space

 Before moving on to stage two, the SETUP program checks your hard disk to
 see how much free space is available. If you don't have enough room to
 install QuickC (the amount needed varies according to the options you've
 chosen), an error message tells you how much space is required for the files
 you've requested. If you attempt to install all possible libraries, you'll
 need approximately 6 megabytes. If you install just one combined library,
 you'll need roughly 2.7 megabytes.

 If you don't have enough room on your hard disk, you have two choices.
 First, you can delete files from the hard disk until there's enough room for
 the libraries you want to create. Second, you can reduce the number of
 libraries you request (or you can choose not to copy the samples and
 documentation files) to cut down the amount of space you need. Either way,
 you'll have to run SETUP again.


 SETUP Stage Two

 Now that you've specified your system and programming needs, SETUP goes to
 work. This stage requires you to swap the distribution disks in and out of
 the drive. Insert the disks as SETUP asks for them and press ENTER. If you
 put in the wrong disk, SETUP will ask again for the proper disk.

 At this point, all SETUP needs is the go-ahead from you. It starts building
 the combined libraries you requested, placing them in the directories you
 specified.


 SETUP Stage Three

 When SETUP finishes creating the combined libraries, it creates two files:
 NEW-VARS.BAT and NEW-CONF.SYS. To install these files permanently, you must
 now adjust the DOS environment and modify both your AUTOEXEC.BAT and
 CONFIG.SYS files.

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 NOTE

 If you use other languages that have their own LINK.EXE program, you may not
 want to put the QuickC linker in your path. If this is the case, you can
 modify CONFIG.SYS and run NEW-VARS.BAT each time you use QuickC.
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ


 Changing AUTOEXEC.BAT

 The file NEW-VARS.BAT created by SETUP might look something like this:

   PATH=C:\QC25\BIN;C:\DOS;C:\MYEXE;C:\WIN386;C:\WORD
   set LIB=C:\QC25\LIB
   set INCLUDE=C:\QC25\INCLUDE

 PATH is a system variable that tells your computer where to find executable
 programs. The LIB and INCLUDE variables tell QuickC where to find the
 libraries and the include files.

 To make the change permanent, load your current AUTOEXEC.BAT file into an
 editor or word processor (you'll find AUTOEXEC.BAT in the root directory),
 add the new path names, and save the modified file.

 You can edit the AUTOEXEC.BAT file with the QuickC editor if you wish.
 Change to the directory containing the QC.EXE program (for example, type  CD
 \QC25\BIN ) and type  QC \AUTOEXEC.BAT (the backslash indicates that the
 file is in the root directory). Then use the File menu Merge command to
 merge NEW-VARS.BAT into AUTOEXEC.BAT.

 In most cases, it is best to change the AUTOEXEC.BAT file and reboot.
 How-ever, if you use other languages and other compilers, you may wish to
 leave the AUTOEXEC.BAT file alone and run the NEW-VARS.BAT file before each
 QuickC session.

 If you want to use the 8087 math library instead of the emulator library,
 use the /FPi87 option as a custom flag within the QuickC Linker Flags dialog
 box or at the command line using QCL. If you compile and link from the
 QuickC environment, either add the line below to your AUTOEXEC.BAT file or
 type it at the command line:

   SET CL=/FPi87

 To maintain compatibility between the QuickC and Microsoft C compilers, the
 CL environment variable is used. If you include options that the Microsoft C
 compiler recognizes but QuickC doesn't, QuickC issues an error message.


 Modifying CONFIG.SYS

 The NEW-CONF.SYS file might look like this:

   files=20
   buffers=10

 You need to be sure that the  files  and  buffer  values are large enough to
 contain QuickC. Load your CONFIG.SYS file into an editor or word processor
 (again, it should be in the root directory), change the two lines that refer
 to files and buffers, and save the modified file. If your current CONFIG.SYS
 file has higher numbers ( files = 30, for example), you can leave the higher
 value in effect. The numbers in NEW-CONF.SYS are minimums; you may safely
 use higher values.

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 NOTE

 Merely changing the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files does not affect the
 current DOS environment. To put the changes into effect, you must reboot
 your machine by powering off and then on or by pressing CTRL+ALT+DEL.
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 After installing QuickC, changing the files, and rebooting, you can proceed
 to Chapter 3, "Using QuickC."






 Chapter 3  Using QuickC
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 If you followed the instructions in Chapter 2, "Installing QuickC," you now
 have a working version of the QuickC Compiler and are ready to write your
 first program. This chapter introduces the QuickC environmentÄa powerful
 tool to help you write and test programs.

 In this chapter you'll work through a sample compiling and linking session.
 When you finish, you will have written, saved, built, and tested a working
 program.

 If you'd prefer to experiment on your own or if you've previously used an
 older version of QuickC, you can skip this chapter (or skim through it). We
 strongly suggest, however, that if you do nothing else, review the next
 chapter, "Getting Help." In addition, we recommend that all QuickC users run
 the LEARN program, which teaches how to use the QuickC environment.


 The QuickC Environment

 QuickC is a window-based programming environment that integrates a text
 editor, a compiler, a linker, a debugger utility, a make utility, and an
 on-line help database. This chapter introduces and describes the following
 aspects of QuickC:

 Windows and Menus - The menu system allows you to quickly find the command
 or action you need. The first part of this chapter explains how to open and
 close windows and how to navigate the menus. It also defines certain terms
 used throughout the chapter.

 Editor - When you're writing source code, you'll spend a lot of time using
 the QuickC editor. If you know WordStar(R) commands, you'll know how to use
 the QuickC editor. If you'd prefer to customize the editor, you can use the
 MKKEY utility, which is explained in the "Customizing the Editor" section.

 Compiler/Linker - You can compile, link, and test a program without ever
 leaving the editor. QuickC's integrated environment saves you hours of
 development time. This part of the chapter defines and illustrates the
 various compiling and linking options.

 Debugger - The debugger allows you to set breakpoints, to monitor the status
 of key variables, and to trace program execution line by line. This section
 of the chapter provides a brief overview of the debugger utility. The LEARN
 program includes a lesson that provides more details about the new, advanced
 debugging enhancements.


 Using Windows and Menus

 Even if you've never used windows and menus before, you'll find the QuickC
 programming environment easy to learn.

 This section introduces the QuickC environment. You'll learn how to control
 windows and to choose commands from the menus.


 Getting Started

 To run QuickC, type

   QC

 at the DOS prompt. You'll immediately enter the QuickC editor.

 If you enter a file name after the  QC  command, for example,

   QC MYFILE

 QuickC automatically adds the extension .C that marks a C source file.
 Typing the line above causes QuickC to load MYFILE.C.

 If QuickC can't find the file you specified in the current directory, it
 asks if you want to create a new file.

 If you do not enter a file name after the  QC  command, QuickC opens an
 empty file named UNTITLED.C, which you can rename later or save with another
 name.


 Command-Line Options

 Depending on your particular hardware, you may be required to include one of
 the following options on the command line after the  QC  command but before
 the file name, for example,  QC /b MYPROG.

 Option                            Hardware
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 /b                                For black-and-white systems, including
                                   Hercules(R) monochrome monitors, LCD
                                   screens, and black-and- white monitors.

 /g                                For AT-compatible systems that refresh
                                   the screen at a slower rate than the
                                   standard AT (including some COMPAQ(R)
                                   systems).

 /h                                For systems equipped with EGA-, VGA-, or
                                   MCGA-compatible graphics cards capable
                                   of displaying more than 25 lines of text.
                                   EGA cards can display 43 lines of text,
                                   VGA cards can display 50. You can use a
                                   Microsoft (or fully compatible) mouse
                                   with this option. If you encounter
                                   problems, contact the manufacturer of
                                   the mouse.

 /k                                Loads a key file with customized QuickC
                                   editor
                                   commands.

 /nohi                             For systems that don't support
                                   high-intensity colors (including LCD
                                   monochrome monitors and some Amdek(R)
                                   color monitors).


 Using the Mouse and Keyboard

 You can enter all commands from the keyboard. If you own a Microsoft (or
 fully compatible) Mouse, you can choose to use either the keyboard or the
 mouse to enter commands. When this book explains a command, the two options
 are marked with icons of a key or a mouse as follows:

 Press the ALT key.

 Click the File menu, then click Save.

 Unless the right button is specifically mentioned, "clicking" means that you
 click the mouse's left button once.


 Windows

 The system of windows and menus is simple to use and intuitive. Many
 programmers can learn how to use the QuickC environment without learning the
 terms that describe the various menus and buttons. In addition, if you're
 confused about windows or menus, you can almost always call up a help window
 that explains how a menu works (see Chapter 4, "Getting Help"). However, if
 you want to read further in this chapter, you'll have to understand the
 terms that are used.

 Figure 3.1 shows a typical QuickC screen, with labels that describe its
 parts. Some of the parts provide information only. For example, if the CAPS
 LOCK key is on, a letter  C  appears in the bottom right corner. The letter
 C  is informational (it tells you the CAPS LOCK key is on). Other parts of a
 window perform actions triggered by a specific key or mouse action. For
 example, if you click the little box in the upper-left corner of a window,
 the window closes. The box is not informational; it's active.

 (This figure may be found in the printed book.)

 The parts of a window, their status, and their use are listed in Table 3.1.


 Table 3.1  Parts of a Window

ÖÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ·
 Name             Status                Use
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Close button     Active                Closes the current window (the
                                        source window cannot be closed).
                                        Appears in upper-left corner.

 Menu bar         Active                Lists names of the available menus.

 Title bar        Informational         Shows name of the window (the
                                        source window title bar lists the
                                        file currently being edited).

 Source window    Active                Contains source code for the
                                        program you're writing. Seven other
                                        windows are supported: Debug, Help,
                                        Locals, Registers, Notepad, Output,
                                        and Errors.

 Maximize button  Active                Shrinks or enlarges the current
                                        window.

 Name             Status                Use
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 Reference bar    Informational/        Lists shortcut keystrokes (keyboard
                  Active                users) and direct commands to
                                        QuickC (mouse users).



 Table   3.1 (continued)

ÖÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ·
 Name                    Status         Use
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Scroll bars             Active         Indicate your position in the
                                        current file. If you click in the
                                        gray area on either side of the
                                        position marker, you move in that
                                        direction. If you click the arrows,
                                        you move one line (or one character)
                                        in that direction. If you click and
 Name                    Status         Use
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
                                       in that direction. If you click and
                                        drag the position indicator, you
                                        can move anywhere within the file.

 Line/Column             Informational  Show the current line and column of
 indicators                             the text cursor.
                                        C means CAPS LOCK is on.
                                        N means NUM LOCK is on.

 File status indicators  Informational  R means the file is set to Read
                                        Only status.
                                        D means Debugging History is on.
                                        I means the debugging history
                                        includes user input.

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ




 Using the Menu Bar

 To choose a command from a menu, you "pull down" or "open" the menu and
 choose the command you want:


   1.  Press the ALT key to activate the menu bar.

   2.  Press the highlighted character in the menu name (F = File, for
       example).

   3.  Press the highlighted character in the item name (in the File menu, S
       = Save, for example).


 Or follow these steps:


   1.  Press the ALT key.

   2.  Use the RIGHT and LEFT arrow keys to move to the menu you want.

   3.  Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to highlight the command.

   4.  Press ENTER.


 Or:


   1.  Open the menu by clicking the menu name.

   2.  Click the command.



 Making the Menu Disappear

 If at any point you decide that you don't want to choose a command from a
 menu, you can make the menu disappear:

 Press the ESC key.

 Click somewhere on the screen outside of the menu.


 Shortcut Keys

 In the menus below, you'll notice that certain menu items are followed by
 names of keys. These are the "shortcut keys" for heavily used commands. For
 example, the Run menu Restart command is followed by SHIFT+F5, which means
 that instead of opening the Run menu and choosing the Restart command, you
 can instead hold down the SHIFT key and press F5.

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 NOTE

 The reference bar displays commonly used shortcut keys. In addition, the
 inside front cover of this book lists the important shortcut keys for easy
 reference.
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ


 Menus

 The menu bar contains ten menus, which you can pull down at any time. If you
 don't know what a menu does, invoke the online help system by highlighting
 the menu title (or highlighting a command within a menu) and pressing F1 or
 clicking the right mouse button. QuickC uses the following menus:

ÖÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ·
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 (Please refer to the printed book.)  The File menu controls files,
                                      allowing you to clear the source
                                      window (New), load an existing source
                                      file (Open), append a file to the
                                      source code in memory (Merge), save
                                      the current file (Save), rename the
                                      current file (Save As), print the
                                      source code (Print), temporarily quit
                                      to DOS (DOS Shell) and return to
                                      QuickC by typing EXIT at the command
                                      line, or permanently exit QuickC
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
                                     line, or permanently exit QuickC
                                      (Exit).

 (Please refer to the printed book.)  From the Edit menu you manipulate
                                      text by deleting, cutting, copying,
                                      and pasting lines of code. You can
                                      also set Read Only status to protect
                                      source files.

 (Please refer to the printed book.)  The View menu controls the visible
                                      screen. You can rapidly switch
                                      between multiple modules (Source),
                                      read through include files (Include)
                                      make visible the output screen
                                      (Output Screen), expand the source
                                      window (Maximize), or open and close
                                      the various windows (Windows).

 (Please refer to the printed book.)  The Search menu invokes the commands
                                      that find or replace text or
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
                                     that find or replace text or
                                      functions in source files. It also
                                      moves to a specified line and
                                      searches for the next source line
                                      that caused a compiler error.

 (Please refer to the printed book.)  The Make menu allows you to compile
                                      (Compile) or to compile and link
                                      (Build) programs. From this menu, you
                                      also create or edit program lists
                                      that name the components of a
                                      multimodule program.

 (Please refer to the printed book.)  Once a program is compiled and
                                      residing in memory, use the Run menu
                                      to run it. You can run it from
                                      beginning to end, selectively run
                                      individual sections, or trace through
                                      the program line by line.

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 (Please refer to the printed book.)  If your program contains logic errors,
                                      the Debug menu allows you to set
                                      breakpoints, watchpoints, and watch
                                      values. In addition, you can keep
                                      track of variables and their changing
                                      values. (This feature means there's
                                      no need to sprinkle printf functions
                                      throughout your program just to watch
                                      variables as they change values.)

 (Please refer to the printed book.)  The Utility menu allows you to run
                                      DOS commands and programs from within
                                      the QuickC environment. You can run
                                      the online QuickC tutorial ("Learn
                                      QuickC"), or if you find that you use
                                      certain programs often, you may want
                                      to add them to the Utility menu
                                      (Customize Menu). For example, you
                                      can add your favorite program editor
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
                                     can add your favorite program editor
                                      to this menu if you wish.

 (Please refer to the printed book.)  The items on the Options menu control
                                      the integrated environment. For
                                      example, the Options menu Color
                                      command allows you to change the
                                      colors used on the screen. The
                                      Options menu Make command controls
                                      flags that affect the actions of the
                                      compiler and linker.

 (Please refer to the printed book.)  The Help menu is one route to the
                                      online help system. For more about
                                      this topic, see Chapter 4, "Getting
                                      Help."




 Short Menus and Full Menus

 If you open the Options menu, you'll see one of the two menus below:

ÖÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ·
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 (Please refer to the printed book.)  (Please refer to the printed book.)


 When six commands are listed under Options and a dot appears beside Full
 Menus, it means full menus are turned on. When the Options menu holds only
 two commands and Full Menus has no dot, short menus are in effect.

 To change from full menus to short menus or vice versa, choose the Full
 Menus command. The command is a toggle button; that is, it changes from on
 to off, or off to on, when pressed.

 The short menus contain all the commands you need to write, compile, and run
 a C program. The short menus may seem easier to use, especially for
 beginners. If you prefer to see every possible option, you should enable
 Full Menus. The choice is yours.

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 NOTE

 When you set preferences from the Options menuÄfull menus, memory models,
 compile options, and so onÄyour choices are saved in the current directory
 in a file called QC.INI. If you set an option, it stays set from one QuickC
 session to the next, or until you change it.
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ


 Shaded Commands

 When a command within a menu is shaded, it is unavailable. You can't use it.


 For example, when you first run QuickC and haven't yet compiled or linked a
 program, you can open the Search menu and see that both Next Error and
 Previous Error are shaded. You haven't done anything to generate errors, so
 there are no errors to view.


 Ellipses

 When a command is followed by three periods (an ellipsis), it means QuickC
 needs more information before it executes the command. If a command is not
 followed by an ellipsis, choosing the command causes it to execute
 immediately.

 For example, the File menu contains both the Save and Save As... commands.
 Choosing Save causes QuickC to save the current file with the current name
 (the file name appearing at the top of the source window). Choosing Save
 As... causes a dialog box to appear (see the following section). Within that
 dialog box, you type the new name for your file.


 Dialog Boxes

 Very often, invoking a menu command causes a dialog box to appear. For
 example, Figure 3.2 shows the dialog box opened by the Options menu Display
 command.

 (This figure may be found in the printed book.)

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 NOTE

 Dialog boxes usually offer a set of shortcut keys. Press ALT to see which
 keys are active within a dialog box.
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 Dialog boxes can contain one or more of the items on the following list. Use
 the TAB key to move between the various items in a dialog box.

 Option Buttons ()                 Option buttons offer a list of choices,
                                   of which you choose only one. Use the
                                   arrow keys to move between the choices.
                                   In Figure 3.2, four option buttons allow
                                   you to pick the screen color you prefer.
                                   These are sometimes called "radio
                                   buttons" because they're similar to the
                                   buttons on a car radio: pushing in one
                                   button causes the others to pop out.

 Check Box [X]                     A check box is a yes/no switch. If the
                                   box is empty, the feature is turned off.
                                   If it contains a letter X, the feature
                                   is on. Press the SPACEBAR to turn a
                                   check box on or off. Use the TAB key to
                                   move between check boxes.

 Text Box [          ]             A text box contains text that you enter.
                                   In Figure 3.2, the setting for Tab Stops
                                   requires you to type in the number of
                                   spaces to be inserted when you press the
                                   TAB key.

 Command Buttons                   Command buttons enclosed in angle
 < OK >                            brackets pass commands to the dialog box.
                                   The OK button means you're satisfied
                                   with the choices you've made. The Cancel
                                   button allows you to exit the dialog box
                                   with no changes. If one of the command
                                   buttons is highlighted, pressing ENTER
                                   invokes that command.

 List Boxes                        Certain dialog boxes display the current
                                   disk directory inside a list box. If the
                                   number of files is too large for the
                                   list box, you may use the arrow keys and
                                   PGUP/PGDN (keyboard) or click the scroll
                                   bar to move around the list (mouse).


 Using the Editor

 QuickC's program editor is an important part of the QuickC environment. This
 part of the chapter provides a brief overview of its many functions.


 Moving Around in a Source File

 Many of the keys within the editor act as you would expect. The PGDN and
 PGUP keys advance you forward or back within the source code. The HOME key
 moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line. The END key moves the
 cursor to the end of the current line. The arrow keys move the cursor one
 character at a time. QuickC also has a command for moving around in a source
 file: The Go to command in the Search menu moves the cursor to a specified
 line number.

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 NOTE

 For a complete list of editor commands, use online help. Open the Help menu,
 choose the Contents command, then get help about the Keyboard under the
 Orientation heading.
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 You can invoke many of the editor commands in two different ways. For
 example, to move one word to the right, you can press either CTRL+RIGHT or
 CTRL+F. The second choice is part of the WordStar-compatible command set. If
 you're familiar with WordStar commands, you already know how to use the
 QuickC editor. There is one difference you should know: you don't use
 separate commands to mark the beginning and end of a block of text.


 Defining a Block

 While you're working on a C program, you may want to delete a large block of
 text or copy it to another place in the program. To do this, you must define
 the block:

 Move the cursor to the beginning of the block. Hold down the SHIFT key and
 move to the end of the block. Use the other editing keys (HOME, END,
 CTRL+RIGHT, and so on) while you're holding down SHIFT to extend the block.


 Move the mouse cursor to the beginning of the block. While holding down the
 left button, move to the end of the block.

 After defining a block, you can do several things: use the DELETE key to
 erase it or use SHIFT+DEL to copy it into the Paste buffer (then use
 SHIFT+INS to insert the buffer into the source file at the current cursor
 location).

 While a block is defined, anything you type will replace the defined text.

 You can also press the TAB key to indent the entire block an additional tab
 setting or SHIFT+TAB to remove all tab settings.


 Customizing the Editor

 If you'd prefer to use another set of editing commands, QuickC comes with
 four "key" files, which are files that define the keystrokes for editor
 commands, along with a utility for making your own key file. The four key
 files are QC.KEY, ME.KEY, BRIEF.KEY, and EPSILON.KEY. Refer to Appendix A
 for a complete list of the commands they control (for example, the QuickC
 and Microsoft editors use CTRL+E to move the cursor up, while Epsilon(tm)
 uses CTRL+P).

 To change to a new key file, use the /k: option when you run QuickC. For
 example, to load the BRIEF.KEY file, enter this line, using just the file
 name and not the fully qualified path:

   QC /k:BRIEF.KEY

 Your preference is automatically saved in the QC.INI file. In future editing
 sessions, you won't need to specify the key file.


 Creating Your Own Key File

 The MKKEY program allows you to make your own key file. You must use three
 options: -c, -i, and -o. The first (-c) specifies the type of conversion:
 ASCII to binary (ab) or binary to ASCII (ba). The two others specify the
 input file (-i) and the output file (-o).

 To modify the default QC.KEY file, you first convert it to an editable ASCII
 file:

   MKKEY -c ba -i QC.KEY -o MYEDITOR.TXT

 You can use any text editor (including QuickC's) to edit the file named
 MYEDITOR.TXT, which lists the keystrokes that perform certain actions. For
 example, you press CTRL+G to delete a character. The line in MYEDITOR.TXT
 looks like this:

   Del : CTRL+G

 You could change that command to any other keystroke (CTRL+D, for example),
 as long as the key isn't already assigned to another function. Elsewhere in
 the file, CTRL+D is assigned to CharRight, so you'd have to delete or change
 that line if you wanted to use CTRL+D for the Del function.

 When you're satisfied with the new functions, you must convert the ASCII
 file to binary, so that it can be loaded into the QuickC editor:

   MKKEY -c ab -i MYEDITOR.TXT -o MYEDITOR.KEY

 Finally, to load the new key file, use the /k: option described above.

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 NOTE

 If you customize the QuickC editor by creating a key file, you are not
 allowed to assign functions to CTRL+@.
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ


 Using Another Editor

 If you'd prefer to use your favorite word processor or text editor for
 writing programs, use the Customize Menu command in the Utility menu. This
 allows you to run any other program (including word processors) from within
 the QuickC environment. When you exit the program, you'll return to QuickC.


 To use another editor, choose the Customize Menu command in the Utility
 menu. Highlight the Custom &Editor item and select the Edit button. List the
 path and the name of the editor in the Path Name text box. (It isn't
 necessary to include the .EXE extension.) For example, you could list
 \BIN\B,\EDITORS\EPS or MYDIR\M. If you're using Brief, Epsilon, or the
 Microsoft Editor, read the appropriate section below.


 Brief

 Type the following in the Arguments text box:

   -m"editat $LINE $COL" $FILE

 Add the following macro to your Brief macro file:

   ;*** editat Ä interface to QC Utility.Edit menu
   ; SYNOPSIS
   ; b -m"editat $LINE $COL" $FILE
   ; DESCRIPTION
   ; editat positions Brief at the specified line and column in the
   ; current file.  It is invoked from the command line (i.e -m).
   ;*

   (macro editat
      (
         (int line col)

         (get_parm 0 line)
         (get_parm 1 col)
         (move_abs line col)
      )
   )


 Epsilon

 Type the following in the Arguments text box:

   $FILE +$LINE


 M Editor

 Type the following in the Arguments text box:

   /e "Arg \"$LINE\" Mark" $FILE


 Compiling and Linking

 Your ultimate goal in writing C programs is to create an executable program.
 To convert a C source file to a runnable program, you must compile and link
 it. This section introduces the commands that compile and link programs, a
 process called "building."

 When QuickC builds a program, it performs two steps:


   1.  It compiles the .C source file into an object (.OBJ) file.

   2.  It links the object file with other object files or libraries to
       create an executable (.EXE) file.


 Although you have the option of going through these two steps, it's
 generally easier and more convenient to build a program with a single
 command.


 Building within the QuickC Environment

 This section illustrates how to compile and link a C program. First, type in
 this program and use the Save As command in the File menu to save the file
 as HI.C:

   /* HI.C: Prints hello and a name */

   #include <stdio.h>

   main()
   {
      char name[80];

      printf( "Type your name, please.\n" );
      gets( name );
      printf( "Hello, %s\n", name );
   }

 The output of this simple program tells you to type your name. You enter any
 string of characters, and it says hello to you.

 The program calls two library functions: printf and gets. For more
 information about what these functions do, use the online help system.
 Position the cursor on the function name and press F1. To close the Help
 window, press ESC. Online help is explained in greater detail in the next
 chapter.

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 NOTE

 By default, QuickC names a new file UNTITLED.C. You should always explicitly
 name your file before you compile.
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ


 Compiling and Linking

 To build a program, open the Make menu and choose Build Program. Or use one
 of these shortcuts:

 Press SHIFT+F5 to build the program.

 Click the <Shift+F5=Restart> button on the reference bar at the bottom of
 the screen.

 A dialog box appears on the screen to show you how far the compiler and
 linker have progressed. The compiler or linker may halt if anything goes
 wrong. When the source file contains errors, the Errors window appears and
 the offending line is highlighted in the source window.

 Note that incremental linking uses expanded memory, as defined by the
 Lotus-Intel-Microsoft (LIM) specification versions 3.2 and higher, if it is
 available. If you have installed additional memory on an 80286 or 80386
 system, you may encounter problems when linking incrementally, especially if
 you have configured the board to use both extended and expanded memory. In
 particular, your computer may lock up if you use incremental linking in
 conjunction with a Talltrees AT3 expanded memory board. (Other boards may or
 may not be subject to this problem.) If this happens, you have several
 choices:


   þ   Contact the manufacturer of the memory board for information on
       solving this problem.

   þ   Remove the Expanded Memory Manager (EMM) device driver and continue to
       link incrementally.

   þ   Disable extended memory (used by VDISK) and continue to link
       incrementally.

   þ   Leave the memory device driver in place, but turn off incremental
       linking. From the QuickC environment, choose the Make command in the
       Options menu and select the Linker Flags button. From the command
       line, avoid the /Li option.

   þ   Contact Microsoft Product Support for additional suggestions.



 Running the Program

 When the program has been built, the reference bar displays several new
 items, including  <F5=Run>. To run the program, open the Run menu and choose
 Go. Or use the shortcuts:

 Press F5.

 Click  <F5=Run>  on the reference bar.


 Compiling, Linking, and Running

 It's not necessary to press SHIFT+F5 (to build the program) before you press
 F5 (to run it). If you simply press F5, the QuickC editor knows if the
 source code in memory has changed. If it has changed, you'll be asked if you
 want to rebuild the program.


 Viewing the Output Window

 When you choose Go from the Run menu (or press F5), the output is
 automatically directed to the output screen. To see this output:

 Press F4 to toggle between the two screens.

 Open the View window and choose Output Screen. Click once to return to the
 source window.

 If you'd prefer to have both the Output and source windows visible at the
 same time, choose the Windows command from the View menu and then choose
 Output.


 Saving the Program

 To save the source file using the current name, go to the File menu and
 choose either Save or Save As. If you use Save, QuickC automatically saves
 the file under the name listed on the top line of the source window. If you
 prefer to use another name, choose Save As. The following dialog box
 appears:

 (This figure may be found in the printed book.)

 Type in the new name of the source file. If you don't add an extension,
 QuickC automatically adds .C (HI becomes HI.C, for example).


 Building from Multiple Source Files

 Now we'll make things a little more complicated by writing a multiple-module
 program.

 First, edit the HI.C program, adding a few lines:

   /* HIA.C: Illustrates external functions */

   #include <stdio.h>

   main()
   {
      char name[80];

      welcome();
      outsider();
      printf( "Type your name, please.\n" );
      gets( name );
      printf( "Hello, %s\n", name );
   }
   welcome()
   {
      printf( "Welcome to the program.\n" );
   }

 The  main  function calls two new functions:  welcome  and  outsider. Unlike
  printf  and  gets, which are library functions,  welcome  and outsider are
 functions defined within the program. Note the definition of  welcome  below
 the  main  function.

 Don't compile the program yet. Save it as HIA.C and then choose New from the
 File menu. Type in this second program:

   /* HIB.C: Second program for HIA.C */

   outsider()
   {
      printf( "This line is from the HIB.C file.\n" );
   }

 Save it as HIB.C. Now there are two source files on your disk: HIA.C and
 HIB.C.

 There are several reasons to split a file into multiple modules. If you
 write a function that's used in several programs, you can give it its own
 source file. If you write long programs, splitting the file up makes editing
 easier. In addition, the Build Program command takes less time because it
 recompiles only the source files you've changed, instead of the entire
 program.


 Creating a Program List

 Since the example program now uses two source files, we must create a
 program list (also called a "make file") that tells QuickC which source
 files should be compiled.

 Open the Make menu and choose Set Program List (you must have Full Menus
 enabled). Type the name HIA.MAK as the name of the file containing the
 program list (the MAK extension is used for make files), and when QuickC
 asks if it should create the file, press ENTER.

 The following dialog box appears:

 (This figure may be found in the printed book.)

 Now you must add both HIA.C and HIB.C to the list of programs.

 Press TAB until the cursor is within the list box containing the directory
 of C source files (another list box lists the directory names). Use the
 arrow keys to move to the HIA.C file. Press ENTER and the file name will
 appear in the program list below. Repeat this action to add HIB.C to the
 program list. (A second option is to type the file names in the text box at
 the top of the screen.) When you're finished, press TAB until the Save List
 command button is highlighted, and then press ENTER.

 Click HIA.C once and click the Add/Delete button (or just double-click
 HIA.C). Do the same for HIB.C. When both programs appear in the program
 list, click the Save List command button to save the make file.

 This program list tells QuickC that several source files are to be combined
 into one program.

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 NOTE

 Within a program list, you can include source files (ending with the .C
 extension), object files (.OBJ), or libraries (.LIB). For example, if you
 didn't include graphics in the combined library when you ran the SETUP
 program, you can place GRAPHICS.LIB in the program list to gain access to
 graphics functions.
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 Notice that the base name of the program list (HIA.MAK) matches the name of
 one of the source files (HIA.C). Because the names match, when you load
 HIA.C in the future, QuickC will ask if you wish to use the program list
 HIA.MAK. You don't have to give the source file and the make file the same
 names, but it's a good idea to do so.

 The order that you list the files is inconsequential. It doesn't matter
 which file is first or second.

 When you choose the Rebuild All command from the Make menu, every .C file in
 the program list is compiled into a .OBJ file. Then all of the .OBJ files
 are linked with .LIB files to create one .EXE file.

 However, if you press SHIFT+F5 or choose the Build Program command, QuickC
 checks the time and date stamps on the source and object files. If the
 source code has not changed since the last time a Build Program command
 executed, there's no need to recompile the unchanged .OBJ files. Any files
 that have changed are recompiled; the others are not. This means the Build
 command is often faster than the Rebuild All command when you have multiple
 source files.


 About Directories

 You can change directories whenever you open or save a file:

 Press TAB until the cursor is within the Drives/Dirs: list box containing
 the directory names (see Figure 3.4). Use the arrow keys to move to the
 desired directory, and press ENTER.

 Double-click the name of the desired directory.

 To move to the parent directory, select the two periods (..) at the top of
 the list.

 When you exit QuickC, you return to the directory you started (the default
 directory), regardless of how many other directories you may have accessed.


 QuickC puts all object (.OBJ) files and executable (.EXE) files in the
 default directory. For example, suppose you run QuickC from the C:\ZEBRA
 directory and open the file TAPIR.C from the C:\AARDVARK directory. Because
 ZEBRA is the default directory, the files TAPIR.OBJ and TAPIR.EXE are
 created in the ZEBRA directory when you compile the program. If you prefer
 to keep all related files in the AARDVARK directory, choose the Run DOS
 Command from the Utility menu and type

   CHDIR \AARDVARK

 The CHDIR directory command redirects the object and executable files to the
 other directory.


 Compiling and Linking from the Command Line

 If you're new to the C language, you can skip this section. You don't need
 to know how to compile and link from the command line; you can do everything
 within the QuickC environment.

 However, if you want to, you can exit the QuickC environment to build
 programs from the DOS prompt. This gives you slightly more control over the
 various options. In addition, if you're building a series of related
 executable programs, you can either put the compile and link commands in a
 batch file or create your own make file. Either method is faster than
 building programs individually.

 The program that builds from the command line is called QCL.EXE (the C and L
 in the file name stand for "Compile" and "Link"). To build the HI.EXE
 program, type this:

   QCL HI.C

 You can include a variety of command-line options between QCL and the file
 name. For example,

   QCL /AM HI.C

 forces the linker to use the medium memory model (the default is the small
 model). If you try this example, you must have a medium memory model library
 installed. You will find a complete list of compiler and linker options in
 the Microsoft QuickC Tool Kit manual (or type  QCL /help).

 QCL can also build multiple-module programs. Since HIA.C and HIB.C are two
 parts of a multiple-module program, the following line does not build a
 program:

   QCL HIA.C

 The compiler works correctly, creating a .OBJ file, but when the linker
 looks for the  outsider  function (which is in HIB.C), it fails and returns
 the error unresolved external.

 One solution is to specify both source files:

   QCL HIA.C HIB.C

 The example above builds a program called HIA.EXE because HIA.C is listed
 first.

 Another solution is to compile the two files and then link them yourself:

   QCL /c HIA.C
   QCL /c HIB.C
   QLINK HIA.OBJ HIB.OBJ

 The /c option tells the QCL program to compile but not link. It must be
 entered as a lowercase character.

 Since you created a make file called HIA.MAK, which contained the program
 list, you can also use the NMAKE program to build HIA.EXE. Simply pass it
 the name of the make file:

   NMAKE /F HIA.MAK

 For a complete list of compiler, linker, and NMAKE options, see Microsoft
 QuickC Tool Kit.

 The -qc option allows you to run the QuickC compiler from Microsoft C
 Professional Development System version 6.0. To use the QuickC compiler from
 Microsoft C use the command line

   CL = B1 qccom -qc

 QuickC ships with the QLINK linker, a subset of LINK.


 The Debugger

 When you make obvious mistakes like misspelling a function name or
 forgetting to end a line with a semicolon, your code causes a compile-time
 error. The compiler (or linker) refuses to continue until you fix the
 mistake.

 Other mistakes cause run-time errors. Attempting to divide by zero is one
 such example.

 Still other mistakes are called logic errors. When a program includes a
 logic error, it may run, but it eventually acts unpredictably or yields
 incorrect results.

 QuickC's built-in debugger helps you track down and correct logic errors. In
 the Run menu, you'll find Trace Into and Step Over, which execute the
 program in memory line by line. Trace Into follows functions when they're
 called; Step Over lets you execute a function without showing its inner
 workings.

 You can use the Debug menu to set watchpoints and breakpoints and run a
 program up to the breakpoint.

 The Watch Value command from the Debug menu is also useful. You enter one or
 more variable names and then monitor their values as you step through the
 program. There's no need to place printf statements at various points in a
 program just to monitor the value of a variable. The Quickwatch command
 gives you even faster access to variables or expressions you want to watch.


 If you turn on Debugging History, the debugger records everything that
 happens during the session. Later, you can review the events and watch for
 the logic error.

 The online tutorial includes a lesson explaining how to use the debugger,
 with a special section devoted to using Debugging History. If you're
 interested in exploring this topic, run the LEARN program from the command
 line or choose the Learn QuickC command from the Utility menu. You can also
 consult online help for detailed information about the debugger.

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 IMPORTANT

 The CodeView debugger cannot handle files that have been incrementally
 compiled or incrementally linked. If you plan to examine QuickC programs
 with CodeView, be sure the incremental compiling and linking options are
 turned off. From the command line, use QCL without the /Gi or /Li options.
 From the QuickC environment, use the Make command from the Options menu to
 turn off incremental compiling and linking and to turn on CodeView info.
 This restriction applies only to CodeView. QuickC's built-in debugger can
 handle incrementally compiled and linked programs.
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ






 Chapter 4  Getting Help
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 The QuickC Compiler environment offers a complete online reference system
 called the Microsoft Advisor. The Microsoft Advisor provides information on
 the C language, run-time libraries, and utilities provided with QuickC.

 The first section of this chapter, "Structure of the Microsoft Advisor,"
 outlines the structure and contents of the help database. The second
 section, "Navigating through the Microsoft Advisor," takes you on a quick
 tour of the system.


 Structure of the Microsoft Advisor

 The Microsoft Advisor can be compared to a librarian managing a collection
 of books. Each book, or help file, has its own table of contents, index, and
 pages of information. The Advisor organizes the books with an overall table
 of contents and index. All of the books are listed, and their specific
 tables of contents and indexes can be accessed through the overall
 references. The global contents screen is shown in Figure 4.1.

 (This figure may be found in the printed book.)

 You can access a variety of information from the online reference system.
 Information regarding the C language, run-time libraries, errors, and the
 reference system itself can all be displayed.


 Navigating through the Microsoft Advisor

 You request information about a topic in a window by positioning the cursor
 over it and pressing F1. The help system then searches through the help
 files for information about the topic. If it finds the topic, the help
 system displays information in the Help window. If help cannot be found for
 a particular word or symbol, a message informs you that no information is
 associated with the topic. Sometimes, a topic with the same name occurs in
 several help files. In such cases, a dialog box is displayed in which you
 can select the context of the topic.


 Using the Help Menu

 The simplest method for accessing the online reference is with the commands
 found in the Help menu. All of these commands present information in the
 Help window.

 Command                           Description
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Index                             Displays the alphabetical index of
                                   help-file categories (see Figure 4.2).

 Contents                          Displays the global contents screen for
                                   the categories found in the help files.

 Topic:                            Provides information about the topic
                                   that the cursor is currently positioned
                                   over. If information about the topic is
                                   available, the topic's name is appended
                                   to the Topic: command. Otherwise, this
                                   menu option is grayed.

 Help on Help                      Displays information about using the
                                   online reference itself.

 (This figure may be found in the printed book.)

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 NOTE

 SHIFT+F1 is the shortcut key for the Help on Help menu command. If you have
 a terminate-and-stay-resident (TSR) utility such as the Norton Guides(tm)
 installed and you invoke that program with SHIFT+F1, then you can't use
 SHIFT+F1 as a shortcut to Help on Help. Choose Help on Help from the Help
 menu instead, or change the key that invokes the TSR.
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ


 Using the F1 Key

 You can use the F1 key to get information about any menu command or QuickC
 dialog box, as well as information on C keywords, operators, and library
 functions.


 Menu Help

 To view information about a menu item, first pull down the menu, then

 Use the cursor keys to highlight the command and press F1.

 Move the mouse cursor on the command and click the Right mouse button.

 Figure 4.3 shows the help information for the Cut command in the Edit menu.


 (This figure may be found in the printed book.)


 Keyword and Library-Function Help

 To view information about a C keyword, operator, or run-time library
 function,

 Put the cursor on the keyword or function name and press F1.

 Click on the command with the Right mouse button.


 Dialog-Box Help

 To view information about a QuickC dialog box, simply press F1 while the
 dialog box is displayed, or click on the Help button.


 Using Hyperlinks

 Hyperlinks are cross-references that connect related topic information.

 Hyperlinks enclosed by the < and > characters are called "buttons." Navigate
 through the online help system by using these buttons.

 You can press TAB to move to the next hyperlink button within the current
 help window. SHIFT+TAB moves back to the previous button. Typing any letter
 moves the cursor to the next button that begins with the letter; holding
 SHIFT down and typing a letter moves the cursor backward.

 The Microsoft Advisor also recognizes C keywords, library functions,
 constants defined by QuickC, and similar identifiers as hyperlinks, but they
 are unmarked hyperlinks. Unmarked hyperlinks are recognized by the Microsoft
 Advisor wherever they appear in the help-information text or in your source
 code. However, an unmarked hyperlink is not delimited with the < and >
 characters, and you can't move to it with the TAB key. An unmarked hyperlink
 can only be executed by placing the cursor on it and pressing F1, or
 pointing to it with the mouse cursor and clicking the Right mouse button.

 You can access a hyperlink in several ways. First move either the mouse or
 text cursor to a hyperlink, then

 Press F1.

 Click the Left mouse button twice (double-click). Then click the Right mouse
 button once.

 Highlighted button hyperlinks can also be executed by pressing ENTER or the
 SPACEBAR.

 Any of these actions displays information about the topic the cursor is
 positioned on. If the topic isn't a hyperlink, a message informs you that no
 information on the topic could be found.


 Using Help Windows and Dialog Boxes

 The Microsoft Advisor displays information in windows or dialog boxes. Help
 windows and dialog boxes function the same as other QuickC windows and
 dialog boxes. For a complete description of windows and dialog boxes, refer
 to Chapter 3, "Using QuickC."


 Using the Help Window

 The help window displays various contents, indexes, and information about
 selected topics. Some screens of information are larger than the help
 window; information beyond the window borders can be viewed by using the
 scroll bars or the arrow keys. The  -  -  symbol indicates the end of
 information in the help  window.


 Navigating with Hyperlink Buttons

 At the top of the Help window is a group of hyperlink buttons that are
 useful for moving through the reference system:

 Button                            Description
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 < Up >                            Moves upward in the hierarchy of help
                                   screens. Since information is ordered in
                                   a logical way, moving from the general
                                   to the specific, this command is useful
                                   for moving up the information tree.

 < Contents >                      Displays the global contents screen.
                                   This command is useful because it always
                                   returns you to a known point in the
                                   online help system hierarchy.

 < Index >                         Displays the index list. Selecting a
                                   letter from the list displays the index
                                   for entries beginning with that
                                   letter.

 < Back >                          Moves you to the last online help screen
                                   you saw.

 Screens on a particular topic frequently are physically grouped together in
 a help file. You can press CTRL+F1 to display information about the next
 physical topic in the help file.


 Viewing the Previous Help Screen

 The Microsoft Advisor remembers the last 20 help screens you've accessed. To
 return to a previous screen, use the "Back" button or hold down the ALT key
 and press F1 as many times as necessary to return to the screen you want to
 see. The help screen that appears is active; you can ask for help on any of
 its hyperlinks or topics.

 You can always return to the global contents screen by pressing SHIFT+F1.


 Copying and Pasting Information

 Any text that appears in the help window can easily be copied to another
 window. For example, to test an example program from the help window, you
 only have to copy it to the source window and compile it.

 To copy and paste with the keyboard, follow these steps:


   1.  Move the cursor to the beginning or the end of the text you want to
       select. Hold down the SHIFT key and move the cursor to the other end
       of the text. The text is now highlighted.

   2.  Execute the Copy command: press ALT to activate the menus, E for Edit,
       then C for Copy. Note that the menu lists the shortcut command
       (CTRL+INS), which can be substituted for ALT+E, then C.

   3.  Press F6 to switch to another window. Position the cursor where you
       want to insert the text, and execute the Paste command: ALT+E, then P,
       or use the SHIFT+INS shortcut. The text from the help window is
       inserted at the current cursor position.


 To copy and paste using the mouse, follow these steps:


   1.  Click the Left mouse button and drag the cursor (hold the button down
       while moving the mouse) to select the text you want to copy.

   2.  Choose Copy from the Edit menu (or press CTRL+INS).

   3.  Move the mouse cursor to the location where you want to insert the
       text, and click once. Then choose Paste from the Edit menu. The text
       from the help window is inserted at the current cursor position.



 Closing the Help Window

 Once you're through working with the online reference system, close the
 active help window and return to the source window:

 Press ESC.

 Click the Close button in the upper left corner of the window with the Left
 mouse button.


 Using Help Dialog Boxes

 Help dialog boxes contain information about menu commands and their dialog
 boxes. A help dialog box differs from a help window in that it is displayed
 over the source window and any other windows that are displayed. Unlike the
 help window, a help dialog box must be closed before you can execute any
 menu commands. The Cancel button in the lower right portion of the dialog
 box closes the help dialog box.

 To view information about any QuickC dialog box, you can

 Press F1.

 Click the Help button in the dialog box with the Left mouse button.

 Either of these commands causes a help dialog box to appear. To close a help
 dialog box,

 Press F1.

 Click the dialog box's Cancel button by using the Left mouse button.


 Accessing Different Types of Information

 This section presents some strategies for accessing the different types of
 information available within the online reference system.


 Keyword Information

 To get information about any keyword, operator, symbolic constant, or
 library function, go to the index, select the keyword's first letter, then
 scroll down the list of entries and select the topic hyperlink. If you know
 the exact name of a keyword, it is often quicker to simply type it in the
 source window and press F1 than to locate it through an index.

 Figure 4.4 shows the information screen for the printf function.

 (This figure may be found in the printed book.)

 When information about a function is displayed in the help window, two
 additional hyperlink buttons are displayed.


   þ   <Description> provides a detailed explanation of the function. When
       the information is displayed, the button changes to <Summary>,
       allowing you to return to the summarized information about the
       function.

   þ   <Example> displays C source code that provides an example of how the
       function is used. The code can be pasted into the source window to
       compile.



 Topical Information

 The online reference system is useful when you want an overview of the
 available reference topics, or when you only have a general idea of what
 information you need. Start with the global contents screen, then select any
 hyperlinks that appear to relate to the topic. You can traverse the
 hyperlinks until you locate the necessary information.


 Menu and Dialog-Box Information

 You can get information about any menu command or dialog box by pressing F1
 when the menu command is highlighted or the dialog box is displayed. This is
 helpful when you are first learning to use QuickC, and may not be completely
 familiar with all of the features.


 Error Information

 The Microsoft Advisor provides information about compiler and linker error
 messages.

 To find the meaning of an error message using the keyboard,


   1.  Press F6 to move the cursor to the error window

   2.  Position the cursor on the error number

   3.  Press F1


 Or:


   1.  Position the mouse cursor on the error number

   2.  Click the Right mouse button







 Chapter 5  Where to Go from Here
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 You've installed the QuickC Compiler on your system and tried a sample
 editing session. What you do next depends on your level of experience. You
 can experiment, or you can further investigate some of the other books in
 this package.


 Read README.DOC

 The README.DOC file lists all known corrections and additions to the printed
 manuals. Before you continue, please read this file. You can view it from
 within online help or you can use the QuickC editor (type  QC README.DOC  to
 read the file).


 For All Programmers

 The QuickC environment has been designed with you, the programmer, in mind.
 You'll find writing, compiling, and debugging QuickC programs faster and
 easier than ever. To learn more about the editor, compiler, linker, and
 debugger, you should run the disk-based tutorial on the QuickC distribution
 disk labeled "Learning the Microsoft QuickC Integrated Environment."

 The \QC2\TUTORIAL directory holds the tutorial program, LEARN.COM. The LEARN
 program contains four lessons:


   1.  How to Use This Tutorial

   2.  Getting Around in QuickC

   3.  Creating Programs in QuickC

   4.  Debugging in QuickC


 You can run LEARN from the command line or choose the Learn QuickC command
 from the Utility menu.

 QuickC searches the current path and runs the first LEARN.COM program it
 finds. If it finds a LEARN.COM for another program, such as Microsoft Word,
 QuickC will run that LEARN program instead of the one for QuickC.

 If this happens while you are working from the command line, either switch
 to the \QC2\TUTORIAL directory and type LEARN, and press ENTER, or run the
 NEW-VARS batch file.

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 NOTE

 Since most of the changes to QuickC 2.5 are language additions that don't
 affect the QuickC environment or the operation of the compiler or linker,
 the LEARN tutorial program has not been updated to include changes found in
 version 2.5.
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ


 For Programmers New to the C Language

 The book C for Yourself was written for people who already know how to
 program (in BASIC, Pascal, or some other language) but have never used C.
 Part 1, "Learning C," covers everything from functions to flow control and
 from data types to pointers. If you've never programmed in C or if you need
 a refresher course, start with C for Yourself.

 The introduction in C for Yourself lists several additional books that
 newcomers to C may find helpful.

 Another good source of information about how C works is the online help
 system. Prototypes, explanations, and examples for any function are
 immediately available at the press of a key. You may ask for help about a
 specific topic or browse through the contents screen.


 For C Programmers New to QuickC

 Appendix A of C for Yourself  is a quick reference to the QuickC
 implementation of C. Both the proposed ANSI standard and the original
 Kernighan & Ritchie standard are supported.

 Appendix B of C for Yourself summarizes the most useful QuickC library
 functions, listing the header files to include, values to pass, and values
 returned.

 For specific details on the compiling, linking, library, and other support
 programs, see Microsoft QuickC Tool Kit.


 For QuickC Programmers New to Version 2.5

 If you've used an older version of QuickC, you should read Appendix B of
 this book. It lists features that were added to both QuickC version 2.0 and
 the current 2.5 version.

 Advanced C topics and features unique to QuickC are covered in C for
 Yourself. Part 2, "Using C," includes detailed information about the new
 functions such as real coordinate graphics, presentation graphics, fonts,
 and in-line assembly. If you've previously used version 1.0 of QuickC, we
 recommend that you read through Part 2 of C for Yourself. In addition,
 Appendix B, "C Library Guide," summarizes commonly used functions in the
 QuickC run-time library.


 Additional Tools

 QuickC offers more than just an integrated editor, compiler, and linker.
 Additional utilities include the QCL program (for compiling from the DOS
 command line), the LINK program (for linking object modules), the NMAKE
 program (for automating the compile/link process and maintaining programs),
 and the LIB program (for creating your own libraries).

 Microsoft QuickC Tool Kit explains how to use these advanced tools to best
 advantage. Part 1, "Tool Kit Tutorial," is a tutorial that explains
 step-by-step how these programs work. Part 2, "Reference to QuickC Tools,"
 is a complete and exhaustive reference guide that summarizes the many
 options.






 Appendix A  Editor Functions
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 This appendix has two parts. The first part, Table A.1, lists the keystrokes
 that invoke commands within the QuickC Compiler Editor and three other
 editors. The second part, Table A.2, lists the editor functions
 alphabetically and defines them.

 Each editor has its own .KEY file. Chapter 3, "Using QuickC," explains how
 to use the /k: option to load one of the four .KEY files supplied with
 QuickC. It also contains directions for using MKKEY.EXE to customize the
 commands within a .KEY file. Functions are not assigned default values. If
 you omit Backspace from your customized .KEY file, you will be unable to
 backspace.

 Note that in Table A.1 below, the plus sign indicates that both keys should
 be held down. For example, CTRL+H means that you hold down the CTRL key
 while you press H. When keys are pressed separately, they are separated with
 a comma. For example, ESC, D means that you press (and release) ESC and then
 press the D key.

 The CAPS LOCK key affects individual keystrokes, but not CTRL or ALT
 sequences. Holding down the SHIFT key defines a block of text.

 Table   A.1 Editor Keystrokes

ÖÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ·
 Function   QuickC             Microsoft     BRIEF(R)   Epsilon
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Backspace  CTRL+H             CTRL+H        CTRL+H     Ä

 BegLine    CTRL+Q, CTRL+S     Ä             Ä          Ä
            CTRL+Q, S

 BegPgm     CTRL+HOME          ALT+A, PGUP   CTRL+PGUP  CTRL+HOME
            CTRL+Q, CTRL+R                              ESC, <
            CTRL+Q, R

 Cancel     ESC                ESC           ESC        F12

 Function   QuickC             Microsoft     BRIEF(R)   Epsilon
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 Cancel2    F12                F12           F12        ESC

 Change     CTRL+Q, CTRL+A     CTRL+L        ALT+T      ESC, %
            CTRL+Q, A          CTRL+\



 Table   A.1 (continued)

ÖÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Function          QuickC            Microsoft      BRIEF(R)   Epsilon
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 CharLeft          CTRL+S            CTRL+S         LEFT       CTRL+B
                   LEFT                                        LEFT

 CharRight         CTRL+D            CTRL+D         RIGHT      CTRL+F
                   RIGHT                                       RIGHT

 Function          QuickC            Microsoft      BRIEF(R)   Epsilon
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 Del               DEL               DEL            DEL        DEL
                   CTRL+G            CTRL+G                    CTRL+D

 DelWord           CTRL+T                                      ALT+D
                                                               ESC, D

 DoEsc             ESC               Ä              Ä          Ä

 DoQuoteCharacter  CTRL+P            CTRL+P         ALT+Q      CTRL+Q

 DoTab             TAB               TAB            TAB        TAB
                   ALT+TAB                                     ALT+TAB

 EndLine           END               END            END        END
                   CTRL+Q, CTRL+D                              CTRL+E
                   CTRL+Q, D

 EndPgm            CTRL+END          ALT+A, PGDN    CTRL+PGDN  CTRL+END
 Function          QuickC            Microsoft      BRIEF(R)   Epsilon
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
EndPgm            CTRL+END          ALT+A, PGDN    CTRL+PGDN  CTRL+END
                   CTRL+Q, CTRL+C                              ESC, >
                   CTRL+Q, C

 EndScn            CTRL+Q, CTRL+X    ALT+A, DOWN    CTRL+DOWN  Ä
                   CTRL+Q, X

 EraseEol          CTRL+Q, CTRL+Y    ALT+A, CTRL+Y  ALT+K      CTRL+K
                   CTRL+Q, Y

 Find              CTRL+Q, CTRL+F    Ä              ALT+S      CTRL+S
                   CTRL+Q, F

 GotoBookmark0     CTRL+Q, 0         Ä              Ä          Ä

 GotoBookmark1     CTRL+Q, 1         Ä              Ä          Ä



 Table   A.1 (continued)

ÖÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ·
 Function        QuickC          Microsoft   BRIEF(R)   Epsilon
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 GotoBookmark2   CTRL+Q, 2       Ä           Ä          Ä

 GotoBookmark3   CTRL+Q, 3       Ä           Ä          Ä

 HomeLine        HOME            HOME        HOME       HOME
                                                        CTRL+A

 HomeScn         CTRL+Q, CTRL+E  ALT+A, UP   CTRL+HOME  Ä
                 CTRL+Q, E

 KillLine        CTRL+Y          CTRL+Y      ALT+D      Ä

 LineDown        DOWN            DOWN        DOWN       DOWN
                 CTRL+X          CTRL+X                 CTRL+N

 LineUp          UP              UP          UP         UP
 Function        QuickC          Microsoft   BRIEF(R)   Epsilon
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
LineUp          UP              UP          UP         UP
                 CTRL+E          CTRL+E                 CTRL+P

 MatchBrace      CTRL+]          Ä           Ä          CTRL+]

 Menu            ALT             F11         ALT        ALT

 Menu2           F11             ALT+M       F11        F11

 NewLine         CTRL+M          CTRL+M      CTRL+M     CTRL+M

 NextLine        CTRL+J          Ä           Ä          CTRL+J

 PageDown        PGDN            PGDN        PGDN       PGDN
                 CTRL+C          CTRL+C                 CTRL+V

 PageLeft        CTRL+PGUP       Ä           Ä          CTRL+PGUP

 PageRight       CTRL+PGDN       Ä           Ä          CTRL+PGDN
 Function        QuickC          Microsoft   BRIEF(R)   Epsilon
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
PageRight       CTRL+PGDN       Ä           Ä          CTRL+PGDN

 PageUp          PGUP            PGUP        PGUP       PGUP
                 CTRL+R          CTRL+R                 ALT+V
                                                        ESC, V

 ResetState      CTRL+K, CTRL+U  Ä           Ä          Ä
                 CTRL+Q, CTRL+U
                 CTRL+U

 ScrollDown      CTRL+Z,         CTRL+Z      CTRL+D     CTRL+Z CTRL+DOWN
                 CTRL+DOWN



 Table   A.1 (continued)

ÖÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Function          QuickC            Microsoft         BRIEF(R)    Epsilon
 Function          QuickC            Microsoft         BRIEF(R)    Epsilon
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 ScrollUp          CTRL+UP           CTRL+W            CTRL+U      CTRL+UP
                   CTRL+W                                          ESC, Z
                                                                   F4

 SearchNext        CTRL+L            Ä                 Ä           Ä

 SetBookMark0      CTRL+K, 0         Ä                 ALT+M       Ä

 SetBookMark1      CTRL+K, 1         Ä                 Ä           Ä

 SetBookMark2      CTRL+K, 2         Ä                 Ä           Ä

 SetBookMark3      CTRL+K, 3         Ä                 Ä           Ä

 SplitLine         CTRL+N            CTRL+N            Ä           CTRL+O

 ToggleInsertMode  INS               INS               ALT+I       INS
                   CTRL+V            CTRL+V

 Function          QuickC            Microsoft         BRIEF(R)    Epsilon
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 Undo              CTRL+Q, CTRL+L    ALT+H             ALT+U       Ä
                   CTRL+Q, L

 WordLeft          CTRL+LEFT         CTRL+LEFT         CTRL+LEFT   CTRL+LEFT
                   CTRL+A            CTRL+A                        ALT+B
                                                                   ESC, B

 WordRight         CTRL+RIGHT        CTRL+RIGHT        CTRL+RIGHT  CTRL +RIGHT
                   CTRL+F            CTRL+F                        ALT+F
                                                                   ESC, F

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ



 Table   A.2 Function Definitions

ÖÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ·
 Function                          Description
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 Backspace                         Moves the cursor left and erases the
                                   character in that position.

 Beep                              Causes the computer to beep, usually
                                   when an unassigned key is pressed.

 BegLine                           Moves the cursor to the beginning of the
                                   line (column 1), ignoring any
                                   indentation.

 BegPgm                            Moves the cursor to the beginning of the
                                   program (line 1, column 1).

 Cancel                            Closes help windows and cancels dialog
                                   boxes.

 Cancel2                           Cancels dialog boxes.

 Change                            Searches for selected text and changes
 Function                          Description
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
Change                            Searches for selected text and changes
                                   it to something else.

 CharLeft                          Moves the cursor one character left.

 CharRight                         Moves the cursor one character right.

 Del                               Deletes the character under the cursor.

 DelWord                           Deletes the word from the current cursor
                                   position to the next white-space
                                   character.

 DoEsc                             Cancels the current selected text.

 DoQuoteCharacter                  Inserts the next typed character into
                                   the text (except carriage returns,
                                   linefeeds, and nulls). This allows you
                                   to insert characters such as CTRL+C.
 Function                          Description
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
                                  to insert characters such as CTRL+C.

 DoTab                             Indents the entire defined block by one
                                   tab setting. A shifted DoTab removes the
                                   tabs from a block.

 Endline                           Moves the cursor to the last nonspace
                                   character in the current line.

 EndPgm                            Moves the cursor to column 1 of the last
                                   line in the current file.

 EndScn                            Moves the cursor to the bottom line of
                                   the current screen. The current column
                                   is
                                   maintained.

 EraseEol                          Erases all characters from the cursor
                                   position to the end of the line. The
 Function                          Description
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
                                  position to the end of the line. The
                                   characters are placed in the insert
                                   buffer.

 Find                              Searches from the current cursor
                                   position to the end of the file for
                                   defined text.

 GotoBookmark0                     Moves the cursor to bookmark 0.

 GotoBookmark1                     Moves the cursor to bookmark 1.

 GotoBookmark2                     Moves the cursor to bookmark 2.

 GotoBookmark3                     Moves the cursor to bookmark 3.



 Table   A.2 (continued)

ÖÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ·
 Function                          Description
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 HomeLine                          Moves the cursor to the first nonspace
                                   character on the line.

 HomeScn                           Moves the cursor to line 1 of the
                                   current screen, maintaining the current
                                   column
                                   position.

 IgnoreChar                        Does nothing. In addition, the editor
                                   doesn't beep as it would for undefined
                                   keys.

 KillLine                          Erases everything on the current line
                                   and places the line in the insert buffer.

 LineDown                          Moves the cursor to the next line.

 Function                          Description
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 LineUp                            Moves the cursor to the previous line.

 MatchBrace                        Finds matching (parentheses), [square
                                   brackets], or {curly braces}. The editor
                                   searches for opening or closing braces,
                                   depending on which type the cursor is
                                   resting on.

 Menu                              Activates the menu bar.

 Menu2                             Activates the menu bar.

 NewLine                           Splits the current line into two lines
                                   at the cursor position. The new line is
                                   automatically indented to match the line
                                   above.

 PageDown                          Moves forward one screen.
 Function                          Description
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
PageDown                          Moves forward one screen.

 PageLeft                          Moves left one screen.

 PageRight                         Moves one screen to the right (each line
                                   on a screen may contain up to 255
                                   characters).

 PageUp                            Moves back one screen.

 ResetState                        Cancels prefix tables.

 ScrollDown                        Scrolls down one line at a time,
                                   maintaining the current cursor position.

 ScrollUp                          Scrolls the text up one line at a time,
                                   maintaining the current cursor position.

 SearchNext                        Repeats the Find command.
 Function                          Description
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
SearchNext                        Repeats the Find command.

 SetBookMark0                      Sets bookmark 0. You may later return to
                                   this position with GotoBookMark0.

 SetBookMark1                      Sets bookmark 1.

 SetBookMark2                      Sets bookmark 2.

 SetBookMark3                      Sets bookmark 3.



 Table   A.2 (continued)

ÖÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ·
 Function                          Description
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 SplitLine                         Splits a line in two (like NewLine), but
 Function                          Description
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
 SplitLine                         Splits a line in two (like NewLine), but
                                   leaves the cursor at the end of the
                                   first line instead of the beginning of
                                   the second.

 ToggleInsertMode                  Toggles between insert mode and overtype
                                   mode.

 Undo                              Cancels any commands that might have
                                   been performed on the current line. Undo
                                   works only when the cursor remains on
                                   the line being edited.

 WordLeft                          Moves the cursor to the previous word.

 WordRight                         Moves the cursor to the next word.

 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 Function                          Description
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ








 Appendix B  QuickC Differences
 ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

 The QuickC Compiler version 2.5 incorporates a variety of new features. If
 you've used version 1.0, you'll find many new features were added to version
 2.0, in addition to those added in the current 2.5 release.

 This appendix summarizes some of the significant differences between QuickC
 versions 1.0 and 2.0, and offers a comprehensive guide to the changes found
 in version 2.5. For detailed information about a feature, consult the online
 help, C for Yourself, or Microsoft QuickC Tool Kit.


 QuickC Version 2.0 Additions

 Additions to version 2.0 include


   þ   Expanded and improved online help system invoked by pressing F1

   þ   New presentation and real-coordinates graphics functions

   þ   Small, medium, compact, large, and huge memory models

   þ   Support of in-line assembly-language routines

   þ   New Local Variables, Notepad, and Registers windows

   þ   Text cut and paste support

   þ   Command line compiling and linking with QC.EXE and QCL.EXE

   þ   Incremental compilation

   þ   MKKEY utility for customizing editor key commands



 QuickC Version 2.5 Additions and Changes

 Additions and changes to version 2.5 affect both the QuickC environment and
 the C language implementation. The following sections list those changes.


 Interface and Environment Changes

 This section describes changes to the QuickC user interface and programming
 environment.


   þ   The Go To command in the Search menu moves to a specified line number
       in the source.

   þ   The Quickwatch command in the Debug menu gives faster access in
       viewing variables and expressions.

   þ   The Color command in the Options menu allows you to select four
       different sets of colors and to change the color of items such as
       menus, borders, and buttons.

   þ   Tabs can now be treated as spaces or actual tab characters.



 Language and Compiler Changes

 This section describes changes to the QuickC implementation of the C
 language and changes in the compiler's behavior.


 Memory Models


   þ   QuickC 2.5 now supports the tiny memory model, which produces .COM
       rather than .EXE files. In the tiny memory model, all of your
       program's code and data must fit in a single 64K segment.
       Additionally, tiny programs do not support graphics.

   þ   QuickC 2.5 supports custom memory models, such as huge-compact, with
       the /A compiler option. Refer to Microsoft QuickC Tool Kit for
       additional information.



 Constants


   þ   Both long and unsigned long values are allowed in switch expressions
       and case constants. Previous versions of QuickC allow only char and
       int values in this context.

   þ   QuickC supports unsigned long decimal constants. It is now possible to
       initialize unsigned long variables with values larger than MAX_LONG
       using decimal (rather than hexadecimal or octal) constants.

   þ   The constant NULL is now defined as  ((void *)0). Previous versions of
       QuickC defined NULL as 0x0000 in small and medium models and
       0x00000000L in compact and large models.



 Keywords


   þ   Storage classes or types (or both) are now required on variable
       declarations. QuickC previously assumed that untyped variables (such
       as  a;) were integers. This declaration now generates a warning.

   þ   The volatile keyword, which was previously implemented only
       syntactically, is now also implemented semantically.

   þ   To identify implementation-defined keywords as non-ANSI, an underscore
       has been added. Thus, far, near, huge, cdecl, fortran, interrupt, and
       pascal have been changed to _far, _near, _huge, _cdecl, _fortran,
       _interrupt, and _pascal. QuickC still accepts the obsolescent versions
       of these keywords, unless you use the /Za (disable extensions) option.

   þ   A new pseudo-instruction, _emit, has been added for use with the
       in-line assembler. It allows you to define a single immediate byte at
       the current location in the current text segment.

   þ   The const and volatile qualifiers must be placed after the name of the
       type they qualify. Consult online help for more information about
       const and volatile.

   þ   The new _fastcall function attribute causes QuickC to pass function
       arguments in processor registers instead of on the stack. This results
       in faster functions when a QuickC program is built with Microsoft C
       version 6.0.



 Locale-Specific Information


   þ   The LOCALE.H header file is new to version 2.5. It declares functions
       and structures for describing conventions, such as the currency
       symbol, that vary from one country to the next.



 Based Objects


   þ   QuickC 2.5 supports the following new keywords and operators, which
       are used to declare and manipulate based objects: _based, _segment,
       _segname, and :> (the based operator). Based object support is
       included in QuickC 2.5 for the sake of compatibility with Microsoft C
       version 6.0. Please refer to Chapter 2, "Managing Memory," in the
       Microsoft C Professional Development System Advanced Programming
       Techniques guide for further details.



 Data Types


   þ   QuickC version 2.0 recognizes long double and double as different
       types, with both types stored in memory as 64-bit quantities.

       Because the 80x87 family of math coprocessors supports an 80-bit
       floating-point type, QuickC version 2.5 stores long double variables
       in the 80x87 10-byte (80-bit) form.

       Certain library functions have been modified to handle the long double
       type. The printf and scanf family of functions supports long double
       values identified by a trailing l in the format specifier. The library
       contains new versions of the transcendental functions as well as
       intrinsic forms that accept long double arguments. These are
       identified by a trailing l in the function name (e.g., cosl).

   þ   Integer promotion rules have changed. Earlier versions of QuickC
       attempted to preserve an expression's unsigned nature as much as
       possible. Version 2.5 attempts to preserve the expression's value.

       In version 2.0, an unsigned char promotes to an unsigned int; an
       unsigned int promotes to an unsigned long.

       In version 2.5, an unsigned char promotes to a signed int; an unsigned
       int promotes to a signed long.

   þ   Shift operators now give a result that is of the same type as the left
       operand. QuickC previously yielded a result that was of the same type
       as the largest of the two values.



 Preprocessor


   þ   QuickC 2.5 allows longer macro expansions (up to 12K). In low memory
       conditions, the macro expansion space may be limited to 6K.

   þ   The data_seg pragma has been deleted.

   þ   Version 2.0 of QuickC treated conditional compilation expressions as
       signed long values. Version 2.5 evaluates these expressions using the
       same rules as are used for all other expressions in C.



 Structures, Unions, Arrays, and Bit Fields


   þ   If a structure or union is nested inside another structure or union,
       you can declare it without using a variable name. This rule simplifies
       references to inner members of such nested constructs.

   þ   QuickC now allows an unsized or zero-sized array as the last member of
       a structure. Unsized arrays can appear only as the last member of a
       structure. Structures containing unsized array declarations can be
       nested within other structures as long as no element of the enclosing
       structure follows the unsized array. Arrays of such structures are not
       allowed.

   þ   QuickC now allows longer string literals (up to 2K).

   þ   You may declare signed as well as unsigned bit fields.

   þ   Bit fields are permitted in unions.



 Memory Management


   þ   The memory-management routine sbrk has been deleted.

   þ   The _fmalloc function attempts to allocate far memory. In previous
       versions of QuickC, _fmalloc called _nmalloc if far memory was not
       available. Now it returns a null pointer if far memory isn't
       available, even if near memory is available.

   þ   Previous versions of QuickC placed the command-line argument strings
       and environment strings in the near heap. Now they are allocated
       through malloc. Because malloc maps to _fmalloc in the compact and
       large memory models, environment strings and command-line argument
       strings are in far memory in those memory models.



 Miscellaneous


   þ   QuickC supports a new warning level (4), which provides even more
       stringent error checking than the warning levels in version 2.0. You
       can set this warning level from the command line, by supplying the /W4
       compiler option, or from the QuickC environment, with the Compiler
       Flags button shown with the Make command in the Options menu. At
       warning level 4, QuickC generates warnings for nonportable (non-ANSI)
       constructs and for undefined or implementation-defined constructs.

   þ   The printf and scanf format specifier modifiers N, F, h, and l have
       changed. Consult online help for additional information.

   þ   In QuickC 2.0, a prototype or definition that returns a float value
       actually returns a double value. Version 2.5 interprets such a
       function as returning a float value.

   þ   QuickC version 2.5 does not align a char variable to an even address
       unless the variable is local. Likewise, a literal constant string is
       not aligned as in QuickC 2.0.

   þ   To maintain ANSI compatibility and portability between QuickC and
       other systems, QuickC now supports trigraphs such as  ??=  equivalent
       to  #.

