$Unique_ID{PAR00500} $Font{NP} $Pretitle{} $Title{Glossary of Terms} $Subtitle{} $Author{} $Subject{Glossary glossaries word words term terms definition definitions} $Log{} Glossary of Terms Abortion: Premature termination of a pregnancy; may be induced or spontaneous (miscarriage). Abortion, Miscarriage that has not been induced artificially, but spontaneous: rather occurs due to natural causes. Abscess: A collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue, caused by local infection and accompanied by pain, heat, and swelling. Accommodation: The continuing process of adjusting to one's environment. Acquired immune (AIDS) a usually fatal disease caused by a virus that deficiency destroys the immune system's ability to fight off syndrome: infection. Acrosome: The packet of enzymes in a sperm's head that allows the sperm to dissolve a hole in the coating around the egg, which allows the sperm to penetrate and fertilize the egg. Acrosome reaction: Chemical change that enables a sperm to penetrate an egg. Adhesion: A union of adjacent organs by scar tissue. Adrenal glands: The endocrine gland on top of each kidney. Aerobic bacteria: Bacterial organisms that require relatively high concentrations of oxygen to survive and reproduce. Afterbirth: Refers to the placenta and other specialized tissues associated with fetal development that are expelled after the delivery of the baby. Agglutination: Clumping together, as of sperm, often due to infection, inflammation, or antibodies. Alpha-fetoprotein: A substance formed in the fetus and excreted into the amniotic fluid. High levels of this substance in the mother's blood may indicate that the fetus has spina bifida or anencephaly. A test to detect this substance in the mother's blood is now generally performed on all pregnant women. Allergen: An environmental substance that causes an allergic response in a sensitive individual. Allergy: A state of sensitivity to a particular environmental substance, or allergen. An allergic reaction is the body's response, directed by the immune system, to exposure to an allergen. Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. Amino acid: A building block of protein, which is used by the body to build muscle and other tissue. Amniotic fluid: The liquid that fills the amniotic sac and surrounds and protects the developing fetus. The fluid usually contains cells shed by the fetus. Amniotic sac: The bag in which the fetus and amniotic fluid are contained during pregnancy. Also called the "bag of waters." Amniocentesis: Aspiration of amniotic fluid from the uterus, usually performed at three to three and a half months of pregnancy to test the fetus for genetic abnormalities. Anaerobic Bacterial organisms that survive in relatively low oxygen bacteria: concentrations. Analgesic: A drug that inhibits the perception of pain. Androgens: Male sex hormones. Andrologist: A specialist who treats sperm problems. Anencephaly: Failure of the brain to develop in the fetus. Anemia: Any condition in which the number or volume of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood is inadequate. Red blood cells are the oxygen-carrying component of blood. Anesthesia: The loss of sensation that is medically induced to permit a painless surgical procedure. General anesthesia involves the entire body and produces loss of consciousness; regional and local anesthesia involve loss of sensation only in specific parts of the body. Anesthesiologist: A physician who specializes in the administration of anesthesia. Animism: The belief that anything that moves is alive. Anomaly: Malformation or abnormality of a body part. Anorexia nervosa: An eating disorder characterized by compulsive self-starvation, which may result in life-threatening weight loss. Anovulation: Absence of ovulation. Antibiotic: A drug, usually derived from living organisms, used to combat bacterial and fungal infections. Antibody: A protective agent produced by the body's immune system in response to a foreign substance. Antigen: Any substance that induces the formation of an antibody. Antisperm Antibodies that can attach to sperm and inhibit movement antibodies: of sperm or fertilization. Antitoxin: An antibody either produced by or introduced into the body to counteract a poison. Anus: The opening at the end of the rectum, through which feces pass. Apgar scoring A method of evaluating a baby's physical condition (on the system: basis of ratings for heart rate, breathing, skin color, muscle tone, and reflex responses) immediately after birth. Apnea: Temporary involuntary cessation of breathing. Appendicitis: An inflammation of the appendix (a small pouch at the juncture of the small and large intestines). Areola (plural, The pink or brown circular area of skin that surrounds the areolae): nipple of the breast. Artificial (AI) Placement of a sperm sample inside the female insemination: reproductive tract (See also intracervical insemination, intrauterine insemination, intratubal insemination). Aspirate: 1. To inhale a liquid or solid into the lungs. 2. To remove fluid from the lungs by means of a suction device. Aspiration: Suctioning of fluid, as from a follicle. Assimilation: The process of incorporating new experiences and information into one's consciousness. Asthma: A respiratory disorder characterized by unpredictable periods of breathlessness and wheezing; often an allergic disorder. Asymptomatic: Without any symptoms. Attachment An outward expression of a young child's need to behavior: re-establish contact and reaffirm the bond with the primary caregiver. Attachment behavior is most often displayed when the child is confronted with unfamiliar circumstances. Attention A relatively rare syndrome marked by developmentally deficit disorder inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and restlessness. with A child with ADHD may have learning problems and impaired hyperactivity visual/spacial coordination. Thorough medical evaluation (ADHD): must be done before the diagnosis of ADHD can be made. Care must be taken to distinguish a true disorder from the normal overexuberance of a young child. Aural: Relating to the ear or the sense of hearing. Autoantibodies: Antibodies formed against one's own tissues. Autoimmunity: An immune reaction against one's own tissues. Azoospermia: Absence of sperm. Bacteria: Microscopic, single-celled organisms that can cause infections of the genital tract. Basal body (BBT) The temperature taken at its lowest point in the temperature: day, usually in the morning before getting out of bed. Bile: The fluid secreted by the liver to aid in digestion, especially of fatty foods. Bilirubin: A reddish-yellow pigment in the blood, urine, and bile that results from the normal breakdown of hemoglobin in the red blood cells. When present in the blood in excessive amounts, as in jaundice, it gives the skin and the whites of the eyes a yellowish tinge. Biopsy: A fragment of tissue removed for study under the microscope. Birth canal: Vagina. Blood-testis Barrier that separates sperm from the bloodstream. barrier: Bloody show: Blood-tinged mucus that is released from the cervix before or during labor. Bonding: The development of a deep emotional attachment between parent and child. Botulism: A severe form of food poisoning, caused by a bacterium (Clostridium botulism) often found in improperly canned or preserved foods. The early symptoms (vomiting, abdominal pain, and double vision) may progress to muscle weakness, respiratory difficulties, and even death. Braxton Hicks Contractions of the uterus that occur before labor. contractions: Generally, they begin during the first trimester of pregnancy and occur irregularly until labor. They are felt as a tightening in the abdominal area. Breech A fetal position in which the baby's feet or buttocks are presentation: nearest the cervix. Compare to cephalic presentation. Bromocriptine: (Parlodel) A drug that reduces levels of the pituitary hormone prolactin. Bronchi: Plural of bronchus. Bronchiole: One of the progressively narrower branches of the airway between the bronchi and the tiny air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles, usually due to bacterial or viral infection. Bronchitis: A respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and swelling of the mucous membranes lining the bronchi (the main airways connecting the windpipe and the lungs) usually due to bacterial or viral infection. Bronchus: One of the larger passageways that carry air between the trachea and the air sacs of the lungs. The trachea divides first into two main bronchi, which in turn divide into five lobar bronchi, which divide into twenty segmental bronchi, and so on for two or three further subdivisions of progressively smaller diameter. Bulimia: An eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge-eating (rapidly consuming large amounts of food) followed by purging (getting rid of the food by causing vomiting, using laxatives or diuretics, or other means). Cannula: A hollow tube used, for example, to inseminate sperm artificially. Capacitation: Process by which sperm become capable of fertilizing an egg. Carbohydrate: Any of the organic compounds, including starches, cellulose, and sugars, that are an important dietary source of energy and fiber. Caries: Tooth decay; dental cavities. Catheter: A flexible tube used for aspirating or injecting fluids. Caudal anesthesia: A form of regional anesthesia used for vaginal deliveries. It is achieved by injecting an anesthetic into an area of the lower spinal column. Cauterize: To destroy tissue with heat, cold, or caustic substances usually to seal off blood vessels or ducts. Cephalic A fetal position in which the baby's head is nearest to presentation: the cervix. Cerebrospinal Fluid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal fluid: cord. Cervix: The lower portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Cesarean section: Delivery of a baby through a cut made in the abdominal and uterine walls of the mother; used when the usual vaginal delivery is inadvisable or impossible. Cervicitis: Inflammation of the cervix. Chicken pox: A common, highly contagious disease, primarily of childhood, caused by the zaricella zoster virus. Symptoms include an itchy rash with blisters, fever, and mild coldlike symptoms. Chicken pox is usually a relatively mild disease in childhood. Chlamydia: A type of bacteria that is frequently transmitted sexually between partners or from an infected mother to her newborn child; the most common sexually transmitted bacterial disease. Chloasma: A patchy, brownish discoloration of the skin, especially of the mother's face during pregnancy. Chorionic villi A technique for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal sampling: abnormalities, whereby samples of the projections of the membrane surrounding the fetus (the chorionic villi) are collected for laboratory analysis. Chorionic (CVS) Taking a biopsy of the placenta, usually at the end villus of the second month of pregnancy, to test the fetus for sampling: genetic abnormalities. Chromosome: Threads of DNA in a cell's nucleus that transmit hereditary information. Chromosomes: The cellular structures within each cell that contain the genes. Circumcision: Surgical removal of the foreskin from the penis. Cleft lip: Congenital defect in which the structures that form the upper lip fail to merge. Cleft palate: Congenital defect in which the bones that form the sides of the roof of the mouth fail to fuse. Clomiphene citrate: (Clomid, Serophene) A fertility pill that stimulates ovulation through release of gonadotropins from the pituitary gland. Colic: Repeated episodes of inconsolable crying, possibly due to abdominal discomfort, in a baby who previously was not especially fussy. Colostrum: The yellowish nourishing liquid secreted by the breasts shortly before and for a few days after childbirth until milk production begins. Colposcopy: Examination of the cervix through a magnifying telescope to detect abnormal cells. Condom: A latex (rubber) device that fits over the penis to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Concussion: An injury to the brain (usually temporary) caused by a violent jar or shock, such as a blow to the head. Congenital: Present at the time of birth or before. Congenital defect: A birth defect. Conjunctivitis: A redness or pinkness of the white portion of the eye that often accompanies a cold. The infection may be caused by the same virus that caused the cold or may be due to a secondary bacterial infection. Also called pinkeye. Conization: Surgical removal of a cone-shaped portion of the cervix, usually as treatment for a precancerous condition. Contraindication: A reason not to use a particular drug or treatment. Convulsion: Involuntary, violent, and uncontrolled muscle contractions of the face, trunk, or extremities. Corpus luteum: ("Yellow body") Formed in the ovary following ovulation, it produces progesterone. Cradle cap: A common form of seborrheic dermatitis in infants that causes the scalp to appear yellowish, scaly, and crusted. Croup: An inflammation and swelling of the larynx or trachea, usually caused by a virus. Cruising: The act of taking steps while holding onto supports, such as furniture. Cryocautery: Cautery by freezing. Cryptorchidism: Failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum. CT scanning: A diagnostic imaging technique whereby a computer generates cross-sectional images of an organ or part of the body based on x-ray images taken in a series of planes through the body. Culdoscopy: Examination of the internal female pelvic organs through an incision in the vagina. Culture: To cultivate microorganisms from an infected area on a special substance that encourages growth. Cul-de-sac: Pouch located at the bottom of the abdominal cavity between the uterus and rectum. Curette: A scoop-shaped instrument used to scrape the internal surface of an organ or cavity. Cyst: A sac filled with fluid. Danazol: (Danocrine) A synthetic androgen frequently prescribed for endometriosis. D & C (dilatation A surgical procedure in which the uterine cervix is and curettage): expanded with an instrument called a dilator and the lining of the uterus is scraped with a curette, usually performed to remove abnormal tissue or to obtain a specimen for diagnostic purposes. Deciduous teeth: The first set of twenty teeth, which usually begin to erupt at about six months of age. Also called baby teeth or primary teeth. Defecate: Pass feces from the bowels. Dehydration: Excessive loss of water from the body, often due to severe vomiting, diarrhea, exertion, or extreme environmental temperatures. Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) The combination of amino acids in the cell's acid: nucleus that make up the chromosomes, which transmit hereditary characteristics. Diabetes mellitus: A disease in which the body cannot properly utilize carbohydrates because of insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas. While diabetes is generally chronic, there is a form of the disease, called gestational diabetes, that develops only during pregnancy and usually subsides after delivery. A woman who develops gestational diabetes, however, is more likely to develop chronic diabetes later in life. Diaphragm: The muscle dividing the abdominal and chest cavities that is used in breathing. Diastasis recti: Separation of the muscles in the middle of the abdomen. Diethylstilbestrol: (DES) A synthetic estrogen (originally prescribed to prevent miscarriage) that caused malformations of the reproductive organs in some who were exposed to the drug during fetal development. Dilatation: The expansion or stretching of any organ or opening beyond its normal dimensions. Dilatation and (D&C) An operation that involves stretching the cervical curettage: opening to scrape out the uterus. Dilation: 1. The state of being expanded or stretched beyond normal dimensions. 2. The enlarging of the cervical opening during labor, measured in centimeters. DINKS: An acronym for couples with Double Income, No Kids. Diphtheria: A sudden, severe, and highly contagious disease caused by bacteria. It primarily affects the tonsils, upper airways, and larynx (voice box). Complications may include inflammation of the heart muscle, which sometimes results in heart failure. Diphtheria can be prevented by immunization with the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) or diphtheria-tetanus (D-T) vaccine. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid. The molecular material, present in nearly all living cells, that makes up the genes and chromosomes. DNA is responsible for the transmission of inherited traits. Donor insemination: Artificial insemination with donor sperm. Doppler: An instrument used to listen to faint sounds within the body; often used to detect the fetal heartbeat. Down's syndrome: A birth defect in which a baby is born with an abnormal number of chromosomes. The disorder is marked by mental retardation and physical abnormalities. Dysfunction: Abnormal function. Eclampsia: A serious and potentially fatal complication in pregnancy in which the pregnant woman develops high blood pressure, seizures (convulsions), and edema and has protein in her urine. Compare Preeclampsia. Ectopic: Occurring in an abnormal location. Ectopic pregnancy: Pregnancy located outside of the uterus, most commonly in a fallopian tube. Edema: Swelling; excessive accumulation of fluid in body tissues. Effacement: Softening, thinning, and shortening of the cervix that normally takes place just before or during labor. Egg: (Ovum) the female reproductive cell. Egg donation: Donation of an egg by one woman to another who attempts to become pregnant by in vitro fertilization. Ejaculate: The sperm-containing fluid released at orgasm. Ejaculatory ducts: The male ducts that contract with orgasm to cause ejaculation. Electrocautery: Cauterization using electrical current. Electro- Controlled electrical stimulation to induce ejaculation ejaculation: in a man with damage to the nerves that control ejaculation. Embryo: The developing baby from implantation to the second month of pregnancy. Embryologist: A specialist in embryo development. Embryo transfer: Placing a laboratory-fertilized egg into the uterus. Embryo transplant: A procedure that involves flushing an embryo from the uterus and placing it into another woman's uterus. Emetic: An agent that induces vomiting. Endocrine gland: An organ that produces hormones. Endometrial Removal of a fragment of the lining of the uterus for biopsy: study under the microscope. Endometriosis: Growth of endometrial tissue outside of its normal location in the uterus. Endometritis: Inflammation of the endometrium. Endometrium: The inner lining of the uterus. Engorgement: Overdistension of the breast with milk. Enuresis: Bed-wetting; inability to control urination, especially while sleeping. Enzyme: A substance, usually protein, that speeds a chemical reaction in the body without being used up itself. Epididymis: The tightly coiled, thin-walled tube that conducts sperm from the testicles to the vas deferens. Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis. Epidural: A form of regional anesthesia used in both vaginal and cesarean deliveries. It is administered by injecting all anesthetic into a space outside the covering of the spinal cord. Epiglottitis: A life-threatening bacterial infection of the epiglottis (the "lid" over the opening of the larynx) and surrounding tissue. Symptoms include rapidly increasing difficulty in breathing, drooling partial protrusion of the tongue, difficulty swallowing, and high fever. Episiotomy: An incision made in the tissues around the vagina during the second stage of labor to make delivery of the baby's head easier and to avoid extensive tearing of the tissues. Erythroblastosis A form of anemia that develops in Rh-positive infants of fetalis: Rh-negative women. Because the blood of the child contains an antigen that is not present in the mother's blood, antibodies are formed in the mother's blood that attack the child's red blood cells. It is seen only rarely in first babies because the mother usually is not exposed to the baby's blood until delivery. Esophagus: The tube through which food moves from the mouth to the stomach. Estradiol: The principal estrogen produced by the ovary. Estrogen: A hormone produced by the ovaries and the placenta during pregnancy, responsible for female sex characteristics. Eustachian tube: A thin, hollow tube that connects the middle ear with the upper part of the throat and equalizes the air pressure in the middle ear with the air pressure outside the body. Expressive language The process of acquiring the ability to use the spoken development: word. Fallopian tube: One of the two tubes, which extend from the sides of the uterus, through which an egg passes after it is released from the ovary. These ducts are where a sperm normally meets the egg to fertilize it. False labor: Irregular contractions of the uterus that do not result in dilation of the uterus. Fatty acid: Any of the substances obtained by the breakdown of fats in the digestive process, which play an essential role in providing energy and in maintaining cell membranes throughout the body. Febrile A seizure related to a sudden elevation of body convulsion: temperature. Feces: The waste matter discharged from the large intestine; a bowel movement. Fecundability: The ability to become pregnant. Fetal alcohol A condition that may develop ill the developing baby of a syndrome: mother who drinks alcohol during pregnancy; associated with physical abnormalities and mental retardation in the baby. Fetal monitor: An electronic device used to record the baby's heart rate and the mother's uterine contractions during labor; may be used either internally or externally. Fetoscopy: A technique by which the fetus can be directly examined for anatomical defects while still within the uterus. At about fourteen to twenty weeks' gestation, a hollow tube is inserted through an incision in the abdomen of a pregnant woman, and a light source and special lens are inserted to allow visualization of the structures within the uterus. A separate channel in the tube may be used to obtain, under direct guidance, blood or tissue samples for laboratory analysis. Fetus: The developing baby from the second month of pregnancy until birth. Fertilization: Union of the male gamete (sperm) with the female gamete (egg). Fibroid: (Myoma or leiomyoma) a benign tumor of the uterine muscle and connective tissue. Fimbria: The finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube nearest the ovary that capture the egg and deliver it into the tube. Fimbrioplasty: Plastic surgery on the fimbria of a damaged or blocked fallopian tube. Fissure: A gap or groove. Fluoroscope: An imaging device that uses X-rays to view internal body structures on a screen. Follicle: A fluid-filled sac in the ovary that releases an egg at ovulation. Follicle (FSH) The pituitary hormone that stimulates follicle stimulating growth in women and sperm formation in men. hormone: Follicular phase: The pre-ovulatory phase of a woman's cycle during which the follicle grows and high estrogen levels cause the uterine lining to proliferate. Fontanel: A soft, membrane-covered area on a baby's head where the skull bones have not yet grown together; allows for easier passage of the baby's head through the vaginal canal during delivery. Also called soft spot. Forceps: An instrument used to facilitate delivery of the baby's head. Fraternal twins: Two babies that result from the fertilization of two separate eggs but that are carried in the uterus at the same time. They may or may not be of the same sex and generally have no more in common physically than do siblings resulting from separate pregnancies. Fructose: Produced by the seminal vesicles, the sugar that sperm use for energy. Fundus: The top portion of the uterus. Fungi: Plural form of fungus. Fungus: A lower form of plant life, some species of which can cause disorders in humans. Gamete: A reproductive cell; the sperm in men, the egg in women. Gamete Intra (GIFT) combining eggs and sperm outside of the body Fallopian and immediately placing them into the fallopian tubes to Transfer: achieve fertilization. Gardnerella: A bacteria that may cause a vaginal infection. Gastroenteritis: An inflammation of the lining of the stomach and the intestines. Among the causes are viral or bacterial infection, food poisoning, and allergic reaction. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. Gene: The unit of heredity, composed of DNA; the building block of chromosomes. Genitalia: The sex organs. Gestation: Pregnancy. Gestational age: Duration of a pregnancy, measured from the first day of the last menstrual period. Gestational diabetes: See diabetes mellitus. Gestation sac: The fluid-filled sac in which the fetus develops, visible by an ultrasound exam. GIFT: See Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer. Gland: An organ that produces and secretes essential body fluids or substances, such as hormones. Gonadotropins: The hormones produced by the pituitary gland that control reproductive function: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Gonadotropin (GnRH) the hormone produced and released by the releasing hypothalamus that controls the pituitary gland's hormone: production and release of gonadotropins. Gonads: Organs that produce the sex cells and sex hormones; testicles in men and ovaries in women. Gonorrhea: A sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Neisseria Gonococcus that can lead to infertility. Granuloma: A ball of inflamed tissue, commonly formed after vasectomy due to sperm leaking from the vas deferens. Gravid: Pregnant. Gynecologist: A physician who specializes in disorders of the female reproductive system. Habitual abortion: Repeat miscarriages. Hamster test: A test of the ability of a man's sperm to penetrate a hamster egg stripped of its outer membrane, the zona pellucida. Also called Hamster Zona-Free Ovum (HZFO) Test or Sperm Penetration Assay (SPA). Hemizona assay: A laboratory test of the ability of sperm to penetrate into a human egg; first the egg is split in half, then one half is tested against the husband's sperm and the other half against sperm from a fertile man. Hemoglobin: The red pigment contained in red blood cells, responsible for transporting oxygen from the air sacs of the lungs to other body tissues. Hemorrhage: Bleeding, especially an abnormally large amount. Hemorrhoids: Enlarged, blood-filled veins in the rectum. Heredity: The transmission of traits from parents to offspring. Heritable: Relating to a trait that can be passed on from parent to offspring. Hernia: Abnormal protrusion of part or all of a structure through surrounding tissues. Herpes: A recurring inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes caused by the herpes virus. A mild form causes blister-like sores ("cold sores" or "fever blisters"), usually around the mouth. A more severe form causes painful blisters, usually on the external genitalia. In some cases, infection of the eyes and brain is possible. Transmission is by direct contact, sexual contact, or from mother to offspring in the birth canal during labor and vaginal delivery. Hirsutism: Excessive hair growth. Hormone: A substance, produced by an endocrine gland, that travels through the bloodstream to a specific organ, where it exerts its effect. Host A woman carries to term a pregnancy produced by an uterus infertile couple through in vitro fertilization. procedure: Hostile mucus: Cervical mucus that impedes the natural progress of sperm through the cervical canal. Human (HCG) The hormone produced early in pregnancy to keep chorionic the corpus luteum producing progesterone; may be injected gonadotropin: to stimulate ovulation and progesterone production. Human menopausal (HMG) see Pergonal. gonadotropins: Hydrocephalus: A condition in which the head becomes enlarged because of excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull. Hydrotubation: Injection of fluid, often into the fallopian tubes to determine if they are open. Hyperactivity: See attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Hyperemesis Excessive vomiting during pregnancy. gravidarum: Hyperprolactinemia: Excessive prolactin in the blood. Hyperandrogenism: Excessive production of androgens in women, frequently a cause of hirsutism and also associated with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD). Hyperstimulation: Excessive stimulation of the ovaries that can cause them to become enlarged. Hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure. Hyposensitization: A treatment involving the administration of increasingly large doses of an allergen to gradually build tolerance to the allergen in a sensitive individual. Hypothalamus: The endocrine gland at the center of the brain that produces gonadotropin releasing hormone and controls pituitary function. Hypothyroidism: Underactivity of the thyroid gland. Hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus. Hysteroscopy: Examination of the inner cavity of the uterus through a fiberoptic telescope inserted through the vagina and cervical canal. Hystero- (HSG) An X-ray examination of the uterus and fallopian salpingogram: tubes. Identical twins: Two babies that result from the fertilization of one egg and that are carried in the uterus at the same time: they are exactly alike in all physical traits. Immune system: The body's defense against any injury or invasion by a foreign substance or organism. Immunity: The body's ability to resist infection. Active immunity is acquired by vaccination against a disease or by recovery from a previous infection. Passive immunity, which is only temporary, is acquired from antibodies obtained either from the mother (such as through breast-feeding) or by injection of serum from an immune person or animal who has active immunity. Immunity: The body's ability to resist infection. Active immunity is acquired by vaccination against a disease or by recovery from a previous infection. Passive immunity, which is only temporary, is acquired from antibodies obtained either from the mother through the placenta during gestation or by injection of serum from an immune person or animal that has active immunity. Immunization: The production of immunity to a disease either by injecting antibodies into the body or by stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies. Immunoglobulin: A naturally occurring or artificially introduced protein that plays an important role in the immune response (antibodies and antibody activity) of the body to antigens. Immunosuppressive A drug that interferes with the normal immune response. drug: Immunotherapy: A medical treatment for an immune system disorder that involves transfusing donor white blood cells into a woman who has had recurrent miscarriages. Implantation: Attachment of the fertilized egg to the uterine lining, usually occurring five to seven days after ovulation. Impotence: Inability of a man to achieve an erection or ejaculation. Incompetent Cervix with the inability to remain closed throughout cervix: an entire pregnancy; a frequent cause of premature birth. Infertility: Inability of a couple to achieve a pregnancy or to carry a pregnancy to term after one year of unprotected intercourse. Inflammation: A response to some type of injury such as infection, characterized by increased blood flow, heat, redness, swelling, and pain. Inoculation: Artificial induction of immunity by introducing a disease agent into the body. Interpersonal Knowledge of one's self as an individual who is separate awareness: and distinct from other human beings. Intracervical (ICI) Artificial insemination of sperm into the cervical insemination: canal. Intratubal (ITI) Artificial insemination of sperm, which have been insemination: washed free of seminal fluid, into the fallopian tubes. Intrauterine (IUI) Artificial insemination of sperm, which have been insemination: washed free of seminal fluid, into the uterine cavity. In utero: While in the uterus during early development. In vitro (IVF) (literally, "in glass") Fertilization outside fertilization: of the body in a laboratory; the term "test tube baby" is inaccurate since fertilization occurs in a small circular dish, not a test tube. Jaundice: A condition characterized by an elevated level of bilirubin in the blood, indicated by a yellowish discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes, often caused by some degree of malfunction of the liver. Karyotype: A chromosome analysis. Klinefelter's A chromosome abnormality that prevents normal male sexual syndrome: development and causes irreversible infertility due to the presence of an extra female (X) chromosome. Labia (singular, labium): The folds of skin and tissue at the opening of the vagina. Labor: Progressive contractions of the uterus that lead to effacement and dilation of the uterus and the descent of the baby through the pelvic and vaginal canals. Laceration: A cut or wound caused by tearing of tissue. Lactation: The production and secretion of milk by the breasts. Lanugo hair: The fine hair on the body of the fetus; it is sometimes present on the forehead, shoulders, and back of a newborn infant, especially one that was born prematurely. Laparoscope: An illuminated, tubular instrument that may be inserted through the abdominal wall to visualize the organs in the abdomen. Laparoscopy: Examination of the pelvic organs through a small telescope called a laparoscope. Laparotomy: A surgical opening of the abdomen. Large muscle Ability to perform movements--such as sitting, crawling, skills: climbing, jumping, and walking--that require coordination of the large muscles. Also called gross motor skills. Larynx: Voice box. Leiomyoma: (Fibroid) a benign tumor of the uterus. Legumes: Seeds of the bean and pea family, including dry beans, peas, and lentils, which are a good source of protein. Leydig cells: The cells in the testicles that make testosterone. LH surge: The sudden release of luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes the follicle to release a mature egg. Lightening: The descent of the baby into the pelvis; may occur before or during labor. Linea nigra: A dark line that develops on the skin in the middle of the abdomen of a pregnant woman. Lochia: The discharge of blood, mucus, and other tissue from the vagina after childbirth. Luteal phase: Post-ovulatory phase of a woman's cycle; the corpus luteum produces progesterone, which in turn causes the uterine lining to secrete substances to support the implantation and growth of the early embryo. Luteal phase (LPD) Inadequate function of the corpus luteum that may deficiency: prevent a fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus or may lead to early pregnancy loss. Luteinized (LUF) syndrome: the failure of a follicle to release the Unruptured egg even though a corpus luteum has formed. Follicle: Luteinizing (LH) The pituitary hormone that causes the testicles in hormone: men and ovaries in women to manufacture sex hormones. Lymph: The transparent, slightly yellowish liquid found in the lymphatic system of vessels and nodes, which contains a type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte. Lymph node: Any of the oval-shaped organs located throughout the body that manufacture lymphocytes and filter germs and foreign bodies from the lymph fluid as it passes through. Measles: A highly contagious viral disease that is spread from person to person in airborne droplets of moisture from an infected person's respiratory system. The disease is marked by fever, coldlike symptoms, and a rash of dark red spots that begins on the face and neck and spreads to the torso, arms, and legs. Possible complications include pneumonia and inflammation of the brain. Measles can be prevented by immunization with the measles vaccine, which is usually given as part of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Meconium: The contents of the intestines of the fetus, which usually start being passed as bowel movements soon after birth. Menarche: The time when a woman has her first menstrual period. Meninges: The membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis: A very serious disease that involves inflammation and infection of the meninges--the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Menopause: The time when a woman stops having menstrual periods. Metabolism: The sum of all the chemical processes in the body by which food is converted into living tissue and energy. Metrodin: (Pure FSH) An injectable drug consisting of pure follicle stimulating hormone used to stimulate ovulation. Microsurgery: Reconstructive surgery performed under magnification using delicate instruments and precise techniques. Middle ear A common form of ear infection, also called otitis media, infection: that affects the part of the hearing mechanism between the eardrum and the inner ear. Miscarriage: Spontaneous abortion. Morphology: The study of form, such as assessing the shape of sperm during semen analysis. Motility: Motion, such as the forward swimming motion of healthy sperm. Motor skills, Ability to perform movements that require precise fine: coordination of the small muscles, such as picking up and manipulating small objects. Motor skills, Ability to perform movements that require coordination of gross: the large muscles, such as sifting, crawling, and walking. Mucus: Secretion from a gland that can be watery, gel-like, stretchy, sticky or dry; fertile mucus is watery and stretchy. Mucous plug: An accumulation of mucus in the cervical canal that serves to seal off the uterus during pregnancy. Mumps: A moderately contagious viral infection that affects the salivary glands. Symptoms include fever, headache, loss of appetite, and swelling of the glands in the neck. Possible complications include meningitis, inflammation of the brain, and permanent deafness. Mumps can be prevented by immunization with the mumps vaccine, which is usually given as part of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Mycoplasma: An infectious agent that falls structurally between a virus and a bacterium. Myomectomy: Surgical removal of a uterine fibroid tumor. Natural Giving birth without the use of drugs. childbirth: Negativism: A normal stage of personality development during which a toddler expresses a growing capacity for independence and self-assertiveness by routinely refusing to comply with instructions and requests. Neonatal: Pertaining to the newborn infant (up to one month old). Neonate: An infant during the first four weeks after birth. Night terror: A sudden feeling of extreme fear that awakens a sleeping child. Episodes are marked by screaming, inconsolable fear, and panic, but the child generally does not remember such episodes in the morning. Object The ability to retain an image of an item or person in permanence: mental form even when that item or person is removed from direct contact with the senses. Obstetrician: A physician who specializes in the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period. Obstetrician- (Ob-gyn) A physician who specializes in the treatment of gynecologist: female disorders and pregnancy. Oligomenorrhea: Infrequent and irregular menstrual cycles. Oligospermia: A low sperm count. Ovarian cyst: A fluid-containing enlargement of the ovary. Ovarian wedge Surgical removal of a portion of a polycystic ovary to resection: produce ovulation. Ovary: The female gonad; produces eggs and female hormones. Ovulation: Release of an egg from the ovary. Oxytocin: A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland during labor to stimulate uterine contractions and milk secretion. A synthetic form is sometimes administered to initiate or speed up labor. Pap smear: Removal of cells from the surface of the cervix to study microscopically. Paradoxical Frequent passage of liquid stool that results when a child diarrhea: withholds stool, often because of a previous painful bowel movement. Parallel play: A type of play generally displayed by toddlers in which each engages in a separate activity in close proximity to the other without actually sharing or interacting. Parlodel: See Bromocriptine. Patent: Open; for example, fallopian tubes should be patent after a sterilization reversal operation. Pediatrician: A physician who specializes in the care of children. Pelvic cavity: The area surrounded by the pelvic bone that contains the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries in women, and the prostate gland and seminal vesicles in men. Pelvic (PID) inflammation of any of the female pelvic organs, inflammatory usually due to infection from a sexually transmitted disease: disease. Pelvis: The bony structure in the mother through which the baby must pass during a vaginal delivery. Penetrak test: A test of how fast sperm can travel up through cow mucus. Penis: The male organ of sexual intercourse. Pergonal: (hMG) the luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones recovered from the urine of postmenopausal women that is used to induce multiple ovulation in various fertility treatments. Perinatal: The period from twenty-eight weeks' gestation to the end of the first week of life. Perineal: Of or relating to the perineum. Perineum: The region between the anus and the genital organs. Pertussis: Whooping cough. Petechiae: Small hemorrhages under the skin. Phenylketonuria An inherited congenital disorder of protein metabolism, (PKU) which, if untreated by dietary management, can lead to mental retardation. Pinkeye: Conjunctivitis. Pinworms: An infection by tiny, white or tan, wormlike parasites called pinworms. The infection begins when the microscopic pinworm eggs get on a child's hands, usually through the sharing of toys or utensils with an infected child. The child puts the hands in the mouth, and the eggs are ingested. The eggs mature in the intestine. The female pinworm lays her eggs in the child's anal region at night, which causes itching. When the child scratches the anal region, the eggs get on the hands, and the cycle continues until treated. Pituitary gland: The endocrine gland at the base of the brain that produces the gonadotropin luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, which in turn stimulate the gonads to produce sex cells and hormones. Placenta: The structure through which the fetus receives nourishment and oxygen and eliminates waste products. It also produces hormones that regulate many of the changes in the mother's body that occur during pregnancy and childbirth. Placenta: The structure that develops within the uterus during pregnancy through which the fetus receives nourishment and oxygen and eliminates waste products; it also produces hormones that regulate changes in the mother's body during pregnancy and childbirth. Placental Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine abruption: wall. Placenta previa: A condition in which the placenta partially or completely covers the cervix, often causing vaginal bleeding before or during labor, hindering or preventing vaginal delivery. Plasma: The liquid portion of the blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. Postpartum: Relating to the period after childbirth. Play value: The degree to which a toy or object suits the interests and abilities of a child at a particular stage in development. Pneumonia: An inflammation of the lungs caused by a virus, bacteria, other microscopic organisms, or inhaled irritants. Polio: Poliomyelitis. A highly contagious disease caused by a poliovirus. The disease occurs most often in children and can involve the spinal cord, causing paralysis. Poliomyelitis can be prevented by immunization with the polio vaccine. Polycystic (PCOD) A condition found among women who do not ovulate, ovarian characterized by multiple ovarian cysts and increased disease: androgen production. Polyp: A growth or tumor on an internal surface, usually benign. Position: The way the fetus is facing in relation to the mother's back. Post-coital test: (PCT) Microscopic examination of a woman's cervical mucus at the fertile time of the cycle to determine the number and motility of sperm following intercourse. Pre-eclampsia: A disorder of pregnancy, characterized by elevated blood pressure, edema, and kidney malfunction, that may precede the development of eclampsia. Pre-embryo: A fertilized egg in the early stage of development prior to cell division. Pregravid: Of or relating to the period before pregnancy. Prehension: Visually directed reaching. Premature: Refers to birth that occurs before the thirty-seventh week of pregnancy. Prepared A method of childbirth education in which expectant childbirth: mothers are informed about the anatomical, physiological, and psychological aspects of pregnancy and childbirth and are trained in physical and mental responses to labor. Presentation: The position of the fetus in relation to the cervix when labor begins. Prickly heat: A mild skin condition caused by temporary blockage of the sweat gland openings in the skin. It occurs when a child is overheated. Progesterone: The female hormone, produced by the corpus luteum after ovulation, that prepares the uterine lining for implantation of a fertilized egg and helps maintain the pregnancy. Prolactin: The pituitary hormone that in high amounts stimulates milk production. Prolapse: Downward displacement of an organ or structure from its usual position. Prolapse of the Situation preceding or during labor in which the umbilical cord: cord passes through the cervix before the fetus, which can result in compression of the cord and resultant reduction in the amount of oxygen available to the fetus. Prostate gland: The male gland encircling the urethra that produces the fluid that transports sperm into the ejaculate. Prostaglandins: A group of hormone-like chemicals that have various effects on reproductive organs; so named because they were first discovered in the prostate gland. Pudendal: Of or relating to the pudendum. Pudendum: The external genital organs, especially those of the female. Pyelonephritis: An infection, usually bacterial, of the kidney. Quickening: The first fetal movements felt by the mother, usually occurring between the sixteenth and twentieth weeks after the last menstrual period. Radiography: The technique of examining the body by projecting x-rays through it to produce images on photographic film. Realism: A toddler's inability to distinguish dreams from reality. Receptive language The process of acquiring the ability to understand the development: spoken word. Rectum: The portion of the large intestine closest to the anal opening. Reproductive An ob-gyn who specializes in the treatment of hormonal endocrinologist: disorders that affect reproductive function. Reproductive An ob-gyn or urologist who specializes in the surgical surgeon: correction of anatomical disorders that impair reproductive function. Retrograde Ejaculation backwards into the bladder instead of forward ejaculation: through the urethra. Rh factor: A group of antigens in the blood that stimulate the production of antibodies. Persons who have the Rh factor are designated Rh-positive; those who lack the Rh factor are designated Rh-negative. Erythroblastosis fetalis can occur if an Rh-negative mother bears an Rh-positive baby. Rh A condition in which an Rh-negative mother who has incompatibility: developed antibodies to the Rh factor becomes pregnant with an Rh-positive baby; this condition can lead to a form of anemia in the baby. RhO (D) immune A substance injected into an Rh-negative woman shortly globulin: after she delivers an Rh-positive baby that destroys any Rh-positive blood cells that may have entered her body, thus preventing the development of antibodies against Rh-positive blood. Rickets: A condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin D in the diet, beginning most often during infancy and early childhood, which is characterized by defective bone growth and sometimes results in skeletal deformities. An adequate diet containing sufficient vitamin D, coupled with exposure to ultraviolet light (such as sunlight), will generally both prevent and cure rickets. Ringworm: A fungal infection of the skin that causes red, scaly, itchy, ring-shaped lesions on the skin. RNA: Ribonucleic acid. A material that, along with DNA, is present in all living cells and is responsible for the transmission of inherited traits. Rooting: A reflexive turning of the head when the cheek is touched. Roseola: A disease marked by high fever that lasts two to four days and goes away. It is followed by the appearance of a transient red rash. It occurs most commonly during the first three years of life. Rubella: A contagious viral disease marked by fever, mild coldlike symptoms, swollen lymph nodes, and a red rash. The disease is usually mild in children; however, if a pregnant woman contracts rubella during early pregnancy, her baby may be born with severe birth defects. Rubella can be prevented through immunization with the rubella vaccine, which is usually given as part of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Also called German measles. Salpingectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus. Salpingitis: Inflammation of the fallopian tube. Salpingitis An abnormal condition of the fallopian tube where it isthmica attaches to the uterus, characterized by nodules. nodosa: Salpingostomy: An incision in a fallopian tube, such as to remove an ectopic pregnancy. Salpingotomy: An operation to open a blocked fallopian tube. Scabies: A contagious skin infection caused by small insects called mites, which burrow into the skin and lay eggs, causing an itchy, red rash. Scrotum: The sac containing the testicles, epididymis, and vas deferens. Scurvy: A condition due to deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the diet, characterized by anemia, extreme weakness, spongy gums, and hemorrhaging under the skin and in the mucous membranes. Seborrhea, A skin condition causing redness, scaling, and sometimes seborrheic itching. Dandruff and cradle cap are mild forms of dermatitis: seborrhea. Semen: The fluid containing sperm and secretions from the testicles, prostate, and seminal vesicles that is expelled during ejaculation. Semen analysis: Laboratory examination of semen to check the quality and quantity of sperm. Seminal vesicles: The paired glands at the base of the bladder that produce seminal fluid and fructose. Seminiferous In the testicles, the network of tubes where sperm tubules: are formed. Sensorimotor: Relating to the first stage of development in which basic information about the world is gathered through the senses and physical movements. Septum: A wall that divides a cavity in half, such as a uterine septum. Sertoli cells: The cells in the testicles that provide nourishment to the early sperm cells. Sexually A disease caused by an infectious agent transmitted during transmitted sex disease: (STD). Shock: A condition that results when the circulatory system slows down or ceases to function in response to injury, infection, or profound emotional disturbance. Symptoms include rapid pulse, low blood pressure, paleness, and cold, clammy skin. Small muscle Ability to perform movements--such as picking up and skills: manipulating small objects--that require precise coordination of the small muscles. Also called fine motor skills. Sperm: Male gamete or reproductive cell. Sperm bank: A place where sperm are kept frozen in liquid nitrogen for later use in artificial insemination. Sperm count: The number of sperm in the ejaculate (when given as the number of sperm per milliliter, it is more accurately known as the sperm concentration or sperm density). Sperm penetration assay: (SPA) See Hamster test. Spermicide: An agent that kills sperm. Spider nevi: Minute broken blood vessels that appear under the skin; spider veins. Spina bifida: Failure of the spinal column to close completely in the fetus. Spinal anesthesia: A form of regional anesthesia used in vaginal and cesarean deliveries; administered by injecting an anesthetic into the fluid-filled canal surrounding the spinal cord. Compare to epidural, caudal anesthesia. Steady staring: An apparently passive state during which a baby or toddler actually is taking in a substantial amount of environmental stimuli through the eyes. Sterilization: A surgical procedure (such as tubal ligation or vasectomy) designed to produce infertility. Sterilization A surgical procedure used to undo a previous reversal: sterilization operation and restore fertility. Stillbirth: Delivery of a dead fetus after the twenty-eighth week of gestation. Stool: Feces. Strabismus: Condition in which the eyes are not aligned and are unable to focus simultaneously. Stranger anxiety: A temporary phenomenon, common during the second half of the first year of life, in which a baby expresses extreme discomfort about being in the company of unfamiliar adults. Stretch marks: Streaks that develop on the abdomen, breasts, and thighs of a pregnant woman due to stretching of the skin; striae. Striae: Streaks ("stretch marks") seen on the abdomen of a pregnant woman, due to stretching of the skin to accommodate the enlarging uterus. Sudden infant The sudden, unexpected, and unexplained death of an death syndrome apparently healthy and normal infant during sleep. It (SIDS): occurs most often during the second and third months of life. The cause is unknown. Superovulation: Stimulation of multiple ovulation with fertility drugs; also known as controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). Surfactant: A substance produced by the fetal lungs that prevents them from collapsing at birth. Surrogate mother: A woman who becomes artificially inseminated with a man's sperm and carries the pregnancy for an infertile couple, who adopt the baby after its birth (the man being the biologic father of the child). Sutures: Long, thin spaces between the bones of the developing baby's skull that allow the bones to slide over one another during delivery. Syphilis: An infectious venereal disease caused by the microorganism Treponema pallidum, Transmission may be either congenital (from mother to offspring in the vagina during childbirth) or by sexual contact. The degenerative course of the disease begins with the appearance of a primary sore and, if left untreated, eventually involves all the organs of the body. Tay-Sachs disease: A fatal hereditary disease that affects the nervous system of the baby. Testicle: The male gonad; produces sperm and male sex hormones. Testicular biopsy: The removal of a fragment of a testicle for examination under the microscope. Testosterone: The primary male sex hormone. Tetanus: A serious infection caused by a bacterium that invades an open wound. It affects the central nervous system, causing severe, painful muscle contractions. Tetanus can be prevented by immunization with the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) or diphtheria-tetanus (D-T) vaccine. Thyroid gland: The endocrine gland in the front of the neck that produces thyroid hormones, which regulate the body's metabolism. Tocolytic: A drug that relaxes smooth muscles and therefore interferes with uterine contractions; frequently used to stop premature labor. Tonic neck A natural response in the newborn that results in the reflex: "fencer's pose." When the newborn is in a faceup position and the head is turned to one side, the arm on that side will extend while the arm on the opposite side will bend. Total An estimate of the number of sperm in an ejaculate capable effective of fertilization; total sperm count X percent motility X sperm count: percent forward progressive motility X percent normal morphology. Toxemia of A serious disorder of pregnancy (encompassing pregnancy: pre-eclampsia and eclampsia) in which poisonous compounds are present in the bloodstream. Characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and kidney malfunction in the pregnant woman. Toxin: A poison produced by a living organism, such as by some bacteria. Toxoid: A poison that has been altered so that it is no longer poisonous but still stimulates the formation of antibodies, as in vaccinations. Toxoplasmosis: A disease caused by the one-celled parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which is transmitted from animals (especially cats) to humans who handle parasite-infected feces (for example, cat litter) or who eat undercooked meat containing the parasite. Infection during pregnancy can cause death of the fetus or birth defects, especially mental retardation and blindness, in the newborn. Trachea: The tube that extends from the larynx to the bronchi; the windpipe. Transition: The period in the first stage of labor during which the cervix dilates from seven centimeters to ten centimeters. Transitional A toy, blanket, or other such item that provides a feeling object: of security as a baby moves from complete helplessness to early independence. Transverse A fetal position in which the fetus is lying perpendicular presentation: to the mother's body (i.e. sideways). Usually, the shoulder of the fetus is closest to the cervix. Trimester: One of three approximately equal periods of time. (Pregnancy is traditionally divided into three trimesters, each three months in length.). Tubal ligation: Surgical sterilization of a woman by obstructing or "tying" the fallopian tubes. Tubal pregnancy: The most common form of ectopic pregnancy, in which the fertilized egg starts to develop in one of the fallopian tubes rather than in the uterus. Tuberculosis: A contagious bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs but may also affect other body parts including the spine, kidneys, and digestive tract. Tuboplasty: Plastic or reconstructive surgery on the fallopian tubes to correct abnormalities that cause infertility. Tumor: An abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Tympanic membrane: Eardrum. Umbilical cord: The structure through which the fetus' blood flows to and from the placenta, to obtain oxygen and nutrients and to dispose of waste products. Umbilical hernia: Protrusion of abdominal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall near the navel. Umbilicus: The navel ("belly button"), where the umbilical cord is attached to the fetus. Ultrasound: (US) Use of high-frequency sound waves for creating an image of internal body parts. Ultrasound A technique for displaying and recording the echoes from imaging: high-frequency sound waves reflected from the various tissues within the body, used to produce images of organs and other structures. Umbilical cord: The structure through which fetal blood flows to and from the placenta to obtain oxygen and nutrients and eliminate fetal waste. Umbilical A gray mass of tissue that develops where the umbilical granuloma: cord separates. Treatment may require cauterization. Ureaplasma: A microorganism similar to mycoplasma. Urethra: The tube through which the urine passes from the bladder to the outside. Urinate: To pass urine from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. Urologist: A physician who specializes in the general and surgical treatment of disorders of the female urinary tract and male genitourinary system (reproductive tract). Uterus: The hollow, muscular organ in which the fertilized egg becomes implanted and grows; the womb. Vaccination: Introduction of an antigenic substance (a solution containing dead or weakened microorganisms or specially treated toxins) to stimulate the production of antibodies, creating immunity to a disease. Vaccine: A solution containing dead or weakened microorganisms or specially treated toxins that, when introduced into the body, stimulates the production of antibodies, creating immunity to a disease. Vagina: The female organ of sexual intercourse; the birth canal. Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina. Varicocele: A varicose vein in the scrotum. Varicose: Abnormally swollen or dilated. Often used to describe veins in which the valves are weakened, allowing backflow of blood, most commonly seen in the rectum (hemorrhoids) and in the legs (varicose veins). Varicose veins: Swollen, distended veins, usually in the legs. Varicosity: An area of abnormal dilatation of a structure. Vas deferens: The tubes that conduct sperm and testicular fluid to the ejaculatory ducts. Vasectomy: Surgical sterilization of a man by interrupting both vas deferens. Vasectomy Surgical repair of a previous vasectomy for a man who reversal: wants to regain his fertility. Vasogram: An X-ray study of the vas deferens. Venereal disease: See Sexually transmitted disease (STD). Vernix caseosa: A protective, cheeselike fatty substance that covers the skin of the fetus; some may be present in skin folds at birth. Virus: A microscopic infectious organism that reproduces inside living cells. Visually directed The ability to use the hands under the direction of the reaching: eyes. Vulva: The external female genitalia, surrounding the openings of the vagina and the urethra. Water Severe overhydration that can result in nausea, vomiting, intoxication: weakness, tremors, and sometimes even seizures and death. Whooping cough: A disease, primarily affecting children, due to bacterial infection. Symptoms include inflammation of the mucous membranes of the air passages, excessive secretion of mucus, mild fever, and attacks of explosive coughing followed by gasping breaths (which produce the characteristic whooping sound). The disease can be prevented by immunization with the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine. Also called pertussis. Zona pellucida: The protective coating surrounding the egg. Zygote: An egg that has been fertilized but not yet divided. Zygote Intra (ZIFT) In vitro fertilization with a transfer of the Fallopian zygote into the fallopian tube; a combination of in transfer: vitro fertilization and gamete intra fallopian transfer