# First Line

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The common juniper usually grows low to the ground, forming a dense mat.


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Vidhana Saudha in Bangalore is the building that houses the state legislature of Karnataka.


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Sculptured deities, intricately carved, adorn much of the Hoysala temple built at Halebid, Karnataka, in about 1120.


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Beach resorts are a feature of Kerala's sandy coastline.


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Hindus celebrate the festival of Pooram.


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Kingfishers live in woods or near water.


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Kruger National Park, the largest national park in the world, is home to some 7,000 elephants.


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Theau Hou Temple stands on a hillside just beyond the central area of Kuala Lumpur City.


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The University Library of Delhi is an attractive centre of learning set amid beautiful parkland in the spacious and well-planned modern city of New Delhi, capital of India.


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The Old Palace, Gwalior, has been carefully restored and maintained, and is now a tourist attraction.


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Madras University, founded by the British in 1857, is the main university of the state of Tamil Nadu.


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The festival of the elephant god Ganesh is an important celebration for Hindus in Maharashtra.


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A school in Malaysia provides six years of primary education and up to five years of secondary education.


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Kite flying is popular on the east coast of Malaysia.


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Palm nuts go by the truckload to the mill to be crushed.


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Malaysia's Parliament House includes a tall, modern, office block which overlooks the Lake Gardens in Kuala Lumpur.


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Rubber tapping attracted many workers to Malaysia.


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Chin Peng, the Malaysian Communist guerilla leader, conferred with Tunku Abdul Rahman and the Alliance at Baling in 1955.


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Merdeka Stadium in Kuala Lumpur was chosen for the athletics events of the Southeast Asian games in 1989.


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Manila is a large, populous city with elegant modern buildings, well-designed parks and public spaces, and some spacious residential areas.


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The Marsupial cat, also called native cat or dasyure, is a small, furry mammal that lives in forests of Australia and Tasmania.


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Cherrapunji in Meghalaya has received more than 25 metres of rainfall in a single year.


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Melbourne's pedestrian shopping malls offer a wide variety of goods and services.


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Sir Robert Gordon Menzies served as prime minister of Australia for two periods--1939 to 1941 and 1949 to 1966.


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The Dome of the Rock is located in the city of Jerusalem.


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Maori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.


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The male alpine newt uses its bright coloured belly to attract the female, and to warn predators that it is poisonous.


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Northern Ireland's flag and coat of arms have a six-pointed star and the ancient Ulster symbol of a red hand.


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Industries in Northern Ireland draw on modern technology.


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This carved stone wheel is one of 24 that adorn the temple of the sun god Surya, at Konarak, in Orissa.


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A boat trip in Pahang goes down the Tahan and Terenggan rivers in the Taman Negara national park.


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Islam is the religion practised by most Pakistanis.


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Pantomimes are a traditional form of entertainment at Christmastime.


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The Australian pelican, the largest species of pelican, grows up to 1.8 metres long.


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Kek Lok Si Temple, at Ayer Itam, Penang, is the largest Buddhist temple in Malaysia.


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The Ubudiah Mosque stands outside the royal town of Kuala Kangsar, in Perak.


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Negritos are a small, dark-skinned people descended from the earliest known inhabitants of the islands.


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Gold ore is one of the minerals mined in the Philippines, especially in northern Luzon.


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Laundrywoman was painted in 1942 by Fernando Amorsolo.


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The Manunggul Jar, found in Manunggul cave on Palawan Island, dates from Neolithic times( 68 centimetres high).


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Crucifixion is a Roman Catholic devotional icon finely carved and decorated in a traditional Spanish style.


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Batasang Pambansa is the Filipino title of the national assembly, or parliament, of the Philippines, established by the 1973 Constitution.


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Jose Rizal was a young doctor and political reformist whose writings demanded more freedom and equality for Filipinos.


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President Manuel Quezon left and General Douglas MacArthur during the time MacArthur served as military adviser to the Philippines.


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Houses were made of slabs of wood at first.


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The horse was an important aid in farm work and transport for pioneers in rural Australia.


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The rock pipit breeds in rugged coastal areas, feeding mainly on shoreline insects and plant foods.


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Fingerprints are often an important source of evidence.


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The collared pratincole often nests on sun-baked salt flats.


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U.S. President Bill Clinton applauds as South African President F. W. de Klerk shakes the hand of Nelson Mandela, who succeeded him as president in 1994.


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Mary Robinson, first woman president of the Republic of Ireland, was awarded a degree by diploma at Oxford University, the United Kingdom, in 1993.


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Pretoria is called the Jacaranda City because of the beauty of its jacaranda trees in bloom.


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In a Punjabi village, the animals are well fed.


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The common quail breeds in Europe or Asia.


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Quezon City is the home of the Philippine Heart Centre for Asia, shown.


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Indian railways carry more than 10 million people every day.


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Houses in Jodhpur are built close together.


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Hanuman, the monkey general, helped Rama recapture his wife.


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The European robin lives throughout Europe.


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The roller, perched high in a tree, searches for insect prey.


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A rosella has brightly coloured feathers.


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King Juan Carlos of Spain and Queen Sofia.


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Portrait of King Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz of Saudi Arabia


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Members of the Royal Family appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace after the ceremony of Trooping the Colour, which takes place on the Queen's official birthday.


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A Rugby football field consists of the field of play and the


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A suq (bazaar) in Saudi Arabia usually groups sellers of similar wares together.


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Riyadh, the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia, is the main headquarters of the country's vast oil industry and has become a world business centre.


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Scotland's flag is called St. Andrew's Cross.


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Malt whisky distilling is an important industry.


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Scotland's islands present a remarkable variety of scenery.


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Long before Celtic culture reached Scotland, New Stone Age people built well-ordered villages, such as Skara Brae, on the island of Orkney.


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The tomb of Robert Bruce lies in Dunfermline Abbey.


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The secretary bird has long legs and a long tail.


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Selangor state mosque is a striking modern building in the newly


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The English hand alphabet forms part of the British Sign Language used by most deaf people in the United Kingdom to carry on conversations.


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Gangtok, the capital of Sikkim, lies among mountains in terrain that is typical of the state.


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The city of Singapore is built around its harbour.


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Chinese people form the majority of Singapore's population.


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The coat of arms carries a shield with the moon and stars of the flag.


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The Clifford Centre is a waterfront development in Singapore.


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The snapper lives in warm southern waters.


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South Africa's Parliament Buildings, in Cape Town, date from the 1880's.


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Locally grown oranges and avocados are sold at a roadside fruit stall


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Table Bay is a painting by Thomas Bowler.


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Street Scene (1945) is by Gerard Sekoto, one of the first black artists to paint scenes from black townships.


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The Khoisan peoples have lived in South Africa for thousands of years, and were the first native peoples encountered by Europeans.


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South Africa's first nonracial general election resulted in an overwhelming majority for the African National Congress (ANC).


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Spiraea is a flowering shrub often grown in gardens.


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Squatters in Australia mainly reared sheep and cattle at first.


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The superb starling of Africa lives near human habitation.


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Hatfield House was built in Hertfordshire in 1611.


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Statice, also called sea lavender, grows in salt marshes.


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The Tokyo Stock Exchange is the largest in the world and one of the busiest.


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Many Aborigines are more or less divorced from their traditional setting, while others still have an almost traditional lifestyle.


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Portrait of President Suharto of Indonesia


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A Batak market takes place on the shore of Lake Toba, the homeland of the Batak people in the mountains of North Sumatra.


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Sunbirds are small, brightly coloured songbirds.


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The wire-tailed swallow lives in Africa and South Asia.


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Madras is the capital and commercial centre of Tamil Nadu.


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Hobart, the capital city of Tasmania, is located on the beautiful Derwent River.


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Woureddy, a Tasmanian Aborigine, was painted by Thomas Bock in 1837.


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Margaret Thatcher became Britain's first woman prime minister on May 4, 1979.


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The blue tit is a common bird of European woodlands.


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The "New" Bosporus Bridge, opened in 1988, eases the flow of Istanbul's traffic.


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Much of England's countryside is laid out in a patchwork of fields, meadows, and small towns and villages.


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Derry, in Northern Ireland, is an historic city.


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Caerphilly Castle, near Cardiff, in Wales, is a large and impressive example of a medieval fortress.


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Kirkwall, in Scotland, is capital of the Orkney Islands.


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The United Kingdom has more than 1,000 museums and galleries.


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The Royal Navy aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal, seen here in the centre, is fitted with a "skijump" ramp on deck to improve the takeoff of the Sea Harrier.


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Graduation marks the end of education for university students, who wear traditional gowns for the ceremony.


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Arthur Benjamin was an Australian-born composer.


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Bhagavad-Gita is part of Book Six of the Mahabharata, the great Indian epic poem.


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The tomb of Itimad ud Daulah is one of the impressive buildings that attract visitors to the city of Agra.


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Valletta is the picturesque capital of Malta.


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Sweet violet gets the first part of its name from the sweet perfume of its flowers.


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Treaty House is on the site where the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840.


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The flag of Wales features a red dragon on a white and green background.


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The Roman amphitheatre at Caerleon, Gwent, lies outside the legionary fortress, which was built about A.D. 75.


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Wallabies include red-necked wallabies, which in Tasmania are called Bennett's wallabies.


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Zebra finches are waxbills named after the black and white barred plumage of the male birds.


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Saris woven in Bengal silk are made in traditional ways.


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The Big Four met for the Paris Peace Conference in 1918.


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A British government poster encouraged people at home to work for the war effort by easing food shortages.


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The walls of Great Zimbabwe are made of granite.


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Eamon de Valera was a leader in Ireland's fight for independence from the United Kingdom.


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Mrs. Indira Gandhi was the first woman prime minister of India.


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Government buildings in New Delhi line a wide avenue called the Rajpath.


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David Lloyd George was a British Liberal Party leader, and prime minister during the last half of World War I [1914-1918].


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John Major became prime minister of the United Kingdom (UK) in 1990.


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Tall, graceful Lombardy poplars are sometimes used in roadside landscaping.


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Schoolchildren in Western Cape gather in a playground during their break.


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South Africa's magnificent scenery includes deep valleys, towering mountains, and broad plateaus.


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Gold mining has long provided enormous wealth for South Africa, the world's leading gold producer.


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The springbok has long, slender legs and curved horns.


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Chaim Weizmann served as the first president of Israel from 1949 until his death in 1952.


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Act of Union was signed by Queen Anne in 1707.


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The rhizome of a ginger plant is hard and knobbly.


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The National Museum of Wales has departments of geology, botany, zoology, archaeology, industry, and art.


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Howard Carter, an English archaeologist, specialized in excavating


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Leonard Cheshire was a leading British bomber pilot during World


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The George Medal, a British award, can be won by civilians and members of the services for great heroism.


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The Order of Australia is Australia's highest award, and is given to Australians and foreigners for outstanding civil or military merit.


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Sir Edward Elgar was largely self-taught in composition.


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Hurling is said to be the fastest field game in the world.


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Gustav Holst was an English composer and teacher.


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James Ramsay MacDonald led the first Labour Party government of the United Kingdom.


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Imphal derives its name from Yumpham meaning homestead and is


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A Maori woman in traditional dress stands in front of an elaborate example of Maori woodcarving.


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Much so-called steel drum music is now played on glossy chrome and steel instruments.


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Emmeline Goulden Pankhurst, with her followers, including her daughter Christabel, shown with her here, led the fight for women's voting rights in England.


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Henry Purcell (1659-1695)? , an English composer of the Baroque


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Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) was a British physicist who, in 1911, established the nuclear model of the atom.


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The marina at Swansea is part of the changing face of the city in the late 1900's.


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Howard Carter made his most important discovery, the tomb of


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Soweto is a large urban centre close to Johannesburg.


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Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister, became a renowned international statesman.


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The American hand alphabet is used in the United States and other countries.


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Colonialism has featured prominently n the histories of many countries.


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Aboriginal art is mainly produced in the northernmost part of Australia, especially in Arnhem Land.


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Inder Kumar Gujral, previously Minister of External


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The 700 feet high Cliffs of Moher on the west coast of Ireland.


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Kylemore Abbey is a castellated mansion built in Co. Galway in the latter part of the 19th century.


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Bertie Ahern, the leader of the Fianna Fail party casting his vote on June 6, 1997.


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Bertie Ahern, who became prime minister of the Irish coalition government in June 1997, shaking hands with the outgoing prime minister, John Bruton.


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Perth is located on the beautiful Swan River.


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Jenny Shipley, New Zealand's first woman prime minister, is sworn in by Governor General Sir Michael Hardie Boys.


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The Docklands Light Railway connects the redeveloped area of Docklands to London.


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Mourners left millions of flowers and other tributes outside Kensington Palace after the death of Diana, Princess of Wales


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Canadian soldiers at work during World War I.


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Following the second war of 1852, the UK occupied and governed Lower Burma.


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The Battle of Fredericksburg took place on 13 December 1862.


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British and Commonwealth troops recover ground taken by Italian forces early in the North African campaign.


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Boer forces - pictured with a 200 lb gun - laid siege to the town of Mafeking (now Mafikeng) from October, 1899 until May, 1900.


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Frederick John Perry, a renowned British tennis player of the 1930's.


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A drawing of St. Paul's Cathedral, London, in 1883.


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Hooded novices in Baltimore, U.S.A, take the oath of allegiance before cross and flag to become members of this secret society in 1923.


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Following his abdication in March, 1917, the former czar and his family were moved to Tobolsk, Siberia, in order to escape persecution by the Bolsheviks.


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Grigori Rasputin, (1872?-1916), Russian monk and mystic.


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Michael Faraday, an English physicist and chemist whose many experiments contributed greatly to the understanding of electromagnetics.


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Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, French emperor from 1852 to 1870.


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Charles Stewart Rolls, a British motorist, aviator, and automobile manufacturer.


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A view of Nagasaki following the explosion of the atom bomb in 1945.


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Tanks were developed during World War I.


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The rebellion by Chinese troops in 1911 resulted in the downfall of the Manchu dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China.


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Ladysmith was one of several key towns where Boer forces held British troops under seige in October 1899.


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By improving the conditions in which wounded soldiers were treated, Florence Nightingale helped to save many lives.


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Thomas Hardy, an English dramatist, poet, and one of the most widely read Victorian novelists.


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The Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began experimenting with wireless telegraphy in 1894.


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Giuseppe Garibaldi, was an Italian soldier who played a central role in the unification of Italy by conquering Sicily and Naples in 1860.


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Many of Kipling's most well-known stories are set in India, where he lived for a number of years.


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John Logie Baird first produced televised objects in outline in 1924.


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Mao Zedong became leader of the Chinese Communist Party during the Long March of 1934.


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Edward VIII, second left, with his brothers the Duke of Kent, the Duke of York, and the Duke of Gloucester.


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Marshal Petain was tried for treason in 1945 because of his collaboration with Germany during World War II.


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The first ships steam through the Suez Canal at its opening in 1869.


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Many British women worked in factories during World War II.


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James Longstreet (1821-1904), a confederate officer during the American Civil War.


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A historic meeting near the end of World War II, the Yalta Conference involved the three key allied leaders.


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The first televised Olympic Games were held in Germany in 1936.


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Gorki was a Russian writer of novels and short stories, and plays.


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Pictured at the time of its opening in 1890, the Firth of Forth Bridge is a cantilever bridge with a main span which is 521 metres long.


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Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850), a British statesman who founded the London police force.


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Rugby grew rapidly in popularity in the United Kingdom during the 1870's and 1880's.


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The felling of trees became quicker and easier with the development of power saws such as the steam tree-feller.


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Commander Peary, the leader of two failed expeditions to the North Pole.


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The building and use of airships ended rapidly after the explosion of the Hindenburg.


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Amundsen led the first expedition to reach the South Pole.


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A radio controller at Scotland Yard, 1947.


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Guards returning from Hackney and the Docklands after the Strike.


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Brooklands, in Surrey, England, was the site of the first speedway race track.


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The steam hammer was invented by James Nasmyth, and patented in 1842.


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During the 1800's Hong Kong became one of Asia's most important trade and commercial centres.


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Trotsky was a leading figure in Russia's October Revolution in 1917.


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Victor Hugo, leader of the French Romantic movement, produced his first tragedy at the age of 14.


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Before becoming prime minister of Great Britain in 1868, Gladstone served in many offices for both the Tory and Liberal parties.


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W.E. Gladstone outlining Irish Home Rule in the House of Commons.


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The earthquake and fire of September 1, 1923, caused severe damage to downtown areas of Tokyo.


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British soldiers at Isandhlwana during the Zulu War, May 1879.


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H.G. Wells, (1866-1946), famous English novelist, historian, science writer, and author of science-fiction stories.


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The 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris was an expression of the Third Republic's commitment to science and progress and celebrated the centenary of the French Revolution (1789-1799).


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The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris sustained extensive damage during the French Revolution (1789-1799).


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Crystal Palace was designed by Joseph Paxton (1801-1865) to house the Great Exhibition of 1851 in Hyde Park, London.


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Alberto Santos-Dumont with his pioneering airship in the heart of Paris.


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Louis Bleriot landed near the Cliffs of Dover on July 25, 1909 to win the £1,000 prize offered by the Daily Mail for the first flight across the English Channel.


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The Fenian movement was a pro-republican organisation of Irish nationalists seeking independence from English rule.


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Henry Morton Stanley spent most of 1871 in Central Africa searching for the explorer David Livingstone.


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During World War II (1939-1945), auxiliary jobs in the British armed services were carried out increasingly by women.


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The Treaty of Versailles was a 200-page document outlining the terms of the peace settlement following World War I.


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Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881), British politician and novelist.


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Pierre Laval, premier of the Vichy government from 1942-1944, was executed in 1945 for his collaboration with the Germans during World War II.


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Louis Pasteur, the founder of modern bacteriology, married the daughter of the rector of the University of Strasbourg in 1849.


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Pu Yi became the last Manchu emperor of China at the age of three.


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Edward VII was Prince of Wales for 60 years during the long reign of his mother, Queen Victoria.


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In the days following the end of World War I (1914-1918) there were unprecedented scenes of public jubilation.


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W.G. Grace scored 152 runs in his first test match against Australia in 1880.


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The Houses of Parliament in London occupy buildings sometimes known as the New Palace of Westminster.


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British troops return from Crete during World War II, 1941.


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On 30 September 1938, Chamberlain (UK) and Daladier (France) signed an agreement with Hitler (Germany) and Mussolini (Italy) that effectively gave the German-speaking Sudetenland part of Czechoslovakia to Germany.


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Marie Curie's daughter Irene shared her mother's work at the Radium Institute in Paris after studying at the Sorbonne.


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Many suffragettes resorted to hunger strikes in their campaign for equal voting rights.


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In the 1880's, large numbers of Jewish immigrants from Russia arrived in the United States.


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Before the 18th century, all weaving was done by hand.


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A pneumatic tube mailing system in London, 1863.


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Dame Agatha Christie remains the best-selling English novelist to date.


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Gold was one of the main products of Australia's mining industry from the last decades of the 1800's until the mid-1900's.


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Except for a brief interval in 1835, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, held a seat in the Commons from 1807 until his death in 1865.


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Before becoming an influential motion-picture director, Orson Welles was a successful stage actor and director.


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Salvador Dali is known for the enigmatic, eccentric nature of both his paintings and his statements about himself.


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In 1881, experimental work began on a pilot cross-Channel tunnel.


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Stanley Baldwin was prime minister of Great Britain during the General Strike of 1926, the Ethiopian crisis of 1935, and the crisis surrounding Edward VIII's abdication in 1936.


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As well as being a successful labour leader, James Keir Hardie had other political concerns.


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This match from the 1910's was between Aston Villa and Blackburn Rovers.


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Cities such as Sheffield grew rapidly during the 1700's and 1800's as people moved from rural areas to work in new industries.


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The Britannia Bridge was built across the Menai Strait in North Wales.


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The town of Crewe in Cheshire has long been associated with the railway industry.


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Poor economic conditions and the refusal of King Louis Philippe to reform France's election laws were among the causes of the Revolution of 1848.


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Post Office reform resulted from recommendations in a pamphlet written by Rowland Hill in 1837.


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Firefighting inventions of the 1800's included items such as a movable fire escape.


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Sovereign weighing machines at the Bank of England in 1845 enabled the Bank's staff to calculate the value of a number of sovereigns without having to count the individual coins.


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London's Stock Exchange was formed in 1733 by a group of brokers who used to meet in Jonathan's Coffee House.


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After the invention of a paper-making machine in 1798, manufacturers could make paper in continuous rolls.


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The Great Eastern, launched in 1858, was the largest ship to have been built at that time.


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Improved methods of insulating cable for use underwater, developed in the 1850's, encouraged attempts to lay a communications cable across the Atlantic.


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The people of France recognized de Gaulle's leadership during World War II, although he was exiled from France.


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Herbert Hoover's term as President of the United States coincided with the start of the Great Depression.


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Cecil Rhodes made his fortune in the diamond industry.


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Henley Royal Regatta is held each summer at Henley-on-Thames, England.


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The world's fair held in Philadelphia in 1876 celebrated the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in the United States hundred years earlier.


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Hermann Goering, left, and Rudolf Hess, centre, were two of the senior members of the Nazi Party who were tried at Nuremberg in 1945 for crimes carried out during World War II.


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Jack Hobbs, one of the greatest English batsmen, was the first professional cricketer to be knighted.


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Chain cable is here being tested at an English factory in the 1880's.


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A fox hunt starts with a meet, where all the participants gather together.


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The steam horse was launched in Lincolnshire, England, in the mid 1800's.


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As a British army officer, Robert Baden-Powell was proclaimed a national hero for his defence of Mafeking.


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Plants of the high mountains are similar to those of the northern tundra.


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Coniferous (needleleaf) forests extend as a broad belt across the Northern Hemisphere and along northern Pacific coastal regions, and are to be found on mountainsides.


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Mature tropical forests cover about 7 per cent of the earth's surface and contain about 155,000 of the more than 350,000 known species of plants.


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Broadleaf trees are the main plants of the deciduous forest.


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Thick growths of shrubs and small trees flourish in the hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters.


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Grass-covered plains account for over 25 per cent of the earth's natural vegetation.


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Cactus deserts are native only to the southwestern United States, Central America, and South America.


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General Robert E. Lee commanded the Confederate Army in the American Civil War.


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Gas masks were worn by soldiers on the Western front for protection against poisonous fumes.


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Boris Yeltsin, the president of the former Russian republic, continued to serve as president of Russia following the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991.


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Frederic Remington was an American artist noted for his vivid and dramatic scenes of cowboys and Indians in the Far West.


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The art treasures of India rank among the greatest in the world.


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A street market in Bangalore offers fruit and vegetables to shoppers.


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Public education in India provides free schooling for children from age 6 to 14.


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A Hindu religious festival called Holi celebrates the arrival of the spring season.


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New Delhi, the capital of India, is a carefully planned city.


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Workers harvest sugar cane on a government-operated farm.


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Hurricane winds swirl about the eye, a calm area in the center of the storm.


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A polder is an area that was once covered by water.


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Diana, Princess of Wales was known throughout the world for her grace and charm.


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The giant panda commonly weighs from 200 to 300 pounds (90 to 140 kilograms).


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Ruins of Persepolis, ancient Persia's greatest city, lie in southwestern Iran.


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The Augsburg Confession summarized the religious teachings of Martin Luther.


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Colombo is the capital of Sri Lanka and the country's largest city.


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Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902), organizer of the first women's rights convention


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The air war against Germany was aimed at destroying its ability to keep on fighting.


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Covered wagons carried thousands of pioneers westward across the United States.


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The University of Paris became known throughout Europe in the Middle Ages for its faculty of famous scholars and teachers.


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This meteorite, made of iron and nickel, was discovered in a meteor crater at Canyon Diablo in Arizona.


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King Thutmose III led military campaigns into southwestern Asia almost yearly for 20 years and brought Palestine and Syria into the Egyptian empire.


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These English country cottages have gardens in full bloom.


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A Folsom point is a long, thin prehistoric spearhead.


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A mould preserved the three-dimensional form of a trilobite after its body decayed.


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The Federal style dominated American furniture from about 1790 to 1810.


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People in urban areas of Algeria wear both traditional and modern clothing.


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The Bay Psalm Book was the first book printed in the English colonies of America.


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The magnificent Shwe Dagon pagoda is the most famous of Burma's thousands of Buddhist temples.


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Mansion stages were popular in medieval Europe.


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Huge stone statues on Easter Island were carved hundreds of years ago.


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A megalithic monument near Carnac, France, consists of single upright stones called menhirs arranged in rows called alignments.


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The Plaza de Armas in Lima, Peru, marks the historic center of the city.


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The treasury at Petra was carved into the cliffs of this trading centre in Jordan during the A.D. 100's.


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Amman is the capital and largest city in Jordan.


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The Ganges River in India is sacred to Hindus.


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Human sacrifice played a major role in Aztec religion.


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The cotton gin is a machine for removing the seeds from cotton fibers.


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Hereford cattle are one of the chief breeds of beef cattle in the United States.


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Calhoun was vice president of the United States from 1825 to 1832 and he ran for president several times but never won.


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Alexander Calder became famous for his delicate and playful metal sculpture.


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The village of Ordino, near Andorra la Vella, the capital of Andorra, nestles among the rocky peaks of the Pyrenees mountains.


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Lemurs are the best-known wild animals of Madagascar.


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Farmers in Malaysia grow rice on small farms.


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Joan of Arc, a national heroine of France, believed that God had chosen her to free her country from English rule.


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Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603.


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Gold rush prospectors used crude wooden implements and water to separate gold from gravel and rock.


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John Hancock was an American revolutionary leader.


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A mockingbird typically has a long slender body.


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The cuscus is a mammal of Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands.


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Zagreb is Croatia's capital and largest city.


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Thai classical dancers act out traditional stories with religious themes.


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Switzerland's watchmaking industry is world famous.


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Walt Whitman was one of the greatest poets in American literature.


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George Washington, 1st President of the United States, 1789-1797.


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The Welsh countryside in northwestern Wales includes rugged mountains, green valleys, and picturesque lakes.


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Richard Wagner was one of the greatest composers of opera.


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Van Gogh painted this self-portrait in 1888.


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Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States, 1901-1909.


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Santa Anna, a Mexican general, ruled Mexico as president 11 times during the 1800's but was overthrown each time.


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Pablo Picasso became a leading artist of the 1900's.


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Illustration from The Tale of Genji by an unknown Japanese artist, 1100's.


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Paul Revere was a noted American craftsman who won fame for his patriotic activities at the time of the Revolutionary War.


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Pocahontas was the daughter of an American Indian chief.


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Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States, 1953-1961.


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James Wolfe was a British general who led his troops to victory at the Battle of Quebec in 1759.


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A guinea pig has a large head, small ears, and short legs.


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Armenian shoppers examine produce at a local market.


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Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada, 1968-1979 and 1980-1984.


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Sir Winston Churchill, Prime minister of Great Britain, 1940-1945 and 1951-1955.


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Fishermen in the Maldives catch mainly tuna and bonito.


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Downtown Los Angeles is laced with high-speed freeways.


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Traditional Japanese houses blend with the natural beauty surrounding them.


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Cricket is one of England's most popular sports.


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Luanda is the capital and largest city of Angola.


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The waves of Lake Superior crash onto Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore on the north coast of Michigan's Upper Peninsula in Alger County.


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Pygmy dancers perform in a small clearing carved out of the dense jungle.


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A Mauritanian farmer examines plants in his grain sorghum field.


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Farmers stack hay, which will be used as feed for cattle.


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A Nicaraguan worker packs bananas for export.


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Huge Perce Rock off the coast of the Gaspe Peninsula.


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The Sankore Mosque in Timbuktu, Mali, became an important Islamic house of worship in the Mali Empire.


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The Breakers is the beautiful and famous ocean-side estate of American businessman Cornelius Vanderbilt in Newport.


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The Meseta is a high plateau that covers most of Spain.


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Sand painting is a part of many Navajo ceremonies, especially healing rites.


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The site of Troy has the remains of nine successive cities.


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Antonin Scalia was the first American of Italian descent to serve as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.


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Survivors of a Nazi death camp--some too weak to stand--provided proof of Nazi savagery.


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In the Soviet Union, winter weather and the determination of the army and the people slowed the German advance.


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Germany's blitzkrieg (lightning war) overran Poland at the outbreak of World War II.


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Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led the 1979 revolution that overthrew Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.


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A Maya ballplayer wore thigh guards and a thick protective belt to compete in a sacred ball game.


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A Rembrandt etching shows Jesus before Pontius Pilate.


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Marie Antoinette was a teen-ager when she became queen of France in 1774.


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Most small U.S. towns get water by drilling wells and pumping


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Most exploratory offshore wells are drilled from jack-up


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The pancreas produces digestive juice, which flows through the pancreatic duct into the small intestine.


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Saliva is produced chiefly by three pairs of glands: the parotid;


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The spleen is a spongy organ that filters foreign substances and damaged cells from the blood.


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Tears are produced by the lacrimal glands, one of


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The crown, or visible part of a molar tooth,


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Tendons connect bones and muscles, thus allowing the muscles to move the bones.


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Nuts grow nearly everywhere in the world.


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Squash is a nutritious vegetable that grows on bushes and vines.


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The langur is a leaf-eating monkey that lives in India and Southeast Asia.


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The lemon is a popular citrus fruit that is grown mainly for


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Wood lilies have bright, orange-red petals with purple spots.


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Limes are green citrus fruits that grow in clusters.


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Loganberries consist of clusters of tiny fruits called drupelets.


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Loquats are small egg-shaped fruits with a slightly tart flavour.


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The Egyptian lotus, often called a water lily, grows on the surface of rivers and streams.


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Lovebirds are small colourful parrots that live wild in tropical Africa.


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Mallards are wild ducks found in much of the Northern


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A male lumpfish has a reddish underside.


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The mantis has armlike forelegs with sharp hooks that it uses


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The African marigold, shown, is cultivated in many


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The moa is an extinct bird that looked somewhat like an ostrich.


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The moonflower is an attractive climbing vine.


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The mourning dove has greyish-brown feathers.


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The cantaloupe is a popular variety of muskmelon.


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The talking mynah is a better mimic of human speech even than


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The poet's narcissus has a single, wide-open blossom on


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The nasturtium is a North American garden plant.


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The nectarine is a fruit that resembles a peach, except that


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The nighthawk often flies in urban areas during the evening,


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Nutmeg is a tropical tree that bears small fruits.


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Okra is a tall plant grown for its sticky green pods, which are


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The oleander is an ornamental flowering shrub.


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The onion is a vegetable with a bulb that can be eaten raw


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The opium poppy is a plant used to produce opium, a drug that is


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Oranges are popular citrus fruits that contain delicious


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The osprey is a brown-and-white bird of prey.


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The oystercatcher uses its sharp bill to open molluscs.


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Papaya is a tropical fruit that grows on a palmlike tree.


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The grey partridge is a popular game bird in the open farmlands and prairies of Canada and the United States.


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Pea plants are grown chiefly for their seeds, which are also called peas.


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The peach is a tasty fruit that has a hard, pitted stone.


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Pears vary in shape, but they are generally round at the bottom and narrow near the stem.


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The tree peony has large flowers that grow on tall stalks.


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Persimmons are pulpy, edible fruits that grow on persimmon trees.


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The piranha has razor-sharp teeth that it uses to attack its prey.


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Shirley poppies grow from seed in flower gardens.


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Pterosaurs were prehistoric flying reptiles.


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Pumpkins have a hard outer shell and coarse, stringy pulp.


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Radishes are plants with crisp, sharp-tasting roots.


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Raspberries are tasty fruits that grow on thorny bushes.


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The raven has black feathers with a purple lustre.


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The rhea, a bird that cannot fly, resembles a small ostrich.


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The rhubarb plant has juicy, reddish stalks with a tangy flavour.


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The rice plant grows from 80 to 180 centimetres tall and has several stems.


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The safflower has large blossoms and thistlelike leaves and stems.


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The spotted sandpiper is a well-known species that lives on seashores throughout the United States and southern Canada.


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The shallot looks and tastes like an onion.


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Spiderlings hatch from eggs inside the egg sac.


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The spring-beauty is a North American wild flower.


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The common stingray can inflict a serious wound with the strong,


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The black stork has glossy black feathers and a white breast.


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Strawberry plants produce heart-shaped red fruit and tiny white


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Sugar beets consist of a creamy-white storage root with a crown of large, dark-green leaves.


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Sweet potatoes are vegetables that grow underground.


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The tangerine is a popular citrus fruit.


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The tarantula has a hairy body and looks fierce, but its bite


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Tomatoes are smooth, round, juicy fruits that grow in almost


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The tuberose is named for its tube-shaped rootstock, from which


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A tragopan has colourful, handsome markings.


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The flat-bodied turbot of Europe's North Atlantic coastal


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Common varieties of turkeys include the Bronze, shown at the top; the Bourbon Red, middle; and the wild turkey, bottom.


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Turnips are grown for their edible leaves and roots.


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The turtle dove is a slender bird known for its soft cooing


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The Chinese water chestnut is a grasslike plant that is cultivated in flooded fields.


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Watermelons are popular fruits that have sweet, juicy flesh.


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The yam is a major crop in many tropical countries.


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The pineapple plant has sword-shaped leaves.


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The shore lark of Europe and Asia is known as the horned lark


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The pintail is named for the long, pointed middle feathers


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Sugar cane grows in the form of stalks, left, which


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The lammergeier, a large vulture with distinctive light and dark colouring, has a "beard" of black feathers under its bill.


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The lapwing has a crest that ends in a pointed peak.


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The mate plant is the source of a South American tea.


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The gaillardia has a disc of dark tubular flowers in the centre,


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The gall bladder is a pouch that stores bile, a digestive juice


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The galleon helped establish English naval power.


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A Roman galley moved both by oars and by sail.


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The gardenia has a beautiful white flower with smooth, waxy petals.


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Radiation that enters a Geiger counter tube hits the gas atoms


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The rose geranium has clusters of fragrant scarlet blossoms.


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American ginseng has tiny flowers and berries.


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A valley glacier moves downslope from a cirque,


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As a glacier melts, it leaves behind humps of hard bedrock,


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Glasses have single-focus, bifocal, or trifocal lenses.


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The gloxinia is a popular tropical American plant.


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The nightjar has grey, brown, and white colouring that serves as effective camouflage.


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Wild geese live chiefly in Asia, Europe, and North America.


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Domestic geese are reared on farms, particularly in Europe


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Gourds bear attractive fruits of many colours and shapes.


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The common grackle lives in the eastern United States.


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The parts of a Bermuda grass plant include two types of creeping stems, stolons and rhizomes.


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The male rose-breasted grosbeak has a rose-red patch on its


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The red grouper lives along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.


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The spruce grouse has dull-coloured feathers and somewhat


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Guavas develop from small, white flowers on certain shrubs and


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The black guillemot lives on North Atlantic coasts.


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The guillotine was first proposed as a device for beheading


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The guineafowl has dark, spotted feathers and a bony ridge


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Gulls of North America include, from top to bottom, the ring-billed gull; the herring gull; and the great black-backed


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Most guided missiles are powered by a rocket engine.


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The bony frame of the head is called the skull.


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The heliotrope produces beautiful, fragrant flowers.


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Hellgrammite is the large black larva of an insect called the


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The strange-looking hoatzin lives in South America.


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The Holy Roman Empire in 1250 extended from the North Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.


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The hip joint is a ball-and-socket arrangement that permits a wide range of movement in all directions.


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The honeyeater gets its name from its habit of eating nectar


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Hops produce male and female flowers on different plants.


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The root of the horseradish has a sharp taste.


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The horseshoe crab has a shell that resembles a horse's hoof.


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Most hybrid maize results from single-crossing.


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The hyacinth is a spring flower that grows from a bulb.


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The hydrangea is an attractive shrub that produces small flowers


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A female ichneumon wasp has an egg-laying organ made up of


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The green iguana has a crest of scales down the middle of its


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Indochina is an area in South-east Asia that consists of three nations--Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.


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The intestines make up a major part of the digestive system.


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The South American jabiru has a huge black bill.


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The jack-in-the-pulpit is an American wild flower.


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The jerboa looks like a tiny kangaroo, but it is really a


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The Jerusalem artichoke is related to the sunflower.


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The Warsaw grouper, also called the black jewfish,


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The jicama plant is grown for its edible, nutritious


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The jonquil has bright yellow flowers and sword-shaped leaves.


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The jugular veins--two on each side of the head and neck--return blood to the heart.


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Jumping beans are actually the seeds of a Mexican shrub.


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A jumping mouse is a rodent that usually moves by hopping.


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The dark-eyed junco is a small bird that lives throughout much of North America.


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The kea of New Zealand has a powerful, hooked bill.


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The king mackerel has a sharp, V-shaped tail fin and a bluish


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The golden-crowned kinglet is one of two species of kinglets


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The snail kite is a hawk that has broad wings and a long,


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The kiwi is a New Zealand bird that cannot fly.


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The black-legged kittiwake is a gull that lives in the Arctic.


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The kohlrabi plant has an edible, bulb-shaped stem.


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The kookaburra, or laughing jackass, has a large head; a long, heavy bill; and brown, black, or white feathers.


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Kumquats are citrus fruits that resemble oranges.


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A marlin is a large game fish related to the swordfish


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The American merganser has a straight narrow bill that is hooked at the tip and notched at the edges.


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The marsh mallow grows in meadows and marshy areas.


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The common murre is a sea bird that nests in colonies on the rocky coasts of the North Atlantic and North Pacific.


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Plankton consists of small marine organisms that drift with the ocean currents.


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Nekton is made up of fish and other animals that have the


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Benthos consists of marine organisms that live on the ocean


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A sport parachute brings a skydiver down very slowly.


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The peach moth damages peaches and other fruits.


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The phalarope is a small swimming and wading bird.


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A single-lens reflex camera, or SLR camera, lets


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An enlarger, the basic instrument used in projection printing,


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Pistachio nuts grow in clusters on pistachio trees.


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This illustration shows some of the chief kinds of plains.


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Poison ivy has leaves that consist of three leaflets.


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The jolthead porgy lives in Atlantic coastal waters.


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Potatoes are one of the most important and nutritious foods.


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A potato plant has leafy stems and pink, purple, or white


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A cross section of a potato shows several layers of material.


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The Colorado beetle deposits its eggs on potato plants in


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The redpoll, a member of the finch family, has a reddish crown.


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Flower heads of the giant protea grow up to 20 centimetres wide.


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The ribs are connected to the backbone, from which they curve downward and forward to form a protective cage around the heart and lungs.


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Cabbage is a vegetable with leaves that grow close together


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The calla has a large white, yellow, or pink leaf often


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Canaries are popular pets because of their lively song.


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The crested caracara is a large meat-eating bird.


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A caravel with a two-deck structure at its stern.


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Carnations are tall, hardy flowers with a spicy fragrance.


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Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by pressure on the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel, a canal formed by bones and ligaments in the wrist.


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The carrot is a popular, nutritious vegetable grown throughout


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Casabas ripen in autumn and have a juicy flesh.


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Cashews grow in bean-shaped shells attached to fruitlike cashew


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The cassowary is a large bird that lives in the forests of


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Castor-oil plants bear spiny fruits that contain the


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Catfish usually have two to four pairs of whiskers.


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Catmint received its name because cats like to roll and play


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The cauliflower plant has large leaves that surround the


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The celery plant consists of stalks that grow directly from the centre of the root.


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The fruit of the chayote ranges from ivory-white to dark green,


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Cherimoya fruit grows among the leaves of the cherimoya tree.


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The main types of cherries include sweet cherries,


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The chuckwalla, one of the largest of American lizards, was at


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A cicada emerges as an adult insect after shedding its skin, right.


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The citron is a citrus fruit that resembles a large lemon.


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An American clematis, shown, has violet blossoms


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A weight-driven clock is powered by a weight that is lowered


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A line-powered digital clock is powered by an alternating electric current.


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Varieties of clover differ mainly in appearance and in the


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An Indian cobra may grow to nearly 2 metres in length.


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The collarbone, or clavicle, connects the breastbone with the acromion, a hook-like projection of the shoulder blade.


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Plants of the composite family include the common dandelion, the bull thistle, and the Shasta daisy.


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The leaves of conifers may be scalelike or needlelike.


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A South American coral snake grows about 1.2 metres long.


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Flowers of the coreopsis plant look like daisies and grow on


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Coriander is a herb that grows in the Mediterranean region.


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A mature maize plant consists of the roots, stalk, leaves, ears, and tassel.


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A mature maize seed has three main parts. (1) The embryo develops into a new plant. (2) The endosperm stores starch and other food energy. (3) The seed coat protects the seed.


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Brown-headed cowbirds range from Canada to Mexico.


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Cranberries grow on evergreen vines in cool regions


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The crossbill uses the crossed ends of its bill to get seeds


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The black-billed cuckoo has a long, slightly curved black beak and red circles around its eyes.


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Cucumbers grow on vines that have many coiled growths called tendrils.


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The cumin plant bears clusters of small flowers.


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The long-billed curlew is a wading bird.


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The daffodil is a yellow narcissus that blooms in the early spring.


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The oxeye daisy is a common plant that has a centre of tiny yellow disc flowers, surrounded by white petal-like ray flowers.


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The lemon day lily produces beautiful flowers in loose clusters at the top of a tall, leafless stalk.


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The dodo had wings so tiny it could not fly.


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A dragonfly has four large wings and can fly swiftly.


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An earthquake-resistant building includes such structures as shear walls, a shear core, and cross-bracing.


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The aubergine is a plant that produces large fruit shaped


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The elbow is the joint where the bone of the upper arm--the humerus--and the forearm bones--the radius and the ulna--meet.


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A DC motor's most common source of power is a battery.


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Most AC motors receive power from electrical outlets.


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The emu can run swiftly, but it cannot fly.


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Endive is a leafy vegetable often used in salads.


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The human eyes produce tears by means of the lacrimal glands, one of which lies above each eyeball.


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The black-footed ferret is an endangered species.


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A fiddler crab lives along sandy or muddy seacoasts.


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Figs are the fruit of the fig tree, which generally grows in warm climates.


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The firecracker flower has long, slender leaves and a long


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Forests evolved throughout the various periods of the earth's history.


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The four-o'clock has colourful, fragrant flowers.


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The foxglove produces richly coloured flowers.


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The freesia has lovely, fragrant flowers.


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Fritillaries are lilies with bell-shaped flowers.


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Fuchsia flowers resemble dangling earrings.


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Ages ago, the remains of tiny marine organisms sank to the sea floors and were buried by sediments, left.


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Grapefruit is a large citrus fruit that has a tart flavour


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A solution cave, such as the one shown here, is formed in limestone when water dissolves sections of the rock.


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The four main groups of cheese are: (1) soft; (2) semisoft;


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A column is a vertical support that consists of a shaft


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The human ear extends deep into the skull.


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The outer ear consists of the auricle, the fleshy part of the ear on the side of the head, and the external auditory canal, a passageway that leads to the eardrum.


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The middle ear has three bones--the malleus, incus, and stapes.


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The iris has a round opening called the pupil,


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Gears consist chiefly of an axle and a wheel or disc with slots called teeth.


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The banded gecko lives in the southwestern United States


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Precious or semiprecious stones cut or polished for use in


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Precious or semiprecious stones cut or polished for use in jewellery are called gems.


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Gems are cut in different ways, depending on changing fashions and on the type of gem.


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Ligaments and tendons consist of tough, elastic connective tissue.


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Orchestra seating is designed by the conductor to produce a


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A rye seed spike has long, stiff beards.


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St.-John's-wort has colourful flowers and hardy greenery.


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The red salamander lives in the Eastern United States.


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Spotted salamanders are common in moist woodlands.


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This illustration shows the general appearance of an Elizabethan public theatre.


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The tailorbird uses its long bill as a needle.


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The Caspian tern has a black crest and grey feathers.


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The tobacco plant lives for only one growing season.


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An Asian babbler, the white-crested laughing thrush, is one


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A bed bug moults (sheds its outer layer of skin)


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Beets are grown for their roots and leaves.


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Deadly nightshade flowers, leaves, and berries.


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The American bittern lives in marshlands.


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Black-eyed Susans have dark centres and orange-yellow petals.


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The blackberry plant produces small black fruits that grow near the stalk.


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The blue crab gets its name from its blue legs.


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Blueberries grow in clusters from the flowers on blueberry


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The abdomen is a large body cavity that lies between the thorax (chest) and the pelvic cavity.


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Acerola is the nutritious fruit of a bushy tree that is also


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The development of an acne pimple is illustrated here.


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The helmet flower is an aconite that has purplish flowers.


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An adder commonly known as the European viper, shown,


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The autumn Adonis has bright red flowers.


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The adrenal glands are important hormone-producing organs


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The alfalfa plant has many slender stems, which develop from


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The almond is the seed of the almond tree and a delicious nut.


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An ornamental amaranth called love-lies-bleeding has


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An amaryllis has a long stem and trumpet-shaped flowers.


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The anaconda is the largest snake in the Western Hemisphere.


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The anise plant produces seeds that give food a spicy liquorice


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The ankle joint allows movement of the foot.


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The classes of ants--queens, males, and workers--differ


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There are thousands of kinds of apples, and they differ in colour; flavour; shape; size; and texture.


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The apricot is a golden fruit with a large pit.


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An archerfish hunts insects at the water surface.


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The arm contains three bones--the humerus, the radius, and the ulna.


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The mountain arnica bears heads of golden-yellow flowers from its stem.


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Arthropods form a major division of the animal kingdom.


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The artichoke has prickly leaves and an edible bud.


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The cuckoopint is a type of arum that grows in Europe.


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The New England aster has purple petals.


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Avocados have a yellow-green pulp that surrounds one large seed.


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The American avocet is a wading bird whose long legs and


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The leg contains large, strong bones which support the weight of the body.


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Azalea flowers have five tapering petals that may be pink, red,


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About 80 species of birds have died out since the 1600's.


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The urinary bladder stores urine that drains continuously from


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There are two forms of bone, hard compact bone and


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A fracture heals by forming a mass of new tissue called


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The blue-footed booby is found along the coast of southern


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A bougainvillea is a tropical South American shrub.


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The Brazil nut is the seed of a South American tree.


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Breadfruit has a starchy pulp that some people think feels


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The female breast consists mainly of fatty tissue.


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Brussels sprouts are a garden vegetable.


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The bullfrog is the largest frog in the United States.


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The bushmaster is a large, poisonous viper.


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Creeping buttercups have stems that spread along the ground and


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The foureye butterflyfish has a large, dark eyespot on each side


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Calendulas are common garden flowers in temperate regions around the world.


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The cockscomb is a plant with crested or feathery clusters


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The codling moth is a small brown and bronze-coloured moth.


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The coelacanth lives in the western Indian Ocean.


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The colchicum is a poisonous European plant.


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The cuttlefish has a broad head with two large eyes.


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The tiny dormouse has a pointed nose and a long tail.


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The elecampane plant is a common roadside weed.


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The electric eel can produce an electric discharge.


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An electric switch controls the flow of electric current in a


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These illustrations show four eye disorders.


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The fer-de-lance is a large, poisonous snake that lives in


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Fish of coastal waters and the open ocean


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Fleabane got its name because people once thought the plant


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Flowering tobacco is grown for its sweet-scented flowers.


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The Acadian flycatcher lives in the United States.


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The kidneys remove wastes from the blood, producing urine.


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Most leaves have two main parts: (1) a flat blade and (2) a stemlike petiole.


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The leek, a variety of onion, has a slender white bulb at the


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The lingonberry is related to the cranberry.


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A body louse has crablike legs and hooked claws that it uses to


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The mamba, a close relative of the cobra, is a poisonous snake


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A manzanita plant has bright red berries and attractive,


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Marijuana is an illegal drug that produces psychological


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Mariposa lilies have lovely, tulip-shaped flowers that vary in colour.


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A male narwhal looks like most other whales, but it has a long, spiral tusk growing forward from its upper jaw.


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The nose is outwardly simple but inwardly complex.


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The ovenbird is a common North American warbler.


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The palate, or roof of the mouth, separates the mouth and nasal cavities.


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The queen parrotfish lives in the western Atlantic.


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Pepper is made from berries of the pepper plant.


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The eastern wood-pewee sings throughout the day.


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The pilotfish is a small sea fish that has five or six dark


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The common ragweed usually grows 30 to 91 centimetres high.


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The shoulder consists of two bones, the clavicle and scapula, and various muscles.


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Human skin has three layers of tissue--the epidermis; the dermis; and subcutaneous tissue.


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The nails of the fingers and toes are formed from certain


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Skin colour depends mainly on the amount of brown pigment,


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Soapberry trees and shrubs bear fruit that has a


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The sole has a flat, oval-shaped body with both eyes on one side of the head.


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Toadflax has clusters of yellow, tube-shaped flowers.


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The tongue consists of bundles of muscles that run in several


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Tonsils form a continuous ring around the back of the throat.


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The towhee is a number of small birds which are related to the sparrow.


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The trap-door spider is harmless to human beings.


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The tree frog uses its sticky foot pads to climb trees.


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The garden verbena produces clusters of blossoms on a slender stem.


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The viper is a poisonous snake with two long, movable fangs.


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In human beings, sounds of the voice are made mainly by the vocal cords, small bands of tissue that stretch across the larynx.


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The water moccasin is one of several poisonous snakes in North


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The wheat plant grows up to 1.5 metres high and turns golden-brown when ripe.


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Indian silvereyes live in southern Asia.


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The wild carrot is also known as Queen Anne's lace


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The wrist includes eight small, irregularly-shaped bones located between the ulna and radius--the bones of the forearm--and the metacarpals--the bones of the palm.


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Archery equipment includes accessories that help an archer


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The main parts of an arrow are the point, the shaft, and the


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Notching an arrow, a process called nocking, (left), is the first step in drawing the bowstring.


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During the Middle Ages, metal armour protected soldiers and their horses from enemy blows in combat.


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People used armour as early as the Stone Age, when layers


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Many forms of arthritis can disable the joints.


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A bacterial cell may have up to three protective layers


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The Barbary States in the 1800's, shown in yellow, lay along the Mediterranean coast in North Africa.


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Most lead-acid storage batteries have six cells.


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The shape of a bird's wings relates to the type of flying that the bird does best.


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This drawing shows the main external features of a typical bird, the domestic pigeon.


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A bird's skeleton is both lightweight and strong.


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There are three main kinds of underground mines: (1) shaft mines; (2) slope mines; and (3) drift mines.


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The yellow flower heads of the compass plant look like sunflowers.


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Instruments are grouped in four major classes: (1) stringed instruments; (2) wind instruments; (3) percussion instruments; and (4) keyboard instruments.


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Diverticulitis is a disease of the colon.


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In surface-supplied diving, a diver wears a waterproof suit and a helmet for protection against water pressure.


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The Dust Bowl, an area of the Great Plains, was formed by severe dust storms of the 1930's.


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The two main kinds of elephants, African elephants and Indian elephants, differ in size and body features.


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The Fertile Crescent is an historic region that curves around the Syrian Desert in Asia.


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This drawing of a yellow perch shows the external features most fish have in common.


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The skeletons of most fish consist mainly of: (1) a skull; (2) a backbone; (3) ribs; (4) fin rays; and (5) supports for fin rays or fins.


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Flax is valued for its seeds and its fibres.


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Animal hearts vary in size and complexity.


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Blood consists of a liquid and three kinds of solid particles.


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Icebergs form where chunks of ice break away from a glacier as it flows into the sea.


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The Indus Valley civilization was centred in the river plains of what is now Pakistan and northwestern India.


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The Kalahari Desert stretches across much of Botswana, and parts of Namibia and South Africa.


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Higher organisms have many specialized kinds of cells.


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The liver consists of two main sections--the right lobe and the left lobe--and two small lobes that lie behind the right lobe.


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During the life cycle of a house fly, the egg hatches into a larva, which eats and grows and then forms a pupa.


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The Aztec empire reached the height of its power during the early 1500's, covering much of what is now south-central Mexico.


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This diagram shows the external parts of an optical microscope.


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An antitank mine explodes when run over by a tank or other heavy vehicle.


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The parts of an antitank mine are shown here.


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A morning-glory has dark heart-shaped leaves and colourful flowers shaped like a funnel.


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The human body has three kinds of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.


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The human body has more than 600 major muscles.


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The Voyager 2 astronomical observatory was launched in 1977.


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In directional drilling, an oil well is drilled at an angle rather than straight down.


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The pineal gland is located near the centre of the brain in human beings.


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A pirate carried several kinds of weapons, including a pistol; daggers; an axe; and a short, curved sword called a cutlass.


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The pituitary gland is one of the body's main endocrine (hormone-producing) organs.


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A river may drain water from a huge area.


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All rodents have chisel-like upper and lower front teeth called incisors.


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The main parts of a root system are shown here.


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Prop roots grow from a stem and help brace a plant against the wind.


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This diagram shows how latex is obtained from a rubber tree.


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Shields used by soldiers, noblemen, and warriors varied in size, shape, and design.


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Human beings have four pairs of sinuses.


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The skeleton is a strong, flexible framework that supports the body and protects the internal organs.


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These illustrations show some of the variations in the body shape of snakes.


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Sempervivum is an example of a succulent plant.


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By the time a child is about 4 years old, most of the permanent teeth have formed within the jaws near the roots of the deciduous teeth.


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Malocclusion is the failure of the upper and lower teeth to meet properly when a person bites.


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Braces consist of a system of metal brackets and wires.


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These illustrations show two kinds of periodontal diseases.


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The thymus is in the upper chest, behind the breastbone.


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The yellowlegs is named for its long yellow legs.


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The catclaw acacia grows in the southwestern United States.


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The adenoids, or pharyngeal tonsils, are in the upper part of the pharynx (throat).


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A "cushion" of air under pressure supports a hovercraft.


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These illustrations show four common kinds of anchors: the stock anchor; the stockless anchor; the mushroom anchor; and the grapnel.


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In a coronary angioplasty, a long tube called a catheter is inserted through the groin and guided to a blocked artery in the heart, left.


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The flower and fruit of an angiosperm contain the plant's seeds.


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The seafaring Jutes, Angles, and Saxons who invaded England in the mid-400's became known as Anglo-Saxons.


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Several types of aerials may be used to receive radio or television signals.


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The appendix is a narrow tube that extends from the caecum of the large intestine.


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A home aquarium should have an air pump and one or more filters to keep the water clean.


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Like a natural heart, an air-powered artificial heart has two ventricles (chambers).


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A myoelectric artificial arm responds to muscle contractions in the remaining upper arm or shoulder.


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According to the general theory of relativity, the presence of a massive object changes the shape of space around it.


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An atom consists of three basic types of particles called protons; neutrons; and electrons.


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Atoms vary greatly in weight, but they are all about the same size.


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Attila's empire stretched from the Danube River in the south to the Baltic Sea in the north, and from the Rhine River in the west to the Caspian Sea in the east.


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Austria-Hungary, established in 1867, consisted of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary.


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The drive train carries power from the engine to the wheels.


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The steering system guides the front wheels.


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The brake system slows or stops the car.


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After a hot-air balloon is inflated, the pilot feeds fuel to the burner and lifts off.


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This diagram shows an internal view of a typical female beetle.


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The bills of birds vary according to what they eat and their feeding methods.


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Block and tackle is a machine used to perform such tasks as lifting weights and moving heavy machinery.


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A strategic bomber like this B-1B can strike distant targets with bombs or missiles.


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Bricks are usually laid horizontally in layers known as courses.


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The building construction of a skyscraper is shown here.


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Buoys help ships steer safely through harbours, rivers, and other


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A butterfly's body has three main parts: (1) the head; (2) the thorax; and (3) the abdomen.


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To move upstream, a vessel enters a lock in which the water level has been lowered to that of the water just downstream.


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Carthage was an ancient city in North Africa.


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Most kinds of domestic ducks developed from wild mallards.


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The propulsion system of an electric train includes the traction motor


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An electric train receives power from a catenary (overhead wire) or from an electrified third rail.


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The diagram on the left shows the parts of a human hair.


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Most roots anchor a plant and absorb water and minerals.


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Most stems support the plant's flowers and leaves.


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Flowers contain the reproductive parts of flowering plants.


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Nearly all the methods of transporting goods or people during prehistoric times depended on the muscles of either human beings or animals.


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Wheeled vehicles and sailing vessels were invented during the 3000's B.C. They became the most widely used means of transportation during ancient times.


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Beginning in the 1400's, Europeans built ships capable of making long ocean voyages.


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Peptic ulcers are open sores in the digestive system.


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A Viking warrior fought with a sword that had a broad two-edged blade made of iron or steel.


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The bigmouth buffalo is a large food fish.


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The body of a caterpillar is made up of 14 segments.


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A person's circulatory system consists chiefly of a pump--the heart--and a network of blood vessels.


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The compound eye of a fruit fly is made up of structures called ommatidia, left.


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The organs with which the cricket "sings.


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The diaphragm is a large, dome-shaped muscle that plays a major role in respiration.


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A bald eagle, its powerful wings spread wide, returns to its eyrie (nest) with food for its hungry young.


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The harpy eagle lives in Central and South American rain forests and feeds on monkeys, sloths, and other animals.


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Steller's sea eagle is one of the largest and most powerful eagles.


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The eel is a long, thin fish that resembles a snake.


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The elephant's-ear plant gets its name from the leaves,


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The foot has three sets of bones--the tarsals, or anklebones; metatarsals, or instep bones; and phalanges, or toe bones.


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A frog's internal anatomy resembles that of higher animals in


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The human body has two kinds of glands--endocrine and exocrine.


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Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery.


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The knee is the joint at which the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg.


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How the Skeleton is Adapted for Movement


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A moth's body has three main parts: (1) head; (2) thorax; and (3) abdomen.


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The human nervous system has three main parts: (1) the central nervous system; (2) the peripheral nervous system; and (3) the autonomic nervous system, which consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.


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A hydraulic lift is lifted and lowered by a ram (piston).


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A gearless traction lift has steel cables called hoisting ropes that fit around a sheave.


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Surface mining includes dredging and furrow mining.


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The alewife lives in the Great Lakes and along the Atlantic Coast of North America.


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The greater amberjack is the largest species of this fast-swimming game fish.


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The argonaut is an eight-armed animal that lives in warm sea waters.


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The Pacific bonito lives in the Pacific Ocean.


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The yellow bullhead, like other bullheads, has several long hornlike growths near its mouth.


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The cane toad has spread rapidly through Australia.


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The creek chub may grow to a length of 30 centimetres.


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The citrange looks and tastes like an orange.


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The Pacific cod lives in the waters of the northern Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea.


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The Johnny darter is a small fish of the perch family.


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The doctorfish lives in tropical regions of the Atlantic Ocean.


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The spiny dogfish is a member of the shark family.


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The European bark beetle is one of the two kinds of beetles that spread Dutch elm fungus disease from tree to tree.


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The flyingfish uses its tail to propel itself from the water into the air, where the fish's large fins aid in flight.


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The forget-me-not grows clusters of light-blue flowers.


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The longnose gar has long and slender jaws.


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The grayling has a slender body with colourful fins.


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The grunion is a small, silvery fish that lives along the coast of southern California and northwestern Mexico.


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A gymnosperm is a plant that has exposed seeds.


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The gypsy moth is a destructive forest pest.


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A hake has two fins on its back and a long fin on its underside.


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The halibut is an important food fish that lives in northern waters.


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Pacific herring inhabit the ocean's northern waters.


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The lanternfish has organs along the sides of its head and body that enable the fish to create its own light.


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The leafhopper destroys plants by sucking out juices.


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The locust, a type of grasshopper, has a large head; short antennae; and long legs.


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The South American lungfish has an eel-shaped body with threadlike fins.


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The mackerel has blue-green skin and a forked tail.


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The milk snake is valuable to farmers because it eats the mice that live in and around farm buildings.


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Minnows make up the largest family of freshwater fishes.


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The muskellunge is a large North American pike.


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The paca is a large rodent that lives in forests.


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The American paddlefish has an oarlike snout.


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A paramecium is a tiny one-celled organism.


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The pink bollworm in the caterpillar stage may seriously damage the blossoms and bolls of the cotton plant.


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The puffer becomes twice its normal size and floats on the surface of the water when it inflates its stomach.


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The roach is a small, slow-swimming fish that lives in European lowland rivers and lakes.


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The sable is a rare animal that is native to Siberia.


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A European sardine, or pilchard, grows from 23 to 30 centimetres in length.


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The scorpion has a poisonous sting in its tail.


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A shrew is a small animal that resembles a sharp-nosed mouse.


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The spot is named for the spot on its shoulder.


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The squid has 10 arms, which are covered with sucking discs used to catch prey.


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The stonefly usually lives near brooks or streams.


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The sturgeon has rows of bony plates protecting its head and most of its body.


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Some members of the thrush family are the European blackbird, left; the wood thrush, centre; and the veery, right.


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The tilefish lives along the northeastern coast of North America.


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The triggerfish lives in warm coastal waters.


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The yellowfin tuna provides light meat for canning.


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The turmeric plant is native to southern Asia.


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The yellow-throated vireo builds its nest high in the treetops of forests.


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The wahoo is an excellent game and food fish that lives in the warm waters of all oceans.


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The common stick insect resembles a twig.


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Weevils are insect pests that damage crops.


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The wintergreen has white blossoms and red berries.


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The California sheepshead is a Pacific wrasse.


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A single plant produces several courgettes.


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Curling is played in a rectangular area on a level sheet of ice.


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Drainage systems remove excess water from the soil.


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A flood occurs when a river rises above its normal level and overflows


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Protective equipment helps prevent injuries.


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Every forest has various strata (layers) of plants.


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The Gulf Stream originates in the western Caribbean Sea.


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A hookworm usually enters the body through the skin.


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Horseshoe pitching is played on a rectangular court that has a stake set in a pitching box at each end.


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The International Date Line runs down the middle of the Pacific Ocean.


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The kouprey is a rare animal found in southeast Asia.


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Kush, shown in yellow, occupied an area along the Nile River in what is now Sudan.


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Some functions of the circulatory system


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The right lung consists of three lobes, and the left lung, two.


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The millipede is a wormlike, many-legged animal.


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The Mormon cricket is very destructive to crops.


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A mullet has a stout, silvery-blue body.


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The dark green leaves of the mustard plant make an excellent summer vegetable that is high in vitamin content.


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The National road, otherwise known as the Great National Pike was the main route taken by settlers travelling into the West.


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After lining the well hole with pipes called casing, the crew lowers an instrument called a perforator into the well.


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Equipment for developing and printing includes the items shown here.


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The chain pickerel is a popular fresh-water game fish.


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A roughy is a name of a group of fish that live in the temperate oceans, which range in size from 8 to 51 centimetres long.


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A tufted floor covering consists of pile yarns called tufts, which are forced through a backing by needles.


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Knots for most Oriental rugs are made in one of two ways.


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The sawfish, a type of ray, has a sharklike body and a long snout.


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Few seagoing sailing ships are used today.


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The common black snakeroot produces a medicinal drug.


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The speckled alder has stalkless flowers called catkins.


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Balsa is so light that a youngster can easily carry large planks of it.


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The bayberry shrub grows in coastal areas of eastern North America.


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The Great Basin bristlecone pine ranks among the oldest living things.


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The camphor tree is the source of camphor.


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The cascara sagrada has oval leaves and black, berrylike fruit.


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The main kinds of cedars, cupressineous and true cedars, differ in structure.


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The American chestnut has toothed, glossy green leaves.


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The cork oak tree provides most of the world's supply of cork.


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The crab apple tree has large white to deep pink flowers.


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The cycad plant bears its seeds in cones.


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An elder is a tree or shrub of the honeysuckle family.


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The American elm has grey bark and oval leaves with saw-toothed


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The California red fir grows in the mountains of California and


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The fringe tree is named for its delicate threadlike or fringe like white flower petals that bloom in the early spring.


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The hazel tree produces light-brown nuts that are good to eat.


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The pignut hickory is one of the most common hickory trees.


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The jacaranda is a beautiful flowering tree that grows in tropical and subtropical climates.


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The litchi is an evergreen tree that grows in warm climates.


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The black locust is a popular shade tree.


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The big-leaf magnolia has large flowers and leaves.


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The mangosteen is a tree from southeast Asia that produces


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The pawpaw tree is native to North America.


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The peppertree gets its name from its strong-smelling red


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The balsam poplar grows in Canada and the Northern United


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The tamarind has compound leaves and small flowers.


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The teak tree grows in forests of southeastern Asia.


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The tung tree is the source of tung oil.


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Witch hazel has clusters of feathery, golden flowers.


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41st President of the United States 1989-1993


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The Southwestern Plain covers almost the entire western coast of South Korea.


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News photography was born during the mid-1800's with the work of Mathew Brady of the United States and other photographers.


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Seoul's South Gate dates from the city's founding in the late 1300's.


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A statue of Shakespeare stands in Stratford's Holy Trinity Church, where the playwright is buried.


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Sunspots appear as irregularly-shaped dark patches on the surface of the sun.


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Tea pluckers near Kandy, Sri Lanka, pick leaves from mature tea plants.


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Hans Christian Andersen enjoyed reading his fairy tales to children.


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Alexander Graham Bell called Chicago from New York City in 1892 to demonstrate the use of the telephone to businessmen.


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Queen Elizabeth II serves as the monarch of the United Kingdom and as the head of the Commonwealth of Nations.


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Geronimo led Indian attacks on troops and settlers in the southwestern United States and Mexico during the 1870's and 1880's.


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The layers of dense clouds around Jupiter appear in a photograph of the planet taken by the Voyager 1


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A photograph by Dorothea Lange, taken in 1936, captures the despair of a migrant family during the Great Depression.


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A South Asian farmer gets advice from a government farm expert.


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Scenic limestone hills near the city of Guilin in southern China are among the most unusual features of China's vast countryside.


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World-famous Havana cigars rank among Cuba's leading exports.


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Hot, rainy Indonesia has an ideal climate for growing rubber trees.


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The Olympic Stadium features the world's first retractable stadium dome.


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Samuel F. B. Morse first won recognition as a painter.


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The icy crust of Triton, Neptune's largest satellite, has ridges and valleys that were revealed in photographs taken by the U.S. space probe Voyager 2.


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A residential area in Caracas, Venezuela's capital and largest city, has many high-rise apartment buildings.


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The Llanos consists of gently sloping plains that stretch across central Venezuela.


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The garter snake is a graceful, harmless snake of North America and Central America.


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The Labrador Current flows along the eastern shore of Labrador and the island of Newfoundland.


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The liquorice plant has blue flowers and glossy leaves.


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Different kinds of needles are made for special purposes.


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The nervous system enables us to adjust to changes in our surroundings.


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The system shown in this diagram uses a pressurized water reactor, which heats water under high pressure.


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Ocean currents result from two forces: (1) the action of the wind on surface waters; and (2) the differences in temperature and salt content of surface and deeper waters.


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The Papal States before 1870 were large and important tracts of land in the heart of Italy.


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Pens are used for writing and drawing with ink.


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Aperture size is measured in f-stops, which range above


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A cross section of the Great Pyramid shows the Grand Gallery; the King's Chamber; the Queen's Chamber; and various passages.


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Particles Given Off By Radioactive Atoms


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This map shows the increase in territory that took place in Russia between 1462 and 1914.


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The San Andreas Fault is a fracture in the earth's crust that extends through much of California.


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Vascular sap moves through a tree in specialized tissues called xylem and phloem.


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A screw is an inclined plane that spirals around a pole.


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The soybean plant stands 61 to 122 centimetres high.


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This illustration shows the basic parts of an attack submarine.


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This illustration shows the basic parts of a ballistic missile


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The white sucker has thick lips on the underside of its snout.


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A newly-hatched tadpole resembles a small fish.


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A terrarium can be made by placing pebbles, charcoal, and a soil mixture in a transparent container.


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The toadfish lives at the bottom of the ocean.


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A typical transformer consists of two coils of wire wound around the sides of a core of thin iron sheets.


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The type of trap a trapper uses depends on the kind of animal being trapped,


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A triode vacuum tube creates and controls a flow of electrons in a vacuum.


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A videodisc player converts the pictures and sounds recorded on a disc into TV signals.


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The wireworm causes great damage to farm crops.


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The sound track is photographed on film by a beam of light, shown by the dashed line.


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The projector mechanism projects the film image on a screen


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The drawing at the left shows the chief parts of a mushroom.


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Mushrooms reproduce by releasing spores.


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Pirate flags commonly featured a skull and crossbones.


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The freshwater angelfish of South America's Amazon River is popular in many home aquariums.


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The space probe Voyager 2 was launched on August 20, 1977.


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The Soviet Vostok capsule, left, stood about 4.9 metres high.


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An X-ray telescope aboard Rosat, a satellite launched in 1990,


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The cocoon of a Cecropia moth is attached to a tree twig.


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The larynx has a framework of cartilage.


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Ocotillo looks like a bunch of dry sticks thrust into the sand in dry periods.


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The salsify root acquires an oyster flavour after a heavy frost, and so the vegetable is often called oyster plant.


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The sesame plant bears capsules that contain seeds.


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The common greenbrier is a type of smilax.


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The upland sandpiper is usually found on wet prairies or meadows, and is the only member of the sandpiper group not to live near the ocean.


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Whiteflies are especially common in tropical regions.


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The first seven U.S. astronauts, selected for the Mercury programme, were, left to right, Donald K. Slayton; Walter M. Schirra, Jr.; L. Gordon Cooper, Jr.; H. Scott Carpenter; Virgil I. Grissom; John H. Glenn, Jr.; and Alan B. Shepard, Jr.


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After splashdown, three balloons righted the Apollo 11


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The first people on the moon were U.S. astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, who took this picture, and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., seen here next to a seismograph.


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Spanish missionaries first established themselves among the Native Americans in the area known as the Spanish Borderlands.


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Helmut Jahn's State of Illinois Centre in the city centre of Chicago was completed in 1985.


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Mars's surface features, including light areas, dark areas, and polar cap, are visible in this photograph taken from the earth.


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Some masks have skirts that cover much of the wearer's body.


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A demon mask from Sri Lanka, left, has fangs and bulging eyes.


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Sheep herding is Greenland's main agricultural activity.


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Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., became the first American to orbit the earth.


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Foreign language classes are an important part of every Chinese student's education.


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The Hubble Space Telescope was launched into orbit in 1990.


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Aruba is a scenic island in the West Indies.


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Art nouveau is characterized by long, flowing lines that twist in snakelike fashion.


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The Great Nebula in the constellation Orion is a huge cloud of dust and gas.


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New South Wales lies in southeastern Australia.


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Harvesting oranges that are to be sold as fresh fruit involves clipping the ripe fruit by hand.


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At a packing house, oranges that are to be sold as fresh fruit are sorted according to grade and size.


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A typical painting by Mark Rothko emphasizes rectangles of colour.


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Rouault's The Old King resembles a stained-glass window with its thick black lines enclosing areas of bright colour.


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The dark side of Saturn's rings was photographed by Voyager 1 as it flew by the side opposite the sun.


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The sun's corona, the outer edge of its atmosphere, can be studied during a solar eclipse.


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A huge solar eruption was photographed in 1973 by the Skylab space station as it orbited the earth.


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Vanuatu consists of 80 islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean.


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Dom Pedro IV Square, popularly known as the Rossio, is a centre of activity in Lisbon.


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Denver, Colorado's capital and largest city, boasts a spectacular view of the Rocky Mountains, which lie just west of the city.


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Chirico's major paintings express hidden danger by combining shadows, isolated figures, and exaggerated perspective.


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The Massacre of the Innocents by Giovanni Pisano.


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The Battle of the Alamo took place in a mission in San Antonio.


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Creating and enjoying art rank among humanity's most important activities.


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Traditional Korean music features several types of stringed instruments as well as drums, flutes, and gongs.


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A typical Van Dyck portrait shows a full-length figure posed against a landscape background.


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Rosa Bonheur's The Horse Fair is the artist's best-known work.


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The fish in this group have a skeleton of cartilage.


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These fish have a cartilage skeleton and no jaws.


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The citadel of King Sargon II was built in the Assyrian capital of Khorsabad during the late 700's B.C. The citadel included palaces, temples, public buildings, and a stepped pyramid called a ziggurat, which rose above the other structures.


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The Temple of Khons was built in Karnak, Egypt, during the 1100's B.C. Two large towers called pylons guarded the entrance.


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Three kinds of bees make up a honey bee colony.


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The Reliance Building in Chicago was one of the first modern skyscrapers.


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The machine hall at a Paris exhibition in 1889 was designed by Ferdinand Dutert.


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Fuel is burned in a hot-water heater to heat water.


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Radiant electric heating uses a cable that produces heat from


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Steam heating works much like hot-water heating, except that water changes to steam in a boiler.


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Conduction carries heat through an object.


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Convection carries heat by circulating a heated material.


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Radiation carries heat in the form of waves through space.


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The conventional method of mining involves a series of steps, three of which require special machinery.


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Continuous-mining equipment eliminates the series of steps in mining a face.


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Longwall mining differs from the other methods of underground mining in its system of roof support.


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Traditional costumes of many lands are shown in these illustrations.  Such styles of clothing developed over hundreds of years.  Many of the costumes shown are no longer worn, or are worn only as part of celebrations during festivals and holidays.  T


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Costumes of Asia and the Pacific Islands


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Early churches were built, in most cases, on the oblong basilica plan or the round or many-sided centralized plan.


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Aegean civilization flourished on the islands and shores of the Aegean Sea between 3000 and 1200 B.C. Four cultures--the Cycladic, Minoan, Mycenaean, and Trojan--developed there.


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An electrostatic filter, also called an electrostatic precipitator, removes particles of dust and smoke from the air.


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Most of these features are in the mountain ranges that include Italy's border with Austria, France, or Switzerland.


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The ammeter measures the strength of electric currents.


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The various small-arms cartridges differ in the type of projectile they contain.


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Amphibious ships, such as the U.S.S. Tarawa, land troops, weapons, and vehicles for amphibious attacks.


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This drawing shows the nest of a colony of harvester ants.


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Ants develop in four stages: (1) egg; (2) larva; (3) pupa;


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Archaeologists use a method called seriation to show cultural development.


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A truncated cube is a type of Archimedean solid.


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Islamic architecture has produced many beautiful houses of worship called mosques.


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The Pantheon, built as a temple in Rome about A.D. 126, still stands.


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The Roman Empire under Augustus expanded greatly.


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In 1282, almost all of what is now Austria, outlined in red, formed part of the Holy Roman Empire.


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The goose barnacle fastens itself onto floating objects.


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Bearings keep the shafts of machines turning smoothly.


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A worker bee called a scout dances a figure-8 pattern


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A standard hive has removable drawerlike supers.


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A beetle goes through four stages of development: (1) egg;


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This map shows in dark grey the area controlled by the Benin Kingdom, which flourished in the Niger Delta from the mid-1400's to the mid-1600's.


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Pleasure boats of all sizes reflect the rapid growth of boating throughout the world.


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This diagram shows the chief steps in binding a hardcover


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Each wing has a flat bottom and a curved top.


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A pneumatic caisson uses compressed air to keep water out of an excavation site.


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Plants absorb carbon dioxide exhaled by people and animals, and give off oxygen.


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A furnace heats the air, and a blower forces it through a duct to a outlet that opens into the room being heated.


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Water is heated in a boiler and pumped through a continuous coil of pipe in the floor of the room being heated.


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A heating system that uses a heat pump operates much like a warm-air system.


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Bullets consist of a metal core that is either fully or partly covered by a metal jacket.


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A stone castle of the Middle Ages had high, strong walls and was


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A cellular telephone system is made up of many adjoining


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Chaldea was a region of ancient Babylonia.


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The queen and king may both move in any direction.


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Most underground mines in the United States use the room-and-pillar system of mining.


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Mining companies remove mineral impurities from coal by a


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A band of colours called the visible spectrum forms


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The cross is the most familiar symbol of Christianity.


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The winds of a cyclone spiral in toward a low-pressure centre.


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A cyclonic storm develops at a low-pressure centre.


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In decomposition, a substance is broken down into simpler products.


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According to the receptor theory, drugs produce their effects by attaching to receptor molecules in body cells.


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Diving ducks have long, narrow bills with toothlike edges to hold fish, top.


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Sound waves enter the ear through the external auditory canal.


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European and North American eels leave their freshwater streams and breed in the Sargasso Sea.


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Power for an electric car comes from batteries that run one


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An electric power delivery system has power lines to carry


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Enzymes in the digestive system break down food for use in the


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In extrusion, a solid material such as metal is shaped by


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Depth perception is the ability to judge distance and to tell


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Fish help keep the number of organisms on the earth in balance.


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These drawings show examples of the four main types of fish


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The lateral line system makes a fish sensitive to vibrations


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Fishing knots are used for a variety of purposes.


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A torch shines as electric current is carried from the


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A Koch snowflake is a fractal that is formed by adding small


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A fuel injection system pumps fuel to a nozzle, which then


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Two types of fuses that protect electric circuits in the home


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Genghis Khan started his empire from Karakorum in 1206.


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In World War I Germany drove deep into eastern Europe, overwhelming the old-fashioned Russian army.


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After World War II,[1939-1945] Germany was divided into zones occupied


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Grafting involves joining a scion--a bud or cutting


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In whip grafting, a scion and a stock of about the same diameter are joined.


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In cleft grafting, a cut is made in the top of the stock.


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In bark grafting, the bark of the stock is slit and peeled


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The Greek kingdom formed in 1832 covered less than half of present-day Greece.


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A two-degree-of-freedom gyroscope has its rotor and axle


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A laser gyroscope provides guidance without using a spinning


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Hammers are made in many different shapes and sizes to do a


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The Colt .45 automatic pistol is used primarily for personal


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Coronary bypass surgery enables blood to flow around


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The development of the heart-lung machine in the 1950's made


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Heat energy can be changed into other forms of energy.


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A horse's foot has a single toe, which is formed by the


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These illustrations show some of the ancestors of the modern


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Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged in the lungs, which


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Hydroponics involves growing plants without soil by one of


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A sized-ice machine produces short tubes of ice.


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Iron is made in a blast furnace by means of chemical reactions


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Q-BOP is a version of the basic oxygen process.


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Making Steel by the Basic Oxygen Process


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Isobars on a map connect places that have the same air pressure.


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Isothermal lines on a map connect places that have the same


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Kublai Khan ruled the Mongol Empire in the late 1200's.


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Most liquid air is manufactured by the Claude process.


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The bolt of a door lock slides back and forth.


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A rim lock has a bolt enclosed in a frame mounted on the


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A cylindrical, or knob, lock has a locking mechanism that


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Making Steel by the Electric Furnace Process


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The Yuan (Mongol) dynasty ruled China from 1279 to 1368.


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The earliest civilizations arose in four river valleys in


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Powerful empires emerged as civilization advanced and spread


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European colonial empires had spread over much of the world by the late 1800's.


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The pitch is marked by batting and bowling creases.


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The Nile River was the lifeblood of ancient Egypt.


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A typical country estate in ancient Egypt had a shallow pool enclosed in a courtyard.


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Steam electric power plants create steam by heating water in a


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A hydroelectric power plant uses the force of falling water


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A bustling market place called the agora was the


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Greek cargo ships sailed among the Greek islands and to overseas


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The Inca ruled a vast, rich empire in South America.


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Inside a diesel-electric locomotive, a diesel engine turns a


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Electrical discharge machining (EDM) produces smooth,


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High-energy rate forming (HERF) uses an explosive charge to


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The Strait of Magellan is located at the southern tip of


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A Maya city called Tikal lies in what is now Guatemala.


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The Mexican Cession was the land Mexico ceded (gave up)


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A mirage can be caused by light rays bending when they pass


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Nitrogen makes up about 78 per cent of the earth's atmosphere,


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An atom consists of a nucleus and one or more electrons.


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The core is the heart of a nuclear reactor.


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Offset lithography printing is not done directly from a


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This diagram shows how wind flows through a pipe organ.


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Paint is made by mixing coloured pigment powder in a liquid


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This chart shows the major features of the hand used in


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The sex of an adult budgie can usually be told by the colour


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Parallax causes a nearby star to shift position among more


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The bones of the pelvis form a basinlike structure.


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The phosphorus cycle is slow and irregular because it takes


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A camera is basically a box with a lens at one end and film


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The pimento bears small berries used to make the spice called allspice, Jamaica pepper, or pimento.


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Plants play an important part in the cycle of nature.


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Many plants reproduce by vegetative propagation.


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Seeds have a variety of features that help them to be


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Polyhedrons are solid figures with four or more flat


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Gutenberg's press probably looked like this drawing.


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Types of prisms include right prisms and oblique prisms.


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A solid-propellant rocket burns a solid material called the grain.


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A liquid-propellant rocket carries fuel and an oxidizer


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An ion rocket is a kind of electric rocket.


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A nuclear rocket uses the heat from a nuclear reactor to


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The basic parts of a model rocket are sold in kits by many


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A triumphal procession paraded through the Roman Forum,


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Trained warriors called gladiators battled to the death


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Aqueduct construction was one of the peacetime activities


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Most artificial satellites travel in one of the three types of


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A sea urchin is covered by long, movable spines.


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Location of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World


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The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was one of the largest temples


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The statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece, was probably the most famous statue made by the Greeks.


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The pyramids of Egypt at Giza are the best preserved of the


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The Lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt, was the world's first


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The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was a great marble tomb.


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The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were probably built by King Nebuchadnezzar II after he married a mountain princess.


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The Colossus of Rhodes was built in honour of the sun god Helios.


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Silk-screen prints can be made in several ways.


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The Jacobson's organ in snakes is used with the tongue to detect odours.


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Pit organs enable a snake to locate prey by the body heat


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An elastic loop propels the pole spear and Hawaiian sling.


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A sponge's body has many openings and passages that allow


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Plants, algae, fungi, bacteria, and protozoans form spores


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The various kinds of stems differ in structure.


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Swimming pools are divided into lanes for races, one lane for


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Two ways to hold a table tennis racket are shown above.


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In an analogue tape recorder, the tape travels from the


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Recording tape consists of a plastic base coated with


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A pork tapeworm has a flat, ribbonlike body.


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Optical telescopes form an image of a star or other heavenly


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A Cassegrain reflecting telescope uses a primary mirror


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Tents are manufactured in many sizes and styles.


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When the temperature in a room becomes too cold, the


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A manual transmission contains a system of gears controlled


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Triangles can be classified by their angles or by the


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A triangle is a plane figure that has three sides and three


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A typical Viking settlement consisted of a small farming community built near a river or fiord (inlet to the sea).


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Wells are used to draw water from the ground.


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The Normandy invasion on June 6,1944, brought Allied forces


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At the start of the American Civil War, the militia units that largely made up the Union and Confederate armies wore a variety of uniforms.


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Bataan Peninsula is part of Luzon, the largest island of the


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A model rocket engine includes the solid fuel, which propels


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This illustration shows a typical large house of a wealthy


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Gas exchange takes place within respiratory units.


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San Jose Scale is an insect that feeds on many kinds of fruit trees, including apple, pear, plum, and peach.


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The female San Jose scale, shown here with its protective scale removed, may produce up to 400 young.


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Transplants can be divided into two chief types:


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Pure, solid carbon occurs in three cystalline forms.


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All vertebrates share a basic skeletal pattern of an


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The root tip comprises the regions in which cells divide


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Secondary tissues develop in some kinds of roots.


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The ancient Egyptians portrayed many of their gods and goddesses with human bodies and the heads of birds or other animals.


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Instruments are grouped in four major classes:


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Instruments are grouped in four major classes: (1) stringed instruments, (2) wind instruments, (3) percussion instruments, and (4) keyboard instruments.


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The inner ear consists of the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea.


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The diagram shows the three types of rows on a chessboard.


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The Qing dynasty, an empire established by the Manchu people


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Making a cased pencil involves several steps.


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This map shows the early states of Indochina.


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This map shows French Indochina, which included Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.


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There are more than 300,000 species of beetles.


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These drawings show some of the equipment that farmers use to till (work) the soil and to plant crops.


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Log-sawing patterns vary, depending on the size of the log.


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The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels throughout the body.


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Lymph forms from fluid that seeps out of capillaries.


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These illustrations show the kinds of deciduous and permanent teeth


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Thousands of kinds of trucks perform specialized work.


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Margaret Mead, an American anthropologist, left,


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39th President of the United States, 1977-1981


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The Battle of Gettysburg was fought between Union and Confederate forces at Gettysburg, Philadelphia, in July 1863.


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Charles Dickens, the most famous English writer of his time, often enchanted audiences with dramatic readings from his novels.


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Duke Ellington, centre, was one of the leading figures in jazz history.


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38th President of the United States 1974-1977


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As a Civil War general, Grant won several major Union victories and became commander of all Union forces in 1864.


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37th President of the United States 1969-1974


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Fats Waller was a popular American jazz pianist.


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Jesse James, according to an old ballad, "killed many a man, and robbed the Glendale train.


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Candles are made in a variety of colours, shapes, and sizes.


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Chinese musicians play Western and Chinese instruments.


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A Nativity scene, also called a creche, shows figures of Mary and Joseph praying over the Christ child.


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Church services on Christmas morning are a highlight of the holiday season for millions of Christians.


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A visit to Santa is a Christmas treat for children throughout the world.


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Cinnamon is sold in both powdered and stick form.


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An artist uses clay to model an earthenware vase.


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Fossil ferns and a lump of coal were both formed from the remains of plants that died many millions of years ago.


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Farming in arid regions requires special techniques to conserve water.


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Decoupage is the art of decorating furniture and accessories with paper cutouts.


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A piece of limestone, formed more than 100 million years ago, contains fossil shells of extinct sea animals.


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Leather is embossed with a special punch.


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A fish that lived 58 million years ago left its "picture" in this fossil.


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Wholesale produce firms buy large quantities of fruits and vegetables from farmers.


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Mongolian gerbils are lively animals that make excellent pets.


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Daily grooming of a horse's coat and mane helps maintain the animal's health and improves its appearance.


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Cleaning a horse's hooves is part of the daily care that the animal should receive.


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Gold objects, such as these of a man and a llama, were used by the families of Inca nobles.


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A Maya chief pricks his tongue to add his blood to a sacrifice being made to the gods.


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Fossil insects indicate that insects have lived on the earth at least 400 million years.


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A firefly flashes its light on and off as a mating signal.


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Steelmakers work with many forms of iron and steel.


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Lead, foreground, is refined mainly from galena, a grey metallic ore, background.


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Mercury is a silver-coloured liquid at room temperature.


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The metronome is a clocklike device with a pendulum that can be adjusted to make a ticking sound at various speeds.


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A 35-millimetre projector is used to show films in cinemas.


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Origami is the Japanese art of folding paper into decorative objects.


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A Foucault pendulum shows the rotation of the earth.


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Pewter is an alloy that has a white, metallic colour resembling silver.


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Grand pianos are the largest and most expensive pianos.


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Pipes come in a variety of shapes and sizes and are made from such materials as brier, meerschaum, and porcelain.


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Three kinds of model rockets can be built by hobbyists.


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Hybrid tea roses have only a few flowers on each plant.


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A sculptor builds up a figure with small pieces of clay.


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This sculptor uses a hammer and chisel and other special tools to trim the block of marble to the desired shape.


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Welding is a method of creating metal sculptures through the use of such equipment as arc welding tools.


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Tomb of Pope Alexander VII by Gian Lorenzo Bernini.


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Statue of George Washington by Horatio Greenough.


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Actors use sign language in a scene from a play about a deaf baseball player.


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Sulphur is a yellow, nonmetallic element.


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A typical tennis racket has a frame made of 85 per cent fibreglass and 15 per cent graphite.


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A wide variety of textile products--from carpeting, clothing, and towels to fire hoses, typewriter ribbons, and umbrellas--helps meet the needs of people throughout the world.


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A proscenium stage permits the audience to see a play only


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A theatre-in-the-round is an open area with the audience sitting


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Set construction may be handled in the theatre's own shop or by an outside studio.


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The set designer uses a scale model to demonstrate to the director how the set will look and work.


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The viola looks like a large violin, and the musician holds and plays it like a violin.


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To play the violin properly, tuck the instrument under your chin and rest it on your left shoulder.


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Foods made with wheat are a major part of the diet for over a third of the world's people.


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New varieties of wheat have enabled many countries to increase grain production.


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Wright's Robie House is an example of his prairie style.


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Tigers and deer at the Milwaukee County Zoo live in areas that


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The beagle is a small dog sometimes used in the sport of hunting rabbits.


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The bearded collie originated in Scotland.


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The Bernese mountain dog has long, silky hair.


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Bloodhounds follow a scent by sniffing the ground.


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The border terrier is a strong hunting dog.


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The bullmastiff was bred to guard English estates.


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The Scottish fold has ears that are folded forward.


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The chihuahua, like this long-coated variety, stands about 13 centimetres high.


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The curly-coated retriever is named for its dark coat of thick, tight curls.


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A dachshund has a long body and short legs.


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A mother nurses her puppies until they are about 6 weeks old.


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The English foxhound is used to hunt foxes.


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The giant schnauzer has a thick, wiry coat.


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The Ibizan hound is a sleek dog with upright ears.


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The Irish setter has a shaggy, brownish-red coat.


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The slender Italian greyhound has a graceful shape.


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The lakeland terrier comes from northern England.


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The Lhasa apso originally came form Tibet.


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The Norfolk terrier is an affectionate pet.


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The Norwich terrier originated in England.


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The Rhodesian ridgeback is a powerful hunting dog that originated in southern Africa.


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Powerful rottweilers once guarded Roman herds.


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The St. Bernard is a good watchdog and pet.


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The Scottish deerhound was bred to hunt wild deer.


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The Welsh springer spaniel has a keen sense of smell.


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West Highland white terriers are faithful pets.


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The wirehaired pointing griffon is a hunting dog.


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The team that invented the transistor consisted of the American physicists William Shockley, seated, Walter Brattain, left, and John Bardeen, right.


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Talking to his men, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, commander of the Normandy invasion, wished paratroopers luck before they dropped behind German lines in France on D-Day.


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Buddhism has had a strong influence on Korean culture.


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St. Nicholas, accompanied by his servant Swarte Piet (Black Pete) and other attendants, arrives in the Netherlands by boat from Spain.


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The seafaring Jutes, Angles, and Saxons who invaded Britain in the A.D. 400's became known as Anglo-Saxons.


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Isolated villages and rugged landscapes are a common scene in Afghanistan.


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Islam greatly influences almost all aspects of Afghan life.


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An Islamic wedding procession in Egypt leads the bride


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Cotton is grown in the Nile River Valley, a fertile farming


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Forest-covered hills surround a swimming hole in Cheaha Mountain State Park, near Anniston.


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A dramatic race to the South Pole began late in 1911.


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The Andes Mountains run along the western border of Argentina.


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Glen Canyon Dam, on the Colorado River in northern Arizona,


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The Dead Sea shore, the lowest place on the earth's surface,


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Bridgetown, the capital of Barbados, is one of the West


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Mahogany logs from a Belizean forest are loaded on to a lorry


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Bamboo huts perched on poles serve as homes for the people


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The way of life in rural Bolivia has changed little over the


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Botswana is a thinly populated country in southern Africa.


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Brussels, the capital of Belgium, has many buildings hundreds


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A coffee farm-worker in Burundi picks berries that contain beans from which coffee is made.


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Polar explorer Richard E. Byrd, second from the


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The Indians of Canada's Pacific coast are famous for their fine woodcarvings.


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Mindelo, Cape Verde's second largest city, lies on the island


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Chile's Northern Desert region includes one of the world's


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Pierre and Marie Curie became famous for their research on


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The city of Djibouti is the capital of the country of Djibouti.


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Panama hats, woven by hand, are a leading product of Ecuador.


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Addis Ababa, the capital and largest city of Ethiopia,


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Dian Fossey studied and photographed mountain gorillas in Africa.


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Charles de Gaulle served as president of France from 1958 to


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The Grand Canyon is one of the most famous scenic wonders in the United States.


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Bank failures wiped out the savings of millions of people


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The Mosquito Coast of northeastern Honduras is covered


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The Negev Desert in southern Israel is the nation's driest region, receiving an average yearly rainfall of only 25 millimetres.


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Bebop revolutionized jazz in the 1940's.


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Louis Armstrong, was probably the most popular jazz artist in history.


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36th President of the United States 1963-1969


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The Jordan River Valley is Jordan's major agricultural region.


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A street market stretches along a sidewalk in Bamako, Mali's


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Valletta, Malta, borders the Mediterranean Sea.


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Mount Rushmore is a memorial to four great Americans.


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The Mosque of Omar, or Dome of the Rock, in Jerusalem covers the rock from which Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven.


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Herero women wear brightly coloured clothing.


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Granite mounds rise in Quartz Mountain State Park near Lugert.


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San Juan is Puerto Rico's capital and largest city.


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Reykjavik is the capital and largest city of Iceland.


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Chuck Berry helped define the rebellious spirit of rock 'n' roll


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Elvis Presley became rock's first superstar.


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An Independence Day festival in Dakar, the capital of Senegal,


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Lake Titicaca on the border between Bolivia and Peru is the world's highest navigable lake at 3,812 metres above sea level.


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Spectacular Angel Falls in eastern Venezuela has a longer drop than any other waterfall in the world.


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Stockholm covers 14 islands and a part of the mainland.


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Prospect Creek, Alaska, recorded the lowest U.S. temperature ever, -62 degrees C. The nearby town of Barrow has the country's


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The harbour at Montevideo, at the junction of the Atlantic Ocean and the Rio de la Plata, handles most of Uruguay's international sea trade.


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The coastal plains of western and southwestern Uruguay have the country's richest soil.


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Mount McKinley, in central Alaska, has the highest summit


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Albanian peasants meet at a livestock market in a rural area.


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Algiers, the capital and largest city of Algeria, is often called Algiers the White because of its many white buildings.


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A researcher at the South Pole checks data gathered by a telescope.


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Deserts--like the one in Kuwait--cover much of Southwest Asia.


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Central Asia's grassy plains are the home of many livestock


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First woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, ate food from a tube before her flight in Vostok 6 which lasted from June 16-19, 1963.


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Sir Roger Bannister was the first person to run a mile in less


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Carved stone gateways lead to a garden near Beijing's Temple of Heaven.


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European bison, or wisent, graze in the Belovezha Forest, a nature preserve in western Belarus and eastern Poland.


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Bangui, capital city of the Central African Republic, nestles


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Bridge construction and other public-improvement projects


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Colourful textiles rank among Colombia's leading manufactured


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The Western Dune Coast is an area of sandy beaches and dunes that extends along most of Jutland's western coast.


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The East-Central Hills, covering much of Jutland and the nearby islands, have gently rolling lands and narrow fiords.


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Many Egyptian fellahin farm small plots of land in the fertile


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Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia.


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Suva, the capital and largest city of Fiji, is also the


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Albert Schweitzer's hospital and leper colony in Lambarene


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Agana, Guam's capital, lies in Agana Bay on the west coast of


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Wild Bill Hickok, an American frontier scout and peace officer


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Outrigger canoes are used in Indonesian waters for such purposes as fishing, ship-to-shore transportation, and


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Muslim pilgrims pray at the Kaaba, the holiest shrine of Islam.


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Riga, Latvia, lies on the Western Dvina River, south of the Gulf of Riga.


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Lenin set up the world's first Communist dictatorship.


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Vilnius, the capital and largest city of Lithuania, lies along


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Skopje, Macedonia's capital, features many small shops along cobblestoned streets in its old town district, shown.


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In southern Madagascar, people often use cattle like these


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Deserts cover large areas of the Pacific Northwest and Northern


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Majestic Mount Cook, New Zealand's highest mountain, soars


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Sacks of peanuts, ready for shipment to market, are piled in pyramid form by a continuous stream of Nigerian workers.


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Muslim rituals, such as group prayer meetings, play an important


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The heart of Paris includes many beautiful buildings that are


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Red Square is the centre of activity in Moscow, Russia's


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The East Siberian Uplands are mainly a wilderness of mountains and plateaus.


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A belt of rich farmland stretches across Russia from east to west.


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A fishing crew brings in sturgeon from the mouth of the


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Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, lies on the country's


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Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin became the first person in space on April 12,1961.


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Mbabane, the administrative capital of Swaziland, lies in the


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Zebras and gnus roam across Tarangire National Park in northern


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Tunis, the capital and largest city of Tunisia, is the nation's


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Sandy beaches and warm weather make Yalta a favourite vacation spot for Ukrainians.


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Soviet military power being paraded through Red Square in Moscow in annual May Day celebrations.


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The Allegheny Mountains cut through eastern West Virginia.


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Most Western Samoan houses have thatched roofs and open sides


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A Xhosa boy herds cattle in the Transkei region of South Africa.


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Rugged mountains cover most of Yugoslavia.


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The muddy brown Amazon joins the blue-black waters of the Rio


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Antarctica's rugged coast features jagged mountain peaks and glacier-filled valleys.


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The handicrafts industry provides work for many Asians.


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The spectacular Rocky Mountains in Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park.


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Buffalo Bill" Cody, from a painting by Rosa Bonheur, the


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At an outdoor market in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso, people buy food and other goods.


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Attractive villages line the Cote d'Azur along the eastern


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Nicosia is the capital and largest city of Cyprus.


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Denmark's charm and prosperity are evident in the well-maintained old buildings and fashionable cafes of Copenhagen's Nyhavn Canal.


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The Florida Everglades is a fascinating region of natural beauty.


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Gambian women cultivate a field of rice.


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A market in Conakry offers household items for sale.


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The Sawtooth Mountains rise beyond a ranch near Hailey, creating a picturesque winter scene.


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A federal agent breaks barrels containing alcoholic beverages during the Prohibition Era, which lasted in the United States from 1920 to 1933.


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Cataract Falls tumbles into the Eel River amid the lush, green forests of west-central Indiana.


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Huge oil refineries operate near Hammond.


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Kentucky horse farms produce some of the world's finest


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The Mississippi Delta was formed by silt carried down to the


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The harbour of Funchal, Madeira, makes a picturesque sight with its old fortress.


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The Faneuil Hall Marketplace in the centre of Boston


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The Matterhorn has one of the highest peaks in the Pennine Alps, [4,477 metres]; the Pennine Alps lie between Italy and Switzerland.


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Glacier National Park, located in northwestern Montana, has many steep, rugged peaks such as Grinnell Point.


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Rabat, Morocco's capital, lies on the Atlantic Ocean.


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A herd of dairy cattle grazes on a pasture in the Appalachian


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Taos Pueblo is a Pueblo Indian village in north-central New Mexico.


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St. Louis Cathedral faces Jackson Square in the heart of the


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The Hudson River Valley at Bear Mountain Bridge in eastern New York is one of the state's many scenic areas.


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Cape Hatteras is called the Graveyard of the Atlantic


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Jesse Owens of the United States was the hero of the 1936


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Rwanda is a country in east-central Africa.


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A farmworker in Togo carries a basket of food on her head.


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Juan Peron rode in triumph with his second wife, Eva, after being reelected president of Argentina in 1952.


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Surfboat races, such as this one at a beach in Sydney, are a favourite sport in the coastal cities.


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Shoppers and vendors gather at open-air market-places,


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Sir Robert L. Border, Prime Minister of Canada, 1911-1920.


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Joe Louis, right, was a great heavyweight champion.


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The Northeast Region of Brazil consists of the area that bulges into the Atlantic Ocean.


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Calamity Jane was an expert with a horse and rifle.


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Chinese Communists, led by Mao Zedong, defeated the Nationalist


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Stephen Decatur stands victoriously on the deck of a man-of-war after successfully forcing Algiers to sign a peace treaty.


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Walt Disney opened the Disneyland theme park in 1955.


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Cairo, the capital and largest city in Egypt, is also the


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Outdoor market places called bazaars are found


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Giant pyramids and other ancient wonders of Egypt attract


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Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., was a famous film actor of the 1920's.


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The gleaming lights of Helsinki, Finland's capital and largest city, brighten the 18-hour nights of midwinter.


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Franklin served his nation as a statesman, scientist, and


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Jane Goodall uncovered many similarities between human beings and chimpanzees during years of observation.


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Fertile farmland covers about 65 per cent of Hungary and is one of the country's most important natural resources.


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Thomas Edison was one of the greatest inventors in history.


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An irrigation canal carries water through the desert to farms


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Italy's majestic countryside includes such winter resorts as Cortina d'Ampezzo in the Alps.


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Dave Brubeck, a classically trained pianist, led one of the


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Helen Keller "listened" to others speak by putting her middle


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W. L. Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada, 1921-1926; 1926-1930; 1935-1948.


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Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Prime Minister of Canada, 1896-1911.


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Workers tap rubber trees and collect latex on plantations.


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Sheep graze on a desert oasis near the large sand dunes of the


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The "Lone Eagle," as Lindbergh was called, made the first


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Longfellow in 1869 posed for this photograph with members


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Alexander Mackenzie served as the Prime Minister of Canada from 1873 to 1878.


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Arthur Meigher served two terms as prime minister of Canada during the 1920's, from July 1920 until December 1921 and from June to September 1926.


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On the Mongolian plains, wandering nomads live in collapsible tents called ger or yurt.


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Mount St. Helens caused many deaths and enormous damage in


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Annie Oakley became famous as one of the world's most accurate


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The Great Pyramid, built about 4,500 years ago, can be found at Giza, near Cairo.


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The Beatles, shown here at a 1965 press conference, earned a


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32nd President of the United States 1933-1945


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Victorian-style houses west of San Francisco city centre contrast sharply with the modern skyscrapers in the business district.


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Old and new ways of life exist side by side in Saudi Arabia.


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The first successful liquid-propellant rocket was launched in


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Sudan, Africa's largest country in area, is a land of widely differing geography.


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Workers pick cotton in the Gezira area of central Sudan,


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Sir John Sparrow David Thompson (1844-1894) served as prime minister of Canada from 1892-1894.


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Jim Thorpe became one of the first men to be admitted to the National Football Foundation's Hall of Fame in 1951.


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33rd President of the United States 1945-1953


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Sir Charles Tupper at the age of 75 was the oldest person to serve as Prime Minister of Canada.


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Abu Dhabi is the capital of the United Arab Emirates and of the emirate of Abu Dhabi.


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Grand Coulee Dam, the largest concrete dam in the United States, lies on the Columbia River in northeastern Washington.


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The United States Capitol, in Washington, D.C., is the place


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The White House has served as the home and office of every


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The Congo River is Congo's main waterway and the fifth longest river in the world.


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Fields of rice--like the one in Indonesia--cover a large part


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Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbour, was the site of the first battle of the Civil War.


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Leonardo's self-portrait was drawn when he was about 60 years old.


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Mont Blanc, in the French Alps, is the highest peak in France,


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Devil's Island, a small island off the French Guianan coast,


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Galileo's telescopes were larger and more powerful than the


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Galileo was a famous astronomer and physicist.


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Unification of East Germany and West Germany took place on


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Alexander the Great conquered most of the territory from


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Religious customs are strictly observed by many of Iran's Muslims.


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Petroleum accounts for most of the total value of Iran's


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Craftsmen work on brass pots in Baghdad.


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Grapes for wine, such as these being harvested in the region


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The people of Kiribati grow most of their own food.


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A small Lesotho village lies in a mountain valley east of


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Oil refineries in Mexico process large amounts of petroleum.


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John Milton wrote his first well-known poems while a student at Cambridge University.


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Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, won the 1904


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Sinclair Lewis became the first American to win the literature


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Albert Schweitzer won the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize.


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Norway is known for the scenic beauty of its rugged mountains


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A Paraguayan lacemaker carefully creates a complicated


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Anna Pavlova, Russian ballerina, performed with a lightness


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Robert E. Peary won fame as a great Arctic explorer.


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Desiderius Erasmus, a Dutch priest and scholar, became a


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The Baths of Caracalla were public baths dating from the


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Peter the Great ruled Russia from 1682 until his death in 1725.


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Catherine the Great became empress of Russia in 1762.


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Thomas Newcomen's steam engine drove a pump that removed


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Ukrainian Easter eggs, known as pysanky, feature colourful, intricate designs.


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Farmworkers in Uzbekistan pick cotton in a large field.


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Rudolph Valentino was a star of the silent films who gained enormous fame for his roles as a handsome, passionate lover.


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Vatican City covers an area of only 44 hectares in northwestern Rome.


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Tobacco is Virginia's most valuable crop.


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Judy Garland gained fame as Dorothy in the movie The Wizard


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Harry Houdini, one of America's greatest magicians, became


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Mount Hood, Oregon's highest peak, rises 3,426 metres above sea level.


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David ruled the kingdom of Israel about 1,000 to 960 B.C.


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Greek coffee houses are popular gathering places.


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Great spruce and pine forests blanket the hills of scenic


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Montenegro's coastline rises sharply to the mountains at Petrovac, a town on the Adriatic Sea.


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Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's capital and largest city, has modern buildings and large parks.


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Many small villages lie along the coast of the North Sea in the


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Gripsholm Castle houses the Swedish National Portrait Gallery,


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Sir John J. C. Abbott, Prime Minister of Canada, 1891-1892.


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The Trans-Siberian Railway winds past a tiny village in a bleak and frozen part of North Asia.


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The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, extends about 2,010 kilometres along Australia's northeast coast.


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Sir Mackenzie Bowell, Prime Minister of Canada, 1894-1896.


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Breton's The Song of the Lark is a famous example


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The Interior Plains is the major grain-producing region of


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Mary Cassatt became famous for her paintings of mothers and children in everyday situations.


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Bicycles are a common means of transportation in China's cities.


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Troops from eight nations crushed the Boxer Rebellion of 1900--an anti-Western campaign waged by Chinese secret societies.


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Plans for confederation began to take shape at a meeting of Canadian leaders in Charlottetown, P.E.I., in September 1864.


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This Dresden china bowl was designed about 1737 by Johann Kandler


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An enamelled casket made in Limoges, France, is decorated with


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The Northwest Mountains region covers much of northwestern Europe.


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The Central Uplands region extends from Portugal to


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The Great European Plain stretches from the Atlantic Ocean


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W. C. Fields was a popular stage and motion-picture comedian.


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Terry Fox, a bone cancer victim, raised about $25 million for cancer research during a run across Canada in 1980.


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A portable cabinet called a vargueno was a contribution


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French provincial furniture was a comfortable style favoured by middle-class people in the French provinces.


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The Gish sisters, Lillian, left, and Dorothy, right, starred in the silent film Orphans of the Storm (1922).


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Conquest by Roman armies made Greece a province of the Roman


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The National Palace in Port-au-Prince is the official home of the president of Haiti.


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Impressionist painting emphasizes colourful, shimmering


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Much sculpture of India deals with religious subjects.


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Ruins of the Indus Valley civilization have been uncovered at Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan.


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A Chinese lacquerware plate is decorated with a carved dragon


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An outdoor market, where people buy food and other goods,


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Napoleon I posed in his study for Jacques Louis David in 1812, above.


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New York City is best known for the giant skyscrapers on Manhattan Island.


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Nicholas II, the last czar of Russia, and his family posed for


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The Niger flows southward through west-central Nigeria.


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Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat


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The Steerage is one of Alfred Stieglitz' best-known photographs.


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Plaza--State of Puebla, a photograph taken by Paul Strand in 1933, portrays the beauty of a simple scene in Mexico.


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Toronto's landmarks include the SkyDome and the CN Tower.


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Toulouse-Lautrec's works portray night life in the cafes and music halls of the Paris district called Montmartre.


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John N. Turner, Prime Minister of Canada, 1984.


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Camels Hump, near Huntington, rises in the Green Mountains, which run the length of central Vermont.


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Davy Crockett was a famous hunter, scout, soldier,


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Joseph Stalin ruled the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) as dictator from 1929 until 1953.


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A pioneer of television, the Russian-born American scientist


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Dockworkers load agricultural products on to barges and small


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The Elements by J. E. H. MacDonald shows a storm forming over Georgian Bay in Ontario.


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Architecture in the United States developed the skyscraper as one of the most characteristic types of modern building.


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Bright blue clouds that surround Neptune consist mainly of frozen methane.


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A five-storey cliff-dwelling in central Arizona.


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A photograph of the earth, taken from a satellite 35,900 kilometres out in space, shows clouds in the top left hand corner


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The planet Mercury was first photographed in detail on March 29, 1974, by the U.S. probe Mariner 10. The probe was about 210,000 kilometres from Mercury.


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The Milky Way Galaxy is shaped like a disc with a bulge in the


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The moon was photographed by the Apollo 11


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The far side of the moon has a rugged surface.


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Saturn is encircled by seven major rings.


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The first U.S. astronaut to walk in space was Edward H. White II


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Thick clouds of sulphuric acid cover Venus.


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The churning water at the base of the falls eats away the


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In a tournament, knights on horses galloped toward each other


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Islam is one of the leading religions in Africa.


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The civilization of Kush existed from about 2000 B.C. to about A.D. 350 along the Nile River in what is now Sudan.


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Argentina's gauchos are typically mestizos (people of mixed Indian and white ancestry).


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Rural villages lie throughout the countryside of Bangladesh.


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Farmland covers more than half of Bulgaria.


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Logging is an important industry in many regions of Canada.


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Snow-capped Himalayan peaks in Nepal provide a dramatic view for these porters.


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Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist with water from the


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Laotian women often wear colourful homespun skirts.


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Hausa women in Niger work in the grain fields near their village.


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The Ohio River forms Ohio's southern border.


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The skeleton of "Lucy," a prehuman ancestor, is the most complete australopithecine fossil that scientists have found.


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Ruth Saint Denis was fascinated by Eastern and Oriental dances.


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Sheep shearing is an important activity in many Highland communities.


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The picture tube screen, a part of which is shown here, has more than 300,000 coloured phosphor dots arranged in groups of three on its surface.


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These illustrations show the kinds of deciduous and permanent teeth and their positions in the mouth.


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Aksum, shown in yellow, occupied lands that are now Eritrea,


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The Ruhr is a region in western Germany.


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An electric bell rings when a current flows through its


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Preset guidance system gives a ballistic missile the proper


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Command guidance system enables human operators to control


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Beam-riding guidance system involves an electronic beam, such


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Homing guidance system detects a "trail" of heat or some


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Kite designs range from simple, roughly triangular flat kites


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Puerto Rico's flag was designed about 1895 and was officially adopted in 1952.


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Calibre (bullet diameter) is given in millimeters (mm).


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Separate loading ammunition consists of separate sections for the projectile, the primer, and a propelling charge, upper figure.


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A hollow-charge warhead is hollow in front with an


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The eastern bluebird has deep blue feathers.


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When the ignition switch is turned on, low-voltage currents


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The hooded pitohui is the most poisonous pitohui.


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Casual and dress shoes are made for most everyday occasions.


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Sport shoes are designed to enhance athletic performance.


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Afghanistan's flag has green, white, and black stripes, and the nation's coat of arms in gold.


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A two-headed black eagle appears on a red field.


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Algeria's flag and coat of arms display a star and crescent, symbols of Islam, partly against a background of green, a traditional Islamic colour.


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The national flag, used by the people, has blue, yellow, and red vertical stripes.


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The top half is red, and the bottom half is black.


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The flag of Antigua and Barbuda is divided into three triangular areas.


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The state flag of Argentina, adopted in 1818, and the coat of arms bears a sun, which represents Argentina's freedom from Spain.


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Armenia's flag has three horizontal stripes.


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Australia's flag has a British Union flag, five stars that represent the constellation Southern Cross, and a large star for the country's states and territories.


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Austria's flag has stripes of red, white, and red.


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Azerbaijan's flag has three horizontal stripes: light blue, red, and green.


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A black triangle represents the Bahamian people.


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A red field covers about three-quarters of the flag and adjoins the jagged edge of a vertical white stripe.


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The Bangladesh flag was officially adopted in 1972.


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The two outer stripes are blue (for the sea and sky) and the centre stripe is orange (for the sand of the beaches).


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The flag has a wide red horizontal stripe above a narrower green stripe.


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Belgium's flag was first used during the revolt against Austrian rule in 1789.


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A wide horizontal blue stripe is bordered by narrow horizontal red stripes at the top and bottom.


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A green vertical stripe is on the left side of the flag.


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The square flag is divided diagonally into yellow and orange halves.


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Bolivia's state flag, used only by the government, was adopted in 1888.


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A white flag with a blue shield in the centre.


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Three horizontal bands (blue, black, and blue) are divided by two white bands.


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The Brazilian flag bears the motto Order and Progress.


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Brunei's flag is yellow, with a black stripe and a white stripe running from the top left corner to the bottom right corner.


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The flag of Bulgaria bears the national colours--white, green and red.


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The Burkina Faso flag has two equal horizontal stripes of red and green.


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The official flag of Burma's government was adopted in 1974.


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From a white circle in the centre, white bands extend to the


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Cambodia's flag has horizontal stripes of blue, red, and blue.


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The flag has green, red, and yellow vertical stripes, with a yellow star in the centre of the red stripe.


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The flag of Canada features a red, 11-pointed maple leaf, a national symbol of the country.


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The flag has five horizontal stripes of blue, white, red, white, and blue.


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Horizontal blue, white, green, and yellow stripes are divided at the centre by a red vertical stripe.


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The flag has vertical blue, yellow, and red stripes.


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The white star stands for progress and honour.


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Colombia's flag, adopted in 1861, has a yellow stripe for the golden New World, a red stripe for the blood shed for independence, and a blue stripe for the Atlantic Ocean.


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Congo's flag has a large green triangle is in the upper left corner, and a large red triangle in the lower right corner.


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Costa Rica's state flag, used by the government, was adopted in 1848.


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Croatia's flag has horizontal stripes of red, white, and blue.


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Cuba's flag was officially adopted in 1902, shortly after Cuba became a republic.


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The flag is white with a map of Cyprus in copper-yellow (for copper) in the centre above two green crossed olive branches (for peace).


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The flag of the Czech Republic was adopted in 1993.


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The Danish flag was probably first used in the 1200's, after King Valdemar II led a military crusade to Estonia.


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The flag has a blue horizontal stripe at the top, a green horizontal stripe at the bottom, and a red star on a white triangle near the staff.


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Dominica's flag is green, with a cross of yellow, black, and white stripes dividing it into quarters.


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A white cross divides the national flag, flown by the people, into alternately red and blue quarters.


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The state flag, used by the government, bears the coat of arms.


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Egypt's flag has three horizontal stripes, red, white, and black; the central stripe bears the coat of arms.


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The flag has green, white, and red horizontal stripes, and a blue triangle at the staff.


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Eritrea's flag has a red triangle across the middle, bearing a yellow wreath and olive branch; a green triangle at the top; and a light blue triangle at the bottom.


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Estonia's flag has three horizontal stripes.


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The national flag, flown by the people, consists of three horizontal stripes--green, yellow, and red (top to bottom).


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The British Union Jack appears in the upper left on a light blue field.


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Finland's state flag, used by the government, was adopted in 1918.


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The French flag is called the tricolour.


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Gabon's flag has three horizontal stripes, green, yellow, and blue.


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The flag has three horizontal bands (red, blue, and green) divided by two narrow white bands.


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The German flag has stripes of black, red, and gold; these colours


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The flag has horizontal red, yellow, and green stripes with a black star symbolizing African freedom in the centre.


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The Greek flag has a white cross symbolizing the Greek Orthodox religion.


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Grenada's flag has a red border around a central section that is divided into four triangles alternating green and yellow.


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The flag of Guatemala was adopted in 1871.


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The flag has three vertical stripes: red (for the spirit of sacrifice), gold (for sun and wealth), and green (for the forests).


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A black star is centred on a red vertical stripe to the left of two horizontal stripes.


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The flag is green (representing agriculture and forests) with a red triangle (zeal in nation building) and a golden yellow arrowhead (minerals).


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The dark blue top half of the national flag, flown by the people, stands for the blacks of Haiti; the red bottom half represents its mulattoes.


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The flag of Honduras was adopted in 1866.


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Hungary's flag has horizontal stripes of red, white, and green, the traditional national colours.


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A red cross edged in white appears on a blue field.


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The flag of Indonesia became official on Independence Day, August 17, 1945.


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Iran's flag and coat of arms were adopted by the Islamic government in 1980.


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Israel's flag shows the Star of David, an ancient Jewish symbol.


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Vertical stripes of orange, white, and green.


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A gold diagonal cross with black triangular side panels, and green triangular panels at top and bottom.


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Japan's flag, adopted in 1854, is a red sun on a white background.


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The flag is blue, with a yellow sun and eagle in the centre and a yellow stripe of national ornamentation at the left.


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Kenya's flag and coat of arms were adopted in 1963.


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North Korea's flag has a red star that represents Communism.


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South Korea's flag and coat of arms feature a red and blue circle.


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Horizontal green, white, and red stripes join a black, vertical stripe at the flagstaff.


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The flag has a red field with a yellow sun in its centre.


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The flag has a red horizontal stripe at the top and the bottom, and a blue horizontal stripe in the centre.


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The Latvian flag dates back to the 1200's, when it served as a banner in battle for one of the original Latvian tribes.


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The flag has three horizontal stripes--red, white, and red.


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The flag has diagonal stripes of white, blue, and green.


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The flag has six red and five white horizontal stripes that represent the 11 signatories of the Liberian Declaration of Independence.


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Two horizontal stripes, the upper one blue (for the sky), the lower one red (for the glow of evening fires).


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Lithuania's flag has three horizontal stripes.


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The flag has horizontal red, white, and blue stripes (top to bottom).


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The flag is red and has a yellow disk with 8 yellow rays in the centre.


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A white vertical stripe appears at the left, with a red horizontal stripe over a green one at the right.


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The flag has black, red, and green horizontal stripes, with a red rising sun on the black stripe.


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A yellow crescent and star lie on a blue background in the upper left corner.


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The flag has a white crescent on a dark green rectangle with a red border. The colours and the crescent on the flag stand for Islam.


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The flag has vertical stripes of green, gold, and red.


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A replica of the George Cross, a British medal awarded to Malta for bravery in World War II, appears on a white and red field.


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The flag of the Marshall Islands is black.


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The flag is green and has a yellow star and crescent in the centre.


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The flag's four horizontal stripes are red, blue, yellow, and green (top to bottom).


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Mexico's flag, adopted in 1821, features a version of the country's coat of arms.


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Moldova's flag has three vertical stripes of blue, yellow and red with the Moldova coat of arms on the centre stripe.


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The flag has two horizontal stripes, red and white.


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Vertical stripes of red, blue, and red, with gold symbols on the left stripe.


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Morocco's national flag was officially adopted in 1915.


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The flag has three broad, horizontal stripes of green, black, and yellow separated by narrow white bands.


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A large blue triangle is in the upper left corner, and a large green triangle is in the lower right corner.


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The flag of Nauru has a blue field bisected by a single yellow stripe.


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The flag has two crimson triangles trimmed in blue, one above the other.


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New Zealand's flag, officially adopted in 1902, features the British Union Flag and the constellation Southern Cross.


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Nicaragua's flag was adopted in 1908 from that of the United Provinces of Central America.


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Horizontal stripes of orange, white, and green; an orange circle on the white stripe.


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The Norwegian flag was first approved for use by merchant ships in 1821.


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The flag has a vertical red stripe and three horizontal stripes of white,red, and green.


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Pakistan's flag has a star and crescent, traditional symbols of Islam.


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The flag is divided diagonally from upper left to lower right.


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Paraguay's flag has the coat of arms on the front and the Treasury seal on the back.


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Peru's state flag, used by the government, was adopted in 1825.


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The Philippine flag features blue for noble ideals, red for courage, and white for peace.


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The state flag of Poland, flown by the government, includes the Polish coat of arms.


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Portugal's flag has a band of green, which stands for hope; and of red, which symbolizes the blood of the country's heroes.


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The left third is white with a vertical series of points on the right side.


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Romania's flag has stripes of blue, yellow, and red.


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The Russian flag has stripes of white, blue, and red.


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The flag has three vertical stripes of red, yellow, and green, with a large black R in the centre.


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The flag of St. Kitts and Nevis has a black diagonal stripe with yellow borders separating a green triangle at the top left from a red triangle at the bottom right.


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The flag of St. Lucia has a dark-blue background with a black chevron inside a white and yellow triangle in the middle.


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The flag is divided into three sections, blue, yellow, and green.


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The flag has a blue and a white horizontal stripe.


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The flag has green horizontal stripes (for forests and the sea) at the top and bottom; a yellow horizontal stripe (for soil) in the centre; and a red triangle (for the struggle for freedom) near the staff.


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The flag of Saudi Arabia was adopted in 1973.


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The flag has green, yellow, and red vertical stripes.


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Three horizontal stripes--green, white, and blue.


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There are two horizontal stripes, red on top (for equality and brotherhood) and white below (for purity and virtue).


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The flag has horizontal stripes of white, blue, and red.


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The flag is divided diagonally into two triangles of blue and green, with a yellow stripe running between them.


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The light blue flag has a large white star in the centre.


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South Africa's flag, adopted in 1994, represents the country's peoples coming together in unity.


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Spain's state flag, shown, used by the government,was adopted in 1981.


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A yellow lion on a crimson field is a symbol of precolonial Sri Lanka.


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Three horizontal stripes of red, white, and black, with a green triangle symbolizing Islam.


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The flag has five horizontal stripes of green, white, red, white, and green.


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The Swedish flag, first used in the mid-1400's, was made official in 1663.


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The Swiss flag was used in an earlier form in 1240 by the region of Schwyz.


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Syria's flag, which was adopted in 1980, bears traditional Arab colours.


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The flag has horizontal stripes of reddish orange, white, and green.


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The flag has five horizontal stripes, three green and two yellow, with a white star on a red square in the upper left corner.


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The flag has a red field and a white canton.


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A black stripe, bordered by white stripes, runs across a red field from the upper left to the lower right corner.


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The flag has a large white circle on a red field.


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The flag has three unequal vertical stripes of green, maroon, and green.


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A white-crested crane is centred on horizontal stripes of black (for Africa), yellow (sunshine), and red (brotherhood).


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The flag has a vertical red stripe and horizontal stripes of green, white, and black.


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United Kingdom's flag is known as the British Union Flag or the Union Jack.


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The U.S. flag includes 13 red and white stripes.


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The flag and the coat of arms of Uruguay were adopted in 1830.


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The flag of Uzbekistan has three broad horizontal bands--light blue, white, and light green (top to bottom)--separated by thin red lines.


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Vanuatu's flag is divided into three sections, of black, maroon and green, with yellow and black stripes running between them.


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The official state flag of the Vatican is divided into two equal vertical stripes of white and yellow.


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Venezuela's state flag shown, used by the government, was adopted in 1954.


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Vietnam's flag and coat of arms feature a star that stands for Communism.


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The flag has a red field with a blue canton in the upper left-hand corner.


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Red, white, and black horizontal stripes.


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The flag was adopted in 1992 and a coat of arms adopted in 1993.


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The flag of Congo (Kinshasa) was adopted in 1997.


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The flag has an orange eagle in the upper right corner over three vertical stripes of red (for freedom), black (for the people), and orange (for mineral wealth) on a field of green (for natural resources).


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The flag has seven horizontal stripes of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green.


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Johann Sebastian Bach's composition for the organ,


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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart excelled in almost every kind of


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Joseph Haydn wrote chamber music, operas, and church music,


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Frederic Chopin, a master of piano composition, wrote more


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Johannes Brahms is famous for his four symphonies, piano music,


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Hector Berlioz was known for his inventive orchestral


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Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky was the first Russian composer whose


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Franz Schubert wrote many types of music, including symphonies, chamber music, solo piano works, and songs.


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Giuseppe Verdi composed some of the most popular operas of all time.


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The ratio that appears below each flag represents the relation between the hoist (vertical width) and the fly (horizontal length).


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The ratio that appears below each flag represents the relation


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The baroque period lasted from about 1600 to 1750.


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Music of the classical period emphasized balance, clarity, and formal beauty.


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The romantic era lasted from about 1820 to 1900.


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A mercury barometer, left, works on the same principle


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An aneroid barometer has a vacuum chamber that expands or contracts with changes in air pressure.


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A dry cell consists of a zinc container filled with substances


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A 9-volt battery has six individual dry cells.


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In a fire-tube boiler, hot gases flow through tubes that are


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In a water-tube boiler, hot gases flow over tubes filled


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The harbour porpoise, also called the common porpoise, has a dark grey to black back and a pale grey or white belly.


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A transaxle delivers engine power to shafts that turn the wheels of a car.


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A radioactive decay series is the process by which a


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The humoral immune response begins with the detection of an


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The cell-mediated immune response involves T lymphocytes,


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A meshed-tooth zip has two rows of teeth that are joined or


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An atom becomes an ion when it gains or loses an electron and so acquires an electric charge.


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Metals, such as copper wire, are good conductors because they have a large number of free electrons.


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An electric circuit is a path that electric current can


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Videotape recorders record video signals in helical (diagonal) tracks on the tape.


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Nuclear fusion releases large amounts of radiation.


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Nuclear fission releases several types of radiation, including


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The accordion is played by stretching and compressing the


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An alligator's body is suited for life on land and in water.


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A group of impalas bounds across a grassland in Kenya.


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The nine-banded armadillo has a protective shell of nine narrow bands of bony plates that slide upon one another.


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An Audubon painting of pileated woodpeckers shows the realistic, colourful style of the artist and naturalist.


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Female baboons take loving care of their young.


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The bagpipe is an instrument that consists of a leather bag fitted with five wooden pipes.


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The balalaika is plucked with the fingers or a pick called a plectrum.


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The banjo is a stringed musical instrument played with the fingers or with a pick called a plectrum.


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The bass is the largest stringed instrument played with a bow.


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The sight of a flying bat frightens many people unnecessarily.


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After cutting down a tree, a beaver moves it to a nearby pond.


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The boa constrictor can swallow animals bigger than its head because the bones of its jaws can spread far apart.


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Musicians usually play bongo drums in Latin-American music.


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The American buffalo cares for its young until the calf is about 3 years old.


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The bugle is a wind instrument made of brass or copper.


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The organ-pipe cactus has stems that resemble the pipes of an organ.


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The cardinal is a popular songbird of North America.


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The cello, or violoncello, became popular as a solo instrument


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The cheetah hunts by prowling quietly through grass until it nears its prey.


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The chipmunk uses pouches in its cheeks to carry nuts and seeds to its burrow.


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The clarinet is a popular woodwind instrument.


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The conga drum is popular in Latin-American music.


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The coyote lives in most areas of the United States, Canada,


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A crocodile's body is long, low and cigar-shaped.


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A drum set consists of a number of drums of different sizes and types, along with cymbals.


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Timpani are among the largest drums and are generally played in symphony orchestras.


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Flamingos live in marshy areas in many parts of the world.


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The flute is a woodwind instrument popular in bands and orchestras.


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The grey fox is the only member of the dog family that frequently climbs trees.


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The French horn is a metal tube coiled into a circular shape.


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Thomson's gazelle is an animal with a light fawn-coloured back and white underside separated by a dark band along its flanks.


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The gibbon is the smallest member of the ape family.


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The Gila monster is a poisonous lizard found in deserts of the Southwest.


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Giraffes live in small groups on African grasslands.


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Two bony "horns" grow from a giraffe's skull.


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The glockenspiel produces a clear, bell-like sound.


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Grapes are grown in many parts of the world.


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A massive grizzly bear rises up on its hind legs.


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An acoustic guitar produces sounds when a musician plucks or strums its six strings.


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An electric guitar produces sounds by electronic amplification.


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A golden hamster is light reddish-brown with white underparts.


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The harmonica is a small wind instrument with reeds that produce tones when the player exhales or inhales into the holes.


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The harp is a large stringed instrument.


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A harpsichord is a musical instrument that looks somewhat like a small piano.


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A river hippopotamus has a stout, barrel-shaped body, short legs and a huge head.


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The spotted hyena has massive, powerful jaws and strong teeth that can crack even large bones.


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A joey (young kangaroo) spends the first several months of its life inside its mother's pouch.


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A female koala carries her joey (young) on her back.


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The Australian frilled lizard frightens enemies away by opening its mouth with a hiss and unfolding the large frill that encircles its head.


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The llama has thick hair and a long neck and looks somewhat like a small camel.


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The lute is an ancient stringed instrument.


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The mandolin has been popular for hundreds of years,


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Moose live in northern regions that have dense forests and many lakes and swamps.


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The oboe is a high-pitched woodwind instrument.


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Pipe organs may have several thousand pipes.


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The ostrich is the world's largest bird.


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The North American otter lives in burrows along the banks of rivers and feeds primarily on fish and crayfish.


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A red panda weighs only from 2.7 to 5.4 kilograms.


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A male peacock can spread the feathers on its back into a beautiful fan.


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Adult penguins provide food and warmth for their young.


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The piccolo is the smallest of the woodwind instruments.


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Pigeons are common in most large cities.


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The platypus has a broad, flat tail and webbed feet that help in swimming.


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The hardy polar bear lives along the frozen shores and in the icy waters of the Arctic Ocean.


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The Indian python grows to about 6 metres in length.


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A young cottontail sits motionless to escape hunters, but hops away


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A raccoon has a "mask" of black hair around its eyes.


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Rats are small, furry mammals that have plagued human beings for centuries.


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A recorder has a whistle mouthpiece and holes that the musician covers and uncovers to play different notes.


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The reindeer lives in Arctic regions of Europe, Asia, and North America.


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The white rhinoceros is the largest kind of rhinoceros.


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The saxophone is a woodwind instrument made of brass.


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A sea otter swims mostly on its back, paddling with its flipper-shaped hind feet.


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The world's largest tree, according to volume of wood, is the General Sherman Tree, shown, in Sequoia National Park in California.


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Sheep provide clothing and food for people.


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The sitar is used primarily to play classical music of northern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.


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The striped skunk sprays an enemy only after giving a warning by growling and stamping its front feet.


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The snow leopard has pale hair with brown spots.


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The Tasmanian devil is a fierce animal of the Australian island of Tasmania.


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The tiger's colouration helps conceal the animal in its natural surroundings.


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The striped toad of South America, like most species of toads, has dry, warty skin.


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A triangle is a steel percussion instrument shaped like a


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The trombone is an important brass instrument in both popular and classical music.


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The trumpet is a popular brass instrument with a brilliant tone.


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The upright tuba is used in the brass section of symphony orchestras.


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The ukulele looks somewhat like a small guitar.


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The razor sharp teeth of the common vampire bat are perfect for feeding on the blood of warm-blooded animals.


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The walrus has long tusks that it uses mainly for defence.


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The timber wolf lives in forests of northern Asia, Europe, and North America.


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The xylophone is a percussion instrument.


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Zebras live in eastern and southern Africa.


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George Frideric Handel is best known for his dramatic vocal compositions called oratorios.


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The chairs shown here rank among the furniture masterpieces of the


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The bamboo is a type of giant grass that grows in groves.


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Christopher Columbus has been depicted by many artists over the years.


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Some breeds of dogs have unusual characteristics.


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The artist draws a picture by cutting through an


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The pine-tree shilling was a silver coin used in the English Colonies in America.


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Reproduction in ferns involves two forms of the plant.


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The highest American military decoration is the Medal of Honor,


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Rembrandt's self-portraits form a vivid record of his life.


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The artist cuts a design into a metal plate with a sharp


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A British one-pound coin has a picture of Queen Elizabeth II on the front and a symbol of a part of Great Britain on the back.


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Two propaganda versions of Adolf Hitler show the German dictator from opposite viewpoints.


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Marsupials are born at an extremely immature stage of development.


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More than 20,000 species of orchids grow in most parts of the world.


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Blowing glass without the use of moulds involves several steps.


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Hardening of various plant, animal, and mineral materials results in sedimentary rock.


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Metamorphic rock forms when any kind of rock undergoes changes as a


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The Arctic landscape changes dramatically with the seasons.


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The coconut, fruit of the coconut palm, is one of the largest of all


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Stonehenge was probably used as a tribal gathering place and a religious centre by ancient inhabitants of England.


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Peruvian and Egyptian mummies show how these ancient peoples


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Computerized tomography (CT) aids in detecting brain tumours


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Sporting dogs include breeds of pointers, setters, retrievers, and spaniels.


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There are more than 20 different breeds of hounds throughout the world.


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There are over 20 recognized breeds of terrier.


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Toy dogs consist of 17 small breeds kept as pets.


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Nonsporting dogs are breeds kept chiefly as pets.


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Historically, these hardy dogs were used to keep grazing cattle and sheep from straying, and to protect the livestock from wolves.


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The Second Anglo-Boer War [1899-1902] began with sieges and commando raids but ended as a war of attrition.


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Anzac forces landed on the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey during


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The Arabian Peninsula lies in southwestern Asia.


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Aborigines arrived in Australia at least 50,000 years ago.


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Each of the games in the billiards family has a distinctive


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Burke and Wills led a well-equipped expedition through the dry, barren centre of Australia.


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The Forrest brothers explored much of Western Australia between


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The Great Trek into the interior of South Africa started in the


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A hockey field is divided into two halves by a solid centre


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Squatters in Australia, looking for new grazing lands,


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Roman Britain had a good network of roads connecting the major towns and forts.


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Recreational vehicles provide living quarters for people who are


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A symbol is a sign that stands for an idea or an object.


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Broadleaf trees of the Northern Hemisphere


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Needleleaf trees of the Northern Hemisphere


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Guglielmo Marconi centred his life around wireless telegraphy.


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Some of the earth's most marvellous living things, including the ones shown in these photographs, are endangered species.


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Pluto is so far from Earth that even powerful telescopes reveal little detail of its surface.


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Aircraft take off from and land on the flight deck of a


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The alimentary canal is a tube through which food is taken into the body and digested.


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The target used in target archery competitions has 10 scoring


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Bark consists of inner bark and outer bark.


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The bassoon is a woodwind instrument used primarily in orchestras.


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This view of a female domestic pigeon shows the chief


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Mechanical brakes are commonly used on bicycle wheels.


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A coaxial cable consists of one or more conductors called coaxials.


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Various types of cables play an important role in everyday life.


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The cacao tree bears pods on short stems close to the trunk.


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Cancer starts to spread when one or more cancer cells break away from the original tumour and enter the circulatory system through a blood or lymph vessel.


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The cannon-ball tree is a South American tree with pink or reddish flowers.


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Car racing flags signal the start and finish of a race.


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This diagram illustrates the major systems of a car with a left-hand drive, front-mounted petrol engine; an automatic transmission; and front-wheel drive.


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Spongy footpads enable a cat to walk quietly.


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A clearinghouse is an institution used by banks to settle their debts with one another.


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Traditional costumes of many lands are shown in these illustrations.   Such styles of clothing developed over hundreds of years.  Many of the  costumes shown are no longer worn, or are worn only as part of celebrations  during festivals and holidays.


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A croquet player scores a point by hitting the ball through a


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A crustacean's body has three main parts: head, thorax, and


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A dehumidifier removes moisture from the air.


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Spruance class destroyers of the United States Navy are used


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The waves in the fluid that fills the ducts of the cochlea,


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This diagram shows a highly simplified ecosystem.


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This view of a female African elephant shows the animal's skeleton and some of its internal organs.


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The visible parts of the eyeball are the white sclera and the coloured iris.


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The retina has cells called rods and cones, which


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This view of a yellow perch shows the chief internal organs found in


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This illustration shows five of the many ways of rigging a


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A fuel cell has two electrical terminals called electrodes.


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The main parts of a hearing aid are shown in this diagram of a behind-the-ear aid.


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A jockey's equipment includes a saddle; whip; boots; goggles; a crash helmet; and a jacket and cap.


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A hotbed protects plants grown during cold weather.


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Almost all professional and many amateur rinks are laid out


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Offside plays rank among the most common hockey violations.


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An igloo was often made of blocks of snow that spiralled upward to


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Steelmakers cast molten steel into blocks called


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In an open-hearth furnace, the charge is melted by flames


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Although mammals differ greatly in size and shape, they all


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The mouth is adapted for taking in food.


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The oesophagus connects the throat with the stomach.


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Crude oil is obtained from oil shale by a process called retorting.


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Artists' paint is made by mixing powdered colours called pigments with a substance called a binder; the binder holds the particles


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A bolt action rifle is generally used for hunting or target shooting.


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Rope consists of many fibres that have been spun into yarns.


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Most ruminants have a stomach with four compartments: the rumen,reticulum, omasum, and abomasum.


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Saddles are designed for specific purposes, such as riding, racing, and


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Shipping companies fly a private flag, called a house flag, to identify the ships they own or operate.


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Scuba divers carry tanks of compressed air.


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Breath-hold divers usually use a face mask and flippers in addition to a snorkel.


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This drawing of a male water moccasin shows the skeleton and internal organs.


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The human stomach is shaped somewhat like the letter J. The cutaway view shows the mucous membrane that lines the organ, and the three muscle layers of the stomach wall.


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To obtain raw sugar from sugar cane, processors first wash


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Various types of swords have played a role in the warfare of many civilizations.


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A table tennis table is divided into halves by a low net.


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This diagram of a U.S. Army M1A1 main battle tank shows the position of the crew members, as well as some parts of the vehicle.


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An intercontinental call from the United States to the


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A telephone handset includes a transmitter or microphone,


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A colour television receiver picks up television signals with its receiving aerial.


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Colour television transmission begins with a television camera.


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A camera tube produces a video signal for one of the primary colours.


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The steam engine provided a completely new source of power for transportation during the 1800's.


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By the early 1900's, engine-powered vehicles had revolutionized transportation.


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Most of today's forms of public transportation had taken shape by the 1930's.


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A tunnel-boring machine digs into rock with attachments called disc cutters.


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Sea birds and birds of the the Antarctic


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The Frasch method of mining sulphur involves pumping hot


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European Union, in 1995, had 15 members.


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The Great Barrier Reef stretches along the eastern coast of Queensland.


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The British colonial empire spanned two eras.


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The Amazon rainforest covers much of northern South America.


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The Gobi is a huge desert that stretches across part of southern Mongolia and northern China.


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The Himalaya, the world's highest mountain range, forms a great natural barrier between the Tibetan plateau of China, and India and Nepal.


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The Kuroshio flows north from the Philippine Sea to the coast of Japan.


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The earliest fossils and other remains of prehistoric people have been found in Africa, Asia, and Europe.


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Many boomerangs are made of wood, such as the Australian ones shown here.


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The Arab world has both a political and a linguistic (language-related) definition.


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The Aztec empire had its capital at Tenochtitlan, which stood on the site of present-day Mexico City.


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The land of the Maya included parts of present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, and all of Belize.


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The Panama Canal cuts through the Isthmus of Panama.


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Ancient Rome began to expand during the 300's B.C. and by 275 B.C. ruled much of Italy.


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The Suez Canal shortens sea voyages between the Atlantic and Indian oceans.


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The weather in the Northern Hemisphere is greatly influenced by the movements of air masses.


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The Panama Canal shortens sea voyages between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.


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The Roman Empire grew weaker during the A.D. 300's.


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Average yearly precipitation in Malaysia


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Average yearly precipitation in the Philippines


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Average January temperatures in Australia


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Average yearly precipitation in Australia


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Average January temperatures in North America


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Average July temperatures in North America


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Average yearly precipitation in North America


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Agriculture and fishing in North America


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Mining and manufacturing in North America


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Average January temperatures in South America


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Average July temperatures in South America


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Average yearly precipitation in South America


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Agriculture and fishing in South America


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Mining and manufacturing in South America


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Average January temperatures in South Africa


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Average July temperatures in South Africa


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Average yearly precipitation in South Africa


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Population density in the United Kingdom


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Average January temperatures in the United Kingdom


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Average July temperatures in the United Kingdom


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Average yearly precipitation in the United Kingdom


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Average January temperatures in the United States


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Average July temperatures in the United States


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Average yearly precipitation in the United States


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Los Angeles: City and points of interest


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San Antonio: City and points of interest


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San Francisco: City and points of interest


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Washington, D.C.: City and points of interest


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Mining and manufacturing in South Africa


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Indianapolis: City and points of interest


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Jacksonville: City and points of interest


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Kansas City: City and points of interest


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Minneapolis: City and points of interest


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The phenomenon called the Doppler effect changes the pitch of sound waves when the source of the sound is moving relative to the listener.


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When a bird flies, its wings make two kinds of movements.


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Vertebrates must digest and absorb nutrients.


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Space shuttles carry artificial satellites, space probes, and other heavy loads into orbit around the earth.


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A camera is basically a box with a lens at one end and a film at the other.


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A canal connects two bodies of water that usually have different water levels.


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Bees make honey because it provides an important food source for them.


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Five kinds of eclipses occur, as demonstrated in the following time-lapse images: a partial eclipse of the sun, an annular eclipse of the sun, a total eclipse of the sun, a total eclipse of the moon, and a partial eclipse of the moon.


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Every 29-1/2 days, the moon goes through several phases, or appearances as seen from earth.


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Tornadoes are the most violent windstorms on earth.


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The engine of most cars operates on a four-stroke cycle.


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A person with normal vision sees objects at all distances in good focus.


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A two-stroke cycle engine is used where low cost is important, such as in a powered lawn mower.


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People breathe the influenza virus into their lungs, where it enters the cells that line the air passages.


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Photosynthesis is a food-making process in green plants.


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Medieval castles were designed to be inaccessible to outsiders.


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Compact discs, often called CD's, are round, flat plastic discs on which information is stored as a pattern of tiny pits and flat spaces.


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The ancient Egyptians believed that the dead lived on in the next world, and that for this reason their bodies should be preserved forever.


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The outer layer of your teeth, the enamel, is the hardest substance in your body.


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Malaria is an infection with one-celled protozoans called Plasmodia.


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All the continents of the world seem to be fixed in the same position year after year.


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A telephone handset contains a transmitter and a receiver.


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Unlike ordinary phones--which connect to the network by wire--a cellular telephone connects with the network by radio waves.


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A spider spins its web out of silk that comes from its silk glands.


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This spider is called an orb-web spider.


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Your blood pressure is one of the best indicators of your overall health.


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Most scientists believe that birds are descended from certain kinds of small, meat-eating dinosaurs.


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The ear is designed to collect sound waves travelling through the air.


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Fossils are the remains or the marks of formerly living things.


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Most frogs mate and produce their babies in water.


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In a microwave oven, an electronic vacuum tube called a magnetron produces short radio waves called microwaves.


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Unlike land animals, almost all fish breathe, or get their oxygen, from water.


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The Internet is a vast network that allows computers around the world to communicate and share information.


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A snowflake consists of masses of tiny bits of ice.


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Most mammals give birth to relatively well-developed offspring.


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A submarine has a sleek, cigar-shaped body that enables it to move swiftly underwater.


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70 million years ago, during a period in the earth's history called the Mesozoic Era, or Age of Reptiles, the dominant animals on the earth were dinosaurs.


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The volcano is one of the most powerful forces in nature.


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NASA began the space shuttle project in 1972.


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Classical ballet technique is based on a position of the legs called the turnout.


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In the floor exercise, the gymnast must perform a continuous series of movements that require flexibility, balance, and strength.


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On the pommel horse, the gymnast must support his weight entirely with his hands while performing a series of swinging manoeuvres.


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On the ring exercise, the gymnast must try to keep the rings motionless while he executes a number of difficult manoeuvres with his body.


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The men's vault uses the same equipment as the women's vault.


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The gymnast performs swings, handstands, and other movements on the parallel bars.


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On the horizontal bar, the gymnast must perform acrobatic moves without coming to a stop.


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The women's vault uses the same equipment as the men's vault.


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The uneven parallel bars event requires the gymnast to execute difficult manoeuvres on both bars while in constant motion.


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On the balance beam, the gymnast tries to use the entire length of the beam.


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In the floor exercise, the gymnast demonstrates her skills in acrobatics, tumbling, and dancing.


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Rhythmic gymnasts are judged on the grace and difficulty of various manoeuvres performed with equipment such as a ribbon, clubs, or hoop.


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Adolf Hitler began his rise to political power in Germany in l9l9, the year after World War I ended.


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Abraham Lincoln was president of the United States from 1861 to 1865.


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Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected president of the United States four times: in 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944.


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Theodore Roosevelt served as president of the United States from 1901 to 1909.


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Many legends exist about George Washington, the first president of the United States of America.


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The Great Barrier Reef is the largest group of coral reefs in the world, and one of Australia's most popular tourist attractions.


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Animals of the deserts have developed special bodies and ways of life that enable them to survive in extreme heat.


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Mountains support a variety of animal life.


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Animals that live in polar regions must withstand extremely cold temperatures.


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Bicycle riders should follow certain safety rules.


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The Hubble Space Telescope is an orbiting observatory that was launched in 1990.


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Japan is a land of great natural beauty.


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The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., was the main leader of the civil rights movement in the United States during the 1950's and 1960's.


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Designed by the famous artist, Pablo Picasso, this steel sculpture stands 50 feet (15 metres) high and weighs 162 tons (146 metric tons).


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Many legendary stories exist about George Washington, the first president of the United States of America.


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Spectacular auroral displays light up the night sky.


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Bats usually spend the daylight hours roosting in an upside-down position.


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A male caribou has large, broad antlers.


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Elephants live in families of related adult females and their young.


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People prize flowers for their beautiful shapes, gorgeous colours, and delightful fragrances.


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A gibbon lives in the tops of trees and rarely comes to the ground.


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A giraffe can escape enemies by running away.


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A jack rabbit has large eyes and long, thin ears.


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The lion is one of the largest members of the cat family.


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An octopus uses its eight long arms to move along the ocean bottom.


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Ostriches cannot fly, but they are known for their speed on the ground.


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Salmon are powerful swimmers that overcome many obstacles when travelling.


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Seals are excellent divers and swimmers.


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The backstroke is performed as you lie on your back.


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The breaststroke is done in combination with the breaststroke kick.


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The butterfly is a hard stroke to learn.


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The front crawl is the fastest and most popular swimming stroke.


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A humpback whale is highly acrobatic and can leap out of the water.


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Zebras protect themselves from enemies by living in herds.


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The crash of the U.S. stockmarket in 1929 signalled the beginning of the Great Depression, the worst economic crisis of the 1900s.


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Apollo 11 was the first space mission to land a human being on the moon.


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Before the Berlin Wall was built in 1961, as many as 1,000 people a day emigrated from East Germany to escape Communist rule and seek a better standard of living in the West.


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Cairo is the capital of Egypt and the largest city, in terms of population, in Africa.


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The Piazza Navona has been called the most picturesque square in Rome and one of the liveliest.


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Leaf-cutter ants cut pieces of leaves from various plants and carry the fragments back to their nest.


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A jellyfish swims by expanding its body like an opening umbrella, then pulling it together again rapidly.


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A kangaroo hops by moving both of its powerful hind legs together.


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The development of aluminium diving boards in the 1960's revolutionized springboard diving.


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After four years of work, including thousands of glider flights, Orville and Wilbur Wright built their first aeroplane, called the Flyer.


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Henry Ford was the leading manufacturer of American motor cars in the early 1900's.


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The size and speed of computers have changed dramatically since the development of the first general purpose electronic digital computer, the ENIAC.


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Grasslands include the prairies of North America, the pampas of South America, the plains of Europe, the steppes of Asia, and the savannas of Africa.


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From the smallest creatures in the world to the largest, animals of all sorts live in the vast oceans.


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Temperate forests have warm summers and cold winters.


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Tropical forests are warm all year and receive abundant rainfall.


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Mohandas Gandhi was an outstanding political and spiritual leader who worked to unify India and free it from British rule by non-violent resistance.


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South Africa's racial policies have shaped much of its history.


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Stonehenge is a monument of massive stones set in circles.


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The Venus de Milo is one of the world's most famous works of art.


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The Burghers of Calais was the first public monument created by the French sculptor Auguste Rodin.


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Shiva is one of the three most important gods of the Hindu religion.


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This famous ancient sculpture was discovered in 1863, when a French archaeologist found the statue on the Greek island of Samothrace.


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The Valley of the Kings is a rocky, narrow gorge, which was used as a cemetery by the pharaohs or kings of ancient Egypt between 1550 and 1100 B.C.


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The crash of the US stockmarket in 1929 signalled the beginning of the Great Depression, the worst economic crisis of the 1900s.


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Amelia Earhart was celebrated as a national hero when she became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1932.


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The marlin can make spectacular leaps with its strong body.


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The Great Sphinx is the largest and oldest representation of a sphinx from ancient Egypt.


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There are 10 pyramids at Giza, including three of the largest and best preserved of all Egyptian pyramids.


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Processing aluminium cans begins at the recycling centre, where clean, dry aluminium cans are either compacted into bales, or shredded into popcorn-sized pieces of metal that are blown into a trailer.


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The process of recycling paper begins in a huge vat called a hydropulper, which operates much the same way as a kitchen blender.


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Thunderstorms are the most common type of storms.


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An example of a violent winter storm is a blizzard, a cold, blinding snowstorm.


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Hurricanes are large whirling storms that form over the warm waters near the equator.


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Alligators hatch from hard-shelled eggs that the female lays in a nest of grass.


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A continental glacier, a huge mass of ice, slides slowly to the sea due to its tremendous weight.


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Big brown bears, the world's largest meat-eating land animals, include the Alaskan brown bear and the grizzly bear of western North America.


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A cow carries her calf in her body for nine months before giving birth.


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New cells are formed by cell division, in which one cell splits to become two cells.


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The cheetah is a large, long-legged cat of Africa's grassy plains.


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The glistening moisture that appears on blades of grass on clear nights is known as dew.


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Dolphins' powerful tail fins and streamlined bodies enable them to move through the water quickly and easily.


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A dust storm is a strong, turbulent wind that carries fine particles of earth for long distances.


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In fly fishing, the angler casts the line so that the lure, known as a fly, lightly touches the top of the water.


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Geese migrate in the autumn and spring, sometimes flying more than 1,600 kilometres.


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While some geysers only bubble in puddles near the ground, others erupt in sensational fountains of water and steam.


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Most guitars, including electric guitars, are made of light wood.


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Hippopotamuses are good swimmers and can stay under water for up to six minutes.


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Hummingbirds' wings beat up to 70 times per second, enabling the birds to dart forward, backward, upward, and downward with remarkable speed.


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A huge chunk of ice breaks away from a continental glacier and falls into the ocean, becoming an iceberg.


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Fiery, molten rock, or lava, may reach a temperature as high as 12 times that of boiling water.


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Sea otters live in the North Pacific Ocean near the shores of western North America and Siberia.


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The owl's large, round eyes and saucer-shaped ruff of feathers make the bird easy to recognize.


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The pelican is a large bird that lives near water.


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Penguins nest in enormous colonies, called rookeries, that may contain up to a million birds.


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Wild sheep are believed to have originated in the lofty plateaus and mountains of central Asia.


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The popular sport of alpine skiing involves such skills as the carved parallel turn, in which the skier shifts his or her weight to turn both skis together.


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Steelmaking primarily involves the removal of impurities from iron and scrap metal, and the addition of desired materials.


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The Venus' flytrap is a carnivorous, or meat-eating, plant.


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Some volcanic eruptions occur on volcanic islands.


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Tiger Woods first gained attention as an amateur golfer, becoming the U.S. Amateur champion in 1994, 1995, and 1996, and impressing fans with his long, accurate drives and brilliant putting skills.


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Soccer is the world's most popular sport.


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Steeplechasing requires great stamina from racehorses.


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The third test match in the 1997 series between England and Australia was played at Old Trafford in Manchester, England.


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Unlike ordinary phones, which connect to the network by wire, a cellular telephone connects with the network by radio waves.


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A United States space shuttle orbiter carries objects into space in its huge cargo bay.


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A camera is basically a box with a lens at one end and film at the other.


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A canal connects two bodies of water that may have different water levels.


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Every 29-1/2 days, the moon goes through several phases, or appearances as seen from Earth.


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Tornadoes are the most violent windstorms on the earth.


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The Statue of Liberty, a symbol of freedom and opportunity for immigrants to the United States, stands on Liberty Island in New York Harbor.


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Dinosaurs still excite curiosity, though they died out millions of years ago.


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The Mount of Olives is a hill just east of Jerusalem where Jesus Christ spent some of His last time on Earth.


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Tower Bridge crosses the River Thames in the East End of London.


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The National Aviation Museum in Ottawa, Canada, has dozens of authentic aircraft from the early days of flying.


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The National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., has exhibits that trace the history of aviation and space flight.


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Alcatraz was a famous American prison on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay.


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The Arc de Triomphe (Arch of Triumph) is a huge stone arch at the western end of the Champs Elysees in Paris.


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The Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta has a dome covered with gold that was mined in Dahlonega, Georgia.


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Professional baseball teams play on a field called a diamond in a large stadium.


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The Brooklyn Bridge spans the East River, connecting the boroughs of Brooklyn and Manhattan in New York City.


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Buckingham Palace is the London residence of the British monarch.


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The United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., is the building where Congress meets to make the nation's laws.


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A full-rigged merchant ship was designed to carry heavy loads of cargo across the ocean.


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The Colosseum is a huge, half-ruined amphitheatre in the centre of Rome that dates from A.D. 80.


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Cowboys moved large herds of cattle great distances from western ranches to a railway station for shipment to Eastern markets.


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Death Valley is a desert basin in eastern California that ranks as the driest and lowest place in the United States.


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Zion National Park in Utah is known for its colourful canyons and unusual formations of red and orange rock.


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The Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Drumheller, Canada, features one of the world's largest collections of dinosaur fossils.


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The Eiffel Tower is known throughout the world as a symbol of Paris.


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The Forum in Rome was the centre of government of the Roman Empire.


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The spectacular Golden Gate Bridge spans a channel at the entrance of San Francisco Bay.


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The massive concrete walls of the Hoover Dam hold back the Colorado River near Las Vegas, Nevada.


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Manger Square, the heart of the West Bank town of Bethlehem, is the location of the Church of Nativity, and is regarded by Christians as one of their holiest places.


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The Citadel, an ancient stone fortress, was built during the reign of King Herod the Great in the last century before the birth of Christ.


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Beautiful parks, such as Ueno Park in Tokyo, reflect the Japanese love of nature.


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The Zojoji Temple in Tokyo, built in 1393, served as the official temple of the Tokugawa clan, which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867.


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A street called the Via Dolorosa (Way of Sorrows) in Jerusalem is believed to be the route over which Jesus Christ carried His cross to Calvary.


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The Old City, which lies on the site of ancient Jerusalem, is surrounded by a massive stone walls almost 12 metres high.


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The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem stands on the site said to be Calvary, the place where Jesus Christ was crucified.


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The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is one of the holiest Muslim shrines.


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Michael Jordan's high-scoring play attracts sell-out crowds at the United Center, the home of his team, the Chicago Bulls.


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The famous Liberty Bell was rung in 1776 to announce the adoption of the Declaration of Independence.


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A huge statue of Abraham Lincoln by the famous sculptor Daniel Chester French dominates the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.


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St. James's Park in London attracts visitors with its tree-lined paths and ornamental ponds.


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Trafalgar Square is one of London's best-known squares.


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Piccadilly Circus forms the centre of London's theatreland in the heart of the West End.


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St. Paul's Cathedral in London is a masterpiece of English baroque architecture.


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Horseguards Parade is a large parade ground in London famous for the spectacle of the Trooping of the Colour, a military parade to celebrate the British monarch's accession to the throne.


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The Louvre in Paris is one of the world's greatest art museums.


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The ruins of Palenque, an ancient Mayan city in the Mexican state of Chiapas, are dominated by the 23 metre high Temple of Inscriptions, built as a tomb by the Mayan king Pacal.


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A typical mosque has a spacious sanctuary designed to hold an entire community of worshippers.


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Mount Fuji, overlooking Yamanaka Lake, is a volcanic peak on the island of Honshu in Japan.


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Central Park's natural scenery, which includes a lake and wooded areas, provides New Yorkers with an alternative to the sights and sounds of Manhattan.


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The broad Seine River flows under more than 30 bridges in Paris and curves through the city for about 13 kilometres.


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The Parisian love of the arts is evident even in the Paris Metro, (underground railway).


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The Moulin Rouge (Red Windmill) is a famous nightclub in the Montmartre district of Paris.


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The Champs Elysees is the most famous avenue in Paris.


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The transparent walls of the Georges Pompidou National Centre of Art and Culture in Paris leave the building's beams and ducts visible from the outside.


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The tomb of Emperor Napoleon I lies in Paris within the Eglise du Dome, (Church of the Dome).


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The gleaming white domes of the Basilique du Sacre Coeur (Basilica of the Sacred Heart), stand at the peak of Montmartre, the highest hill in Paris.


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The enchanting world of puppets is filled with colourful figures of every description, including animals and fairy-tale characters.


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The Pyramids of Giza stand on the west bank of the Nile River near Cairo.


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A modern recording studio consists of a gallery, where the musicians play music, and a control room, where the sound engineers record the music.


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The giant sequoia, also known as redwoods, are one of the largest and oldest living things.


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People have used rockets for space travel since 1961.


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The Rocky Mountains form the North American continental divide, the high ground that separates streams which flow into the Pacific Ocean from those that flow into the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Arctic Ocean.


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Auguste Rodin's brooding figure called The Thinker (1889) is probably the French sculptor's most famous work.


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The huge, elaborate monument of Victor Emmanuel II in Rome honours the first king of a united Italy.


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The Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco, was built as an exhibition hall for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in 1915.


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The California Palace of the Legion of Honor is an art museum in San Francisco, noted for its collection of works by the French sculptor Auguste Rodin.


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Some of San Francisco's streetcars, or trams, have no engines.


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The Astronauts Memorial at Kennedy Space Center, near Cape Canaveral, Florida, U.S.A., was dedicated in 1991 as a memorial to the astronauts who have lost their lives while serving in the space programme.


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Stonehenge lies on Salisbury Plain in southwestern England.


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The Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C., is where the Supreme Court of the United States meets.


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Saint Mark's Square is a favourite meeting place for tourists and residents in Venice, Italy.


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Venice, Italy, founded in A.D. 452, was built on about 120 islands in the Adriatic Sea.


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The Rialto Bridge in Venice, Italy, crosses the Grand Canal in the heart of the city.


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The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., honours the Americans who served in the Vietnam War.


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The Western Wall, also called the Wailing Wall, in Jerusalem, was all that remained of the ancient Second Temple of the Jews after the Roman general Titus destroyed it in A.D. 70.


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Westminster Abbey is a beautiful church in London.


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After they are harvested, grapes for wine are transported directly from the vineyard to the winery for processing.


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The great American architect Frank Lloyd Wright designed the house called Fallingwater to perch dramatically over a waterfall.


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The ancient city of Petra in what is now Jordan was often called the rose-red city because of its red stone buildings and the red cliffs that surrounded them.


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The conversion of Darling Harbour from an old commercial port to a harbourside development with museums, shops, and restaurants has made this a major attraction for both tourists and Sydneysiders.


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Two of Sydney's most famous landmarks may be seen from this spot on Bennelong Point.


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The Rocks is an area on the west shore of Sydney Cove, which was the site of the first European settlement in Australia.


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The Merlion, half lion and half fish, is a symbol of Singapore, the "Lion City".


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Malaysia's capital city is home to the tallest building in the world.


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Blarney Castle, near Cork City, was built in the mid 1400's to stem the advance of the Normans in Ireland.


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Halfpenny Bridge is the only footbridge on the River Liffey, for which a toll was once charged.


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The U.S.S. Bowfin, a retired World War II submarine, sits on permanent display at the U.S.S. Bowfin Submarine Museum & Park near the Pearl Harbor Naval Base on the Hawaiian island of Oahu.


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The Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg is Russia's largest art museum.


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The Winter Palace, now part of the Hermitage Museum, sits off Palace Square in the heart of St. Petersburg.


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Cathedral Square lies in the historic centre of the Kremlin, an elevated fortress in Moscow.


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The spectacular waterfalls of the Niagara River, among the great natural wonders of North America, attract about 10 million visitors each year.


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An operating theatre contains all the equipment and supplies needed for surgery, such as scalpels, gauze bandages, and machines for delivering oxygen and anaesthetic gases to the patient.


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An exact replica of the Oval Office during the Administration of President Jimmy Carter, the 39th president of the United States, is part of the museum at the Jimmy Carter Library in Atlanta, in Carter's home state of Georgia, U.S.A.


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The Great Palace at Pavlovsk near St. Petersburg was one of the most notable of the Russian czars' residences.


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The Plaza de Espana in Seville, Spain, lies in the beautifully landscaped Parque Maria Luisa, the city's largest park.


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The magnificent Catherine Palace is the grandest of the buildings at the town of Pushkin, formerly known as Tsarkoye Selo, south of St. Petersburg, Russia.


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The Capillo Real (Royal Chapel) in the Cathedral of Seville, Spain, offers a dazzling display of exquisitely wrought gold and intricate stonework.


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The flight deck of the space shuttle occupies the uppermost compartment of the cabin.


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Machu Picchu in the Andes Mountains of Peru is one of the most mysterious of all ancient Inca sites.


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Ancient ruins rise above rice paddies in the lush countryside outside Hoi An, an ancient seaport about 30 kilometres southeast of Da Nang, Vietnam.


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This bubble view shows a mock-up of the International Space Station, which is currently being built and is scheduled to become operational in 2003.


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The House of Commons, Westminster, London.


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A pedestrian waterfront on the Kowloon side of Hong Kong harbour.


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The Sala de las dos Hermanas (Hall of the Two Sisters) is one of the most impressive halls in the Alhambra Palace.


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The Patio de los Leones (Court of the Lions) is so named because of the Fountain of the Lions at its centre.


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The new Globe Theatre is the first building in London to have a thatched roof since the Great Fire of London in 1666.


# Flag File

Description:
Breaking the devastating habit of drug abuse can be a daunting--and sometimes deadly--challenge. But for many people, the right drug treatment program can make the difference....


Description:
New treatments can relieve the painful symptoms of gallstones without the discomfort and lengthy recuperation time of traditional surgery....


Description:
Although a vaccine had almost eliminated measles in the United States by 1983, the disease is again on the rise. Here's a look at who is at risk--and why....


Description:
Although researchers have not yet identified the cause of premenstrual syndrome--nor a cure--many women have found effective ways to cope with this frustrating condition. ...


Description:
By taking care of their own health and seeking prenatal care, women today have far greater opportunities than ever before to have a healthy baby....


Description:
Scientists believe they are close to finding the cause--or causes--of Parkinson's disease, a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control....


Description:
Most people no longer think of pneumonia as a life-threatening illness. But the ailment, which strikes about 2 million Americans each year, ranks as the sixth leading cause of death....


Description:
Prostate cancer kills about 32,000 men each year in the United States. With early detection, many of those lives could be saved. ...


Description:
Schizophrenia's symptoms--delusions, hallucinations, and profoundly disorganized thoughts--bring anguish to patients and their families. But there is hope for recovery....


Description:
What caused Canada's largest outbreak of botulism, a deadly form of food poisoning? A team of disease detectives turned up an unlikely suspect....


Description:
During the 1300's, a mysterious and deadly disease wiped out a third of Europe--roughly 20 million people....


Description:
Rather than subject people with incurable diseases to often futile treatment, hospices help make their final days as comfortable as possible....


Description:
Hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver that sometimes results in serious damage, can be caused by any of five viruses. Here's the latest information on this group of infections....


Description:
Disorders of the thyroid-- a small gland that affects how we feel and function-- can wreak havoc within the body. Proper treatment can help....


Description:
Many allergy sufferers don't need a calendar to tell the seasons apart--bouts of sneezing, a runny nose, and itchy eyes announce what time of year it is. But there is relief from the torment....


Description:
This disease, transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito, remains a major health problem in the tropics despite decades of eradication efforts....


Description:
Most drinking water in the United States is clear and free of disease-causing microorganisms. But other contaminants that may be present are raising concerns....


Description:
Doctors thought that tuberculosis was nearly eliminated in the United States in the early 1980's. But the disease is staging an alarming comeback. TB cases-- including some that are resistant to all drugs-- are on the rise....


Description:
Lung cancer, the deadliest cancer in the United States, is among the easiest to prevent, largely by avoiding such factors as cigarette smoke, radioactive radon gas in the soil, and certain industrial substances....


Title:
Why Kids Get Ear Infections-- And What To Do

Description:
Otitis media, a highly common type of ear infection, strikes almost all children and is a leading cause of doctor visits. ...


Description:
Influenza leaves millions of people feeling miserable each winter--and for some, the disease and its complications can prove fatal. The good news is that most cases of flu can be prevented....


Title:
Aspirin: From Headaches to Heart Attacks

Description:
People have been taking aspirin for generations to relieve pain and reduce fever. Yet scientists continue to find new uses for this remarkable drug....


Title:
Saving Lives: The Promise of Cancer Therapy

Description:
New ways of delivering cancer treatments, along with techniques that enable patients to cope better, are making the experience less unpleasant while increasing the cure rates for many cancers....


Title:
Probing the Mysteries of Multiple Sclerosis

Description:
Although there is no cure for multiple sclerosis, scientists are making great strides in understanding this mysterious disease of the brain and spinal cord. ...


Description:
As America's "baby boomers" move into middle age and more people live well beyond their 60's, researchers are exploring why the body ages and how we might fend off aging's effects....


Description:
There are few experiences quite as exciting as heading off, suitcase in hand, to a far-off destination. And there are few experiences quite as miserable as becoming sick after you get there. ...


Description:
No matter what your age or health, a sudden illness or accident could leave you unable to communicate decisions about your health care. ...


Description:
By studying ancient human remains, researchers are gaining new insights into diseases that have afflicted humanity throughout the centuries....


Description:
When should you go to an emergency department? Simple, say medical experts: when you think you have to....


Description:
One of the greatest triumphs of medical science has been the development of vaccines that provide immunity against many infectious diseases. ...


Description:
Knowledge of relatives' past illnesses may help current families avoid the same problems....


Description:
Comfort, convenience, and safety determine which type of contact lenses are right for you....


Description:
Puberty brings a multitude of physical, emotional, and behavioral changes and setsa child on the road to adulthood....


Description:
Some 40 million United States baby boomers have begun to approach menopause. They will expect straightforward information about a transition long shrouded in myth....


Description:
As a rabies epidemic spreads in the Eastern United States--chiefly among wild raccoons--health authorities stress the need for public awareness of this rare but fatal disease....


Description:
Increasing numbers of people in the United States are turning to unconventional forms of health care, seeking relief from ailments for which mainstream medicine has not found cures....


Description:
By helping doctors diagnose ailments, plan surgeries, and monitor patients, computers may become as common a tool in medicine as the stethoscope and scalpel....


Description:
Fatty deposits in arteries can cut off blood supply to the heart, brain, and other tissues. But a wide variety of techniques allows physicians to locate and clear blockages in arteries. ...


Description:
People who are prisoners of bizarre fears and ritual behaviors suffer from a disorder that can usually be treated. ...


Description:
People with dyslexia have trouble with written or spoken communication, but therapy--especially if begun at an early age--can help many dyslexic children overcome their difficulties....


Description:
Parents cannot count on keeping drugs away from their children, but they can help keep their children away from drugs....


Description:
To help people eat healthful diets, the United States Department of Agriculture has designed a new food program that incorporates the latest nutritional wisdom....


Description:
As medical science develops better treatments, survival rates continue to rise for those afflicted with this cancer of the blood-forming tissues....


Description:
Proper treatment can relieve the sting of most insect bites....


Title:
Bernadine Healy Talks About Women's Health

Description:
Shortly before the director of the National Institutes of Health stepped down in June 1993, she spoke with the editors of the Health & Medical Annual. ...


Description:
New regulations have made food labels more uniform, more complete, and more useful. ...


Description:
The right hearing aid can improve the quality of life for millions of people....


Description:
Knowing what distinguishes good day care centers is critical to your child's welfare....


Description:
Millions of Americans are killed or injured in violent assaults each year. Public health professionals are working to quell this "violence epidemic."...


Description:
Generic drugs offer many benefits over brand-name prescription alternatives....


Description:
Travelers can take easy steps to reduce the effects of jet lag....


Description:
Ethics decisions are not always clear-cut in the world of modern medicine....


Description:
Deciding when death occurs can be complicated....


Description:
In some cases, your medical records may not be as private as you think....


Description:
A shortage of transplantable organs can lead to difficult ethical decisions for doctors and families....


Description:
Due to past mistakes, authorities strictly control medical research on human beings....


Description:
By the 1990's, the United States health-care system was in crisis. Costs had soared, but even so, about 37 million Americans were uninsured, and researchers estimated that perhaps another 50 million were underinsured....


Description:
Scientists have vastly increased their understanding of genetics in the 1900's....


Description:
Defective genes can cause thousands of diseases, researchers say. ...


Description:
Genetic engineering may someday help doctors treat diseases more effectively....


Description:
Genetic researchers have conceived a bold vision: a "map" of all the genes in the human body....


Description:
Dry skin is annoying and uncomfortable, but there is help....


Description:
Cataracts strike hundreds of thousands of people each year but are easily treated....


Description:
It takes only a fraction of a second. Searing flame or scalding liquid meets skin, resulting in a burn that, in most cases, requires some type of treatment....


Description:
Research shows that owning a pet can bring health benefits....


Description:
Fat has traditionally been seen as a nutritional villain. A high-fat diet has been linked with many chronic diseases, including heart disease and some forms of cancer. And because fat is packed with calories, it increases the risk of obesity....


Description:
Managed care has benefits and drawbacks--depending on the plan you choose....


Description:
Medical researchers have found evidence that bacteria cause most ulcers and that antibiotics can cure these ulcers for good....


Description:
Parents have probably always admonished children, especially adolescents, to stand up straight. ...


Description:
We've all heard that exercise is good for us, but just how does it benefit the body and how can you make the most of these benefits?...


Title:
When the World Turns: Dizziness and Its Causes

Description:
Whether we feel just a little off-balance or as if we are spinning in space, dizziness is an unsettling sensation that can be brought on by many different causes....


Description:
Each year, thousands of Americans die in accidents that occur in and around their own homes. With planning and vigilance, most home accidents and injuries can be prevented....


Description:
If not carefully treated, Type II diabetes can cause devastating complications. The key to preventing these complications is the close control of blood sugar levels. ...


Title:
Dr. Spock Talks about Raising Children Today

Description:
America's foremost baby doctor talks about how the problems that parents face have changed since the first edition of his best-selling Baby and Child Care appeared in 1946. ...


Description:
Alzheimer's disease robs a person of the very things that constitute the self--memory, reasoning ability, and judgment--and it can devastate families. But help is available....


Description:
Although many infectious diseases have been conquered, many new ones are emerging--the result of crowding, the widespread destruction of natural habitats, and other human activities. ...


Description:
Researchers are looking at the disease-fighting powers of vitamins and other nutrients in such everyday foods as broccoli and carrots....


Description:
An arsenal of psychiatric drugs, which includes the widely prescribed antidepressant Prozac, can treat a range of mental disorders--disorders that affect millions of Americans. ...


Description:
Studies indicate that most Americans are not getting the sleep they need. Some simple steps can help improve both the quantity and the quality of your sleep. ...


Description:
Having the right skills, knowledge and equipment is the best way to ensure that a hike ends without mishap....


Description:
A few precautions can help protect us from the microbes and toxins that sometimes contaminate food....


Title:
Cochlear Implants: Delivering Sound to the Deaf

Description:
Cochlear implants can help some profoundly deaf people hear. But experts stress that the implant is not for everyone. ...


Description:
The public blood supply has never been safer, but donating your own blood before surgery can eliminate the slight chance of disease transmission. ...


Description:
It takes only a few years for children to understand and use language effectively. Researchers are beginning to learn just how they do it....


Description:
The keys, say the experts, are starting early, keeping talks short and simple, and building a bond of mutual trust and respect....


Description:
Exercise doesn't have to wear you out to yield health benefits, but it should be fairly vigorous....


Title:
Germ Warfare: Battling the Strep A "Bug"

Description:
Although group A strep infections have made headlines in recent years, most of the time, they're just strep throats....


Description:
Recent research points to biochemical changes in the brain as the root of most headache pain. It's also yielding new treatments....


Description:
High blood pressure can cause serious harm while producing fewsymptoms. But it can be controlled....


Description:
Advances in reproductive technology have made it possible for many couples who were unable to conceive to realize their dreams of parenthood....


Description:
Hemorrhoids are among the most common ailments of Americans, but there's no need to suffer from them....


Description:
Knowing what happens when muscles and skin are injured helps in deciding whether to apply heat or cold to a minor injury....


Description:
This colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas kills hundreds of Americans in their homes each year and poisons thousands more. ...


Description:
Although it may seem as if nutrition advice changes constantly, the nutrition basics usually remain the ...


Description:
The Mediterranean diet rich in grains, fruits, and vegetables; offers a treat for the palate as well as the heart....


Description:
Redesigned food labels make it easier to judge whether a particular processed food is a nutritious choice....


Description:
From the first days of life to the last, the food we eat influences our health. ...


Description:
How have guidelines on recommended weights changed, and how much science stands behind the changes?...


Description:
Overflowing schedules threaten the family meal, a ritual that serves psychological and nutritional needs....


Description:
Female sex hormones offer relief from menopausal symptoms and certain effects of aging but pose some risks. ...


Description:
Glaucoma steals the sight of some 3 million Americans each year--but early detection and treatment of glaucoma can prevent vision loss....


Description:
Feet are among the hardest-working parts of the body, so it's important to take care of them. Here's how....


Description:
Forgetfulness increases with normal aging, but there are techniques to improve memory at any age....


Description:
Research on the genetic basis of obesity may help explain why losing weight is so difficult for some people-and it could lead to new weight-loss drugs....


Description:
A multitude of remedies promise to keep stomach acid in its place and relieve heartburn woes....


Description:
Gum disease is a serious threat to adult teeth. But with regular home care and dental visits, it can be controlled....


Description:
Once considered exotic technology, lasers are becoming standard tools for many types of surgery....


Title:
Food Allergies: When Common Foods Cause Uncommon Reactions

Description:
Food allergies are much rarer than most people think. But for those who have them, it's important to know which foods to avoid....


Description:
Medical researchers trying to create a vaccine or cure for AIDS are struggling against an unexpectedly wily foe....


Description:
Artificial joints can relieve pain and make life more enjoyable for many people. But they don't last forever....


Description:
With headlines warning of new health threats daily, it's helpful to know which risks to pay attention to....


Description:
Baby Boomers should start planning now for a healthy and fulfilling life after retirement....


Description:
Is the modern, computerized office as hazardous to health as yesterday's workplaces were to an earlier generation?...


Description:
Understanding stress and its influence on health is one of the more complex tasks facing scientists today....


Description:
The stress response helps people meet the challenges of daily life, but it can also become a danger to health....


Description:
Stress has been linked to many physical ills, but scientists are just beginning to understand how it acts on the body....


Description:
When people feel unable to cope with stress, their mental well-being may be at risk....


Description:
Counteracting the negative effects of stress is important to our physical and mental health....


Description:
As citizens debate wetlands policy, scientists are learning more about how these ecosystems purify water, control flooding, and support plants and animals....


Description:
Meteorite collisions with Earth may have helped shape the history of life on this planet. The rocks themselves hold clues to the formation of the solar system billions of years ago....


Description:
The Incas claimed to have invented their civilization from nothing. But archaeologists are finding evidence of rich and varied Andean cultures as early as the time of the great pyramids in Egypt....


Description:
To meet increasingly strict pollution-control regulations, scientists and engineers are continuing decades of refinements in the design of automobile engines and fuels. ...


Description:
Research on the domestic cat spotlights the animal's unusual physical characteristics--and the conflict between cats' natural behaviors and the human world....


Description:
For more than 150 years, scientists have debated whether these "other" human beings were direct ancestors of modern people or a side branch on the family tree....


Description:
Scientists once thought that the Sahara was expanding south into an area called the Sahel. But new research finds that the desert ebbs and flows into this land of drought and famine....


Description:
Chemists and food technologists are creating low-calorie substitutes for fat and sugar. But designing a tasty, safe, and practical product isn't easy....


Description:
Early results from the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, launched in April 1991, offered tantalizing clues to some of the deepest mysteries of the universe....


Description:
Airbags improve your odds of escaping serious injury or death in certain types of collisions. Using airbags with seat belts greatly improves the odds....


Description:
Real science lies behind those whiter whites....


Description:
We are all interested in what the weather forecast has to tell us: Will it rain when we want to go to the beach, to the park, or to a ball game? Will there be a heavy snow tomorrow, so that commuter trains and school buses may run on a delayed ...


Title:
EnergyGuide Labels: Help for the Appliance Shopper

Description:
EnergyGuide labels can help consumers save hundreds of dollars over the life of an appliance. ...


Description:
At the beginning of 1992, Earth supported about 5.4 billion people, a dramatic rise since 1900, when Earth contained about 1.6 billion people. The United Nations estimates that by the year 2000, the world population will be around 6.4 billion people....


Description:
Pollution as a result of human population growth threatens many of Earth's ecosystems. ...


Description:
Chemical pollutants have seriously damaged Earth's protective ozone layer....


Description:
Many scientists believe that human activity may be warming Earth's atmosphere. The result could bring dramatic change to many areas of the world....


Description:
Human beings are only one of millions of organisms sufficiently different from one another to be recognized as species. ...


Description:
Electronic locks offer convenience, wide range of use, and greater control over who enters sensitive areas....


Title:
Clearing the Air About Electronic Air Cleaners

Description:
Choosing the right air cleaner can make a home a healthier place....


Description:
Most people don't think about how toothpaste works, but a closer look may bring some surprises....


Description:
Just as surely as summer brings a host of outdoor pleasures, it also brings swarms of mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and other biting, disease spreading insects....


Description:
You can save money and help the environment by choosing the right light bulbs....


Description:
Introduced species--plants and animals purposefully or accidentally transported to new habitats--can cause ecological disasters....


Description:
By Eugene M. Rasmusson El Nino is a complex weather system that appears every few years, bringing droughts, floods, and other weather extremes to numerous parts of the globe....


Description:
Peter Raven, a noted botanist and expert on the rain forest, explains how Earth's biological diversity is being threatened and describes what ordinary people can do to help solve the problem....


Description:
Engineers are beginning to make buildings and other structures that monitor themselves and their surroundings and alter their shape to deal with changes--all without human intervention....


Description:
Science-fiction movies treat us to imaginative visions of different worlds and altered people. But could onscreen events happen in real life?...


Title:
Solving the Mystery of the Moche Sacrifices

Description:
As archaeologists unearthed some of the richest tombs in the New World, they solved a mystery about a remarkable civilization that arose in South America nearly 2,000 years ago BY CHRISTOPHER B. ...


Title:
Uncovering African Americans' Buried Past

Description:
Excavations at early African-American cemeteries are yielding insights about people whose lives remain little known to many Americans....


Description:
American songbird populations are mysteriously declining, and scientists want to find out why....


Description:
After it was first launched, astronomers had to compensate for flaws in the Hubble Space Telescope--and plan for a daring ...


Description:
Techniques that can track brain activity are helping to expand our understanding of the body's most mysterious organ....


Description:
Many past observers, from the ancient Greeks, to Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton, have influenced current views of the universe....


Description:
The nighttime sky is ablaze with light from objects near and far....


Description:
A complex universe of its own exists within each atom--a universe that is still revealing its mysteries....


Title:
The Formation of Galaxies and Other Structures

Description:
Scientists believe that the big bang formed galaxies from a soup of subatomic particles. But the mystery of exactly how those particles formed galaxies endures....


Description:
Many unanswered questions remain about the origin and evolution of the universe....


Description:
Astronomers have stepped up their quest for black holes, bizarre objects so dense that not even light can escape from them....


Description:
Virtual reality technology will allow computer users to experience sights, sounds, and sensations that mimic those of the real world....


Description:
For years, scientists thought genetic problems in the cheetah were helping doom the swift cat to extinction. But new research is casting doubt on that view....


Description:
Cloning technology is taking science into uncharted areas, with potential for medical breakthroughs but also ethical dilemmas....


Description:
Volcanic eruptions of almost unimaginable size shook the Earth in prehistoric times. Geologists say we may live to see another big one....


Description:
One of the world's most honored--and wittiest--physicists looks back on a career spent among the quarks and leptons....


Description:
Modern life is filled with risks, from common activities as well as potentially catastrophic ones. Engineers and scientists can help us to understand these risks and to make decisions about them. ...


Title:
Gearing Up for the Information Superhighway

Description:
A vast communications network, now being developed, may someday link every telephone, television, and computer in the world....


Description:
Fossil fuels--coal, oil, and natural gas--are far from perfect energy sources. The search for cleaner, renewable energy goes on....


Description:
Hydroelectric power is a clean and renewable energy resource, but the damming of rivers and streams presents certain risks....


Description:
Biomass fuel, or fuel derived from living plants, offers ecological benefits and may provide farmers with a useful cash crop....


Description:
Geothermal energy, an important renewable energy resource, is most readily available in regions near the intersection of tectonic plates....


Description:
Technology offers two methods for generating electricity from solar energy. In one method, the sun's heat is concentrated to produce steam; in the other, photovoltaic cells directly convert sunlight to electricity....


Description:
The startup costs for exploiting renewable energy sources are higher than those for exploiting fossil fuels....


Description:
A "sports drink" can replace fluids and nutrients lost during exercise....


Description:
Factors in the atmosphere, such as heat and humidity, steadily degrade photographs, film, audio and video media, and paper documents....


Description:
No one escapes the misery of colds, yet scientists have failed to find a cure. Many medications alleviate symptoms, however....


Title:
Paper or Plastic: Which Bag Is Better for the Environment?

Description:
Which kind of grocery bag is more environment-friendly--paper or plastic? The choice is not a simple one....


Description:
Wind is a free, renewable, and clean source of energy, though an inconsistent one....


Description:
The internal combustion engine has its advntages, but engineers predict that clearner, more efficient cars will soon be taking to the road....


Description:
Sightless creatures and fantastic formations exist in a dark universe below ground, where even the breath of human visitors can alter the delicate ecological balance....


Description:
The spectacular comet strikes on Jupiter in 1994 showed that the solar system can be a very dangerous place....


Description:
Seeking obscure traces of evidence and linking them to criminal suspects is the work of the forensic scientist. As technology has advanced, so have the tools of forensics. ...


Description:
By the mid-1990's, scientists had uncovered many of the genetic flaws responsible for the devastating disease called cancer. But much more remains to be discovered....


Title:
Pterodactyls--Flying Marvels of the Mesozoic

Description:
Today's image of the pterodactyl is no longer that of a clumsy flying fiend....


Description:
Scientists have learned a great deal about ionizing radiation since the beginning of the Atomic Age 50 years ago. But uncertainties remain about the health effects of low doses. ...


Description:
Physicists have finally confirmed the existence of a subatomic particle that may be the last remaining fundamental building block of the universe....


Description:
Mass extinctions are a part of Earth's long history, but today's trend of extinction for many species is disturbingly different....


Description:
According to scientific estimates, one percent of all species have been lost to extinction in the last century. And the pace is apparently accelerating....


Description:
Species preservation is not a new concern, though the movement has gained momentum in recent years. Many challenges lie ahead, however....


Description:
Human beings and other species of living organisms are ultimately interdependent. We have an obligation to conserve and protect species....


Title:
CD-ROM's: Multimedia Computing on a Silver Platter

Description:
What are CD-ROM's and how do they work? How do I join the CD-ROM revolution?...


Description:
Selecting the right pair of shoes for a sports activity is serious business. Here are some guidelines....


Description:
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's), which have been blamed for ozone depletion, will no longer be used in cooling and refrigeration devices....


Description:
Cosmetics consist of chemicals that are potentially irritating, or even toxic, to the skin. Become an informed consumer....


Title:
Windows to Keep Comfort High, Energy Use Low

Description:
Major strides in window technologies mean that today's new windows are thermally far more efficient than those of a generation ago....


Description:
Jim Lovell, the heroic commander of the real-life Apollo 13 mission to the moon talks about the rewards and risks of space exploration....


Description:
By studying airplane crashes to learn their causes, investigators have helped make air travel increasingly safe....


Description:
Antarctica's vast expanse of ice and brilliant blue sky offer scientists unparalleled--though frigid--conditions for studying some of our most serious environmental problems and oldest cosmic mysteries....


Description:
Recent research suggests that the universe may be much younger than astronomers had thought. But investigators predict that further studies will resolve the controversy....


Description:
Abundant food, water, and habitation sitesmake American cities and suburbs irresistible to many wild animals....


Description:
For years, people equated Lake Erie with pollution. But vigorous cleanup efforts have restored much of the lake's ecology....


Description:
While many people feel that the music of such rock-and-roll legends as Rod Stewart and The Who's Pete Townshend has held up fairly well over the years, the performers themselves admit that they--or at least their ears--are somewhat the worse for wear. ...


Description:
Americans have a growing thirst for bottled water. In the mid-1990's, they were drinking more than 10 billion liters (2.6 billion gallons) of bottled water a year, about five times as much as they consumed in 1980....


Title:
Lessening the Hazards of Home Pesticides

Description:
We have all heard disturbing reports about the potential health hazards of traces of pesticides in our food and water. ...


Description:
If you think chemistry has nothing to do with your everyday life, take a look in the mirror and think again. Specifically, look at your hair....


Description:
Someone changes the oil in his or her car. Instead of taking the old oil to a filling station to be recycled, he or she lets it drain onto the ground or pours it down a storm drain. Is it convenient? Yes. Is it harmless? Definitely not....


Description:
The computer has changed our lives so rapidly and so dramatically that it is hard to remember a time without computers. ...


Description:
Before long, according to electronics experts, it will be possible for us to carry wallet-sized computers. ...


Description:
Imagine a computer equipped with a staff of electronic helpers to assist you with your daily tasks. ...


Description:
While personal computers (PC's) dramatically increase the amounts of work that individuals can accomplish independently, much of our work--whether for school or business--depends upon interaction with others. ...


Description:
The computer revolution has grown mainly through continuous improvements to electronic integrated circuits. ...


Description:
Abnormal protein molecules called prions are involved in several devastating brain disorders, including "mad cow disease," but some scientists are skeptical about the idea that these proteins cause illness on their own....


Description:
For information on Croatia during the years 1942 through 1991, see Yugoslavia. ...


Description:
The year 1922 showed a decided improvement in the automotive industry, over the period of high prices and readjustments of 1919-1921. Motor car manufacturers set themselves vigorously to the task of reestablishing prosperity in the trade by effecting ...


Description:
Recently the term "bloc" has come into general use to describe any group of men united to achieve a single purpose in law-making, that purpose being to advance their one interest without regard, for the time being, to other broad and general interests....


Description:
Measured by the history of most nations, Canada in organized form is but an infant, for slightly more than half way between the census of 1911 and 1921 it passed its fiftieth year since Confederation--since the Dominion was organized. Its present ...


Description:
A dispute of forty-years' standing between two South American neighbors has been settled by the friendly assistance of officials of the United States. By trusting to the good offices of the American republic there was shown by Chile and Peru a ...


Description:
For the first time in history that seething mass of humanity which is China placed itself definitely in the family of modern nations as a power to be reckoned with at the Washington conference from November, 1921, to February, 1922, on Pacific and Far ...


Description:
Three times within a little more than twelve months Chile has been visited by very serious earthquakes. In October, 1921, there was a severe shock several hundred miles south of Santiago. Another followed in December, greater in severity than any ...


Description:
It was declared that if any people reject these elementary conditions of civilized intercourse between nations they cannot be expected to be received into the family of nations. To the surprise of the conference, the Russian delegation capitulated and ...


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The development of aeroplanes has reached a point, it is claimed by United States army authorities, where it is possible to build machines capable of speed so great that no human being can fly them. Several machines were built during 1922 which have ...


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When the French republic summed up its losses in the area devastated by the German armies in the War of the Nations it found the damage amounted to 102 billions of francs (a little over 20 billions of dollars). A sum equal to two-fifths of this great ...


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It is universally recognized that there cannot be stability in Europe until there has been definite understanding reached between Germany and its creditors as to the payment of the indemnities enforced by the treaty which ended the war. The government ...


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The outstanding events of the year in the British Isles are the establishment of the Irish Free State, the downfall of the Lloyd George Ministry, which destroyed the coalition government, and the consequent general elections which returned the ...


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The position of Greece during 1922 was not enviable. Its recent misfortunes date back to the Treaty of Sevres, in 1920, by which peace was restored, following the war, between the allied powers on the one hand and Turkey on the other. The treaty was ...


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Insulin is the name given to an extract derived from the "island" cells of the pancreatic gland. It is entirely distinct from the other secretion of the pancreas, known as pancreatic juice, which aids the bowels in the digestive process, and its ...


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At the close of 1921 the new Irish legislative body was debating the Free State treaty which had been negotiated with the Lloyd George government. On the 14th of January, 1922, the treaty was ratified by Dail Eireann, the Irish legislative body, and ...


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Midsummer of 1922 witnessed the climax of a two-year drama enacted in the Italian kingdom which thrust aside established political policies and precedents and substituted a new experiment in government. Italy is dominated to-day by an untried and ...


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The island empire of the Pacific finds world opinion at the end of 1922 more decidedly friendly to it than at any time since it became a power of the first class. It has "kept the faith" with its white neighbors in important respects, without attempt ...


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Newfoundland, the province of Quebec, and the Dominion government of Canada are parties to a reference to the Imperial Privy Council in London of the claims of their respective peoples or governments as to the ownership of what is popularly known as ...


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The baby lying in its cradle to-day has a life expectancy greater than its father and mother had when they were at the same helpless age. The United States government tells us so, and marshals figures to prove it. Indeed, the statisticians at ...


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A rapids in the Tennessee River known as Muscle Shoals, near Florence in the northwestern corner of Alabama, has become the site for a proposed power plant. If built, it would rival anything of the kind in the United States, possibly excepting Niagara ...


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During the summer the people of the Philippine archipelago reminded the President and the Congress of the United States of a specific promise made to them over twenty years ago, and suggested, through a commission sent to Washington, that the year ...


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President Wilson revived the practice of appearing in person before the Congress to present his annual message, a custom which had not been followed since the days of Thomas Jefferson, when he rode on horseback to the Capitol building, tradition ...


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Every few months for the past two years the world has been informed that the Russian Soviet government could exist but a brief time longer. The prophets of disaster have been thoughtful men who have made a study of Russian conditions, but their ...


Description:
There are many indications that the United States and Canada are not alone among the countries of the world in testing the benefits or ill results of prohibition. Possibly it is correct to add Russia as one of the states where it is being subjected to ...


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At the close of the War of the Nations it was the announced intention of the victorious allied nations to drive Turkey from Europe. Constantinople was to be left nominally Turkish territory, because it was the center of the Mohammedan religion and the ...


Description:
Wireless telegraph, or radio telegraph -- a system of electrical communication without connecting wires between sending and receiving stations -- possibly ranks together with the wireless telephone as the greatest marvel of inventive genius. It is ...


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A device by which the human voice or sounds from any vibrating instrument can be transmitted hundreds--even thousands--of miles without any material medium of transmission. To be told that a person may sit at home and hear a speaker, or a soloist, or ...


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National league champion--New York Giants. ...


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The soccer champion for the year is: ...


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Secretary of Agriculture Wallace stated in October that the Federal revenue derived from taxation of motor vehicles and accessories since 1917 has been more than twice as great as the amount expended by the Federal government for road construction. ...


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Premier Stanley Baldwin greatly surprised his countrymen late in November when he declared for a general election in which his party, the Conservative, would go before the country seeking a mandate from the people to establish the principle of ...


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In March the governments of Canada and the United States concluded a treaty relating to fisheries in waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the Great Lakes, which brings into force a convention regarding closed seasons and other regulations of ...


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Down in Southeastern New Mexico, in Eddy County, of which Carlsbad is the county seat, the Pecos River has been acting queerly. Dams built to impound water for irrigation purposes have not been filled; the water which should have formed lakes has been ...


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Civil warfare between the north and south--between the Peking government and the districts surrounding Canton, under the sway of Dr. Sun Yat Sen--continued during the year. Although suffering numerous defeats, the rebels under Sun's leadership have ...


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The brief occasions of total eclipse of the sun and the rarity of the phenomenon in sections of the world where views can be obtained make each favorable occurrence one of great scientific importance. It is for this reason that astronomers often ...


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In June, 1923, Mount Etna, called by the ancients the "Forge of Vulcan," burst into volcanic activity, and in the resulting inferno of destruction a dozen villages were entirely consumed by flowing lava, and other towns were saved only by most heroic ...


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The pyramids of Egypt, accounted among the wonders of the world, were erected as long ago as 3000 B.C. to make the burial places of Egyptian kings. They were supposed to be safe repositories of the bodies of the nation's rulers, but even these ...


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Several notable feats marked the progress of aviation during 1923 in the United States. They were not staged for exhibition purposes, and were intended in no sense to be spectacular, but were a part of a studied program to promote government and ...


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When the pages of this ANNUAL were sent to press the German reich was still a republic in name, but a dictatorship in fact, with a threatened return to the old monarchy which the guns of the allies in the late war had battered to pieces. ...


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This decade has been termed "the twilight of the kings." On December 18, 1923, King George II of Greece was forced to join that considerable company of monarchs who within a few years have been deprived of their thrones through a rising sentiment ...


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It has come to be almost an axiom that "Uncle Sam is the policeman of the western hemisphere." There is considerable truth in the statement, for the United States marines have been landed on numerous foreign shores to restore peaceful conditions to ...


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Warren G. Harding, twenty-ninth President of the United States, seventh whose native state was Ohio, became the sixth to die while the incumbent of that exalted office. The close of his career came with unexpected suddenness at the conclusion of a ...


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The National Health Council, a combination of thirteen great medical and public health organizations in America, announced early in the year that during the twelve months beginning July 4, 1923, it would endeavor to persuade every person in the United ...


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Strife between the Free State government and the element of the population which has followed Eamonn de Valera in his efforts to establish in Ireland a republic entirely free from British domination continued throughout the early months of 1923. ...


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The government of Benito Mussolini was established in 1922 as a dictatorship in effect though not in name, to supplant a regime which was permitting the country to drift towards communism, the "rule of the proletariat." The new Premier's power remains ...


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What is declared to be the greatest disaster in historic times pierced the heart of the island Empire during the week beginning Saturday, September 1, 1923. A series of earthquakes of great violence, followed by fires for many hours throughout a large ...


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A protracted meeting of delegates of the great powers of Europe and interested minor powers, held at Lausanne, Switzerland, to impose on Turkey the will of the allied countries. At the conclusion of negotiations the Turk could be no longer termed "the ...


Description:
Ravages of war, great as they are, are not as terrible as the loss of human life from disease. On many unseen battlefields, the laboratories of the scientists, constant warfare is waged against the latter, and victories are being recorded with greater ...


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There was less international ill-will in the world at the end of 1923 than at its beginning, even though the European situation remained full of peril. As a result of conferences extending over a period of several months, cordial relations were ...


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The report of operations of the Panama Canal for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1923, was made public late in November. The tonnage passing through the waterway during the twelve months was record-breaking, and is declared to be abnormal, though ...


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The government of the archipelago continues actively its campaign for independence, and during the past year has found an issue which serves to add emphasis to the unsatisfactory condition of local affairs. There is in progress a revolt against ...


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The principal political event of the year was the resignation of Governor E. Mont Reily on April 1, and the appointment of Horace M. Towner as Governor on April 6. This change led to a rather thorough reorganization of the government service through ...


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Before the close of the year 1923 various men who believe that their public record entitles them to the highest political distinction announced themselves as candidates for nomination to the office of President of the United States. ...


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It is declared by students of the social order that radio broadcasting is the greatest community factor that has entered into the lives of the people since the first settlements were made on the American continent. The invention of the wireless ...


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A vast new republic, more than twice as large as the United States or Canada, was ushered into existence during August, 1923. The organizing genius behind the movement was the leadership of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic, the legal ...


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The monarchy experienced troublesome times throughout most of 1923. King Alphonso still retains his throne, and is apparently more firmly seated than observers of the trend of events thought would be possible, but his constitutional authority has in ...


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Turkey, which since June, 1922, has been known officially as the National State of Turkey and accounted at the time a weak, despised power, achieved during the ensuing twelve months the distinction of winning one of the greatest victories in the ...


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Two laws enacted by the Congress of the United States to protect children engaged in manual labor have been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The first was known as the Keating-Owen Act, passed in 1916. It was declared invalid two years ...


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World's Champions--New York Americans. ...


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Leading eastern teams--Yale and Cornell. ...


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The following are hockey champions of the year: ...


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This "community of understanding" reaches in its influence beyond the boundaries of the three principals. Poland's future is linked with them, for that country has close political affiliation with Czecho-Slovakia and Rumania, and Greece and Yugoslavia ...


Description:
In the rocks and fossils hidden in the breast of Mother Earth scientists are reading the story of how our world came to be. That is geology. Another reading is going on, no less absorbing. In the ruins of buried cities, in excavations of tombs and ...


Description:
The increase in the number of automobiles in daily service in the United States has been so tremendous from year to year that at the end of 1924 the manufacture of motor cars, motor trucks and accessories was recorded as the country's greatest ...


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The Western Union Telegraph Company started in September, 1924, to lay a new trans-Atlantic cable for direct communication between New York and Rome. What gives this enterprise unique distinction, in addition to being the first line to span the ocean ...


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While Canada has not excluded Japanese immigration, it is not for lack of a demand from British Columbia, which is both clamorous and insistent. At every session of Parliament complaints are voiced by members from the Pacific coast province that while ...


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Though China has a greater population than any other country in the world and has one of the oldest continuous governments, the great majority of Westerners know little about its people or its problems and are not greatly concerned about its destiny. ...


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The Norwegians have revived an ancient name for their capital. An act of Parliament passed in June, 1924, decreed that with the beginning of 1925 Christiana should be known as Oslo, the name given in 1048 by Harold Sigurdsson to the village he founded ...


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COOLIDGE ADMINISTRATION The entire year and a fourth of the Coolidge occupation of the White House, to November 4, 1924, was to an unusual degree an abnormal period politically. The aspects of the approaching Presidential election weighed heavily in ...


Description:
In 1924, for the first time in history, the guiding hand in the government of Great Britain became the hand of labor. In January, on the downfall of the Conservative government under the Premiership of Stanley Baldwin, the king called upon James ...


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In a report issued during 1924 by the Eyesight Conservation Council of America, the statement is made that defective eyesight in pupils in the public schools costs our nation annually at least one hundred thirty millions of dollars. It is claimed that ...


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In the year 1924, almost at its close, the aeroplane "became of age." Twenty-one years ago, on December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers, of Dayton, Ohio, with persistent faith that had overcome a continuous series of disappointments, completed a new ...


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At the beginning of the year 1924 Raymond Poincare, former President of the country, was Premier and an outstanding figure in French politics. He lost the Premiership in June, as a result of the regime ushered in by the May election of members to the ...


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Very pessimistic was the outlook for Germany as the year 1923 drew to a close. Much more hopeful were the German people at the end of 1924. The outstanding incident in German history for the year was the reparations plan submitted by a commission of ...


Description:
During the last two weeks of December, 1923, there was the beginning of a dramatic episode in Greek history which emphasized anew that this decade may be termed "the twilight of the kings." On December 18 of that year, King George of Greece was forced ...


Description:
The comparative peace during the early part of 1924 in this long-troubled island was marred by a military mutiny. Following close upon and attempt to arrest two officers, General Tobin and Colonel Dalton, who resisted the demobilization order, came ...


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International land adjustments resulting from pledges made among the Allies during the War of the Nations are yet in process of negotiation. One of these settlements, while overshadowed by issues of greater importance, is the peaceful settlement ...


Description:
The year 1924 in Italy was like a vivid historic drama, in which action, suspense, play of emotion and outstanding personalities, all had a part. The wave of Fascism which swept Benito Mussolini into the Premiership in October, 1922, had by no means ...


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A survey of Mexico for the year 1924 shows real progress toward political stability and economic adjustment, notwithstanding there was a revolution against the government and a Presidential election. It has been said that elections in most countries ...


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During 1924 Honorable Eugene Allen Gilmore, Vice-Governor of the Philippine Islands and Director of Education, spent some time in the United States investigating educational conditions and making arrangements for an educational survey of the ...


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The political campaign of 1924, preceding the general election in November, particularly in its early phases, was fraught with great uncertainty, and was full of surprises. The choice of President of the United States was the one great issue involved, ...


Description:
The legendary account of the birth of Minerva, Roman goddess of wisdom--how she sprang full-grown from the head of Jupiter, clad in shining armor and singing a triumphant song of victory--reminds one irresistibly of the advent of the radio telephone. ...


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The communist government of Russia suffered the loss of its great leader, Lenin, in January, 1924, but the events of the year emphasized in a most striking manner that, though dead, he continued to be the dominating influence throughout Sovietland. ...


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The Congress shall have power to limit, regulate and prohibit the labor of persons under eighteen years of age. ...


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National A. A. U.--Butler University. ...


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National Intercollegiate Champion--Notre Dame. ...


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It is claimed that one reason for the resolution to locate inland was the former frequency of revolt by the navy, which can easily attack the present seat of government from its advantageous position in the harbor. This danger would not be so great ...


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In the autumn of 1924, the League of Nations adopted a protocol (a memorandum or resolution) that provided for compulsory arbitration and for joint aggression against any member nation that refuses to arbitrate international disputes. This was the ...


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Spain dominates the Mediterranean shore of Morocco adjacent to Tangier, the Atlantic coast for some distance southward, the territory inland to the east for an undetermined distance, also a strip near Tunisia, centering about the city of Melilla. ...


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On the first Monday in December, 1925, there began a new Congressional period, with a new President of the Senate, in the person of Vice-President Dawes, and a new Speaker of the House, Honorable Nicholas Longworth of Ohio. There is a safe Republican ...


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On March 4, 1925, Calvin Coolidge took the oath of office for the second time as President of the United States, in circumstances notably different from those attending the first administration of the Presidential oath to him. He became President ...


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The mountainous boundary line between these two nations is in some places difficult to trace; sometimes one may overstep the line a few yards and not be aware of the fact; if the one who thus intrudes is a soldier, the consequences may be serious. On ...


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The world was not destined to see the extraordinary achievements of 1924 in aeroplane history duplicated in 1925. In the former year one outstanding event commanded the admiration of mankind--the flight around the world; on more prosaic lines, but of ...


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An expensive, protracted war in Morocco, trouble in Syria, for which France holds a mandate from the League of Nations, failure to reach an agreement with the United States on the question of the war debt, strikes and a disturbed political situation ...


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On August 11, 1925, all Germany celebrated Constitution Day, the seventh anniversary of the formal adoption of the present Constitution and the birth of the German republic. What have those seven years brought to Germany--a proud nation forced to sign ...


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Notable achievements in diplomacy and somewhat discouraging symptoms at home marked the year 1925 in the "tight little isle." Every European chancellory possesses statesmen of the first rank, yet somehow the diplomatic genius of England usually ...


Description:
Most people in the United States and Canada, between whose countries no artificial barriers are needed, do not realize the menace to peace which exists in fortified national boundary lines, as is the rule throughout Europe. Every fort or military post ...


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In November, 1925, the vexed question of the division of Ireland between the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland was settled to the satisfaction of the two governments most directly concerned and to the great relief of the home government in London. ...


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The year 1925 witnessed an extraordinary development of dictatorial power in Italy. The upoar caused by the murder of the Socialist Deputy, Matteotti, in 1924, seemed to inspire Premier Mussolini with the spirit of moderation, but it was not many ...


Description:
We live in an age marked by such rapid progress that most persons have difficulty in keeping informed respecting movements which may be really momentous. In their communities they see only local manifestations; they miss the sweeping vision which ...


Description:
Many men have held in private ownership American Western land 100,000 acres in extent, to the amazement of owners of small parcels in Eastern states, but "Uncle Sam," typifying the United States government, is in a class by himself in the possession ...


Description:
The science of communication by wireless telephone has developed within five years from being an interesting experiment with a total annual business below $6,000,000 to a giant enterprise totaling in commercial value in 1925 more than $500,000,000, an ...


Description:
Not many years ago events in Siam, regardless of their local importance, were of slight interest to the outside world. To-day the little country is regarded as a "modern kingdom in the making" everything of moment which occurs there now commands ...


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An average of one disaster oftener than every three years is the record of the frequency of tornadoes of first magnitude in the United States. On March 18, 1925, the most frightful of these storms that ever took toll in life and property in America ...


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The National State of Turkey which succeeded the Empire in 1922 by banishing the Sultan and establishing a President as a republican executive, commanded a large share of the world's interest during 1925. Though events were not as vital as in the ...


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So far as known, there was little change during 1925 in the internal condition of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, shortened to Ussr, by using the initials of the longer name. The latter is now the legal designation of the former empire of the ...


Description:
The year 1925 was notable for an increase in interest in athletic sports. Possibly one fact stands out most prominently--professional football has apparently established itself after a number of years of uncertainty as to its future. It will not be ...


Description:
The following are soccer champions for the year: ...


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The majority of people in other lands find it difficult to interpret clearly the kaleidoscopic situations that develop in the so-called Chinese republic. That country probably has suffered during the fourteen years since 1911, when it deposed the ...


Description:
For a decade the dusky men of the Riff, a section of Morocco, consistently fought Spain for independence, and for over two years they confronted both Spain and France. Abd-el-Krim, the Riffian leader, became convinced in the spring of 1926 that ...


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It will be remembered that in 1924 and 1925 Colonel William Mitchell stirred the American nation by charges against the air service and by recommendations which he believed would result in improvement. He contended stoutly for a separate Federal ...


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The Canadian people have passed through an election campaign which proved to be one of the most exciting and most vital of any held in recent years, and it had the effect of clearing the political air. The net result is that there is guaranteed to the ...


Description:
During the year 1926 there recurred a wave of very high mortality from measles and whooping cough. This is in accordance with what seems to amount almost to a natural law, namely, that these diseases rise to a peak together, periodically, about every ...


Description:
Civil war and banditry continued in this country throughout the year 1926. Conditions are believed to be no worse than at any previous time since the failure of centralized authority to maintain itself in Peking, but no improvement is discernible. ...


Description:
Even though statesmen of the European continent publicly proclaim their faith in the League of Nations as an arbiter of international differences, there were evidences on every hand throughout 1926 that a slight misstep in any one of more than a dozen ...


Description:
The desperate struggle to balance the budget and stabilize the franc, which routed a succession of French Premiers and their Cabinets in 1925, was carried over into 1926. At the opening of the new year the Cabinet in power was headed by Aristide ...


Description:
The outstanding event in European political history for 1926 was the election of Germany to a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations. This event had more than local or even European significance; it may be regarded as a momentous ...


Description:
The surface of the Great Lakes is about twenty-five inches lower than in 1909, with resulting inconvenience to navigation into and out of the harbors of a number of cities that are located on their shores. The situation properly has been a matter of ...


Description:
In August, 1926, Greece experienced its eighth revolution since the beginning of the present century. Kings, dictators, presidents and generals have ruled in succession, and no one regime has held power for more than two years. Such instability in the ...


Description:
In the early hours of September 18, 1926, Southeastern Florida was visited by one of the most destructive hurricanes in the history of the United States. The devastating wind roared in from the southeast for several hours, with a velocity as great as ...


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These domestic complications were not the only source of concern. The year witnessed the passing of the name British Empire in its old significance, when the self-governing states in the British family were given a new interpretation of their ...


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Throughout the British Empire a new census is taken every ten years, on the year ending in 1, as 1911, 1921. In 1921 civil strife in Ireland made a count of the people impossible; the enumeration both in the Irish Free State and in Northern Ireland ...


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Since the revolution of 1922, which brought Mussolini into power in Italy, there has been an unbroken development of the Fascist principles of government. The close of 1926 witnessed the disappearance of the last semblance of democracy in the ...


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On Christmas Day, 1926, at 1:30 A. M., though it was December 24 in the Western world, Yoshihito, the mikado of Japan, died after a long illness. His eldest son, Crown Prince Hirohito, who had ruled as regent for the latter months of his father's life,...


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In 1925 Prof. Albert A. Michelson of the University of Chicago announced the conclusion of a series of experiments through which he hoped to determine the speed with which light travels. So far as known it travels faster than anything else known to ...


Description:
One crisis after another developed during 1926 to focus the attention of the world upon the Mexican republic. ...


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The politicians of the island of Luzon, where the government of the archipelago is largely centralized, were even more persistent in 1926 than in any preceding year in their demand for independence for the islands. Their antagonism against ...


Description:
Before the end of 1926 the United States possessed three-fifths of all the radio broadcasting stations in the world and five times as many receiving sets as there are in any other country. There are over 600 sending stations in the United States, and ...


Description:
At the general elections in November, 1926, United States Senators were elected in one-third of the states to take the seats of present incumbents whose terms will expire at noon on March 4, 1927. The contests held great interest for the nation at ...


Description:
The attempt of the United States to settle a quarrel of long standing between Chile and Peru met with complete failure in the summer of 1926. While it is the most difficult diplomatic problem confronting statesmen on the South American continent, ...


Description:
George W. English was the official accused, the charge involving high misdemeanors and misbehavior in his conduct of the office of United States District Judge of the Eastern District of Illinois. The House of Representatives voted to impeach English ...


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South Africa gained political independence from Great Britain in 1926. The political status of a very considerable part of the world was changed in November, 1926, when the Imperial Conference of member states of the British Empire, or Commonwealth of ...


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Army and Navy Game. The annual football classic, the game between the Military Academy at West Point and the Naval Academy at Annapolis, was played for the first time away from the Atlantic seaboard. The Middle West made a strong plea for the game, ...


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World's champion--Saint Louis Nationals. ...


Description:
A way to make synthetic civet has been discovered, and unhappy cat farmers in far-off Abyssinia are finding their profitable business slipping away from them, perhaps forever. Civet, which is a secretion contained in the pouch of the civet cat, is an ...


Description:
Smallpox had more than its average potent killing power in eighteen American states and several of the Canadian provinces in the first half of 1926. If the same proportion of deaths had occurred throughout the country that prevailed in the single ...


Description:
The President came from his palace with troops to meet Pilsudski, but the two could not agree upon policies. The President retired and called out the national guard; the Marshal's followers had already become augmented to a small army. The guard ...


Description:
In order to ascertain the truth about the Philippines, President Coolidge sent Mr. Carmi Thompson, a trained and impartial observer, to the island during the summer, to investigate conditions from every angle and present a detailed report. Late in the ...


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The science of astronomy, as is known even by the ordinary citizen, has had a comparatively-recent rebirth, and we have witnessed within the past few years the zeal of scientists who have unfolded wonders in the heavens through invention and ...


Description:
On May 9, 1927, the island continent dedicated its new capital city, carved out of the wilderness in the short space of fifteen years, by fitting ceremonies which assumed international importance. Great Britain sent the second son of the king, the ...


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The sixtieth year of Confederation was enthusiastically celebrated throughout the Dominion beginning on July 1, 1927. On July 1, 1867, by virtue of royal proclamation of May 22 of that year, the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were ...


Description:
At the beginning of the year 1927 there were only two powerful forces in the nation. Marshal Chang Tso-lin, war lord of Manchuria, had battled his way successfully into the capital city, Peking, and had assumed power which made him a serious contender ...


Description:
In the closing weeks of 1927 two men appeared to be mainly responsible for peace or strife in Europe. Both are dictators in their respective countries--Mussolini, clothed with official authority in Italy, as Premier, but a dictator of the pronounced ...


Description:
Early in May, 1927, two airships were ready to take flight on non-stop trips from New York to Paris. One, the America, was to be piloted by Commander Byrd, hero of the 1926 flight over the North Pole; the other, the Bellanca 'plane New York, in charge ...


Description:
Possibly the most encouraging indication of a better understanding between former enemies in the great war, and hence a promise of the dawn of lasting peace and fraternity, is the new attitude of France and Germany toward each other. From the past ...


Description:
Endeavors to steer a clear course through the maze of European politics kept British statesmen busy during 1927. High spots in international relations particularly affected Russia, Japan and the United States--Russia over propaganda and trade ...


Description:
Events of 1927 in the Emerald Isle appeared to confirm the belief of its friends that the Free State is gradually surmounting its political difficulties. By wise use of their powers its officials apparently are winning new friends from the ranks of ...


Description:
In reviewing the history of Italy for 1926 it is apparent that even more than in preceding years the country is dominated by its resourceful dictator, Benito Mussolini. Within the twelve months his power was not shown in greater degree than in the ...


Description:
Sailors of the seventeenth century who followed the Cabots in explorations along the North Atlantic coast put their opinion of Labrador into words which became a geographical classic: ...


Description:
Surface indications during 1927 showed Mexico on friendly terms with all powers except the United States. While between the two republics there were protestations of good will, there was on the part of each an undercurrent of suspicion which did not ...


Description:
Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor who planned Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial but was dismissed because of lack of harmony between himself and the Memorial Association, almost at once found another gigantic task awaiting him. ...


Description:
In April, 1927, the Norwegian Parliament voted to repeal the national prohibition law, in obedience to a popular vote by 110,000 majority against the measure in the preceding October. Norway desired to make it clear to the world that the repeal of ...


Description:
The remaining mysteries regarding physical aspects of the earth are one by one being cleared up by venturesome men with the aid of rapidly-developing science. Of the land and water above sea level, much has been learned during the past few years, but ...


Description:
In attempting to keep pace with affairs nearer home, most people have failed to note the rise of Poland to the status of one of the most important countries of Europe. It is well on the way to become one of the really great powers. ...


Description:
"I do not choose to run for President in nineteen twenty-eight." ...


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The chief historical event of 1927 in the field of radio was the passage of a law by the Congress of the United States for strict regulation of the management of broadcasting stations. ...


Description:
The tenth anniversary of the colossal experiment in government, "rule by the proletariat," was celebrated in November, for 1927 was Year Ten of the Revolution. The Soviet chiefs theatrically staged a flaming-red birthday in Moscow, the capital city. ...


Description:
A few years ago scientists expressed the hope that ultimately it might be possible for two people talking over the telephone to see each other as in a moving picture, while engaged in conversation. The year 1927 witnessed this extraordinary ...


Description:
The history of Turkey, now officially the National State of Turkey, since the great war has been fashioned by the powerful personality of Mustapha Kemal. The country is to-day what Kemal, its first President, but actually its dictator, has made it. ...


Description:
When the Federal Reserve Act was adopted in 1913, Congress conferred much added prestige on state banking institutions which elected to enter the Reserve System, for until that time state banks in general were regarded as less safe than banks ...


Description:
In football the professional games drew larger crowds in 1927 than in preceding years, and this would seem to indicate growing popularity for that game in the professional field. ...


Description:
The following are professional hockey champions of the year: ...


Description:
Oil controversy. In all official relations the Mexican government resolutely defended its right to enforce the provisions of its new Constitution relative to ownership of its immensely-valuable oil fields; the United States as fervently upheld the ...


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Although the science of astronomy has had a comparatively recent rebirth, in the past few years scientists have unfolded wonders in the heavens, through invention and investigation, which pile incomprehensible facts upon what was already far beyond ...


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Tremendous strides were made in commercial aviation in 1928. The following gives a record of achievement in Canada and the United States. ...


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Underlying Causes of the Dispute. The immediate cause of the threatened war was a clash between Paraguayan and Bolivian troops on territory in El Gran Chaco, or "the great hunting ground," the ownership of which has been in dispute between the two ...


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The year 1928 was one of unprecedented prosperity in the history of Canada. Progress was evidenced in almost every field of enterprise. The Dominion's prestige as a nation was increased by the exchange of plenipotentiaries with France and Japan and by ...


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What has been hailed as another real achievement for world peace is credited to United States Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg, through whose friendly efforts diplomatic relations between Peru and Chile [severed in 1911 because of the dispute over ...


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Momentous events took place in wartorn China during 1928, when all of the country south of the Great Wall, beyond Peking, was brought under Nationalist control. ...


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The completion of three huge concrete, dome-shaped structures marked the last steps in the construction of the $10,000,000 Coolidge Dam on the Gila River, east of Phoenix, Ariz. These domes, said to be the largest in the world, were designed to give ...


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For the fifth time France has turned to Raymond Poincare to pilot its ship of state. On November 6, 1928, the Poincare Cabinet fell, when four of its members, who belong to the Radical Socialist party, resigned because of lack of sympathy with current ...


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The entire world was deeply stirred when, on Nov. 22, 1928, the serious illness of King George was publicly announced. For a long time his life was despaired of, as his fever was high and his vitality waned to an alarming extent. On December 12 an ...


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The dramatic re-entry, in May, of the veteran statesman Eleutherios Venizelos into political power in Greece, followed by the overwhelming victory of his party (Liberal) in the general elections in August, was among the significant events in ...


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Herbert C. Hoover, who, on March 4, 1929, became the 31st President of the United States, was elected to that office by the Republican party in November, 1928. Since 1820, when during the "era of good feeling" James Monroe received all but one of the ...


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The sixth anniversary of the Fascist regime was celebrated on October 28 in every province throughout Italy. The ceremonies did not involve great expense, in accordance with the orders of Premier Benito Mussolini. The only message for the occasion, ...


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At the coronation of Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako, on November 10, 1928, costumes and customs of ancient Japan were adhered to, but beyond that little of the old Japan remains, at least in its political life. ...


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After a period of comparative quiet, the limelight again was focused upon Mexico when, on July 17, 1928, President-elect Alvaro Obregon was assassinated by a young Mexican fanatic, Jose; de Leon Toral. On September 25, by a unanimous vote of Congress, ...


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In 1928, for the third year in succession. Canada's mineral production reached a new high record, when the value of output was $271,000,000--marking a gain of almost ten per cent over the output of 1927. Advances were general in all fields--metals, ...


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Oil production in Alberta is no longer a matter for speculation but a triumphant certainty. During 1927 the province produced 332,133 barrels of oil, which was an increase of 50 per cent over the 1926 production; that of 1928 has been estimated at 473,...


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During 1928 the government of Ontario organized a Research Foundation, which is being financed jointly by the provincial government and the Canadian Manufacturers' Association. The action of the Dominion government in expanding the field of service of ...


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World interest was focused upon Paris, when the treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy was signed there, on August 27, 1928, by representatives of fifteen nations. The French have chosen to call it The Pact of Paris, but by common ...


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To the people of the United States the most significant event of 1928 was the election of a President to succeed Calvin Coolidge, who "did not choose" to be his party's candidate for another term. [The Coolidge administration ends March 4, 1929.] ...


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The Davis Amendment to the Radio Act of 1927, reallocating wave-lengths and other radio facilities according to population, was approved by President Coolidge on March 28, 1928. Under the mandate of the amendment, redistribution of stations by the ...


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Radio television leaped the barrier between the laboratory and the home in 1928, in the first demonstration of television broadcasting arranged by the Radio Corporation of America and the General Electric Company. At three different points in ...


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Down the ages philosophers and poets have visioned a faithful, uncomplaining automatic man--a likeness of man himself, fashioned out of scraps of material wrenched from the grasp of Mother Earth--upon whom could be imposed the drudgery of the workaday ...


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One of the most important of all the changes brought about by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, under the leadership of President Mustapha Kemal Pasha, Ismet Pasha (the latter, president of the Council), and their associates, is the resolution to ...


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Ancient differences in the kingdom of the Serbs, the Croats, and the Slovenes, which were set aside temporarily in the enthusiasm of forming a new European state under the Treaty of Versailles (1919), have been revived again and again since that time. ...


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Congress moved against the general worldwide trend stressing disarmament, but two U.S. allies made similar moves. Discussion of the reduction of naval and land armaments continued in 1928, but a general agreement was not reached among the nations. The ...


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World's champion--New York Yankees. American league--New York Yankees. National league--St. Louis Cardinals. American association--Indianapolis. International league--Rochester. Western league--Tulsa. Eastern league--New Haven. Southern ...


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Eastern intercollegiate--Pennsylvania (league). Western conference--Purdue and Indiana (tie). Missouri Valley conference--Oklahoma. Pacific Cost conference--Southern California. Southern conference--University of Mississippi. Southwest ...


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Western conference--Illinois. Missouri Valley conference--Drake. Big Six--Nebraska. Pacific Coast--Southern California. Southwestern--Texas. Southeastern--Georgia Tech. Rocky Mountain--Utah. East--Boston College. Middle West--Detroit. Michigan State ...


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After six weeks of intricate negotiations, on December 11, 1928, Germany and the allies reached a compromise, whereby a conference of experts is to be held in Paris in February, 1929, to settle definitely German reparations terms and the method by ...


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Cornstalks and cobs, oat and cotton hulls, wheat and oat straw--about the billion tons of farm waste annually--are now being converted into valuable industrial products. Professor O. R. Sweeney, of Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, who is an adviser in ...


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The fascinating mystery of life, its origin, and the possibility of immortality were discussed at two important meetings of doctors and scientists during the year. "The price of brains is death," Dr. Alexis Carrel, of the Rockefeller Institute for ...


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The highest electrical potential ever produced by man, over 5,000,000 volts, was achieved in 1928 in the laboratory of Dr. Gregory Breit and Dr. M. A. Tuve, at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution, of Washington, D. C. ...


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Poland was one of 15 nations to sign a pact renouncing war in 1928. World interest was focused upon Paris, when the treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy was signed there, on August 27, 1928. The French chose to call the treaty to ...


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The archaeological discoveries of Charles A. Lindbergh, whose every movement is watched by an interested and kindly public, diverted popular attention, so far as relics of ancient civilizations were concerned, to Mexico and the Central American states....


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The triumphant progress of human flight continues to stir the imagination and add new chapters to the record of man's perseverance and ingenuity. The year 1929 was marked by several outstanding developments. Men circumnavigated the globe in a ...


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In opening the third session of the Canadian Parliament at Ottawa on February 7, 1929, the Governor-General, Viscount Willingdon, took occasion to refer to "the unprecedented prosperity apparent throughout the Dominion" and to the great industrial and ...


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In spite of indications of stability, peace, and unity, China lapsed into a chaotic condition during the year, and is now beset by disloyalty, famine, brigandage, and confusion in governmental circles. The Nationalist government seemed to be in firm ...


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Since both China and Russian are signatories to the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War, or Kellogg Pact, as it is commonly called, a bitter dispute between these countries over the Chinese Eastern Railway commanded world-wide attention in 1929....


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Engineers have made up for the deficiencies of nature in very remarkable ways, not the least of which are the great dams they have built. These massive structures, often built under tremendous physical handicaps, are designed to store the flood waters ...


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The English electorate on May 30, 1929, decided to try once more the experiment of government by the Labour party, which first held office for ten months in 1924 under the lead of J. Ramsay MacDonald. The election resulted in defeat for the ...


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National politics in France in 1929 revolved for some months around the sturdy and interesting figure of Aristide Briand. On July 29 he became Premier for the eleventh time, in succession to Raymond Poincare, who resigned on account of ill health. ...


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On August 11, 1929, the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Weimar Constitution, that is, of the formal establishment of the German republic, was celebrated with demonstrations of loyalty to the new democratic government. In many speeches ...


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For fifteen years, the republic of Haiti, on the island of that name in the West Indies, has been a virtual protectorate of the United States. American advisers have assisted the government departments to function efficiently, and United States ...


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The first 10 months of the administration of President Hoover ended in December with a remarkable record of achievement. The important things accomplished and the no less important projects started were indeed so numerous as to cause a great New York ...


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Recent British rule in India is said by British authorities to have been based on the principle of assisting the people as far as possible on the road to autonomy and self-government. With the advent of the new Labour government in Britain, in 1929, ...


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The General Treaty for the Renunciation of War, popularly known as the Kellogg Peace Pact, or Pact of Paris, was proclaimed by President Hoover, on July 24, as having been ratified by the fifteen original signatory nations. The phrases of this great ...


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The Revolution, spelled with a capital "R" to distinguish it from innumerable lesser rebellions, is believed to be practically at an end. Begun twenty years ago with the Madero uprising of 1910, the Revolution has been in its larger aspects a reform ...


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Many who are now reading this ANNUAL remember the days when explorers who went into the polar regions were lost sight of for months at a time. In 1929 the reading world realized as never before the marvelous progress of radio, for, throughout the year,...


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Press reports from Spain in 1929 had an undercurrent of unrest and uncertainty--disturbances in the ranks of the army, classed as "revolutions" student disorders starting when the artillery school at Segovia was closed, and continuing as a general ...


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Famed aviator Colonel Lindbergh contributed to the field of archaeological studies in Latin America in 1929. On one of his flights over Mexico and Central America, he had noticed that certain ruins of the Maya Indians, in Yucatan, could be seen from ...


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The Chicago club of the National League won the League championship; in the American League, the pennant was won by Philadelphia. In the World's Series, which closed the baseball season, the Philadelphia club won easily from the champions of the ...


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American football was apparently more popular than in any preceding year. More than 120,000 watched a game between the University of Notre Dame and Southern California at Soldier Field, Chicago. The year's winners are as follows: ...


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While the majority of scientists accept the theory of organic evolution, they have been unable to solve the problem as to why changes in plants and animals take place. Considerable progress toward finding the solution was made in 1929. The new theory ...


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Both physics and chemistry have a major interest in the discovery that hydrogen gas, supposedly indivisible, consists of two modifications having distinct physical properties. The experiment proving this fact was performed at a meeting of the American ...


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A great step forward in the study and treatment of diseases of the eye is marked by the dedication of the Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute of Johns Hopkins University and Hospital in Baltimore, Md. Before its establishment, no one center for eye ...


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Widespread and popular interest was evoked by the announcement of an addition to the Einstein theory of relativity. The fact that relativity, a conception so difficult to understand, is now freely discussed by laymen, is an indication of great advance ...


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As the year 1930 opened, Hipolito Irigoyen, President of the Argentine republic, was apparently strongly entrenched in power. His first term of office, 1916-1922, had revealed a somewhat mysterious and eccentric personality, but had proved him to be ...


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The current year affords no exception to the general rule that each year sees aviation more advanced than it was in the preceding twelve months. There was no abatement of man's eagerness to conquer the ocean, but there were fewer failures than in many ...


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Work on the Boulder Canyon project began in July 1930. The first actual construction consisted in the building of a town, with living quarters for a thousand men and their families. Secretary Wilbur has this to say of the great project that has been ...


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Since the World War, which was responsible for the recognition of the leading British dependencies as individual members of the League of Nations, there have been four British Imperial Conferences--in 1921, 1923, 1926, and 1930. ...


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The year 1930 found Canada, in common with the rest of the world, in the grip of discouraging problems of industrial and agricultural readjustment, involving serious unemployment and impairment of financial resources. But the country at large, under ...


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Although the year 1930 opened with some prospects of internal peace and unified government in unhappy China, it was not long before the ambitions of regional war lords in the north again caused chaotic conditions, and these were aggravated during the ...


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Under the terms of the Apportionment Act of 1929, President Hoover transmitted to Congress in December the figures, based on the 1930 census, showing how the membership of the House of Representatives will, in all probability, be reapportioned among ...


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Six times during the past five years the Preparatory Disarmament Commission of the League of Nations has met and has endeavored to draft a proposed convention for world-wide limitation of armament, to be submitted to an international disarmament ...


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The summer of 1930 in the United States was the driest on record, and one of the hottest, since the organization of the Weather Bureau, in 1870. The result was a disastrous drought, seriously affecting farm interests in many states, and but feebly ...


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"As Maine goes, so goes the nation"--thus runs the time-honored proverb of United States politics. But the first of the 1930 fall elections, held in Maine on September 8, failed for once to forecast the general result. Maine went Republican, as usual, ...


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Premier Andre Tardieu with Foreign Minister Aristide Briand and Georges Leygues, Minister of Marine, represented France at the London Naval Conference during the first weeks of its deliberations, which opened January 21, but their work in London was ...


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A strange political situation existed in the German republic during the year, with one minority government struggling in vain against economic conditions and parliamentary opposition, and another kept in office only by Kaleidoscopic combinations of ...


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The special commission appointed by President Hoover to investigate conditions in the Haitian republic opened public hearings at Port-au-Prince, the capital, on March 1, and subsequently toured the country. Its object was to ascertain facts which ...


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The second year of President Hoover's term was one of trial in the midst of adversity. It was an unfortunate year for many peoples, in Europe as well as in North and South America; the Hoover administration was no exception to the general rule that ...


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Events in India in 1930 demonstrated that the British government is faced with a serious and urgent problem in India. Early in January the Nationalist Congress, assembled at Lahore and representing indirectly about one-third of the total population of ...


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The Cosgrave government resigned March 29, after a defeat by two votes in the Dail Eireann (legislative body, lower house), on the question of extending old-age pensions, which the government opposed as involving too great a financial burden. On April ...


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The 11th anniversary of the birth of Fascism in Milan in 1919 was celebrated throughout Italy in March, and found Premier Benito Mussolini, the Fascist leader, apparently more strongly than ever entrenched in power. In September, 1929, he had ...


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President Ortiz Rubio made a rapid recovery from the wound inflicted in the attempt at assassination which followed his inauguration on February 5, 1930. He transferred the Presidential offices on March 10 from the National Palace in Mexico City to ...


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Eleven years of dictatorial control by President Augusto B. Leguia of Peru resulted in his overthrow by the process of revolution on August 25, 1930. ...


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The discovery of a ninth planet was the outstanding astronomical event of the year. Also, a total eclipse of the sun was observed in the region of the South Pacific in October. ...


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Radio broadcasting reached its tenth birthday in 1930, and the event was duly celebrated on November 3 in Pittsburgh by Station KDKA, the first American station to receive a regular broadcasting license. On the night of November 2, 1920, the ...


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While the United States continues firm in its refusal to recognize the Soviet administration of Russia, American economists are watching with interest the development of a great economic experiment in the Soviet Union, known as the pyatiletka, or ...


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Political and social turmoil characterized the year 1930 in the kingdom of Spain. The throne itself appeared at times to be in danger, but King Alfonso XIII, with the aid of a dictatorial government, succeeded in weathering the storms, as he had done ...


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Mr. John C. Burkholder, chief engineer of the Canadian National Telegraphs, has made possible two-way telephonic communication from a moving train. As a result of his experiments, and of the perfection of his equipment, Sir Henry Thornton, Chairman ...


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Reversing the order of talking moving pictures, television is bringing pictures to a public long used to receiving sounds through the agency of the radio wave. Television apparatus now is definitely a commercial product, and several broadcasting ...


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As in the cases of President Irigoyen in Argentina and President Siles in Bolivia, both of whom were similarly ousted within a short period of Leguia's downfall, the economic condition of the country was a contributing factor. There was business ...


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National intercollegiate champion, Notre Dame. ...


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Meteorological balloons equipped with cameras are being used in connection with the excavation of Armageddon, in Palestine. Balloons have been found more practical than airplanes. The entire surface of the mound has been cleared down to the age of ...


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Since the discovery of a tooth of the Peking man, several years ago, scientists have been eagerly searching for other remains of this prehistoric race. Last year a complete skull and various fragments were unearthed, and in July, 1930, Professor ...


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What is the cause of the common cold? This prevalent malady, estimated to cause a loss in wages totaling $2,000,000 a year, is considered important enough to be the focus of a special research fund. In 1928 an endowment of $195,000 was established by ...


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Professor Einstein's unitary-field theory created a sensation in 1929. In 1930 he created an equal furor with a treatise entitled The Space Field and Ether Problem in Physics. It was first read in Berlin, in June, before the Second World Power ...


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Spectacular flights during 1931 overshadowed those of 1930 and rivaled that series of brilliant achievements which fired the world with enthusiasm for aviation in 1927, when Lindbergh flew to fame and fortune. World records for speed, duration, ...


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Anthropology advances by the study of living peoples and by the study of the prehistoric. ...


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Ibn Sa'ud, who was proclaimed King of Hejaz in the great Mosque of Mecca on January 8, 1926, had an anniversary celebration in 1931. The eulogies were quickly followed by revolts in February and March. Jealousy of Ibn Sa'ud's power and the hanging of ...


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One objective in archaeology is to recover history or to supply relative and, it possible, exact dates for the appearance and the decline of cultures. Henry F. Osborn, distinguished American paleontologist, announced that the folds in elephants' teeth ...


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On March 14, the Prince of Wales, accompanied by his brother, George, arrived in Buenos Aires in time to open the British Empire Trade Exhibition. The Prince made a speech in Spanish and English stressing the need for cultural as well as economic ...


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The two outstanding events in the astronomical world during the year were: (1) the close approach to the earth of the small planetoid, Eros; and (2) the extension of a discovery that the lines in spectra of the extra-galactic nebulae are shifted ...


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During the year, Australia faced the necessity of severe economic reform with a great deal of internal and party strife. Australia's position had been impaired by extensive foreign indebtedness, while its chief commodities (wool and wheat) were hard ...


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From the standpoint of immediate monetary returns, 1931 was not profitable to the entire automobile industry. The industry shared decreased production activity with all other business during this year of depression. ...


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Among the discoveries and developments of the year in the field of botany were the following: ...


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The year brought to Canada a succession of grave economic problems not dissimilar to those faced by the United States. For the most part, they were a natural reflection of world events and conditions which more than ever, found the public looking to ...


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At the time Mendeleef arranged his periodic table, there were places for twenty elements then unknown. The last two were discovered in 1931. The final discovery of the last two elements with characteristics surprisingly close to those prophesied is of ...


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Early in February, Carlos Ibanez, the President of Chile, obtained extreme dictatorial powers while the Chilean Congress was having a four months' recess, and established 150 new laws. As a result of these sweeping innovations, Ibanez was forced out ...


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Beginning with the year 1931, corresponding to the twentieth year of the Republic of China, the Kuomintang government with the capital at Nanking entered upon the third year of its existence after the unification of the North and South. ...


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In 1931, Czechoslovakian currency remained stable. The country paid $3,000,000 due the United States on June 15. The Hoover moratorium was a boon to the Czechoslovakian finances, saving about $7,000,000 which otherwise would have occasioned the ...


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Economic distress, succeeded by political revolt, marked the year. ...


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The Danish budget for 1931 showed a large surplus, although there was a decided decline in foreign trade. On September 29, Denmark, always so dependent on commerce with England, followed the course of that country in suspending the gold standard. A ...


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In a national referendum, December 29 and 30, Finland settled the prohibition question with a decisive vote to more than seventy per cent in favor of repeal of the law. There was a tremendous struggle between the "drys" in middle and northern Finland ...


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Prominent in the events and interests of France in 1931 were the names of such leaders as the late Marshal Joffre, President Doumer, and Premier Laval. These men were representative, not only of the political life of the nation, but of the spirit of ...


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Because of the reduction of mining operations and exploration for oil and gas, many an economic geologist found himself during 1931 out of work for the first time in his professional career. The Geological Society of America, however, became one of ...


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Towering in importance above all other events in Germany's history for the past year was the financial and economic crisis, precipitated during the summer of 1931. The far-reaching consequences of Germany's threatened collapse and the measures taken ...


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It has been said that the economic storm, which began in 1929 and blew with the force of a gale in 1930, assumed the fury of a tempest in 1931. Upon Great Britain these winds drove with converging and disastrous violence. As the commercial banker of ...


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With 1931, Greece rounded out a century of independence as a nation. Celebrations were held at home and abroad. ...


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The three subjects of vital importance to Hungary in 1931 were its trade relations with other countries, the catastrophic state of its finances, and the downfall of the Bethlen government. ...


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The eyes of the world were focused on two Round Table Conferences, which were in session during 1931 to solve the problem of India's status in the British Empire. ...


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Interest in American Indians on the part of the public and the government, and interest of Indians themselves in their own welfare, reached a high point in 1931. ...


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Early in the year, the Free State established a surprising precedent by conferring directly with the British Monarch. Patrick McGilligan, Minister of Industry and Commerce and of External Affairs, had an audience with King George at Buckingham Palace. ...


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On October 28, 1931, Benito Mussolini and his comrades of the Fascist party entered upon the tenth year of their mastery of Italy. The year 1931 witnessed certain notable modifications of Fascist policy, but none of these changes implied any weakening ...


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When the year opened, Japan was in the grip of economic depression. Official figures placed unemployment at 325,000. Though the actual number was believed to be much larger, the old tradition whereby members of the same family help each other, ...


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The frontiers of medicine are constantly extending into fields hitherto impenetrable. Much of the advance in modern medical science had to do with advances in correlated fields, particularly chemistry and physics. Much is due also to the development ...


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Five destructive hurricanes took their toll during the year, and in the United States two severe droughts occurred. The northwest part of the country experienced the driest growing season on record, but later the drought moved to the southeast and ...


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In the general economic disturbance prevalent throughout the world in 1931, Mexico presented a picture of marked financial, industrial, and political unrest. However, decisive measures were taken by President Ortiz Rubio's government to counteract ...


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In each country, the economic depression has been noticeably reflected in major exports. In the Netherlands, high tariff walls and the general financial slump curtailed the export of tulip bulbs. The Netherlands' diamond factories, too, were affected, ...


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Newfoundland could not find a buyer for its $8,000,000 bond issue in New York in May. This led to the report that it would sell Labrador for $100,000,000, the amount of the colony's national debt, plus $20,000,000. Bankers were interested in the ...


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The year saw two national crises in Norway, one in the government and the other in labor disputes. The biggest problem since the country declared itself independent of Sweden in 1905 confronted it in the downfall of the Mowinckel ministry, which had ...


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Workers in the science of paleontology during 1931 produced more than their usual number of important discoveries of fossils, and elucidated several new theories concerning the evolution of the life of the past. ...


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On January 15, 1931, the Permanent Court of International Justice began its twentieth session, the first session of the Court as constituted by the second general election of judges. The judges elected for a term of nine years in September, 1922, had ...


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At the beginning of 1931, the Peruvian government was painstakingly picking up the threads of administration after the chaotic downfall of Augusto B. Leguia's regime in August of the previous year. The sixty-eight-year-old former President languished ...


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In 1931, the Filipinos' perennial plea for independence took on unusual political and economic importance. Philippine exports, amounting to $100,000,000 a year, have been entering the United States free of duty. American farming and commercial ...


Description:
The physicists have centered much of their attention upon the disintegration of the atom, devising apparatus with which as much as 25,000,000 volts can be employed. The most modern physics needs no electrons and the theory of wave mechanics has been ...


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While the year 1931 saw its fair share of improvements in radio art, the developments were of a technical nature which generally escaped public attention. As the radio industry has become more stabilized, the rapid developments and startling ...


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The Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior, continued its work of providing opportunities on irrigated land for country-minded people of small means, under conditions which would afford them a reasonable assurance of success. The total ...


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The Communist leaders of Soviet Russia christened 1931 "the third, the decisive year of the Five Year Plan." Events have justified the characterization. Steps taken during the year will have an important influence on the subsequent history of the ...


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Siam was brought thousands of miles nearer to American sympathies, knowledge, and understanding in 1931. The occasion was the visit of King Prajadhipok and his wife, Queen Rambai Barni. They landed in Vancouver, B. C., and entered the United States at ...


Description:
In many respects, events in Spain during the year 1931 were the most momentous in all Europe. Spain, with all the colorful history of romance and adventure associated with a long monarchial rule, put off monarchy and became a republic. The change was ...


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In 1931 the country was impoverished by foreign loans. In 1930, Germany had borrowed $124,500,000. With the German financial collapse of 1931, Sweden found its own finances seriously impaired. At the opening of the Riksdag, or Parliament, on January ...


Description:
As in all new arts, progress during 1931 in television was spasmodic, but it was highly important in several major respects. ...


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Economy and frugality ruled Turkey in 1931. Out of the towering Moslem minarets came exhortations to thrift as well as calls to prayer. Turkey failed to make satisfactory arrangements with its creditors, and could not obtain loans from abroad. Finally,...


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The Earl of Clarendon, who owns the historic ruins of Kenilworth Castle, in England, went out to South Africa in January as that Dominion's new Governor-General. ...


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Suddenly and dramatically, King Alexander of Yugoslavia made the startling announcement of the end of his dictatorship, on September 3. This unexpected action was thought to be due to the influence of France, which refused to extend credit to a ...


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Ultra-violet light or artificial sunlight was used in the Highland Park Zoo at Pittsburgh and also in the zoo at San Francisco to improve the health of certain animals. Reptiles, the big cats, and monkeys were given special radiations equivalent to ...


Description:
The start of all this rapid-fire succession of presidents was the general opposition to a monopoly President Ayora gave in 1928 to the International Match Corporation, a subsidiary of Kreuger and Toll's Swedish Match Corporation. The monopoly was to ...


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American Professional League, Brooklyn, N. Y. Amateur Athletic Union, Henry Clothiers, Wichita, Kan. Eastern intercollegiate, Columbia University. Missouri Valley Conference, Creighton University, Washington University of Saint Louis, Oklahoma Aggies ...


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Big Six Conference, University of Nebraska. Missouri Valley Conference, Drake University. National intercollegiate champion, University of Southern California. National Professional League, Green Bay Packers. Pacific Coast Conference, University of ...


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Champions of 1931: American Association, Saint Paul. American League, Philadelphia. Eastern intercollegiate, University of Pennsylvania. International League, Rochester, N. Y. National League, Saint Louis. Pacific Coast League, first half, Hollywood, ...


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In the final advisory opinion of the year, the Court, by a vote of eleven to three, supported the contention of the Free City of Danzig that Poland was not entitled to anchor warships in that port. ...


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This Corporation must not be confused with the Reconstruction Finance Corporation which was created by Congress at the President's suggestion sharply upon the opening of 1932, to the presidency of which was assigned Charles Gates Dawes. General Dawes ...


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The conquest of the air from the standpoint of spectacular "first" flights has been so complete as to leave few new laurels to be won. The year 1932 witnessed the success of the first woman to span the Atlantic in a non-stop solo flight and of the ...


Description:
While no new races of early man were discovered in 1932, a number of important finds deserve comment. One species of man, Homo neanderthalensis, became extinct during the Stone Age. Skeletal remains of this species have come chiefly from Europe, but ...


Description:
On Sept. 18, 1932, King Ibn Saud ordered that the name of his dominion be changed from the Kingdom of the Hejaz and Nejd and their Dependencies to the Saudian Arabian Kingdom. The existing plan of government was continued temporarily, but the King's ...


Description:
In the Maya area of Central America, C. Longworth Lundell has discovered two new cities to which the names Calakmul and Nohoxna have been assigned. The importance of Calakmul lies in the fact that already more than a hundred dated inscriptions have ...


Description:
On February 19, Agustin Justo took office as President. Six political groups, including those which had fought him in the campaign, rallied to his aid, fearing a dictatorship. The outstanding event of the year, from the standpoint of the country's ...


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In the United States there are four astronomers for every million inhabitants, the same as in England, while Switzerland leads the world with nine per million. In the number of astronomical observatories, however, the United States ranks first with ...


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At the beginning of 1933, Australia seems definitely on the road to financial recovery after three years of trouble, suffering, political turmoil, and self-sacrifice. The improved position of the Commonwealth is not a matter of guesswork; facts and ...


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From the standpoint of product improvement, the year 1932 was noteworthy. Not in the last decade have engineering research and development been carried on with such vigor and enthusiasm. When sales were easy, every effort was made to obtain volume of ...


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Research workers of the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research found that carbon monoxide causes plant tissues to sprout new roots in shorter time or even to produce roots where otherwise no roots would grow. ...


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The outstanding event of the year was the Imperial Economic Conference, held in Ottawa in July and August. That meeting of representatives from all the principal members of the British Commonwealth of Nations was the natural, one might say the ...


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Interest in the ever popular vitamins continues undiminished, and scientific research on the subject led to several discoveries during 1932. The oil from the livers of halibut was found to offer a higher concentration of vitamin D than cod liver oil ...


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On June 4, Carlos Davila, former Chilean Ambassador at Washington, overthrew President Montero and set up a Socialistic regime. His program was too mild for some of his followers and within a few days he was forced to resign. Colonel Marmaduque Grove, ...


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If we count from the beginning of Chinese written history, the year 1932 of the West would correspond to the year 4137 in China. China, however, counts its years from the founding of the republic, which reached its twenty-first birthday last October. ...


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Early in January, 1932, six rebel leaders, including three colonels and the son of former President Menocal, were freed. Elections were held on February 28, at which time Liberal candidates were victorious throughout Cuba, thus strengthening the ...


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A change of government occurred on October 29, when the Udrzal Cabinet, which had been in power since February, 1929, was replaced by the Cabinet of Jan Malypetr. No change of policy resulted, however, as the same parties remained in the coalition. ...


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The abandonment of the gold standard in 1931 did not have the serious consequences that were feared. Increased taxes and duties for the fiscal year 1932-33 are expected to offset the general downward trend of business. Drastic reductions in military ...


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The final step in prohibition repeal was taken in January when Parliament formally passed the repeal bill, in accordance with the nation's will as expressed in the December, 1931, referendum. The strict regulations of the new law, which began ...


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Reparations and war debts were of paramount interest to France during 1932 and affected the domestic as well as the foreign policies of the country throughout the year. Four successive Cabinets attempted a solution of these problems. ...


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Professor R. A. Daly of Harvard, in his presidential address before the Geological Society of America, said that 99.9 per cent of the earth's volume is not only invisible but untouchable. From the indirect evidence of data from earthquakes, volcanoes, ...


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The year 1932 was one of unusual political and diplomatic activity in Germany. Five elections were held and three different governments were in power. In the field of foreign diplomacy, the Reich achieved its greatest victory since the War, namely, ...


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The hope with which Great Britain faced the year 1932 was not fulfilled in its achievements. The anxieties about India, which were intensified by the failure of the Second Round Table Conference, were not relieved during 1932, though it was hoped that ...


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The republican form of government was maintained throughout 1932. Except for nine days at the end of May, Venizelos was Prime Minister until November 4. Early in the year he visited London, Paris, and Rome, seeking a new loan for reconstruction in ...


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The transfer of military authority from the United States Marines to officials of Haiti continued during 1932. Georges Leger was sent to Washington to appear before the United States Senate Finance Committee to show that United States loans were ...


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Parliament was unexpectedly recessed during the month of March; meanwhile parliamentary business was conducted by the same committee of thirty-three that controlled Hungary during the latter half of 1931. The adjournment was occasioned by ...


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The London Round Table Conferences of 1930 and 1931, at which delegates from India sat with delegates from Great Britain, drew up the outline of the new constitution which will give India dominion status like Canada. The sequel of these ...


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For the 300,000 Indians in the United States, 1932 was a difficult year. Always a marginal group in the labor market, Indians were among the first to lose employment, especially those who had entered industry. The effects of the drought and ...


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Beginning with the dissolution of the Irish Free State Parliament in January, the year 1932 was a stirring one in Ireland. The general election on February 16 brought the first change of government since the Irish Free State was established in 1922. ...


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With characteristic audacity, Premier Benito Mussolini of Italy announced late in December, 1932, the intention of the Italian government to spend more for public works and other governmental activities in 1933 than had been spent in the year just ...


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Relations with China, the United States, and the League of Nations dominated the politics of Japan, both foreign and domestic, during 1932. Japanese intervention in Manchuria, begun on September 18, 1931, became a large-scale program of conquest. On ...


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Medical discoveries are not made in any single year, but represent always the accumulation of studies made over several years. Of special significance in 1932 was the announcement of a new product, nucleotide, which is given in the exceedingly ...


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The high temperatures of 1931, the warmest year on United States Weather Bureau records, persisted through 1932, though to a lesser degree. January, February, and July, for instance, were abnormally warm throughout most of the country. The most ...


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Mexican political activity in 1932 was characterized by a change of Presidents and many Cabinet changes. In the national elections held on July 3, candidates of the National Revolutionary (Government) party won sweeping victories throughout the ...


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Import restrictions and ship subsidies were two of the 1932 legislative measures planned to revive Dutch trade. A customs union with Belgium was negotiated for the purpose of reciprocally lowering economic barriers. In spite of increased taxes and ...


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On April 5 an enraged mob of 10,000 persons wrecked the Newfoundland legislative building, demoralized the police force, and assaulted Sir Richard Squires, the Prime Minister, who had been charged with falsifying minutes of the Council for the ...


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The sixtieth birthday of King Haakon VII, on August 3, was marked by expressions of sincere devotion and esteem on the part of his subjects. During the twenty-seven years of his reign the King has maintained the complete confidence and good will of ...


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Man, with his great mental development, may represent an early stage in a new class of vertebrate animals, according to Professor W. K. Gregory of the American Museum of Natural History. The wonder is not that we suffer from gunmen and racketeers, but ...


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On February 15 the world Court observed informally the tenth anniversary of its founding. During the ten years of its existence the Court has held twenty-four sessions and has given sixteen judgments and twenty-two advisory opinions. Persia's ...


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A Leftist revolt was nipped in the bud on February 16, and thirteen leaders were seized. President Luis Sanchez Cerro was wounded by a would-be assassin while attending church. March floods caused $4,200,000 worth of losses in Southern Peru. A law was ...


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Progress was made during 1932 in the reorganization of the Philippine government with a view to consolidating functions of bureaus and reducing expenditures. Bureaucracy and the duplication of services had caused governmental expenses greatly to ...


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The year 1932 saw a world-wide attack on the problem of the origin and nature of cosmic rays. America's Nobel Prize winners in physics, Robert A. Millikan (1923), and Arthur A. Compton (1927), formerly a student under Millikan, took the lead in ...


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The number of broadcast stations in operation has decreased from 681 in 1927 to 604 in 1932. The total number of assignments licensed for simultaneous operation at night was only 397 as of June 30, 1932. ...


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During the year 1932, the Owyhee Dam on the Owyhee River in eastern Oregon was completed. This concrete structure, 405 feet in height, is the highest dam in the world and will store water for the irrigation of 123,000 acres on the Owyhee project in ...


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On December 31, 1932, the greatest social, economic, and political experiment in the world's history came to a temporary pause as Soviet Russia celebrated the formal closing of the Five Year Plan--the Piatiletka --the first step in a grandiose scheme ...


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A swift but bloodless revolution on June 26 changed Siam from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. The revolt, which was led by the army and navy in the name of the People's party, resulted from the economic distress due to the great ...


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The Spanish Republic, proclaimed April 14, 1931, entered the year 1932 with a thoroughly up-to-date constitution (promulgated December 9, 1931), a newly elected President, and a constitutionally organized government. The transformation of a ...


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A materially smaller budget was brought in when the Riksdag (the Swedish Parliament) opened in January, 1932. The budget was balanced by increased duties on luxuries, increased income and death duties, and curtailed military and naval expenditures. ...


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During 1932 many new interests came into the field of television, but practically all developments in that field were confined to the laboratory. ...


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The leadership of President Mustapha Kemal Pasha was maintained throughout 1932. The outstanding event of the year internationally was the entrance of Turkey into the League of Nations on July 6. Of more immediate practical importance were the visits ...


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After fifteen months of effort on the part of Minister of Finance Havenga, the Union ended the year by going off the gold standard. During the latter days of December withdrawals of between (L)2,000,000 and (L)3,000,000 in gold caused the Treasury, ...


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In his address to Parliament on January 19, 1932, King Alexander ended the first state of the dictatorship which had been in effect since the suspension of the Constitution in 1929. The new regulations gave to Parliament and the Cabinet, rather than ...


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Five species of crustaceans hitherto unknown to science have been discovered by Charles C. Wilson, of the Smithsonian Institution. ...


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To offset the effects of the Ottawa Conference, reciprocal trade arrangements were sought with the United States. Great Britain made it clear that any trade advantages to Argentina world be predicated on a friendlier attitude toward British capital. ...


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Big Six Conference, Kansas. Eastern intercollegiate, Princeton. Missouri Valley Conference, Creighton. National A. A. N., Wichita Henrys. National A. A. N. Girls; Oklahoma Presbyterian College. Pacific Coast Conference, California. Rocky Mountain ...


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Big Six Conference, Nebraska. Missouri Valley Conference, Oklahoma A. and M. National Professional League, Chicago Bears. Pacific Coast Conference, Southern California. Rocky Mountain Conference, Utah. Southern Conference, Tennessee, Auburn. Southwest ...


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Champions of 1932: American League, New York Yankees. National League, Chicago Cubs. World's champions, New York Yankees. American Association, Minneapolis. International League, Newark. Eastern intercollegiate, Yale. Southern Conference, Auburn. ...


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The World Court on Feb. 4, 1932, delivered an advisory opinion in regard to the treatment of Polish citizens in the Free City of Danzig. This opinion approved Poland's claim that Poles in Danzig were entitled to the same rights as Danzigers, a claim ...


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Early in 1932 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, governor of New York, made public his candidacy for the Presidency of the United States. In spite of a belated but aggressive movement in behalf of Alfred E. Smith, Roosevelt was the visible standard bearer of ...


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Elections. Early in 1932 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, governor of New York, made public his candidacy for the Presidency of the United States. In spite of a belated but aggressive movement in behalf of Alfred E. Smith, Roosevelt was the visible standard ...


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Behind the more spectacular flights of the year was a story of unusually productive results in designing and constructing faster and more economical airplanes for the regular airline services which spread out into every section of the country. ...


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Each year marks some gain in our knowledge of early man. Fossils of animals and reptiles are now so numerous and so well placed in geological periods that we can date human bones and stone tools whenever these are found in the earth side by side with ...


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Several times during 1933 rumors came that war had broken out between King Ibn Saud, of the Saudian Arabian Kingdom, and the Imam Yahya of the Yemen, over the district of Asir, which lies between their dominions. Ibn Saud has in recent years ...


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The task of the archaeologist is to find and explain the ruins and relics of extinct nations, thereby extending our knowledge of history backward through many centuries. Several significant archaeological discoveries were made in 1933. A tablet was ...


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Argentina began the year 1933 in a state of siege, which meant that certain constitutional rights were suspended. This condition, which is not unusual for a Latin American state, was the result of an attempt on December 16, 1932, to kidnap President ...


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The opening of the Century of Progress Exposition by the light of the star Arcturus was a spectacular astronomical performance enjoyed by thousands of Exposition visitors. This light, which had been forty years in coming from its distant stellar ...


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Australia's financial recovery, noted at the beginning of 1933, was steadily maintained throughout the year and now at the beginning of 1934 there is no doubt that the country is well on the way to prosperity. ...


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Toward the end of 1933 we find a definite upturn in the trend of the nation's business. The automotive industry, one of the first to feel the effects of the depression, was among the first to show a definite improvement. Those manufacturers who did ...


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Many facts of deep interest to those who study the development of our race have been uncovered by archaeologists examining ancient tombs in Egypt. Barley found in 1933 in a tomb at least seven thousand years old has been shown to be identical with ...


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The memorable fact of 1933 was the awakening of the Canadian people to the value of their neglected heritage in the far North. For generations the Northwest Territories--a million and a quarter square miles between the Arctic Ocean and the northern ...


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Deuterium is the name proposed for the new isotope of hydrogen, the discovery of which is considered of as great importance as a new element. This isotope of hydrogen has a mass of 2, whereas most of the hydrogen has a mass of 1. The lighter atom is ...


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Throughout the year Arturo Alessandri, the "Lion of Tarapaca;," remained as President of Chile. A man of great energy, understanding sympathy, and good common sense, he assumed office on Christmas Eve, 1932. As a Moderate Socialist he stood on the ...


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Regardless of political and economic disturbances in 1933, the young generation of China made great advances. October 10 in China corresponds to our Fourth of July, for on that day in 1911 young China overthrew a despotic monarchy and established the ...


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Cuba entered 1933 in an ominous political calm, foreshadowing an upheaval in political life more stormy than those usually found in other Latin American countries and more disastrous economically than some of the worst hurricanes. In January three ...


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The Little Entente, which Czechoslovakia created with Rumania and Yugoslavia in 1920, was greatly strengthened in 1933. It is now an alliance of three independent states which act as one in matters of foreign policy. The council of the Little Entente, ...


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In 1933 Danish agriculture, which is the major industry of the kingdom, passed through the greatest crisis in its history. Among the causes of this depression were the new tariff laws in England and Germany, which almost destroyed the market for ...


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A trade agreement between Finland and Great Britain was completed in August, 1933, according to which Finland will buy three-fourths of its coal and part of its coke from Great Britain and will reduce the import duties on cotton and woolen goods and ...


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Visitors to the famous Latin Quarter of Paris witnessed a most unusual scene on April 6, 1933. The students of the University of Paris were on strike. Professors, interrupted by the clamors of boisterous students, could not give their lectures, and ...


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During 1933 the physical scientists continued more avidly than ever to search for answers to the perplexing questions: How did the earth originate? What is the composition and structure of its interior? How old is it? ...


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On January 30, 1933, fourteen years and two months after Kaiser Wilhelm II had abdicated his imperial throne, Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi party, was appointed Chancellor of the German Reich by President Paul von Hindenburg. By the end of 1933, ...


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England usually has its full share of domestic complications and the year 1933 was not at all exceptional in this respect. The year did not, however, bring forth any highly dramatic events and the attention of the British public was therefore occupied ...


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During the first half of 1933 the country was greatly troubled by party strife, while in the quieter second half distinct progress was made toward good understandings with neighboring nations. ...


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For several years the negro republic of Haiti has felt that it could not retain its self-respect as long as the United States marines controlled much of the political, economic, and intellectual life of the country. But on August 7, 1933, Haitians ...


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Throughout the year 1933 Hungary was in a state of unrest due to Nazi activities within the country itself and in the neighboring states. All the nations of the Danube River area became alarmed over the spread of Hitlerism. Premier Goemboes, however, ...


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India had an unusually quiet year in 1933. Perhaps the most dramatic incident was the successful flight over Mt. Everest accomplished by British aviators under the leadership of the Marquis of Douglas and Clydesdale. The difficulties of this ...


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The return to the American Indians of part of the vast lands taken from them over a period of many years was the most significant action sought by the new administration of Indian affairs that came into power in 1933. Under the so-called allotment ...


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Eamon de Valera was reelected President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State in January with a majority over all parties in the Dail. He entered office pledged to advance the state towards economic and political independence. ...


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Transcending all other developments in Italy in 1933 were the bold moves of the Fascist regime in the direction of the corporative state. Organization of the state along productive, rather than political, lines and been a goal of Fascism from the ...


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The year 1933 had a happy ending in the birth, on December 23, of an imperial prince. Upon the death of the reigning sovereign, this prince will become the 125th emperor in what Japanese historians believe to be an unbroken line which has lasted for 2,...


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The removal of an entire lung because of the presence of cancer, the removal of one entire half of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, and the removal of the thyroid gland to stop overstrain on a diseased heart were surgical accomplishments of 1933 ...


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The upper atmosphere was twice penetrated by man to a height of more than 60,000 feet during 1933. The Soviet scientists and air veterans, Birnbaum, Prokofiev, and Gudenoff, in the stratosphere balloon Stratostat ascended to an unofficial height of 62,...


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During 1933 Mexico prepared for the general elections to be held on July 1, 1934. The chief interest centered in the selection of the presidential candidate of the National Revolutionary party, since for the past decade that party has dominated ...


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The results of the quadrennial elections, held in 1933, showed that the conservative elements were still in control. The Socialists were heavy losers and the Fascists failed to elect any of their candidates. ...


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The eighty-second regular session of the Storthing convened in the second week of January. The Peasant government, under Jens Hundseid as Prime Minister, found it exceedingly difficult to plan the budget (374,000,000 kroner); not only was there a ...


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"The Earth is a vast cemetery where the rocks are tombstones on which the buried dead have written their own epitaphs," wrote Louis Agassiz many years ago. In spite of numerous attempts to popularize these epitaphs, nothing has ever brought fossils to ...


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American supporters of the World Court found their confidence in that tribunal, as it is at present constituted, waning during 1933. Concerted action of the principal powers, on which the effectiveness of the Court depends, seemed more remote than ...


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Political life continued to be chaotic. In March former President Gustavo Jimenez led an abortive revolt against the government of the part Indian, ex-revolutionist President Sanchez Cerro. Being defeated, Jimenez committed suicide and the rebellion ...


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The Hawes-Cutting Philippine Independence Act, passed in January, 1933, provided that the law, in order to become effective, must be accepted by the Philippines within a year. Strenuous opposition to the law was led throughout 1933 by Manuel Quezon, ...


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One of the greatest obstacles to the satisfactory and efficient distribution of electric current for light, heat, and power is the damage done to high voltage lines by lightning. This has given rise to many experiments which require electric energy in ...


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Once we were healthy and wealthy and, so we thought, wise. Have we lost health along with our money in these years of depression? The fact that poverty breeds disease has been abundantly shown by centuries of experience. Health authorities have ...


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The number of broadcast receiving sets in use throughout the world, according to the Union Internationale de Radiodiffusion (International Broadcasting Union) was 40,000,000 at the beginning of 1933. Estimating an average of four listeners per radio, ...


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During 1933 considerable progress was made on the 730-foot Boulder Dam which is being constructed by the Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior, on the Colorado River near Las Vegas, Nevada. At the present rate of progress the dam and ...


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The year 1933 brought a measure of relief to both the leaders and the people of Soviet Russia. The strain of the drive for the first Five-Year Plan was over. By the middle of the summer there came relief from the food shortage of the preceding years. ...


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A bloodless revolution (the second within a year) on June 20 caused the return to power of the leaders who had been ousted in 1932. A rebellion in October, marked by several days of warfare, was said to be caused by the return of the exiled Luang ...


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In Spain the political pendulum swings to extremes. When the reactionary monarchy was overthrown in April, 1931, a republic dominated by Socialist elements was established. These extremists thereupon proceeded with too great haste and enthusiasm to ...


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The government budget of over a billion kroner, by far the largest in Swedish history, was balanced by greatly increased taxation and by sharply reduced appropriations in every government department except unemployment relief. National defense ...


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A curious situation developed in television during 1933. Most of the actual improvements in equipment and circuits were made in the United States, while England led the field in the matter of regular broadcast programs. Television broadcasting ...


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The outstanding event of the year in Turkey was the celebration, on October 29, 30, and 31, of the tenth anniversary of the founding of the republic. Preparations had been going on for months in every city and village. Committees of the Republican ...


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Various moves were made to cement friendly relations with neighboring countries, including a new pact with the Little Entente. A gathering of 130,000 celebrated the formation of a new party, advocating Yugoslav unity. Both religion and politics were ...


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Reports have come from three different laboratories of success in keeping alive, for short periods, animal tissue on artificial media. Some extremists visualize a future society where ectogenesis may be practically realized and where the young of many ...


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On July 3, 1933, Irigoyen was removed from Argentine politics by death. His funeral was attended by more than 250,000 people, and his heirs immediately began to quarrel over their inheritance. The Radical party did not disband, however, with the death ...


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Big Six Conference, Kansas. Eastern intercollegiate, Yale. Missouri Valley Conference, Butler. National A. A. U., Diamond Oilers, Tulsa, Okla. National A. A. U. Girls, Oklahoma Presbyterian College. Pacific Coast Conference, Oregon State College. ...


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Big Six Conference, Nebraska. Missouri Valley Conference, Oklahoma A. and M. National Professional League, Chicago Bears. Pacific Coast Conference, Stanford-Oregon (tie). Rocky Mountain Conference, Denver, Colorado Aggies and Utah (tie). Southern ...


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American League, Washington Senators. National League, New York Giants. World's champions, New York Giants. American Association, Columbus. International League, Buffalo. Eastern intercollegiate, Columbus. Southern Conference, North Carolina. ...


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On July 3 Germany brought to the attention of the World Court nearly 700 cases involving German landowners living in Poland, against whom, it was claimed, Poland has discriminated in applying its agrarian reforms. Reparations were demanded and, ...


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Shortly after his inauguration President Roosevelt announced the following Cabinet appointments: Secretary of State, Cordell Hull; Treasury, William H. Woodin; War, George Henry Dern; Attorney-General, Homer Cummings; Postmaster-General, James A. ...


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Aviation in 1934 was furnished a striking incident, trivial yet filled with significance, when ten-year-old Elsa Elizabeth Geise stepped out of a transcontinental air liner at Newark airport in September after having flown unaccompanied from Seattle. ...


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There were in 1934 no startling finds in early forms of man or man-like creatures; but claims were made for homo soloensis --a prehistoric race of which bones were recently found in Java. Homo soloensis, it was announced, lived in Pleistocene times ...


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To the archaeologist, searching the earth over for evidence bearing on the lost history of the ancients, apparently trifling finds are often highly significant. A few charred grains of wheat were discovered in eastern Europe by a German archaeologist. ...


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The year 1934 opened with many scattered signs of economic and political unrest. The corn crop had been a failure and in the provincial elections for members of the national Chamber of Deputies the "outs" were trying to get "in." In the March ...


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In astronomical annals the year 1934 was memorable for the making of great glass disks for the mirrors of reflecting telescopes. ...


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Steady but not spectacular progress along the road to economic recovery was maintained in Australia during the year 1934, and fears of a possible setback were dispersed. The greatest factor in bringing back prosperity was the high price of wool, in ...


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A year's operation of the 1934 models of automobiles led manufacturers to believe that bold changes in body design and front-spring construction had perhaps been a bit premature. The independent front wheel suspension has been retained in some makes, ...


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When English walnuts are cured after picking, especially if they have been picked at the time most favorable to quality, some of the hulls adhere tightly to the kernels. Even though the hull is removed mechanically the nut remains discolored. D. G. ...


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Four hundred years ago Jacques Cartier sailed across the Atlantic, from the even then ancient port of Saint Malo, France, and passed through the Strait of Belle Isle into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Cartier's arrival is properly regarded as the ...


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The work of Harold C. Urey, discoverer of deuterium, was recognized by the award of the Nobel Prize for 1934. ...


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For the first time in three years the Chilean government seemed less inclined to experiment with utopian economic and social reforms. President Alessandri, "The Great Commoner," began in 1933 his new deal for Chile, and all Chileans hoped that social ...


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Early in 1934 there began in China an important nation-wide movement called the New Life. It is similar to the New Deal of the United States in that it owes its life and impetus to a strong personality who is also the actual head of the central ...


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On February 24 Jefferson Caffery was named United States ambassador to Cuba, replacing Sumner Welles. Meanwhile President Grau San Martin, who had succeeded Dictator Machado, resigned. The revolutionary junta which had named San Martin president on ...


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On May 24, Thomas G. Masaryk, who was eighty-four years old on March 7, was elected president for a third term of seven years. He received 327 votes out of 418. ...


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The year 1934 brought to the Danish people many problems which, on the whole, were dealt with more successfully than had been those of 1933. The situation as to unemployment, though still disturbing, was relieved somewhat by an extensive system of ...


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In 1934 honors again went to Finland as the only European debtor nation which made prompt and full payments of installments due the United States. ...


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On the evening of February 6 a dense crowd completely blocked the Place de la Concorde in Paris. In the huge arena mingled delegations from various political organizations such as the royalist Camelots du Roi and militant groups such as the Croix de ...


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The earth, according to Sir James Jeans, is so old that if its story were imagined as a 500-page book, recorded history would make up no more than the last word and the Christian era little more than its last letter. Radio-active rocks from the ...


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Under the iron rule of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party, Germany in 1934 continued to hold the center of the European stage. In the domestic life of the nation the Nazi process of transforming Germany into a state ruled absolutely by one man, which had ...


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The Englishman, viewing the world from his "tight little island" in 1934, found much to observe, to ponder, and even to dread. Dublin and Delhi Berlin and Vienna, Moscow and Marseilles, each brought its serious and even tragic news and at times the ...


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In recent years there has been increasing co-operation between the Balkan countries. The process resulted in the creation of a Balkan League through a treaty signed at Belgrade on February 4 by representatives of Greece, Turkey, Rumania, and ...


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A protectorate which the United States had maintained over Haiti for nineteen years was ended in 1934. On August 15 the last United States marines were withdrawn, two months ahead of the date specified in the agreement signed by the United States on ...


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Eloquent comment on economic conditions in Hungary was furnished in October by a unique strike of coal miners near Pecs. In protest against low wages and working conditions, 1,200 miners refused for five days either to leave the pits or to accept food....


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India went through momentous times although she hardly once during the year made newspaper front-page copy. In November there was published by the British Parliament the Report of the Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform. A few months before had ...


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On June 18, 1934, President Roosevelt signed a bill which radically changes the historic Indian policy of the nation and puts a stop to further breaking up of Indian reservations. ...


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The outstanding fact in the history of the Irish Free State in 1934 was the continuance of party warfare centered about the policies of the government in trying to carry out its two-fold purpose: an independent republic and an economically ...


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"Corporative economy," declared Mussolini to the Italian Senate on January 13, 1934, "is a respecter of the principle of private ownership. . . . Corporative economy is also a respecter of private initiative. . . . The Corporative principle introduces ...


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The control of Japanese policy moved into firmer military hands when the cabinet of Admiral Makoto Saito resigned on July 3 and was replaced by that of Admiral Keisuke Okada. Five party men, three from the Seiyukai and two from Minseito, accepted the ...


Description:
The most important single medical observation during 1934 was probably the determination of the presence of antihormones in the human body. Antihormones are substances developed in the body. They oppose the hormones. Hormones are the active principles ...


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July, 1934, was the hottest month on record in the United States. There was a temperature excess of 3.2 o F. Moreover, last July was also for many states the driest thirty-day period ever experienced. Fort Smith, Ark., gained the unenviable ...


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The events of outstanding interest and significance in Mexico during 1934 were the national elections on July 1 and the inauguration of a new president on November 30. ...


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The world's state of mind is mirrored by the fact that staid, conservative Holland had serious riots during the summer and the foreign press gave but little space to the events. On July 7, drastic cuts in the dole went into effect and Amsterdam ...


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The Storthing met on January 12 and adjourned on June 29. The Labor party was the largest single group, lacking only a few votes of absolute majority. The session of the Storthing was a series of bitter conflicts between the laborites and the ...


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The chief interest of paleontologists in recent years has been the uncovering of evidence concerning the development, environment, distribution, and habits of ancient man. In 1934 a new link in the evolutionary history of man and ape was announced by ...


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During 1934 the Permanent Court of International Justice, or World Court, sat for 120 days. ...


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This country entered the year in the midst of the controversy with Colombia over Leticia. As the year began both nations planned a renewal of fighting, but influences exerted by Brazil and by the League of Nations brought a peaceable solution of the ...


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The Hawes-Cutting Act granting independence to the Philippine Islands was not accepted by the Philippine legislature before January 17, the final date for acceptance. ...


Description:
Discoveries and developments involving the principles of physics include the following: ...


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Evidence accumulated during 1934 suggests that the ongoing economic slump has impaired the health of many Americans. ...


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The dissatisfaction of the people of the island with Governor Gore caused his resignation in January, and President Roosevelt appointed as his successor Major General Blanton Winship, United States Army, retired, and former Judge Advocate General of ...


Description:
There were in the United States at the outset of 1935 some 600 broadcasting stations, serving an audience of perhaps 80,000,000 persons; for the end of 1934 saw the American radio set "population" climb to about 19,000,000 and the United States Census ...


Description:
In 1934 the Bureau of Reclamation had under construction and operation in the western third of the United States thirty-eight irrigation and power projects and was investigating seven additional projects. Up to January 1, 1935, the Public Works ...


Description:
In 1932 King Prajadhipok was an absolute monarch. Siam has since been governed under a constitution which took away some of the king's prerogatives. The struggle still further to limit the powers of the monarch continued in 1934. Early in April, 100 ...


Description:
The forces of reaction continued to gain ground in the Spanish Republic in 1934. Driven to desperation because of the systematic undermining of the Republic, the parties of the Left took up arms in defense of their rapidly disappearing liberties. The ...


Description:
During 1934 the Conservative party suffered further losses in Parliament, not only through the increased strength of the Social Democrats and the Farmers Union, but also through the rebirth of the old Liberal Party as the Peoples party. The Social ...


Description:
Although television, so far as the general public was concerned, may not seem to have made great progress in 1934, the men in the laboratories were active and accomplished much that will have a direct bearing upon home television. ...


Description:
The process of revising the manners and customs of the Turkish people was continued through 1934. In June Parliament voted that within two years every Turk must add to his personal name a family name. A later vote invited President Mustapha Kemal ...


Description:
Two great problems of perennial interest in the Cape country are the relation of the Union to the British Kingdom and the policy to be adopted toward the colored races. Agitation for a republic, it was believed, would be brought to an end by the ...


Description:
The year 1934, the second year of the second of the Soviet Five-Year plans, brought further relief from the strain of the "drive for Socialism" started in 1928. The Soviet Union by becoming a member of the League of Nations furthered its efforts to ...


Description:
The close financial ties between France and Yugoslavia were illustrated by charges in the Yugoslav parliament early in the year that members of the cabinet were involved in the Stavisky affairs. ...


Description:
Among the interesting and important developments in the field of zoology the year produced the following: ...


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The acting president, Dr. Getulio Vargas, was elected for a term of four years. ...


Description:
Big Six Conference, Kansas. Eastern Intercollegiate League, Pennsylvania. Eastern Intercollegiate Conference, Pittsburgh. Missouri Valley Conference, Butler. National A.A.U., Diamond Oilers, Tulsa, Okla. National A.A.U., Girls, Tulsa (Okla.) Business ...


Description:
Big Six Conference, Kansas State. Missouri Valley Conference, Washington University. National Professional League, New York Giants. Pacific Coast Conference, Stanford. Rocky Mountain Conference, Utah State. Southern Conference, Washington and Lee. ...


Description:
American League, Detroit Tigers. National League, Saint Louis Cardinals. World's champions, Saint Louis Cardinals. American Association, Columbus. International League, Newark. Eastern intercollegiate, Columbia. Southwest Conference, Texas A. & M. ...


Description:
In June 1934, all of the twenty-one American republics except Peru had signed the South American antiwar treaty of nonaggression and conciliation. The United States was one of the signatory powers. The Aggression Definition Pact, signed in London in ...


Description:
While the popular vote showed only 56 per cent of the voters as favoring the New Deal, the Democrats gained a two-thirds control of both houses and elected Democratic governors in three-fourths of the states. An unexpected turn was the defeat of ...


Description:
During 1933 there were hurried attempts to salvage the economic system and nothing more than the framework of the New Deal structure was erected. Later, under the test of practical application, it became apparent that many revisions would have to be ...


Description:
The year 1935 witnessed the flight of the China Clipper starting regular transpacific transport service, the successful testing of the great Douglas sleeper plane, the flight of the Boeing "flying fortress," and a record-breaking stratosphere ...


Description:
The first discovery in America of stone spear points and bones of extinct bison was on a ranch near Folsom, New Mexico, in 1926, from which spear points of this type are called Folsom points. Since that date many Folsom points have been found with ...


Description:
Archaeologists were busy in every part of the world in 1935, so we can do little more than mention a few of their interesting discoveries. Modern cultivators of the date palm practice artificial pollination to insure a good yield of fruit, yet this is ...


Description:
Generally speaking, economic affairs improved during the year, while political conditions grew worse. Prosperity and criticism of the Government developed together. The central Government attempted to gain greater control over the provincial ...


Description:
A review of the accumulated data on the eccentricities of the orbits of double stars indicates that the age of the universe is about ten trillion years. This favors the so-called "long time scale." Other estimates vary from ten billion to two hundred ...


Description:
Sound government and steady progress were recorded in Australia during 1935. ...


Description:
One of the significant innovations in automobile merchandising in 1935 was the advance announcement of new models. The New York show, held fully three months ahead of traditional schedule, helped to stimulate the winter sale of new cars and alleviate ...


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Among the developments of 1935 in the field of botany, the following are interesting and important: ...


Description:
The year 1935 was filled with political and economic events of importance. ...


Description:
The Nobel Prize in chemistry for 1935 was awarded to Frederick Joliot and his wife, Irene Joliot-Curie, for their joint discovery of artificial radioactivity and the production of such new radioactive elements. This is the first instance when this ...


Description:
Chile enjoyed increasing prosperity, and considerable attention was devoted to improving agrarian conditions. In February President Arturo Alessandri approved a Colonization Law which enables individuals to acquire land south of the Bio Bio River and ...


Description:
The National Government crowned its years of campaign against the Communists with success. Early in the year Government troops dislodged the Communists in Central China and drove them toward the southwest. The Communists were by no means entirely ...


Description:
Unrest continued throughout the year. Early in 1935 revolutionary groups began to destroy sugar and sugar machinery and on January 16 the Government suspended constitutional guarantees for ninety days in order to combat this movement. All persons "...


Description:
Two important elections took place during the year. The term of the Chamber of Deputies elected in 1929 expired and a new Chamber was elected on May 19. The Senate was elected a week later. The government coalition of six parties lost slightly and was ...


Description:
In the spring of 1935 two events occurred to which the Danish people had looked forward with great interest: the completion of a great bridge and the marriage of the Crown Prince. The bridge that now spans the Little Belt is the greatest engineering ...


Description:
Continued high feeling on the Swedish language question prompted Premier Kivimanki to call a special session of the Diet in January. He submitted a new compromise bill, limiting the use of Swedish at the University of Helsingfors, but it was ...


Description:
The celebration of the Fourteenth of July, France's National Day, showed the deep conflict of opinion which has divided France ever since the riotous Sixth of February, 1934. ...


Description:
Important studies and events in geology included the following topics. ...


Description:
On March 16, 1935, Adolf Hitler, Leader and Chancellor of Germany, announced to the world that the Reich would no longer observe the military clauses of the Treaty of Versailles. That announcement overshadowed all other German issues of the year, ...


Description:
The year 1935 saw the celebration of three interesting British anniversaries. On January 1 the entire nation took note of the fact that its most famous and influential newspaper, the Times, had just completed its 150th year. On May 6 all Britain ...


Description:
A revolt broke out on March 1, headed by the old statesman Eleutherios Venizelos and General Nicholas Plastiras, and directed against the Government of President Alexander Zaimis and Premier Panayoti Tsaldaris. Troops in Athens, five warships, and ...


Description:
On March 28 Haiti and the United States signed a reciprocal trade agreement in which the former Government promised to reduce tariffs on thirteen products of the United States, including lard, auto tires and tubes, and radios. The United States agreed ...


Description:
Control of Hungary moved more completely into the power of Premier Julius Goemboes during 1935. He maneuvered resignations and revamped his cabinet on March 4. Parliament convened on March 5, but was immediately dissolved by a Regent's decree. The ...


Description:
India was not often in the headlines in 1935, and yet Sir Frederick Sykes said recently that "peace and the future of India are the greatest and most momentous issues with which the world today has to deal." And India in 1935 has known grief, ...


Description:
Tribal reorganization was the chief concern of American Indians in 1935. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 makes possible for Indians who choose to accept its provisions a new program of land acquisition, land management, and tribal government. It ...


Description:
The dominant personality in Irish public life continued to be Eamon de Valera, President of the Council; and the dominant fact in the year's development was his quarrel with Britain over the land annuities. This quarrel led to British reprisals in the ...


Description:
"War," wrote Mussolini in the Italian Encyclopedia, "brings out all human energies to a maximum tension and places the seal of nobility on the people who have the courage to face it." True to this creed. Mussolini led his people to war in 1935. His ...


Description:
Premier Keisuke Okada remained at the helm during 1935, while but two major changes occurred in the cabinet. General Y. Kawashima became Minister of War and K. Mochidzuki Minister of Communications. The latter, a former member of the Seiyukai, Japan's ...


Description:
Great advances were made during the year in elucidating the chemistry of the so-called hormones, as well as in isolating the vitamins in pure form. Vitamin E was isolated as an inorganic substance by Herbert M. Evans of California. Its uses in human ...


Description:
During 1935 the science of meteorology seemed to be chiefly concerned with the conquest of the stratosphere. ...


Description:
Events in Mexico in 1935 centered largely around the political situation. A tenseness which bordered at times upon the revolutionary gripped the country during much of the year. Abortive revolutionary movements headed by political discontent in nine ...


Description:
The Government teetered on the brink of devaluation for several months, but still adhered to the gold standard. The Catholic party caused the Colijn Cabinet to resign on July 26. Four days later the political and financial crises ended under a ...


Description:
The municipal elections in the fall of 1934 showed a marked increase in the strength of the Labor party which renewed its attacks on the Government when the Storthing met early this year. Before long the Labor and Farmer parties joined issues and thus ...


Description:
The paleontology of man's relatively recent ancestors was again a live subject in 1935. ...


Description:
Only two cases, both of relatively minor importance, were brought before the World Court during the year. They came from the League's Council in the form of requests for advisory opinions. ...


Description:
General economic conditions steadily improved because the Government's policy represented the conservative business interests. The great mass of the people, however, seemed no better off at the end of the year than at the beginning. ...


Description:
The year 1935 brought the Philippine people a stage nearer to the attainment of their dream of political independence. During the year the constitution was adopted, first elections were held, and the new Commonwealth government was formally ...


Description:
Developments in the field of physics included the following: ...


Description:
Two events of far-reaching importance occurred in 1935. On April 23 Poland adopted a new constitution; on May 12 Marshal Josef Pilsudski died. Pilsudski had been largely responsible for the resurrection of Poland as an independent nation, and for many ...


Description:
1935 was a year of great encouragement to health authorities in the United States. Health conditions remained generally satisfactory and showed some unusually favorable signs. In addition, the Social Security Act--which became a Federal law in ...


Description:
During 1935 opposition toward Governor Blanton Winship steadily grew, led largely by the Liberal newspaper, El Imparcial, which daily proclaimed "Fuero, Winship!" (Begone, Winship!) This opposition of the Liberals grew out of the desire to control the ...


Description:
The year 1935, only the fifteenth since the founding of modern radio broadcasting, was notable more as an augury of what is to come (particularly in the fields of television, facsimile transmission and reception, and ultra-short wave broadcasting) ...


Description:
The United States Bureau of Reclamation in 1935 had thirty-six irrigation and power projects under construction and twelve additional projects on an operation and maintenance basis. Funds amounting to about $175,000,000 allotted under the National ...


Description:
King Prajadhipok abdicated on March 2. The announcement came from England, where he had taken up residence. The King thus terminated his unsuccessful fight to establish a truly constitutional monarchy. He was succeeded by his eleven-year-old nephew, ...


Description:
The year 1935 was the most barren in the history of the Spanish Republic. Ministries rose and fell with bewildering rapidity, for none could command parliamentary confidence. ...


Description:
At the close of the year Sweden was in the best condition for many years. Crops had been good, a building boom was in progress, very little unemployment was reported, the Social-Democratic government was firmly in power and no political strife was ...


Description:
The big news in television during 1935, and the most encouraging to those people who are anticipating television entertainment in their homes, was the announcement in May that the Radio Corporation of America had laid plans for a million-dollar ...


Description:
At the primary elections in January Turkish women voted for the first time in full equality with men. In the secondary elections on February 8 seventeen women were chosen in a total of 399 deputies to the Assembly. ...


Description:
Progress and a considerable measure of prosperity marked 1935. The year began with a surplus of $10,000,000 in the national treasury; the railways operated at a profit; and unemployment showed material improvement. ...


Description:
The Soviet Union entered the year 1935 impressed by the assassination of Kirov, one of its outstanding leaders. Executions of "class enemies" already under arrest before the assassination and therefore in no way connected with it, pointed to the ...


Description:
Political tumult marked the year. The dictatorship held on with tenacity, despite oft-repeated promises of dissolution. Several persons were killed and many wounded by government party watchers at the "free" elections on May 5. Charges and ...


Description:
Among the interesting developments in 1935 were the following: ...


Description:
The Integralista faction, which had developed rapidly during 1934, in March announced a membership of 200,000. It continued to grow in 1935, and steadily opposed certain Government policies. On November 24 uprisings occurred, chiefly in the states of ...


Description:
President Franklin D. Roosevelt started the year with everything apparently in his control but before the twelve months had elapsed he had suffered several extraordinary defeats. Yet he had received the largest vote of confidence ever given an ...


Description:
The World Court. In a special message to Congress on January 16, the President asked the Senate to ratify the protocols that would make the United States a member of the Permanent Court of International Justice (which see) at Geneva. His action ...


Description:
Significant aircraft developments during 1936 included the regular use of 40-passenger flying boats and 14-passenger sleeper planes. Aviation took two different trends, however. In the United States the tendency was toward larger, faster, and more ...


Description:
There may be no new tribes of savages left to be discovered, except a possible few in parts of Australia, New Guinea, and South America; but there are a considerable number of such tribes about which there is no accurate printed information. Late in ...


Description:
The year 1936 was for the different portions of Arabia a time of peace and of progress toward Arab unity and modernization. The Italian aggression in Abyssinia and the steady pressure of English influence increased the native trend toward cultural, ...


Description:
Research of 1936 delved into remote periods of human history. ...


Description:
Economic and political life continued to improve during the year. National affairs, however, were overshadowed by the convening at Buenos Aires on December 1 of the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace, suggested by President ...


Description:
In 1936, B. J. Bok of Harvard estimated that the age of the universe is not more than twenty billion years. This figure contrasts sharply with the estimate of ten trillion years reported a year earlier by Sir James Jeans. ...


Description:
Australia's conquest of the depression now is practically complete, following a record of steady, peaceful progress during 1936. ...


Description:
The year 1936 was a good one for the automotive industry. With production below normal during the depression year just past, not only has the number of vehicles in use actually declined, but many vehicles are still in use that normally would have been ...


Description:
In the plant world, the following were important items of the year 1936: ...


Description:
Domestic events in Canada in 1936 were completely overshadowed by certain outstanding incidents in which the country was concerned as a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. First of these was the death of King George V in January, and the ...


Description:
The Nobel prize in chemistry for 1936 was awarded to Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debye, a research scientist. He is a professor at the University of Berlin and is director of the chemistry division of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. He was honored especially ...


Description:
On February 3, railway workers on several Government lines struck, demanding higher wages and the reinstatement of several officials. The Government refused their demands and began to run the roads with army men. On February 28, a group of retired ...


Description:
The Republic of China began its Silver Jubilee year with the following message from Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek: "I firmly believe in the salvation of the nation and the regeneration of the Chinese people, and in these I firmly believe there is a ...


Description:
On January 10 national elections, the first since 1928, were held and women voted for the first time. The successful candidate was Miguel Mariano Gomez, who took office in May after visiting the United States in April. During the election a large ...


Description:
President Benes, who as Foreign Minister had worked earnestly for peace, placed emphasis on preparedness. He paid special attention to his duties as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Czechoslovakia maintained its defensive alliances with France ...


Description:
Serious conflicts in Danish industry marked the opening of 1936. February began with threats of strikes and lockouts and by the middle of March 150,000 laborers were idle. Trade was paralyzed and heavy losses were suffered on every side. Attempts at ...


Description:
General elections in July reiterated the common preference for democratic, rather than dictatorial, principles of government. Parliamentary changes were relatively small, but the Socialists gained five Deputies, thus controlling 83 of the 200 seats in ...


Description:
The year 1936 marked an important turn in French politics. For the first time in thirty years the power was taken by a Leftist Government, composed only of Socialists, and Radical-Socialists. ...


Description:
During the year 1936 interesting scientific data concerning the ocean floor was secured and important geologic results of the second Byrd expedition to Antarctica were published. ...


Description:
In 1936, the fourth year of Adolf Hitler's dictatorship, Germany continued to concentrate her energies on the re-establishment of her former military might. The whole life of the nation--political, social, economic--was directed toward the goal of ...


Description:
On January 20, in his Norfolk residence at Sandringham, George V died after a reign of nearly twenty-six years. The British people looked upon George as a good if not a great king. King George was a modest, well-intentioned man who sought at all times ...


Description:
Greek political life, regularly tumultuous and changeable, remained true to type during seven months of 1936, after which it was mastered and controlled by General John Metaxas, who turned leaves in the books of Mussolini and Hitler, especially the ...


Description:
Complications expected upon the death of Premier Julius Goemboes, in October, failed to materialize. Deputy Premier Koloman Daranyi became Premier, and the kingdom without a king continued on the general course charted by Goemboes, "who could but ...


Description:
On the surface, India has had one more quiet year. The new Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, took office in the spring. It is his duty to put into effect the new constitution which is to give India a much larger share in her own government and, internally, ...


Description:
It is now possible to say with some assurance that the India is not a "vanishing race." Indian population in the United States is apparently increasing. The 1936 figures show a total of 334,013, an increase of 3,152 over the preceding year. Indian ...


Description:
The history of Ireland in 1936 is one of marked progress in many lines. Eamon de Valera continued his policy of making the country self-supporting in food, clothing, and shelter. The acreage sown to grain was materially increased. The beet sugar ...


Description:
At the close of the year 1935, Marshal Badoglio succeeded general de Bono as Commander-in-Chief of the Italian forces in Ethiopia. However, he had but a short time to prepare any offensive before the "little" rains set in. Yet Badoglio, one of Italy's ...


Description:
When on May 5, 1936, the news reached Italy that Marshal Badoglio and his troops had marched in triumph into Addis Ababa, Mussolini said, "I announce to the Italian people and to the world, peace has been established. It is not without emotion, ...


Description:
The general election on February 20 appeared to offer popular resistance to the control of the militarists over the Government which has existed since the Manchurian expedition began in 1931. In the House of Representatives, the Seiyukai (the party ...


Description:
The outstanding achievements of the year were the development of protamine insulinate and crystalline zinc insulin to be used in the treatment of diabetes; new surgical procedures relating to the sympathetic nervous system; a drug called mandelic acid,...


Description:
The weather for 1936 presented an unusual number of extremes and contrasts. ...


Description:
The year 1936 was characterized by a series of strikes not devoid of political significance, and by the extensive distribution of lands by the Government in pursuance of the agrarian policy of President Cardenas. The final expulsion, in April, of ...


Description:
Economic improvement was the keynote of Queen Wilhelmina's annual speech to Parliament when it convened on September 15. Industrial gains, at home as well as in the colonies, indicated no further debt increases. ...


Description:
A tragic event occurred on September 13 when a mass of rock, perhaps a million tons, slid into Lake Loen in South-western Norway. The slide produced a gigantic wave which swept the neighboring farms, hamlets, and villages, destroyed property to the ...


Description:
The study of evidence of prehistoric man was of absorbing interest again in 1936. ...


Description:
To many an observer, the World Court in 1936 presented the spectacle of twelve learned jurists engaged in polite and erudite but futile discussions while striving to seem oblivious to Italy's actions in Ethiopia, Japan's maneuvering in China, and a ...


Description:
The economic situation in Peru continue to improve during the year, and in September it was announced that the export tonnage of the country for the first six months of 1936 was the highest since 1929, the peak year. Among the exports were petroleum ...


Description:
On November 15, the Commonwealth rounded out its first year toward becoming an autonomous state. The smoothness with which the change to self-government was accomplished elicited high praise. True to prediction, but with widespread consent and ...


Description:
The Nobel prize in physics for 1936 was awarded jointly to V. G. Hess of the University of Innsbruck, Austria, and Carl D. Anderson of the California Institute of Technology. Hess was named for his monumental work with cosmic rays, and Anderson for ...


Description:
Throughout the recent history of Poland, domestic and foreign policies have been largely conditioned by the fact that the nation is situated geographically between Germany and Russia. ...


Description:
The year 1936 will probably be notable in public health history for two events which promise to have far-reaching effects: first, the health activities, made possible by the Social Security Act, which got under way early in the year; second, a ...


Description:
On March 5 five party leaders were arrested and tried for inciting insurrection, recruiting soldiers, and conspiring to overthrow the Government. The ringleader was Pedro Albizu Campos, a Harvard graduate, who called himself "President of the Puerto ...


Description:
After the steady progress of 1935, all branches of the radio industry enjoyed a boom in 1936. It was the sixteenth year of broadcasting. The passing of that milestone signaled the end of seven lean years caused by the business depression which struck ...


Description:
The United State Bureau of Reclamation in 1936 had available for expenditure $135,000,000 for the construction of 36 irrigation projects, some involving flood control and power development; also for investigations of possible projects in 12 Western ...


Description:
Foreign Minister Luang Pradit Manudharm felt called upon to disclaim any favored-nation practices, particularly in relation to Japan. Repeated rumors of an Asiatic League headed by Japan, and a canal through the Isthmus of Kra financed by the same ...


Description:
The century-old conflict between the Lefts (workers and liberals) and the Rights (monarchists, clericals, and wealthy land-owners) eventually culminated, on July 17, 1936, in bloody civil war, the most cruel and destructive in Spanish history, and, ...


Description:
The third Labor administration Sweden ended its term of office on June 12, 1936, as the result of a dispute in the Riksdag between proponents of increased expenditures for armament and those who believed that the money could be better spent on higher ...


Description:
For Turkey the year 1936 was remarkably quiet, with good crops at increasing prices, and substantial progress in industry, railroads, buildings, and trade. Two important episodes marked foreign relations: a new settlement of the Straits question, and ...


Description:
The city of Johannesburg which in 1886 was not even a townsite is now a bustling municipality of 400,000 inhabitants. Its golden anniversary was celebrated in October with a great imperial fair, the greatest since that held at Wembley a dozen years ...


Description:
During 1936 the Soviet Union maintained the upward curve of economic development which had characterized the previous year. According to Soviet statistics, industrial output--with a few conspicuous exceptions, notably coal--showed a rise of 30 per ...


Description:
Internal political strife was widespread and continuous. General unrest was prefaced by an attempt to kill Premier Stoyadinovitch while he was addressing the Chamber of Deputies, on March 6. A cabinet shakeup followed. Recurrent nationalist ...


Description:
In the field of animal life, the following items were news during the year: ...


Description:
Television emerged from the laboratory for outdoor field tests in New York, Philadelphia, and London. Supplementing this television progress is the coaxial cable or television "pipe" which has been installed and demonstrated between New York and ...


Description:
On August 1, Brazil and Germany entered into a most-favored-nation agreement by an exchange of notes providing for the exchange of goods by barter. This was a modification of a previous agreement which had expired on July 31. The German Government ...


Description:
Big Six Conference, Kansas. Eastern Intercollegiate League, Columbia. Eastern Intercollegiate Conference, Carnegie Tech. National A.A.U., McPherson Oilers. National A.A.U. Girls, Tulsa (Okla.) Stenos. Missouri Valley Conference, Creighton, Drake, ...


Description:
Big Six Conference, Nebraska. Big Three, Yale. Missouri Valley Conference, Tulsa, Creighton (tie). National Professional League, Green Bay Packers. Pacific Coast Conference, Washington. Rocky Mountain Conference, Utah State. Southeastern Conference, ...


Description:
American League, New York Yankees. National League, New York Giants. World's champions, New York Yankees. American Association, Milwaukee. International League, Buffalo. Eastern Intercollegiate League, Dartmouth, Harvard. Western Conference, Michigan. ...


Description:
The following are hockey champions of the year: National Hockey League, Detroit Red Wings. World's professional (Stanley Cup), Detroit Red Wings. ...


Description:
In the most thoroughly contested election campaign ever held in the United States, in which the issues were carried to the voters by every means of communication known to modern propaganda, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal were given an ...


Description:
The highlights of the convention were: (1) the action of the Rules Committee abrogating for this convention the 104-year-old rule requiring a two-thirds vote for the nomination of the presidential and vice-presidential candidates; (2) another decision ...


