# First Line

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Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von (1583-1634), a Bohemian general, played an important role in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).


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Waller, Edmund (1606-1687), was an English lyric poet.


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Waller, Fats (1904-1943), was an American jazz pianist, songwriter, and entertainer.


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Wallflower is a fragrant plant that originated in southern Europe.


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Wallis, Sir Barnes (1887-1979), a British aeronautical engineer and inventor, designed the Swallow variable-sweep wing principle.


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Walloons are a group of people who live in southern Belgium.


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Wallpaper is decorative paper used to cover inside walls.


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Wallum is a name applied to the usually flat, sandy heathland country that extends along the east coast of Australia from Tweed Heads in New South Wales to the Tropic of Capricorn.


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Walnut is the name of a type of tree valued for its nuts and wood.


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Walpole, Horace (1717-1797), was a noted English letter writer, author, and art lover.


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Walpole, Sir Hugh Seymour (1884-1941), was one of the most popular British novelists in the early 1900's.


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Walpole, Sir Robert (1676-1745), the first Earl of Orford, was the most influential politician in England during the first half of the 1700's.


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Walpurgis Night is the eve of May Day, when German people celebrate the feast of St. Walpurgis.


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Walrus is a sea animal that lives in parts of the Arctic, North Atlantic, and North Pacific oceans.


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Walsall (pop. 255,600) is a town and local government area in West Midlands, England, important for its manufacturing industries.


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Walsh's Pyramid is a 1,000-metre high, pyramid-shaped hill near Gordonvale in Queensland, Australia.


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Walsingham, Sir Francis (1530?-1590), an English politician, was secretary of state to Elizabeth I from 1573 until his death.


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Walt Disney Company is a leading American entertainment company.


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Walter, Bruno (1876-1962), was one of the leading symphony orchestra and opera conductors of the 1900's.


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Walter Taylor Bridge crosses the Brisbane River at Indooroopilly in Queensland, Australia.


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Waltham Forest (pop. 203,400) is an English borough within the Greater London area.


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Walther von der Vogelweide (1170?-1230?), was perhaps the greatest of the medieval minnesingers (love poets).


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Walters, Douglas (1945-...), an Australian cricketer, became one of the leading test run-scorers in Australian history.


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Walton, Ernest Thomas Sinton (1903-1995), an Irish physicist, shared the 1951 Nobel Prize for physics with Sir John Cockcroft.


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Walton, Izaak (1593-1683), was an English author best known for his book, The Compleat Angler.


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Walton, Sir William (1902-1983), was an English composer whose works are noted for their strong sense of melody and form.


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Waltz is a ballroom dance in 3/4 time characterized by its swift gliding turns.


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Waltzing Matilda is the most famous of Australian songs.


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Walvis Bay is a district of Namibia that was administered for many years by South Africa.


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Wampum is an American Indian word for purple or white beads made from shells.


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Wanamaker, John (1838-1922), was an American merchant and philanthropist.


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Wandering Jew was a figure in medieval Christian legend.


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Wandsworth (pop. 237,500) is an English borough within the Greater London area.


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Wang Wei (699-759) was a Chinese painter and poet known especially for his skill as a landscape artist.


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Wanganui (pop. 45,082) is a city situated on the southwest coast of the North Island of New Zealand at the mouth of the Wanganui River.


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Wangaratta (pop. 15,984) is a city in Victoria, Australia, about 233 kilometres northeast of Melbourne.


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Wansbeck (pop. 60,100) is a local government area in Northumberland, England.


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Wansdyke (pop. 78,700) was a local government area in southeast Avon, England.


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Wapentake was an Anglo-Saxon administrative area containing several villages.


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War.  Since the dawn of history, people have fought against other people.


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War aces are aeroplane pilots who shoot down at least five enemy aircraft during a war.


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War correspondent is a journalist who covers the battles and campaigns of a war for newspaper, radio or television.


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War crime is a military violation of the rules of warfare.


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War of 1812. The War of 1812 was a war between Great Britain (now known as the United Kingdom) and the United States.


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War Powers Resolution is a United States law designed to balance military powers of the president and Congress.


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Warana is an Australian Aboriginal word meaning blue skies.


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Waratah is a tall shrub with brilliant red flowers, leathery leaves, and leathery seed pods with winged seeds.


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Warbeck, Perkin (1474?-1499), became one of the most famous "pretenders" in European history.


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Warble fly is a large, hairy, two-winged fly that resembles a bumble bee.


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Warbler is the popular name for any one of many small perching birds.


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Warburton, Peter Egerton (1813-1889), an Australian explorer, travelled from Alice Springs to Perth in March 1873.


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Ward is a word that once had much the same meaning as the word guard.


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Ward, Aaron Montgomery (1844-1913), an American businessman, pioneered in the mail-order business in the United States.


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Ward, Artemus (1834-1867), was the pen name of Charles Farrar Browne, one of the most important American humorists of the 1800's.


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Ward, Barbara (1914-1981), was a British economist and journalist.


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Ward, Sir Joseph (1856-1930), a New Zealand Liberal Party politician, was prime minister of New Zealand twice, and served as a cabinet minister under three other prime ministers.


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Ward, Mary Augusta (1851-1920), a novelist and social worker, was the granddaughter of Thomas Arnold, the headmaster of Rugby, and niece of the poet Matthew Arnold.


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Warhol, Andy (1930?-1987), was an American artist known for pictures that consist of images of familiar objects or people.


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Warlock, Peter (1894-1930), is the name which the British composer and writer Philip Heseltine used for his musical compositions.


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Warm-blooded animal is an animal that almost always has about the same body temperature, regardless of the temperature of its surroundings.


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Warmerdam, Cornelius (1915-...), an American athlete, became the first great pole vaulter in track and field history.


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Warne, Shane (1969-...), is an Australian cricketer, regarded as perhaps one of test cricket's best spin bowlers.


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Warner, Sir Pelham (1873-1963), was a great cricket administrator and writer on the game.


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Warragamba Dam is on the Warragamba River, west of Sydney, Australia.


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Warrant is a document authorizing a person to do something.


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Warren, Charles (1868-1954), an American lawyer, gained fame for his definitive historical books on the Supreme Court of the United States and on the American bar.


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Warren, John Collins (1778-1856), was an American surgeon.


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Warren, Robert Penn (1905-1989), was an American novelist, poet, and literary critic.


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Warren Report is a summary of events related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, U.S.A., on Nov. 22, 1963.


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Warrington (pop. 179,500), is a unitary authority with all the local government powers within its boundaries in northern Cheshire, England, between Liverpool and Manchester.


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Warrnambool (pop. 23,950) is a city in Victoria, Australia.


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Warrumbungle Range is a low dividing range about 150 kilometres long, which extends northwestward from the Liverpool Range in eastern Australia.


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Wars of the Roses brought civil strife to England in the late 1400's.


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Warsaw (pop. 1,659,400) is the capital and largest city of Poland.


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Warsaw Pact was a treaty which brought the East European nations under a unified military command.


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Wart is a hard, rough growth on the surface of the skin.


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Warwick (pop. 114,900) is a local government district in north Warwickshire, England, which includes the towns of Leamington Spa and Warwick.


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Warwick, Earl of (1587-1658), was an English colonial administrator.


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Warwickshire, famous for its associations with William Shakespeare, lies in the heart of England.


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Wash, The, is a shallow bay on the east coast of England between Lincolnshire and Norfolk.


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Washakie, (1804?-1900), was a chief of the eastern Shoshone Indians in Utah and Wyoming, U.S.A. He was known for his friendship toward white people and for his relentless warfare against his Indian enemies.


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Washburn, Sherwood Larned (1911-...), is an American anthropologist.


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Washing machine is a machine that quickly washes clothes, linens, and other items.


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Washington is a state on the Pacific Coast in the northwestern United States.


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Washington, Booker T. (1856-1915), was the most influential black leader and educator of his time in the United States.


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Washington, D.C., is the capital of the United States.


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Washington, George (1732-1799), known as the "Father of his Country," was the first president of the United States.


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Washington, Treaty of, was a treaty signed in 1871 by the United States and Great Britain in Washington, D.C.


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Washington Conference was a meeting held in Washington, D.C., to discuss naval disarmament and certain problems involving east Asia.


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Washington Monument is a great obelisk built in honour of George Washington.


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Wasp is any of a large number of insects closely related to bees and ants.


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Wassermann, August von (1866-1925), was a German bacteriologist and immunologist.


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Waste disposal is the process of getting rid of human waste products.


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Wat Tyler's Rebellion, also called the Peasants' Revolt, was an uprising by English farm labourers in 1381.


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Water is the most common substance on earth.


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Water beetle is the name given to many separate families of beetles that live in the water.


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Water buffalo.  Several kinds of wild oxen may be called water buffaloes.


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Water bug is the common name for insects that spend most of their lives in the water.


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Water chestnut is the common name for two very different kinds of aquatic plants.


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Water clock, also called clepsydra, was an instrument that recorded time by measuring water escaping from a vessel.


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Water crowfoot is a water plant of the buttercup family, native to Europe and Asia.


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Water flea is the common name of a group of tiny crustaceans that live primarily in freshwater ponds and lakes.


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Water glass, also known as soluble glass, is a jellylike compound of sodium, silicon, and oxygen.


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Water hyacinth is a plant that grows chiefly in the tropical regions of the world.


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Water lily, also called pond lily, is the popular name for various beautiful water plants that grow in both temperate and hot climates.


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Water meter is a device that measures the volume of water that flows through a pipe or a large channel.


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Water moccasin is a poisonous snake that lives in the southeastern United States.


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Water plant, also called aquatic plant or hydrophyte, is a name used for any plant that is specially adapted to live in water.


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Water pollution is one of our most serious environmental problems.


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Water polo is a sport in which two teams in a pool try to score by throwing or pushing a hollow rubber ball into the opponents' goal.


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Water power is a valuable source of energy.


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Water-skiing is a popular sport in which a person wearing special skis is pulled over the water by a speeding motorboat.


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Water softening is a method of removing from water the minerals that make it hard.


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Water wheel changes the energy of falling water into mechanical energy which can be used for running machinery.


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Watercolour is a painting method by which an artist works with water-thinned colours on a white or tinted surface, usually paper.


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Waterfall is a sudden fall of a river or stream.


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Waterford is one of the six counties in the province of Munster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Waterford (pop 40,345) is a city in southeastern Ireland.


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Watergate was the name of one of the biggest political scandals in United States history.


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Waterhouse, Henry (1770-1812), a British naval officer, introduced Merino sheep to Australia.


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Waterloo, Battle of, fought on June 18, 1815, was the final battle of the French military genius, Napoleon Bonaparte.


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Watermark is an identifying mark pressed into paper as it is formed by a papermaking machine.


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Watermill is a mill (grinding machine) that is operated by water wheels.


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Waterproofing is a way of treating cloth, leather, wood, or other materials so that they will shed water.


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Waters, Ethel (1900-1977), was a popular black American singer and actress.


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Waterspout is a tornado that occurs over a lake or ocean.


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Watford (pop. 72,100) is the largest town in Hertfordshire, England.


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Watson, Chris (1867-1941), the first Labor prime minister of Australia, held office for four months in 1904.


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Watson, James Dewey (1928-...), is an American biologist.


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Watson, John Broadus (1878-1958), an American psychologist, became best known as the leader of a revolutionary movement in psychology called behaviourism.


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Watson-Watt, Sir Robert Alexander (1892-1973), a Scottish electronics engineer and inventor, helped to develop radar.


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Watt is a unit of power in the metric system.


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Watt, James (1736-1819), was a Scottish engineer whose improved engine design first made steam power practicable.


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Watteau, Antoine (1684-1721), a French painter, developed a style and subject matter that began the rococo movement.


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Wattle is the name used in Australia for trees and shrubs of the Acacia group.


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Wattle Day is celebrated in New South Wales, Australia, on August 1 every year.


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Wattmeter is an instrument used to measure electric power.


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Watts, George Frederic (1817-1904), a British painter and sculptor, won fame for his portraits.


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Watts, Isaac (1674-1748), an English clergyman, wrote more than 700 hymns and psalms.


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Waugh, Evelyn (1903-1966), was an English author best known for his satirical novels about wealthy London society.


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Wavell, Archibald Percival (1883-1950), was a British soldier and statesman.


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Waveney (pop. 105,500) is a local government district in Suffolk, England.


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Waverley (pop. 111,500), a local government district in Surrey, England, takes its name from a now ruined abbey near Farnham.


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Waves are motions that carry energy, but not matter, from one place to another.


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Wax is a fatty substance that is widely used as a protective coating for various surfaces.


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Wax myrtle is a large, fragrant evergreen shrub or small tree found along the eastern coast of the United States.


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Waxbill is any one of a group of small, colourful, seed-eating birds found in Africa, Asia and Australia.


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Waxwing is a silky-feathered, greyish-brown bird that is larger than a sparrow, and has a conspicuous crest or topknot.


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Wayang is the traditional drama of Java and Bali, in Indonesia.


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Wayne, Anthony (1745-1796), was an American officer in the American Revolution.


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Wayne, John (1907-1979), an American film star, became famous for his he-man roles.


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Weakfish, also called squeteague, is a saltwater food fish of the croaker family.


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Weald is a region in southern England between the North Downs and the South Downs in Kent, Surrey, and Sussex.


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Wealden (pop. 127,700) is a large, mainly rural local government district in East Sussex, England.


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Weapon.  Weapons have played an important part in the history of humanity.


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Wear Valley (pop. 62,100) is a local government district in the county of Durham, England.


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Weasel is a small furry animal that has a long, slender body and short legs.


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Weather is the state of the atmosphere at some place and time.


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Weather vane is a device that turns freely on an upright rod and points in the direction from which wind comes.


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Weatherill, Bernard (1920-...), became Speaker of the United Kingdom House of Commons in 1983.


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Weaverbird is any one of a large family of birds best known for weaving intricate nests from plant fibres.


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Weaving is the process of making cloth by crossing two sets of threads over and under each other.


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Web browser is a software package used to access locations on the World Wide Web, part of the global computer network called the Internet.


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Web site is a collection of information at a specific address on the World Wide Web.


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Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, were British social reformers.


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Weber is a unit used to measure magnetic flux in a magnetic field.


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Weber, Carl Maria von (1786-1826), was the first important composer of German romantic opera.


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Weber, Max (1864-1920), was a German sociologist and economist.


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Weber, Max (1881-1961), was a pioneer modern painter in America.


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Webern, Anton (1883-1945), was an Austrian composer.


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Webster, Daniel (1782-1852), was the best-known American orator, and one of the ablest lawyers and statesmen of his time.


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Webster, John (1580?-1625?), an English playwright, is noted for two tragedies, The White Devil (completed about 1612) and The Duchess of Malfi (completed about 1613).


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Webster, Margaret (1905-1972), an American actress and director, became famous for her exciting productions of Shakespeare's plays.


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Webster, Noah (1758-1843), was an American educator and journalist who won fame for compiling Webster's Dictionary.


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Wedding anniversary.  It is customary for married couples to celebrate their wedding anniversaries.


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Wedekind, Frank (1864-1918), was a German playwright who savagely attacked the smugness, hypocrisy, and corruption he saw in middle-class morality.


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Wedge is a device that has two or more sloping surfaces that taper either to a sharp edge or to a point.


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Wedge, John Helder (1793-1872), an English-born surveyor, explored many parts of the island of Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania).


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Wedge-tailed eagle is the fourth largest eagle in the world.


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Wedgwood, Josiah (1730-1795), was the outstanding leader in the pottery industry during the greatest period of British pottery making.


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Wedgwood, Dame Veronica (1910-...), an English historian and writer, became a leading authority on the 1600's, especially the people and events of the English Civil War.


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Wedgwood ware is a type of pottery first made by the English potter Josiah Wedgwood about 1759.


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Wednesday is the English name for the fourth day of the week.


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Wee Waa is a town in the Namoi River Valley in northwestern New South Wales, 607 kilometres from Sydney, Australia.


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Weed is any plant that grows where people do not want it to grow.


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Weed, Thurlow (1797-1882), was an American journalist and political leader.


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Week is a division of time which includes seven days.


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Weeks, Sinclair (1893-1972), an American businessman, served as secretary of commerce from 1953 to 1958 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower.


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Weelkes, Thomas (1575?-1623), an English organist and composer, won fame for his madrigals.


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Weems, Mason Locke (1759-1825), was an American clergyman who became famous as a writer and travelling bookseller.


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Weever is any one of a small group of marine fish best known for a painful sting.


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Weevil is the name of many kinds of beetles with a long snout.


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Wegener, Alfred (1880-1930), a German meteorologist, was the first person to set out continental drift as a scientific theory.


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Weight is the gravitational force put forth on an object by the planet on which the object is located.


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Weight, Carel (1908-1997), a British painter, used a realistic style to represent such feelings as anger, love, fear, hate, and loneliness.


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Weight control is the process of controlling the amount of body fat.


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Weight lifting involves the lifting of weights attached to a barbell.


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Weights and measures are the standards used to find the size of things.


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Weill, Kurt (1900-1950), was a German composer famous for his music for the theatre.


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Weimaraner is a hunting dog that originated in Weimar, Germany, in the 1800's.


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Weinberger, Caspar Willard (1917-...), was a United States Republican government official who held two Cabinet posts.


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Weipa (pop. 2,417) is a community on the west coast of Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia.


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Weisgard, Leonard (1916-...), is an American artist and illustrator of children's books.


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Weismann, August (1834-1914), a German biologist, is known chiefly for his theories of heredity and evolution.


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Weissmuller, Johnny (1904-1984), was a United States swimmer who won five Olympic gold medals and set 28 free-style world records.


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Weizmann, Chaim (1874-1952), served as the first president of Israel from 1949 until his death.


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Weka is a large bird that lives only in New Zealand.


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Welcome Stranger is the name given to a nugget of gold discovered at Moliagul, in Victoria, Australia, on Feb. 5, 1869.


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Welding is a method of permanently joining two pieces of metal, usually by means of heat.


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Welkom (pop. 106,000) is a city in South Africa.


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Well is a hole in the earth from which a fluid is withdrawn.


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Welland Ship Canal is one of Canada's greatest engineering projects.


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Welles, Orson (1915-1985), was an American actor and film director.


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Wellingborough (pop. 66,100) is a borough in Northamptonshire, England.


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Wellington (pop. 325,682) is the capital and second largest city of New Zealand.


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Wellington, Duke of (1769-1852), was a British soldier and statesman who was known as The Iron Duke.


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Wells is an ancient cathedral city and market town in Somerset, England.


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Wells, H. G. (1866-1946), was a famous English novelist, historian, science writer, and author of science-fiction stories.


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Wells, Fargo & Company was an early American express and banking organization.


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Wells, Lawrence Allen (1860-1938), was an Australian surveyor and explorer.


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Wels, also called the European catfish, is a large freshwater fish.


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Welsbach, Baron von (1858-1929), was an Austrian chemist and pioneer in artificial lighting.


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Welsh language is the national language of the people of Wales.


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Welsh literature holds a place of special importance for the people of Wales.


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Welsh springer spaniel looks like its relative, the English springer.


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Welsh terrier is one of the oldest English breeds of dogs.


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Welty, Eudora (1909-...), is an American short-story writer and novelist known for her searching studies of small-town life in the South.


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Welwitschia, also called tumboa, is a peculiar plant that grows in the sandy deserts of southwestern Africa.


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Welwyn Hatfield (pop. 91,600) is a local government district in Hertfordshire, England.


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Wembley, a region of the London Borough of Brent, is famous mainly for its sports stadium.


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Wenning, Pieter Willem Frederick (1873-1921), was one of South Africa's major painters.


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Wentworth, Benning (1696-1770), an American, served as royal governor of New Hampshire from 1741 to 1767.


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Wentworth, William Charles (1790-1872), was an Australian pioneer, statesman, and lawyer.


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Wenzhou, also spelled Wen-chou (pop. 508,611), is a busy seaport and a major city in the Zhejiang Province of China.


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Werewolf, according to superstition, is a person who changes into a wolf.


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Werfel, Franz, (1890-1945), was an Austrian writer.


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Wergeland, Henrik Arnold (1808-1845), was a Norwegian patriot and author.


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Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1749?-1817), a German geologist, formulated a theory on the origin of the earth that was widely accepted in his time.


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Wertenbaker, Timberlake (1951-...), is a British playwright.


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Weser River is an important German waterway.


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Wesker, Arnold (1932-...), became established as a leading British playwright with his trilogy of plays, Chicken Soup with Barley, Roots, and I'm Talking About Jerusalem.


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Wesley, Charles (1707-1788), an English clergyman of the Church of England, was a founder of Methodism and shared the leadership of the movement with his brother John.


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Wesley, John (1703-1791), a clergyman of the Church of England, was a founder of Methodism.


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Wesleyan Church is a United States religious denomination that was founded in 1968.


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Wessex, the kingdom of the West Saxons, was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in southern England.


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West, Mae (1892-1980), was an American actress who became famous for the humorous, bawdy sexuality of her stage and film performances.


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West, Morris (1916-...), an Australian author, gained an international reputation through his more than 20 novels, which have been published in 27 languages.


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West, Nathanael (1903?-1940), was an American novelist noted for a brilliant but bitter view of modern American life.


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West, Dame Rebecca (1892-1983), was the pen name of a British novelist and literary critic, who was also one of the greatest journalists of the 1900's.


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West, The.  In American history, the frontier (unsettled area) usually lay to the west of settled regions.


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West Bank is a territory in the Middle East that lies between Israel and Jordan.


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West Bengal is a state in northern India on the western border of Bangladesh.


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West Country, The, is the southwestern part of England.


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West Devon (pop. 44,400) is an extensive local government area in Devon, England, encompassing 1,165 square kilometres.


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West Dorset (pop. 86,300) is a local government district in Dorset, England.


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West Highland white terrier is the only all-white breed of Scottish terrier.


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West Indies are a collection of tropical islands that form a cultural region at the western edge of the North Atlantic Ocean.


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West Indies, University of the (UWI), is an autonomous (self-governing) regional institution supported by, and serving, 14 countries in the West Indies.


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West Lancashire (pop. 106,600) is a local government area in Lancashire, England.


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West Lindsey (pop. 72,200) is a local government area in Lincolnshire, England.


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West Lothian is a United Kingdom local government area in Scotland.


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West Midlands is an area in the middle of England.


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West Oxfordshire (pop. 88,700) is a local government area in Oxfordshire, England.


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West Point, New York, a United States military reservation, has served as the site of the U.S. Military Academy since 1802.


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West Somerset (pop. 34,100) is a local government district in Somerset, England.


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West Virginia (pop. 1,801,625) is a small, mountainous state in the eastern United States.


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West Wiltshire (pop. 105,900), a local government district in Wiltshire, England, contains the towns of Bradford on Avon, Melksham, Trowbridge, Warminster, and Westbury.


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Westbury, Lord (1800-1873), Richard Bethell, First Baron Westbury, served the British government as solicitor general (1852-1856), attorney general (1856-1861), and lord chancellor (1861-1865).


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Westcott, Edward Noyes (1846-1898), wrote the novel David Harum, published shortly after his death.


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Westergaard, Harald Malcolm (1888-1950), a distinguished American civil engineer and mathematician, became noted for his applications of mathematical analysis in the solution of engineering problems.


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Western Australia is the largest of the six states of Australia.


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Western Cape is a province in the southwest of South Africa.


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Western Church was a name given to the Roman Catholic Church after the Great Schism of the 800's to distinguish it from the Eastern Orthodox Church.


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Western Downs is a pastoral area in Queensland, Australia.


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Western European Union (WEU) is a defence alliance that includes most of the Western European members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).


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Western frontier life marks one of the most exciting chapters in the history of the United States.


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Western Isles is a group of islands lying off the western coast of Scotland.


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Western Reserve.  In 1662, King Charles II of England granted the colony of Connecticut a charter.


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Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, is an area on the northwest coast of Africa.


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Western Samoa is an independent island country in the Pacific Ocean.


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Western Union Telegraph Company owns and operates a commercial telegraph system and many other communication services in the United States.


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Western Wall is a high wall in Jerusalem.


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Westinghouse, George (1846-1914), an American inventor and manufacturer, invented the air brake for railway trains.


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Westinghouse Electric Corporation is one of the world's largest suppliers of equipment and services relating to the control, distribution, generation, and use of electric power.


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Westland is a region on the western coast of the South Island of New Zealand.


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Westmeath is a landlocked county in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Westminster, City of (pop. 181,500), is a borough in Greater London.


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Westminster, Palace of, is the group of buildings containing the Houses of Parliament, St. Stephen's Hall, and Westminster Hall.


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Westminster Abbey is a great national church that stands near the Houses of Parliament in London.


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Westminster Cathedral is one of Britain's finest Roman Catholic churches.


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Westminster Choir is one of the most famous choral organizations in the United States.


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Westminster Hall is a building connected with the Houses of Parliament in London.


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Westminster School is one of the oldest independent schools of England.


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Westminster System is a form of government developed by Britain in the 1700's and 1800's.


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Weston, Edward (1850-1936), an inventor and manufacturer, was noted for pioneering in the development of electric meters.


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Weston, Edward (1886-1958), was an American photographer.


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Westphalia is a former Prussian province of western Germany.


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Westward movement carried American settlers across the continent, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.


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Wetland is an area of land where the water level remains near or above the surface of the ground for most of the year.


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Wewak (pop. 19,890) is the provincial capital for the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea.


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Wexford is a county in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Weygand, Maxime (1867-1965), a French soldier, served as chief of staff to Marshal Ferdinand Foch during World War I.


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Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano (1838-1930), a Spanish general, was appointed governor of Cuba in 1896.


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Weymouth and Portland (pop. 61,000) is a local government district in Dorset, England.


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Whale is a huge sea animal that looks much like a fish.


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Whampoa (1816-1880), a Chinese businessman, became wealthy by selling food to ships visiting Singapore harbour.


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Whangarei (pop. 44,183) is a city in the northeast of the North Island of New Zealand.


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Wharton, Edith (1862-1937), was an American author.


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Wheat is the world's most important food crop.


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Wheatley, Dennis (1897-1977), was a British novelist who won fame as a writer of thrillers.


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Wheatley, Phillis (1753?-1784), was the first important black American poet.


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Wheatstone, Sir Charles (1802-1875), was a British physicist and inventor.


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Wheatstone bridge is a type of electric circuit used to determine an unknown resistance (see ELECTRIC CIRCUIT [Circuit mathematics]).


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Wheel and axle is a mechanical device used in lifting loads.


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Wheelbarrow is a device for moving loads too heavy to lift by hand.


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Wheeler, Sir Charles (1892-1974), a British sculptor, is best known for his portraits, and decorative sculptures on monuments and buildings.


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Wheeler, Sir Mortimer (1890-1976), was a leading British archaeologist.


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Whelk is a large sea snail with a sturdy spiral shell.


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Whetstone is any abrasive stone, natural or artificial, that is used for grinding and sharpening.


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Whig Party was a name applied to political parties in England, Scotland, and America.


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Whineray, Wilson (1935-...), one of New Zealand's greatest Rugby Union captains, was a brilliant front-row forward.


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Whip scorpion is the name of about 75 species of scorpion-like animals.


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Whipbird is named after the whiplike crack at the end of the whistling call of the eastern whipbird.


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Whiplash is an injury to the neck which results from a sudden, violent backward and forward movement of the head.


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Whippet is a medium-sized hound with great speed.


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Whipping post is a post to which people are tied when being whipped as a form of punishment.


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Whippoorwill is a North American bird named after its odd, whistling call, which sounds like "whip-poor-will, whip-poor-will."  The whippoorwill lives in the eastern, central, and southern parts of the United States.


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Whirlpool is a mass of water which spins around and around rapidly and with great force.


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Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 was brought about by a federal tax in 1791 on United States whiskey makers.


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Whisky is a strong alcoholic beverage made from such grains as barley, maize, rye, and wheat.


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Whist is an old English card game from which bridge developed.


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Whistle is a device that makes a sound when air or steam is blown through it.


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Whistler, James Abbott McNeill (1834-1903), was an American artist.


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White, E. B. (1899-1985), was an American author.


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White, Edward Higgins, II (1930-1967), in 1965 became the first United States astronaut to leave his craft while in outer space.


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White, Gilbert (1720-1793), an English naturalist, wrote Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne (1789), a work considered a classic by naturalists and students of English literature.


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White, Patrick (1912-1990), an Australian writer, won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1973.


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White, Paul Dudley (1886-1973), an American doctor, was regarded as one of the world's great authorities on heart diseases.


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White, Peregrine (1620-1703), was the first English child born in New England, on the Mayflower in Cape Cod Bay.


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White, T. H. (1906-1964), was a British novelist.


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White Australia policy was the popular name for Australia's old immigration policy.


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White Horses are figures of horses that have been cut into the slopes of chalk hills in various regions of Britain.


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White House is the official residence of the president of the United States.


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White Island is a volcanic island off the northern coast of the North Island of New Zealand.


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White Mountains are part of the Appalachian Mountain system in North America.


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White paper is a British government report or policy statement on an important subject.


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White Sands National Monument is in southern New Mexico, U.S.A. It contains great deposits of wind-blown gypsum sand, which forms dunes.


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White Sea is an arm of the Arctic Ocean.


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Whitebait is the name New Zealanders give to small, greenish fish about 10 to 15 centimetres long that move downstream in autumn to lay their eggs in estuaries.


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Whitefield, George (1714-1770), was an English Anglican preacher and evangelist.


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Whitefish is the name of a group of fish that live in fresh water.


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Whitehall is a street in Westminster, in London.


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Whitehead, Alfred North (1861-1947), was an English mathematician and philosopher.


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Whitehead, John (?-1814), was sentenced to transportation for life at the York Assizes in England in 1801 for stealing two pairs of breeches (trousers).


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Whitelaw, Lord (1918-...), Viscount Whitelaw of Penrith, a British politician, was lord president of the council and leader of the House of Lords from 1983 until his retirement in 1988.


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Whiteley, Brett (1939-1992), an Australian painter, first won the Archibald Prize for portrait painting in 1977.


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Whiteley, William (1831-1907), founded the first department store in London, in 1872.


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Whiteman, Paul (1890-1967), was a famous American orchestra conductor.


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Whiteread, Rachel (1963-...), is a British sculptor.


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Whitewash is a white mixture made from whiting, glue, water, common salt, flour, and unslaked lime.


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Whitgift, John (1530?-1604), archbishop of Canterbury, was a staunch defender of the Church of England's faith, constitution, and ritual.


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Whiting is a slender-bodied fish, about 70 centimetres long.


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Whiting, John (1915-1963), was a British actor turned playwright.


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Whitlam, Gough (1916-...), was prime minister of Australia from 1972 to 1975.


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Whitley Council is a body that deals with the conditions of service of non-industrial civil servants and with the efficiency of the civil service in the United Kingdom.


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Whitman, Marcus (1802-1847), was an American pioneer, doctor, and missionary among the Indians.


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Whitman, Walt (1819-1892), was an American poet who wrote Leaves of Grass.


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Whitney, Eli (1765-1825), an American inventor, is best known for his cotton gin.


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Whitsunday Islands are a group of tropical islands off the northern Queensland coast of Australia, between Proserpine and Mackay.


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Whittaker, Charles Evans (1901-1973), was a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1957 to 1962.


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Whittaker, James Warren (1929-...), became the first American to reach the summit of Mount Everest.


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Whittier, John Greenleaf (1807-1892), was an American poet.


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Whittington, Dick, was an English folk hero.


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Whittle, Sir Frank (1907-...), a British aeronautical engineer, became one of the leading pioneers in the development of the turbojet engine.


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Whitworth, Sir Joseph (1803-1887), was a British mechanical engineer and inventor.


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Who, The, became one of the most popular British groups in the history of rock music.


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Whooping cough, also called pertussis, is a serious, highly contagious disease of the respiratory system.


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Whooping crane is one of the rarest birds.


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Whyalla (pop. 25,740) is a city in South Australia.


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Whymper, Edward (1840-1911), was the first man to climb the Matterhorn.


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Wicker is a small, flexible branch or twig, usually of willow, that can be woven to make baskets, furniture, and other objects.


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Wickersham, George Woodward (1858-1936), an American lawyer, served as attorney general from 1909 to 1913 in the Cabinet of US President William Howard Taft.


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Wickham, John Clements (1798-1864), was a British naval officer, who, from 1831 to 1836, was second in command of the Beagle on the expedition for which Charles Darwin was the naturalist.


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Wicklow is a county of the province of Leinster, on the east coast of the Republic of Ireland.


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Wieland, Heinrich Otto, (1877-1957), a German chemist, developed basic theories of the mechanism by which living cells produce energy by oxidation.


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Wieniawski, Henri (1835-1880), one of the most celebrated violinists of the 1800's, has often been called the Chopin of the violin.


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Wiesbaden (pop. 266,623), is a resort city 10 kilometres northeast of Mainz in Germany.


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Wiese, Kurt (1887-1974), an American artist and writer, illustrated more than 100 books.


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Wiesel, Elie (1928-...), an American author, became a leading spokesman for survivors of Nazi concentration camps during World War II (1939-1945).


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Wiesenthal, Simon (1908-...), is an Austrian Jew who helped bring more than 1,100 Nazi war criminals to justice.


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Wig is a false covering of hair for the head.


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Wigan (pop. 301,900) is a local government area in the northwest of England centred on the industrial town of Wigan, in Greater Manchester, mid-way between Liverpool and Manchester.


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Wigeon, also spelled widgeon, is a duck found in Europe and in North America.


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Wight, Isle of, is England's largest offshore island.


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Wigner, Eugene Paul (1902-1995), was an American theoretical physicist.


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Wigtown (pop. 30,043) was a local government area in Dumfries and Galloway Region, Scotland.


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Wigwam is the name for a kind of dwelling used by the Algonquian-speaking American Indians of the eastern woodlands.


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Wilberforce, Samuel (1805-1873), was an important figure in the Anglican Church in England.


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Wilberforce, William (1759-1833), a British politician and philanthropist, was a leader in the fight to abolish the slave trade and slavery in the British Empire.


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Wilbye, John (1574?-1638), is considered by many people to be the greatest English composer of madrigals (see MADRIGAL).


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Wild, Jonathan (1682?-1725), was an English thief who built up a large criminal organization in London.


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Wild carrot, also called Queen Anne's lace, is a carrot that grows wild.


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Wild Colonial Boy is a ballad describing the exploits and final capture of a young Australian bushranger (escaped convict living in the bush), Jack Donahoe.


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Wild Geese were Irish soldiers who fled from Ireland to fight for countries on the mainland of Europe in the late 1600's and 1700's.


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Wild rice is a cereal grain that grows on an aquatic grass.


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Wildcat is a name generally given to small, wild members of the cat family.


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Wilde, Jimmy (1892-1969), a British boxer, was the first official flyweight boxing champion of the world.


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Wilde, Oscar (1854-1900), was a British author, playwright, and wit.


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Wilde, Sir William Robert Wills (1815-1876), the father of the author Oscar Wilde, won fame as a writer on antiquities and places of interest in Ireland.


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Wilder, Billy (1906-...), is a leading film director, producer, and writer.


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Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1867-1957), was an American author of books for children.


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Wilder, Thornton Niven (1897-1975), was an American playwright and novelist.


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Wilderness Road was an important American pioneer road.


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Wildlife conservation is the wise management of natural environments for the protection and benefit of plants and animals.


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Wiley, Harvey Washington (1844-1930), an American chemist, campaigned against dishonest practices in food processing.


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Wilfrid, Thomas (1889-1968), developed and demonstrated a musical instrument called the clavilux (colour organ).


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Wilhelm, or in English, William, was the name of two German emperors.


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Wilhelmina (1880-1962), became queen of the Netherlands in 1890 when her father, William III, died.


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Wilkes, John (1727-1797), a British politician, fought for the freedom of the press.


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Wilkins, Sir Hubert (1888-1958), was an Australian explorer, scientist, aviator, and photographer.


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Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick (1916-...), is a British biophysicist.


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Wilkins, Roy (1901-1981), was a noted black American leader and was often called "Mr. Civil Rights."  He served as executive secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1955 to 1977.


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Wilkinson, Richard James (1867-1941), a British administrator in Malaya (now Malaysia), became known for his work as a scholar of the Malay language.


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Will, in law, is a document that disposes of a person's property after the person's death.


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Will-o'-the-wisp is a ghostly, bluish light sometimes seen over marshes and graveyards.


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Willard, Emma Hart (1787-1870), became known as the first American woman publicly to support higher education for women.


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Willcocks, Sir David (1919-...), a British organist and choral conductor, won acclaim for his work with the Choir of King's College, Cambridge.


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Willcocks, Sir William (1852-1932), a British civil engineer, planned and supervised the building of the first, low Aswan Dam on the River Nile in Egypt.


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Willemstad (pop. 50,000) is the capital of the Netherlands Antilles.


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Willet is a large shore bird of North and South America.


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Willett, William (1856-1915) an Englishman, advocated putting clocks an hour ahead of standard time during the summer.


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William was the name of four kings of England.


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William I (1772-1843) was the first king of the present-day kingdom of the Netherlands.


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William I, Prince of Orange (1533-1584), was the father of the Dutch Republic.


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William of Ockham (1284?-1347?), also spelled Occam, was an English philosopher and theologian.


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William of Wykeham (1324-1404), an Englishman, founded New College, Oxford, in 1380 and later founded Winchester College.


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Williams, Daniel Hale (1856-1931), a black American doctor, pioneered in surgery on the human heart.


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Williams, Emlyn (1905-1987), was a Welsh actor and playwright.


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Williams, Eric (1911-1981), a West Indian scholar and statesman, was the first prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago.


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Williams, Fred (1927-1982), an Australian painter, won the Wynne Prize for landscape painting at the Art Gallery of New South Wales in 1966 and 1976.


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Williams, G. Mennen (1911-1988), an American politician, served six terms as governor of Michigan from 1949 to 1960.


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Williams, Hank (1923-1953), was an American country and western singer and composer.


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Williams, John (1941-...), is an Australian guitarist of great technical skill and musicianship.


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Williams, John James (1904-1988), won recognition as a U.S. senator for exposing waste and corruption in the federal government.


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Williams, Roger (1603?-1683), was an English clergyman, a founder of the colony of Rhode Island in New England, U.S.A., and a strong supporter of religious and political liberty.


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Williams, Roy Lee (1915-1989), served as president of the Teamsters Union, the largest trade union in the United States, from 1981 to 1983.


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Williams, Shirley (1930-...), a British politician, was one of the founders of the Social Democratic Party.


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Williams, Tennessee (1911-1983), was an American playwright whose dramas portray the loneliness and isolation of life.


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Williams, William (1731-1811), was a Connecticut signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Williams, William Carlos (1883-1963), was an American poet.


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Williamsburg, Virginia (pop. 11,530), is a historic city that lies on a peninsula between the James and York rivers.


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Williamson, David (1942-...), became Australia's best-known and most successful playwright.


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Williamson, Henry (1895-1977), was a British author of novels and nature stories.


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Williamson, J. C. (1845-1913), was the founder of one of Australia's leading theatrical companies, J. C. Williamson Ltd. His company has been prominent in theatre in Australia since 1904.


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Williamson, Malcolm (1931-...), an internationally known Australian composer, became master of the queen's music in 1975.


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Willingdon, Marquess of (1866-1941), a British colonial official, served as viceroy (ruler) of India from 1931 to 1936.


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Willis, Norman David (1933-...), a British trade unionist, was general secretary of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) from 1984 until 1993.


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Wilmot, David (1814-1868), an American politician, served in the United States House of Representatives from 1845 to 1851 as a Democrat.


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Willmot, Eric (1936-...), an Aboriginal educator, became director general of education in South Australia in 1992.


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Willow is a large group of graceful trees and shrubs that usually have slender branches and narrow leaves.


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Wills, Helen Newington (1906-1998), an American tennis player, won more major tennis championships than any other woman in the world.


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Wills, William John (1834-1861), was second-in-command on the ill-fated Australian expedition led by Robert O'Hara Burke in 1860 and 1861.


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Willy wagtail is among the most widespread of Australian birds.


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Wilmington, Earl of (1673?-1743), was the second prime minister of Britain.


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Wilson, Lord (1916-1995), served as prime minister of the United Kingdom (UK) from 1964 to 1970 and from 1974 until his retirement in 1976.


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Wilson, Sir Angus (1913-1991), was a British author of novels and satirical short stories.


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Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees (1869-1959), a British physicist, invented the cloud chamber in 1912.


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Wilson, Colin (1931-...), a British author, achieved fame with his book The Outsider (1956), a wide-ranging, unorthodox study of nonconformism in culture and society.


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Wilson, Edmund (1895-1972), an American author, became known for his works in such fields as biblical studies, history, literature, and political science.


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Wilson, Edward (1872-1912), an English explorer, took part in Robert Falcon Scott's two expeditions to Antarctica (see SCOTT, ROBERT FALCON).


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Wilson, John (1923-...), an Irish Fianna Fail politician, was tanaiste (deputy prime minister) of the Republic of Ireland from 1991 to 1993.


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Wilson, Richard (1714-1782), was one of the masters of British landscape painting, and also a fine portrait painter.


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Wilson, William Bauchop (1862-1934), was the first secretary of labour of the United States.


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Wilson, Woodrow (1856-1924), was president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.


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Wilson cloud chamber is a device that makes the paths of electrically charged subatomic particles visible.


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Wilsons Promontory is the southernmost point of the Australian mainland.


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Wilt, in plants, is a condition in which the leaves and stems droop and die.


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Wiltshire, an inland county in southwestern England, is best known for its rich farmlands and for its many prehistoric remains.


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Wimmera is a rich agricultural district in western Victoria, Australia.


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Winant, John Gilbert (1889-1947), was United States ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1941 to 1946.


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Winch is a crank that is used to give rotary motion to a machine.


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Winchester (pop. 95,700) is an ancient city in Hampshire, England.


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Winchester College at Winchester, England, is one of the oldest and most prominent independent schools in the country.


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Winckelmann, Johann Joachim (1717-1768), was a German scholar who has been called the father of both archaeology and art history.


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Wind is air moving across the earth's surface.


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Wind chill is an estimate of the relationship between wind speed and temperature, with respect to the physical effects of the wind on living things.


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Wind tunnel is a ground-based testing facility used to study the effects of wind, or airflow, on aircraft and other vehicles and structures.


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Windarra, in the Laverton district of Western Australia, is the site of large nickel deposits.


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Windermere is the largest lake in England.


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Windhoek (pop. 104,100) is the capital and largest city of Namibia (South West Africa).


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Windlass is a simple machine used to lift weights and pull loads.


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Windmill is a machine that is operated by wind power.


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Window is an opening in a wall or door to admit light and air into a closed space.


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Windsor is one of Australia's oldest towns.


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Windsor is the name of the present royal family of the United Kingdom.


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Windsor, Ontario (pop. 191,435; met. area pop. 262,075), is the southernmost city of Canada.


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Windsor, Duchess of (1896-1986), was the wife of Edward, Duke of Windsor, who as King Edward VIII of Great Britain and Northern Ireland gave up his throne in 1936 in order to marry her.


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Windsor, Treaty of, was an agreement made in 1175 between Henry II, king of England, and Rory O'Connor, last high king of Ireland.


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Windsor and Maidenhead (pop. 132,465) became a unitary authority in Berkshire, England, in 1998, with all local government powers within its boundaries.


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Windsor Castle is the principal residence outside of London of the United Kingdom's Royal Family.


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Windsurfing is a common term for two similar water sports--sailsurfing and sailboarding.


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Windward Islands are a group of islands that lie in the southeastern West Indies.


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Wine is an alcoholic beverage most often made from the juice of grapes.


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Wingate, Orde Charles (1903-1944), a major general in the British Army, organized the Chindits, the "long-range penetration force" that fought behind the Japanese lines in Burma during World War II.


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Wingate's Raiders were a group of Allied soldiers who fought behind Japanese lines in Burma during World War II (1939-1945).


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Winged Victory is a beautiful ancient Greek statue that was discovered by a French archaeologist in 1863.


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Wingti, Paias (1950?-...), a Roman Catholic Highlander, was prime minister of Papua New Guinea from 1985 to 1988, and was reelected in 1992.


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Winkelried, Arnold von, is the legendary national hero of Switzerland.


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Winnipeg (pop. 652,354) is the capital of Manitoba, and Canada's fourth-largest city.


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Winslow, Edward (1595-1655), was a founder of Plymouth Colony in America.


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Winsor, Justin (1831-1897), was an American historian and librarian.


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Winstedt, Sir Richard (1878-1966), was a British colonial administrator in Malaya from 1902 to 1935.


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Winter is the coldest season of the year.


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Winter, Fred (1926-...), was a leading British steeplechase jockey until his retirement in 1964, when he became a successful trainer.


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Wintergreen is a hardy woodland plant that bears white flowers.


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Winthrop, John (1588-1649), an American colonial leader, was a Puritan governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.


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Winthrop, John, Jr. (1606-1676), was a colonial governor of Connecticut, U.S.A. In 1662, he got a charter from King Charles II of England that gave Connecticut the right to govern itself and elect its own rulers.


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Wire is a long, thin, flexible metal rod that has a uniform cross section.


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Wire fox terrier is a popular breed of small, sturdy dogs.


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Wire glass consists of sheets of glass from 6 to 19 millimetres thick that contain a wire mesh embedded during the manufacturing process.


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Wirehaired pointing griffon is a hunting dog that originated in France and the Netherlands in the late 1800's.


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Wireworm is the name given to the hard-skinned grubs, or larvae, of click beetles.


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Wirral (pop. 322,100) is a local government district in Merseyside, England, situated on the Wirral peninsula.


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Wirtz, William Willard (1912-...), was the United States secretary of labor from 1962 to 1969.


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Wisconsin is a Midwestern state of the United States that has long been known for its dairy products.


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Wise, John (1652-1725), was a Congregational minister of colonial Massachusetts, U.S.A. He vigorously opposed actions by both church and government that he believed would deprive colonists of their rights and privileges.


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Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen Cardinal (1802-1865), was made cardinal and first archbishop of Westminster in 1850.


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Wissler, Clark (1870-1947), an American anthropologist, was noted for his studies of Amerindians.


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Wister, Owen (1860-1938), was an American novelist.


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Wisteria is the name of a group of thick-growing vines that bear large clusters of flowers.


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Witch hazel is a shrub or small tree used to make a soothing lotion.


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Witchcraft is the use of supposed magic powers, generally to harm people or to damage their property.


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Witchetty grubs are a favourite delicacy of the Australian Aborigines.


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Witchweed is the name of about 50 species of plants of the figwort family.


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Witenagemot means a meeting of the witan (or wise men) of Anglo-Saxon England.


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Witness is a person who gives testimony in a judicial, legislative, or administrative proceeding.


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Wittenoom Gorge is located in northwestern Australia.


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Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889-1951), was one of the most important philosophers of the 1900's.


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Witwatersrand is South Africa's most important industrial, commercial, and financial urban area.


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Woad is a tall, erect plant of the mustard family, grown as a source of the blue dye, indigo.


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Wodehouse, P. G. (1881-1975), was an English writer famous for his humorous novels and short stories.


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Woffington, Peg (1714?-1760), was an Irish actress who became famous for her portrayal of the male character Sir Harry Wildair in George Farquhar's The Constant Couple at Covent Garden, London, in 1740.


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Wohler, Friedrich (1800-1882), a German chemist, in 1828 became the first person to make an organic substance (in this case urea) from inorganic chemicals.


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Woking (pop. 84,000) is a residential town in Surrey, England, 40 kilometres southwest of London.


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Wokingham (pop. 136,300) is a market and residential town in Berkshire, England.


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Wolds are open tracts of hilly uplands in southern and central England.


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Wolf is one of the largest members of the dog family.


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Wolfe, James (1727-1759), was the British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec in 1759 won Canada for the British Empire.


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Wolfe, Thomas Clayton (1900-1938), was an American author who won fame for his autobiographical novels.


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Wolfe, Tom (1931-...), is an American journalist, essayist, novelist, and social commentator.


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Wolfenden, Lord (1906-1985), a British educationalist, became president of Chelsea College, University of London, in 1973.


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Wolffish live in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific.


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Wolfhound is the name of a family of dogs made up of three hunting breeds--the Irish wolfhound, the borzoi or Russian wolfhound, and the Scottish deerhound.


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Wolfit, Sir Donald (1902-1968), a British actor, had special success in playing Shakespeare's tragic roles, particularly King Lear.


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Wolfram von Eschenbach (1170?-1220?), was a German knight and poet.


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Wolframite is one of the two most important ores of tungsten.


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Wollongong (pop. 337,524), a city in New South Wales, Australia, lies in the Illawarra district along the southern coast of the state.


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Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759-1797), a British author, was best known for her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792).


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Wolseley, Frederick York (1837-1899), an Australian sheep farmer, invented the shearing machine.


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Wolseley, Garnet Joseph (1833-1913), Viscount Wolseley, was a British soldier.


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Wolsey, Thomas Cardinal (1475?-1530), was an English statesman and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Wolverhampton (pop. 239,800) is an industrial town in West Midlands, England, 21 kilometres northwest of Birmingham.


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Wolverine is a fur-bearing animal that lives in the northern woods and tundras (cold, treeless plains) of Europe, Asia, and North America.


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Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) is an American nonprofit organization that works to lessen social problems.


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Wombat is the largest burrowing marsupial.


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Wombeyan Caves are limestone caves in the southern highlands of New South Wales, Australia.


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Women's movement is a group effort, chiefly by women, that seeks to improve women's lives or the lives of others.


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Wonder, Stevie (1950-...), is an American composer, singer, and musician.


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Wood is a tough substance under the bark of trees, shrubs, and certain other plants.


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Wood, Grant (1891-1942), was an American artist known for his paintings of the rural Midwest.


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Wood, Haydn (1882-1959), a British composer, composed many popular songs for his wife, Dorothy Court, who was a music-hall singer.


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Wood, Sir Henry (1869-1944), a British conductor, founded and conducted the promenade concerts at London's Queen's Hall and, later, at the Royal Albert Hall.


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Wood, Jethro (1774-1834), an American Quaker farmer, produced an improved cast-iron plough with removable pieces at points of greatest wear.


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Wood, Mervyn (1917-...), an Australian rowing champion, won the double sculls event at the Empire Games in 1950 and 1954.


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Wood, Robert Elkington (1879-1969), an American industrialist and soldier, helped make Sears, Roebuck and Company one of the world's largest general merchandising firms.


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Wood, Robert Williams (1868-1955), was an American physicist.


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Wood anemone is the name of two species of white-flowered woodland plants of the Northern Hemisphere.


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Wood chopping is a popular competitive sport in Australia and New Zealand.


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Wood duck is a colourful water bird that lives in forests of southern Canada and throughout wooded areas of the United States.


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Wood louse is the name of a group of land-living crustaceans (animals with a body shield) with flattened, oval bodies.


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Wood pewee is a small bird of eastern North America related to the flycatcher.


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Wood rat, also called pack rat or trade rat, is a native of North and Central America.


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Wood swallow is the name of a group of birds from Southeast Asia and Australia.


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Woodard, Nathaniel (1811-1891), was a Church of England priest and educational reformer.


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Woodcarving is the act of creating figures or designs in wood by cutting or chiselling.


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Woodchuck, also called ground hog, is an animal that belongs to the squirrel family.


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Woodcock is the name of several species of birds in the snipe family.


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Woodcut is a picture or design made from a block of wood.


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Wooden shoe, or clog, is a type of footwear worn chiefly by people who live in the moist lowlands of the Netherlands.


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Woodfull, Bill (1897-1965), was one of Australia's finest cricket captains and opening batsmen.


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Woodlark is a small bird related to the skylark.


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Woodlark Islands are a group of islands in the Solomon Sea, about 354 kilometres east of New Guinea.


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Woodpecker is a bird that uses its long, chisellike bill for drilling into trees.


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Woods, Granville T. (1856-1910), was a black American inventor who obtained more than 50 patents.


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Woods, Michael (1935-...), an Irish Fianna Fail politician, was minister for the marine in the Republic of Ireland for a time in 1992, and minister for social welfare from 1993 to 1994.


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Woods, Tiger (1975-...), is a champion American golfer.


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Woodspring (pop. 174,300) was a local government area in Avon, England.


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Woodstock festival was the most famous American outdoor rock music concert of the 1960's.


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Woodward, Robert Burns (1917-1979), an American chemist, won the 1965 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in synthetic organic chemistry.


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Woodworth, Robert Sessions (1869-1962), was an American psychologist known for his work in experimental psychology.


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Woodworking is the forming and shaping of wood to make useful and decorative objects.


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Wookey Hole, in Somerset, England, is a series of limestone caverns in the Mendip Hills near Cheddar.


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Wool is a fibre that comes from the fleece of sheep and some other animals.


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Woolf, Virginia (1882-1941), was a major English novelist, critic, and essayist.


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Woollcott, Alexander (1887-1943), an American journalist and storyteller, became well known for his unusual personality and his sharp tongue.


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Woolley, Sir Leonard (1880-1960), was a British archaeologist.


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Woolley, Sir Richard Van Der Riet (1906-1986), was the United Kingdom's astronomer royal from 1956 to 1971.


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Woolloomooloo is a wharfside suburb on the southern shore of Sydney harbour in Australia.


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Woolly monkey is a type of large monkey that lives in the Amazon River basin of South America.


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Woolsack is the seat of the lord chancellor in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom Parliament.


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Woolton, Lord (1883-1964), was the food minister for the United Kingdom during World War II.


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Woolworth is the family name of two American businessmen who were brothers.


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Woomera (pop. 1,600), a town in northern South Australia, is the site of an Australian base for rocket, missile, and space research.


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Worcester (pop. 81,000) is a historic English cathedral city.


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Worcestershire (pop. 534,285) is a United Kingdom local government area in western England.


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Word processing is the use of computers to type, edit, and print letters, reports, and other documents.


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Wordsworth, William (1770-1850), is considered by many scholars to be the most important English romantic poet.


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Work, in physics, is a result of a force moving an object through a distance against a resistance.


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Workstation is a set of computer equipment designed for use by one person at a time.


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World is the planet earth viewed especially as the home of human beings and other living things.


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World, History of the.  Human beings have probably lived on the earth about 2 million years.


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World Bank is an international organization that provides loans to governments and private firms for development projects, such as irrigation, education, and housing.


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World Council of Churches is a worldwide organization of about 300 Protestant, Anglican, Old Catholic, and Orthodox churches.


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World government.  Some people believe that a single authority should dispense justice and maintain law and order for the whole world.


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World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations.


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World Heritage List is an international registry of sites that have great natural or cultural value.


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World Intellectual Property Organization is an international agency that works to protect legal rights in artistic and literary works, inventions, trademarks, and other original creations.


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World Jewish Congress is an international association of Jewish organizations from more than 70 countries.


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World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN).


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World War I (1914-1918) involved more countries and caused greater destruction than any other war except World War II (1939-1945).


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World War II (1939-1945) killed more people, destroyed more property, disrupted more lives, and probably had more far-reaching consequences than any other war in history.


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World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is the largest independent conservation group in the world.


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World Wide Web is the part of the Internet that provides graphics, audio, and video.


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World's fair is an international exposition that features exhibits dealing with commerce, industry, and science.


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Worm is any of several kinds of animals that have a soft, slender body and no backbone or legs.


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Worms (pop. 71,827), is a historic town and river port in Germany.


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Worms, Edict of, was a decree that declared Reformation leader Martin Luther a heretic and cast him and his followers outside the protection of the law.


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Wormwood is a large group of plants that give off pleasant odours.


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Worrall, Eric (1924-1987), an Australian naturalist, established the Australian Reptile Park at Gosford, in New South Wales, Australia, in 1960.


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Worsted is a smooth, shiny, strong wool yarn.


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Worthing (pop. 94,100) is a seaside resort and residential town in West Sussex, England.


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Wouk, Herman (1915-...), is a popular American novelist and playwright.


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Woundwort is the name of several species of plants of the mint family.


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Wovoka (1856?-1932), a Paiute Indian, founded the Ghost Dance religion of the western American Indians.


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Woy Woy is a popular fishing resort on the eastern coast of New South Wales, Australia, 90 kilometres north of Sydney.


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Wran, Neville (1927-...), a member of the Australian Labor Party, was premier of New South Wales from 1976 to 1987.


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Wrangel, Ferdinand von (1794-1870), Baron von Wrangel, was a Russian naval officer and colonial administrator.


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Wrasse is the name of a family of over 500 species of ocean fish.


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Telford and the Wrekin (pop. 137,100), was a local government district in Shropshire, England, administered from the new town of Telford.


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Wren is the name of a group of small, energetic birds found in most parts of the world.


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Wren, Sir Christopher (1632-1723), was an English architect, scientist, and mathematician.


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Wren, Percival Christopher (1885-1941), was a British novelist.


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Wrestling is a sport in which two opponents try to pin (hold) each other's shoulders to a mat on the floor.


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Wrexham (pop. 113,600) is a local government area in northeastern Wales.


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Wright, Sir Almroth (1861-1947), was a British doctor and scientist.


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Wright, Billy (1924-1994), a British football-player, captained Wolverhampton Wanderers and England soccer teams.


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Wright, Frances (1795-1852), was a lecturer and journalist who worked to promote human rights in the United States.


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Wright, Frank Lloyd (1867-1959), was one of America's most influential and imaginative architects.


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Wright, Judith (1915-...) an Australian poet, became the leader of post-World War II poetry in Australia.


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Wright, Richard (1908-1960), is often considered the most important black American writer of his time.


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Wright, Russel (1904-1976), an American industrial designer, created some of the most successful dinnerware designs of the 1930's and 1940's.


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Wright brothers--Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville (1871-1948)--were Americans who invented and built the first successful aeroplane.


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Wrightson, Patricia (1921-...), one of the most prominent Australian writers of fiction for children, won the Children's Book of the Year Award three times.


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Wrist is the joint that connects the hand and the forearm.


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Writ is generally used in its legal meaning to describe the written orders of a court of law.


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Writing, as a career, attracts more people than any other field in the arts.


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Writing is a system of human communication by means of visual symbols or signs.


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Wroclaw (pop. 643,600) is a city that lies in southwestern Poland on the Oder River.


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Wryneck, also called snakebird, is the name of two species of small birds.


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Wu Daozi (A.D. 700's), was a famous Chinese painter.


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Wuhan (pop. 3,832,536) is the collective name for the adjacent cities of Hankou, Hanyang, and Wuchang in Hubei Province of China.


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Wundt, Wilhelm (1832-1920), a German philosopher, became known as the father of modern psychology.


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Wyangala Dam provides a storage reservoir on the Lachlan River near Cowra in central western New South Wales, Australia.


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Wyatt, James (1746-1813), an English architect, was a leading rival and successor of Robert Adam.


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Wyatt, Sir Thomas (1503?-1542), was an English poet.


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Wychavon (pop. 99,800) is a local government district in Hereford and Worcester, England.


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Wycherley, William (1640?-1716), an English playwright, ranks with Sir George Etherege and William Congreve as a leading author of witty satires called comedies of manners during the Restoration period of English literature.


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Wycliffe, John (1328?-1384), was a leading English philosopher in religion and politics during the late Middle Ages.


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Wycombe (pop. 154,500) is a local government district in Buckinghamshire, England.


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Wyeth, Andrew (1917-...), probably ranks as the most popular American painter of his time.


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Wyler, William (1902-1981), was a film director whose films have a high artistic quality and wide popular appeal.


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Wylie, an Aborigine from Albany, in Western Australia, accompanied Edward John Eyre on his heroic journey of exploration from Fowlers Bay, in South Australia, to Albany, in 1841.


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Wyndham, John (1903-1969), was the pen name of John Beynon Harris, a British science-fiction writer.


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Wyoming (pop. 455,975) is a state in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States.


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Wyoming Valley Massacre, one of many tragedies of the American Revolution (1775-1783), occurred in what is now Luzerne County, Pennsylvania.


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Wyre (pop. 99,700) is a local government district in western Lancashire, England.


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Wyre Forest (pop. 93,400) is a local government district in Hereford and Worcester, England.


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Wyss family wrote The Swiss Family Robinson, a popular children's adventure story about a shipwrecked family.


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Wyszynski, Stefan Cardinal (1901-1981), was the head of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland from 1948 until his death.


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X is the 24th letter of the English alphabet.


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X-ray fish is a small carnivorous fish that lives in the lower reaches of the River Amazon, including brackish (slightly salty) waters.


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X rays are one of the most useful forms of energy.


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Xavier, Saint Francis (1506-1552), was a Spanish Jesuit missionary.


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Xenon is a chemical element, with the symbol Xe, that makes up about 1 part in 20 million of the earth's atmosphere.


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Xenophon (430?-355?  B.C.) was a Greek soldier, historian, and writer.


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Xerox Corporation, a leading United States company, ranks as one of the world's largest industrial organizations.


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Xerxes I (519?-465 B.C.), ruled the Persian Empire from 486 B.C. until his death.


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Xhosa are a black people whose ancestors settled in southern Africa.


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Xi Jiang, also spelled Hsi Chiang, is the most important river of southern China.


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Xiamen (pop. 639,436) is a seaport on the coast of Fujian Province in southeast China.


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Xi'an (pop. 2,872,539), also spelled Xian or Sian, is the capital and largest city of the Shaanxi Province in China.


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Xinjiang, also spelled Sinkiang, is a region in western China.


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Xunzi (340?-245?  B.C.), also spelled Hsun Tzu, was an influential Chinese philosopher best known for his belief that human nature is basically evil.


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Xylophone is a percussion instrument that consists chiefly of a number of bars arranged on a frame like the keys of a piano.


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XYZ Affair was the name given to a controversial exchange of diplomatic proposals between France and the United States in 1797.


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Y is the 25th letter of the English alphabet.


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Yabby is an Australian freshwater crayfish.


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Yablonovyy Mountains lie in southeastern Siberia, in Russia.


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Yacht is a sailing vessel, usually a small one, that is used only for pleasure.


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Yahya Khan, Agha Muhammad (1917-1980), was president of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971.


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Yakubovsky, Ivan Ignatievich (1912-1976), was deputy defence minister of the Soviet Union from 1967 to 1976.


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Yale, Elihu (1649-1721), an English merchant, was an official of the East India Company and a benefactor of Yale University.


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Yale, Linus, Jr. (1821-1868), an American inventor and manufacturer, is best known for his inventions of locks.


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Yale University is a coeducational, privately endowed, nonsectarian school in New Haven, Connecticut, New England, U.S.A. Chartered in 1701, Yale is the third oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.


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Yalta (pop. 85,000) is a city in Ukraine.


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Yalta Conference was one of the most important meetings of key Allied leaders during World War II (1939-1945).


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Yalu River rises from the highest peak of the Changbai Shan, or Long White Mountains, of Manchuria.


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Yam is a major food crop in many tropical countries.


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Yamamoto, Isoroku (1884-1943), commanded the Japanese combined fleet at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.


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Yamashita, Tomoyuki (1885-1946), a Japanese general in World War II, was executed for "violation of the laws of war."  A brilliant field commander, Yamashita advanced rapidly in Korea and Manchuria.


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Kofun era was the time in Japanese history from about A.D. 300 to 710.


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Yampi Sound lies at the northern end of King Sound, on the northern coast of Western Australia.


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Yang, Chen Ning (1922-...), a Chinese-born physicist, shared the 1957 Nobel Prize for physics with Tsung Dao Lee (see LEE, TSUNG DAO).


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Yangtze River, also called Yangtze Kiang, is the world's third- longest river, and the longest and most important river in China.


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Yankee.  People of other countries often call any person from the United States a Yankee.


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Yankee Doodle is a song that has been popular in America since colonial days.


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Yaounde (pop. 653,670), is the capital of Cameroon, a country in western central Africa.


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Yap Ah Loy (1837-1885), a Chinese immigrant to Malaya, helped to transform the obscure mining village of Kuala Lumpur into a town that eventually became the capital of Malaysia.


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Yap Islands form an island group in the western Pacific Ocean.


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Yard is a unit of length in the imperial system of measurement used in English-speaking countries before the introduction of the metric system.


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Yarra is a river in southeastern Victoria, Australia.


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Yarra, an Australian sloop commanded by Lieutenant Commander R. W. Rankin, was escorting a convoy to Australia during World War II (1939-1945), when it encountered three Japanese cruisers and two destroyers south of Java on March 4, 1942.


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Yarralumla is the official residence of the governor general of Australia.


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Yarrawonga (pop. 5,522), is a town on the Murray River in central northern Victoria, Australia.


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Yawata is an important centre of Japan's heavy industry.


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Yawning is the act of opening the mouth wide, or gaping, to take in air.


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Yaws, also called framboesia, is a disease that attacks chiefly children of humid tropical regions.


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Yeager, Charles Elwood (1923-...), an American, was the first man to fly faster than the speed of sound.


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Year is the time the earth takes to make one complete revolution around the sun.


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Yeast is a living substance that bakers put into dough to make it rise.


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Yeats, Jack Butler (1871-1957), an Irish painter, became well known for his romantic portrayal of scenes from Irish life.


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Yeats, John Butler (1839-1922), an Irish painter, writer, and conversationalist, was the father of Jack Butler Yeats and William Butler Yeats.


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Yeats, William Butler (1865-1939), an Irish poet and dramatist, won the 1923 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Yekaterinburg (pop. 1,286,000) is a trading and manufacturing centre in the Ural Mountains of Russia.


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Yellow fever is a virus disease carried by certain mosquitoes.


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Yellow Sea is an arm of the Pacific Ocean extending inland for about 640 kilometres between the east coast of China and Korea.


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Yellowhammer is the name of a bunting that lives in Europe.


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Yellowlegs is the name of two kinds of shore birds.


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Yellowstone National Park, in Wyoming, U.S.A., is the oldest national park in the world.


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Yellowstone River rises near the U.S. Continental Divide in northwestern Wyoming and flows north into Yellowstone National Park.


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Yellowthroat is a wood warbler that lives in North America.


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Yellowwood is the name of 94 species of evergreen timber trees found mainly in the mountain forests of the Southern Hemisphere.


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Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich (1931-...), is president of Russia, the vast country in eastern Europe and northern Asia that once led the Soviet Union.


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Yemen is a country in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula.


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Yenisey River drains an area of more than 2.6 million square kilometres in Siberia, a part of Russia.


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Yeoman was a retainer (dependant) of a feudal lord during the late Middle Ages in England.


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Yeomen of the Guard constitute the official bodyguard of the sovereign of the United Kingdom.


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Yerevan (pop. 1,114,000) is the capital and largest city of Armenia.


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Yerkes, Robert Mearns (1876-1956), was an American psychologist known for his research on the behaviour of apes.


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Yerkes Observatory is an astronomical observatory operated by the University of Chicago.


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Yevtushenko, Yevgeny (1933-...), is a Russian poet.


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Yew is the name of a group of evergreen trees and shrubs.


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Yiddish language is a language of European Jews and their descendants.


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Yiddish literature is the literature of Jews who write and speak the Yiddish language.


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Ynys Mon--Isle of Anglesey.  See ANGLESEY.


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Yo-yo is a small toy that has been popular in Europe and the United States since the 1930's.


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Yoghurt, also spelled yogurt, is a smooth, semisolid dairy product made from milk.


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Yogyakarta (pop. 427,573) is a city in central Java, in Indonesia.


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Yokohama (pop. 2,992,644) is a Japanese port and a major centre of commerce and industry.


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Yom Kippur is the Jewish day of atonement and the most important and sacred Jewish holy day.


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York (pop. 100,600) is an ancient English cathedral city, and a university town, lying at the junction of the Ouse and Foss rivers in North Yorkshire.


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York is a branch of the English royal family of Plantagenet.


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York, Alvin Cullum (1887-1964), an outstanding American soldier of World War I (1914-1918), killed more than 20 Germans and forced 132 others to surrender on Oct. 8, 1918.


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Yorke Peninsula is a promontory in South Australia.


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Yorkshire is a large geographical area in northeastern England.


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Yorkshire terrier is a breed of toy dog that weighs 1.8 to 3.2 kilograms.


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Yoruba are a group of people who inhabit southwestern Nigeria and parts of Benin and Togo in West Africa.


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Yosemite National Park is a great wilderness in east-central California, United States.


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Young (pop. 10,685), is a town in New South Wales, Australia.


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Young, Andrew Jackson, Jr. (1932-...), was the first black to serve as United States ambassador to the United Nations (UN).


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Young, Arthur (1741-1820), was a British writer on agriculture whose works helped to encourage farming experiments and improved methods of farming.


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Young, Baroness (1926-...), a British Conservative Party politician, became the first woman leader of the House of Lords in 1981.


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Young, Brigham (1801-1877), an American religious leader, was the second president of the Mormon church, which is officially called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.


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Young, Charles Augustus (1834-1908), an American astronomer, pioneered studies in the physics of the sun.


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Young, Cy (1867-1955), an American baseball player, was one of the greatest right-handed pitchers in the history of the game.


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Young, Edward (1683-1765), was an English poet.


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Young, Ella Flagg (1845-1918), was the first American woman to serve as superintendent of schools in a large city.


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Young, Francis Brett (1884-1954), was a popular English novelist and poet.


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Young, Geoffrey Winthrop (1876-1958), an Englishman, was one of the pioneers of the sport of mountaineering.


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Young, James (1811-1883), an English chemist, was a pioneer in the petroleum industry.


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Young, John Watts (1930-...), is a United States astronaut.


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Young, Lester Willis (1909-1959), an American tenor saxophonist, developed one of the most imitated styles in jazz history.


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Young, Owen D. (1874-1962), was an American businessman.


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Young, Stark (1881-1963), an American author, became best known for So Red the Rose (1934), a historical novel.


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Young, Thomas (1773-1829), was an English physicist, doctor, and scholar.


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Young Ireland was a political movement in Ireland in the 1800's that aimed at rekindling a spirit of nationalism in the Irish people by making them more aware of their traditions.


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Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is one of the largest nonprofit voluntary organizations in the world.


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Young Nick's Head is a headland of white cliffs at the southern end of Poverty Bay in the North Island of New Zealand.


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Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) is the oldest and largest multiracial women's organization in the world.


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Younger of Prestwick, Lord (1931-...), a British Conservative politician, was secretary of state for defence from 1986 to 1989.


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Younghusband, Sir Francis (1863-1942), a British army officer, made many journeys of exploration in central Asia.


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Youth club is a club for young people between the ages of 12 and 20.


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Youth hostel is a place that offers basic, inexpensive overnight accommodation for travellers.


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Youth service is part of the education service in Britain and Ireland.


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Ypres (pop. 34,758) is a Belgian city in West Flanders, in the Dutch-speaking part of the country.


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Ytterbium is a chemical element with the symbol Yb.


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Yttrium is a chemical element with the symbol Y. It is a silvery-white metallic element.


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Yucatan Peninsula includes the southeastern Mexican states of Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatan; Belize; and part of El Peten, a department of Guatemala.


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Yucca is the name of a group of about 40 species of shrubs or trees of the agave family.


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Yugoslavia is what remains of a much larger country, also called Yugoslavia, that broke up into several independent nations in 1991 and 1992.


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Yukawa, Hideki (1907-1981), a Japanese physicist, became famous for his contributions to theoretical nuclear physics.


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Yukon River, one of the longest rivers in North America, flows through the Yukon Territory of Canada and through Alaska in the United States.


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Yukon Territory (pop. 30,766) is a region in northwest Canada.


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Yusof bin Ishak (1910-1970), a Malay leader, became the first local head of state for Singapore.


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Z is the 26th and last letter in the English alphabet.


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Za'ba (1895-1973) was the pen name of Zainal Abidin bin Ahmad, a Malay scholar who taught and wrote on Malay culture, language, and history.


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Zagreb (pop. 953,607) is the capital and largest city of Croatia.


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Zaharias, Babe Didrikson (1911?-1956), an American, is considered one of the greatest woman athletes in sports history.


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Congo (Kinshasa) is a large country in the heart of Africa.


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Zambezi River is the fourth longest river in Africa.


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Zambia is a country in south-central Africa.


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Zamboanga (pop. 442,345) is a beautiful city in the Philippines.


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Zander, also known as pike-perch, is a long-bodied relative of the perch that lives in lakes and rivers of central and northern Europe.


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Zangwill, Israel (1864-1926), was a novelist and dramatist.


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Zanzibar (pop. 133,000) is a historic seaport city on the west coast of Zanzibar Island, which is part of Tanzania.


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Zapata, Emiliano (1880?-1919), was a leader of the Mexican Revolution.


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Zebra is a striped member of the horse family.


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Zebulun was the name of one of the 12 tribes of Israel.


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Zechariah, Book of, is a book of the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible.


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Zedillo Ponce de Leon, Ernesto (1951-...), became president of Mexico in 1994.


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Zeehan (pop. 3,529), is a mining town in the western part of the Australian state of Tasmania, about 290 kilometres northwest of Hobart.


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Zeeman, Pieter (1865-1943), a Dutch physicist, became known for his discoveries in spectroscopy.


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Zeeman effect is the splitting of a spectral line when a source of light is placed in a magnetic field.


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Zeffirelli, Franco (1923-...), is an Italian film, theatre, and opera director.


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Zeiss, Carl (1816-1888), was a German maker of optical instruments.


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Zenger, John Peter (1697-1746), gained the first major victory for freedom of the press in the American Colonies.


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Zenith, in astronomy, is the point in the sky located directly above a person standing on the surface of the earth.


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Zeno of Citium (335?-265?  B.C.) was the founder of Stoic philosophy in Athens.


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Zeno of Elea (490?-430 B.C.) was a Greek philosopher who lived in the Greek colony of Elea in southern Italy.


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Zephaniah, Book of, is a book of the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament.


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Zeppelin, Ferdinand von (1838-1917), was a famous German pioneer in lighter-than-air vehicles.


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Zero, in arithmetic, is the name of the digit 0, sometimes called nought or, in the past, a cypher.


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Zeus, in Greek mythology, was the king of the gods and the supreme ruler of people.


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Zhao Ziyang (1919-...), also spelled Chao Tzu-yang, served as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party from November 1987 until June 1989.


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Zhivkov, Todor (1911-...) was premier of Bulgaria from 1962 to 1971 and president from 1971 to 1989.


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Zhou dynasty, also spelled Chou, was a Chinese dynasty (family of rulers) that governed from about 1122 B.C. to 256 B.C. It was China's longest-ruling dynasty.


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Zhou Enlai (1898-1976), also spelled Chou En-lai, became premier and foreign minister of China when the Communists won control of the country in 1949.


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Zhu De (1886-1976) was one of the important leaders of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.


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Zhu Kezhen (1890-1974), a Chinese scientist, was a well-known specialist in climatology, the science that deals with climate.


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Zhuangzi, also spelled Chuang Tzu, was a Chinese philosopher of the 300's B.C. He ranks with Laozi (Lao Tzu) as the most important figure in the development of the philosophy called Taoism.


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Zhukov, Georgi Konstantinovich (1896-1974), a Russian army officer, became a military hero in the Soviet Union during World War II (1939-1945).


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Zia ul Haq, Mohammad (1924-1988), was a Pakistani general and political leader.


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Ziegfeld, Florenz (1869-1932), was an American theatre producer.


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Zim, Herbert Spencer (1909-1994), was an American author and educator.


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Zimbabwe, formerly called Rhodesia, is a landlocked country in southern Africa.


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Zimbalist, Efrem (1889-1985), was a well-known Russian violinist.


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Zinc, a chemical element with the symbol Zn, is a shiny, bluish-white metal.


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Zinjanthropus was a humanlike creature that most anthropologists believe lived about 1,750,000 years ago.


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Zinnemann, Fred (1907-...), is an Austrian-born American film director whose films are noted for their skilful character portrayal.


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Zinnia is a genus of garden plants of the daisy family.


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Zion is a word with many different meanings.


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Zionism is a movement for the establishment and maintenance of a national Jewish state in Palestine, the ancient Jewish homeland.


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Zip is a term often used to mean any kind of slide fastener.


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Zircon is a mineral composed chiefly of the elements silicon, oxygen, and zirconium.


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Zirconium, a chemical element with the symbol Zr, is a greyish-white metal.


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Zither is a stringed musical instrument that consists chiefly of a flat, wooden box with 32 or more strings or wires stretched along its length.


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Zodiac is a band of stars that appears to encircle the earth.


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Zodiacal light is a cone-shaped glow of faint light that is seen soon after twilight and just before dawn.


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Zoffany, Johann (1733-1810), an artist, painted many fine portraits of English royalty and theatrical pictures, particularly of actor David Garrick.


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Zola, Emile (1840-1902), a French author, made naturalism the leading form of literature in France in the late 1800's.


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Zone melting is a method of removing impurities from solid materials that are used in industry and in research.


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Zonta International is a worldwide service organization of executive women in business and the professions.


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Zoo is a place where people keep and display animals.


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Zorach, William (1887-1966), was a Lithuanian-born artist and a prominent sculptor in the United States during the 1930's.


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Zorn, Anders Leonhard (1860-1920), was a Swedish painter and etcher.


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Zouaves were soldiers of certain infantry regiments in the French Army.


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Zsigmondy, Richard (1865-1929), an Austrian chemist, studied the manufacture of coloured glass which contained finely divided gold particles.


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Zubir Said (1907-1987), a gifted self-taught musician, composed Singapore's national anthem in 1957.


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Zuckerman, Lord (1904-1993), was chief scientific adviser to the United Kingdom government from 1964 to 1971.


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Zukerman, Pinchas (1948-...), is an Israeli-born violinist, violist, and conductor.


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Zulu are one of the main peoples of Africa.


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Zunz, Leopold (1794-1886), has been called the founder of modern Jewish scholarship.


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Zurayk, Constantine Kaisar (1909-...), became an eminent Arab scholar and diplomat.


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Zurbaran, Francisco (1598-1664), was a Spanish painter of the 1600's.


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Zurich (pop. 351,545; met. area pop. 834,299), also spelled Zurich, is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton (state) of Zurich.


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Zweig, Stefan (1881-1942), was a well-known Austrian writer of psychological novels, stories, biographies, and poems.


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Zwingli, Huldreich (1484-1531), was a leader of the Protestant Reformation.


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Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma (1889-1982), was a Russian-born American physicist and electronics engineer.


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Boothroyd, Betty (1929-...), was elected as the first woman speaker of the United Kingdom House of Commons in 1992.


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Hague, William (1961-...), a United Kingdom politician, became the youngest leader of the Conservative Party since William Pitt the Younger (1759-1806).


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Bridgend is a United Kingdom local government area in South Wales.


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Aberdeenshire (pop. 223,630) is a United Kingdom local government area in Scotland.


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Clackmannanshire (pop. 48,660) is a United Kingdom local government area in Scotland.


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South Ayrshire is a United Kingdom local government area in Scotland.


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South Lanarkshire is a United Kingdom local government area in Scotland.


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West Dunbartonshire is a United Kingdom local government area in Scotland.


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Renfrewshire is a United Kingdom local government area in Scotland.


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Hutu is the name of a group of black African people.


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Velociraptor was a quick, fierce meat-eating dinosaur.


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Baker, David (1861-1942), was an American mining engineer and steelworks planner.


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Mint is a historic Australian building located on Macquarie Street in Sydney.


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Moore, Thomas (1762-1840), was an English-born magistrate, and philanthropist, and one of the largest landholders in New South Wales, Australia.


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Blackwater (pop. 7,029), is a coal-mining centre in central Queensland, Australia.


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Mount Bischoff in northwestern Tasmania, Australia, was once the richest tin mine in the world.


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Hobart was the name given to an Australian light cruiser.


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Howe, George (1769-1821), was the first official printer in Australia.


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Hunter River, rises in the Mount Royal Range of New South Wales, Australia, and flows into the Pacific Ocean at Newcastle.


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Herefordshire (pop. 167,229) is a United Kingdom local government area in western England.


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Hill, Damon (1960-...) is a British Formula One car racing driver.


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Anti-Federalists were a political group in the United States in the late 1780's that feared a strong national government.


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Beerbohm, Sir Max (1872-1956), was an English comic writer and artist known for his brilliant wit.


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Anticonvulsant is a type of drug used to treat or prevent seizures.


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Antidepressant is the name of a group of drugs commonly used to treat major depression, a severe mental illness.


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Subatomic particle is a unit of matter smaller than an atom.


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Computer chip is a tiny piece of material, usually silicon, that contains a complex electronic circuit.


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Kasparov, Garry (1963-...) a Russian chess player, became the youngest world champion in chess history in 1985.


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Garcia, Carlos Polestico (1896-1971), was the fourth president of the Philippines, from 1957 to 1961.


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Beach Boys became one of the most popular groups in American rock music.


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Particle detector is a device that physicists use to observe subatomic particles, units of matter smaller than an atom.


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Borden, Sir Robert Laird (1854-1937), served as prime minister of Canada throughout World War I (1914-1918).


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Attention deficit disorder is a behaviour problem in which people have unusual difficulty paying attention, sitting still, or controlling their impulses.


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Byatt, A. S. (1936-...), is a British novelist, critic, and scholar.


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Byrd, William, II (1674-1744), was a wealthy American plantation owner and one of colonial Virginia's most prominent government officials.


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Hantavirus is the name of a group of viruses.


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Atropine is a drug derived from several plants in the nightshade family, especially from a bushy plant called belladonna or deadly nightshade.


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Spreadsheet is a computer program used to organize numerical and other data in rows and columns, and then to perform calculations involving the rows and columns of numbers.


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Netanyahu, Benjamin (1949-...), the leader of Israel's Likud Party, became prime minister of Israel in 1996.


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Pap Test, also known as cervical smear test is a procedure for detecting cancer cells and abnormalities that could become cancerous in the female genital tract.


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Chernomyrdin, Viktor Stepanovich, (1938-...), was prime minister of Russia from 1992 to 1998.


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Stevin, Simon (1548-1620), was a Flemish mathematician.


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Albright, Madeleine Korbel (1937-...), became the first woman secretary of state of the United States in 1997.


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Roughy is the name of a group of fish that live in temperate oceans throughout the world.


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Lewis, Carl (1961-...), an American athlete, ranks among the greatest sprinters and long jumpers in the history of athletics.


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Abbado, Claudio (1933-...), is an Italian symphony orchestra and opera conductor.


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Abbe, Cleveland (1838-1916), a U.S. meteorologist, was a pioneer of weather forecasting as a public service.


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Abbe, Ernst (1840-1905), was a German physicist and lens maker.


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Abbott, George (1887-1995), was a director, playwright, and producer who had one of the longest careers in the history of American theatre.


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Abel, John Jacob (1857-1938), was an American biochemist who made several important discoveries about the chemicals produced by the human body.


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Abeles, Sir Peter (1924-...), an Australian industrialist, played a prominent role in Australiais national transport business.


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Abrahams, Peter (1919-...), a black South African novelist, short-story writer, and journalist, was one of the first fiction writers to stress the brutalizing effect that apartheid had on the majority population of South Africa.


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Adams, Arthur H. (1872-1936), was a New Zealand journalist, poet, novelist, and playwright.


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Adams, Gerry (1948-...), is an Irish nationalist politician.


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Adams, Louisa Johnson (1775-1852), was the wife of John Quincy Adams, who served as 6th president of the United States from 1825 to 1829.


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Adams, Perseus (1933-...), a South African poet, produced verse that was largely inspired by nature and the beauty of South Africais landscape.


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Adamson, Robert (1943-...), an Australian poet, editor, and publisher, emerged in the late 1960is as one of the finest talents of the New Australian School of poetry.


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Adcock, Fleur (1934-...), a New Zealand poet,  published her first collection of poems in Wellington in 1964.


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Ahmed, Fakhruddin Ali (1905-1977), an Indian politician, was the fifth president of the republic of India, serving from 1974 until 1977.


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Alda, Alan (1936-...), is an American actor, film director, and screenwriter.


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Alexander, Samuel (1859-1938), was an Australian-born philosopher who taught at the English universities of Oxford and Manchester.


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Alexandra Feodorovna (1872-1918), was a German princess who became the wife of Nicholas II, the last czar of Russia.


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Allan, Robert Marshall (1886-1946), was an Australian doctor specializing in gynaecology (women's diseases) and obstetrics (the care of women in childbirth).


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Allen, Sir Harry Brookes (1854-1926), was an Australian doctor who became famous for helping to win international recognition for academic qualifications gained in Australian universities.


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Allen, Gracie (1906?-1964), was an American comedienne on radio and television and in films.


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Allen, John Frank (1908-...), a Canadian-born British physicist, was one of the discoverers of superfluidity.


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Allen, Peter (1944-1992), an Australian singer, songwriter, pianist, and dancer, wrote the song I shall Call Australia Home.


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Alma-Tadema, Sir Lawrence (1836-1912), was a Dutch-born British painter of Greek and Roman subjects.


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Alpert, Herb (1935-...), is an American bandleader, trumpet player, and record company executive.


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Anastasia, Grand Duchess (1901-1918), was the youngest daughter of Czar Nicholas II of Russia.


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Anderson, Jessica (1925-...), won fame as an Australian novelist and writer of short stories.


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Anderson, Lindsay (1923-1994), a British film, television, and theatre director, was one of the most influential figures of the British cinema between the early 1960is and the late 1980is.


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Andrews Sisters were a singing trio that performed on radio and in films, especially during the 1940's.


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Archer, Jeffrey (1940-...), is an English novelist.


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Ashkenazy, Vladimir (1937-...), a Soviet-born pianist and conductor, ranks among the finest piano soloists of his generation.


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Askin, Robert (1907-1981), an Australian Liberal politician, served as the state premier of New South Wales from 1965 to 1975.


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Astley, Thea (1925-...), is an Australian novelist and short-story writer.


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Baker-Finch, Ian (1960-...), an Australian golfer, won the British Open Championship in 1991.


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Ball, Gary Ian (1953-1993), a New Zealand mountaineer, won fame by climbing the highest peaks on all seven continents.


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Barwick, Sir Garfield (1903-...), an Australian lawyer and Liberal politician, served in the government of Australia from 1958 to 1964 and as chief justice of the High Court of Australia from 1964 to 1981.


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Batten, John (1903-1993), was a film actor from New Zealand who bridged the transition between silent films and "talkies."  He worked with such great film producer-directors as William Fox, D. W. Griffith, and Cecil B. De Mille.


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Bayliss, Sir William (1860-1924), an English biologist, helped discover hormones.


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Bell, John (1940-...), an Australian actor and theatre director, won fame for his productions of plays by Shakespeare and other classic dramatists as well as for his support of modern Australian playwrights.


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Bennett, Tony (1926-...), is an American singer noted for his warm, relaxed, voice.


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Benson, George (1943-...), is an American guitarist and singer who has achieved success both as a jazz musician and as a pop vocalist.


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Bergen, Candice (1946-...), is an American actress who has appeared in many films.


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Berkeley, Busby (1895-1976), an American dance director, was famous for his extravagant dance sequences in film musicals of the 1930's.


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Berkoff, Steven (1937-...), a British playwright, screenwriter, actor, and director, won fame as an original theatre artist.


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Berlin, Sir Isaiah (1909-1997), a Latvian-born British philosopher, historian of ideas, and diplomat, was one of the greatest thinkers of the 1900's.


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Bertolucci, Bernardo (1940-...), is an Italian film director and scriptwriter, whose films portray the sex, politics, and violence in complex relationships.


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Billy is a can used for cooking over an open fire.


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Blackmore, Maurice (1906-1977), was an Australian pioneer of alternative medicine and a manufacturer of vitamin and mineral pills and natural herbal cures.


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Blake, Eubie (1883-1983), was an African American composer and pianist whose career lasted more than 80 years.


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Blakey, Art (1919-1990), was a jazz drummer and one of the most influential bandleaders in jazz history.


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Bland, William (1789-1868), was a British-born surgeon who became one of the leading statesmen of New South Wales, Australia.


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Blunt, Anthony (1907-1983), a British art expert, won notoriety in 1979 after it became publicly known that he was a Soviet spy.


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Boas, Isaac (1878-1955), was a scientist who helped pioneer the papermaking industry in Australia.


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Boone, Pat (1934-...), an American singer and actor, was a popular performer during the middle 1950's and early 1960's.


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Boorman, John (1933-...), a British film director and producer, won critical acclaim for his work both in the United Kingdom and the United States.


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Borge, Victor (1909-...), is a Danish-born pianist and humorist.


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Boyle, Danny (1956-...), a British film director, won critical praise and popular success with his 1996 film Trainspotting, a story about the lives of four heroin addicts in a poor area of Edinburgh.


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Brenton, Howard (1942-...), a British playwright and director, rose to prominence in the late 1960's, writing for fringe theatre companies.


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Brookner, Anita (1928-...), a British novelist, won the Booker Prize, a prestigious United Kingdom literary award, in 1984 with Hotel du Lac.


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Brooks, Garth (1962-...), ranks among the most popular singers in the history of American country music.


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Brooks, Mel (1926-...), is an American film director, actor, writer, and producer known for his zany, satirical film comedies.


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Budd, Zola (1966-...), a South African-born athlete, is best remembered for her controversial appearance as a British team member in the Olympic Games in Los Angeles in 1984.


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Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de, (1707-1788), was a French naturalist whose writings helped advance the study of biology and geology.


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Bullen, Keith (1900-1976), a New Zealand-born mathematician and geophysicist, made important contributions to the study of earthquakes.


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Burgess, Guy (1911-1963), was a British journalist and diplomat who became notorious for his activities as a Soviet spy in association with Donald Maclean, Kim Philby, and Anthony Blunt.


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Burns, George (1896-1996), had one of the longest careers in American show business history.


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Bush, Barbara Pierce (1925-...), is the wife of George Bush, who served as 41st president of the United States (1989 to 1993).


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Butenandt, Adolf (1903-1995), was a German scientist.


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Butler, Guy (1918-...), is a South African poet and dramatist.


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Buzo, Alexander (1944-...), an Australian playwright, is noted for his wry humour and observations about human affairs.


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Caesar, Sid (1922-...), is an American comedian.


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Cage, Nicolas (1965-...), is an American film actor known for his versatility and his performances in offbeat roles.


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Caine, Michael (1933-...), is an English film actor.


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Cairns, Sir Hugh (1896-1952), an Australian-born British surgeon, won fame for his work in neurosurgery.


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Campion, Jane (1955-...), a New Zealand film director and screenwriter, achieved international fame with her film The Piano (1993).


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Carrey, Jim (1962-...), is a Canadian-born film actor who gained international fame for his slapstick comedy roles.


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Carter, Benny (1907-...), is an American jazz musician, composer, arranger, and bandleader.


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Carter, Rosalynn Smith (1927-...), is the wife of Jimmy Carter, who served as 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981.


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Channing, Carol (1921-...), is a musical comedy performer whose trademarks are her raspy voice and wide-eyed look.


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Chaudhury, Nirad (1897-...), an Indian author, became noted for his views on India's transition from British colony to independent republic.


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Checker, Chubby (1941-...), is an American performer of rock music.


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Cher (1946-...), is an American singer and actress.


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Chinmayananda, Swami (1916-1993), was an Indian holy man, philanthropist, and philosopher, who preached Hindu spiritualism to people throughout the world.


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Churchill, Caryl (1938-...), is an English dramatist known for her imaginative plays.


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Clapton, Eric (1945-...), is an English rock guitarist and composer.


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Clark, Champ (1850-1921), an American politician, became one of the best-known Democratic Party leaders of his time.


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Clark, Joseph Sill (1901-1990), an American Democratic politician, served in the United States Senate from 1957 to 1969.


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Cleese, John (1939-...), is an English actor and writer internationally known for his distinctive style of comedy.


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Cleveland, Frances Folsom (1864-1947), was the wife of Grover Cleveland, who served as 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897.


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Coleman, Ornette (1930-...), is an American jazz musician and composer.


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Collins, Judy (1939-...), is an American folk singer and composer who gained fame for supporting feminist and liberal political causes.


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Connery, Sean (1930-...), is a Scottish film actor who became famous for his role as the spy, James Bond.


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Cooke, Alistair (1908-...), a British-born American journalist and broadcaster, became famous for his articulate and informed observations on United States society, culture, and history.


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Coolidge, Grace Goodhue (1879-1957), was the wife of Calvin Coolidge, who served as 30th president of the United States from 1923 to 1929.


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Cooper, John Sherman (1901-1991), a Republican politician, served in the United States Senate for more than 20 years from 1946 to 1973.


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Costner, Kevin (1955-...), is an American actor.


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Crawford, Joan (1904-1977), was an American film star.


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Dandridge, Dorothy (1923-1965), was one of the first African American performers to become a film star.


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Davis, Sammy, Jr. (1925-1990), was a versatile American entertainer.


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Day, Doris (1924-...), is an American singer and film actress who gained fame for her clean-cut personality and appearance, and for her clear singing voice.


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De Bono, Edward (1933-...), a Maltese-born British psychologist, became best known for his courses and books on thinking skills.


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Dobzhansky, Theodosius, (1900-1975), a Russian-born American biologist, advanced the study of evolution.


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Domino, Fats (1928-...), is a pianist, songwriter, and singer who became one of the most popular and influential personalities in the history of rhythm and blues and rock music.


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Dunlop, Sir Ernest (1907-1993), was an Australian surgeon and war hero.


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Durang, Christopher (1949-...), is an American playwright best known for his black comedies that satirize social conventions and morality.


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Edwards, Blake (1922-...), is an American film director, producer, and writer who is best known for the "Pink Panther" series of film comedies.


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Eisenhower, Mamie (1896-1979), was the wife of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who served as 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961.


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Eldridge, Roy (1911-1989), was one of the finest jazz trumpeters of the swing era of the 1930's.


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Ellison, Harlan (1934-...), is an American author best known for his science-fiction stories.


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Ellroy, James (1948-...), is an American author best known for his realistic crime novels set in Los Angeles.


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Els, Ernie (1969-...), a South African professional golfer, won the United States Open Championship in 1994 at the age of 25.


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Elworthy, Lord (1911-1993), was a New Zealand-born marshal of the United Kingdom's (UK's) Royal Air Force.


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Evans, Bill (1929-1980), was an American jazz pianist.


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Falk, Peter (1927-...), is an American actor known for his distinctive side-of-the-mouth speaking style.


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Fanthorpe, U. A. (1929-...), a British poet, is noted for the polite and conversational style of her poetry as well as her touches of irony.


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Fassbinder, Rainer Werner (1946-1982), a German film director, author, and actor, became known for his politically controversial films.


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Feld, Bernard (1919-1993), was an American physicist who helped develop the first atomic bomb.


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Fermor, Patrick Leigh (1915-...), is a British author of books about travel.


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Field, Sally (1946-...), is an actress who moved from television comedies to serious film roles.


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Fiennes, Sir Ranulph (1944-...), an English explorer, became famous principally for his polar expeditions.


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Fillmore, Abigail Powers (1798-1853), was the first wife of Millard Fillmore, who served as 13th president of the United States from 1850 to 1853.


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Fo, Dario (1926-...), an Italian dramatist and actor, was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1997.


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Foale, Michael (1957-...), is a British-born astronaut working with the United States space programme.


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Ford, Betty (1918-...), is the wife of Gerald R. Ford, who served as 38th president of the United States from 1974 to 1977.


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Ford, Harrison (1942-...), is an American actor best known for his action film roles.


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Fosse, Bob (1927-1987), was an American director, dancer, and choreographer (creator of dances).


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Foster, Jodie (1962-...), is an American film actress and director.


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Mercer, Johnny (1909-1976), was a lyric writer of American popular music.


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Frayn, Michael (1933-...), a British playwright, novelist, and scriptwriter, became noted for his satirical wit and his fine observation of social and cultural habits.


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Frazier, Joe (1944-...), was heavyweight boxing champion of the world in the early 1970's.


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Friel, Brian (1929-...), is an Irish dramatist and writer of short stories.


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Garfield, Lucretia Rudolph (1832-1918), was the wife of James A. Garfield, who served as 20th president of the United States in 1881.


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Glashow, Sheldon Lee (1932-...), an American physicist, shared the Nobel Prize for physics in 1979 with Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam.


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Gluckman, Jonathan (1914-1993), was a South African forensic pathologist who became best known as the person who performed the autopsy on the body of Steve Biko, the black South African political leader who died in police custody in 1977.


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Orton, Joe (1933-1967), was a controversial English playwright known for his savage "black" comedies.


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Bakke case was an important civil rights case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States.


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Grant, Julia Dent (1826-1902), was the wife of Ulysses S. Grant, who served as 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877.


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Gray, Ken (1938-1993), was a New Zealand Rugby Union player and a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, during the 1960's.


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Greenaway, Peter (1942-...), a British film director and painter, became noted for making films that concentrate upon cinematic techniques and visual imagery.


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Griffith Joyner, Florence (1959-...), is an American athletics star.


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Halifax, Lord (1881-1959), a British Conservative Party politician, was at various times viceroy of India, British foreign secretary, and the United Kingdom's (UK's) ambassador to the United States.


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Haller, Albrecht von (1708-1777), a Swiss doctor, made important studies of the body's nervous system and muscles.


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Hampton, Christopher (1946-...), a British playwright and scriptwriter for television and cinema, became noted for his original plays, adaptations, and translations, as well as for his technical craftsmanship.


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Hancock, Herbie (1940-...), is an American musician, bandleader, and jazz composer.


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Hands, Terry (1941-...), a British theatre director, was involved in the artistic direction of the United Kingdom's Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) between 1967 and 1991.


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Harding, Florence Kling (1860-1924), was the wife of Warren G. Harding, who served as 29th president of the United States from 1921 to 1923.


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Harriman, Pamela (1920-1997), was a British socialite who became a major supporter of the United States Democratic Party and served as U.S. ambassador to France from 1993 until her death.


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Harris, Max (1921-1995), an Australian poet, editor, and social commentator, helped encourage the modernist movement in the arts and in Australian literature in particular.


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Harrison, Anna Symmes (1775-1864), was the wife of William Henry Harrison, who served as 9th president of the United States for only 30 days.


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Harrison, Caroline Scott (1832-1892), was the first wife of Benjamin Harrison, who served as 23rd president of the United States from 1889 to 1893.


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Harrison, Tony (1937-...), is a British poet, playwright, and translator.


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Hayes, Lucy Webb (1831-1889), was the wife of Rutherford B. Hayes, who served as 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881.


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Hepburn, Audrey (1929-1993), was a film star who gained international fame for her elegance, beauty, and charm.


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Herzog, Werner (1942-...), is a German film director, actor, screenwriter, and producer.


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Heston, Charlton (1923-...), is an American film actor best known for his portraits of heroic characters in Biblical and medieval epics.


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Holley, Robert (1922-...), an American biochemist, shared the 1968 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with the American biochemist Marshall Warren Nirenberg and the Indian-born chemist Har Gobind Khorana.


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Hollows, Fred (1930-1993), an Australian ophthalmologist (specialist in eye diseases), won fame for his pioneering work in treating and preventing blindness among Australian Aborigines.


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Hoover, Lou Henry (1874-1944), was the wife of Herbert Hoover, who served as 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933.


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Hun Sen (1950-...), a Cambodian politician, took over the leadership of Cambodia as sole prime minister in July 1997.


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Hutchence, Michael (1960-1997), an Australian rock musician and songwriter, was the lead singer of the group INXS, a six-member band that he helped form in 1977.


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Ingamells, Rex (1913-1955), was an Australian poet who in the late 1930's led the Jindyworobak movement in Australian literature.


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James, Dame Naomi (1949-...), a New Zealand yachtswoman, was the first woman to sail around the world single-handed by way of Cape Horn.


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James, Will (1892-1942), was an American writer and illustrator of stories about the American West.


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Jarman, Derek (1942-1994), was a British film director, writer, and painter.


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Jarrett, Keith (1945-...), an American pianist and composer, gained international acclaim for both his jazz and classical performances.


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Joel, Billy (1949-...), is an American rock singer, pianist, and composer known for his melodic compositions and strong lyrics.


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Johnson, Eliza McCardle (1810-1876), was the wife of Andrew Johnson, who served as 17th president of the United States from 1865 to 1869.


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Johnson, Lady Bird (1912-...), was the wife of Lyndon B. Johnson, who served as 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969.


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Jolley, Elizabeth (1923-...), a British-born novelist who emigrated to Australia in 1959, is noted for comic works with underlying serious themes.


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Jones, Tommy Lee (1946-...), is an American actor known for his intense portrayals of both heroes and villains.


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Joyce, William (1906-1946), made propaganda radio broadcasts from Germany during World War II (1939-1945), which were designed to undermine the morale of the Allied Powers.


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Junejo, Muhammed (1932-1993), was prime minister of Pakistan from 1985 to 1988.


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Kabila, Laurent (1938-...), became head of state of Congo (Kinshasa) in 1997, after ousting the ruling dictator Mobutu Sese Seko.


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Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike (1853-1926), a Dutch physicist, discovered a phenomenon called superconductivity.


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Kapoor, Raj (1924-1988), was an Indian film actor, director, and producer who worked in India's film industry for about 40 years.


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Kautilya (?-? 300 B.C.), also spelled Kautalya, was a Hindu statesman and political philosopher.


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Kerzner, Sol (1935-...), a South African businessman and entrepreneur, won fame as the founder of Sun International, a multi-million-dollar leisure resort and casino empire based in London, England.


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King Movement was an attempt by the Maori people of New Zealand to unite under a single elected king in order to tackle the issue of land sale and settlement.


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Knight, Gladys (1944-...), is an American singer of rhythm and blues music.


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Koontz, Dean R. (1945-...), is a popular and productive American author of suspense fiction.


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Korbut, Olga (1956-...), a gymnast from what is now Belarus, competed for the former Soviet Union in the 1972 and 1976 Olympic Games.


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Kraepelin, Emil (1856-1926), a German psychiatrist, developed an early system for diagnosing and classifying mental illness.


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Krige, Uys (1910-1987), was a South African dramatist, poet, and short story writer.


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Kureishi, Hanif (1954-...), a British novelist, dramatist, and screenwriter, became famous in the 1980's for works that examine tensions and conflicts in the multiracial and multicultural society of the United Kingdom.


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Kusch, Polykarp (1911-1993), a German-born American physicist, shared the 1955 Nobel Prize for physics with his colleague, the American physicist Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr., for his accurate measurement of the magnetic moment of the electron.


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Laing, R. D. (1927-1989), was a Scottish psychiatrist who became famous for his unorthodox theory of psychiatric disorders.


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Lewis, Jerry (1926-...), is an American comic actor, whose work is especially popular in France.


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Liberace (1919-1987) was an American pianist and entertainer known for his flamboyant costumes and performing style.


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Little Richard (1932-...) was one of the first stars of rock 'n' roll.


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Lodge, David (1935-...), is a British novelist and literary critic.


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Loren, Sophia (1934-...), is an international Italian film star known for her beauty.


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Loveless, George (1797-1874), was the leader of the Tolpuddle martyrs, a group of agricultural labourers in Dorset, England, who attempted to form a trade union and were victimized by the government of the day for doing so.


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Lugosi, Bela (1882-1956), was a Hungarian-born actor famous for his roles in horror films.


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Lynn, Loretta (1935-...), became a popular singer of American country music.


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MacLaine, Shirley (1934-...), is an American film actress.


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Maclean, Donald (1913-1983), was a United Kingdom (UK) diplomat who worked as a spy for the Soviet Union.


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Mancini, Henry (1924-1994), was an American composer and songwriter known for his music for films and television.


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Mangope, Chief Lukus Manyane (1923-...), a South African tribal leader and politician, was the president of the former homeland of Bophuthatswana from 1977 until the election of South Africa's first multiracial government in 1994.


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Breast cancer is an uncontrolled, potentially deadly division of cells in the breast.


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Cancun, is one of Mexico's most popular coastal resorts.


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Capelin is a small, silvery saltwater fish that lives in the cold seas surrounding the North Pole.


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Carbon-monoxide detector, also called a CO detector, is a device designed to monitor levels of carbon monoxide inside homes.


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Christo (1935-...), a Bulgarian-born American artist, creates huge, temporary art projects in collaboration with his wife, Jeanne-Claude.


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Colon cancer is the common name for an uncontrolled division of cells in the large intestine.


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Dawes, William (1745-1799), was an American patriot who helped Paul Revere warn colonists about a British attack at the start of the American Revolution.


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Deming, W. Edwards (1900-1993), was an American management consultant.


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Drug testing is the analysis of body fluids to determine whether a person is using illegal drugs.


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Annan, Kofi Atta (1938-...), a diplomat from Ghana, became the seventh secretary-general of the United Nations (UN) in 1997.


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Antacid is any of a group of drugs that neutralize acid in the digestive system.


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Anthurium is the name of a large genus (group) of flowering plants native to tropical regions in North and South America.


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Arab-Israeli conflict is a struggle between the Jewish state of Israel and the Arabs of the Middle East.


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Composite materials are solid substances that are produced by combining two or more separate ingredients.


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Earth Day is an annual observance, held on April 22, to increase public awareness of environmental problems.


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Elephant shrew is a small mouselike mammal with a long, flexible nose.


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Fabius Maximus, Quintus (275?-203 B.C.), was a Roman military leader.


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Heliosphere is a vast, teardrop-shaped region of space containing electrically charged particles given off by the sun.


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Hormone replacement therapy, or HRT, restores a woman's supply of the sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone after her ovaries stop producing them.


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Human genome project, is an international scientific programme to analyse the complete chemical instructions that control heredity in human beings and certain other organisms.


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Kristallnacht is a name given to the night of Nov. 9-10, 1938, when Nazis attacked Jews and destroyed Jewish businesses and synagogues throughout Germany and Austria.


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Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a common mental illness in which people feel burdened by unwanted thoughts or forced to repeat troublesome actions.


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Office work is the process of recording, storing, and distributing the information needed to operate a business.


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Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy (1929-1994), the wife of United States president John F. Kennedy, was one of the most popular first ladies in U.S. history.


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Osman I (1258?-1326?), was the founder of the Ottoman Empire.


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Oviraptor was a small meat-eating dinosaur that resembled an ostrich.


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Pager, also called a beeper, is a small, wearable device that enables the carrier to receive brief messages while on the move.


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Palaeobotany is the study of ancient plants.


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Palmares was the largest and most famous community established by runaway slaves in Brazil during the 1600's.


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Prostate cancer is an uncontrolled division of cells in the prostate gland, a walnut-sized internal organ of the male reproductive system.


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Global warming is an increase in the average temperature of the earth's surface.


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Hanks, Tom (1956-...), is an internationally popular American film star who became famous for playing likable, charming, and innocent characters.


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T'ai chi ch'uan is a form of Chinese martial art.


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Waters, Muddy (1915-1983), was an influential rhythm and blues singer and guitarist.


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Welfare state is a term sometimes applied to a country in which the government assumes major responsibility for providing for the financial needs of the people.


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Sex discrimination, sometimes called gender discrimination, is the unequal treatment of individuals based on their sex.


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Vaughan, Sarah (1924-1990), was a famous American jazz singer who also achieved great success in popular music.


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Tour de France is a prestigious bicycle road race in which professional cyclists cover a total distance of approximately 4,000 kilometres divided into 21 stages.


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Margulis, Lynn (1938-...), an American biologist, helped advance the study of the origins of cells.


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Marlborough is a province that occupies the northeastern section of the South Island of New Zealand.


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Martin, Dean (1917-1995), was an American singer and film actor known for his casual performing style and his full baritone singing voice.


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Martin, Mary (1913-1990), was a star of American musical comedy theatre, known for her spirited personality and clear singing voice.


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Martinu, Bohuslav (1890-1959), was a Czech composer whose works combined influences from both the Czech and French musical traditions.


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Mathis, Johnny (1935-...), is an American singer known for his mellow voice and expressive delivery of love songs.


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Mattingly, Thomas Kenneth, II (1936-...) was a United States astronaut.


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Mayakovsky, Vladimir (1893-1930), was a Russian poet and propagandist.


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Mayr, Ernst (1904-...), is a German-born American biologist.


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McCarthy, John (1957-...), a British journalist, became a national figure because of his imprisonment as a hostage in Beirut, Lebanon, for five-and-a-half years.


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McCrae, George Gordon (1833-1927), was an Australian poet.


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McKinley, Ida Saxton (1847-1907), was the wife of William McKinley, who served as 25th president of the United States from 1897 to 1901.


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Medalla, David (1942-...), is a Filipino contemporary artist.


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Meinhof, Ulrike (1934-1976), was a German terrorist and co-leader with Andreas Baader of a 1970's anarchist guerrilla organization called the Red Army Faction.


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Merman, Ethel (1908-1984), was a star of musicals on Broadway, New York, and was known for her exuberant personality as well as her powerful singing voice.


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Minnelli, Vincente (1910-1986), was one of the great directors of American cinema.


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Barnburners were members of a group in the United States Democratic Party of the state of New York during the 1840's.


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Monroe, Elizabeth Kortright (1768-1830), was the wife of James Monroe, who served as fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825.


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Moore, Mary Tyler (1936-...), is an American actress who starred in two of the most popular comedy series in American television history, "The Dick Van Dyke Show" (1961-1966) and "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" (1970-1977).


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Morris, Jan (1926-...), a British author of Anglo-Welsh parentage, won distinction as a travel writer.


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Morrison, Jim (1943-1971), was the lead singer and composer for The Doors, one of the best-known rock groups of the 1960's.


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Morton, Rogers Clark Ballard (1914-1979), a United States politician, held three Cabinet-level offices under presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford.


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Mostel, Zero (1915-1977), was an American comic actor who gained popularity both on the stage and in films.


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Murphy, Eddie (1961-...), is a black American comedian and film actor who gained popularity for his breezy, fast-talking style.


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Nevsky, Alexander (? 1220-1263), was a Russian national hero who became a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church.


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Nixon, Pat (1912-1993), was the wife of Richard M. Nixon, who served as 37th president of the United States from 1969 to 1974.


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Nossal, Sir Gustav (1931-...), an Australian immunologist and geneticist, wrote several popular books on immunology (the study of the human body's system of defence against disease) and on medical science in general.


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Ooi, Chean See (1962-...), a Malaysian pianist and conductor, became the first resident conductor of the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra in 1998.


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Paretsky, Sara (1947-...), an American author of detective stories, is the creator of the female private investigator V. I. Warshawski.


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Parker, Alan (1944-...), is a British film director and writer.


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Perkins, Carl (1932-1998), was one of the first stars of rock music.


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Philby, Kim (1912-1988), was a British civil servant and diplomat who, while working for the British intelligence service, was a Soviet spy.


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Pierce, Jane Appleton (1806-1863), was the wife of Franklin Pierce, who served as 14th president of the United States from 1853 to 1857.


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Piquet, Nelson (1952-...), a Brazilian racing-car driver, was world champion in the Formula One class on three occasions--1981, 1983, and 1987.


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Plater, Alan (1935-...), a British dramatist, screenplay writer, and novelist, won fame for his scripts, which reflect his working-class upbringing, his political beliefs, and his love of jazz.


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Plummer, Christopher (1927-...), is an internationally known Canadian film and stage actor.


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Pol Pot (1928-1998), a Cambodian Communist politician and leader of the Khmer Rouge movement, was prime minister of Cambodia from 1976 to 1979.


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Poliakoff, Stephen (1952-...), is a British dramatist and film director.


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Polk, Sarah Childress (1803-1891), was the wife of James Knox Polk, who served as 11th president of the United States from 1845 to 1849.


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Powell, Bud (1924-1966), was an influential modern jazz pianist.


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Premadasa, Ranasinghe (1924-1993), was a Sri Lankan politician who served ten years as prime minister of his country and five as its president.


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Prince, Harold (1926-...), is a creative director and producer in the American musical theatre.


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Puttnam, David (1941-...), is a British film producer who won fame as one of the architects of the revival in British filmmaking in the last quarter of the 1900's.


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Norodom Ranariddh (1944-...), a Cambodian politician, is the son of Cambodia's constitutional monarch, Prince Norodom Sihanouk, and is leader of the royalist political party Funcinpec.


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Ratushinskaya, Irina (1954-...), a Russian poet and writer, produced verse that criticized the authorities of the former Soviet Union.


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Read, Norman (1931-1994), was a New Zealand athlete born in England.


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Reagan, Nancy Davis (1923-...), is the wife of Ronald Reagan, who served as 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989.


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Reeve, Christopher (1952-...), is an American actor who became famous as the comic-book superhero Superman.


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Reich, Wilhelm (1897-1957), was an Austrian psychoanalyst.


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Reinhardt, Django (1910-1953), a jazz guitarist, was the first European-born jazz musician of note.


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Rendell, Ruth (1930-...), an English author, became internationally famous for her detective stories and novels of psychological suspense.


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Rhodes, Zandra (1940-...), is a British fashion designer.


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Riefenstahl, Leni (1902-...), a German film actress, producer, director, and photographer, became best known for the documentary films she made in the 1930's about the Nazi regime in Germany.


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Roberts, Julia (1967-...), an American actress, became an international film star while she was in her early 20's.


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Robinson, Roland (1912-1992), was an Irish-born Australian poet and collector of myths.


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Roeg, Nicholas (1928-...), a British film director, worked on a wide-ranging list of films that included the cult film Performance (1968), starring Mick Jagger; The Man who Fell to Earth (1976), starring David Bowie; and The Witches (1989).


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Rogers, Ginger (1911-1995), was an American actress best known as Fred Astaire's dancing partner in musical comedies of the 1930's.


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Rogers, William Pierce (1913-...), is an American politician who served as secretary of state under President Richard M. Nixon from 1969 to 1973.


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Rollins, Sonny (1930-...), is an American tenor saxophone player, and a creative jazz soloist.


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Rooney, Mickey (1920-...), is an energetic and versatile American film star.


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Roosevelt, Edith Carow (1861-1948), was the wife of Theodore Roosevelt, who served as 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909.


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Rorty, Richard (1931-...), is a leading American philosopher.


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Rossellini, Roberto (1906-1977), was an Italian film director who helped found a movement called neorealism in Italy after World War II (1939-1945).


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Roy, Arundhati (1960-...), an Indian writer, won the United Kingdom 1997 Booker Prize for her first novel The God of Small Things.


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Rush, Geoffrey (1950-...), an Australian actor, won a 1997 Academy Award for best actor for his performance in the film Shine (1966).


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Scheckter, Jody (1950-...), a South African racing driver, became the first South African to win a Grand Prix car race when he took the chequered flag in Sweden in 1974.


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Schlesinger, John (1926-...), a British film director, won international fame with his first American film, Midnight Cowboy (1969), a subdued tale of two young men trying to survive in the urban jungle of New York.


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Schwarzenegger, Arnold (1947-...), is an Austrian-born film star famous for his roles as a muscular hero in action films.


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Scott, Ridley (1937-...), a British film director, made his name with a string of films made in the United States.


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Shange, Ntozake (1948-...), is a black American author and poet known for her imaginative works for the stage.


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Sharman, Helen (1963-...), became famous as the first person from the United Kingdom (UK) to travel into space.


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Shatner, William (1931-...), is a Canadian-born actor best known for his television and film appearances in the science-fiction series "Star Trek."  Shatner played Captain James T. Kirk, commander of the starship Enterprise, encountering many adventu


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Shipley, Jenny (1952-...), became the first woman prime minister of New Zealand on Dec. 9, 1997.


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Shrine of Remembrance, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, was built to commemorate Australians who died in World War I (1914-1918).


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Simpson, Gaylord (1902-1984), was an American palaeontologist who helped advance the study of evolution.


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Singer, Joshua (1893-1944), was a Polish-born American journalist and novelist who wrote in Yiddish.


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Skotnes, Cecil (1926-...), a South African artist, is notable for his skills in painting, engraving, and drawing.


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Smith, Dame Maggie (1934-...), is an English actress known for playing eccentric comic characters.


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Sperry, Roger (1913-1994), was an American neurologist who in 1981 shared the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with D. H. Hubel and T. N. Wiesel.


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Spillane, Mickey (1918-...), is an American author of detective fiction known for its emphasis on violence and sex.


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Spitz, Mark (1950-...), ranks among the greatest competitive swimmers of all time.


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Stauffenberg, Claus von (1907-1944), was a German soldier who tried unsuccessfully to assassinate Adolf Hitler.


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Stone, Oliver (1946-... ), is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer.


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Symington, Stuart (1901-1988), an American Democratic politician, served as a United States senator from 1953 to 1977.


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Taft, Helen Herron (1861-1943), was the wife of William Howard Taft, who served as 27th president of the United States from 1909 to 1913.


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Tan, Amy (1952-...), an American writer, won fame for her novels dealing with the lives and concerns of Asian women in America.


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Tarantino, Quentin (1963-...), is an American film director and screenwriter who gained an international reputation for his violent and highly personal films.


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Taylor, Margaret Smith (1788-1852), was the wife of Zachary Taylor, who served as 12th president of the United States in 1849 and 1850.


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Thesiger, Wilfred (1910-...), a British writer, photographer, and explorer, was the first European to visit many largely unexplored and remote parts of North and East Africa and the Middle East.


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Thubron, Colin (1939-...), a British travel writer and novelist, won critical acclaim for his travel books about Russia, China, and central Asia.


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Tilson Thomas, Michael (1944-...), is an American orchestra conductor, known for his outgoing conducting style and for his ability to build original concert programmes.


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Travolta, John (1954-...), is an American film star known for the versatility of the roles he has played.


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Truman, Bess (1885-1982), was the wife of Harry S. Truman, who served as 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953.


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Tyler, Julia Gardiner (1820-1889), was the second wife of John Tyler, who served as 10th president of the United States from 1841 to 1845.


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Tyler, Letitia Christian (1790-1842), was the first wife of John Tyler, who served as 10th president of the United States from 1841 to 1845.


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Tynan, Kenneth (1927-1980), was a British theatre critic.


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Uys, Pieter-Dirk (1945-...), is a South African columnist, playwright, actor, female impersonator, and satirist of contemporary life in his native country.


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Volans, Kevin (1949-...), a South African-born Irish composer, became famous in the 1980's for his work which combined African and European styles in musical composition.


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Walters, Barbara (1931-...), is an American television journalist.


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Wang Zhen (1909-1996), a Chinese government official, became vice president of the Peopleis Republic of China in 1988.


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Washington, Dinah (1924-1963), was an American singer equally skilled at performing jazz, rhythm and blues, and popular songs.


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Weil, Simone (1909-1943), a French writer, mystic, social philosopher, political activist, and pacifist, became famous after her death through the posthumous publication of a number of books.


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Wenders, Wim (1945-...), a German film director, became best known as one of the leading talents in the German cinema after 1970.


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White, Willard (1946-...), a Jamaican singer and actor, won fame for his many stirring opera performances and for his commanding presence as the central figure in Shakespeare's Othello, in 1989 with the United Kingdom's Royal Shakespeare Company.


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Whitelaw, Billie (1932-...), a British stage and film actress, emerged as one of the United Kingdom's most versatile acting talents in the 1960's.


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Williams, Robin (1951-...), is an American actor and comedian known for his skill at improvising.


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Wilson, Ellen Axson (1860-1914), was the first wife of Woodrow Wilson, who served as 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.


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Winterson, Jeanette (1959-...), a British novelist, won fame for her challenging works.


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Wollstonecraft, Edward (1783-1832), was a pioneer and businessman in New South Wales, Australia.


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Woodcock, George (1904-1979), was general secretary of the United Kingdom's Trades Union Congress (TUC) from 1960 until 1969.


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Woods, Donald (1933-...), a South African journalist, was a longstanding opponent of the South African government's apartheid (racial segregation) policies.


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Woolrich, Cornell (1903-1968), was an American author of suspense fiction.


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Yao Yilin (1917-1994), a Chinese politician, became one of the five vice premiers of the People's Republic of China in 1979.


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Zephaniah, Benjamin (1958-...), a British poet, playwright, recording artist, and broadcaster, became known for his distinctive style of performance poetry.


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Abbott, Robert Sengstacke (1868-1940), was an African American journalist.


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Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwell (1821-1893), served as prime minister of Canada from June 1891 to November 1892.


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Abzug, Bella Savitzky (1920-1998), a Democrat from the state of New York, served in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1977.


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Adamic, Louis (1899-1951), was an American author who wrote about immigrants in the United States.


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African Methodist Episcopal Church (A.M.E.) is one of the largest denominations of the Methodist church in the United States (see METHODISTS).


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Agassi, Andre (1970-...), became one of the dominant American tennis players of the late 1900's.


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Agnew, Spiro Theodore (1918-1996), became the only vice president of the United States to resign his office while under criminal investigation.


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Allen, Ethan (1738-1789), an American patriot and soldier, led the Green Mountain Boys in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775.


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Allen, Richard (1760-1831), an American religious leader, founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (A.M.E.), the first African American denomination in the United States.


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Alliance for Progress, or, in Spanish, Alianza para el Progreso, was a Latin-American programme promoting economic and social development.


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Alternative medicine refers to a wide range of healing practices that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine.


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Ames, Adelbert, Jr. (1880-1955), was an American scientist known for his research in the field of optics and visual perception.


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Amtrak is a semipublic corporation that operates intercity passenger trains in the United States.


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Annapolis Convention was a meeting held in Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A. in 1786 to discuss changes in the Articles of Confederation, which had served as the basic law of the United States since 1781.


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Anti-Masonic Party was an American political organization that was active in New York, U.S.A. during the late 1820's and early 1830's.


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Appomattox Court House was a little country settlement in central Virginia, U.S.A. It was the scene of Robert E. Lee's surrender to Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865, at the end of the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History conducts and promotes research and study of the black person's role in U.S. and world history.


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Atchison, David Rice (1807-1886) was a United States senator from the state of Missouri.


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Atlantic States are states of the United States of America that lie south of New England and which border on the Atlantic Ocean or are closely tied to it economically.


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Augusta (pop. 44,639; met. area pop. 415,184), lies on the eastern boundary of the state of Georgia in the United States, about 200 kilometres from the mouth of the Savannah River.


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Augusta (pop. 21,325), is the capital of the United States state of Maine.


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Baker, Howard Henry, Jr. (1925-...), a Republican politician from the state of Tennessee, U.S.A., served as majority leader of the United States Senate from 1981 to 1985.


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Baker, James Addison, III (1930-...), served as United States secretary of state under President George Bush from 1989 to 1992.


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Baldwin, Robert (1804-1858), served twice as joint prime minister of the Province of Canada.


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Ballard, Robert Duane (1942-...), is an American oceanographer who has advanced underwater exploration.


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Balthus (1908-...) is a French painter known for his eerie and provocative works.


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Barras, Vicomte de (1755-1829), Paul Francois Jean Nicolas de Barras, a French nobleman, changed sides to fight with the revolutionaries in the French Revolution (1789-1799).


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Bartlett, Josiah (1729-1795), was a New Hampshire signatory to the American Declaration of Independence in 1776, and of the Articles of Confederation (the forerunner of the United States Constitution) in 1781.


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Bassett, Richard (1745-1815), a lawyer and statesman from Delaware, was a signatory to the Constitution of the United States of America.


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Bath, Order of the is the third highest and one of the oldest orders of knighthood in the United Kingdom.


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Baum, William Wakefield Cardinal (1926-...), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1976 by Pope Paul VI. In 1980, Pope John Paul II appointed him head of the Vatican Congregation for Catholic Education.


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Beaumont, William (1785-1853), an American doctor, gained recognition for his studies of the process of digestion.


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Becker, Carl Lotus (1873-1945), was an American historian and political thinker.


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Bedford, Gunning, Jr. (1747-1812), an American lawyer and statesman from Delaware, was a signatory to the Constitution of the United States.


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Bennett, Richard Bedford (1870-1947), Viscount Bennett of Mickleham, Calgary, and Hopewell, served as prime minister of Canada from 1930 to 1935.


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Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von (1856-1921), a German jurist and statesman, was the fifth chancellor of the German Empire from 1909 until 1917.


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Biddle, Nicholas (1786-1844), was an American banker.


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Billings, William (1746-1800), was the first professional musician and the first important composer born in the American Colonies.


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Blackfeet Indians is the name of a group of Native American tribes who originally lived on the Great Plains of North America.


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Blaine, James Gillespie (1830-1893), was an important American political leader for many years.


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Blake, Edward (1833-1912), a Canadian statesman and lawyer, became a leader in the legal profession and won recognition as an authority on constitutional law.


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Blount, William (1749-1800), was a North Carolina signatory to the Constitution of the United States.


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Blue laws were the first printed laws of New Haven Colony in Connecticut, U.S.A. They may have been given the name because they were bound in blue or printed on blue paper.


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Bok, Edward William (1863-1930), was an American journalist.


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Bond, Carrie Jacobs (1862-1946), was an American songwriter.


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Bosco, Saint John (1815-1888), an Italian Roman Catholic priest, became famous for his devoted care of homeless boys.


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Bouchard, Lucien (1938-...), a Canadian politician, became the leader of the Parti Quebecois, Quebec's powerful separatist party, and the premier of Quebec in 1996.


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Bourassa, Henri (1868-1952), was a French-Canadian journalist and political leader.


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Bowell, Sir Mackenzie (1823-1917), served as prime minister of Canada from December 1894 to April 1896.


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Bowie, James (1796?-1836), an American frontiersman, became known for his role in the Texas Revolution (1835-1836).


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Bragg, Braxton (1817-1876), was a Confederate general during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Brainerd, David (1718-1747), was an American Presbyterian missionary to Native Americans.


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Braxton, Carter (1736-1797), an American statesman, was a Virginia signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Brearley, David (1745-1790), an American lawyer and judge from New Jersey, was a signatory to the Constitution of the United States.


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Breckinridge, John Cabell (1821-1875), was vice president of the United States and, later, a Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Brooklyn is a borough (district) of New York City.


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Broom, Jacob (1752-1810), an American farmer and businessman from Delaware, was a signatory to the Constitution of the United States.


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Browder, Earl Russell (1891-1973), an American, helped organize the Communist Party in the United States, and served as its general secretary from 1930 to 1944.


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Brown University is a privately endowed coeducational institution located in Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A. Founded in 1764, it is one of the oldest colleges in America.


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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a case decided in 1954 in which the Supreme Court of the United States declared racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional.


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Brown, Benjamin Gratz (1826-1885), was a candidate for vice president of the United States in 1872.


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Brown, Edmund Gerald (1905-1996), an American politician, was governor of California from 1959 to 1967.


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Brown, Edmund Gerald, Jr. (1938-...), an American politician, was governor of California from 1975 to 1983.


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Brown, Harold (1927-...), served as United States secretary of defense from 1977 to 1981 under President Jimmy Carter.


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Brown, Jesse (1944-...), became United States secretary of veterans affairs in 1993, under President Bill Clinton.


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Brzezinski, Zbigniew Kazimierz (1928-...), was a key aide of United States President Jimmy Carter.


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Buck Island Reef National Monument lies under water in a lagoon near the island of St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands.


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Buckner, Simon Bolivar (1823-1914), was a lieutenant general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Bucktails were a powerful group in the Democratic-Republican Party (which later became the Democratic Party) in the state of New York, U.S.A., from about 1816 to 1830.


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Buffalo Soldiers was a name given to two regiments of the United States Army that were made up entirely of African American soldiers.


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Buffett, Warren Edward (1930-...), an American business executive, is chairman of the board of directors of Berkshire Hathaway Inc., a major U.S. holding company.


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Burr, Aaron (1756-1836), was vice president of the United States from 1801 to 1805, under President Thomas Jefferson.


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Butler, William Orlando (1791-1880), was the Democratic candidate for vice president of the United States in 1848.


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Byrne, Jane Margaret (1933-...), was the first woman mayor of Chicago.


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Calhoun, John Caldwell (1782-1850), of South Carolina, U.S.A., was a major political figure before the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Califano, Joseph Anthony, Jr. (1931-...), served as United States secretary of health, education, and welfare (HEW) from 1977 to 1979 under President Jimmy Carter.


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Campeche, is a Mexican state in the Yucatan Peninsula covering an area of 51,833 square kilometres.


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Canada, Armed Forces of, are responsible for defending Canada and its interests throughout the world.


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Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) is the national public broadcasting service in Canada.


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Canadian Education Association is a national association of education authorities in Canada.


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Carmel, California, U.S.A. (pop. 4,239), is a seaside community on the Monterey Peninsula, about 210 kilometres south of San Francisco.


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Carnegie Corporation of New York is an American philanthropic foundation for "the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding."  The American industrialist Andrew Carnegie established the corporation in New York City in 1911 with an endo


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Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching is an American organization whose aims are to promote the cause of education and the dignity of the teaching profession in the U.S.A. It conducts research and presents reports on problems and issues


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Carroll was the family name of three early American leaders, two brothers and their cousin.


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Cartier, Sir George Etienne (1814-1873), was a French-Canadian political leader.


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Casa Grande Ruins National Monument in southern Arizona, U.S.A., includes the ruins of a caliche (concrete) tower that was built by Native Americans who irrigated and farmed the land in the Gila Valley 600 years ago.


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Castro, Raul Hector (1916-...), served as governor of Arizona, U.S.A., from 1975 to 1977.


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Cavazos, Lauro Fred (1927-...), served as United States secretary of education from 1988 to 1990.


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Chaco Culture National Historical Park in northwestern New Mexico, U.S.A., has numerous large, prehistoric ruins of the Anasazi Indians.


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Charest, Jean (1958-...), was elected leader of Canada's Progressive Conservative Party in a party election held in April 1995.


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Charlottetown (pop. 15,396), the capital of Prince Edward Island, is one of Canada's most historic cities.


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Chavez, Cesar Estrada (1927-1993), was a Mexican American trade union organizer.


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Chavez, Dennis (1888-1962), a Democrat, became the second Hispanic American to serve in the United States Senate.


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Chibcha Indians lived on the high plains of what are now the central Colombian Andes in South America.


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Chouteau, Jean Pierre (1758-1849), who was known by his middle name, was an American fur trader and a United States Indian agent.


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Chouteau, Pierre, Jr. (1789-1865), often called Cadet, amassed great wealth from the fur business in America, and became one of the most powerful financiers of his day.


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Chouteau, Rene Auguste (1749-1829), was a French fur trader and merchant who helped found St. Louis, Missouri, in what is now the U.S.A. Chouteau was born in New Orleans.


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Churchill River is in Saskatchewan and Manitoba in western Canada.


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Cinco de Mayo is a holiday celebrated on May 5 by Mexicans and Mexican Americans.


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Cisneros, Henry Gabriel (1947-...), was the first Hispanic American to serve as United States secretary of housing and urban development.


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Clark is the family name of two Americans--father and son--who held important government positions.


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Clark, Abraham (1726-1794), was an American political leader during the American Revolution (1775-1783), and a New Jersey signatory to the Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Clymer, George (1739-1813), an American merchant and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was one of six people who signed both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.


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Cohen, William Sebastian (1940-...), became United States secretary of defence in 1997, under President Bill Clinton.


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Coleman, William Thaddeus, Jr. (1920-...), was United States secretary of transportation from 1975 to 1977.


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Colfax, Schuyler (1823-1885), served as vice president of the United States from 1869 to 1873 during the first term of President Ulysses S. Grant.


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Colorado Springs, Colorado, U.S.A. (pop. 281,140; met. area pop. 397,014), is a tourist and recreation centre located in the Rocky Mountains.


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Colostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an opening between the colon (part of the large intestine) and the surface of the body.


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Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A. (pop. 98,052; met. area pop. 453,331), is the state's capital and largest city.


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Committees of safety sprang up in the American colonies to carry on the necessary functions of government during the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Computerized instruction is the use of a computer system to provide or supplement a student's education.


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Conant, James Bryant (1893-1978), was an American chemist, educator, and government official.


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Confederation of Canada was the union of British colonies that formed the Dominion of Canada in 1867.


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Congressman or congresswoman is a member of the United States Congress.


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Connally, John Bowden (1917-1993), was United States secretary of the treasury in 1971 and 1972.


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Connaught and Strathearn, Duke of (1850-1942), served as governor general of Canada from 1911 to 1916.


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Constitutional Union Party was an American political party formed in 1859 by former members of the Whig and Know-Nothing parties.


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Cooke, Jay (1821-1905), an American financier, was the chief financial agent for the United States during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Cooperstown (pop. 2,180) is a resort village on Otsego Lake, in the east-central part of New York state, U.S.A. William Cooper, a judge, purchased land and surveyed the wilderness site in 1785, and settled there in 1790.


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Copan was one of the southernmost Maya cities during the Classic Period of the Maya civilization, which lasted from about A.D. 250 to 900.


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Corporation for Public Broadcasting is a private, nonprofit-making organization that promotes public television and radio in the United States.


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Coughlin, Charles Edward (1891-1979), was a Canadian-born Roman Catholic priest known for his political activities in the U.S.A. during the 1930's.


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Cox, James Middleton (1870-1957), an American politician and newspaper publisher, was the Democratic candidate for president in 1920.


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Coxey, Jacob Sechler (1854-1951), organized Coxey's Army, a group of unemployed men, during the American economic depression of the 1890's.


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Credit Mobilier of America was a joint-stock company responsible for a major political scandal in the United States.


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Crittenden Compromise was an unsuccessful proposal submitted to the United States Senate in an effort to keep the Southern States from leaving the Union.


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Crow Indians are a tribe of Native Americans who live on the northern Great Plains of the United States.


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Cudahy, Michael (1841-1910), an American meat packer, developed and introduced cold-storage facilities in packing plants.


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Curley, James Michael (1874-1958), a colourful American politician, was best known as mayor of Boston, Massachusetts.


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Curtis, Cyrus Hermann Kotzschmar (1850-1933), an American publisher, founded the Curtis Publishing Company in 1890.


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Custis, George Washington Parke (1781-1857), grandson of Martha Custis Washington, became the adopted son of George Washington, the first president of the United States (1789-1797).


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Daley, Richard Joseph (1902-1976), an American politician, was mayor of Chicago from 1955 until his death in 1976.


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Dallas, George Mifflin (1792-1864), served as vice president of the United States from 1845 to 1849 under President James K. Polk.


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Dartmouth (pop. 67,798) is a large community within the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia, Canada.


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Dartmouth College case, also called Dartmouth College v. Woodward, upheld the U.S. constitutional right which prohibits unreasonable interference with business contracts by state and federal government.


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Davenport (pop. 95,333; met. area pop. 350,861) is one of the largest cities in Iowa, U.S.A. Davenport lies on the west bank of the Mississippi River.


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Davis, Benjamin Oliver, Jr. (1912-...), was a United States Air Force officer.


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Davis, David (1815-1886), an American judge and statesman, helped his close friend Abraham Lincoln obtain the nomination for U.S. president in 1860.


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Davis, John William (1873-1955), a famous American constitutional lawyer, was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the presidency of the United States in 1924.


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Dawes Plan was a programme designed to help Germany pay its World War I (1914-1918) reparations (payments for damages).


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Dawes, Charles Gates (1865-1951), a Republican, served as vice president of the United States from 1925 to 1929 under President Calvin Coolidge.


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Day, Benjamin Henry (1810-1889), founded America's first successful "penny paper," the New York Sun, in 1833.


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Dayton, Jonathan (1760-1824), an American political leader, was the youngest signatory to the Constitution of the United States.


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Dayton, William Lewis (1807-1864), was the Republican candidate for vice president of the United States in 1856.


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De La Warr, Lord (1577-1618), became the first governor of the American colony of Virginia.


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Dean, William Frische (1899-1981), was an American major general who won fame in the early days of the Korean War (1950-1953).


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Deane, Silas (1737-1789), was an early American diplomat.


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Defense, Department of, is an executive department of the United States government.


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Deloria, Vine, Jr. (1933-...), is a leader in the fight for Native American rights in the United States.


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Derrida, Jacques (1930-...), a French philosopher, is considered the founder of the deconstruction movement.


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Des Moines (pop. 193,187; met. area pop. 392,928), is the capital, largest city, and chief manufacturing centre of Iowa, U.S.A. The city lies in south-central Iowa, where the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers meet.


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Devils Postpile National Monument is in the Sierra National Forest in east-central California, U.S.A. The monument contains a spectacular mass of blue-grey basalt columns that resemble a pile of posts.


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Devils Tower National Monument is in northeastern Wyoming, U.S.A. It contains a tower of volcanic rock that rises 264 metres from the hills bordering the Belle Fourche River.


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Dewey, Thomas Edmund (1902-1971), an American lawyer and Republican politician, served as governor of New York state from 1943 to 1954.


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Dickinson, John (1732-1808), represented the American state of Delaware at the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and played an important role in drafting the Constitution of the United States.


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Dinosaur National Monument, in Utah and Colorado, U.S.A., is a scenic region with spectacular canyons cut by the Green and Yampa rivers.


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Dinwiddie, Robert (1693-1770), was lieutenant governor of the American colony of Virginia from 1751 to 1758.


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Dirksen, Everett McKinley (1896-1969), a Republican politician from Illinois, U.S.A., served as minority leader of the United States Senate from 1959 until his death.


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Disabled American Veterans (D.A.V.) is an American organization for men and women who have been disabled in the line of duty whilst fighting for their country in times of war.


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Disciples of Christ is a Protestant Christian denomination in the United States.


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Divine, Father (1880?-1965), was a black American religious leader and the founder of the Peace Mission Movement.


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Dix, Dorothea Lynde (1802-1887), led the drive to build and improve hospitals for the mentally ill in the United States.


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Dodd, William Edward (1869-1940), a noted American historian, served as United States ambassador to Germany from 1933 to 1937.


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Dole, Elizabeth Hanford (1936-...), has had a long career in public service in the United States.


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Dollar diplomacy seeks to extend a nation's business interests in other countries through superior economic power instead of war.


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Donner Pass cuts through the Sierra Nevada, a mountain range in eastern California, U.S.A. The pass was the scene of a great tragedy in the severe winter of 1846-1847.


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Dorion, Marie (1790?-1850), a Native American, became known for her bravery as a member of the Astor Overland Expedition.


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Dorr Rebellion was an uprising against the state government of Rhode Island, U.S.A., in 1842.


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Douglas, Stephen Arnold (1813-1861), was a popular and skilful American orator and political leader just before the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Douglas, William Orville (1898-1980), served on the Supreme Court of the United States longer than any other judge.


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Dow, Herbert Henry (1866-1930), was an early pioneer of the chemical industry in the United States.


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Du Bois, William Pene, (1916-1993), was an American writer and illustrator of books for children.


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Du Sable, Jean Baptiste Point (1745-1818), a black American pioneer, was the first known settler to build a house and open a trading post in the area which became Chicago in the United States.


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Dubuque, Iowa, U.S.A. (pop. 57,546; met. area pop. 86,403), is a port city on the west bank of the Mississippi River, opposite the Illinois-Wisconsin border.


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Due process of law is a basic principle in the American legal system that requires fairness in the government's dealing with people.


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Duff, Sir Lyman Poore (1865-1955), served on the Supreme Court of Canada from 1906 to 1944.


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Duke Endowment is an American trust fund established in 1924 by James B. Duke, a businessman.


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Duke, James Buchanan (1856-1925), an American businessman and philanthropist, organized the American Tobacco Company (now American Brands, Inc.) in 1890.


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Duniway, Abigail Jane Scott (1834-1915), was an American leader of the campaign for women's voting rights in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S.A. Her efforts helped achieve suffrage (voting rights) for women in Idaho in 1896, Washington in 1910, and O


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Durant, William Crapo (1861-1947), was an American car manufacturer and the founder of General Motors.


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Dyer, Mary (?-1660), an American colonist from England, became a martyr (one who dies for religious beliefs) for the Quaker faith.


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Eagleton, Thomas Francis (1929-...), became the only man ever nominated by a national convention for vice president of the United States to resign his candidacy.


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Earle, Sylvia Alice (1935-...), is an American oceanographer and environmentalist.


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Early, Jubal Anderson (1816-1894), was a Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Eaton, Theophilus (1590-1658), was a Puritan who helped to found New Haven colony, now in the U.S. state of Connecticut.


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Eaton, Timothy (1834-1907), was a noted Canadian merchant.


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Edwards, Jonathan (1703-1758), was a famous minister of Puritan New England, now in the U.S.A. As a philosopher, preacher, revivalist, and theologian, he became the leading intellectual figure in colonial America.


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Effigy Mounds National Monument is located in northeastern Iowa in the U.S.A. It contains prehistoric Native American burial mounds.


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Electoral Commission was a group created by the U.S. Congress in 1877 to decide who had won the presidential election of 1876.


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Eliot, Charles William (1834-1926), an American educator, served as president of Harvard University for the 40 years from 1869 to 1909.


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Eliot, John (1604-1690), was an American missionary to the Native Americans of the colony of Massachusetts, now in the U.S.A. He translated the Bible into a Native American dialect.


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Ellery, William (1727-1820), was one of the Rhode Island signatories to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Ellsworth, Oliver (1745-1807), was chief justice of the United States from 1796 to 1800.


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Engraving and Printing, Bureau of, designs, engraves, and prints the paper money and postage stamps issued by the United States government.


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Environmental Defense Fund is a private organization in the United States that works to protect the environment.


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Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution.


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Escobedo v. Illinois, was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the rights of U.S. citizens accused of crimes.


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Black History Month is an annual observance each February, of the past achievements and current status of African Americans in the United States of America.


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Evarts, William Maxwell (1818-1901), an American lawyer, gained recognition for successfully handling important legal trials.


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Everett, Edward (1794-1865), an American statesman, was considered one of the greatest orators of his day.


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Ewell, Richard Stoddert (1817-1872), was a Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Ex parte Milligan was a legal case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that civilians cannot be tried by military courts if civil courts are available.


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Export-Import Bank of the United States, also called Eximbank, is an independent agency of the United States government.


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Fairbanks, Charles Warren (1852-1918), served as vice president of the United States from 1905 to 1909 under President Theodore Roosevelt.


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Fairburn, William Armstrong (1876-1947), an American businessman and inventor, found methods to remove the poisonous effect of phosphorus used in match heads and the hazard of afterglow in the wood of matches.


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Fairy Falls is a waterfall in Mount Rainier National Park in western Washington, U.S.A. It stands 1,676 metres above sea level at the head of Stevens Canyon.


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Fall, Albert Bacon (1861-1944), served as United States secretary of the interior from 1921 to 1923 under President Warren G. Harding.


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Fargo (pop. 74,111), is the largest city in North Dakota, U.S.A. It lies in the valley of the Red River of the North, one of the great farming regions of the United States (see NORTH DAKOTA).


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Farley, James Aloysius (1888-1976), an American politician and businessman, served as postmaster general of the United States from 1933 to 1940.


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Fatima, Our Lady of, refers to the Virgin Mary, who reportedly appeared near Fatima, Portugal, in 1917.


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Federalist Party was one of the first political organizations in the United States.


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Federalist, The is a series of 85 letters that urged ratification of the United States Constitution.


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Feinstein, Dianne (1933-...), is one of the most prominent women in U.S. politics.


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Ferraro, Geraldine Anne (1935-...), became the Democratic nominee for vice president of the United States in 1984.


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Ferre, Maurice (1935-...), became the first Hispanic mayor of a large United States city when he took office as mayor of Miami, Florida, in 1973.


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Fessenden, William Pitt (1806-1869), was a United States senator from Maine from 1854 to 1864, and from 1865 to 1869.


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Few, William (1748-1828), an American lawyer, judge, and banker, was a Georgia signatory to the Constitution of the United States.


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Field, Cyrus West (1819-1892), was an American financier who promoted the first submarine telegraph cable across the Atlantic.


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Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that an American citizen shall not be discriminated against in exercising the right to vote.


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Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that people cannot be forced to testify against themselves in a criminal case.


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Fish, Hamilton (1808-1893), was an American statesman.


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Fisk, James (1834-1872), was an American financier who was involved in several business scandals in the United States during the late 1800's.


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Fitzpatrick, Thomas (1799?-1854), was a trapper and guide in the American West.


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Fitzsimmons, Frank Edward (1908-1981), was an American trade union leader.


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Flagler, Henry Morrison (1830-1913), was an American businessman.


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Flagstaff (pop. 45,857), is a university and industrial town in the United States.


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Flahiff, George Bernard Cardinal (1905-1989), a Canadian religious leader, was the Roman Catholic archbishop of Winnipeg, Manitoba, from 1961 to 1982.


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Fletcher v. Peck, a United States Supreme Court case heard in 1810, marked the first time the U.S. Supreme Court declared a state law unconstitutional.


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Flin Flon (pop. 7,449), is a town on the border of Manitoba and Saskatchewan in Canada.


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Flint (pop. 140,761; met. area pop. 430,459) is a city in Michigan, U.S.A. In terms of population, it is Michigan's fourth largest city, after Detroit, Grand Rapids, and Warren.


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Floyd, William (1734-1821), an American statesman, was a New York signatory to the Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley (1890-1964), was an American labour leader.


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Fong, Hiram Leong (1906-...), an American politician, was the first Asian American to serve in the United States Senate.


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Force bill, in United States history, was any of several measures passed or considered by the U.S. Congress that authorized the use of military power to enforce federal (national) law.


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Ford Foundation, an organization based in the United States, is one of the world's largest foundations.


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Forrest, Nathan Bedford (1821-1877), was a Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861-1865). (The Confederate states were the Southern states that were in favour of slavery.) He was a brilliant cavalry leader.


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Fort Lauderdale (pop. 149,377; met. area pop. 1,255,488) is a major resort city and a leading holiday and retirement centre in Florida in the United States.


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Foss, Joseph Jacob (1915-...), was a leading United States fighter pilot in the South Pacific during World War II (1939-1945).


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Foster, Sir George Eulas (1847-1931), was a Canadian statesman.


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Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbids any state to deny any citizen the rights granted by federal law.


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Fox, Terry (1958-1981), was a Canadian athlete.


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Franklin Institute is a science education institution in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. It is known mainly for its Science Museum.


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Fraser River is a waterway in British Columbia, Canada.


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Fraser, Douglas Andrew (1916-...), was an American labour leader.


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Frazier, Edward Franklin (1894-1962), an American sociologist, was a leading authority on the life of African Americans in the United States.


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Free Soil Party was an American political group organized in Buffalo, in the state of New York, in 1848.


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Freedom Day, National, falls on February 1 in the U.S.A. It commemorates the day a resolution was signed proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to outlaw slavery.


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Freer Gallery of Art, in Washington, D.C., is an American museum famous for its collections of Asian art.


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Frick, Henry Clay (1849-1919), was an American industrialist.


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Friedman, Milton (1912-...), is an American economist whose controversial theories sparked widespread debate in the 1960's and 1970's.


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Frye, Northrop (1912-1991), was a Canadian literary and social critic.


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Funston, Frederick (1865-1917), an American soldier, played an important part in the overseas expansion of the United States in the 1890's and early 1900's.


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Fur trade was one of the earliest and most important industries in North America.


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Gadsden was the family name of two famous Americans from South Carolina, grandfather and grandson.


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Gadsden Purchase.  The treaty that ended the Mexican War (1846-1848) left some doubt about the western part of the boundary between Mexico and the United States.


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Galarza, Ernesto (1905-1984), was a Mexican-American historian and civil rights leader.


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Gall (1840-1894), was a leader of the Hunkpapa band of the Teton Sioux Indians.


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Gallaudet is the name of three American educators, father and two sons, who pioneered in the education of deaf people in the United States.


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Galloway, Joseph (1731-1803), was a prominent American lawyer and politician who opposed the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Garner, John Nance (1868-1967), served as vice president of the United States from 1933 to 1941, during the first two terms of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.


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Garrett, Pat (1850-1908), an American frontier rancher and sheriff in the West, is best known for killing the outlaw Billy the Kid (see BILLY THE KID).


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Garrison Dam, about 124 kilometres north of Bismarck, North Dakota, U.S.A, is part of the United States government's Missouri River Basin development programme.


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Gates, Doris (1901-1987), was an American writer for children.


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Genet, Edmond Charles Edouard (1763-1834), created the first international crisis for the United States.


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George, Henry (1839-1897), an American social reformer, originated the concept of the single tax.


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George, James Zachariah (1826-1897), was an American soldier, jurist, and politician.


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Gerry, Elbridge (1744-1814), served as vice president of the United States under President James Madison from 1813 until his death.


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Getty Trust, J. Paul is a private foundation in the U.S.A. that promotes education, conservation, and scholarship in the visual arts and related humanities.


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Gideon v. Wainwright was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the rights of accused people.


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Gila River rises in the Mogollon Mountains of New Mexico, U.S.A., and flows west across the state of Arizona to empty into the Colorado River.


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Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (1860-1935), was a leading writer on women's rights in the United States.


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Gilman, Nicholas (1755-1814), was a New Hampshire signatory to the Constitution of the United States.


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Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (1933-...), became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1993.


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Girty, Simon (1741-1818), was an American pioneer who fought with Native Americans against white settlers.


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Glick, George Washington (1827-1911), an American politician, was the first Democrat to be elected governor of Kansas, U.S.A. Born in Ohio, he studied law in the office of Rutherford B. Hayes and practised in Ohio from 1850 to 1858, when he moved to


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Goddard, Mary Katherine (1736-1816), helped publish and print three newspapers in the American Colonies--The Providence Gazette, The Pennsylvania Chronicle, and The Maryland Journal.


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Goddard, William (1740-1817), was an American publisher, editor, and printer.


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Godkin, Edward Lawrence (1831-1902), founded the American newspaper The Nation, and edited it from 1865 to 1901.


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Goldfield, Nevada, U.S.A., was the scene of one of the greatest gold rushes in the history of the United States.


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Good Templars, International Organization of, is an organization founded in Utica, New York, U.S.A., in 1851, to promote temperance, peace, and brotherhood.


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Gorham, Nathaniel (1738-1796), was a Massachusetts signatory to the Constitution of the United States.


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Gould, Jay (1836-1892), was an American financier who became the leading railway owner of the late 1800's.


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Gramm, Phil (1942-...), a Texas Republican, is one of the most prominent members of the United States Senate.


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Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.) was a society of war veterans who fought for the North in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Grandfather Clause, in modern United States law, refers to any legal provision that excuses an individual or company from a requirement or prohibition because the person or company has enjoyed a certain privilege or right at some time in the past.


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Grant, George Monro (1835-1902), was a Canadian educator, church minister, and writer.


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Grasso, Ella Tambussi (1919-1981), served as governor of the American state of Connecticut from 1975 to 1980.


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Great society is the name given to the domestic programme of United States President Lyndon B. Johnson, who served from 1963 to 1969.


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Green Mountain Boys were soldiers from what is now the U.S. state of Vermont who fought against the United Kingdom in the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Green Mountains form part of the Appalachian system.


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Green, Hetty (1834-1916), an American heiress, was regarded at the time of her death as the richest woman in the world.


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Greenback Party was an American political party that was active between 1876 and 1884.


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Greene, Nathaniel (1742-1786), an American general, is noted for his campaigns against the British in North and South Carolina between 1780 and 1782, during the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Greenspan, Alan (1926-...), an American economist, became chairman of the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve System (FRS) in 1987.


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Greenway, John Campbell (1872-1926), an American mining engineer and soldier, led in the development of mining and transportation in the state of Arizona.


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Gregoire, Paul Cardinal (1911-1993), a Canadian priest, was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Gray Panthers is an American organization that fights against age discrimination.


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Grisham, John (1955-...), is a popular American author known for his suspense novels.


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Grosvenor, Gilbert Hovey (1875-1966), an American, edited National Geographic Magazine for more than 50 years.


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Gruening, Ernest (1887-1974), an American politician, was a leader in Alaska's quest to become a state of the U.S.A. Gruening served as territorial governor of Alaska from 1939 to 1953.


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Gulf Intracoastal Waterway is an American water route along the Gulf of Mexico from Carrabelle, Florida to Brownsville, Texas.


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Gulick, Luther Halsey (1865-1918), an American physical education teacher, encouraged James Naismith to originate the game of basketball.


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Gwinnett, Button (1735?-1777), a Georgia signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776), served in the Georgia Assembly in 1769, and in the Continental Congress in 1776 and 1777.


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Hadrosaur is the name of a diverse group of dinosaurs with wide snouts resembling duck bills.


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Haig, Alexander Meigs, Jr. (1924-...), became U.S. secretary of state under President Ronald Reagan in 1981, and resigned the position in 1982.


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Hale, John Parker (1806-1873), an American politician from the state of New Hampshire, U.S.A., was a leading opponent of slavery before the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Hale, Sarah Josepha (1788-1879), became one of the most famous magazine editors in the United States during the 1800's.


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Hall, Lyman (1724-1790), an American statesman during the American Revolution (1775-1783), urged independence from the United Kingdom and influenced the colony of Georgia's decision to join the other colonies in revolt.


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Hamer, Fannie Lou (1917-1977), was a leading black American civil rights activist.


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Hamilton, Alice (1869-1970), was an American doctor who was a pioneer in the field of industrial medicine.


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Hamlin, Hannibal (1809-1891), was vice president of the United States from 1861 to 1865, during President Abraham Lincoln's first term.


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Hampton Roads is a natural channel and harbour formed at the place where the Nansemond, James, and Elizabeth rivers meet in the state of Virginia, U.S.A. These rivers flow through Hampton Roads into the Atlantic Ocean at Chesapeake Bay.


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Hampton Roads Conference was an attempt to end the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Hampton, Wade (1818-1902), was a Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Hancock, John (1737-1793), was an American revolutionary leader who became the first person to sign the American Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Hancock, Winfield Scott (1824-1886), was a general of the Union Army in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Hannibal, Missouri, U.S.A. (pop. 18,004), is the childhood home of the writer Mark Twain (1835-1910).


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Hanson, John (1721-1783), was a statesman from Maryland at the time of the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Harlan, James (1820-1899), was a United States senator from the state of Iowa from 1855 to 1865.


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Harnett, William Michael (1848-1892), is regarded as one of the leading American still-life painters of the late 1800's.


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Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, U.S.A. (pop. 308), is a village situated on the Potomac River, 89 kilometres northwest of Washington, D.C.


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Harris, Robert (1849-1919), was one of the most popular and respected Canadian painters of the late 1800's and early 1900's.


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Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. (pop. 52,376; met. area pop. 587,986) has been the capital of Pennsylvania since 1812.


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Hart, Gary Warren (1936-...), a Democrat from the state of Colorado, served as a United States senator from 1975 to 1987.


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Hart, John (1711?-1779), was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Hartford Convention was a secret meeting of delegates from New England during the War of 1812 to discuss their opposition to the war and to other United States government policies (see WAR OF 1812).


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Hartford, George Huntington (1833-1917), an American merchant, helped to develop the retail shop-chain industry.


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Harvard, John (1607-1638), was an English-born American colonist, minister, and philanthropist.


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Hatcher, Richard Gordon (1933-...), became one of the first African Americans to win election as mayor of a major United States city.


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Hay, John Milton (1838-1905), was an American diplomat and statesman.


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Hayakawa, S. I. (1906-1992), an American educator, became an internationally known expert on semantics (the study of the meaning of words).


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Heat index, or HI, is a measure of how hot the air feels.


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Helena (pop. 24,569), is the capital of the state of Montana, U.S.A. It serves as the trading and supply centre for a mining and agricultural region.


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Hell gate is a channel in New York City's East River.


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Helms, Jesse Alexander (1921-...), has been a United States senator from the state of North Carolina since 1973.


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Henday, Anthony (^? ^-^? ^), an English fur trader and explorer in Canada, was the first white man to visit the Blackfoot Indians and to report on their customs and habits.


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Henry, Alexander (1739-1824), an American, won fame as a fur trader in Canada after the United Kingdom gained control of the area from France in the 1760's.


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Herndon, William Henry (1818-1891), an American lawyer, is known chiefly for his collection of letters to and from Lincoln's contemporaries.


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Hesburgh, Theodore Martin (1917-...), an American Roman Catholic priest, served as president of the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, from 1952 until he retired in 1987.


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Hewes, Joseph (1730-1779), was a North Carolina signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Heyward, Thomas, Jr. (1746-1809), an American patriot, statesman, soldier, and judge, was a South Carolina signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Hibbing, Minnesota, U.S.A. (pop. 18,046) is often called the Iron Ore Capital of the World.


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High Desert is located in central Oregon, U.S.A., between the Blue Mountains and the Basin and Range Region.


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Hill, James Jerome (1838-1916), was a famous Canadian-born businessman.


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Hillman, Sidney (1887-1946), an American trade union leader, was the guiding spirit of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America.


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Hilo (pop. 37,808), is the largest city and chief port on the island state of Hawaii, U.S.A. It lies on Hilo Bay, on the east side of the island.


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Hincks, Sir Francis (1807-1885), was joint premier of the Province of Canada from 1851 to 1854.


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Hnatyshyn, Ramon John (1934-...), was governor general of Canada from 1990 to 1995.


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Hobart, Garret Augustus (1844-1899), an American politician, served as vice president of the United States under President William McKinley from 1897 to 1899.


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Hobby, Oveta Culp (1905-1995), became the first United States secretary of health, education, and welfare.


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Hoffa, James Riddle (1913-1975?), an American labour leader, was international president of the Teamsters Union from 1958 to 1971.


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Hogan is a type of house of the Navajo Indians of the American Southwest.


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Hohokam Pima National Monument is in south-central Arizona, U.S.A. It includes the remains of Hohokam Indian artwork, homes, irrigation canals, and tools dating from about 300 B.C. to A.D. 1200.


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Homestead strike of 1892 demonstrated the power of big business in America, and was a major defeat for the trades union movement in the United States.


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Hooker, Joseph (1814-1879), was a Union (Northern) general during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Hooker, Thomas (1586-1647), was an English Congregational preacher and a founder of the American colony of Connecticut, now a state of the U.S.A. Hooker exerted a strong influence in the drafting of the Fundamental Orders, a document under which Conn


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Hooks, Benjamin Lawson (1925-...), served as executive director of the American National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1977 to 1993.


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Hooper, William (1742-1790), was a North Carolina signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Hoover Commission was the popular name of two commissions that recommended ways to improve the administration of the United States government.


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Hopkins, Harry Lloyd (1890-1946), was U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential adviser.


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Hopkins, Stephen (1707-1785), an American statesman, was a Rhode Island signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Hopkinson, Francis (1737-1791), a New Jersey signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776), was an American statesman, artist, writer, lawyer, and judge.


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Hotchkiss Gun is a type of automatic machine gun.


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Housatonic River is an important waterway in the New England region of the United States.


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House, Edward Mandell (1858-1938), an American statesman, made secret missions to Europe during World War I (1914-1918) as the representative of United States President Woodrow Wilson.


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Howe, Joseph (1804-1873), was a political leader and newspaper editor in the Canadian colony of Nova Scotia.


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Howe, Samuel Gridley (1801-1876), was an American social and political reformer.


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Hudson River tunnels provide links between Manhattan Island and the state of New Jersey, U.S.A. Manhattan Island, the heart of New York City, is separated from New Jersey on the west by the broad Hudson River.


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Hufstedler, Shirley Mount (1925-...), served from 1979 to 1981 as the first United States secretary of education.


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Hughes, Charles Evans (1862-1948), served as chief justice of the United States from 1930 to 1941.


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Hull, William (1753-1825), was an American army officer who served in the American Revolution (1775-1783) and the War of 1812.


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Humphrey, Hubert Horatio (1911-1978), served as vice president of the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson.


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Hunt, H. L. (1889-1974), an American oil producer, became one of the richest people in the world.


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Hunt, Richard Morris (1827-1895), was an American architect.


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Huntington, Samuel (1731-1796), was a Connecticut signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.A.(pop. 159,789; met. area pop. 293,047), is often called Rocket City, U.S.A. The Redstone Arsenal, the rocket and guided-missile centre of the United States Army, lies just southwest of Huntsville.


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Iacocca, Lee (1924-...), is an American motor industry executive.


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Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, near Idaho Falls, Idaho, U.S.A., is the leading centre in the United States for testing the safety of nuclear reactors.


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Illinois River is the largest and most important water route in the state of Illinois, U.S.A. The river is part of the waterway system that links the Great Lakes with the Gulf of Mexico.


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Imperial Valley is a rich irrigated region in the desert of south-central California, U.S.A., just north of the Mexican border.


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Incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine or faeces (solid waste matter) from the body.


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Indian Affairs, Bureau of (B.I.A.), is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior that works mainly to promote the welfare of Native Americans (also known as American Indians).


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Indian Claims Commission was an independent commission of the United States government.


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Ingersoll, Jared (1749-1822), was a Pennsylvania signatory to the Constitution of the United States in 1787.


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Inside Passage is a water transportation route from Seattle in the state of Washington, U.S.A., to the Alaskan towns of Haines and Skagway.


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International peace garden is a park on the Canadian-United States border between Boissevain, in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and Dunseith, in the U.S. state of North Dakota.


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Inuvik (pop. 3,206), is an administrative and commercial centre in the northwestern part of Canada's Northwest Territories.


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Iron and Steel Institute, American, is an association of producers of iron and steel in North and South America.


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Isle Royale National Park in the northwest part of Lake Superior, U.S.A., includes the large island after which the park was named and more than 200 smaller islands.


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Izaak Walton League of America is one of the oldest conservation organizations in the United States.


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James Bay is the southern arm of Hudson Bay in northeast Canada.


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James River is the largest waterway lying wholly within the state of Virginia, U.S.A. Jamestown, the first permanent English colony in America, was settled on the banks of this river in 1607.


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James, Daniel, Jr. (1920-1978), was the first black general in United States history.


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Jameson, Sir Leander Starr (1853-1917), was a Scottish doctor born in Edinburgh, who went to South Africa in 1878 and became an administrator in the British South Africa Company.


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Jay Treaty, signed in 1794, resolved disputes that arose between the United States and the United Kingdom after the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Jay, John (1745-1829), was a distinguished American statesman during the early days of the United States.


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Jefferson Memorial, in Washington, D.C., is a shrine to Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States and author of the Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Jenifer, Daniel of St. Thomas (1723-1790), was a Maryland signatory to the Constitution of the United States.


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John Birch Society is a conservative, anti-Communist organization in the United States.


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John Day Fossil Beds National Monument includes three areas in north-central Oregon, U.S.A., that contain fossils of animals and plants that lived from about 55 million to about 10 million years ago.


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Johnson, Charles Spurgeon (1893-1956), was an American sociologist and educator who studied and wrote about the life of blacks in the United States.


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Johnson, John Harold (1918-...), is one of the leading publishers in the United States.


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Johnson, Sir William (1715-1774), was a British merchant, soldier, Indian agent, and landowner in colonial New York.


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Johnson, William Samuel (1727-1819), a lawyer, political leader, and scholar from Connecticut, U.S.A., was a signatory to the Constitution of the United States in 1787.


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Johnston, Albert Sidney (1803-1862), was a Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Johnston, Joseph Eggleston (1807-1891), was a Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Jones, Absalom (1746-1818), was a leader of the struggle to give black Americans control over their religious worship.


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Jones, Mary Harris (1830-1930), was a well-known figure in the United States labour movement in the late 1800's and early 1900's.


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Jordan, Barbara Charline (1936-1996), became the first African American woman from a Southern state to serve in the United States Congress.


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Jordan, Vernon Eulion, Jr. (1935-...), is an American civil rights leader and lawyer.


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Joshua Tree National Park is in southern California, U.S.A., near the town of Twentynine Palms.


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Jouett, Jack (1754-1822), was a supporter of the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Juana Ines de la Cruz (1648-1695), was the greatest poet of the baroque movement in colonial Latin American literature (see LATIN AMERICAN LITERATURE [Colonial literature]).


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Kahlo, Frida (1907-1954), was an important Mexican painter known for her harsh, revealing self-portraits.


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Kalb, Johann (1721-1780), was a German-born military officer who served in the American army during the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Kanawha River is one of the chief waterways of West Virginia, U.S.A. It flows northwest to the Ohio River from the junction of the Gauley and New rivers.


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Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by the United States Congress in 1854.


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Karrer, Paul (1889-1971), a Swiss chemist, shared the 1937 Nobel Prize for chemistry with British chemist Sir Walter Haworth.


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Katmai National Park is in southwestern Alaska, U.S.A. The park has 10 active and 5 inactive volcanoes.


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Kearny, Philip (1814-1862), was a general in the American Civil War (1861-1865) who fought on the side of the Union, the northern states that supported the abolition of slavery.


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Kearny, Stephen Watts (1794-1848), a United States general, commanded the western armies of the United States in the Mexican War (1846-1848).


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Keck Observatory is an astronomical observatory on Mauna Kea, a mountain on the U.S. island state of Hawaii.


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Kelley, Florence (1859-1932), was an American social reformer.


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Kennebec River flows for about 266 kilometres through southern Maine, U.S.A. It rises in Moosehead Lake in west-central Maine, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Bath.


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Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is a national cultural centre in Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Its full name is the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.


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Kent, James (1763-1847), was an American legal authority.


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Kentucky coffeetree is a broadleaf tree of eastern North America.


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Ketchikan (pop. 8,263) is a city in Alaska, U.S.A. It is often called Alaska's First City or Gateway, because it is the first city most tourists reach when they travel north by sea to Alaska.


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King Peak is one of the 10 highest mountains in North America.


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King, Rufus (1755-1827), was an American statesman and a signatory to the Constitution of the United States.


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King, William Lyon Mackenzie (1874-1950), served as prime minister of Canada three times between 1921 and 1948.


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King, William Rufus Devane (1786-1853), was elected vice president of the United States in 1852 to serve under President Franklin Pierce.


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King, Ernest Joseph (1878-1956), was a United States naval officer.


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Kings Canyon National Park is a scenic wilderness in east-central California, U.S.A. It has some of the highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada mountains, and some of the oldest and largest giant sequoia trees in the United States.


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Kingsley, Mary Henrietta (1862-1900), was a British explorer, traveller, and pioneering social anthropologist.


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Kirkpatrick, Jeane Jordan (1926-...), served as United States ambassador to the United Nations (UN) from 1981 to 1985.


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Knights of Labor was one of the most important early labour organizations in the United States.


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Know-Nothings were members of certain secret societies that flourished in the United States from 1852 to 1860.


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Knox, Frank (1874-1944), was a prominent United States politician and publisher.


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Knox, Henry (1750-1806), was a general in the American Revolution (1775-1783) and the nation's first secretary of war.


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Korean War Veterans Memorial, in the United States, is a monument that honours Americans who served in the Korean War (1950-1953).


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Kreps, Juanita Morris (1921-...), an American labour economist, served as secretary of commerce from 1977 to 1979 under President Jimmy Carter.


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Kreuger, Ivar (1880-1932), was a Swedish entrepreneur.


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La Guaira (pop. 26,154), is Venezuela's main port.


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LaFontaine, Sir Louis Hippolyte (1807-1864), was a French-Canadian political leader.


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Laird, Melvin Robert (1922-...), served as U.S. secretary of defence under President Richard M. Nixon from January 1969 to January 1973.


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Lamar, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus (1825-1893), an American politician who represented Mississippi, worked for good relations between the North and the South after the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Lame Duck Amendment is a popular name for Amendment 20 to the United States Constitution, which was passed in 1933.


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Landes, Bertha Knight (1868-1943), was the first woman mayor of a major United States city.


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Langdon, John (1741-1819), was a signatory to the Constitution of the United States in 1787.


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Lansing, Robert (1864-1928), served as United States secretary of state under President Woodrow Wilson from 1915 to 1920.


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Larrazolo, Octaviano Ambrosio (1859-1930), was the first Hispanic American to serve in the United States Senate.


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Larson, Gary (1950-...), an American cartoonist, became famous for his cartoon series called "The Far Side."  The cartoons gained fame for their bizarre humour.


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Laud, William (1573-1645), was the dominant figure in the Church of England during the disputes that led to the English Civil War (1642-1649).


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Laurier, Sir Wilfrid (1841-1919), was the first French Canadian to become prime minister of Canada.


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Lava Beds National Monument is in northern California, U.S.A. It includes exhibits of volcanic action, lava flows, and caves.


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Law Day U.S.A. is celebrated throughout the United States on May 1 to emphasize the importance of law in American life.


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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, in Berkeley, California, U.S.A., is one of the world's leading centres of research in basic energy and life sciences.


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Lawrence, James (1781-1813), a United States naval officer, commanded the frigate Chesapeake in an attack on the British ship Shannon during the War of 1812.


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Lead, South Dakota, U.S.A. (pop. 3,632), is the site of Homestake mine, one of the largest gold mines in the United States.


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League of United Latin American Citizens is an organization of Spanish-speaking peoples in the United States.


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Lease, Mary Elizabeth (1850-1933), was an American orator and reformer.


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Lee, Francis Lightfoot (1734-1797), was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Lee, Jason (1803-1845), a Canadian-born Methodist missionary, is remembered as the first missionary to bring Christianity to the Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest of the United States.


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Lee, Richard Henry (1732-1794), was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Leon (pop. 83,693) is the chief intellectual centre and an important farm produce market in Nicaragua.


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Levesque, Rene (1922-1987), served as premier of the Canadian province of Quebec from 1976 to 1985.


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Levinson, Barry (1942-...), is an American film director and screenwriter.


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Levitt, William Jaird (1907-1994), was the first major builder of mass-produced housing in the United States.


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Lewis, Francis (1713-1802), was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Lewiston (pop. 39,757), is the second largest city of Maine, U.S.A. Only Portland has more people.


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Liberal Party is a major political party in Canada.


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Liberal Republican Party was a short-lived political party formed in the United States in 1872 to oppose the reelection of President Ulysses S. Grant, a Republican.


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Libertarian Party is an American political party that stands for increasing individual liberties by limiting government activities.


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Liberty League, also called the American Liberty League, was an organization in the United States that tried to rally public opinion against President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal.


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Liberty Party was the first political party in the United States to give most of its attention to the slavery question.


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Lilienthal, David Eli (1899-1981), was the first chairperson of the United States Atomic Energy Commission.


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Lincoln (pop. 191,972; met. area pop. 213,641) is the capital of Nebraska, U.S.A. It is the state's second largest city, the largest being Omaha.


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Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, in New York City, is the home for some of the most important cultural activities in the United States.


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Lincoln Memorial is a beautiful monument in Washington, D.C., built in honour of President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865).


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Lincoln, Mary Todd (1818-1882), the wife of President Abraham Lincoln, was the daughter of Robert S. Todd, a banker of Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A., and his wife, Eliza Parker Todd.


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Lincoln, Robert Todd (1843-1926), was an American statesman and lawyer.


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Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument is in southeastern Montana, U.S.A. It includes part of the site of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, which took place on June 25, 1876.


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Little Rock (pop. 175,795; met. area pop. 513,117) is the capital and largest city of Arkansas, U.S.A. It ranks as the state's chief trading and transportation centre.


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Livingston, Philip (1716-1778), an American statesman, was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Livingston, Robert R. (1746-1813), an American statesman, helped write the Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Livingston, William (1723-1790), was a signatory to the Constitution of the United States in 1787.


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Lockwood, Belva Ann Bennett (1830-1917), was an American reformer and leader of the movement to gain women the right to vote in the United States.


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Locofocos was a nickname given in the United States in 1835 to radical (favouring fundamental reform) members of the New York Democratic Party.


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Logan Act is a United States law that prohibits private citizens from opening negotiations with a foreign government on a dispute between that government and the United States.


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Logan, John Alexander (1826-1886), was an American political and military leader.


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Long is the name of the most powerful political American family in Louisiana history.


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Long, Jane (1798-1880), was called the Mother of Texas because of her spirited defence of her children during pioneer days of the United States.


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Lopez, Nancy (1957-...), is an American golfer.


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Lovejoy, Elijah Parish (1802-1837), was an American clergyman and newspaper editor noted for his opposition to slavery.


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Lowry, Lois (1937-...), is an American author whose fiction for young adults explores serious issues.


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Ludington, Sybil (1761-1839), was a heroine of the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Lundy, Benjamin (1789-1839), was an American editor and a pioneer of the antislavery movement in the United States.


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Lynch, Thomas, Jr. (1749-1779), was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Macdonald, John Sandfield (1812-1872), served as joint prime minister of the Province of Canada from 1862 to 1864.


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Macdonald, Ross (1915-1983), was the pen name of Kenneth Millar, an American writer of detective novels that emphasize realism and violence.


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Mackenzie, Alexander (1822-1892), served as prime minister of Canada from 1873 to 1878.


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Mackenzie, William Lyon (1795-1861), was a Canadian political leader and journalist.


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Mackinac, Straits of, is an important link in the water route between Lake Michigan in the United States and the Atlantic Ocean.


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Macphail, Agnes Campbell (1890-1954), was the first woman ever elected to the House of Commons in Canada.


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Malevich, Kasimir (1878-1935), was a Russian artist who pioneered abstract painting in Russia.


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Mallory, Stephen Russell (1813?-1873), was secretary of the Confederate Navy during the American Civil War (1861-1865). (The Confederate states were southern states that were in favour of slavery.) Mallory was born on the Caribbean island of Trinidad


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Manning, Preston (1942-...), is a Canadian politician.


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Mansfield, Arabella Babb (1846-1911), was the first woman admitted to the practice of law in the United States.


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Mansfield, Mike (1903-...), is an American politician.


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Marbury v. Madison was a famous legal case in the United States.


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March, Peyton Conway (1864-1955), was chief of staff of the United States Army during World War I (1914-1918).


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Marino, Eugene Antonio (1934-...), became the first black American to be made an archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States.


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Marshall, Thomas Riley (1854-1925), served as vice president of the United States from 1913 to 1921, under President Woodrow Wilson.


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Marshall, Thurgood (1908-1993), was the first African American justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.


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Mason, George (1725-1792), was a statesman from Virginia, U.S.A., who wrote the first American bill of rights, the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776.


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Mayo, Charles Horace (1865-1939), was a prominent American surgeon.


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McAfee, Mildred Helen (1900-1994), an American educator, was the first director of the women's reserve of the United States Navy.


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McClung, Nellie (1873-1951), was a leading Canadian feminist and author.


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McCormack, John William (1891-1980), was an American politician.


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McCulloch v. Maryland was a celebrated case in United States legal history.


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McGovern, George Stanley (1922-...), is an American politician.


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McHenry, James (1753-1816), an American doctor and politician, was a signatory to the Constitution of the United States in 1787.


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McKean, Thomas (1734-1817), an American statesman, was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence.


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McKissick, Floyd Bixler (1922-1991), was a black American civil rights leader.


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McLaughlin, Audrey Marlene (1936-...), served as leader of Canada's New Democratic Party (NDP) from 1989 to 1995.


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McNaughton, Andrew George Latta (1887-1966), was a noted Canadian soldier of World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945).


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Medina, Harold Raymond (1888-1990), was a United States judge who presided over the trial of 11 American Communist Party leaders in 1949.


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Meighen, Arthur (1874-1960), was a Canadian lawyer and politician.


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Melcher, Frederic Gershom (1879-1963), was an important figure in publishing in the United States.


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Mellon Foundation, Andrew W. is an organization in the United States that grants funds to institutions in a number of fields.


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Menninger Clinic, a non-profit-making organization in Topeka, Kansas, U.S.A., is one of the world's leading psychiatric centres.


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Menninger, Karl Augustus (1893-1990), was an American psychiatrist whose writings influenced public attitudes toward mental illness.


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Menninger, William Claire (1899-1966), was a leading American psychiatrist.


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Meredith, James Howard (1933-...), was the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi, in the United States.


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Merrimack River flows through southern New Hampshire and northeastern Massachusetts, U.S.A. The river is formed where the Winnepesaukee and Pemigewasset streams meet at Franklin, New Hampshire.


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Mfume, Kweisi (1948-...), an American politician, became president and chief executive officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in the United States in 1996.


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Miami Beach, Florida, U.S.A. (pop. 92,639), is one of North America's most famous resort centres.


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Micmac Indians are a people of eastern Canada.


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Middle Atlantic States of the United States of America are New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.


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Middleton, Arthur (1742-1787), was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Midwestern States of the United States of America are Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.


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Mifflin, Thomas (1744-1800), was an American politician.


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Miles, Nelson Appleton (1839-1925), was a noted American military officer.


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Minamoto Yoritomo (1147-1199) was the greatest leader of early medieval Japan.


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Minnesota River is a large branch of the Mississippi River in the United States.


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Miramichi River is an important waterway in New Brunswick, Canada.


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Miranda v. Arizona was an important legal case in which the Supreme Court of the United States limited the power of police to question suspects.


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Mission life in North America thrived for more than 250 years in a belt of North America known as the Spanish Borderlands.


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Mississauga (pop. 463,388) is one of the largest cities in Ontario, Canada.


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Missoula (pop. 42,918) is one of the largest cities in Montana, in the United States.


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Missouri Compromise was a plan agreed upon by the United States Congress in 1820 to settle the debate over slavery as new territories joined the Union (that is, became part of the United States).


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Mitchel, John Purroy (1879-1918), an American politician, was elected reform mayor of New York City in 1913.


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Mobile River is a short river that helps drain the delta at the head of Mobile Bay in southwestern Alabama in the United States.


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Mohawk Trail was a westward route across North America along the Mohawk River from the Hudson River to the Great Lakes.


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Monte Alban was the capital and largest city of the empire of the Zapotec Indians.


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Montezuma Castle National Monument is in central Arizona, U.S.A. It contains a five-storey cliff-dwelling ruin in a niche in the face of a cliff.


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Montmorency River is a short, swift river in Quebec, Canada.


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Morgan, John Hunt (1825-1864), was a Confederate general during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Morgan, Lewis Henry (1818-1881), was an American anthropologist who founded the comparative scientific study of kinship systems (family groupings).


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Morgenthau, Henry, Jr. (1891-1967), served as United States secretary of the treasury from 1934 to 1945 under presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman.


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Morris, Esther Hobart (1814-1902), led the fight for women's suffrage (the right to vote) in Wyoming, U.S.A. Through her efforts, the territory of Wyoming passed a women's suffrage law in 1869 that became a model for later suffrage laws.


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Morris, Lewis (1726-1798), was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Morris, Robert (1734-1806), an American merchant and banker, was one of six people who signed both the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the Constitution (1787) of the United States.


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Morrow, Dwight Whitney (1873-1931), was an American lawyer, banker, and diplomat.


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Morton, John (1724-1777), was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Morton, Julius Sterling (1832-1902), an American political leader and nature lover, established the first United States observance of Arbor Day, a day for planting trees (see ARBOR DAY).


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Morton, Levi Parsons (1824-1920), served as vice president of the United States from 1889 to 1893 under President Benjamin Harrison (1833-1901).


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Morton, Oliver Perry (1823-1877), an American politician, served as governor of the state of Indiana during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and as a Republican United States senator from 1867 until his death.


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Mosby, John Singleton (1833-1916), was a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Moton, Robert Russa (1867-1940), was an African American educator.


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Moultrie, William (1730-1805), was an American military leader during the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Mowat, Sir Oliver (1820-1903), a Canadian statesman, served as prime minister and attorney general of Ontario from 1872 to 1896.


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Mudd, Samuel Alexander (1833-1883), was the doctor who set John Wilkes Booth's leg after Booth assassinated United States President Abraham Lincoln in 1865.


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Mugwumps, in United States history, were influential Republicans who refused to support their party's presidential candidate, James G. Blaine, in 1884.


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Muir Woods National Monument, near San Francisco, U.S.A., has one of California's most famous groves of redwood trees (see REDWOOD; SEQUOIA).


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Munsey, Frank Andrew (1854-1925), was an American pioneer publisher of low-priced magazines and newspapers.


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Murray, Philip (1886-1952), was an American trade union leader.


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Muskie, Edmund Sixtus (1914-1996), an American politician, served in the U.S. Senate from 1959 to 1980.


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Muskoka Lakes are a group of scenic lakes in the rocky uplands of southern Ontario, Canada.


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Nabrit, James Madison, Jr. (1900-...), an American lawyer, won fame as a university president and diplomat.


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Nantucket, Massachusetts (pop. 6,012), is a summer resort on Nantucket Island, off the east coast of the United States.


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Narragansett Indians were a Native American tribe that lived on the west side of Narragansett Bay, in what is now Rhode Island in the United States.


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Nasby, Petroleum Vesuvius (1833-1888), was the pen name of David Ross Locke, a popular American humorist.


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Natchez, Mississippi (pop. 19,460), is the oldest city on the Mississippi River, in the United States.


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National Aeronautic Association of the U.S.A., also called NAA, promotes the advancement of aviation and space flight in the United States.


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National Archives, United States, is an independent agency that preserves and makes available for public use the permanently valuable records of the United States government.


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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States.


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National Baptist Convention of America, Inc., is an organization of black Baptists in the United States.


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National Motto, United States, is In God We Trust.


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National Republican Party was a political party in the United States that was formed in 1825 and was active until 1834.


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National road, in United States history, was an important route for settlers travelling to the West.


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Naval Observatory, United States, is the oldest national observatory in the U.S. It was founded in 1830 and is operated by the U.S. Navy.


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Nelson River is the longest river in Manitoba, Canada.


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Nelson, Thomas, Jr. (1738-1789), an American soldier and statesman, served as a Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1777 and again in 1779 (see CONTINENTAL CONGRESS).


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Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a United States law that bans discrimination because of a person's colour, race, national origin, religion, or sex.


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New Democratic Party is a social-democratic political party in Canada.


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Newman, Barnett (1905-1970), an American painter, was a leading member of an artistic movement known as abstract expressionism.


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Niagara Movement was an organization founded by African Americans to fight racial discrimination in the United States.


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Nickel is the common name for a U.S. copper-nickel coin.


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Ochs, Adolph Simon (1858-1935), was an American publisher who became the guiding influence of The New York Times.


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O'Connor, Sandra Day (1930-...), an American judge, became the first woman to serve as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.


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Omaha Indians are a Native American people who live mainly in northeast Nebraska, U.S.A. Many make their homes on a reservation there.


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O'Reilly, Leonora (1870-1927), was an American labour leader and reformer.


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Oriental Exclusion Acts, in United States history, were a series of actions and acts that restricted and prohibited Asians from entering the United States.


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Oshawa (pop. 129,344; met. area pop. 240,104) is an important industrial city in Ontario, Canada.


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Oswego (pop. 19,536), a city in New York state, U.S.A., is the easternmost port on the Great Lakes of North America.


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Otis, James (1725-1783), was an American agitator against the United Kingdom (UK) in the period before the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Ottawa River is the chief branch of the St. Lawrence River and one of the most important waterways of Canada.


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Ouachita River begins in the Ouachita Mountains of western Arkansas, U.S.A., and flows east and then south into the state of Louisiana.


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Owen, Ruth Bryan (1885-1954), was the first American woman chosen to represent the United States in another country.


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Paca, William (1740-1799), was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence for the state of Maryland in 1776.


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Pacific coast states is a region in the western United States.


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Pacific Northwest includes all of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and western Montana.


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Paine, Robert Treat (1731-1814), an American statesman, was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence for the state of Massachusetts in 1776.


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Palmer, A. Mitchell (1872-1936), served as United States attorney general from 1919 to 1921 under President Woodrow Wilson.


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Palmer, Joel (1810-1881), a Canadian statesman, won fame as a negotiator of important treaties with the Native Americans in the United States.


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Parti Quebecois is a political party in Quebec, Canada.


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Pasadena, California (pop. 131,591), is a residential city in the United States.


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Patroon system in United States history, was a plan set up by the Dutch West India Company in 1629.


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Peace Bridge connects the United States and Canada.


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Pecos National Historical Park, in north-central New Mexico in the United States, contains ruins of the ancient pueblo (village) of Pecos.


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Penn, John (1740-1788), was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence for North Carolina in 1776.


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Pensacola (pop. 58,165; met. area pop. 344,406) is the largest deepwater seaport in the state of Florida in the United States.


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Perkins, Frances (1880-1965), became the first woman Cabinet member in the United States government.


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Committees of correspondence were organized by towns, counties, and colonies in America before the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Petersburg (pop. 38,386) is a historic city in southeastern Virginia in the southern United States.


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Phi Beta Kappa is a fraternity (university society) in the United States that encourages scholarship in the liberal arts and sciences.


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Pierce, Samuel Riley, Jr. (1922-...), served as secretary of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) from 1981 to 1989.


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Pinchback, P. B. S. (1837-1921), was a United States politician.


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Pinckney, Charles (1757-1824), was a signatory to the Constitution of the United States for South Carolina in 1787.


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Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth (1746-1825), a planter, politician, and diplomat, was a signatory to the Constitution of the United States for South Carolina in 1787.


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Pine siskin is a small finch that lives in North America.


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Pipe Spring National Monument is in northwestern Arizona in the United States, on the Kaibab Indian reservation.


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Placentia, Newfoundland (pop. 1,954), is the site of an early French settlement in North America.


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Platte River is the most important river in Nebraska in the United States.


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Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning racial segregation.


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Point four program, in the United States, was a foreign aid programme of U.S. President Harry S. Truman.


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Polk, Leonidas (1806-1864), an Episcopal bishop, was a Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Poole, Ernest (1880-1950), was an American novelist, playwright, and short-story writer.


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Pope (?-1688?) was a Pueblo Indian leader.


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Portobelo (pop. 2,774), a village on the Caribbean coast of Panama, was one of the chief Spanish trading centres in Latin America.


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Post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychological illness in which people repeatedly remember, relive, or dream about a terrible experience.


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Potomac River is a beautiful and historic river that forms the boundary between Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia in the United States.


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Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr. (1908-1972), was an American political and religious leader in New York City's Harlem area.


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Prairie provinces, in Canada, are the three provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba.


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Prescott, Samuel (1751-1777?), was an American doctor and patriot who, at the start of the American Revolution (1775-1783), warned the American colonists at Concord, Massachusetts, that the British were planning an attack.


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Prince Rupert (pop. 16,620) is a city in British Columbia, Canada.


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Princeton (pop. 25,214) is a town in New Jersey in the United States.


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Prosser, Gabriel (1775?-1800), was a black slave in America.


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Pullman strike, also called the Chicago Strike, was a violent labour dispute in the United States that took place in 1894.


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Putnam, Israel (1718-1790), was an American general in the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Putnam, Rufus (1738-1824), a general in the American Revolution (1775-1783), became known as the founder of Ohio.


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Pyle, Ernie (1900-1945), an American journalist, won a Pulitzer Prize in 1944 for his reporting.


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Quantrill, William Clarke (1837-1865), was the leader of a Confederate (Southern) guerrilla band during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Raleigh (pop. 207,951), is the capital of the U.S. state of North Carolina and is an educational, research, and trade centre.


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Randolph, A. Philip (1889-1979), an American, played a leading role in the struggle for black rights in the United States from the 1920's to the 1960's.


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Randolph, Edmund (1753-1813), an American statesman from the state of Virginia, presented the famous Virginia Plan to the Constitutional Convention in 1787.


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Randolph, Edward (1632?-1703), was a British agent in the American colony of New England.


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Rankin, Jeannette (1880-1973), was the first woman to be elected to the United States Congress.


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Rayburn, Sam (1882-1961), an American Democrat politician, served longer as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives than any other person.


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Read, George (1733-1798), a lawyer and statesman from the state of Delaware, was one of six people who signed both the American Declaration of Independence (1776) and the Constitution of the United States.


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Red River, so called because of the red-coloured sediment it carries, forms much of the boundary between the states of Oklahoma and Texas, in the United States.


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Red River of the north, also called Red River, is a major waterway of the United States and Canada.


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Redwood National Park, in northern California, U.S.A., is in the huge forest of redwood trees that grows along the Pacific Coast from central California to southern Oregon.


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Reform Party is a conservative political party in Canada.


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Reid, Whitelaw (1837-1912), was an American journalist and diplomat.


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Reno, Marcus Albert (1834-1889), was a United States Army officer who became known for his role in the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory in 1876.


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Revels, Hiram Rhodes (1822-1901), was the first African American to serve in the United States Senate.


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Ribbon Falls is a waterfall that looks like a narrow ribbon as it drops 491 metres in the Yosemite National Park in California, U.S.A. It is one of the highest waterfalls in the world.


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Rice, Grantland (1880-1954), was the first American journalist to gain fame by writing about sport.


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Robinson, James Harvey (1863-1936), was an American historian and educator.


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Rocky Mountain National Park, in northern Colorado, U.S.A., is one of the most magnificent sections of the Rocky Mountains.


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Rocky Mountain states are the states of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming in the U.S.A. Arizona and New Mexico are also sometimes considered Rocky Mountain States, as well as Southwestern States.


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Rodney, Caesar (1728-1784), an American statesman, was a Delaware signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Rogers, Carl Ransom (1902-1987), was an American psychologist.


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Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr. (1887-1944), an American, was the eldest son of President Theodore Roosevelt.


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Rose, Sir John (1820-1888), was minister of finance in the government of the Dominion of Canada from 1867 to 1869, during the first term of Prime Minister John A. Macdonald (see CANADA, HISTORY OF).


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Rosecrans, William Starke (1819-1898), was a Union (Northern) general in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Ross, George (1730-1779), a lawyer from Pennsylvania, signed the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Ross, Harold Wallace (1892-1951), an American, founded The New Yorker magazine and edited it for 26 years until his death.


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Ross, Nellie Tayloe (1876-1977), an American politician and public official, was the first woman governor of a U.S. state.


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Royall, Anne Newport (1769-1854), was an early American newspaperwoman.


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Rudolph, Wilma (1940-1994), was an American athlete.


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Ruffin, Edmund (1794-1865), was a noted American agriculturist and a strong supporter of slavery.


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Russwurm, John Brown (1799-1851), was an early spokesman against slavery and an important figure in a black American "back-to-Africa" movement.


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Rustin, Bayard, (1910-1987), was an American civil rights leader.


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Rutledge, Ann (1813-1835), became famous as President Abraham Lincoln's first sweetheart.


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Rutledge, Edward (1749-1800), a lawyer and statesman from South Carolina, was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Rutledge, John (1739-1800), was a South Carolina signatory to the Constitution of the United States.


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Saint John (pop. 74,969; met. area pop. 124,981) is the largest city and leading industrial centre of the Canadian province of New Brunswick.


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Saint John River is the main waterway of the province of New Brunswick, Canada.


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Saint Marys River in Canada carries the waters of Lake Superior into Lake Huron.


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Saint Paul (pop. 272,235) is the capital and second largest city of Minnesota, U.S.A. Minneapolis, St. Paul's "twin city," has a larger population.


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Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupre is a Roman Catholic shrine in Montmorency County, in the Canadian province of Quebec.


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Salem, Peter (1750?-1816), was a former black American slave who fought in the Battle of Bunker Hill.


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Salomon, Haym (1740-1785), was an American banker and patriot.


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Salter, Susanna Madora (1860-1961), was the first woman to be elected to serve as a mayor in the United States.


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Sampson, Deborah (1760-1827), served in the American Revolution (1775-1783) disguised as a man.


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Samuelson, Paul Anthony (1915-...), is an American economist who won the 1970 Nobel Prize for economics.


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San Jose Scale is an insect pest that feeds on many kinds of fruit trees, shade trees, and ornamental shrubs.


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Sande, Earl (1898-1968), was an American jockey.


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Sandia National Laboratories is one of the largest centres in the United States for the development of nuclear weapons systems.


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Sanford, Maria L. (1836-1920), was one of the first woman professors in the United States.


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Scalia, Antonin (1936-...), became the first American of Italian descent to serve as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.


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Schindler, Oskar (1908-1974), was a German businessman who saved more than 1,200 Jews from almost certain death during the Holocaust (see HOLOCAUST).


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Schlafly, Phyllis Stewart (1924-...), is a leading American supporter of the view that the traditional role of women is to act as mothers and homemakers.


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Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. (1917-...), is an American historian.


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Schreyer, Edward Richard (1935-...), was governor general of Canada from 1979 to 1984.


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Schumpeter, Joseph Alois (1883-1950), was a Czech-born American economist who gained prominence for his studies of economic growth, business cycles, and the conflict between capitalism and socialism.


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Schurz, Carl (1829-1906), was a German-born reformer and campaigner for civil rights, as an editor, as a soldier, and as a political leader in the United States.


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Schuyler, Philip John (1733-1804), was an American general in the Continental Army (which fought the British) and a delegate of the Continental Congress during the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Schwitters, Kurt (1887-1948), was a German artist known for creating pictures out of glued paper and other objects.


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Scottsboro case was one of the most important legal cases of the civil rights movement in the United States.


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Scripps, Edward Wyllis (1854-1926), was a famous American journalist who started the first newspaper chain in the United States.


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Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States reads, "A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed."  The amendment, part of the Bill of Ri


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Secord, Laura Ingersoll (1775-1868), was the most famous Canadian heroine of the War of 1812, when the Americans, British, and Native Americans were fighting for control of what is now the area of southern Ontario.


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Seddon, James Alexander (1815-1880), served as a statesman for the Confederate states (the southern states that were in favour of slavery) during most of the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Selkirk Mountains, a Canadian range in southeastern British Columbia, extend north from the Canada-United States boundary to the Columbia River.


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Selsam, Millicent Ellis (1912-1996), was an American author of introductory science books for children.


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Semmes, Raphael (1809-1877), an American rear admiral in the Confederate (Southern) Navy, commanded the famous ship Alabama during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Seton, Saint Elizabeth Ann (1774-1821), was the first person born in the United States to be recognized as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church.


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Severus, Lucius Septimius (A.D. 146-211), a Roman emperor, reorganized the administration of the army and the provinces.


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Sewall, Samuel (1652-1730), was a judge at the famous Salem witchcraft trials in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in North America in 1692.


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Seymour, Horatio (1810-1886), was a leading Democratic politician in the state of New York, U.S.A., from the 1840's to the 1860's.


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Sforza, Ludovico (1451-1508), an Italian prince, was the ruler of Milan and the surrounding region of Lombardy from 1479 to 1499.


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Shaw, Anna Howard (1847-1919), was an American leader in the campaign for women's rights.


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Shay's Rebellion was a revolt by debtor farmers and their families that took place in Massachusetts, U.S.A., in 1786 and 1787.


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Shenandoah National Park lies in the heart of the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia, U.S.A. Most of the park is wilderness.


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Sherman, James Schoolcraft (1855-1912), served as vice president of the United States from 1909 to 1912 under President William Howard Taft.


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Shields, James (1806-1879), served as governor of the Oregon Territory, U.S.A., and as a brigadier general of volunteers in the Mexican War (1846-1848) and the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Shirley, William (1694-1771), served as governor of the American colony of Massachusetts from 1741 to 1756.


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Shriver, Sargent (1915-...), was the Democratic nominee for vice president of the United States in 1972.


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Compromise of 1850 was a series of acts passed in 1850, by which the United States Congress hoped to settle the strife between opponents of slavery in the North and slaveowners in the South.


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Sigma xi is an honorary scientific society in the United States.


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Simon, Herbert Alexander (1916-...), is an American scientist known for his work in economics, psychology, and computer science.


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Sioux Indians traditionally lived throughout the northern plains of North America.


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Siqueiros, David (1896-1974), was a Mexican painter famous for his vigorous and colourful murals on political themes.


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Skeena River, in Canada, is one of the most valuable salmon fishing grounds in the world.


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Slayton, Donald Kent (1924-1993), was one of the original seven United States astronauts, and a member of the first joint space mission with the Soviet Union.


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Sleep apnoea is a disorder in which pauses in breathing occur during sleep.


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Smalls, Robert (1839-1915), was an African American who became a Union (Northern) hero during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Smith, Edmund Kirby (1824-1893), was a Confederate (Southern) general in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Smith, James (1719?-1806), was a Pennsylvania signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Smith, Margaret Chase (1897-1995), was the first woman to be elected to both houses of the United States Congress.


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Sokol is an international organization that stresses physical fitness and moral strength.


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Solow, Robert Merton (1924-...), is an American economist known for his contributions to the theory of economic growth.


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Sons of Liberty was a group of patriotic societies that sprang up in the American colonies before the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Sons of the American Revolution is a patriotic organization in the United States.


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South Arabia, Federation of, was a union of 17 small states at the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula in the 1950's and 1960's.


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Southampton Island is an island in Canada's Northwest Territories.


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Southern states of the United States are Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.


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Southwestern states are Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.


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Spaatz, Carl (1891-1974), was the first chief of staff of the United States Air Force.


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Spaight, Richard Dobbs (1758-1802), was a North Carolina signatory to the Constitution of the United States in 1776.


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Spencer, Anna Garlin (1851-1931), was an American reformer, minister, and educator.


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Spotswood, Alexander (1676-1740), was a lieutenant governor of the American colony of Virginia.


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Stanley of Preston, Baron (1841-1908), served as governor general of Canada from 1888 to 1893.


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Stanton, Edwin McMasters (1814-1869), an American statesman, served as secretary of war in the Cabinet of President Abraham Lincoln.


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Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (1815-1902), was an early leader of the women's rights movement in the United States.


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Stark, John (1728-1822), was a leading American general in the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Statuary hall is a room in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., that houses statues of outstanding citizens from many states.


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Stegner, Wallace (1909-1993), was an American author best known for his fiction set in the North American Great Plains and the mountains of the American and Canadian West.


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Stephen, George (1829-1921), was a Canadian financier.


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Stephens, Alexander Hamilton (1812-1883), was vice president of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Stiegel, Henry William (1729-1785), was an early American manufacturer of fine glass.


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Stilwell, Joseph Warren (1883-1946), commanded all the United States forces in the China-Burma-India theatre of war during World War II (1939-1945).


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Stockton, Richard (1730-1781), was a New Jersey signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Stone, Lucy (1818-1893), helped organize the women's rights movement in the United States.


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Stone, Thomas (1743-1787), was a Maryland signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Strathcona and Mount Royal, Baron of (1820-1914), Donald Alexander Smith, was a Canadian fur trader, railway builder, financier, statesman, and philanthropist.


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Stress test, also called exercise stress test or stress ECG, is a test that measures the functioning of the heart during physical exercise.


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Stuart, Jeb (1833-1864), was a Confederate cavalry general in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), in the United States, was a civil rights organization during the 1960's.


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Sudbury (pop. 92,884; met. area pop. 157,613), in southeastern Ontario, Canada, is a world centre of nickel production.


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Sullivan, Anne Mansfield (1866-1936), was the American teacher of Helen Keller, a deaf and blind woman who won international fame.


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Sullivan, Leon Howard (1922-...), an American Baptist minister and civil rights leader, organizes economic self-help programmes for African Americans.


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Sulzberger, Arthur Hays (1891-1968), an American newspaper executive, was the publisher of The New York Times from 1935 to 1961.


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Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs (1926-...), was the publisher of The New York Times from 1963 until his retirement in 1992.


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Sumner, Charles (1811-1874), was a statesman and antislavery leader in the United States.


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Sydenham, Baron (1799-1841), was a British statesman and governor general of Canada from 1839 to 1841.


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Szoka, Edmund Casimir Cardinal (1927-...), an American priest, was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1988.


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Szold, Henrietta (1860-1945), an American social worker, founded Hadassah, the largest Jewish women's organization in the world.


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Tae Kwon Do is a Korean martial art that resembles the Japanese technique called karate.


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Tammany, Society of, also called the Columbian Order, was founded in New York City in 1789 by William Mooney.


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Taney, Roger Brooke (1777-1864), was one of the foremost chief justices of the United States.


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Tarascan Indians live on the high plateaus of west-central Mexico, in what is now the state of Michoacan.


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Tarbela Dam in Pakistan is one of the largest dams in the world.


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Tarbell, Ida Minerva (1857-1944), an American author, was a leader in the muckraking movement of the early 1900's which attacked dishonesty in politics and business.


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Taxol is a drug used to treat advanced cancers of the breast and ovaries.


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Taylor, George (1716-1781), was a Pennsylvania signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Taylor, Maxwell Davenport (1901-...), gained fame as a United States general in World War II (1939-1945) and in the Korean War (1950-1953).


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Taylor, Mildred D. (1943-...), is one of America's leading authors of children's books.


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Taylor, Paul (1930-...), is an American choreographer (dance creator).


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Teamsters Union is one of the largest trade unions in the United States.


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Teasdale, Sara (1884-1933), was an American lyric poet.


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Teflon is a trade name for polytetrafluoroethylene, a type of synthetic (artificially made) material that is used in cookware, insulation, and many other products.


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Tehuelche Indians lived in the southern part of what is now Argentina in South America, from about the Negro River south to the Strait of Magellan.


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Telemarketing is the selling of goods or services by telephone.


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Teletypewriter was an electromechanical typewriter that transmitted impulses over a wire to a receiver that printed the message.


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Teniers, David, the Younger (1610-1690), was a Flemish painter.


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Tennent, Gilbert (1703-1764), was a colonial American religious leader.


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Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River in the United States.


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Terrell, Mary Church (1863-1954), an African American, joined the struggle to gain equal rights for all African Americans in the 1890's.


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Teton Range is a rugged group of Rocky Mountain peaks south of Yellowstone National Park in western Wyoming, U.S.A. The highest peak is Grand Teton (4,197 metres).


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Thomas, Clarence (1948-...), became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1991.


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Thomas, Martha Carey (1857-1935), was an American educator who fought for equal educational opportunities for women.


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Thompson (pop. 14,977), is one of the world's leading centres of nickel production.


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Thompson, Benjamin (1753-1814), was an American-born scientist and political figure.


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Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David (1844-1894), served as prime minister of Canada from 1892 until his death two years later.


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Thornton, Matthew (1714-1803), was a New Hampshire signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Tilden, Bill (1893-1953), was an American tennis star who won the United States Championships (now the U.S. Open) from 1920 to 1925, and in 1929.


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Tilley, Sir Samuel Leonard (1818-1896), served as premier of the Canadian colony of New Brunswick from 1861 to 1865, and again in 1866.


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Timpanogos Cave National Monument is in northern Utah, U.S.A. It contains limestone caverns with hundreds of stalactites, stalagmites, and helictites in varied colours.


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Toltec Indians established an empire in the highlands of central Mexico during the A.D. 900's.


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Tompkins, Daniel D. (1774-1825), served as vice president of the United States from 1817 to 1825 under President James Monroe.


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Tonto National Monument in south-central Arizona, U.S.A., contains ancient cliff dwellings.


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Toombs, Robert Augustus (1810-1885), was a leading Southern politician during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Towhee is any of several small birds related to the sparrows.


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Toyota Motor Corporation is the largest car manufacturer in Japan and one of the largest in the world.


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Traveller's-tree is a tropical evergreen that resembles a giant fan.


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Treblinka was a death camp near Warsaw in German-occupied Poland during World War II (1939-1945).


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Triborough Bridge connects three boroughs of New York City--Manhattan, the Bronx, and Queens.


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Triceratops was a large, horned, plant-eating dinosaur that lived about 65 million years ago in what is now the western part of North America.


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Tristan, or Tristram, was a legendary medieval knight whose love affair with Princess Isolt (Isolde) became one of the most famous love stories of all time.


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Trudeau, Garry (1948-...), is an American cartoonist best known for his comic strip "Doonesbury."  The comic strip has gained fame and stirred controversy with its strong political and social satire.


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Trumbull, John (1756-1843), an American artist, became known for his paintings of scenes of the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Trumbull, Lyman (1813-1896), was an American political leader.


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Tsimshian Indians once ranked among the wealthiest tribes in the North American continent.


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Tupi-Guarani Indians formed many tribes that lived in eastern and central South America.


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Tupper, Sir Charles (1821-1915), served as prime minister of Canada for about 10 weeks in 1896.


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Turkish bath is a type of bath that involves exposure to dry heat, moist heat, massage, and cold.


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Turner, Frederick Jackson (1861-1932), was an American historian.


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Turner, John Napier (1929-...), served as prime minister of Canada for 21/2 months in 1984, following the resignation of Prime Minister Pierre E. Trudeau.


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Turner, Ted (1938-...), is an American broadcasting executive.


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Tweed, William Marcy (1823-1878), was an American politician who swindled New York City out of millions of dollars.


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Tyler, Anne (1941-...), is an American author whose novels reveal sensitive truths about the contemporary family.


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Tyler, Moses Coit (1835-1900), became the first great authority on early American literature.


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Tyler, Royall (1757-1826), was an American playwright and lawyer.


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Un-American Activities Committee was an investigating committee of the United States House of Representatives.


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Uncas (1588?-1683?) was a chief of the Mohegan Indians in Connecticut in colonial America.


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Uniform resource locator (URL) is an address on the global network of computers known as the Internet.


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United Church of Canada is the largest Protestant church in Canada.


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United Nations Commission on Human Rights, an agency of the United Nations (UN), works to protect the rights and freedoms of all people.


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United Parcel Service (UPS) is the largest package delivery company in the United States.


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United States capitals.  The U.S. government had no permanent capital until 1800, when it took up residence in Washington, D.C.


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Univalve is the name given to a class of molluscs whose shells are in one piece.


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Upland sandpiper is a bird of the sandpiper family that lives on the North American continent.


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Urban League is an organization in the United States that works to end racial discrimination and to increase the economic and political power of blacks and other minority groups.


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Uric acid is a nitrogen-containing chemical produced in the digestive system during the breakdown of many foods.


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Ute Indians are a tribe of the Western United States.


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Vallandigham, Clement Laird (1820-1871), a United States politician, criticized the policies of President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Van Allsburg, Chris (1949-...), is an American author and illustrator of children's books.


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Vance, Cyrus Roberts (1917-...), served as United States secretary of state from 1977 to 1980 under President Jimmy Carter.


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Vanier, Georges Philias (1888-1967), served as governor general of Canada from 1959 to 1967.


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Vassar College is a coeducational liberal arts university at Poughkeepsie, New York, U.S.A. It is privately controlled and offers courses in languages and literature, arts, physical sciences, and social sciences.


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Vassar, Matthew (1792-1868), was an American brewer who founded Vassar College in New York state.


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Velcro is the trade name for a fastening device made up of tiny hooks that mesh with tiny loops.


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Vercheres, Marie Madeleine Jarret de (1678-1747), was a French-Canadian heroine who led the defence of a fort against a Native American attack.


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Verdin is a small, yellow-headed bird that lives in the arid portions of the southwestern United States and of Mexico.


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Vesey, Denmark (1767?-1822), planned a slave revolt that involved more blacks than any other uprising in United States history.


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Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a monument in Washington, D.C., built in honour of the Americans who served in the Vietnam War (1957-1975).


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Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, Comte de (1838-1889), a French writer, was a leading figure in a movement called symbolism.


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Virginius Massacre was an incident in 1873 that almost started a war between the United States and Spain.


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Vitiligo is a noninfectious disease in which people develop white spots on the skin.


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Voice of America (VOA) is the primary official worldwide broadcasting service of the United States.


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Volcker, Paul Adolph (1927-...), a United States economist, served as chairman of the Board of Governors of the U.S. Federal Reserve System (FRS) from 1979 to 1987.


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Volstead Act, in United States history, provided for the enforcing of national prohibition of the use of intoxicating liquor.


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Waksman, Selman Abraham (1888-1973), was an American bacteriologist who made important contributions to soil microbiology and to the development of antibiotics.


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Wald, George (1906-...), an American biochemist, determined how chemical changes in the retina enable a person to see.


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Walker, Alice (1944-...), is an African American writer.


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Walker, Mary Edwards (1832-1919), was the only woman to receive the Medal of Honor, the highest military award given by the United States government.


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Wallace, George Corley (1919-...), an American political leader, stood unsuccessfully for president in 1968, 1972, and 1976.


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Wallace, Henry Agard (1888-1965), served as vice president of the United States from 1941 to 1945 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt.


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Walnut Canyon National Monument is in central Arizona, U.S.A. It contains 800-year-old cliff-dwelling ruins in shallow caves.


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Walter, Thomas Ustick (1804-1887), an American architect, became noted for his buildings in the Greek Revival style.


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Walton, George (1741-1804), a Georgia signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776), was governor and chief justice of Georgia several times.


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Warner, Seth (1743-1784), was an American soldier in the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Warren, Earl (1891-1974), served as chief justice of the United States from 1953 to 1969.


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Warren, Joseph (1741-1775), was a leading statesman in the colony of Massachusetts in the period before the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Warren, Mercy Otis (1728-1814), was a colonial American writer.


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Wasatch Range is a mountain range that extends about 257 kilometres between southern Idaho and central Utah, U.S.A. Its western face, known as the Wasatch Front, forms the western edge of the Rocky Mountains and the eastern rim of the Great Basin.


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Washington Cathedral, also called the National Cathedral, is an Episcopal church in Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Its official name is the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul.


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Washington, Harold (1922-1987), an American politician, won election as the first African American mayor of Chicago in 1983.


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Washington, Martha Custis (1731-1802), was the wife of George Washington.


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Washington's Birthday is celebrated as a national holiday in the United States on the third Monday in February.


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Washoe Indians, also spelled Washo, live in California and Nevada near Lake Tahoe in the United States.


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Wasserstein, Wendy (1950-...), is an American dramatist whose most successful plays deal with feminist themes.


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Watauga Association was a group of settlers who, in 1772, formed the first white community independent of colonial government in what is now the United States.


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Watie, Stand (1806-1871), became the only Native American brigadier general to serve in the Confederate (Southern) Army during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Watson, Homer (1855-1936), was a Canadian landscape painter.


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Watterson, Henry (1840-1921), an American newspaper editor, won the 1918 Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing.


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Webster-Ashburton Treaty was an agreement between the United States and Great Britain (now called the United Kingdom).


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Weller, Thomas Huckle (1915-...), an American research biologist, shared the 1954 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with John F. Enders and Frederick C. Robbins (see ENDERS, JOHN FRANKLIN).


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Wells-Barnett, Ida Bell (1862-1931), was an American journalist and reformer.


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West, Benjamin (1738-1820), was an American artist who became famous for his large pictures of historical subjects.


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West, Jessamyn (1907-1984), was an American author.


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Westermarck, Edward Alexander (1862-1939), was a Finnish anthropologist.


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Westerns are works of literature and films that deal with the American West.


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Westmoreland, William Childs (1914-...), an American general, commanded United States forces in the Vietnam War (1957-1975) from 1964 to 1968.


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Wheeler, Joseph (1836-1906), was an American soldier who served in campaigns against Native Americans before he joined the Confederate (Southern) Army in 1861, at the beginning of the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Whipple, William (1730-1785), was a New Hampshire signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, U.S.A., is the main missile testing site of the United States Army.


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White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, U.S.A. (pop. 2,779), is a famous health resort, named after its mineral springs.


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White, Stanford (1853-1906), was a leading American architect.


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White, Walter Francis (1893-1955), was an American civil rights leader.


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White, William Allen (1868-1944), was an American newspaper editor whose influence was felt throughout the United States.


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Whitefly is the name of about 1,200 species of tiny insects that damage plants.


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Whitman Mission National Historic Site is in southeastern Washington, U.S.A. It includes the site of a Native American mission and school established in 1836 by Marcus Whitman and his wife.


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Wiener, Norbert (1894-1964), was an American mathematician who did fundamental work in the analysis of numerical information.


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Wiggin, Kate Douglas (1856-1923), was an American writer of books for children.


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Wigglesworth, Michael (1631-1705), was a Puritan pastor, doctor, and poet of colonial New England (now in the U.S.A.).


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Wilbur, Richard (1921-...), is an American poet.


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Wilder, L. Douglas (1931-...), the first elected black governor in the United States, was the chief executive of Virginia from 1990 to 1994.


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Wilkes, Charles (1798-1877), was an American explorer and naval officer.


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Williams, Bert (1874?-1922), was an African American comedian.


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Williamson, Hugh (1735-1819), an American scientist, writer, doctor, and politician, was a North Carolina signatory to the Constitution of the United States.


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Willkie, Wendell Lewis (1892-1944), was the Republican candidate for president of the United States in 1940, when Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for a third term.


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Wilmot Proviso was a legal amendment proposed in 1846 that would have banned slavery in any territory acquired by the United States from Mexico.


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Wilson, August (1945-...), is a leading African American playwright.


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Wilson, Edith Bolling (1872-1961), was one of the most influential first ladies in United States history.


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Wilson, Ethel (1890-1980), was a Canadian author.


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Wilson, James (1742-1798), a prominent American lawyer, was one of six people who signed both the American Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States.


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Wilson, Lanford (1937-...), is a notable American playwright.


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Winchell, Walter (1897-1972), an American newspaperman and commentator, became important for making the gossip column a regular newspaper feature in America.


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Wind shear is a sudden change of wind speed or direction over a short distance.


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Winnebago Indians were an eastern woodland tribe of Native Americans.


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Winnemucca, Sarah (1844?-1891), was a Native American who won fame for her criticism of the U.S. government's mistreatment of her people.


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Winnipeg River is part of the Saskatchewan-Nelson river system that empties into Hudson Bay in northeastern Canada.


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Winterberry, sometimes called black alder, is a shrub related to the American holly.


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Wintun Indians, also spelled Wintuan, are a group of three tribes of Native Americans from the Sacramento Valley of north-central California, U.S.A. The tribes are the Wintu, Nomlaki, and Patwin.


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Wise, Isaac Mayer (1819-1900), a prominent American rabbi, is generally considered the pioneer of Reform Judaism in the United States.


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Wise, Stephen Samuel (1874-1949), was one of the best-known American Jewish leaders.


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Witherspoon, John (1723-1794), was a leader in American political, religious, and educational life.


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Wolcott, Oliver (1726-1797), an American statesman, was a Connecticut signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Woodhull, Victoria Claflin (1838-1927), was the first woman to run for president of the United States.


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Woodson, Carter Goodwin (1875-1950), is widely regarded as the leading writer on black history of his time.


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Worden, Alfred Merrill (1932-...), a United States astronaut, was the command module pilot on the Apollo 15 mission.


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Wounded Knee, now a village on the Pine Ridge Sioux Indian Reservation of South Dakota, U.S.A., was the site of two famous events in Native American history.


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Wright, John Joseph Cardinal (1909-1979), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1969 by Pope Paul VI. That same year, the pope made Wright prefect (head) of the Vatican Congregation of the Clergy, which is responsible for the spiri


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Wu, Chien-shiung (1912-...), an American experimental physicist, helped disprove the law of the conservation of parity (see PARITY [physics]).


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Wupatki National Monument is in northern Arizona, U.S.A. It contains prehistoric dwellings, built by Native Americans.


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Wylie, Elinor (1885-1928), was an American poet.


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Wylie, Philip Gordon (1902-1971), was an American novelist and a critic of contemporary life.


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Wythe, George (1726-1806), an American statesman, was a signatory to the American Declaration of Independence (1776).


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Yanomami Indians of South America live in rainforests and scattered grasslands along the Brazil-Venezuela border.


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Yaqui Indians are a tribe that lives in Mexico, and the states of Arizona and California in the United States.


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Yates, Elizabeth (1905-...), is an American author.


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Yokuts Indians are a group of tribes who once lived in south-central California, U.S.A., in the San Joachin Valley and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains.


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Yonkers, New York, U.S.A. (pop. 188,082), is an important manufacturing centre that forms part of the New York City metropolitan area.


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Yorktown, Virginia, U.S.A., is a historic village on the York River.


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Yosemite Falls, in Yosemite National Park, California, U.S.A., is one of the world's highest waterfalls.


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Youville, Saint Marguerite d' (1701-1771), was the first native-born Canadian to be honoured as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church.


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Yuan is the basic unit of currency in China.


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Yurok Indians originally lived in northern California, U.S.A., along the Klamath River and the Pacific coast.


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Zapotec Indians developed an empire in what is now the state of Oaxaca in southern Mexico from about 1500 B.C. to A.D. 750.


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Zeolite is any of a group of crystalline mineral compounds whose framework of atoms forms microscopic tunnels and "rooms."  The internal structure of zeolites makes them useful as filters and catalysts.


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Zion National Park lies in southwestern Utah, U.S.A. It has many colourful canyons, some of which are extremely narrow and have steep, plunging walls.


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Zwilich, Ellen Taaffe (1939-...), an American composer, became the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize in music.


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Losey, Joseph (1909-1984), an American film director, made his most successful films while working in the United Kingdom (UK) and France.


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Abbott was the name of two sisters who were American social-work pioneers.


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Allen, William (1803-1879), a U.S. politician, served as an Ohio Democrat in the United States House of Representatives from 1833 to 1835 and in the U.S. Senate from 1837 to 1849.


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Benjamin, Judah Philip (1811-1884), was a United States lawyer and statesman who was active in the Confederate (Southern) cause during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Curtis, Charles (1860-1936), served as 31st vice president of the United States under President Herbert Hoover.


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Hope, John (1868-1936), was an African American educator.


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Monterey (pop. 31,954) is a port city in California in the United States.


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Providence (pop. 160,782) is the capital and largest city of Rhode Island in the United States.


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Thomson, Charles (1729-1824), an American political leaders, served as secretary of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1781, and secretary of the Congress of the Confederation from 1781 to 1789.


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Democratic-Republican Party was a political party in the United States established in the United States of America during the 1790's under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.


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Fabian Society, is a group of British socialists.


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Great Awakening is the name given to a series of religious revivals in the American Colonies during the mid-1700's.


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Groseilliers, Sieur des (1618?-1696?), was a French explorer and fur trader.


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Kilauea is a volcano on the island of Hawaii.


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McKay, Alexander (1770?-1811), also spelled MacKay, was a Canadian fur trader and explorer.


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Open-Door Policy is a term used in international relations.


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Paul, Alice (1885-1977), became one of the first American leaders of the movement for equal rights for women.


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Sampras, Pete (1971-...), an American tennis champion, ranked as the number one player in the world for several years in the 1990's.


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Tilden, Samuel Jones (1814-1886), was the Democratic nominee in the 1876 United States presidential election, the most disputed in the history of America.


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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a medical treatment in which a patient breathes 100 per cent oxygen at pressures greater than atmospheric pressure.


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Michener, Roland (1900-1991), was governor general of Canada from 1967 to 1974.


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Nelson, William Rockhill (1841-1915), was an American newspaper editor.


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Ohio Company was the name of two different companies in American history.


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Pinckney Treaty was an agreement ending disputes between the United States and Spain over possession of the Florida area and the mouth of the Mississippi River in North America.


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Portland (pop. 64,143; met. area pop. 221,095) is a city in Maine in the United States.


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Triathlon is one of the most challenging endurance competitions in sports.


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World Medical Association is an organization of national medical associations from about 45 countries.


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Zebra mussel is a freshwater, Eurasian shellfish.


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Wandering-jew is the common name of three species of plants in the spiderwort family.


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Kiriyenko, Sergei Vladilenovich (1962-...), was appointed prime minister of Russia by President Boris Yeltsin in 1998.


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Hackman, Gene (1931-...), is an American actor known for his strong performances in film character roles.


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First ladies of the United States are the wives of the country's presidents.


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Clinton, Hillary Rodham (1947-...), the wife of President Bill Clinton, became one of the most active first ladies in United States history.


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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's overture to The Magic Flute, heard here, was one of the first operatic compositions to anticipate striking or significant passages from the opera itself.


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The Well-Tempered Clavier is the name Johann Sebastian Bach gave to 48 preludes and fugues for keyboard that he wrote in 1722 and 1744.


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Folk music plays a central role in the cultural life of Afghanistan.


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Musicians from Norway play a folk dance on the Norwegian harp and the willow flute.


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Church bells have, since about the year 400, pealed to call Christians to worship.


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Telecommunications device called TTY or TTD


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Horse racing is a popular sport in Ireland.


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Las Vegas is Nevada's largest city and chief tourist attraction.


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Detail from the north frieze of the Treasury of the Siphnians at Delphi.


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Relief showing a battle scene from a coffin made for a ruler of Sidon.


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Prague, the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic, is one of the most beautiful cities in central Europe.


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Detail from a relief sculpture in the Church of Sant' Ambrogio, Milan, Italy, about 835.


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A British tea plantation in the 1870's shows how the British way of life spread throughout the British Empire.


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The House of Commons is divided on either side of the speakers' chair.


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Horse racing is a popular spectator sport in the United Kingdom, with races taking place nearly every day.


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Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland.


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The landscape of Northern Ireland has many fertile, rolling plains inland and low mountains near the coast.


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A North Sea oil rig helps produce petroleum, the United Kingdom's most valuable mineral.


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Tympanum of the Central Portal of Vezelay Abbey


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Northern New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, early 1900's.


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Figures from Cathedral of Notre Dame, Reims, France.


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The centre of Moscow contains many historic buildings.


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Greece (island of Chios),about 520 B.C. Marble.


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Tomb of Hugh le Despenser Tewkesbury Abbey, England.


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Bicycle by Marcel Duchamp 1951, third version after lost original of 1913.


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An impact crater on Venus measures about 37 kilometres across the depression in its centre.


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Recording medical information on a spacecraft enables physicians to identify any abnormal changes in the body that could indicate physical disorders or stress.


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An apparently weightless floating makes some tasks challenging inside an orbiting spacecraft.


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Flying free in space, an astronaut becomes a human satellite.


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Shuttle astronauts have performed many challenging missions in space.


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To sleep aboard a spacecraft, astronauts can zip themselves into sleeping bags strapped to the wall.


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Sally K. Ride became the first U.S. woman in space on June 18, 1983.


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An artificial satellite is designed to carry out a specific mission.


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The "unsinkable" Titanic was believed to be the safest ship afloat.


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The right-hand rule shows the direction of the magnetic field around a wire that carries an electric current.


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The Port of Mobile, Alabama's only seaport, lies on Mobile Bay, north of the Gulf of Mexico.


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Fur seals start life in a group with many other pups and their mothers.


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Meerkats live in colonies of up to 30 individuals.


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Yaounde is the capital of the African nation of Cameroon.


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Sandra Day O'Connor, became the first woman to serve as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.


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Ruth Bader Ginsburg is the second woman to serve on the court in the United States.


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An historic agreement between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization [PLO] was signed on September 13, 1993, in Washington D.C.


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Dali's Accommodations of Desire was completed about 1929.


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Dayaks are a Southeast Asian people who mainly live in eastern Malaysia.


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Earl Hines was an American jazz pianist.


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Antigua and Barbuda is a nation in the Caribbean Sea that consists of three islands.


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The West Bank is a barren land in the Middle East.


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London's Piccadilly Circus is an intersection of six busy streets.


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The Pennine Chain is a long line of uplands that runs like a backbone through northern and central England.


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Hadrian's Wall, built by the Romans in the A.D. 120's, protected England from northern raiders.


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Cattle graze in high Swiss mountain pastures during the summer.


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Tourists who enjoy skiing flock to the snowy Swiss Alps.


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The Emerald Isle, as Ireland is often called, is famous for the beauty of its lush, green landscape.


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Grafton Street is a fashionable shopping district in Dublin.


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Bunratty Castle, near Limerick, is a restored Irish castle of the 1400's.


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The hydra usually begins life as a bud that grows on the body of its parent.


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Raphael's School of Athens shows a gathering of ancient Greek philosophers and scientists in a Roman architectural setting.


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Soldiers from Pakistan's army aim a mortar before firing.


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Tanks and soldiers from the British Army travel across the desert in


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Knossos, Crete, is the site of famous ancient ruins of the Minoan civilization.


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Antananarivo, Madagascar, is the country's capital and largest city.


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Shooting the picture is actually one of the later stages in making a


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Miles Davis, right, was an influential jazz trumpet player from the late 1940's until his death in 1991.


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Maria Laach Abbey Church in Germany is dominated by a square


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A naval task force consists of a temporary unit of ships formed


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Astronauts on a space shuttle mission work in a pressurized laboratory called Spacelab.


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The Tokyo Stock Exchange is one of the world's leading stock exchanges.


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Cells, the building blocks of all living things, stand out clearly in


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Sao Paulo, Brazil, ranks among the world's largest cities in


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The snow-capped Pyrenees Mountains form the border between Spain and France.


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The Canadian Parliament buildings, which include chambers of


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The "running of the bulls" is a well-known tradition in the festival of San Fermin in Pamplona.


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Fighter planes attack enemy aircraft and ground targets.


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Herds of Bactrian camels graze in the Gobi Desert.


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Charest was elected leader of Canada's Progressive Conservative party in a party election held in April 1995.


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Dallas includes such landmarks as the 72-storey NationsBank Plaza building, the tallest skyscraper in Dallas, and the domed Reunion Tower.


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Rehabilitative therapy teaches new skills and abilities to patients with severe mental illnesses.


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This painting shows Philippe Pinel, a French physician of the late 1700's, demanding the removal of chains from mentally ill inmates of a hospital in Paris.


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Recycling helps prevent pollution by reducing the amount of solid


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An aerial ballet is a thrilling spectacle.


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A circus presents a variety of performers, including aerialists, acrobats,clowns, dancers, musicians, and trained animals.


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Animal acts provide great excitement for audiences.


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A hinge-action double-barrelled shotgun is fired by first moving the release handle to one side and pulling the barrels downward to open the firing chambers.


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A Byzantine church in Greece called the Church of the Dormition


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Byzantine art is dominated by Christian themes.


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Cape Town, South Africa's legislative capital and oldest city,


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Nelson Mandela, left, takes the oath of office for the presidency of South Africa in May 1994.


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Hank Williams, a popular singer and songwriter of the 1940's and early 1950's, was one of country music's most influential artists.


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Patsy Cline helped shape the Nashville Sound in the late 1950's.


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A video camera uses an electronic charge-coupled device to translate light,reflected from the scene being recorded, into video signals.


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This diagram shows how a human cell produces energy.


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A nuclear power plant uses the heat of a controlled nuclear


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Cells differ in shape, size, and function, but all cells have many structures in common.


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Many parts work together in the electronic system of the calculator shown.


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Effective interior design creates indoor spaces that are attractive, comfortable, and functional.


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Kitchen design must be especially functional.


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Access for the disabled may be an important consideration in the


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A peace agreement signed in October 1994 formally ended a state


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The giant anteater has a tube-shaped head and snout.


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The German wirehaired pointer is a hunting dog.


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Cars covered with volcanic ash lined streets after Mount Pinatubo erupted.


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Victoria was queen of Britain for 63 years.


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An editorial cartoon comments in a striking manner on important


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A male and female orangutan have different physical features.


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Elizabeth Dole's posts in public service in the United States have included Cabinet positions of secretary of transportation and secretary of labor in the federal government, and the presidency of the American Red Cross.


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An illumination called an historical initial from a choir book shows a Nativity scene within the letter P. Pictures and designs called border decoration surround the text.


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Breeding horses is an important economic activity in Turkmenistan.


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The Pieta was the most important work of Michelangelo's


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The Fantastic Four reflect a dynamic style of composition and storytelling that have influenced many superhero comics.


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The voltaic pile, invented in the late 1790's, was the first battery.


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The dynamo was the first efficient electric generator.


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Battle of the Amazons by Peter Paul Rubens, 1618.


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Leonardo's scientific drawings include his famous study of human proportions called Vitruvian man.


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Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa is probably the most famous portrait ever painted.


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The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne is arranged in a


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The Crucifixion of Saint Peter was completed by Michelangelo


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The Florentine Pieta was intended for Michelangelo's own


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Rouen Cathedral, Full Sunlight by Claude Monet, 1895.


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Controversy erupted in 1968 when American sprinters Tommie Smith, centre, and John Carlos raised clenched fists at a medal ceremony to protest at what they considered to be racism.


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The Olympic flame is lit during the opening ceremonies.


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Virgin and Child Enthroned with Angels and Saints by an


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Saint Matthew (from the Gospel Book of Archbishop


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Joachim with the Shepherds (also known as Joachim Takes Refuge in the Wilderness by Giotto.


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Madonna of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci.


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The Vision After the Sermon (also known as Jacob Wrestling with the Angel) by Paul Gauguin.


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Early cubism grew from Pablo Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, of 1907.


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Abraham and the Three Angels (from the Psalter of Saint Louis) by an unknown French artist.


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The Executions of 3rd May 1808 by Francisco Goya.


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An indoor rain forest exhibit at the Henry Doorly Zoo in Omaha,


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Inside a zoo kitchen, trained workers peel, chop, combine, and


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Regular medical treatment helps keep zoo animals healthy.


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Scars from the crash of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 appear on


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The Descent from the Cross by Rogier van der Weyden.


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Banquet of Officers of the Civic Guard of Saint George at Haarlem, 1616 by Frans Hals.


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Portrait of Charles I Hunting by Sir Anthony Van Dyck,


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The Return of the Prodigal Son by Rembrandt.


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The Island of Cythera (also known as The Embarkation for Cythera) by Antoine Watteau, 1717.


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Boat-Building near Flatford Mill by John Constable, 1815.


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Ophelia by Sir John Everett Millais, 1852.


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The Stonebreakers by Gustave Courbet, 1849.


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Snowstorm: Steamboat off a Harbour's Mouth by


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The Thankful Poor by Henry Ossawa Tanner, 1894.


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Skin drums are traditional instruments in Inuit music.


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Uranus appears here in true colours, left, and false colours, right in images produced by combining numerous pictures taken by the Voyager 2


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The sprawling Kruger National Park in South Africa is home to


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Tikal National Park in Guatemala protects ruins of pyramids and


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The Channel Tunnel lies beneath the English Channel.


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Army ants are fierce hunters that travel in swarms and prey chiefly on other insects.


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Harvester ants store seeds in special chambers inside their nests, shown.


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Dairying ants "milk" honeydew from aphids, shown.


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Honey ant workers called repletes serve as storage tanks.


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The greenbottle fly is named for the colour of its shiny coat.


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The Christian church was an important institution during the Middle Ages.


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The aardvark rips open the nests of ants and termites with its claws.


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John Adams' birthplace stands in Quincy (then Braintree),


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An emotional appeal is used in many advertisements to attract attention so that people will learn about the product.  This advertisement appeals to parents' love and concern for their children and then gives reasons for buying the product.


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Expansion of rural education has been a chief goal of governments in northern Africa.


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College education is available in most African countries.


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Mission schools were founded in Africa by European missionaries during the colonial period.


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Traditional education in Africa provides children with the special skills they need to become productive members of their community.


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A bronze sculpture from Nigeria is an image of a priest-king of a civilization once centred at Ife.


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Royal music of the Ashanti of Ghana honours a new chief.


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Traditional African dancing marks important events in everyday life, such as births, deaths, and harvest time.


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Deserts cover about two-fifths of Africa.


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Exercise can help elderly people maintain or improve  fitness.  Although the process of aging cannot be prevented,  regular physical activity can produce benefits at any age.


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AIDS viruses reproduce in CD4 cells and circulate in the blood.


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The AIDS quilt memorializes people who have died of AIDS. The quilt is a moving symbol of the epidemic's human cost.


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Albatrosses are large sea birds with white bodies and darker wings


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The blue-green alga Anabaena consists of long strands


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The spherical colonies of the green alga Volvox


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Roald Amundsen, Norwegian explorer and navigator, was the


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Long, powerful legs and a stride of 4.6 metres make the ostrich one of the fastest land animals.


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Long, slender front wings and small hind wings enable the fast-flying hawk moth to hover like a hummingbird.


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A tail and fins serve most fish in swimming.


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A water spider breathes underwater by means of large air bubbles held close to its body.


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The armadillo's armour protects the animal from harm.


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Large, heavy horns protect the slow-moving Cape buffalo of southern Africa from enemies.


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Protective colouration helps many animals hide from their enemies.


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Mimicry helps many animals avoid predators.


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The courtship ritual of the albatross involves an elaborate dance between a male and female before they mate.


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A male Adelie penguin incubates an egg by holding it between his feet to protect it from the Antarctic chill.


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A raven's nest is usually built on a cliff in late winter.


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A male antelope marks his territory by rubbing his face on plants within its borders.


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People protect some animals by raising them in captivity.


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A mechanical toy was manufactured by a Connecticut company about 1871.


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Harsh, sparsely populated deserts cover much of the Arab world.


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Traditional Arab architecture places great importance on privacy.


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Traditional Chinese architecture featured roofs that curved upward at the end.


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Angkor is a group of temples in Cambodia.


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Japanese architecture became noted for its simplicity, elegance, and sense of proportion.


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Hagia Sophia is the finest example of Byzantine architecture.


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Aachen Cathedral in Germany, dedicated in 805, is an example of Carolingian architecture.


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Gothic cathedrals dominated French architecture from about 1150 to 1500.


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The Church of Sant' Andrea in Mantua, Italy, was designed by Leon Battista Alberti in the mid-1400's.


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The dome of the Cathedral of Florence was an early achievement of Italian Renaissance architecture.


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St. Peter's Basilica stands in Rome on the site of Old St. Peter's.


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The chateau of Fontainebleau is an early example of Renaissance architecture in France.


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The Villa Rotonda, designed by Andrea Palladio in the mid-1500's, stands on a hill near Vicenza, Italy.


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The Palladian Revival was based on Roman architecture and the works of Andrea Palladio.


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Early American architecture reflected European styles.


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The Gothic Revival of the 1800's reflected a renewed interest in medieval Gothic architecture.


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The Palais Garnier features a number of architectural styles.


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The Amsterdam Stock Exchange in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, is noted for its simple lines and an extensive use of brick.


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The AEG Turbine Factory, with simple lines and glass walls, was one of the first factories to reflect modern design principles.


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Steiner House in Vienna has a cubelike shape and no decoration.


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The Carson Pirie Scott & Company Building, a Chicago department store, is a masterpiece of the Chicago School of architecture.


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The prairie style created by Frank Lloyd Wright revolutionized American domestic architecture.


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The works of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe are noted for his skilful use of steel and glass.


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The International Style became one of the dominant architectural movements of the 1900's.


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The British Art Centre at Yale University was the last major work by Louis Kahn, a leading American architect of the mid-1900's.


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Post-modernism used elements from earlier architectural styles.


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Rural life and city life contrast vividly in Argentina.


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Beautiful rock formations rise from the floor of Monument Valley in Arizona's Colorado Plateau.


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A winged lion of the 800's B.C. stood in front of the palace of Ashurnasirpal II. It was supposed to ward off evil.


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The aye-aye lives in the forests of Madagascar.


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Aztec writing consisted of small pictures called pictographs.


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The Spanish Conquest in 1521 destroyed the Aztec empire.


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An Aztec pyramid stands at Santa Cecilia, Mexico, near Mexico City.


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Muslims in Baghdad attend highly decorated houses of worship called mosques.


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The Beatles were the most popular group in rock music history.


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Bethlehem lies south of Jerusalem in the Judean Hills.


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Artificial body parts are designed by biomedical engineers as replacements for defective natural body parts.


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Platelets plug leaks in blood vessels and help begin the process leading to the formation of a blood clot.


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White blood cells help the body fight infection and disease.


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The bobcat uses its keen eyesight and hearing to track down the small animals on which it feeds.


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Bogota, the capital and largest city of Colombia, lies on a plateau high in the Andes Mountains.


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La Paz, Bolivia's largest city, lies on a cool plateau high in the Andes Mountains.


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A Babylonian clay tablet with cuneiform writing was an early form of book.


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The Domesday Book was the first official record of land holdings in England.


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The oldest known printed book is the Diamond Sutra,


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Paperback books first became popular in Europe and the U.S.A in the 1800's.


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Central Boston is a blend of historic and modern buildings.


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The Boston Tea Party was a protest against a tax the British government placed on imported tea.


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Botticelli's La Primavera (Springtime) is a complex symbolic painting based on classical mythology.


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The bottle tree is named for its trunk, which resembles a bottle.


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Brasilia is noted for its modern architecture.


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The colourful carnival festival in Rio de Janeiro features costumed street dancers and lively parades.


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A church procession takes place in the town of Ouro Preto.


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The world's widest boulevard is Avenida 9 de Julio in Buenos Aires.


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Julius Caesar was one of the great military leaders of all time.


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The Appalachian Region consists primarily of forests and farmland.


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An examination for lung cancer may include the use of an instrument called a bronchoscope.


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The capybara, the world's largest rodent, lives in Central and


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The caribou lives in the North American tundra.


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Movement is illustrated largely through the use of lines of different sizes.


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The senses are illustrated by lines, symbols, and words.


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A mother cat carries a kitten back to the nest if it strays too far.


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A centipede may have as many as 170 pairs of legs.


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An oasis in the desert of northern Chad provides water for wandering nomads and their livestock.


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Chavez was a Mexican American trade union organizer.


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The black-capped chickadee lives in Canada and the Northern United States.


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A fashionable area of Santiago, Chile's capital, attracts many shoppers.


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Chile's Central Valley is crossed by several rivers fed by runoff water from the Andes.


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The chinchilla has large ears and a short, bushy tail.


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Crowded street scenes--like this one in Lima, Peru--are common in cities throughout the world.


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Fidel Castro, left, declared Cuba was Communist, and was welcomed to the Soviet Union by Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev.


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A conch is a large sea snail with a spiral shell.


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Congress, the law-making branch of the United States government, consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.


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The Central Plateau is the agricultural heartland of Costa Rica.


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A cowboy on horseback used equipment and skills borrowed from


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A chuck wagon carried food, cooking utensils, drinking water,


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Analytic cubism divided objects into many fragments and planes, as in Georges Braque's Man with a Guitar begun


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Testing for hearing disorders is usually done by trained experts called audiologists.


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Edgar Degas painted The Dancing Class in 1874.


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Luca della Robbia created Madonna and Child Jesus.


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Special education helps handicapped children use their full learning ability.


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The Doberman pinscher is an intelligent watchdog.


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This shar-pei puppy is one of a breed of dog that originated in China about 200 B.C. The characteristic loose skin over the head, neck and shoulders is especially loose in shar-pei puppies.


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A black tongue is the distinguishing feature of the chow chow.


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The puli is a medium-sized sheepdog that originated in Hungary.


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The samoyed is related to the chow and the spitz.


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The Norwegian Elkhound is a hunting dog that originated in Norway probably


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The Scottish terrier, or Scottie was first bred in the Scottish highlands in the 1800's.


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The smooth fox terrier was originally bred in southern England in the mid 1800's for use in fox hunts.


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The Pekingese was the royal dog of China, and at one time only people of royal blood could own one.


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The pug is the largest of the toy-size dogs.


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The Pembroke Welsh Corgi originated in Pembroke, Wales, during the early 1100's.


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Stephen A. Douglas was a popular and skilful American orator and political leader just before the American Civil War.


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Menander was the most popular Greek playwright of his time.


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Roman comedy was usually performed on a stage that represented a public street.


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Commedia dell' arte was a loosely constructed form of comedy that dominated Italian drama from the 1500's through to the 1700's.


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David Garrick was the leading English actor of his day.


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Theatre of the absurd was a broad movement that included many important new playwrights of the 1950's.


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August Wilson is a leading African American playwright.


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An echidna has many sharp spines and mainly eats ants and termites.


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Quito, Ecuador's capital, lies on a plateau almost 3 kilometres above sea level.


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Open-air regional markets sell foods and handicrafts produced in nearby villages.


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Special education programmes provide instruction for disabled or gifted students.


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Learning by doing is an important instructional method in schools throughout the world.


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The manufacturing of cotton textiles ranks as one of Egypt's most important industries.


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Trained elephants, such as the Asiatic elephant shown here, are used in the logging industry in several Asian countries.


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A baby elephant stays with its mother until it reaches adulthood.


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A Renaissance engraving by Andrea Mantegna of Italy has the solid quality of a statue.


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The stoat hunts at night as well as during the day.


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Erosion by glaciers typically takes place over thousands of years as the ice masses slowly move down mountainsides.


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An etching by James Whistler shows an informal scene along the River Thames in London.


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The fennec is a small fox with large ears and a black-tipped tail.


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Bracken is found in fields throughout most of the world.


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Western sword ferns grow in forests along the Pacific coast of


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The fleur-de-lis is an iris-like design used in heraldry.


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A horse fly's eyes act as prisms, breaking light into bands of colour.


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A house fly searches for food on a crust of bread.


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A flying dragon glides by spreading folds of skin.


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A fossil Pterodactylus, a type of pterosaur, provides information on the animal's behaviour.


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Beautifully designed furniture can be displayed as works of art.


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A common ancient Greek chair was the klismos, shown.


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A reconstructed Roman stool called a sella curulis has curved legs in the shape of an X.


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This simply built chest is typical of the furniture of the Middle Ages.


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A Japanese cabinet of the early 1600's is made of lacquered wood.


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A typical Chinese chair of the 1500's had a single vertical splat that formed the centre of the chair's back.


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An Italian tabletop of the 1600's is decorated with semi-precious stones in a technique called pietre dure.


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A low chest of drawers called a commode became a popular furniture form of the 1700's.


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The English neoclassical style was begun by Robert Adam, a Scottish architect, in the 1760's.


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This Empire-style dressing table features a round mirror and built-in candleholders.


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Art nouveau was a decorative style characterized by a graceful curve known as a whiplash curve.


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Restoration furniture resembled the French Empire style.


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Art deco emphasized streamlined geometric forms.


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A Robert Venturi chair is the American architect's interpretation of the Queen Anne style of the early 1700's in England.


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A galago is a small tree-dwelling African animal that is active at night.


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Marine iguanas inhabit the rocky coastlines of the Galapagos Islands.


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The German shepherd dog was bred as a herding dog.


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The ginkgo is a slender ornamental tree with fan-shaped, fernlike leaves.


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The brindled gnu is one of the fastest animals in southern Africa.


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The common goldfish is a popular aquarium pet.


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The pocket gopher is native to North America.


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The National Palace, a government centre, stands in Guatemala City.


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A Guatemalan rural village lies along a river.


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Coffee beans dry in the sun on plantations in the Highlands region.


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Captain Nathan Hale was executed in New York City near what is now 66th Street and Third Avenue.


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A jack-o'-lantern for Halloween is made by carving a pumpkin.


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Hammurabi, king of Babylonia, stands before the god Shamash, patron of justice.


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John Hancock was an American revolutionary leader who became the first person to sign the American Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Havana is the commercial and industrial centre of Cuba.


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Patrick Henry lashed out at English tyranny in a great speech before the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1765.


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Durocs are a popular breed of pig because they produce large


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This photograph shows a Yorkshire sow nursing her piglets.


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Berkshires provide meat with little excess fat.


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Chester Whites must have shade to avoid sunburn.


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Spotted Swine may be mostly black or mostly white.


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A horned lizard has sharp spines on its head and its back.


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Medical care of a horse includes periodic examinations by a veterinarian.


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A well-performed jump requires harmony between the rider and horse.


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A newborn foal is cared for by its mother.


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A hyrax is a rabbit-sized animal that resembles a guinea pig.


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Millions of European immigrants streamed into the United States during the 1800's and early 1900's.


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A family dinner in India often includes a variety of dishes.


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Jakarta has many wide boulevards lined with modern buildings.


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Farm crops are sold or traded at village marketplaces like this one in Sumatra, where most of the Batak people live.


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Factories developed during the Industrial Revolution to bring together the machines and the workers to run them.


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The domestic system produced most manufactured goods before the Industrial Revolution.


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Steamships carried raw materials and manufactured goods across the Atlantic Ocean by the mid-1800's.


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Des Moines rises along the Des Moines River in south-central Iowa.


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This richly carved stand was made to hold the Koran, the


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Islamic art includes many beautiful religious colleges called madrasahs.


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Islamic pottery featured a form of decoration called lustre painting, in which artists used metallic paint on a blue or white glaze.


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The black-tailed jack rabbit lives in dry areas of Mexico and the Western United States.


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The jackal, a member of the dog family, is mainly a scavenger, an animal that feeds on creatures it finds dead.


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An American mission led by Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrived in Japan in 1853.


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Jay John was a distinguished American statesman.


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The sea wasp is a jellyfish found mainly in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia.


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The Last Supper was the final meal that Jesus shared with His 12 apostles.


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Jesus restored a blind beggar's sight in a miracle described in the Gospels.


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Jesus was arrested by Roman soldiers in Gethsemane, a garden east of Jerusalem.


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The Resurrection of Jesus, as related in the Gospels, occurred on the third day after His Crucifixion.


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A street in Johannesburg, South Africa's largest urban area, is lined with modern buildings.


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A killdeer is a shore bird of North and South America.


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The kinkajou uses its long, flexible tail for balance in trees.


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Kinshasa is the capital and largest city of Congo (Kinshasa).


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The lamprey's mouth is especially suited for sucking fluids from the bodies of other fish.


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Beirut Harbour is Lebanon's chief port facility.


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A parasitic leech sucks human blood through a mouth centred in a disklike front sucker.


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The ring-tailed lemur, one of the most common species, lives in the southwest part of Madagascar.


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Music helps tell a story during a library story hour.


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The collection of a special library may feature items other than books.


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Vatican Library, in Vatican City, has one of the world's largest and most valuable collections of early manuscripts and books.


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A clay tablet of the 600's B.C. lists literary works, probably for use in the Royal Library at Nineveh in Babylonia.


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A monk in a scriptorium copies a manuscript by hand.


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Arctic lichens cover much of the ground surface in the tundra.


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Yellow map lichens rank among the oldest living things.


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The beautiful lilac is popular throughout the world.


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A pride of lions moves across an open, grassy plain in Africa.


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A lion's long, sharp teeth and huge paws are fearsome weapons.


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Fantasies--like The Wizard of Oz--include thrilling tales of imaginary lands.


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Mother Goose fairy tales, rhymes, and songs have charmed young children since the 1700's.


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Great illustrators of the 1800's, including Randolph Caldecott, helped make pictures a major part of children's literature.


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The first modern picture book was The Tale of Peter Rabbit, one of a series of animal stories written by Beatrix Potter.


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The main clue to the Lost Colony was the word Croatoan


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The European lynx, like the other lynxes, is a large and powerfully built wild cat with tufted ears.


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The Japanese macaque has brown fur and a short tail.


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People of various ethnic groups live in Peninsular Malaysia.


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Timbuktu is now a small trading town in central Mali.


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The manakin is a small bird found in the tropical forests of Central and South America.


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Edouard Manet completed Bar at the Folies Bergere in 1882.


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This portrait of Edouard Manet was painted by his friend Henri Fantin-Latour in 1867.


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Marine biologists study marine life in its environment.


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Thurgood Marshall was the first African American justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. As a justice, Marshall took liberal positions on a wide variety of issues, including capital punishment, free speech and school desegregation.


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The marten, a member of the weasel family, usually builds its den in a hollow tree.


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Henri Matisse was a famous French artist.


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Portrait of Madame Matisse, painted in 1905, shows Matisse's emphasis on colour, which is typical of the Fauve movement.


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A sculpture of the Maya maize god has ears of maize in its headdress.


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Maya writing used symbols that represented entire ideas or combinations of sounds.


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The Mayflower II, built as the original Mayflower


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The Great Mosque in Mecca is the centre of worship for all Muslims.


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Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (Japan)


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Providing medical care in developing countries requires overcoming great distances and a shortage of doctors.


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Trephining involved cutting a hole in the skull, perhaps to release evil spirits.


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The scientific study of anatomy began with Andreas Vesalius' book


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Surgical advances by Ambroise Pare included sewing through pieces of


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Antiseptic surgery involved spraying surgical wounds with carbolic acid to prevent infection.


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Anthrax germs were the first microorganisms identified as a cause of illness.


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An early X-ray photograph by Wilhelm Roentgen shows his wife's left hand and wedding ring.


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Cryosurgery, the use of extreme cold in surgery, was developed in the 1960's.


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Penicillium mould, discovered by Alexander Fleming, is grown in laboratories to make penicillin.


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The Meteor Crater in Arizona lies between the towns of Flagstaff and Winslow.


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The story of the Mexican Revolution is told in murals by David Siqueiros and other well-known Mexican artists.


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The Mexican hat dance is a popular Mexican dance.


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The Central Plateau has some of Mexico's richest farmland.


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Tropical rain forests are found in the southern areas of the Gulf Coastal Plain and on the Yucatan Peninsula.


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Mexico City landmarks include the towering Monument to Independence, honouring heroes of Mexico's independence movement.


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The Palacio de Bellas Artes is a performance and exhibition centre famous for the beauty of its architecture.


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A mole searches for earthworms and other food by digging tunnels with its sharp claws and powerful legs.


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Monet's Water Lilies was one of a series the artist painted near the end of his life, when he was almost blind.


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An ancient Greek coin called a tetradrachm was issued during the 400's B.C. The front of the coin, left, had a portrait of the goddess Athena.


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Playing-card money was used in Canada when it was a French colony during the 1600's and 1700's.


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The oak-tree shilling was one of the first coins made in Massachusetts.


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A mongoose prepares to eat a snake it has killed.


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Monte Carlo is a luxurious resort on the Mediterranean coast.


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Montezuma II, left, was an Aztec emperor who ruled in Mexico from 1502 to 1520.


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Mosses tend to grow in bunches, and they often form dense mats that cover large areas.


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Mount Everest, in the Himalaya range on the frontier of Tibet and Nepal, is the highest mountain in the world.


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The mountain lion may reach a length of 1.5 metres or more, not counting its tail.


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Edvard Munch's painting The Scream illustrates the feeling of anguish and inner torment that appears in many of his works.


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Munich's New City Hall stands in the busy Marienplatz, a large square in the old section of the city.


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The Black Crook is generally considered the first American musical comedy.


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Oklahoma! began the age of the modern musical comedy in 1943.


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Show Boat helped start a new era of musical comedy in 1927.


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A muskrat lives near water and has a long tail.


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Mussels have soft bodies protected by hard shells.


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The creation of life is the subject of many myths.


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Osiris, Egyptian god of the afterlife, judged the souls of the dead.


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The Greeks built the Trojan horse, hid several soldiers inside, and left it outside the walls of Troy.


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The Muses were Greek goddesses of the arts and sciences.


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Romulus and Remus were the mythical founders of Rome.


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The fire goddess Pele was worshipped in many parts of Polynesia.


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Fetish figures like this one of the Songe, a people of Congo (Kinshasa), are used to protect village property.


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The Celtic god Cernunnos protected horned animals.


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Nero was a Roman emperor who reigned from A.D. 54 until his death in


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Albuquerque is New Mexico's largest city.


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Central Park lies in the centre of Manhattan.


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New Zealand's beautiful countryside provides excellent grazing land for millions of sheep.


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Central Auckland, like the business areas of other large New Zealand cities, has many modern office buildings.


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The Nicaraguan countryside includes sharply rising mountains, and grazing land for cattle and other livestock.


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Managua is the capital, largest city, and chief commercial centre of Nicaragua.


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Nigerian Muslims dressed in traditional costumes prepare to take part in a horsemanship event at the end of a religious festival.


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A typical village in rural Nigeria consists of clusters of homes much like these.


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The nightingale is a small thrush known for its melancholy song.


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Florence Nightingale introduced sanitary methods of nursing in wartime.


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In a hospital in Scutari, Florence Nightingale attended to the


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The Blue Nile, one of the two main branches of the Nile, has carved out a deep valley in Ethiopia.


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The Nile River irrigates large strips of farmland.


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A male nurse gives medication to a patient.


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Most nurses work in hospitals, where they help to comfort and care for people who are sick, injured, or recovering from surgery.


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Operating theatre nurses assist surgeons during operations.


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An Omani craftsman uses a potter's wheel to make pottery.


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A mother opossum carries her young on her back.


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An ouija board is used as a game or supposedly to exchange messages


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Traditional ways of life are followed by many Pacific Islanders, especially villagers who earn little or no money.


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Two main types of islands are found in the Pacific.


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Producing copra, the dried meat of the coconut, is a main economic activity in the Pacific Islands.


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Coconut palms grow as high as 30 metres.


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A street scene in Colon shows people of various races.


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The Gatun Locks are chambers where the water level can be changed to raise or lower ships travelling through the Panama Canal.


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Port Moresby is the capital of Papua New Guinea.


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The skyline of Asuncion, Paraguay's capital and largest city, consists of modern high-rises and traditional Spanish-style buildings.


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Black stem rust is a fungus that lives part of its life on barberry plants, shown here, and part on wheat plants.


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Mistletoe is a plant parasite that grows on trees.


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Plasmodium vivax is one of the tiny parasites that cause malaria, a serious disease of human beings.


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A tapeworm lives in intestines of people and animals.


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The trichina worm lodges in the muscles of pigs and humans.


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Paricutin is the most recently formed volcano in the Western Hemisphere.


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The collared peccary has a coarse, blackish-grey coat.


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Frances Perkins, served as New York's Industrial Commissionser from 1929-1933.


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Oliver Hazard Perry and his fleet of nine ships defeated the British in the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812.


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Weeks of bombing by allied aircraft left much of Baghdad, Iraq's capital, in ruins.


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Oil wells burned out of control in Kuwait after retreating Iraqi troops set fire to hundreds of wells.


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Workers in a fish-processing plant near Piura handle part of Peru's enormous annual catch of ocean fish.


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The ruins of Machu Picchu, once a walled Inca city, stand near Cusco.


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Ring-necked pheasants are popular game birds.


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Male golden pheasants have bright yellow heads and brilliant red breasts.


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Traditional and modern ways of life contrast greatly in the Philippines.


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Manila hemp, commonly called abaca, is grown in the Philippines.


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Guernica is considered one of Picasso's masterpieces.


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The American pika is a small, furry animal that lives among loose rock on mountainsides.


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The northern pike is a large freshwater fish that is popular as a fighting game fish and also as a delicious food fish.


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A pillory locked the arms and head of a person between two wooden boards.


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Plankton is made up of many types of organisms.


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Mount Vesuvius looms in the background over the once-thriving city of Pompeii.


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A pony express rider switches to a fresh mount and begins another step of his dangerous dash across the West.


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The Pope is the spiritual leader of millions of Roman Catholics throughout the world.


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The Pope's vestments for saying Mass include a white skullcap, a woollen collar called a pallium, and a sleeveless garment called a chasuble worn over a long white cassock.


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The election of a pope is announced to the outside world by white smoke emerging from a chimney in Vatican City.


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Innocent III was the most powerful of all medieval popes.


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Saint Peter is considered the first pope.


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Benedict XIV was admired for his high moral character and his support of religious and secular education.


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Paul III was a Renaissance pope who helped begin the Catholic Reformation by calling the Council of Trent.


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Pius XII was one of the most active popes in history, updating and revising many church practices and customs.


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John Paul II, who was born in Poland, in 1978 became the first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI of the Netherlands.


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John XXIII, a popular modern pope, called Vatican Council II, which reshaped much of church life.


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Paul VI created much controversy with a 1968 encyclical that continued church teachings prohibiting birth control.


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A porcupinefish has strong, sharp spines on its body.


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The Portuguese man-of-war floats on the surface of warm oceans.


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A possum feeds on the yellow blossoms of a tree.


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The potto lives in the forests of western Africa.


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Prairies are covered chiefly by tall grasses.


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Prairie dogs keep a sharp lookout for their enemies.


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Elvis Presley rehearses for a 1956 appearance on a U.S. TV show.


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The prickly pear has pear-shaped fruit that is good to eat.


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A male pronghorn has branchlike horns with hard, black coverings.


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A ciliate has many hairlike cilia, which help it to


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A flagellate has one or more whiplike flagella, which move rapidly, allowing the flagellate to move.


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Sarcodines move by extending fingerlike pseudopods.


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Horned puffins spend the summer on the Pacific coasts of Alaska and Russia, where they rear their young.


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Sir Walter Raleigh was an adventurer and explorer, and a leading


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Statues of Ramses II guarded the Abu Simbel temple near the Nile for more than 3,000 years.


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Reading aloud to a child is an enjoyable activity for both the adult and the youngster.


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Reading disabilities require special teaching methods.


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Eliminating illiteracy is an important part of the educational programme of developing nations.


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The massive trunk of a redwood dwarfs a curious sightseer.


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The sale of indulgences caused Martin Luther to attack the church.


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Buddha preached that people can gain nirvana, or salvation, by freeing themselves from worldly attachments and desires.


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Hindus bathe in the Ganges River to purify their bodies.


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Prehistoric people performed religious ceremonies to ensure a sufficient food supply.


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The Ten Commandments contain the basic laws of Judaism and Christianity.


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A Muslim reads the Quran at a temple in Mecca, the holiest city of Islam.


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Within Christianity, a movement called charismatic


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Lorenzo de' Medici was the political and cultural leader of Florence when the city was the centre of the Italian Renaissance in the 1400's.


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The ruling families of the Italian city-states strongly supported the Renaissance.


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Donatello's David was the first large free-standing


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The Pazzi Chapel in Florence, Italy, was one of the first buildings designed in the Renaissance style.


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The drawings of Leonardo da Vinci reveal the inquiring mind of perhaps the greatest intellect of the Renaissance.


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Raphael's School of Athens portrays an imaginary


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Mythological subjects were popular with Italian artists.


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A northern Renaissance painting by the Flemish artist Jan van Eyck emphasizes lighting, perspective, and detail.


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Pierre Auguste Renoir, a master of impressionist painting, became famous for his luminous colours and cheerful scenes of everyday life.


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The Rocky Mountains extend more than 4,800 kilometres across the


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The hieroglyphics on this fragment of stone, known as the Rosetta


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A sand dollar has a thin, circular body.


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Venus of Willendorf Willendorf, Austria, 30,000-25,000 B.C. Limestone.


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Relief from the stairway to the Audience Hall of Darius I at


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Crete, Minoan period, 1500's B.C. Bronze.


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The oceanic whitetip shark has a graceful, torpedolike body.


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The Siberian husky is an alert, powerful dog.


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Slaves who picked cotton on plantations in the United States during the 1800's usually worked from sunrise to sunset.


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The sloth uses its claws to hang from branches.


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The sloth bear has shaggy black fur and a grey, almost hairless


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A slug is a kind of snail that moves by sliding on a thin coating of slime.


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The sparrowhawk preys on sparrows and other small birds.


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Sri Lankans harvest tea, which is one of the nation's leading products.


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Starfish use the tube feet on the underside of their arms to


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The Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and a beacon of freedom for immigrants, stands on Liberty Island in the


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Robert Louis Stevenson settled with his family near Apia on


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Lucy Stone helped to establish the American Suffrage Association, which worked for womens right to vote.


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The large, beautiful sunflower is grown by farmers in many parts of the world.


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Clarence Thomas became the second African American to serve the Supreme Court of the United States.


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Swifts usually roost on vertical surfaces, clinging with sharp toenails and using the tail as a prop.


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A swift called the blue spiny lizard has bright blue markings on its upper body.


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Damascus is Syria's capital and largest city.


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Ruins of Palmyra stand in central Syria.


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The takin is a large hoofed mammal that resembles a musk ox.


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Lion tamarins have long, golden-orange hair.


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Farmers transplant rice, above, near a lake in central Tanzania.


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The Palace of Wonders on Zanzibar was home to many Arab sultans (rulers).


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The tapir resembles a pig but actually is related to the horse and rhinoceros.


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The tarsier is a small Southwest Pacific animal with large eyes.


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The Tasmanian tiger, which most scientists believe is extinct, had stripes along its back like those of a tiger.


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Tecumseh was an Indian leader who fought to defend Indian lands against invasion by white people.


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The queen termite is a fully developed female whose sole job is to mate and reproduce.


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The soldier termite's job is to defend the colony against attack.


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The worker termite gathers food and cares for the young termites


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The tortoise has stumpy, clublike legs and feet.


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Totem poles, such as the ones pictured here, were wood carvings made by the Indians of the Northwest Coast.


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The red-crested touraco and many other forest species of touracos have brightly coloured feathers and long tails.


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The fall of Troy was made famous in legends.


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The tuatara is a reptile found only on a few small islands off the New Zealand coast.


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Tulips are colourful garden flowers that bloom in the spring.


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A crowded street along the Istanbul waterfront reflects the rapid growth of Turkish cities since the 1940's.


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Islamic rituals, such as group prayer, play an important part in the daily life of most Turks.


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The Kurds of Turkey make up the nation's largest minority group.


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Kemal Ataturk founded the Republic of Turkey in 1923 and was its first president.


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The common snapping turtle has a small shell in relation to the rest of its body.


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A soft-shelled turtle has a round, flat shell covered by leathery skin.


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The Galapagos tortoise ranks as one of the largest tortoises.


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Uncle Sam has appeared in several forms in different periods of United States history.


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United Nations headquarters consists of several buildings along the East River in New York City.


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The United Nations flag has a map of the world surrounded by a wreath of olive branches.


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Eastern Indians were forced to move to territory west of the Mississippi River during the Expansion Era as whites took over their land.


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World War I [1914-1918] marked the first time the United States had fought a full-scale war on foreign territory.


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A civil rights law banning compulsory school segregation led to a dramatic incident in 1957.


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Valentines by Kate Greenaway, a British artist, showed garden scenes.


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Vanilla plants yield pods that are gathered when they are yellow-green.


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The vicuna lives in the Andes Mountains of South America.


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Vienna, the capital of Austria, is a leading cultural centre of Europe.


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Vietnamese children stand outside a village house in southern Vietnam.


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The marketplaces of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam's largest city, are crowded with peddlers.


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Pancho Villa, right, and Alvaro Obregon are shown at a meeting near El Paso, Texas in 1914.


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The wart hog is named for the "warts" on its head.


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The towering Washington Monument ranks as the tallest structure in


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A water flea is a tiny shellfish with a transparent body covering.


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Water lilies grow in clear, shallow water in temperate and hot climates.


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Victoria Falls on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border


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Mad Anthony" Wayne led American troops against a confederation of Indian tribes in Ohio at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.


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A weasel is a small furry animal with a slender body and short legs.


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Daniel Webster, right, opposed Senator Robert Y. Hayne in a famous Senate debate in 1830 over states' rights.


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Toothed whales use their teeth only to capture prey, not to chew it.


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Scientists examine a beached whale that died after stranding itself ashore.


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A whippoorwill has spotted brown feathers that blend with its woodland habitat and help protect the bird from enemies.


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The wolverine lives in North America, northern Europe, and Asia.


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Wombats are stocky, burrowing animals of Australia.


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The woodchuck, also known as the ground hog, lives in Canada and the Eastern and Midwestern United States.


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The civilization of ancient Egypt began to develop in the Nile River Valley about 3100 B.C. Agriculture thrived in the valley, where floodwaters of the Nile deposited rich soil year after year.


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A stone seal from the Indus Valley civilization has a carved figure of an animal and some writing.


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A bronze ceremonial vessel shows the skill of an ancient Chinese artist.


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An ancient Greek dish portrays the god Apollo, patron of musicians and poets and the ideal of manly beauty.


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Assyrian King Ashurbanipal and his queen are shown feasting in the royal garden on this stone carving.


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A famous Roman aqueduct, the Pont du Gard near Nimes, France, stands as a reminder of one of the world's greatest empires.


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Constantine the Great was the first Roman emperor to become a Christian.


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A Hindu stone temple built during the A.D. 500's stands at Aihole,


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Between 300 and 1500, new civilizations appeared in Africa and the Americas.


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The Basilica of St. Mark in Venice, Italy, is one of the outstanding examples of Byzantine architecture in western Europe.


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Medieval monks like this one copied many valuable manuscripts written by ancient Greek and Roman scholars.


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A Muslim pharmacist is shown preparing a drug in an illustration from a medical book of the 1200's.


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People of the Renaissance developed bold new ideas that led to major achievements in architecture, painting, sculpture, and literature in western Europe from the 1300's through the 1500's.


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The study of the body led to important medical discoveries in Europe during the 1600's.


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Smoking factory chimneys signalled the start of the Industrial Revolution in Europe during the 1700's.


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Rejection of Communism swept across the Soviet Union in August 1991.


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Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, far right,


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Military aviators played an important role in the World War I.


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Members of the Nazi Party marched in a rally in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1938.


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The evacuation of Dunkerque rescued about 338,000 Allied soldiers in 1940.


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The bombing of London, called the Blitz, began in September 1940 and caused much ruin.


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The Big Three set overall Allied strategy.


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Hitting the beach, Allied infantrymen swarmed ashore along the Normandy coast of northern France on D-Day-- June 6,1944.  It was the largest seaborne invasion in history.  Hitler had boasted that German defences along the coast could resist any attac


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Wild with joy, Parisians welcomed Allied troops as they rode down the Champs Elysees on August 26, 1944.  Paris had been freed the day before, after over four years of Nazi occupation.


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American soldiers in the Philippines had to march to prison camps after they were captured by the Japanese in April 1942.  Many died during what is known as the Bataan Death March.


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Hugging the ground to avoid enemy gunfire, U.S. marines crawled over the sandy shores of Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands in November 1943.


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An attack by a Japanese kamikaze (suicide pilot)


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Supplies poured ashore on Iwo Jima after U.S. marines secured beaches on the Japanese island in February 1945.


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An atomic blast demolished the centre of Hiroshima, Japan,  on August 6,1945.  Japan agreed to surrender after a second  atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9.


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September 2, 1945, ended World War II.  General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, far left, signed for the Allies,and General Yoshijiro Umezu, right, for the Japanese army.


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Rosie the Riveter" became the humourous yet respectful name for the millions of American women who worked in defence plants during the war.


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The yak of Asia is a relative of the American bison.


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Yellowstone Lake, left, is the largest high-altitude lake in North America.


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Field artillery like this howitzer support infantry and armoured forces.


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Hawk missiles can attack aircraft flying as low as


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The Parliament Building is the centre of the Greek government.


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Bahamian craftworkers make colourful straw items to sell to the many tourists who vacation in the Bahamas.


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Judge Roy Bean, a justice of the peace, held court in his Texas saloon.


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The Blue Ridge Parkway in North Carolina is a scenic vacation area in the Blue Ridge Mountains.


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Budapest, the capital and largest city of Hungary, lies on both banks of the Danube River.


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A crusader's fortress, the Krak de Chevaliers, was powerfully built


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Shasta Dam in California creates a huge reservoir on the Sacramento River.


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Granite, an igneous rock, is formed mainly by the slow cooling of molten rock from deep inside the crust.


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Shale, a sedimentary rock, forms when clay is compressed into thin, hard layers.


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Gneiss and other metamorphic rocks result when igneous and sedimentary rocks are changed by heat and pressure.


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Glacial erosion gouges valleys and flattens the landscape.


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Mass movement often occurs suddenly, as in this mud slide in Los Angeles.


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Wind erosion sculpted Delicate Arch in Utah from a wall of ancient sandstone.


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A mountain of Precambrian rock rises in the harbour of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.


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Paleozoic sandstones make up part of the rock formations in Monument Valley, Utah.


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A block of Mesozoic limestone, the Rock of Gibraltar, formed below the ocean.


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Pleistocene glaciers cut valleys through mountains along the coast of Norway.


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Edison's phonograph, perhaps his favourite invention, played sounds recorded on a cylinder covered with tinfoil.


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The white cliffs of Dover rise on the southeastern coast of England.


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The Battle of Hastings in 1066, pictured on the Bayeux Tapestry, ended with the defeat of the English by the Normans.


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Mont-St.-Michel is a large rock that juts from the waters off the coast of Lower Normandy.


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Apartment buildings, such as these in Lyon, are home to many French city dwellers.


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Villages set amid well-tended fields typify much of rural France.


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The Tour de France is the greatest national sporting event in France.


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Castles called chateaux were the high point of French Renaissance architecture.


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Sculptor Auguste Rodin created many expressive figures.


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The cliffs of Normandy rise along the English Channel, in the Brittany-Normandy Hills of northwestern France.


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Charlemagne was the most famous ruler of the Middle Ages.


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The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, was an early event in the French Revolution.


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The death of Marat spurred on the Reign of Terror.


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The spiral galaxy in the constellation Cepheus resembles a pinwheel.


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Drawing glass is the method used to shape flat glass and glass tubing.


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Hiroshima's Peace Memorial Park honours the victims of the first atomic bomb used in war.


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Paul von Hindenburg, the president of Germany, named Hitler chancellor (prime minister) on Jan. 30, 1933.


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Nazi rallies featured thousands of troops and deeply impressed the German people.


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During the Holocaust, millions of Jews were forced to leave their homes and were imprisoned in concentration camps.


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Queen Isabella I of Spain supported Christopher Columbus in his plan to find a short sea route to the Indies.


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Low-rise, concrete apartment buildings in Florence typify the housing in Italian cities.


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The Alps form a towering wall across northern Italy.


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Volcanic lakes form when water collects in the craters of extinct volcanoes.


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The Leaning Tower of Pisa was built as a bell tower for the Pisa Cathedral, left.


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West Quoddy Lighthouse in Lubec, Maine, is noted for its stripes.


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Lightning is caused by the movement of positive and negative


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A magnetic field can be shown as imaginary lines that flow out of the north pole and into the south pole of a magnet.


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The windblown plains of Mars are covered by red sand dunes and jagged rocks.


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Life in the Middle Ages centred around control of the land.


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Building a medieval stone wall required great engineering skill.


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Galena PbS. Bright metallic lead-grey cubes.


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Gypsum CaSO4+CEP2H2O. Colourless, white, grey, or yellow to brown.


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The first petrol-powered motorcycle was invented in 1885 by Gottlieb Daimler, a German engineer.


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Oslo, Norway's capital and largest city, is home to almost 1 out of 8 Norwegians.


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Norwegian fishermen process a catch of fish.


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Hydroelectric plants, such as the Alta River dam, shown here, harness the energy of Norway's many swiftly flowing rivers.


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Norwegian Vikings sailed long wooden ships, like this one, preserved in an Oslo museum, in raids in along the coast of western Europe.


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Kilauea, on the island of Hawaii, is one of the most spectacular volcanoes in the Pacific Islands.


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Thomas Paine voiced the American colonists' demands for freedom with his famous pamphlet Common Sense.


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The Eiffel Tower is known throughout the world as a symbol of


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A huge poster in the city of Wroclaw serves as an advertisement for the National Bank of Poland.


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Roman Catholicism has a strong influence on the life of most Poles.


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Gently rolling hills cover much of southern Poland.


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A political rally in the city of Gdynia showed support for Solidarity candidates in the 1989 elections.


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The Battle of Bunker Hill (1775), actually fought on Breed's Hill, was the first major battle of the American Revolution.


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The Roman Forum was the centre of Roman government.


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A male ruffed grouse beats the air with its wings, making a drumming


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A luxurious palace built during the 1700's still stands in Petrodvorets, a suburb of St. Petersburg.


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Salt crystals form nearly perfect cubes.


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Unique Forms of Continuity by Umberto Boccioni.


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Chang and Eng were famous Siamese twins joined at the ribcage.


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Novosibirsk is Siberia's biggest city and one of the largest in Russia.


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The town of Taormina, Sicily, lies among the hills near Mount Etna, a snow-capped volcano, seen here in the background.


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Factory workers sort cocoons before beginning the process of reeling (unwinding) the long delicate threads.


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The Basques of northern Spain are one of the nation's many regional population groups.


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The flamenco is one of the many lively Spanish folk dances.


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Francisco Franco was dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975.


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Ticino, the southernmost Swiss canton, is the warmest part of the country.


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Victoria C. Woodhull was the candidate for the new Equal Rights Party in 1872.


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Slave makers raid the nests of other ants and carry off the pupae, shown.


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Bellbirds produce an unusually loud call.


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The bobolink nests in North America and flies to South America for the winter.


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A dromedary can be bred and trained for riding and racing.


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A camel's thick eyebrows help shade its eyes from the sun.


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The male canvasback has a reddish-brown head and a black breast.


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The whooping crane is the tallest bird of North America.


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Dickcissels are small birds that live in grasslands and alfalfa fields in the central part of the United States.


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A charging elephant may make itself look especially dangerous by sticking its ears straight out.


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The colourful arrow poison frog grows from 2.5 to 5 centimetres long.


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The spotted, brownish-green leopard frog measures from


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Many water-dwelling species, such as this North American bullfrog, have webbed toes on their hind feet as well.


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Green-backed herons build nests of sticks in trees or tall shrubs.


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Woody Herman was a popular bandleader for more than 40 years.


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Oilbirds dwell in caves in tropical regions of northern South America.


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Elaborate scenery and colourful crowd scenes add excitement to many operas.


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The Barber of Seville by Gioacchino Rossini is one of the most popular comic operas.


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Boris Godunov by Modest Mussorgsky is a psychological tragedy based on events in Russian history.


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Carmen by Georges Bizet describes the love affairs of a beautiful Gypsy.


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Don Giovanni by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart has been praised


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Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini describes a tragic


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Pagliacci by Ruggiero Leoncavallo is a tragedy about a company of travelling actors who stop in an Italian village to give a performance.


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The Magic Flute, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is a fairy-tale opera.


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Der Rosenkavalier, by Richard Strauss, portrays life among the aristocracy in Vienna during the 1700's.


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Salome, by Richard Strauss, is a passionate and violent


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La Traviata, by Giuseppe Verdi, describes a doomed love affair between Alfredo Germont, a young Frenchman, and Violetta


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La Boheme by Giacomo Puccini deals with a love affair between Rodolfo, a poet, and Mimi, a young seamstress in failing health.


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A petrified log forms a natural bridge at Petrified Forest National Park in northern Arizona.


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A small north American finch approximately 12cm long, it is grey and brown in colour and it has yellow markings on its wings and tail.


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Rock music's energetic style is captured by Mick Jagger and Ron Wood of the Rolling Stones.


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Woodstock drew more than 300,000 fans and featured three days of


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The snow bunting has a snowy white head and breast.


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The European starling has black feathers with a greenish-purple gloss.


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The summer tanager nests in the Southern United States.


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The cinnamon teal is a small North American duck.


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A male American toad puffs out its throat to utter a loud, flutelike mating call.


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The Bohemian waxwing lives in forests near the Arctic but flies south to temperate regions in the winter.


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Cedar waxwings live in most parts of North America.


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A weaverbird builds a hanging nest by weaving grass and twigs together.


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Tom Hanks is an internationally famous American film star who began his acting career in the late 1970's.


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Kweisi Mfume, president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)


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Philadelphia's City Hall ranks as one of the largest city halls in the United States.


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A mission control facility on the earth supervises the activities of astronauts in space.


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Bert Williams was an African American comedian with a gift for comic facial expression.


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Dinosaurs ruled the earth for millions of years.


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Scientists divide dinosaurs into two groups--ornithischians and saurischians--according to the structure of the hips.


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Dinosaurs of the Jurassic Period (205 million to 138 million years ago) included the huge Diplodocus and the meat-eating Allosaurus, centre.


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Dinosaurs of the Cretaceous Period (138 million to 65 million years ago) included hadrosaurs, centre, which had wide, ducklike bills.


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An early view of Tyrannosaurus rex showed the giant meat-eating dinosaur as a slow, rather sluggish creature.


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A modern illustration of Tyrannosaurus shows a faster and more active creature.


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Exploration has greatly increased knowledge of the world through


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Spanish soldiers attacked Aztec Indians in 1520.


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Velociraptor was first described by scientists in 1924.


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The structure of the human brain is revealed in remarkable detail by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


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Positron emission tomography (PET) images show brain activity.


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The cerebrum looks wrinkled because it is covered by a deeply folded layer of nerve cells called the cortex.


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The cerebellum is the part of the brain most responsible for balance and coordination.


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The brain stem is a stalklike structure that links the cerebrum with the spinal cord.


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Nerve pathways cross over as they pass through the brain stem.


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Regions within the motor and somatosensory areas of the cortex are linked to specific parts of the body.


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Networks of neurons, background, form the brain's information-processing circuits.


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Brains of some vertebrates show the progression of brain development


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James Cook, a British navigator, explored many islands in the


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Sir Isaac Newton was a famous English scientist.


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Respiratory system and circulatory system


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The white stork often nests on roofs and chimneys in cities and towns in Asia, Africa, and Europe.


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A classical ballet combines graceful, skilled dancers with beautiful music and elaborate scenery.


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Mining is an important industry in Russia.


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A samurai wipes blood from his sword after a battle.


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Seals have sleek bodies with flippers in place of legs.


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A male Northern fur seal guards his territory at a rookery, or breeding ground.


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Fishing has always been an important part of the Thai economy.


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Tegucigalpa, the capital and largest city of Honduras, lies among the mountains in the south-central part of the country.


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Bananas, Honduras' chief product, are grown along the northern coast.


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Almaty, Kazakstan's capital, lies at the foot of the Tian Shan range.


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Paleontologists find fossils in areas where deep, fossil-bearing layers of rock are exposed.


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At the laboratory, scientists carefully study the fossils.


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A museum display of a dinosaur skeleton, such as this Brachiosaurus, consists of fossilized bones mounted on a metal or plastic framework.


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One of the two main groups of chimpanzees is known simply as the chimpanzee, shown here.


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Pygmy chimpanzees, also called bonobos, are more slender and smaller than other chimpanzees.


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In a healthy water system, a cycle of natural processes turns waste material into useful substances.


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Water pollution occurs when people upset the balance with excess


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Eye surgery is often performed with the aid of a microscope to magnify the small, delicate structures of the eye.


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The Woodstock festival of 1969 attracted more than 300,000 rock fans.


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Computers in the classroom provide a powerful learning tool.


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An infant's car seat helps protect the child from injury in automobile accidents.


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A Velcro fastening device is made up of tiny loops and hooks that fit together.


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A giant commercial airliner can bring all parts of the world within easy reach of one another by flying large numbers of passengers long distances.


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Light planes make up most of the world's privately owned aeroplanes.


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The Boeing 747, the world's largest commercial airliner, can carry more than 400 people.


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Business executives use small jets, such as the 6-passenger Cessna Citation Bravo shown here, to fly to out-of-town assignments or meetings.


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Four-engine jet transports are designed for long nonstop flights.


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Military planes carry out special duties for a nation's armed forces.


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A three-engine jet transport, such as the DC-10, generally makes shorter flights than four-engine jets do.


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Aerobatic planes perform difficult manoeuvres, such as flying in close formation.


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Ultralight planes, such as the one shown here, are flown for recreation.


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V/STOL's, or Vertical/Short Take-Off and Landing planes, can take off and land without runways or on short ones.


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This drawing shows the parts of a light plane, a Piper Cherokee.


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Both the pilot's and copilot's yokes control the ailerons and elevator.


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Aircraft assembly takes place in some of the largest manufacturing plants in the world, such as this huge facility near Everett, Washington, where the Boeing 777 is manufactured.


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An "aerial steam carriage" was patented by William S. Henson of the United Kingdom in 1843.


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Belgium's largest city, Antwerp, is a major European port.


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In Brussels's main square, the Grand' Place, visitors may relax at an outdoor cafe.


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Miranda, a satellite of Uranus, has three regions called ovoids whose outer ridges resemble race tracks.


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Io, which orbits Jupiter, is the most active moon known.


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Callisto, a moon of Jupiter, is completely covered with craters.


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A historic docking occurred in 1995, when the United States space shuttle Atlantis, left, became the first U.S. spacecraft to link up with Russia's space station Mir, right.


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The Wright brothers' Flyer, which they built and flew in 1903, became the world's first successful airplane.


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The Deperdussin racer, built in France in 1912, was one of the first planes with a monocoque (tubelike) body, reducing the need for body braces and so lightening the plane.


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Sydney is the largest city in Australia.


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Rural communities in Australia serve mainly as marketing and shopping centers for farmers.


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Assembly plants, such as this car-making plant in the Melbourne suburb of Broadmeadows, account for much of Australia's industrial output.


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Golden wheat fields, such as this one in central New South Wales, are important to the Australian economy.


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A ballerina's point shoe is handmade from leather or canvas and covered with satin.


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For level flight, a plane must keep lift balanced against gravity.


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A VOR station sends out rays of radio signals, or radials,


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An actor in a no play performs a story with gestures and movements.


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A wind tunnel enables aircraft designers and engineers to test how a plane will perform under various flying conditions.


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A mainframe computer is housed in several large cabinets.


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A multimedia computer entertains and educates children with a programme


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A microprocessor does the actual computing work in a computer.


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A computer-aided design (CAD) program helps an architect plan a building.


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Computer graphics helps produce pictures for medical diagnosis, such


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Schools use computers as a teaching aid.


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Inside a desktop computer are a microprocessor, which does the actual computing, and memory chips and disk drives that provide data.


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Computer pioneers Stephen G. Wozniak, left, and Steven P. Jobs introduced the Apple II computer in 1977, making computing economical for families, schools, and small businesses.


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A notebook computer provides the speed and the storage capacity of a desktop machine in a battery-powered unit for people who often work away from their desks.


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A palmtop computer has less power than a desktop machine, but its light weight and ease of use suit it to such jobs as checking in rented cars at an


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Interference occurs when two waves of the same kind pass through the


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The Ainu may have been Japan's original inhabitants.


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Kabuki, a traditional form of Japanese drama, features chanting, music, colourful costumes and makeup, and a lively and exaggerated acting style.


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Landscape prints, such as this wood-block print, flourished in Japan in


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Kyushu is the southernmost of Japan's main islands.


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Emperor Hirohito, on the white horse, reviewed Japanese troops


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A pin-tumbler lock contains an inner core called a plug,


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A card access system uses a card with a coded magnetic strip as a key.


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Track and field stars of the 1996 Summer Olympics included Michael


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The dogtooth violet is a dainty spring wild flower.


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The Apollo spacecraft, shown here, carried three astronauts


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Tilghman Island in Chesapeake Bay provides a natural harbour for pleasure boats.


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Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991.


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Preparing tortillas (pancakes made from maize flour) is a daily task for this Mexican woman in Oaxaca.


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Wall posters served as a means of communication in China for many years.


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Rice is the the chief food on the island of Borneo and a major export.


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Hong Kong City lies across Victoria Harbour from Kowloon, background.


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Small settlements with thatch-roofed buildings dot Kenya's countryside.


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The Gobi is the coldest, most northern desert in the world.


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The skyline of Abidjan rises alongside a lagoon.


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Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria was begun in 1869 by King Ludwig II,


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The Colosseum, in central Rome, is one of the most famous surviving architectural marvels of the Roman Empire.


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Martin Luther, a German religious reformer of the 1500's, became the


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16th president of the United States, 1861-1865.


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The majestic Himalaya, the world's highest mountain system, rises along India's border with China.


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The Bavarian Alps, forming part of Germany's southern boundary, are part of Europe's highest mountain chain.


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The Atlas Mountain Chain crosses the middle of Morocco.


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The first pyramid in ancient Egypt was built for King Zoser about 2650 B.C. It rises about 60 metres and is called the Step Pyramid.


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Agriculture is the chief economic activity of Ethiopia.


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The Central Highlands are a series of flat to mountainous plateaus.


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Jews from many nations come to Jerusalem to pray at the Western Wall,


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Mark Twain was a great American humourist.


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The Alhambra is a palace and fortress in Granada, Spain.


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Athens, Greece's capital and largest city, contains many reminders of ancient Greek civilization.


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In Alsace, on the Northeastern Plateaus, vineyards spread over the rolling valleys and lower slopes of the Vosges Mountains.


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Hawaii's tropical splendour includes beautiful beaches, such as Waikiki Beach, along the Pacific Ocean.


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A Connecticut village in autumn is ablaze with the brilliant colours of turning leaves.


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France produces more wine than any other country except Italy.


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The Ponte Vecchio (Old Bridge) spans the Arno River in Florence.


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Oktoberfest is a lively festival held in Munich each autumn.


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Rolling fields of crops create a picturesque rural landscape in Iowa.


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Life in rural Ghana centres mainly around villages, such as Nsawam.


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Daniel Boone has become a symbol of courage, leadership, and the frontier spirit in American history.


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Giant steel works in the state of Minas Gerais pour pig iron into ingot mouldings.


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Cambodian women separate rice kernels from the husks in the Angkor region.


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An Austrian baker creates some of the delicious pastries for which his country is famous.


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The Brandenburg Gate, a famous symbol of Berlin, stands between the


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Dry grazing land covers much of Australia west of the Eastern Highlands.


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Water transportation is important in many Asian countries.


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Chinese farmers work together on a collective farm.


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Ayers Rock (called Uluru in Aboriginal), a popular tourist attraction, stands in Uluru National Park in central Australia.


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Rock paintings on the walls of caves and rock shelters were made


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Traditional clothing styles in Africa often feature bright colours and


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An outdoor fish market attracts shoppers in Valparaiso on Chile's Pacific coast.


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Yosemite National Park lies in the Sierra Nevada in east-central California.


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Agriculture is the most important economic activity in southern Chad.


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Cattle herding is a proud tradition south of the Sahara for such groups


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Rural housing varies according to climate, tradition, and available materials.


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The Alpine Mountain System covers much of southern Europe.


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Canals and rivers form an important transportation system in many parts of Europe.


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An open air kitchen shows the African influence in Brazilian cooking.


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The Battle of Tippecanoe took place in 1811 near present-day Lafayette.


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The Colorado Plateau is a region of high hills and deep lakes.


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The Eastern Lowlands have China's most productive farmland.


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Tepees were home to the Plains Indians who hunted the huge buffalo herds.


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The Great Wall of China is the longest structure ever built.


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Kenya's highland is a region of mountains, valleys, and plateaus in the southwestern part of the country.


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Handicrafts are practised widely in Latin America.


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William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681.


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Members of the Shan ethnic group gather at a colourful market in central Burma.


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Rice fields, such as the one shown here, help make India the world's


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A softball game is designed for blind players.


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A fetish is an object believed to have magical powers.


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Mining provides vital raw materials for American industry.


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Death Valley, California, the country's driest place, receives less than 5 centimetres of precipitation yearly.


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The rice fields of Vietnam provide the basic food of the Vietnamese people.


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A network of roads crisscrosses the United States.


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Quebec, the capital of the province of Quebec, lies on the St. Lawrence River.


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The West Indies are islands of great natural beauty.


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A fishing village has small houses that stand close together.


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A scenic Lancaster County farm lies amid the rolling plains of Pennsylvania's Piedmont region.


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The spectacular scenery of the Pacific Islands attracts many tourists.


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Barn owl (Tyto alba); Found on all continents except Antarctica; Body length: 46 centimetres.


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The skyscrapers of central Chicago form a magnificent backdrop for the city's beautiful lakefront.


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A carbonized fossil of a fern consists of traces of carbon in the shape


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Fields of maize grow from the rich, fertile soil of Missouri's plains region.


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The Port of Los Angeles, on San Pedro Bay, handles more foreign and domestic ships than any other West Coast port.


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A bighorn ram has massive, curved horns.


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Lampworking involves heating finished glass and reshaping it by hand.


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Copper-wheel engraving can produce ornate three-dimensional designs in glass.


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Domestic goats are important farm animals throughout the world.


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Strip cropping, the alternation of thickly growing crops with other crops, helps reduce soil erosion on sloping land.


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Erosion by water can occur rapidly when rain water flows down sloping


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An early design for a flying machine was drawn about 1500 by Leonardo da Vinci.


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Improved gliders were built and tested by Orville and Wilbur Wright of


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After shown here, that the pilot could control


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The first glider flights in which a person actually piloted the glider were made in the early 1890's by Otto Lilienthal of Germany.


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Two European dictators, Adolf Hitler of Germany, left, and Benito Mussolini of Italy, right, dreamed of powerful empires.


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Buckminster Fuller became famous for designing large, lightweight prefabricated enclosures called geodesic domes.


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Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of India.


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A bowl in the form of a jaguar was produced by the Chavin culture, which thrived in ancient Peru from about 1200 to 400 B.C. In addition to creating such works in stone, the Chavin also sculpted in gold.


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Slovenia is a mountainous country in central Europe.


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A guardian figure was created by the Kota people of Gabon.


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Surgical implantation of a plastic intraocular lens can restore normal vision in a patient with a cataract.


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Agricultural spray planes, also known as crop dusters, are used to spray farm crops with liquid fertilizer or insecticide.


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The Kongo people of Congo (Kinshasa) seal oaths and settle legal disputes by driving nails and other objects into a male figure called a nkisi.


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Elaborate masks play an important role in public dances.


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The mule has long ears, a short mane, and a tail tipped with long hairs.


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The Senufo people of the Ivory Coast created this ceremonial mask.


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The male mandrill has vivid colouring that helps make it one of the most unusual looking monkeys.


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Confucianism has been called both a religion and a philosophy.


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Mount Fuji, overlooking Lake Kawaguchi, symbolizes the great natural beauty of Japan.


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Fishing is an important industry in Japan.


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Many Japanese Buddhists visit the Daibutsu (Great Buddha),


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Some penicillium moulds, such as the one shown here, cause citrus


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Thickly forested mountains and hills cover about 70 per cent of Japan, creating scenes of great natural beauty.


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Japan is rich in both advanced technology and natural beauty.


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Homer is traditionally considered the author of the great Greek epics the Iliad and the Odyssey.


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Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya.


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40th president of the United States, 1980-1989.


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35th president of the United States, 1961-1963.


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Libraries play an important role in the work, education, and recreation of millions of people.


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Building a snow house involves cutting blocks of hard snow and stacking


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Building a kayak begins with constructing a sturdy wooden frame, like


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Luciano Pavarotti, an Italian lyric tenor, is one of the world's most popular concert and opera singers.


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A traditional dance performed by members of the Samburu ethnic group,


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The Imperial Palace is the home of the Japanese emperor.


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The traveller's-tree has leaves that fan out from its trunk.


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Intermodal transport is the movement of freight by more than one method.


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Waimea Canyon, Hawaii, was formed by water from Mount Waialeale.


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Catching fish in Inuit culture involves spearing the fish through holes in the ice.


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The land region of Transylvania extends through central and northwestern Romania.


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The Great Sphinx is a huge limestone statue that lies in the desert near Giza, Egypt.


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Iron-ore mining,shown here, contributes to Chile's economy.


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The town of Ushuaia, Argentina, lies on rugged, windswept Tierra


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St. Lucia is a small island country in the Caribbean Sea.


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The skyline of Nashville, the Tennessee state capital, rises behind the Broadway district of the city.


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Big Bend National Park lies within the great bend of the Rio Grande River in western Texas.


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The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, was formerly the home of the Dalai Lama and is now a museum.


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Vast barren plains cover much of central Anatolia.


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Manufacturing is one of Turkey's chief industries.


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A swamp that includes bald cypress trees lies in Florida's Everglades National Park in the southernmost part of the Coastal Lowlands.


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Desert areas cover much of the Western Plateaus, Basins, and Ranges land region, west of the Rockies.


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The Pacific Coast forms the western border of the Pacific Ranges and Lowlands region, which extends from Canada to Mexico.


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A Roman Catholic church in Batalha, shown here,


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An ultrasound examination uses sound waves to produce an image of the


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Red blood cells carry oxygen to body tissues.


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Hunza is a long, narrow valley in the Karakoram mountain range at the northern tip of Pakistan.


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The majestic Lincoln Memorial has a famous statue of Lincoln inside.


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The Supreme Court Building is where Supreme Court justices meet to interpret the laws that govern the United States.


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The Palace of Versailles and its grounds make up one of the most beautiful sights in France.


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Victoria Glacier rises behind Lake Louise along Alberta's southwestern border.


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Peruvian farms spread across the foothills of the Andes Mountains towering in the distance.


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Syrian women cultivate crops on an experimental farm that is part of an irrigation project on the Euphrates River.


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Computers help meteorologists forecast the weather by solving equations that describe the behaviour of the atmosphere.


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Pago Pago, American Samoa's capital, lies on one of the most beautiful harbours in the South Pacific.


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The New York Stock Exchange ranks as the nation's largest stock exchange.


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The flowering dogwood is a small North American tree that is covered with large flowers in the springtime.


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Video game units, such as arcade machines, are dedicated computers, devices designed mainly to perform one task.


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Many people enjoy dining at home in traditional Japanese style.


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Sumo is a traditional form of Japanese wrestling that is one of the country's most popular sports.


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A Tokyo railway station is crowded with commuters.


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Shinto and Buddhism are the two major religious traditions in Japan.


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An Osaka street scene reflects the common ancestry of most Japanese.


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Dame Margot Fonteyn is often considered the greatest British ballerina of all time.


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A pen-based computer accepts input from a penlike stylus rather than from a keyboard.


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An inkjet printer produces images created on computers.


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A hard drive stores information in a personal computer.


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A graphical user interface (GUI) uses words, phrases, and pictures to represent computer commands.


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In the Northern Hemisphere, the margins of many ponds and lakes are fringed with trees such as alders and willows.


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Western Australia is the largest state of Australia.


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Alexandria lies along the Mediterranean coast.


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The Asian Games are held every four years.


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Heads of government of member countries arrive in Singapore to attend the fourth ASEAN summit meeting.


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In a landslide victory on May 1, 1997, Labour leader Tony Blair ended 18 years of Conservative rule and succeeded John Major as prime minister of the United Kingdom.


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The library of Trinity College, Dublin, has a million volumes, including Ireland's greatest manuscript, The Book of Kells.


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The coastal region of northern Queensland includes small islands


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The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, one of the world's most famous golf courses, lies near the North Sea.


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The Brazilian team, winners of the fourth World Cup trophy in 1994.


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Santiago de los Caballeros lies on the banks of the Yaque del Norte River and is the Dominican Republic's second largest city.


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Santo Domingo's architecture reflects Spain's long dominance of the Dominican Republic.


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The Guildhall on the banks of the Foyle is part of the historic


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Oil palm fruit is transported to a factory where it is shelled and cleaned before being processed.


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Sulphur Springs rise from a low-lying volcanic crater at Soufriere, St. Lucia.


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The Grenadines have beautiful white sand beaches and green hills.


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The Victorian Parliament House stands in Spring Street in Melbourne.


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Rocky outcrops on the Eastern Cape Wild Coast are frequented


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Roadside vendors in Mpumalanga display souvenirs made


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Goh became prime minister of Singapore in 1990.


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The West Coast Eagles team who have twice won the Australian Football League.


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The prime minister's office is in Port-of-Spain, the capital of Trinidad and Tobago.


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Steel bands are a popular form of musical entertainment in the West Indies.


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Sun City, in North West Province, is southern Africa's most popular


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Copper mining at Okiep is important to the economy of South Africa's Northern Cape Province.


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The West Indies is an area of great natural beauty.


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Fresh fruit and vegetables, an important part of West Indian cooking, are sold at an open market in St. George's, Grenada.


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Political independence has brought challenges and problems to the West Indies.


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Balance, by Singapore sculptor Ng Eng Teng (1981), is both massive and elegant.


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Tobago is a tranquil holiday island with scenic beaches.


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The crested porcupine of the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa makes its home underground where it is cool.


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The national stadium in Kingston is the venue for major sporting


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Dunns River Falls, near Ocho Rios, is a favourite beauty spot with tourists.


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John Bruton, an Irish Fine Gael politician, became taoiseach (prime minister) of the Republic of Ireland in 1994.


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Taking samples from factory discharges is an important part of monitoring and controlling water pollution.


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A street scene in Sydney reflects the strong European ancestry of the Australian people.


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Aborigines are descendants of Australia's first inhabitants, who migrated from Asia thousands of years ago.


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Fatehpur Sikri, in Uttar Pradesh, was built in the 1500's as Akbar's capital.


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India achieved independence in August 1947.


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Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1913.


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New South Wales Parliament House stands in Macquarie Street in Sydney.


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Riyadh is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia.


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Australian Aborigines are the descendants of the first people to live in Australia.


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The Rajput Regiment, wearing their kalgis (turbans), take part in India's Republic Day parade.


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Pine forests cover the hills and mountains near the resort town of Baguio, northern Luzon.


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My Brilliant Career, by Miles Franklin, was published in 1901 and described adolescent life in a bush society.


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Sydney Airport is Australia's busiest airport.


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A British family talk with an immigration official at Australia House in London in the early 1950's.


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Australian Aborigines participated in a symbolic reclaiming


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Brisbane, the capital city of Queensland, has many high-rise office blocks.


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Land rights have been an important public issue since the 1970's.


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Calcutta, the largest city in eastern India, stands on the east bank of the Hooghly River.


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St. Paul's Cathedral, in London, was rebuilt to a design by Sir Christopher Wren, after the Great Fire of 1666.


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The European Parliament meets 12 times a year in the Palais de l'Europe in Strasbourg, France.


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India's electronics industry is expanding rapidly.


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Resorts like Fuengirola in Spain have grown rapidly in recent decades


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Rugby Union World Cup, England vs France


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The last night of the Proms has become a festive occasion for both promenaders and the members of the BBC Symphony Orchestra.


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South African Shaun Pollock captures an Engalnd wicket during the


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Rajgir, in Bihar, is a pilgrimage site for Buddhists and Jains.


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A potter in Sanchi makes clay pots for local residents.


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At a political convention in Vienna, Italy, Gianfranco Fini, leader of Italy's right wing party, National Alliance (AN), heads a rally on his campaign trail in the Italian elections of 1996.


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The Mennakshi Temple is a magnificent example of Dravidian architecture.


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Nagarjunasagar Dam is located on the Krishna River in central Andhra Pradesh, creating the largest lake in the state.


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Tawang monastery in Arunachal Pradesh is one of the largest Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in India.


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The gardens and palaces at Pinjore were built by Fidai Khan in the 1700's.


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Nearly 30 per cent of the total population of West Bengal live in towns, but nearly 10 million of these live in Calcutta.


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Huge cinema hoardings are common in India's cities.


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Camels are used as transport by the people of the Thar desert, in northwestern Rajasthan.


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Horse-drawn carriages were used to transport firefighters


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Manchester Public Library in Manchester, England, is a building of grand, classical elegance.


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Tourism is one of Uttar Pradesh's most important industries.


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Karnataka's rocks are extremely rich in minerals such as chromite, copper, iron ore, gold, manganese, and mica.


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Cattle play an important part in the lives of Zulu people in rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal.


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Wellington is the capital of New Zealand.


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About 80 per cent of Western Cape is farmland.


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The Himalaya is a region of rugged, impassable mountains and steep valleys, like this one in Himachal Pradesh, in India.


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The Olgas are gigantic, dome-shaped rocks 30 kilometres west


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Deve Gowda became prime minister of India in 1996, as head of


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State primary schools provide six years of free education for Philippine children.


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The Murray River flows through the town of Renmark and across the Lower Murray Basin to Encounter Bay.


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The Abbey Theatre became famous for producing plays that represent Irish life, such as Sean O'Casey's Shadow of a Gunman.


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An interior designed by Robert Adam for 20 Portman Square, in London, shows his use of elegant wall decorations.


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St. Peter's Anglican Cathedral, is one of the many beautiful churches in Adelaide.


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Ahmad Shah's mosque stands in the Bhadra citadel in Ahmadabad.


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Alice Springs is a popular tourist resort.


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The festival of Kumbh Mela, held every 12 years, draws millions of Hindus to Allahabad for ritual self-purification in the water where the Ganges and Jumna rivers meet.


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The Golden Temple is the main centre of Sikh devotion in Amritsar, India.


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Rice, the main food crop of Andhra Pradesh, is winnowed by hand on many farms to separate the husks from the grain.


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A Benin sculpture, made in about 1700, follows a tradition of honouring the king of Benin in West Africa.


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Antique ceramics follow a tradition started in China.


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The city of Armagh has been Ireland's ecclesiastical capital since the A.D. 400's.


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People of Assam work in traditional handicraft industries.


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The vast interior of Australia consists mainly of deserts and dry grasslands.


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The Australian Army is a fairly small volunteer force.


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F111 aircraft built in the United States were modified to meet


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Adelaide Festival Theatre (1973), by Hassall and Partners, is considered one of the best theatres built in the 1970's.


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The new federal Parliament House in Canberra was opened in 1988.


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The Eurasian badger is a woodland animal.


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Bangalore is a major industrial centre in India.


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Asoka's great contribution as a ruler was the way he put the Buddhist teachings into practice.


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Herbert Asquith, a British statesman, served as prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916.


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Belfast City Hall, a huge Renaissance-style building in Donegall Square, is a major landmark of the city.


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Lingaraja Temple in Bhubaneswar, built in the 1000's, is one


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Steel is produced here at Jamshedpur, in Bihar.


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Graceful towers, or minarets, of Muslim houses of worship called mosques beautify Cairo's evening sky.


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The new Parliament House in Canberra dominates the city's skyline from Capital Hill.


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South Africa's Houses of Parliament are in the Gardens area of Cape


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Augrabies Falls are waterfalls of the Orange River in the north of the Cape Province area.


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The mirror carp, a specially bred variety of the common carp, gets its name from its large mirrorlike scales.


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Gandhi's Bhavan Memorial Library, Chandigarh.


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The centre of Christchurch, New Zealand, has many parks and gardens.


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The English cocker spaniel is a popular pet.


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The Commonwealth Games take place every four years.


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A European coot nests among waterside vegetation.


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The Australian copperhead lives in the highlands and colder parts of Tasmania and southeastern Australia.


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The common cormorant, has white cheeks and is about 90 centimetres


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The fielding positions shown in the diagram are those that


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The carrion crow lives throughout Europe, North Africa, and Asia.


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The Old World common cuckoo lays its eggs in the nest of


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The Kariba Dam is located on the Zambezi River.


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The Tungabhadra Dam, in southern India, regulates the flow of seasonal monsoon rains to provide irrigation for about 8,000 square kilometres of cropland, as well as electricity.


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The Darling is Australia's longest river.


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The Darling Downs produces most of Queensland's grain.


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Darts is a game in which the players try to score points by throwing darts at a target.


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Darwin is the capital of Australia's Northern Territory.


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Roe deer are small deer native to Europe and northern Asia.


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The city of New Delhi was carefully planned and its wide avenues contrast with the narrow streets of Old Delhi.


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The bird's name may come from its habit of dipping or bobbing.


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The boxer is a medium-sized dog which was bred for bear hunting and bull baiting.


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A Great Dane makes a good guard dog and family pet.


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The donkey has long been a beast of burden in many countries, and it is known for its gentleness and strength.


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The plays of British playwright Harold Pinter frequently express a sense of menace.


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Ormond Quay, on the River Liffey in Dublin, displays a changing play of light on riverside brick buildings.


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Durban's Town Hall shows the strong influence of European architecture on the city's early settlers.


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St. Giles Cathedral, along Edinburgh's Royal Mile, is a popular stopping place for visitors touring the many historic attractions in the heart of the city.


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At Nairobi University in Kenya, students, lecturers, and visitors arrive for a graduation day ceremony.


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A special computer can compare a person's fingerprints with those in a central file.


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The Cairo earthquake of October 1992 killed more than 500 people, and injured thousands of others.


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England's flag is called St. George's Cross.


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The flame tree is one of Australia's most colourful trees.


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Auckland city has Waitemata Harbour on its northern and eastern sides.


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Football was played in English independent schools in the mid-1800's.


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Bloemfontein, the capital of Free State, is an extensive modern city with industrial areas, public buildings, and residential suburbs.


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Red ginger is a type of ginger grown commercially for its rhizome (underground stem).


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Girl Guides in a village in India give advice on primary health care.


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Beaches lined with palm trees make Goa a popular tourist destination for visitors to India.


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Gold is mined in a number of different ways.


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A textile worker in Gujarat blends chemicals for use in the tie-dye process.


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A street in Ahmadabad is crowded with shoppers and market stalls.


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The Chinese hibiscus is a tropical plant that is grown as a house plant in temperate regions.


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Lakshmi, goddess of good fortune, is honoured in this Hindu temple in Delhi, India's capital city.


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Hobart stands on the Derwent River below Mount Wellington.


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The red billed hornbill lives in Africa.


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The Clydesdale is one of the strongest horses.


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The Charminar stands at the centre of the old city of Hyderabad.


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King Ibn Saud met U. S. President F. D. Roosevelt aboard a U. S.


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The art of India has one of its finest monuments in the cave temples of Ajanta, western India.


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M. F. Husain is one of the most creative modern Indian painters of the


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Indian dance is one of the oldest and most colourful of arts.


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Independence is proudly commemorated by the National Monument in Merdeka Square, Jakarta.


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The influence of Islam had reached Indonesia by the late 1200's


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Sukarno and Suharto survived the attempted Gestapu coup of 1965.


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Workers assemble telephone components in a small factory on the Aran Islands, off Ireland's west coast.


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St. Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, is traditionally regarded as having converted the Irish to Christianity.


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The Irish playwright and literary critic George Bernard Shaw was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1925.


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Followers of Jainism make a pilgrimage to Parasnath Hill, a holy site in Bihar, northern India.


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Modern buildings in Jakarta line the Husni Thamrin Road leading to the Welcome Monument.


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The festival of lamas in Ladakh, northern Jammu and Kashmir.


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Petroleum is Java's main mineral product.


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Jays are related to ravens and crows but usually have more colourful feathers.


