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Griffith (pop. 20,536), is an Australian city in central southern New South Wales.


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Griffith, Arthur (1872-1922), was an Irish journalist and politician who, in 1905, founded an organization called Sinn Fein, meaning We Ourselves.


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Griffith, D. W. (1875-1948), was a pioneer American film director and producer.


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Griffith, Sir Samuel Walker (1845-1920), was premier of Queensland, Australia, twice between 1883 and 1893.


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Grignard, Francois Auguste Victor (1871-1935), was a French organic chemist.


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Grillparzer, Franz (1791-1872), was an Austrian playwright.


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Grimaldi, Joseph (1779-1837), was one of the greatest British clowns, and had an important influence on the development of the pantomime.


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Grimes, Martha (1931-...), is an American author famous for detective novels with an English background.


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Grimm is the family name of two German brothers, Jakob Ludwig Grimm (1785-1863) and Wilhelm Karl Grimm (1786-1859).


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Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoffel von (1622?-1676), was a German author.


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Grimmett, Clarrie (1891-1980), a New Zealand-born cricketer, was one of the best spin bowlers to represent Australia.


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Grimm's Fairy Tales is a famous collection of German folk tales.


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Grimond, Lord (1913-1993), was a British politician.


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Grimsby, Great (pop. 88,900), is a town on Humberside, England.


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Grinding and polishing are two important manufacturing processes.


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Gris, Juan (1887-1927), a Spanish-born painter, made important contributions to the modern style of painting called cubism.


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Grison is the name of two species of furry, weasellike animals that live in Central and South America.


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Grizzly bear is a large, powerful bear of western North America.


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Groat was a British silver coin worth 4 old pennies (11/2 pence).


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Grofe, Ferde (1892-1972), was an American composer and arranger.


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Gromyko, Andrei Andreyevich (1909-1989), was an important official of the former Soviet Union for many years.


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Groote Eylandt is an island in the Gulf of Carpentaria, in northern Australia.


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Gropius, Walter (1883-1969), was a German architect.


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Grosbeak is any one of several handsome perching birds that belong to the finch family.


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Grose, Francis (1758?-1814), a British soldier, was appointed lieutenant governor of New South Wales, in Australia, and commandant of the New South Wales Corps in 1789.


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Gross domestic product (GDP) is the value of all goods and services produced in a country during a given period.


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Grosseteste, Robert (1175?-1253) was an English scholar, teacher, and bishop.


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Grossmith, George (1847-1912), was a British entertainer famous for his songs and sketches at the piano.


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Grosz, George (1893-1959), a German painter, became famous in the 1920's for his biting satires of the military and wealthy classes, and for drawings criticizing the moral collapse of society after World War I (1914-1918).


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Grote, George (1794-1871), an English historian and politician, wrote his famous 12-volume History of Greece (1846-1856) after he had retired as a London bank manager.


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Grotius, Hugo (1583-1645), a Dutch lawyer, theologian, statesman, and poet, is considered the founder of international law.


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Ground sloth is a huge, extinct animal of the sloth family.


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Ground squirrel is any member of the squirrel family that burrows underground to build its nest.


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Ground water is water beneath the surface of the earth.


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Grounds, Sir Roy (1905-1981), a prominent Australian architect, was awarded the Royal Australian Institute of Architects Gold Medal in 1968.


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Groundsel, or common groundsel, is a common weed of the daisy family.


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Group dynamics includes the forces that work on any group of people and determine what it does.


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Group of Seven was a group of seven Canadian artists who painted in the early 1900's.


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Grouper, also known as groper, is a type of ocean fish that lives in warm and temperate seas, mostly around rocky shores and coral reefs.


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Grouse is a bird that lives in the Northern Hemisphere.


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Grout, Wally (1927-1968), was a record-setting Australian wicketkeeper (see CRICKET).


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Grove, Sir George (1820-1900), was a distinguished British writer on music.


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Groves, Sir Charles (1915-1992), was an internationally acclaimed British conductor.


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Growth is an increase in the number or size of a living thing's cells.


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Grub is the name given to the larva (immature form) of certain insects.


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Gruenther, Alfred Maximilian (1899-1983), an American Army officer, won fame for his work with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).


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Grunewald, Matthias (1470's-1528), was a German painter of dramatic religious scenes.


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Grunion is a small, silvery fish that lives along the coast of southern California and northwestern Mexico.


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Grunt is an ocean fish that makes a grunting sound both in and out of the water.


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Gu Kaizhi (A.D. 345?-406?), also spelled Ku K'ai-chih, was the first Chinese painter recognized as a great master.


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Guadalajara (pop. 1,650,205; met. area pop. 2,846,720) is the second largest city in Mexico.


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Guadalcanal Island lies in the Coral Sea, east of the southern tip of New Guinea.


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Guadalupe Day commemorates the day that the Virgin Mary is believed to have appeared to Juan Diego, a poor Indian.


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Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of.  The United States and Mexico signed an agreement on Feb. 2, 1848, that officially ended the Mexican War (1846-1848), which was fought over the status of Texas and other territorial disputes.


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Guadeloupe is an island territory in the Caribbean Sea, located about 600 kilometres north of Venezuela and lying between the islands of Montserrat and Dominica.


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Guam is a territory of the United States located in the Mariana Island group.


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Guan is a game bird of tropical America.


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Guanaco is an animal that looks like a small camel without a hump.


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Guangzhou (pop. 3,918,010) is the largest city in southern China and a major centre of international trade.


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Guano is the waste matter of sea birds and bats.


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Guantanamo (pop. 167,405) is a city in southern Cuba, about 15 kilometres inland from Guantanamo Bay, the site of a United States naval base.


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Guar is a hardy, drought-resistant legume grown for its seeds, as forage, and as a green manure crop to improve the soil.


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Guarantee is an agreement, usually in writing, whereby one person promises to pay another's debt if the latter fails to pay.


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Guardian, in law, is a person appointed by a court to care for another person called a ward, or for another person's property, or both.


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Guards are the regiments of the British Army that form the Household Division.


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Guarneri is the name of a famous family of violinmakers who lived in Cremona, Italy.


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Guatemala is a Central American republic bounded by Mexico to the north and west, Honduras and Belize to the east and El Salvador to the south.


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Guatemala City is the capital and largest city of Guatemala.


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Guayaquil (pop. 1,199,344) is the largest city and chief seaport in Ecuador.


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Guayule is a rubber-producing shrub that is native to the desert of southwestern Texas and north-central Mexico.


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Guelder-rose is a handsome shrub of the honeysuckle family.


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Guelphs and Ghibellines were two political groups in Italy during the late Middle Ages.


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Guenon is any of a group of monkeys that live throughout Africa south of the Sahara.


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Guernsey is the westernmost of the Channel Islands in the English Channel.


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Guerrilla warfare is warfare by roving bands of fighters who torment the enemy with ambushes, sudden raids, and other small-scale attacks.


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Guest, Edgar Albert (1881-1959), a British-born American poet, wrote about friendship, family affection, the home, and similar subjects.


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Guevara, Che (1928-1967), was perhaps the second most powerful member of the Cuban government under Fidel Castro.


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Guggenheim, Meyer (1828?-1905), was a Swiss-born industrialist who made a fortune in the United States in the mining and smelting business.


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Guggenheim Museum houses an important collection of paintings, sculptures, and other works of art created in the late 1800's and 1900's.


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Guided missile is a bomblike flying weapon that is steered to its target.


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Guido D'Arezzo (995?-1050?), a Benedictine monk, was an Italian music teacher.


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Guildford (pop. 121,500) is a local government district in Surrey, England, centred on the town of Guildford.


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Guilds, in the Middle Ages, were associations of people who had common interests, or who were engaged in the same work.


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Guilfoyle, Dame Margaret (1926-...), a leading Australian politician, was Liberal senator for Victoria in the Australian Federal Parliament and served as a Cabinet minister from 1975 to 1983.


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Guillemot is a sea bird in the auk family.


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Guinea is a region on the west coast of Africa.


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Guinea is a country on the west coast of Africa.


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Guinea was an old English coin, equal to 21 shillings.


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Guinea-Bissau is a small, independent country on the bulge of Africa's west coast.


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Guinea pig is a small South American mammal.


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Guineafowl is a close relative of the pheasant.


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Guinness is the name of an Irish family of brewers and philanthropists.


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Guinness, Sir Alec (1914-...), is a famous English stage and film actor.


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Guitar is a popular stringed instrument.


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Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874), was a French historian and statesman.


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Gujarat is a state in northwestern India, on the border with Pakistan.


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Gujral, Shri Inder Kumar (1919-...), became India's prime minister, as leader of the Janata Dal Party, in 1997.


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Gulbenkian is the family name of two financiers and oil industrialists, father and son.


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Gulf is a large body of salt water that is partially enclosed by land.


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Gulf Cooperation Council is an organization of Arab states that work together in such matters as military defence and economic policy.


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Gulf of California is an arm of the Pacific Ocean that lies between the Lower California peninsula and the mainland of Mexico.


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Gulf of Carpentaria, an arm of the Arafura Sea, stretches into northern Australia.


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Gulf of Mexico is a great curved arm of the Atlantic Ocean.


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Gulf of Saint Lawrence is a deep arm of the Atlantic Ocean, and the largest gulf on the North American coast, except for the Gulf of Mexico.


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Gulf Saint Vincent is an inlet of the Indian Ocean that stretches 144 kilometres into South Australia.


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Gulgong (pop. 1,988), is a former gold-rush town on the central tablelands of New South Wales, Australia.


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Gull is a type of long-winged bird about the size of a pigeon or larger.


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Gulliver's Travels is a great satire in English literature, and a favourite children's story.


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Gullstrand, Allvar (1862-1930), a Swedish ophthalmologist, won the 1911 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his work on the refraction of light through the eye.


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Gum is any of many sticky substances that have a number of uses in industry.


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Gum arabic is a brittle kind of gum used chiefly in making perfumes, medicine, sweets, and mucilage (adhesive).


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Gum resin is a group of vegetable substances that are obtained from the leaves, bark, and roots of plants.


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Gum tree is the name of many trees that produce gum.


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Gun is a weapon that fires a bullet, a shell, or some other missile.


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Gundagai (pop. 3,892), a town in southeastern New South Wales, Australia, stands beside the Murrumbidgee River, midway between Sydney and Melbourne.


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Gunn, Mrs. Aeneas (1870-1961), was an Australian writer who became famous for her novels based on her life and experience in the Northern Territory in the early 1900's.


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Gunn, Neil Miller (1891-1973), was a Scottish writer who was closely involved in Scottish nationalism.


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Gunn, Thom (1929-...), gained fame as a leading British poet in the 1950's and 1960's.


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Gunnell, Sally (1966-...) is an outstanding British hurdler in the 400 metres event (see HURDLING).


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Gunpowder is an explosive material that burns rapidly to form high-pressure gas.


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Gunpowder Plot was a plan to blow up the English Houses of Parliament on Nov. 5, 1605, when King James I and a council of government officials were to be present.


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Gunsynd, known as the Goondiwindi Grey, was one of the most popular race horses in Australia.


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Gunther, John (1901-1970), an American journalist, became famous for a series of books that drew on his observations as a foreign correspondent.


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Gunya is an Australian Aboriginal word for a temporary hut or windbreak.


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Guo Moruo (1892-1978), a Chinese scholar, was a leading historian and writer in China in the 1900's.


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Gupta dynasty was a series of rulers of one family who reigned in northern India from about A.D. 320 to 500.


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Gurindji is the name of an Aboriginal tribe in the Northern Territory, Australia.


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Gurnard is the name of some marine fishes that live in warm coastal seas.


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Gustavus I (1496-1560) was the first king of independent Sweden.


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Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632) was king of Sweden from 1611 to 1632.


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Guston, Philip (1913-1980), was an American painter who gained recognition in the 1940's, largely for his melancholy city scenes.


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Gutenberg, Johannes (1395?-1468?), invented the type mould, which made printing from movable metallic type practical for the first time.


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Guthrie, A. B., Jr. (1901-1991), was an American author known for his novels about the Oregon Trail and frontier life in the Rocky Mountains.


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Guthrie, Alexander (1796-1865), a British merchant in Singapore, founded the trading house Guthrie and Company Limited.


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Guthrie, Sir Tyrone (1900-1971), was a British theatrical director and producer noted for his imaginative staging techniques.


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Guthrie, Woody (1912-1967), was an American folk singer and composer.


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Gutierrez Alea, Tomas (1928-1996), was a leading Latin-American filmmaker and one of the founders of modern Cuban cinema.


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Gutta-percha is a milky juice obtained chiefly from the Palaquium gutta trees of Malaysia.


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Guy, Thomas (1645?-1724), was a great English public benefactor.


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Guy of Warwick was the legendary hero of an English romance.


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Guyana is a country on the northeast coast of South America.


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Gwardar, also called western brown snake, is a dangerous snake found in northwestern and central Australia.


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Gwent was a county in southeastern Wales.


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Gwyn, Nell (1650-1687), was one of England's first actresses.


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Gwynedd is a United Kingdom local government area in North Wales.


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Gymnasium is a special room or building for instruction and practice in physical training.


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Gymnastics is a competitive sport for both men and women in which participants demonstrate body control over a wide range of acrobatic exercises and other movements.


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Gymnosperm is the name of one of the two large groups of seed plants.


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Gympie (pop. 10,786), is a town in Queensland, Australia, that lies 185 kilometres north of Brisbane by road.


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Gyor (pop. 129,116) is a major commercial and industrial city in northwestern Hungary.


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Gypsies, also spelled Gipsies, are a group of wandering people whose ancestors originally lived in India.


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Gypsophila is a plant that has masses of tiny starlike flowers.


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Gypsum is a white to yellowish-white mineral used to make plaster of Paris.


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Gypsy moth is a member of the tussock moth family that is destructive to forest and fruit trees, particularly in North America.


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Gyrocompass is a mechanical device that determines direction.


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Gyroscope, also called a gyro, is a device that uses rotation to produce a stable direction in space.


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Gyrostabilizer is a large gyroscope that reduces the rolling of a ship at sea and makes travel more comfortable.


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H is the eighth letter of the English alphabet.


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Haakon VII, (1872-1957), was chosen King of Norway by the Norwegian people and parliament, after the separation of Norway from Sweden in 1905 .


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Haast Pass is the lowest and most southerly of the passes that cross the Southern Alps in the South Island of New Zealand.


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Habakkuk, Book of, is a book of the Old Testament, or Hebrew Bible.


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Habeas corpus is a legal term which, in its original Latin, means you are ordered to have the body.


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Haber process is a commercial method of producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.


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Habgood, John Stapylton (1927-...), became archbishop of York, in England, in July 1983.


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Habit is something a person learns to do over and over again without thinking about how to do it.


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Habitat is the kind of place in which a plant or an animal usually lives in nature.


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Habsburg, House of, was a famous European royal family.


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Hacienda is a large farm or country estate in Spanish America.


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Hackberry is the name of several species of trees of the elm family that are valued for their wood, have edible fruits and are planted as ornamental trees.


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Hackney (pop. 164,200) is a borough in Greater London.


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Hackney carriage is a vehicle that stands or plies for hire.


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Haddock is an important food fish that belongs to the cod family.


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Hades was the god of the dead in Greek mythology.


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Hadfield, Sir Robert Abbott (1859-1940), an English metallurgist, discovered a nonmagnetic manganese steel.


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Hadlee, Sir Richard (1951-...), a New Zealand cricketer, became one of the world's top bowlers in the 1980's.


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Hadow, Sir William Henry (1859-1937), an English educationist, helped originate the Eleven-Plus examination (see ELEVEN-PLUS).


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Hadrian (A.D. 76-138), a Roman emperor, stabilized Roman law into a single, uniform code, and made government more efficient.


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Hadrian's Wall was built by the Roman Emperor Hadrian in the A.D. 120's across northern Britain between Solway Firth and the mouth of the River Tyne.


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Hadron is a major group of subatomic particles.


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Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich (1834-1919), a German zoologist, became known for his theory of recapitulation.


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Haematite is an ore that supplies most of the world's iron.


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Haemoglobin is the pigment that transports oxygen in the blood.


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Haemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells.


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Haemophilia is a hereditary disease in which the blood does not clot normally.


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Haemorrhage is bleeding, either within the body (internal) or through a break in the skin (external).


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Haemorrhoids are enlargements of the veins of the rectum.


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Hafiz (?-1389?), also spelled Hafez, is the poetic name of the Persian poet Mohammed Shams ud-Din Hafez.


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Hafnium, a chemical element, is a silver-coloured metal.


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Hagen, Walter (1892-1969), was a great American golfer and the player most responsible for elevating professional golf into a major sport.


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Hagenbeck, Carl (1844-1913), organized the type of trained wild animal acts that are sometimes presented today.


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Hagfish is an eellike fish related to the lampreys.


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Haggai, Book of, is a book of the Old Testament, or Hebrew Bible, named after an ancient Hebrew prophet.


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Haggard, Sir Henry Rider (1856-1925), was one of the most successful English writers of popular fiction in the late 1800's.


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Hagia Sophia is the finest and most famous example of Byzantine architecture in the world.


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Hague, The (pop. 449,338; met. area pop. 677,962), is the seat of the Netherlands government and the official residence of the country's monarch.


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Hahn, Kurt (1886-1974), an educationist, founded Gordonstoun School, in Grampian Region, Scotland, in 1934.


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Hahn, Otto (1879-1968), was a German chemist who won the 1944 Nobel Prize for chemistry for splitting the atom.


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Hahnemann, Samuel (1755-1843), a German doctor, founded the homeopathic method of treating disease.


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Haifa (pop. 246,500) is Israel's chief port and an important manufacturing and cultural centre.


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Haig, Douglas (1861-1928), commanded the British forces in France during most of World War I.


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Hail is a precipitation in the form of round or irregularly shaped lumps of ice.


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Haile Selassie I (1892-1975) became emperor of Ethiopia in 1930.


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Hailsham, Lord (1907-...), Quintin McGarel Hogg, served as lord chancellor in Great Britain from 1970 to 1974, and from 1979 to 1987.


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Haines, Janine (1945-...), was the first woman in Australian history to head a political party.


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Haiphong (pop. 1,190,900) is a manufacturing centre and seaport in northern Vietnam.


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Hair is a threadlike structure that grows from the skin of mammals.


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Hairdressing is the art of cutting, setting, arranging, and otherwise caring for the hair.


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Haiti is an independent country in the Caribbean Sea.


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Hajj, also spelled hadj, is a holy pilgrimage to Mecca, the holy city of the Islamic religion.


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Hake is the name of a group of food fish closely related to the cod.


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Hakea is a genus (group) of 130 to 140 trees and shrubs that grow naturally only in Australia.


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Hakluyt, Richard (1552?-1616), was a British clergyman and geographer.


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Halberg, Murray (1933-...), a New Zealand athlete, established several world track records in the 1960's.


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Halcyon days, according to sea tradition, is the two-week period of calm weather before and after the shortest day of the year, about December 21.


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Haldane, J. B. S. (1892-1964), was a British scientist who made many contributions in the fields of mathematics, physiology, biochemistry, and biology.


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Hale, George Ellery (1868-1938), was an American astronomer who pioneered the development of instruments for studying the sun.


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Hale, Nathan (1755-1776), was an American patriot of the American Revolution.


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Halevi, Judah (1085-1141?), was one of the greatest Hebrew poets of the Middle Ages.


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Haley, Alex (1921-1992), was an American author who became famous for his book Roots: The Saga of an American Family (1976).


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Haley, Gail E. (1939-...), an American children's book author and illustrator, won the 1971 Caldecott medal for her pictures for A Story--A Story.


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Halibut is one of the largest and most important of the flatfishes.


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Halifax (pop. 330,846) is the capital of Nova Scotia, Canada.


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Halifax is a town in the Calderdale local government district of West Yorkshire, England.


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Hall, Ben (1837-1865), was an Australian bushranger.


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Hall, Charles Martin (1863-1914), was an American chemist.


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Hall, James (1811-1898), was an American palaeontologist, and one of the most influential scientists of his time.


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Hall, Sir Peter (1930-...), an English theatrical director, won fame with his production of contemporary plays, such as Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett, The Waltz of the Toreadors by Jean Anouilh, and Camino Real by Tennessee Williams.


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Hall effect is an electrical phenomenon that occurs when a current flows through a material in a magnetic field.


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Hallam, Henry (1777-1859), was an English historian who is best remembered for three main works.


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Halle, Sir Charles (1819-1895), an internationally admired conductor and pianist, founded the Halle Orchestra in 1857 and was influential in founding the Royal Manchester College of Music.


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Hallett Cove is a coastal area 22 kilometres southwest of Adelaide, South Australia, that is of archaeological and geological significance.


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Halley, Edmond (1656-1742), also spelled Edmund, was an English astronomer noted for his work on comets.


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Halley's Comet is a brilliant comet named after the English astronomer Edmond Halley.


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Halliburton, Richard (1900-1939), was an American adventurer, author, and lecturer.


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Hallmark is an official mark used in many countries to stamp gold, silver, or platinum articles in order to guarantee their standard.


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Halloween is a festival that takes place on October 31.


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Hallucination is a mental state in which a person sees, hears, tastes, smells, or feels something that is not present.


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Hallucinogen is any of several substances that distort a person's understanding of himself and his surroundings.


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Halo is a luminous ring or a disc of light that surrounds an object.


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Halogen.  The halogens are the chemical elements astatine (chemical symbol, At), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I).


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Halothane is a general anaesthetic--that is, it produces unconsciousness and loss of feeling throughout the entire body.


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Halpern, Bernard Naftali (1904-1978), a French research biologist and physician, discovered and studied antihistamine drugs.


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Hals, Frans (1580?-1666), was one of the finest Dutch portrait painters of the 1600's.


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Halsey, William Frederick, Jr. (1882-1959), was one of the leading United States naval commanders in World War II.


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Halton (pop. 121,400) in Cheshire, England, was created a unitary authority in 1998, with all local government powers within its boundaries.


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Ham is the meat taken from the hind leg of a pig.


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Haman, in the Old Testament, is the villain of the book of Esther.


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Hambleton (pop. 77,600) is a local government district in North Yorkshire, England.


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Hamburg (pop. 1,652,363) is Germany's second-largest city and its most important industrial centre.


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Hamengku Buwono IX (1912-1988) was sultan of Yogyakarta, Java, from 1939 to 1988.


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Hamersley Range, now known as Karijini, in the northwestern part of Western Australia, is one of the richest mineral areas in the world.


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Hamilcar Barca (?-229 B.C.) was a great general of Carthage and the father of Hannibal, Carthage's most famous general.


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Hamilton (pop. 9,756) is a city in Victoria, Australia.


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Hamilton (pop. 1,669) is the capital and chief port of Bermuda.


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Hamilton (pop. 306,278, met. area pop. 557,029), Ontario, is the centre of the Canadian steel industry.


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Hamilton (pop. 148,625) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand.


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Hamilton (pop. 103,139) is a local government district in Strathclyde Region, Scotland.


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Hamilton, Alexander (1755 or 1757-1804), was a noted statesman and political leader during the early years of the United States.


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Hamilton Island is located off the coast of northern Queensland, Australia, in the Cumberland group of islands in the Great Barrier Reef.


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Hamites are certain African peoples who live mainly in eastern, northern, and northeastern Africa, including parts of Ethiopia, the Sahara, and the Sudan.


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Hamka (1908-1981) is the name by which one of Indonesia's religious leaders and writers on Islamic subjects is known.


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Hammarskjold, Dag (1905-1961), served as secretary-general of the United Nations from 1953 until his death in a plane crash in Africa.


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Hammer is a tool used to drive nails and to work metals and other materials.


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Hammer throw is a sports contest in which an athlete throws a hammer (metal ball) as far as he can.


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Hammerhead is the name of sharks with broad-flattened heads.


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Hammersmith and Fulham is a borough within the Greater London area.


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Hammerstein, Oscar, II (1895-1960), wrote the lyrics and scripts for many of the most famous shows in the history of American musical theatre.


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Hammett, Dashiell (1894-1961), was an American novelist regarded by some as the leader of the "hard-boiled" school of detective fiction.


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Hammond is a ghost town in South Australia, 230 kilometres north of Adelaide.


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Hammond, Dame Joan (1912-1996), a New Zealand-born soprano, became famous as an opera singer and concert artist.


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Hammond, John Hays, Jr. (1888-1965), was an American inventor.


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Hammond, Walter Reginald (1903-1965), an outstanding English cricketer, captained England and Gloucestershire cricket teams.


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Hammurabi, also spelled Hammurapi, was one of the greatest kings of Babylon.


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Hampden, John (1594-1643), was one of the Parliamentary leaders in the English Civil War (1642-1646 and 1648).


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Hampden, Walter (1879-1955), was an American actor.


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Hampshire is a county in southern England.


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Hampton, John Stephen (1809-1869), was governor of Western Australia from 1862 to 1868.


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Hampton, Lionel (1913-...), an American jazz musician, became the first major jazz stylist on the vibraphone.


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Hampton Court is a royal palace on the bank of the Thames in southwest London, opposite Kingston upon Thames.


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Hampton Court Conference was a meeting called in 1604 by King James I of England.


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Hamster is any of several kinds of small, chunky, furry rodents that live in Europe and Asia.


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Hamsun, Knut (1859-1952), was a Norwegian author who wrote about nature and the land.


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Han dynasty was a series of emperors of the same family who ruled ancient China for over 400 years.


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Han Wudi (156-87 BC), a Chinese ruler of great talent and bold vision, was the fifth emperor of the Han dynasty.


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Hancock, Lang (1909-1992), an Australian prospector and farmer, pioneered aerial prospecting in Australia.


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Hand organ is the general name given to several kinds of musical instruments that produce music when the player cranks a handle.


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Handball is a fast and exciting sport for men and women in which players try to score goals by throwing a ball into their opponents' goal.


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Handcuffs are used by police officers to prevent a suspect or prisoner from having full use of the hands.


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Handel, George Frideric (1685-1759), was a German-born composer who is known today mainly through his musical compositions called oratorios.


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Handforth, Thomas (1897-1948), was an American printmaker, illustrator, and author of children's books.


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Handgun is a firearm that is operated with one hand.


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Handicap is a way to equalize sports competition between opponents who are unequal in ability.


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Handicapped is a term used to describe people who have a physical or mental disability that interferes with their leading a happy, productive life.


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Handicraft, also called handcraft or craft, refers to a particular skill or art of making objects by hand.


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Handkerchief is a small piece of cloth people carry to wipe their face, nose, or eyes.


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Handley, Tommy (1894-1949), was an English comedian who became famous during World War II for his weekly radio programme "ITMA (It's That Man Again)."  This comedy programme ran from 1939 to 1949 and introduced many characters whose catch-phrases wer


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Handley Page, Sir Frederick (1885-1962), was a pioneer English aircraft designer and engineer.


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Handwriting is an important and immediate way of recording and communicating ideas.


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Handwriting-recognition software is a computer program that translates handwritten letters, numbers, and other characters into individual computer codes.


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Handwriting on the wall, also known as the writing on the wall.


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Handy, W. C. (1873-1958), was an American composer of blues songs.


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Hang Tuah (1450?-1500?) is the most famous Malay folk hero.


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Hanging valley is a valley whose mouth lies high on the side of a larger valley.


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Hangzhou (pop. 2,589,504), is a Chinese tourist centre and the capital of Zhejiang Province.


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Hannan, Paddy (1843-1925), discovered some gold nuggets 80 kilometres northeast of Coolgardie, Australia, in 1893.


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Hannibal (247-183 B.C.) was the greatest general and statesman of Carthage, an ancient North African city.


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Hanoi (pop. 3,058,855), is the capital and second largest city of Vietnam.


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Hanover, also spelled Hannover, is a historic area in what is now northern Germany.


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Hanover (pop. 513,010), also spelled Hannover, is one of the largest cities in Germany.


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Hansard is the name of the official reports of the proceedings of the British Parliament.


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Hanseatic League was a confederation of north German cities, founded in the late 1200's.


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Hansen, Alvin Harvey (1887-1975), an American economist, believed that an economic depression like that of the 1930's could be prevented by government planning for full employment.


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Hansom, Joseph Aloysius (1803-1882), an English inventor and architect, developed the Patent Safety Cab, commonly called the Hansom Cab, in 1834.


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Hanukkah is the Jewish Festival of Lights or Feast of Dedication.


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Hanuman is the monkey general in the Indian epic poem, the Ramayana.


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Hara-kiri is a method of suicide used by members of the Japanese warrior class, or samurai.


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Harare (pop. 1,200,000) is the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe.


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Harbin (pop. 3,597,404) is one of the largest cities in China.


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Harborough (pop. 66,200) is an extensive rural local government district in Leicestershire, England.


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Harbour is any sheltered body of water where ships may moor or anchor.


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Hard drive is a device that stores information in virtually all desktop and laptop computers.


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Hardie, Keir (1856-1915), was a pioneer of the British Labour Party.


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Harding, Warren Gamaliel (1865-1923), was president of the United States from 1921 until his death on Aug. 2, 1923.


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Hardness is the ability of a material to scratch a mark on other substances, or to resist being scratched by them.


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Hardy, Frank (1917-...), an Australian author, became known for the social themes that characterized such books as The Unlucky Australians.


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Hardy, Thomas (1840-1928), was an English novelist and poet.


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Hare is a long-eared mammal with powerful hind legs and a short, fluffy tail.


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Hare, David (1947-...), is a British playwright and director.


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Harem is the women's section of a household in some Middle Eastern and Asian countries.


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Hargrave, Lawrence (1850-1915), an Australian pioneer in aviation, conducted many experiments involving the principles of flight.


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Hargraves, Edward Hammond (1816-1891), an Australian goldminer, discovered gold near Bathurst in New South Wales, Australia, in 1851.


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Hargreaves, James (1722?-1778), invented the spinning jenny, the first commercially successful machine to spin many threads at a time.


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Haringey (pop. 187,300) is a borough in Greater London.


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Harington, Sir Charles Robert (1897-1972), a British chemist, made important discoveries in biochemistry.


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Harkins, William Draper (1873-1951), an American chemist, helped to clarify thinking on the nature of the atom.


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Harkness, Edward Stephen (1874-1940), was an American philanthropist.


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Harley Street is in Westminster, in London, and runs southwards from Marylebone Road to Cavendish Square.


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Harlow (pop. 73,500) is a local government district and a new town in Essex, England.


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Harlow, Harry Frederick (1905-1981), was an American psychologist.


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Harmattan is a cool, extremely dry wind that forms over the Sahara and blows westward or southwestward to the African coast.


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Harmonica is the name given to two simple musical instruments.


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Harmonics are the components of a musical tone.


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Harmony is the study of musical chords and their relationships.


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Harmsworth is the name of a British family of newspaper owners and politicians.


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Harnack, Adolf von (1851-1930), was a German scholar of the New Testament.


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Harness is the equipment placed on a horse or other animal that enables it to pull a vehicle with its shoulders.


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Harold was the name of two early English kings.


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Harold I (860?-940?), also spelled Harald, was the first king of Norway.


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Harold III (1015-1066) was king of Norway.


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Harp is one of the oldest known stringed instruments.


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Harpoon is an arrow-shaped weapon that is used to spear large fish and whales.


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Harpsichord is a musical instrument that resembles a small piano.


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Harpur, Charles (1813-1868), was one of the first Australian poets to realistically portray Australian life and landscape.


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Harpy, in Greek and Roman mythology, was a frightful monster that was half woman and half bird.


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Harpy eagle is a large bird of prey that lives in lowland tropical forests.


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Harquebus, also called arquebus, was an early handgun.


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Harrier is the name of ten species of slim-bodied birds of prey.


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Harrier is a breed of dog that was developed for the sport of hunting hares.


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Harriman, W. Averell (1891-1986), an American statesman and businessman, was one of the leading diplomats of the mid-1900's.


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Harris, Sir Arthur (1892-1984), was an English commander in chief of the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command from 1942 until 1945.


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Harris, Benjamin (1660?-1720), published the first newspaper in America.


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Harris, Howel (1714-1773), was one of the founders of Welsh Methodism.


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Harris, Joel Chandler (1848-1908), an American author and journalist, became famous for his Uncle Remus stories.


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Harris, John (1754-1838), a surgeon, served with the New South Wales Corps in Australia.


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Harris, Reg (1920-1992), became the first Englishman to win the world professional sprint cycling championship.


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Harris, Rolf (1930-...), an Australian entertainer and singer, first became well known when his song "Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport" was a great success in 1960.


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Harris, Roy (1898-1979), was an American composer.


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Harris, William Torrey (1835-1909), an American educator, helped establish the first public school kindergarten in the United States in St. Louis in 1873.


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Harrison, Benjamin (1726-1791), was a delegate from what became the U.S. state of Virginia to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777.


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Harrison, Frederic (1831-1923), a lawyer and author, was a leading exponent of the Positivist philosophy (see COMTE, AUGUSTE).


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Harrison, George (1943-...), is an English singer, guitarist, and composer who gained international fame as a member of the pop group, the Beatles, from 1962 to 1970.


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Harrison, John (1693-1776), was a skilful maker of scientific instruments.


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Harrison, William Henry (1773-1841), a president of the United States, served the shortest time in office of any U.S. president.


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Harrod, Sir Roy (1900-1978), an English economist and writer, became known as an outspoken Liberal critic of restrictive government policies.


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Harrogate (pop. 141,000) is a local government district and town in North Yorkshire, England.


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Harrow.  After farmers plough the ground, they must break the clods of earth into smaller pieces with a harrow before they plant seeds.


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Harrow (pop. 194,300) is a borough within the Greater London area.


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Harsha (A.D. 590?-647) was an Indian king who ruled most of northern India from A.D. 606 to 647.


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Hart (pop. 78,700), a local government district in Hampshire, England, is an agricultural area with some rich farmland.


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Hart, Albert Bushnell (1854-1943), a United States historian, encouraged the study of history by investigating original sources.


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Hart, Lorenz (1895-1943), was an American writer of lyrics of popular songs.


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Hart, Moss (1904-1961), was an American playwright and director.


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Hart, W. E. (1885-1943), an Australian aviator, was the first person to be awarded a pilot's certificate in Australia.


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Harte, Bret (1836-1902), was an American author who became famous for his colourful stories about the West.


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Hartford (pop. 139,739; met. area pop. 767,841), is the capital and second largest city of Connecticut, U.S.A. Only Bridgeport has more people.


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Hartlepool (pop. 87,310), is a unitary authority (local government area) and industrial town in northeast England.


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Hartley, L. P. (1895-1972), an English novelist and short-story writer, wrote Eustace and Hilda (1947), a novel that was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.


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Hartley, Marsden (1877-1943), was one of the first American painters to experiment with cubism and abstract art.


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Hartmann von Aue (1170?-1210?) was a German poet.


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Hartog, Dirk, a Dutch navigator born in the 1500's, was the first European to land on the western coast of Australia.


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Harty, Sir Hamilton (1879-1941), was an Irish composer and conductor.


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Harun al-Rashid (766-806) was an important ruler of the Abbasid Dynasty, which governed the Islamic empire during the Middle Ages.


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Harunobu (1725-1770) was a Japanese printmaker.


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Harvard University is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.


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Harvest moon is the name given to the full moon that occurs nearest the autumnal equinox of the sun, about September 23.


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Harvey, Neil (1928-...), one of Australia's greatest test batsmen, stands fourth in Australian batting averages for test matches.


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Harvey, William (1578-1657), was an English doctor who discovered how blood circulates in the human body.


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Harvey, William Henry (1811-1866), an Irish botanist, was a leading authority on algae and seaweeds.


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Hashish is a drug that acts on the central nervous system.


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Hasidism is a movement in modern Judaism.


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Haskalah was a movement that tried to modernize traditional Jewish beliefs and practices.


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Hasluck, Sir Paul (1905-1993), was governor general of Australia from 1969 to 1974.


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Hassan II (1929-...) became king of Morocco in 1961.


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Hassanali, Noor (1918-...), a lawyer, became president of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago in 1987.


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Hassett, Lindsay (1913-1993), captained the Australian cricket team from 1948 to 1953.


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Hastings (pop. 78,100) is a seaside resort and local government district in East Sussex, England.


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Hastings (pop. 57,748) is a city on the eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand.


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Hastings, Battle of (Oct. 14, 1066), resulted in the conquest of England by William, Duke of Normandy.


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Hastings, Sir Patrick Gardiner (1880-1952), was an English barrister, writer, and politician.


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Hastings, Warren (1732-1818), was the first governor general of India.


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Hat is the name of any of several kinds of coverings for the head.


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Hathaway, Anne (1556?-1623), was the maiden name of the wife of William Shakespeare.


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Hathor, sometimes called Athyr, was an ancient Egyptian goddess of the sky.


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Hatoum, Mona (1952-...), is a Lebanese artist.


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Hatshepsut (? 1503-1482?  B.C.), was the fourth female pharaoh, or monarch, in Egyptian history.


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Hatta, Mohammad (1902-1980), an Indonesian nationalist leader, proclaimed his country's independence in 1945, together with Sukarno, who became Indonesia's first president.


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Hattersley, Roy (1932-...), a Labour politician, was deputy leader of the British Labour Party from 1983 to 1992.


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Haughey, Charles James (1925-...), an Irish Fianna Fail politician, served as taoiseach (prime minister) of the Republic for three terms.


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Hauptmann, Gerhart (1862-1946), a German dramatist, won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1912.


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Hauraki Plains cover a large area of low-lying land in the lower basin of the Waihou and Piako rivers in the North Island of New Zealand.


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Haus Tambaran.  A sacred house in Papua New Guinea.


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Hausa are a black people of West Africa.


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Havana (pop. 2,119,059) is the capital, chief port, and largest city of Cuba.


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Havant (pop. 117,400) is a local government district on the coast of Hampshire in southern England.


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Havel, Vaclav (1936-...), became president of the Czech Republic in 1993.


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Havelok the Dane was the hero of several English stories which appeared about 1290.


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Havering (pop. 224,400) is a borough within the Greater London area.


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Havers, Lord (1923-1992), an English politician was the United Kingdom's lord chancellor from June to October 1987.


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Haversian canals are tiny channels within compact bone tissue, the hard, outer layers of bone.


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Hawaii is the only state in the United States that does not lie on the mainland of North America.


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Hawaiian honeycreeper is any member of a family of about 20 species of sparrow-sized birds that live only in Hawaii.


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Hawdon, Joseph (1812-1871), a farmer, explorer, and politician, pioneered the first overland cattle route to South Australia in 1838.


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Hawes, Charles Boardman (1889-1923), was an American author of sea-adventure books for boys.


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Hawfinch is a large finch, up to 18 centimetres long with a big head and a very thick heavy bill.


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Hawk moth is a member of a worldwide family of large, brightly coloured moths that are also called sphinx moths.


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Hawke, Baron (1705-1781), Edward Hawke, United Kingdom admiral of the fleet, distinguished himself in several sea battles against the French during the mid-1700's.


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Hawke, Bob (1929-...), served as prime minister of Australia from 1983 to 1991.


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Hawke Bay is a bay on the eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand.


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Hawker, George Charles (1818-1895), a farmer, pioneer, and politician, established a Merino stud, known as Bungaree, near Clare in South Australia in 1841.


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Hawker, Harry George (1889-1921), an Australian pioneer in aviation, won fame as a pilot and aircraft engineer during World War I (1914-1918).


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Hawkes, Jacquetta (1910-1996), an English archaeologist and author, carried out excavations in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, and Palestine.


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Hawkes Bay is a province on the eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand.


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Hawkesbury River is in New South Wales, Australia.


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Hawking, Stephen William (1942-...), is a British theoretical physicist.


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Hawkins, Coleman (1904-1969), was the first important tenor saxophonist in jazz.


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Hawkins, Sir John (1532-1595), also spelled Hawkyns, was an English sea captain during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. He was a fearless adventurer but also the first English slave trader.


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Hawks, Howard (1896-1977), was an American film director known for his action films.


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Hawkesbury sandstone soil.  There are several types of soils associated with the Hawkesbury sandstone of the Sydney region in Australia.


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Hawksmoor, Nicholas (1661-1736), an English architect, designed many of the churches that replaced those destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666.


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Hawkweed is a hairy perennial plant with dandelion-like flowers that may be yellow or orange-red.


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Haworth, Sir Walter Norman (1883-1950), a British chemist, discovered many general principles concerning the structures of sugars and starches.


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Hawthorn is a thorny shrub or tree with fragrant white, pink, or red flowers.


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Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804-1864), ranks among America's major authors.


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Hay consists of the dried stems and leaves of plants, and serves as feed for cattle, horses, and other animals.


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Hay, Ian (1876-1952), was the pen name of the Scottish novelist, playwright, and soldier Major-General John Hay Beith.


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Hay fever is an allergy that occurs most frequently during the spring, summer, and autumn.


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Hay-Pauncefote Treaty enabled the United States to build the Panama Canal.


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Hay Point is an Australian port 17 kilometres south of Mackay in Queensland.


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Hayam Wuruk (1334?-1389), also known as Rajasanagara, ruled the Javanese state of Majapahit from 1350 to 1389.


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Hayden, Melissa (1923-...), is a Canadian-born ballerina.


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Hayden, William George (1933-...), became governor general of Australia in 1988.


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Haydn, Joseph (1732-1809), an Austrian composer, ranks among the most important persons in the development of instrumental music.


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Hayek, Friedrich August von (1899-1992), an Austrian-born economist, won the 1974 Nobel Prize in economic science.


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Hayes, Helen (1900-1993), was an American actress.


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Hayes, Sir Henry Brown (1762-1832), was a colourful and wealthy Irishman who bought the Vaucluse estate in Sydney in 1803.


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Hayes, Patrick Joseph Cardinal (1867-1938), an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, became archbishop of New York City in 1919.


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Hayes, Rutherford Birchard (1822-1893), was president of the United States from 1877 to 1881.


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Hayman Island is a popular Australian tourist resort.


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Haynes, Elwood (1857-1925), a pioneer American car inventor and manufacturer, designed one of the first successful cars.


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Hays, Will (1879-1954), was an American politician who became known as the czar of the American film making industry.


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Haywood, William Dudley (1869-1928), an American socialist, was a leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), a labour organization formed in 1905 that wanted to replace the American economic system with a society run by workers.


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Hazardous wastes are unwanted chemicals and their by-products produced by society which may endanger human health, or pollute the environment.


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Hazel is any one of about 15 trees and shrubs that grow in the temperate climates of Asia, Europe, and North America.


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Hazlitt, William (1778-1830), was one of the best essayists and critics in English literature.


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Head is the part of the body that contains the brain, the mouth, and the chief sense organs--the eyes, ears, and nose.


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Head, Bessie (1937-1986), was a South African writer.


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Headache is one of the most common ailments among human beings.


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Headhunter is a person who cuts off the head of a dead enemy to keep as a trophy.


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Headphones are a device used for listening in private to various types of equipment that reproduce sound.


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Healey, Denis (1917-...), was deputy leader of Britain's Labour Party from 1980 to 1983.


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Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being.


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Health insurance, National, is a government programme that finances extensive health services for the majority of the people in a country.


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Heaney, Seamus (1939-...), an Irish poet, won the 1995 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Heard Island is an Australian territory in the far southern Indian Ocean.


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Hearing aid is a device that improves hearing.


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Hearn, Lafcadio (1850-1904), was an American author.


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Hearne, Samuel (1745-1792), was an English explorer and fur trader.


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Hearst, William Randolph (1863-1951), was an American publisher of newspapers and magazines.


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Heart is the wondrous pump that powers the human body.


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Heart murmur is an abnormal sound in a person's heartbeat.


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Heartburn, also known as pyrosis, is a painful, burning sensation in the oesophagus.


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Heat is one of the most important forms of energy.


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Heat pipe is a device that transfers large amounts of heat from one place to another at a fairly constant temperature.


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Heat pump is a device that takes heat from one area and delivers the heat to another area at a higher temperature.


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Heat shield is a covering on a spacecraft or a rocket nose cone.


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Heath is the name given to a habitat where the main plants are shrubs belonging to the heather family.


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Heath, Sir Edward (1916-...), was prime minister of Great Britain from 1970 to 1974.


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Heather is a common shrub of heathland areas.


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Heating.  The development of efficient indoor heating systems has made it possible for people to live and work in places far from the warm parts of the world.


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Heaven, in the teachings of many religions, is the place or spiritual state in which God, gods, or spirits abide.


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Heaves, also known as broken wind, is a lung disease of horses.


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Heaviside, Oliver (1850-1925), an English mathematical physicist, suggested the existence of the upper atmosphere layer that reflects radio waves.


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Heavy water is water that contains the heavy isotope of hydrogen called deuterium (chemical symbol D) in place of ordinary hydrogen.


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Hebbel, Friedrich (1813-1863), was a German playwright.


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Hebe was a goddess in Greek mythology who served nectar to the gods and goddesses on Mount Olympus.


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Hebe is the name of about 75 species of evergreen flowering shrubs of the Southern Hemisphere.


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Heber, Reginald (1783-1826), an Anglican bishop, was a distinguished writer of sermons and hymns.


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Hebrew language and literature.  Hebrew is one of the world's oldest living languages.


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Hebrews, Epistle to the, is the 19th book of the New Testament in the Bible.


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Hebrides are a group of Scottish islands that lie northwest of the country's mainland.


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Hebron (pop. 50,000) is a city in the West Bank region of Jordan.


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Hecate was a goddess of witchcraft and black magic in Greek mythology.


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Hecht, Ben (1894-1964), was an American playwright, novelist, and screenwriter.


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Hector, in Greek mythology, was the greatest hero of the ancient city of Troy.


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Hecuba was the second wife of Priam, the king of Troy, in Greek mythology.


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Hederman, Anthony James (1921-...), was the Republic of Ireland's attorney general from 1977 to 1981.


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Hedge is a continuous strip of shrubs or small trees planted close together to make a boundary.


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Hedge sparrow is a bird that lives in Asia and Europe.


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Hedgehog is the name of a dozen species of small, mainly nocturnal mammals that have a thick prickly coat.


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Hedin, Sven Anders, (1865-1952), a Swedish explorer, provided the first maps and information about areas in central Asia.


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Hedonism is the belief that pleasure is the highest good of life.


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Heenan, John Carmel Cardinal (1905-1975), became Roman Catholic archbishop of Westminster, London, in 1963.


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Hegel, G. W. F. (1770-1831), was one of the most influential German philosophers.


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Hegira is the name of Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina on Friday, July 16, 622.


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Heidegger, Martin (1889-1976), was a German philosopher who exercised a tremendous influence on the philosophers of continental Europe, South America, and Japan.


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Heidelberg (pop. 134,724), is a city in southern Germany.


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Heidelberg, University of, is the oldest university in Germany.


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Heidelberg man was a prehistoric human being who lived in Europe about 450,000 years ago.


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Heidelberg School was a group of young painters who worked on the tree-covered hills overlooking the Yarra River in the Melbourne suburb of Heidelberg, Australia.


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Heiden, Eric (1958-...), an American athlete, ranks among the greatest speed skaters in the history of the sport.


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Heifetz, Jascha (1901-1987), was a Lithuanian-born violinist.


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Heilbron, Sir Ian Morris (1886-1959), was a British chemist who carried out important research into vitamins A and D, steroids, and penicillin.


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Heilbron, Dame Rose (1914-...), a British barrister, was the first woman to lead the defence in a murder trial, the first woman to plead in the House of Lords, and the first woman to be appointed a recorder (see RECORDER).


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Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856), ranks among the most popular writers in German literature.


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Heinlein, Robert A. (1907-1988), was a popular and influential American author of science fiction.


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Heinz, Henry John, II (1908-1987), was an American industrialist.


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Heinze, Sir Bernard (1894-1982), an Australian conductor and musical scholar, made a major contribution to the development of orchestral concerts in Australia.


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Gall, Franz Joseph (1758-1828), a German anatomist, founded the pseudoscience of phrenology.


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Heir.  Technically, an heir is a person who receives money or property left by someone who died intestate (without making a will).


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Heisenberg, Werner (1901-1976), a German physicist, is best known for his contributions to atomic theory.


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Heisman Memorial Trophy is awarded annually to the outstanding college American football player in the United States.


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Hekla is a volcanic mountain in southwestern Iceland.


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Helen of Troy, in Greek mythology, was the most beautiful woman in the world.


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Helgoland is an island in the North Sea.


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Helichrysum is the name of daisylike flowers also known as everlasting or straw flowers because the flowerheads dry out, retain their colour and are used for flower decoration.


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Helicopter is an aircraft that is lifted into the air and kept aloft by one or two powerful whirling rotors.


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Helidon is the site of a mineral-water spa about 14 kilometres from Toowoomba in Queensland, Australia.


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Heliograph was an instrument used to send signals by reflecting sunlight with a mirror or mirrors.


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Helios was the sun and god of the sun in Greek mythology.


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Heliotrope is a popular plant with beautiful, fragrant flowers.


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Helium, a chemical element with the symbol He.


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Hell, according to many religions, is a place or state inhabited by demons, where wicked people are punished after death.


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Hellebore is the common name of a genus of plants in the buttercup family.


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Hellenistic Age was a period in ancient history when Greek culture dominated much of what was then the civilized world.


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Heller, Joseph (1923-...), is an American novelist who established his reputation with the comic novel Catch-22 (1961).


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Hellespont is the former name of the strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea.


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Hellgrammite is the larva of a four-winged insect known as the dobsonfly.


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Hellman, Lillian (1905-1984), was an American playwright.


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Hellyer, Henry (1792-1832), an Australian explorer, investigated the Mersey River area of Tasmania, Australia, in 1826.


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Helmet is a covering of metal or other sturdy material designed to protect the head.


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Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821-1894), a German physicist, helped prove the law of the conservation of energy (see ENERGY [The conservation of energy]).


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Helpmann, Sir Robert (1909-1986), an Australian actor, ballet dancer, and choreographer, was a principal dancer with the Vic-Wells Ballet from 1935 to 1950.


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Helsinki (pop. 508,588; met. area pop. 888,871) is the capital and largest city of Finland.


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Helsinki Accords are several international agreements reached by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) during the 1970's and 1980's.


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Helvetians were members of a tribe that lived in what is now northwestern Switzerland.


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Hemel Hempstead is a new town in Hertfordshire, England, at the foot of the Chiltern Hills, 47 kilometres northwest of London.


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Hemingway, Ernest (1899-1961), was one of the most well-known and influential American writers of the 1900's.


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Hemisphere is the name given to any half of the globe.


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Hemlock, also called hemlock spruce, is the common name of stately evergreen trees belonging to the pine family.


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Hemp is a plant sometimes grown for its strong fibre.


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Henbane is a poisonous herb that is especially fatal to fowls.


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Hench, Philip Showalter (1896-1965), an American physician, shared the 1950 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with E. C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein.


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Henderson, Arthur (1863-1935), a British statesman, served as president of the World Disarmament Conference from 1932 to 1935.


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Henderson, Fletcher (1898-1952), was the first American jazz artist to introduce the concept of the "big band" divided into brass, reed, and rhythm sections.


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Hendrix, Jimi (1942-1970), was a famous American rock music guitarist.


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Hendry, Stephen (1969-...), a Scottish snooker player, became the youngest world professional snooker champion in 1990.


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Henequen, also spelt henequin or heniquen, is a yellow fibre made from the leaves of the henequen plant.


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Hengest and Horsa, according to Bede and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, were two Jutish leaders invited to England by a local king named Vortigern to help to repel invaders from northern Britain.


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Henie, Sonja (1912-1969), was a Norwegian figure skater who won three Olympic titles and transformed the sport into a display of ballet on ice.


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Henley, William Ernest (1849-1903), was an English poet, editor, and critic.


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Henley-on-Thames is a town on the River Thames in South Oxfordshire local government district.


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Henna is an orange-red dye that varies in colour with the article on which it is used.


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Hennepin, Louis (1626?-1705?), was a Belgian missionary and explorer who became famous for his journey to the Mississippi River Valley in North America.


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Henricks, Jon (1935-...), an Australian swimmer, won the Olympic 100-metre freestyle event in record time at Melbourne in 1956.


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Henry was the name of eight kings of England.


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Henry was the name of four French kings.


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Henry was the name of seven German rulers.


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Henry is the unit used to measure inductance, the reaction of an electric current against the magnetic field that surrounds it.


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Henry, John, a black labourer, is a hero in American folklore.


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Henry, Joseph (1797-1878), an American physicist, became famous for his discoveries in electromagnetism.


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Henry, Marguerite Breithaupt (1902-...), an American author of children's books, won the Newbery Medal in 1949 for the King of the Wind, a story about an Arabian horse.


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Henry, O. (1862-1910), was the pen name of an American story writer, William Sydney Porter.


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Henry, Patrick (1736-1799), was a distinguished American statesman, lawyer, and orator at the time of the American Revolution.


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Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) was a Portuguese prince who promoted explorations of the west African coast during the 1400's.


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Henson, Matthew Alexander (1867-1955), was the only American who accompanied Robert E. Peary on the last leg of the explorer's journey to the North Pole in 1909.


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Henty was the name of a pioneering family in Australia.


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Henty, G. A. (1832-1902), wrote lively and popular adventure books for boys.


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Henze, Hans Werner (1926-...), is a German composer.


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Hepatica is a sturdy but dainty woodland plant that grows in almost all countries of the Northern Hemisphere.


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Hepatitis is a disease characterized by inflammation of and injury to the liver.


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Hepburn, Katharine (1909-...), is an American actress.


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Hephaestus was the Greek god of fire and the forge.


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Hepplewhite, George (?-1786), was an English furniture maker and designer.


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Heptagon is a plane figure with seven sides.


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Heptarchy was the name given to the seven most important English kingdoms that were established after the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Roman Britain.


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Hepworth, Dame Barbara (1903-1975), was a leading English sculptor.


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Hera was the sister and wife of Zeus, the king of the gods in Greek mythology.


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Heraclitus was a Greek philosopher who was active about 500 B.C. He said that everything is made of fire.


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Herald.  In ancient times, direct communication between a ruler and the people was often impossible.


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Heraldry is the study of a system of symbols used to represent individuals, families, countries, and such institutions as churches and universities.


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Herb is a low-growing plant that has a fleshy or juicy stem when it is young.


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Herbarium is an organized collection of dried plants.


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Herbart, Johann Friedrich (1776-1841), was a German philosopher and educator who greatly influenced educational theory of the late 1800's.


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Herbert, Sir Alan Patrick (1890-1971), a British author, poet, and politician, made legal history with his campaign to reform Britain's divorce laws.


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Herbert, George (1593-1633), was a leading English poet of the 1600's.


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Herbert, Victor (1859-1924), an American composer and conductor, is often called "the prince of operetta."  One of his operettas is Babes in Toyland (1903), which was based on the nursery rhymes of Mother Goose and fairyland characters.


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Herbert, Xavier (1901-1984), an Australian author, gained a major reputation when his novel Capricornia was published in 1937.


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Herbicide is a chemical compound used to control or destroy unwanted plants.


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Herbivore is any animal that chiefly eats plants.


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Herculaneum was an ancient Roman city in Italy.


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Hercules is a constellation of the Northern Hemisphere between Corona Borealis and Lyra.


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Hercules was one of the greatest heroes of Greek mythology.


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Hercules beetle is the name of several species of large beetles whose males have long horns that project from the head and upper parts of the body.


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Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744-1803), was one of the most original and versatile German writers, critics, and philosophers.


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Heredity is the passing on of biological characteristics from one generation to the next.


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Hereford (pop. 50,200) is a city in the county of Herefordshire, England.


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Hereford and Worcester was a county in the English Midlands, lying just east of the Welsh border.


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Heresy is an opinion or idea that contradicts the beliefs of a religious group or closely knit organization.


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Hereward the Wake (1032?-1072?) was a Lincolnshire landowner who became a leader of English resistance to William the Conqueror in 1070 (see WILLIAM [I]).


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Herman, Sali (1898-...), an Australian artist, won the Wynne Prize for landscape painting in 1944, 1963, and 1965.


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Herman, Woody (1913-1987), was an American bandleader and musician.


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Hermaphrodite is an animal with both male and female organs of reproduction.


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Hermes was the messenger of the gods in Greek mythology.


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Hermes of Praxiteles is an ancient Greek statue of Hermes, the messenger of the gods in Greek mythology.


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Hermione was the daughter of Menelaus and Helen of Troy.


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Hermit is a person who lives a solitary life, removed from social contact with others.


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Hermit crab is an animal best known for its habit of occupying the empty shell of a snail.


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Hernia, also called rupture, is the protrusion of an organ or tissue through cavity walls within the body.


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Hero, also called Heron, a scientist of Alexandria, Egypt, lived during the first century A.D. He wrote many works on mathematics, physics, and mechanics.


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Hero and Leander were legendary Greek lovers.


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Herod was the name of a ruling family in Palestine during the 100's B.C. and the first 100 years after Christ's birth, while Palestine was part of the Roman Empire.


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Herodotus (484?-425?  B.C.) was the first Greek historian.


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Heroin is a drug made from morphine, an active chemical in opium.


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Heron is any of about 60 species of wading birds, including egrets and bitterns.


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Herpes, Genital, is the name of a widespread sexually transmitted disease.


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Herpesvirus is the name of a group of viruses that cause a wide variety of diseases.


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Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of reptiles and amphibians.


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Herrera, Tomas (1804-1854), was a soldier and statesman of Panama.


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Herrick, Robert (1591-1674), was one of England's finest lyric poets.


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Herring is one of the most important food fish in the world.


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Herriot, Edouard (1872-1957), was a French statesman and leader of the Radical Socialist Party.


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Herriot, James (1916-1995), was the pen name of James Alfred Wight, a British veterinarian and author.


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Herschel is the family name of three British astronomers.


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Herter, Christian Archibald (1895-1966), became United States secretary of state in April 1959, after illness forced his predecessor, John Foster Dulles, to resign.


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Hertfordshire is a county in southern England that is known for its fine scenery, its beautiful old houses, its new towns, and its high technology and aerospace industries.


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Hertsmere (pop. 86,100), a local government district in southern Hertfordshire, includes Borehamwood (the district's administrative centre), Bushey, Elstree, Potters Bar, and Radlett.


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Hertz is the unit used to measure the frequency of waves and vibrations.


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Hertz, Gustav (1887-1975), a German physicist, shared the 1925 Nobel Prize for physics for proving the validity of Niels Bohr's theory of the atom (see BOHR, NIELS).


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Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph (1857-1894), was a German physicist.


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Hertzog, Barry (1866-1942), was a South African soldier and political leader.


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Herzberg, Gerhard (1904-...), is a Canadian physicist who won the 1971 Nobel Prize for chemistry.


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Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870), was a Russian journalist and one of the best-known revolutionaries of his day.


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Herzl, Theodor (1860-1904), was an Austrian journalist and playwright who founded the Zionist movement.


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Heseltine, Michael Ray Dibdin (1933-...), was the United Kingdom's deputy prime minister from 1995 to 1997.


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Hesiod was a Greek epic poet who probably lived during the 700's B.C. Scholars attribute two major poems, the Theogony and the Works and Days, to Hesiod.


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Hesperides, in Greek mythology, were the daughters of Hesperis (Evening) and Atlas, a member of a race of gods called Titans.


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Hesperornis was a bird that lived during the Upper Cretaceous period.


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Hess, Dame Myra (1890-1965), an English concert pianist, won fame for her playing of works by classical composers, such as Scarlatti, J. S. Bach, and Mozart.


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Hess, Rudolf (1894-1987), served as secretary and deputy to Adolf Hitler.


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Hesse, officially Hessen, became a state of the German Federal Republic (West Germany) in 1949.


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Hesse, Hermann (1877-1962), a German novelist and poet, won the 1946 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Hessian fly is a tiny, two-winged insect.


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Hessians were German soldiers hired by the British to fight the colonists during the American Revolution.


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Hestia was the Greek goddess of the hearth and its fire.


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Heteronym is a word which has the same spelling as another word or words but with a completely different pronunciation and meaning.


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Hevesy, Georg von (1885-1966), won the 1943 Nobel Prize for chemistry.


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Hewson, John (1946-...), was leader of the Australian Liberal Party from 1990 to 1994.


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Hexagon is a plane figure that has six sides.


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Hexahedron, in geometry, is a solid figure that has six faces.


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Heydrich, Reinhard (1904-1942), called the Hangman, was one of the most feared men in Nazi Germany.


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Heyer, Georgette (1902-1974), a prolific English novelist, became well-known for her light romantic novels set in the early 1800's.


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Heyerdahl, Thor (1914-...), is a Norwegian anthropologist and author.


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Heyrovsky, Jaroslav, (1890-1967), a Czechoslovak scientist, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1959.


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Heysen, Sir Hans (1877-1968), an Australian artist, became famous for his paintings of the Australian countryside, especially in the northern part of the Flinders Ranges, in South Australia.


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Heysen Trail is a walking and riding trail proposed in the 1970's by the South Australian State Planning Authority.


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Heywood, Thomas (1574?-1641), was a popular and productive English playwright of the Elizabethan Age.


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Hezekiah was the king of Judah from about 727 to 698 B.C. His name means "God strengthens" in Hebrew.


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Hiawatha was an Iroquois Indian leader in precolonial America.


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Hibernation is an inactive, sleeplike state that some animals enter during the winter.


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Hibiscus is the name of a group of plants that belong to the mallow family.


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Hiccup, also spelled hiccough, is an abrupt, involuntary intake of air caused by a spasm of the diaphragm.


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Hickok, Wild Bill (1837-1876), was an American frontier scout and marshal in the West.


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Hickory is any one of a group of about 15 tree species.


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Hicks, Edward (1780-1849), was an untrained American folk painter whose works reflect his Quaker religious beliefs.


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Hicks, Sir John Richard (1904-1989), an English economist and taxation expert, gained great influence through his economic writings and teaching.


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Hicks, Zachary (1738-1771), a lieutenant on James Cook's Endeavour, was the first European to sight the Australian eastern coast.


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Hidalgo, Felix (1853-1913), a Filipino painter, won many prizes in Europe for his work.


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Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel (1753-1811), a Mexican priest, is called "The Father of Mexican Independence."  He led his Indian followers in a revolt against their Spanish rulers.


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Hides, Jack (1906-1939), an Australian patrol officer, made many important discoveries in the rugged interior of New Guinea.


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Hideyoshi (1536-1598) was a Japanese military and political leader.


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Hieroglyphics is a form of writing in which picture symbols are used to represent ideas and sounds.


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Higgins, Andrew Jackson (1886-1952), an American shipbuilder, was one of the largest builders of small craft during World War II.


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Higgins, Henry Bournes (1851-1929), became famous in Australia for his Harvester industrial award of 1907.


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High Commission, The Court of, was the most important of the English ecclesiastical courts.


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High-fidelity system is electronic equipment that reproduces sound with a high degree of accuracy.


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High jump is an athletics event in which an athlete tries to jump over a bar supported by two posts at least 4 metres apart.


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High kings reigned in Ireland between the A.D. 200's and the 1100's.


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High Peak (pop. 83,800) is a local government district in Derbyshire, England.


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High priest was the head of the Jewish priesthood in later Biblical times until the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in A.D. 70.


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High school is a school in the United States and Canada that provides several years of education for young people between the ages of 14 and 17 beyond the junior level.


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High seas are the areas of the oceans that lie outside the authority of any nation.


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Highland games are athletic, piping, and dancing competitions held in Scotland every summer.


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Highland (pop. 206,900) is a region that covers a vast area of northern Scotland.


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Highwayman was a person who robbed travellers during the 1600's and the early 1700's.


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Hijacking is the seizure of a commercial vehicle by force or the threat of force.


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Hiking is a healthy, relaxing form of exercise.


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Hilbert, David (1862-1943), was a German mathematician.


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Hill is an elevation of the earth's surface that has a distinct summit.


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Hill, Alfred (1870-1960), one of Australia's best-known composers, developed themes from Maori chants and used them in many of his compositions.


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Hill, Archibald V. (1886-1977), an English physiologist, shared the 1922 Nobel Prize for medicine with the German physiologist Otto Meyerhoff.


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Hill, David Octavius (1802-1870), a Scottish painter of landscapes and portraits, was the first to apply photography to portraiture.


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Hill, Ernestine (1899-1972), an Australian author, wrote the historical novel My Love Must Wait (1941).


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Hill, Graham (1929-1975), became a leading motor racing driver.


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Hill, Joe (1879-1915), was a Swedish-born songwriter who popularized the goals of the American labour movement through his music.


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Hill, Octavia (1838-1912), a British housing reformer, was equally interested in painting and social work when young.


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Hill, Sir Rowland (1795-1879), is best known as the originator of the Penny Post.


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Hill End is a historic gold town 84 kilometres from Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia.


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Hill forts are earthworks that are found in many parts of Britain and Ireland.


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Hill of Luton, Lord (1904-1989), Charles Hill, won renown as a physician, radio broadcaster, politician and administrator.


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Hillary, Sir Edmund Percival (1919-...), a New Zealand mountain climber, became one of the first two men to reach the top of Mount Everest and return.


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Hillel I (70 B.C.?-A.D. 10?) was the most prominent spiritual leader among the Jews of Palestine from 30 B.C. until his death.


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Hillery, Patrick (1923-...), was president of the Republic of Ireland from 1976 to 1990.


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Hilliard, Nicholas (1547-1619), was the first of the great English miniature portrait painters.


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Hillingdon (pop. 225,800) is an English borough within the Greater London area.


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Hilton, Conrad (1887-1979), an American businessman, was sometimes called the biggest hotel man in the world.


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Hilton, James (1900-1954), an English novelist, sprang to fame with Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1934).


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Himachal Pradesh is a wholly mountainous state in the Himalaya in the far north of India.


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Himalaya, also called Himalayas, is the highest mountain system in the world.


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Himalayan balsam is a tall attractive plant with thick reddish, succulent stems and pinkish purple flowers spotted with crimson.


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Himmler, Heinrich (1900-1945), was one of the most powerful leaders of Nazi Germany.


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Hinckley and Bosworth (pop. 93,600) is a local government district in western Leicestershire, England.


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Hindemith, Paul (1895-1963), was a leading German composer and music theorist.


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Hindenburg, Paul von (1847-1934), was a German soldier and statesman.


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Hindi is one of the official languages of India.


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Hindmarsh, Sir John (1785-1860), a British naval officer, was the first governor of South Australia, from 1836 to 1838.


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Hindu Kush is a chain of mountains in Central Asia.


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Hinduism, the major religion of India, is one of the oldest living religions in the world.


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Hines, Duncan (1880-1959), an American businessman and author, became an authority on eating and lodging establishments.


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Hines, Earl (1905-1983), was an American jazz pianist.


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Hinkler, Bert (1892-1933), an Australian aviator, made the first solo flight from Britain to Australia in 1928.


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Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril (1897-1967), a British chemist, teacher, and author, shared the 1956 Nobel Prize for chemistry with Nikolai Semenov.


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Hinton, S. E. (1948-...), is an American writer of novels for young adults.


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Hip is the region of the body between the trunk and the thigh.


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Hipparchus (180 B.C.?-125 B.C.?), an ancient Greek astronomer, discovered the precession (movement) of the equinoxes.


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Hipparchus (?-514 B.C.), was a son of Pisistratus, a ruler of Athens in the 500's B.C. Hipparchus came to power with his brother Hippias in 527 B.C., after the death of their father.


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Hippies were members of a youth movement of the 1960's and 1970's that started in the United States and spread to Canada, Great Britain, and many other countries.


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Hippocrates (460?-380?  B.C.) was a well-known ancient doctor who practised medicine on the Greek island of Cos.


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Hippodrome is a place for horse and chariot races.


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Hippopotamus is the third largest animal that lives on land.


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Hire purchase is a method of buying on credit.


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Hirohito (1901-1989) was emperor of Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989.


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Hiroshige (1797-1858), was a master painter and designer of Japanese colour prints.


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Hiroshima (pop. 1,044,129) is the Japanese city on which the first atomic bomb used in warfare was dropped.


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Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, in Washington, D.C., U.S.A., houses one of the world's largest collections of modern art.


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Hirst, Damien (1965-...), is a British artist.


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Hispaniola is the second largest island in the West Indies.


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Hiss, Alger (1904-...), became the centre of a national controversy over Communist infiltration in the U.S. government during the administration of President Harry S. Truman in the 1940's and 1950's.


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Histology is the biological science that studies the structure of the tissues of organisms.


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Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection that attacks the lungs, mouth, throat, ears, spleen, liver, and lymphatic system.


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Hitchcock, Sir Alfred (1899-1980), was an English film director and producer.


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Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945), ruled Germany as dictator from 1933 to 1945.


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Hittites were the earliest known inhabitants of what is now Turkey.


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Hives are a form of skin rash that appears suddenly and disappears without leaving a trace.


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Hluhluwe is a South African game reserve located in Kwazulu-Natal, 280 kilometres north of Durban.


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Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969), a Vietnamese revolutionary leader, served as president of North Vietnam from 1954 until his death.


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Ho Chi Minh City (pop. 3,934,395), formerly called Saigon, is the largest city in Vietnam.


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Hoad, Lew (1934-1994), an Australian tennis player, won the Wimbledon men's singles title in 1956 and 1957.


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Hoatzin is an unusual bird that lives in marshy areas by waterways in northern South America.


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Hobart (pop. 47,109; met. area pop. 181,838) is the capital of the state of Tasmania, Australia.


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Hobart, Lord (1760-1816), a British politician and statesman, was secretary for war and for the colonies in the British government from 1801 to 1804.


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Hobbema, Meindert (1638-1709), was a Dutch landscape painter.


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Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679), was an English philosopher.


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Hobbs, Sir John (1882-1963), was one of the greatest English batsmen in cricket.


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Hobby can be any type of activity people do during their leisure time.


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Hobson, John Atkinson (1858-1940), was an English economist and journalist.


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Hobson, William (1793-1842), was the first governor of New Zealand from 1841, when it became a separate colony, until his death a year later in 1842.


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Hochhuth, Rolf (1931-...), is a German playwright.


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Hochstetter, Ferdinand von (1829-1884), a German geologist, carried out the first major geological survey of New Zealand.


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Hockey is a fast and exciting team sport in which players use sticks to try to hit a ball into their opponents' goal.


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Hockney, David (1937-...), an English artist, became famous in the 1960's for his bold, unconventional pictures.


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Hoddinott, Alun (1929-...), a Welsh composer, became professor of music at University College, Cardiff, in 1967.


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Hoddle, Robert (1794-1881), was a pioneer surveyor in Australia.


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Hodgkin, Sir Alan (1914-...), a British physiologist, shared the 1963 Nobel Prize for medicine for his research into nerve impulses.


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Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot (1910-1994), a British chemist, won the 1964 Nobel Prize for chemistry for determining the highly complex structure of the vitamin B-12 molecule.


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Hodgkin, Howard (1932-...), is a leading British painter.


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Hodgkin's disease is a type of cancer in which the lymph nodes become enlarged (see LYMPHATIC SYSTEM).


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Hoffman, Dustin (1937-...), is an American actor best known for his offbeat character roles in unusual and demanding films.


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Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus (1776-1822), was a German writer.


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Hoffnung, Gerard (1925-1959), was a British humorist, artist, musician, and public speaker.


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Hofmann, Hans (1880-1966), a German-born American artist, became famous for his abstract painting.


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Hofmannsthal, Hugo von (1874-1929), an Austrian poet and playwright, is best known for librettos (texts) for the operas of German composer Richard Strauss.


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Hogan, Ben (1912-1997), an American golfer, was one of the greatest players in the history of the sport.


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Hogan, Hector (1932-1960), was an Australian sprinter.


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Hogan, Paul (1940-...), an Australian comedian and actor, gained international attention when his film Crocodile Dundee was released in 1986.


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Hogarth, William (1697-1764), was the leading English satirical painter of the 1700's.


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Hogben, Lancelot (1895-1975), a gifted English physiologist, also interested himself in language and communication and in making scientific subjects understandable to laypeople.


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Hogg, Helen Sawyer (1905-...), an American-born astronomer, became known for her research on variable stars.


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Hogg, James (1770-1835), was a Scottish poet and novelist.


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Hogmanay is the word used to describe New Year's Eve celebrations in Scotland.


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Hogrogian, Nonny (1932-...), is an American illustrator and designer of children's books.


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Hogweed is a large plant of the cow parsley family.


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Hohenstaufen was the name of a princely family of medieval Germany which held the imperial throne from 1138 to 1254.


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Hohenzollern is the name of the famous royal family that ruled Brandenburg, Prussia, and the German Empire.


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Hokusai (1760-1849) was a Japanese painter and designer of woodcut prints.


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Holbein, Hans, the Elder (1465?-1534?), was a painter who worked in southern Germany and the region of Alsace in what is now France.


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Holbein, Hans, the Younger (1497?-1543), ranks among the world's greatest portrait painters.


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Holberg, Ludvig (1684-1754), was Scandinavia's first important playwright.


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Holden, Sir Edward (1885-1947), an Australian motorcar manufacturer, was a member of the family after whom the first mass-produced Australian motorcar was named.


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Holderness (pop. 49,900) is an English local government district on the coast of Humberside, administered from Skirlaugh, near Hull.


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Holding company is any company which holds a majority or a large enough minority of the stock or voting power in another company to control its policies.


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Holey dollar, a silver coin used in Australia in the 1800's, was a Spanish dollar with a dump (a small piece of silver) removed from its centre.


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Holford, Lord (1907-1975), an architect and town planner, is best known for his imaginative schemes for rebuilding Piccadilly Circus and the area around St. Paul's Cathedral in London.


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Holi is a Hindu festival that takes place in late February or March.


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Holiday is any day on which people lay aside their ordinary duties and cares.


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Holiday, Billie (1915-1959), won recognition as the most moving jazz singer of her day.


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Holinshed's Chronicles is a book of English, Scottish, and Irish history and geography that was first published in 1578.


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Holistic medicine is an approach to health care based on the belief that many factors may affect a person's health.


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Holland (pop. 30,745) is a city in the state of Michigan, U.S.A., that was named after the homeland of its Dutch settlers.


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Holland, John Philip (1841-1914), an Irish-American inventor, was mainly responsible for the development of the submarine.


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Holland, Sir Sidney (1893-1961), was prime minister of New Zealand from 1949 to 1957.


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Holly is the common name for a group of shrubs and small trees.


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Holly, Buddy (1936-1959), was an American singer, composer, and electric guitarist.


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Hollyhock is a tall, hardy plant grown for its large spikes of colourful flowers.


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Hollywood, California, U.S.A., is generally considered the film capital of the world.


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Holmes, Burton (1870-1958), was an American photographer and lecturer, who made travel his profession.


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Holmes a Court, Robert (1937-...), was one of the wealthiest men in Australia in the 1980's.


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Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1809-1894), was an American writer who won fame for his essays and poems.


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Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. (1841-1935), was one of the best-known American judges of the 1900's.


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Holmes, Sherlock, is the most famous detective in fiction.


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Holmium, a chemical element with symbol Ho, is one of the rare-earth metals.


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Holocaust was the systematic, state-sponsored murder of Jews and others by the Nazis during World War II (1939-1945).


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Holography is a method of making three-dimensional images on a photographic plate or film.


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Holst, Gustav (1874-1934), was an English composer and teacher.


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Holt, Harold (1908-1967), was prime minister of Australia for less than two years.


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Holtermann, Bernard Otto (1838-1885), was one of the discoverers of the largest nugget of gold found anywhere in the world.


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Holy Alliance was an agreement signed in Paris in September 1815, after the fall of Napoleon.


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Holy Grail, in medieval legend, was the cup that Jesus Christ used at the Last Supper.


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Holy Island is the name given to a number of small islands in Britain and Ireland.


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Holy Roman Empire was a German-based empire in western and central Europe that began in A.D. 962 and lasted until 1806.


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Holy Week is the period between Palm Sunday and Easter when Christians remember the final events in the life of Jesus.


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Holyoake, Sir Keith Jacka (1904-1983), served as prime minister of New Zealand from 1960 to 1972.


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Holyroodhouse, Palace of, is a historic house in Edinburgh, Scotland.


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Homage, during the Middle Ages, was a feudal ceremony by which one man became the vassal or follower of a lord.


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Home, Lord (1903-...), was prime minister of Great Britain from October 1963 to October 1964.


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Home Guard was a force raised in Britain in 1940 to supplement the regular armed forces during World War II.


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Home rule, in Great Britain, refers to political movements in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.


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Homelessness is the condition of someone who has no permanent address.


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Homeopathy is a system of medical practice based on the attempt to "let like cure like."  According to homeopathic doctors, a substance that produces certain symptoms in a healthy individual will cure those symptoms in a sick individual.


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Homeostasis is a term that refers to the ability of a living organism to maintain a stable set of conditions inside its body.


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Homer is traditionally considered the ancient Greek poet who composed the great epics the Iliad and the Odyssey.


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Homer, Winslow (1836-1910), was an American artist.


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Homestead Act was passed by the United States Congress in May 1862.


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Homicide is the killing of one person by another.


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Homing pigeon is a special breed of pigeon developed for racing and carrying messages.


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Hominy is a food made from hulled maize.


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Homo erectus is regarded by most anthropologists as a species of human being that lived from about 11/2 million to 300,000 years ago.


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Homo habilis is considered by most anthropologists to be the oldest type of human being.


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Homogenization is the breaking up of particles in an emulsion so that they are small enough not to separate.


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Homologous structures are structures that have an essential similarity and develop in the same general way.


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Homonym is a word having the same spelling and pronunciation as another word or words, but a different meaning.


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Homosexuality is the condition of being sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex.


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Hon Sui Sen (1916-1983) was a Singapore public servant and politician.


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Honduras is a small Central American country that is known for the production of bananas.


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Hone is the name of an Irish family that has been associated with the arts since the 1700's.


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Hone Heke Pokai (1810?-1850) was a famous Maori chief whose dislike of British (United Kingdom) rule led to the first of the New Zealand Wars.


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Honecker, Erich (1912-1994), was the leader of East Germany from 1971 until 1989.


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Honegger, Arthur (1892-1955), was a Swiss-French composer.


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Honey is the sweet, thick fluid made by bees from flower nectar.


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Honey buzzard is a European bird of prey.


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Honey locust is a medium-sized tree with spreading branches and handsome, finely divided leaves.


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Honeyeater is the name of a family of about 170 species of land birds.


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Honeysuckle is any one of a family of ornamental shrubs and climbers.


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Hong Kong (pop. 5,729,000) is a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.


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Hongi Hika (1777-1828), a famous Maori chief and warrior, was head of the Ngapuhi tribe in the early 1800's.


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Honiara (pop. 30,499), is the capital and largest community of Solomon Islands, an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.


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Honolulu is the capital, largest city, and chief port of Hawaii.


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Honorius I (?-638) was elected pope in 625.


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Honorius III (?-1227) was elected pope in 1216.


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Honours and awards in the United Kingdom are formal tokens of the respect that the state feels is due to people who have earned public recognition for their brave deeds, their long service, or their valuable work.


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Hood, Clifford Firoved (1894-1978), was president of the United States Steel Corporation from 1953 until 1959.


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Hood, John Bell (1831-1879), was an American Confederate general.


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Hood, Raymond Mathewson (1881-1934), was the architect of some of America's largest and most striking skyscrapers.


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Hood, Samuel (1724-1816), Viscount Hood, was a British admiral.


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Hood, Thomas (1799-1845), was a British poet and humorist.


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Hoof is a hard growth on the feet of mammals called ungulates.


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Hooghly River, in West Bengal, India, is one of the channels through which the Ganges River flows into the Bay of Bengal.


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Hooke, Robert (1635-1703), an English experimental scientist, stated the currently accepted theory of elasticity in Hooke's law.


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Hooker, Richard (1554-1600), was an English scholar, theologian, and clergyman.


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Hookworm is a small roundworm that enters the bodies of human beings and some animals through the skin.


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Hoop pine, also called colonial pine or Moreton Bay pine, is among the largest of the few species of Australian pines, reaching up to 60 metres.


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Hoopoe is a bird with a showy crest of feathers on its head and black and white bars on its wings and tail.


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Hoover, Herbert Clark (1874-1964), was president of the United States from 1929 to 1933.


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Hoover, J. Edgar (1895-1972), served as director of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for 48 years.


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Hoover Dam is one of the highest concrete dams in the world.


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Hop is a vine grown for its papery, yellowish-green flowers, which are used in brewing beer.


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Hope, Alec Derwent (1907-...), one of Australia's most distinguished writers, published several books of poetry, including The Wandering Islands (1955), Collected Poems (1966), and the satirical Dunciad Minor (1970).


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Hope, Anthony (1863-1933), was an English novelist.


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Hope, Bob (1903-...), is a popular American comedian and actor.


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Hope, John Adrian Louis (1860-1908), Earl of Hopetoun, was the first governor general of Australia.


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Hope, Louis (1817-1894), founded the sugar industry in Queensland, Australia.


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Hopkins, Sir Anthony (1937-...), is a British actor.


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Hopkins, Esek (1718-1802), an American sea captain, commanded the tiny continental American Navy from 1775 to 1778.


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Hopkins, Sir Frederick G. (1861-1947), an English biochemist, discovered the existence of vitamins.


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Hopkins, Gerard Manley (1844-1889), ranks as a major poet of Victorian England, though his work remained almost unknown until 1918, when it was first published.


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Hopkins, Mark (1802-1887), was a famous American college teacher.


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Hopkinson, John (1849-1898), a British electrical engineer, developed the theory and improved the construction of dynamos.


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Hopman, Harry (1906-1985), was captain of the Australian Davis Cup tennis team in 1938 and 1939 and was nonplaying captain from 1950 to 1959.


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Hopper, De Wolf (1858-1935), was an American actor and singer.


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Hopper, Edward (1882-1967), was an American painter.


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Horace (65-8 B.C.) was one of the greatest poets of ancient Rome.


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Hore-Belisha, Lord (1893-1957), Leslie Hore-Belisha, Baron Hore-Belisha of Devonport, became British secretary for war shortly before the outbreak of World War II (1939-1945).


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Horehound, also spelled hoarhound, is the name given to several plants in the mint family.


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Horizon is the distant, curved line where the earth and sky seem to meet.


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Hormone is any of a number of chemical substances produced within an animal or a plant.


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Horn is the general name for instruments of the brass family.


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Horn is a pointed, bony structure on the heads of many mammals.


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Hornbeam is a broadleaf tree closely related to the birch.


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Hornbill is the name of 45 species of medium-sized to large birds with huge, often colourful, bills.


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Hornblende is any of a group of fairly hard rock-forming minerals.


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Hornbook.  Paper was scarce and expensive during the Middle Ages and until the early 1800's.


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Horne, Donald (1921-...), an Australian author, wrote The Lucky Country (1964).


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Horne, Lena (1917-...), is an American singer and actress.


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Horne, Marilyn (1934-...), is an American opera star known for her singing as both a mezzo-soprano and a soprano.


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Horned lizard is the name of 14 species of North American lizards.


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Hornet is the name of any one of several large social wasps.


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Horney, Karen (1885-1952), was a German-born psychoanalyst.


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Horniman, Annie (1860-1937), a wealthy theatrical producer and patron, helped to promote the modern theatre in Britain and in Ireland.


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Hornung, E. W. (1866-1921), an English novelist, was the author of the Raffles stories.


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Hornwort is the name of a group of small, nonflowering plants related to mosses and liverworts.


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Horoscope is a chart that supposedly reveals a person's character or future.


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Horowitz, Vladimir (1904-1989), a Russian-born pianist, was one of the world's greatest musicians.


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Horrocks, Sir Brian (1895-1985), a British soldier and military writer, served in World Wars I and II. Horrocks was born at Ranniket, in India, and educated at Uppingham School.


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Horse has been one of the most useful animals for thousands of years.


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Horse fly is a name for certain types of flies that live near water in pastures, fields, and forests.


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Horse latitudes are regions noted for their lack of winds.


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Horse racing is a popular sport based on the speed of horses and the skill of jockeys.


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Horsechestnut is the name of a group of trees and shrubs native to Europe, Asia, and North America.


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Horsehair worm is a long, thin worm that looks like a coiled hair from the mane or tail of a horse.


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Horsepower is a unit used to express the power (rate of doing work) of an engine in the imperial system of measurements.


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Horseradish is a herb whose root is used to make a sharp food relish.


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Horseshoe crab is a large marine animal with a shell shaped something like a horse's hoof.


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Horseshoe pitching is a game played by throwing horseshoes at a stake.


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Horsetail is a plant with a hollow, jointed, and usually grooved stem.


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Horsham (pop. 107,300) is an English local government district in West Sussex centred on the residential town of Horsham.


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Horsham (pop. 12,553), is a city on the Wimmera River in central western Victoria, Australia.


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Horsley, Colin (1920-...), a New Zealand pianist, became a professor at the Royal College of Music in London in 1954.


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Horticulture is a branch of agriculture that specializes in fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental shrubs and trees.


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Horton is a New Zealand family that became prominent in newspaper publishing.


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Horus is the name for both the son of the Egyptian goddess Isis and of a number of ancient Egyptian sky gods.


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Hosea, Book of, is a book of the Old Testament, or Hebrew Bible, named after an Israelite prophet.


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Hoskins was a family of Australian engineers and steel manufacturers.


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Hospice is a kind of nursing home that specializes in the care of people who are dying.


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Hospital is an institution that provides medical services for a community.


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Hostage is a person held prisoner to force fulfilment of an agreement or demand.


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Hot line is a two-way telegraph-teleprinter system that links Washington, D.C., and Moscow.


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Hot rod is usually an older saloon car with an improved engine or body design.


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Hot springs are springs that discharge water heated by natural processes within the earth.


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Hotbed is a low, heated enclosure in which plants are grown during cold weather.


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Hotel is an establishment that provides overnight accommodation for the public.


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Hotham, Sir Charles (1806-1855), was governor of Victoria, Australia, in 1854 and 1855.


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Houdini, Harry (1874-1926), was an American magician who won world fame as an escape artist.


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Houdon, Jean Antoine (1741-1828), was probably the greatest French sculptor of the 1700's.


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Hough, Emerson (1857-1923), an American author, wrote many stories about the American Civil War.


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Hounslow (pop. 194,100) is a borough within the Greater London area.


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Houphouet-Boigny, Felix (1905-1993), was president of Ivory Coast from 1960 when that nation gained independence from France until his death in 1993.


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Hourglass is a device that measures time.


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House, in astrology, is a division of a chart that supposedly reveals a person's character or future.


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House is a building that provides shelter, comfort, and protection.


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House of Burgesses was the first representative legislative body in America, and the first in any English colony.


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House of Commons is one of the two houses of Parliament, the lawmaking body of the United Kingdom.


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House of Lords is one of the two houses of Parliament, the lawmaking body of the United Kingdom.


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House of Representatives is one of the two lawmaking bodies of many legislatures.


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Houseleek, also called live-forever, is a group of succulent plants related to the sedums.


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Housing includes any kind of building that provides shelter for people.


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Housman, A. E. (1859-1936), was a British poet and scholar.


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Houston (pop. 1,630,553) is the largest city in Texas and one of the fastest-growing major cities in the United States.


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Houston, Sam (1793-1863), played a leading part in Texas's fight for independence from Mexico.


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Houtman, Frederik de, was a Dutch navigator who ran aground off the western coast of the Australian continent in 1619.


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Hove (pop. 82,500) is a holiday resort in the Brighton and Hove unitary authority area on the East Sussex coast of England.


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Hovell, William (1786-1875), an Australian explorer, became famous for his discovery in 1824 of a direct land route from Lake George, south of Sydney, to Bass Strait.


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Hovercraft is a craft that travels on a layer of compressed air just above any kind of surface--land or water.


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Hovhaness, Alan (1911-...), is an American composer.


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Howard, Bronson Crocker (1842-1908), was the first professional American playwright who was neither a theatre manager nor an actor.


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Howard, John (1726?-1790), a British prison reformer, was apprenticed to a London grocer as a young man and inherited a fortune at the age of 25.


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Howard, John (1939-...) became prime minister of Australia in March 1996, when his Liberal/National Party coalition defeated Paul Keating's Labor government in the general election.


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Howard, Mabel (1893-1972), became the first female Cabinet minister in New Zealand in 1947, and the first woman in the Commonwealth of Nations to be appointed to such a post.


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Howard of Effingham, Lord (1536-1624), commanded the English fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588 (see SPANISH ARMADA).


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Howe is the family name of two American social reformers, husband and wife.


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Howe is the family name of two British brothers who fought for Britain in the American Revolution.


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Howe, Elias (1819-1867), an American inventor, constructed a practical sewing machine.


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Howe, Sir Geoffrey (1926-...), a Conservative politician, was Britain's deputy prime minister from 1989 to 1990.


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Howe, Michael (1787-1818), was a bushranger (an escaped convict living in the Australian bush).


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Howell, David (1936-...), a British politician, was the United Kingdom secretary of state for Transport from 1981 to 1983.


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Howells, William Dean (1837-1920), was an American novelist, editor, and critic.


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Howler is a large monkey that makes a loud, howling roar.


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Hoxha, Enver (1908-1985), established a Communist government in Albania in 1944 and ruled the country until his death.


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Hoyle, Edmond (1672-1769), was an English teacher of whist, a card game somewhat like bridge.


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Hoyle, Sir Fred (1915-...), a British astronomer and cosmologist, gained fame for his theories of the origin of the universe.


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Hrdlicka, Ales (1869-1943), was a Czech-born physical anthropologist.


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Hu, Tsu Tau Richard (1926-...), a Singapore politician, became minister of finance in Singapore in 1985.


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Hu Yaobang (1915-...), also spelled Hu Yao-pang, served as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party from 1981 to 1987.


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Hua Guofeng (1918?-...), also spelled Hua Kuo-feng, was chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from 1976 to 1981.


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Hua Luo-Yeng (1910-1985), a Chinese mathematician, was known for his work The Theory of Prime Numbers in Dumps, completed in 1941.


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Huang He also spelled Huang Ho, is a long river in China.


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Hubbard, Bernard Rosecrans (1888-1962), was a Jesuit priest, author, and Arctic explorer.


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Hubbard, Elbert (1856-1915), was an American lecturer, publisher, editor, and essayist.


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Hubble, Edwin Powell (1889-1953), was an American astronomer.


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Hubble Space Telescope is a reflecting telescope built as an orbiting observatory.


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Huckleberry is a small, round fruit that grows on a shrub.


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Huddersfield is a town in West Yorkshire, England, situated about 26 kilometres southwest of Leeds.


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Hudson, George (1800-1871), became known in the United Kingdom as the Railway King because of his ownership of many of the country's railways.


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Hudson, Henry (?-1611), was an English explorer and sea captain.


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Hudson, Manley Ottmer (1886-1960), an American law teacher and jurist, served on the International Permanent Court of Arbitration from 1933 to 1945, and as a judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice from 1936 to 1946.


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Hudson, Sir William (1896-1978), a New Zealand-born engineer, was the commissioner for the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Authority, in Australia, from 1949 to 1967.


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Hudson, William Henry (1841-1922), was an English author and naturalist.


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Hudson Bay is a vast inland sea in northeast Canada.


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Hudson River is one of the most important trade waterways in the United States.


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Hudson River School was the name of the first group of American artists to develop a characteristic style of landscape painting.


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Hudson's Bay Company is a business firm that became famous for its role in western Canadian history.


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Hue (pop. 209,043) is a city in central Vietnam.


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Hugh Capet (940?-996) was king of France from 987 to 996.


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Hugh of Lincoln, Saint (1135?-1200), was bishop of Lincoln from 1186 until his death.


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Hughes, Howard Robard (1905-1976), an American businessman, became known as one of the world's richest people.


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Hughes, Langston (1902-1967), was a black American author.


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Hughes, Sir Samuel (1853-1921), a Canadian soldier and statesman, served as minister of militia and defence from 1911 to 1916.


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Hughes, Ted (1930-...), is an English poet known for his violent and symbolic nature poems.


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Hughes, Thomas (1822-1896), was an English author.


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Hughes, William Morris (1862-1952), served as prime minister of Australia from 1915 to 1923.


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Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885), a French author, led the romantic movement in French literature.


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Huguenots were a group of Protestants who became the centre of political and religious quarrels in France in the 1500's and 1600's.


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Huhu beetles, the largest beetles found in New Zealand, are common throughout the country.


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Huias were birds, now extinct, that used to live in New Zealand.


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Huizinga, Johan (1872-1945), was a noted Dutch historian.


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Huizong (reigned A.D. 1101-1126), also spelled Hui-tsung, the last emperor of the Northern Song dynasty of China, was the greatest imperial patron of art.


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Hukbalahap, also called Huk, a Communist guerrilla movement, tried to overthrow the democratic government of the Philippines from 1945 to 1954.


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Hull (pop. 252,200) is a large industrial city and one of Britain's leading industrial ports.


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Hull, Cordell (1871-1955), an American statesman, won the 1945 Nobel Peace Prize for his peace efforts while serving as U.S. secretary of state from 1933 to 1944.


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Hulme, Keri (1947-...), a New Zealand writer, won the Booker McConnell Prize, for her novel The Bone People in 1985.


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Human being has the most highly developed brain of any animal.


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Human body.  People sometimes call the human body the most wonderful machine ever built.


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Human engineering is a technique that applies scientific knowledge of human behaviour to build the various kinds of equipment used by people in their everyday life.


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Human relations is a field of study that deals with group behaviour.


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Human Rights, Universal Declaration of, was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on Dec. 10, 1948.


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Humanism is a way of looking at our world which emphasizes the importance of human beings--their nature and their place in the universe.


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Humber, River, in England, flows eastward through Humberside and empties into the North Sea.


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Humberside is a geographical region in northeastern England, lying on both sides of the Humber estuary.


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Humboldt, Baron von (1769-1859), was a German scientist and geographer.


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Hume, Basil Cardinal (1923-...), a British Roman Catholic teacher and theologian, became archbishop of Westminster, London, in 1976.


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Hume, David (1711-1776), was a Scottish philosopher.


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Hume, Hamilton (1797-1873), the first Australian-born explorer, opened up an overland route from Sydney to Port Phillip, the present site of Melbourne, Australia.


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Hume, John (1937-...), is the leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) in Northern Ireland.


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Hume Reservoir stands on the Murray River, in Australia, on the border of New South Wales and Victoria.


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Humidifier is a device that increases the amount of moisture in indoor air or a stream of air.


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Humidity is a term that describes the amount of water vapour in the air.


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Hummingbird is a family of birds that contains the smallest bird in the world.


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Humour is any body fluid that is carried in the blood to act on a gland or other tissue.


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Humour.  No one knows exactly why we laugh, or why anything that is funny should cause us to make such a peculiar noise.


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Humperdinck, Engelbert (1854-1921), was a German composer.


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Humphreys, David (1752-1818), was General George Washington's aide-de-camp (field secretary) during the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Humphries, Barry (1934-...), an Australian writer, actor, and satirist, created the roles of Dame Edna Everage, the housewife superstar; Sir Les Patterson, the beer-swilling, Australian cultural attache; and Barry McKenzie, an Australian innocent abr


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Humus is a dark brown substance found in soil.


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Hun was a member of the wandering and warlike people that invaded the Roman Empire in the A.D. 400's.


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Hunchback is a nonmedical term for the forward bending of the spine.


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Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) extended over the reigns of five English and five French kings who fought for control of France.


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Hungary is a small, landlocked country in central Europe.


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Hunger is an unpleasant, often painful sensation caused by the body's need for food.


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Hungerford, Thomas Arthur Guy (1915-...), an Australian novelist, wrote The Ridge and The River (1952).


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Hunsaker, Jerome Clarke (1898-1984), was a pioneer aeronautical in the United States.


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Hunt, Lord (1910-...), John Hunt, Baron Hunt of Llanvair Waterdine, led the expedition that conquered Mount Everest in 1953.


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Hunt, Leigh (1784-1859), was an English journalist, essayist, and poet.


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Hunt, Sam (1946-...), a New Zealand poet, first became known in the 1960's for entertaining audiences in hotels, theatres, and town halls with his unique brand of poetry.


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Hunt, William Holman (1827-1910), was one of the painters of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (see PRE-RAPHAELITE BROTHERHOOD).


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Hunter is the family name of two brothers who were famous British physicians.


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Hunter, John (1737-1821), was the second governor of New South Wales, Australia.


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Hunting is the sport of capturing or killing wild animals.


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Huntingdonshire (pop. 140,700) is a local government district in western Cambridgeshire, England.


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Huntington's disease is a severe hereditary disorder of the nervous system.


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Huntsman spider is common in Australia, where there are about 100 species.


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Hunza is an area in the northern tip of Pakistan.


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Huon is an area made up of three municipalities in southern Tasmania: Huon, Esperance, and Port Cygnet.


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Huon pines grow naturally along or near rivers in the cool, temperate rainforest of western and southwestern Tasmania, Australia.


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Hurd, Douglas (1930-...), was the United Kingdom's foreign secretary from 1989 to 1995.


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Hurdling is an athletics race in which runners jump over fencelike obstacles called hurdles.


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Hurley, Frank (1890-1962), an Australian still photographer and film cameraman, accompanied four expeditions to the Antarctic between 1911 and 1934.


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Hurley, Patrick Jay (1883-1963), was an American statesman and soldier.


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Hurricane is a powerful, whirling storm that measures 320 to 480 kilometres in diameter.


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Hurst, Fannie (1889-1968), was an American author who wrote popular novels and short stories.


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Hus, John (1369?-1415), was a Bohemian religious reformer.


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Hussars were European light cavalrymen armed with carbines, swords, and sometimes pistols.


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Hussein I (1935-...) became king of Jordan in 1952.


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Hussein, Saddam (1937-...), has been president of Iraq since 1979.


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Hussein, Taha (1889-1973), an outstanding Egyptian writer, overcame poverty and blindness to become a leading literary and public figure.


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Hussein bin Onn, Datuk (1922-...), was the third prime minister of Malaysia from 1976 to 1981.


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Husseini, Hajj Amin al- (1897-1974), was the grand mufti (Islamic religious head) of Jerusalem.


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Hussey, Gemma (1940-...), became, in 1982, the first female minister of education in the Republic of Ireland.


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Hussites were followers of the Bohemian religious reformer John Hus.


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Huston is the family name of two film personalities--Walter, an actor; and his son John, a screenwriter and director.


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Hutchins, Robert Maynard (1899-1977), an American educator, became well known for his unconventional theories about higher education.


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Hutchinson, Anne Marbury (1591-1643), headed a group of Puritans whose religious beliefs were unacceptable to Puritan leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the United States.


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Hutchinson, Thomas (1711-1780), was one of the last royal governors of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.


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Hutt, John (1795-1880), was governor of Western Australia from 1839 to 1846.


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Hutt River Province (population approximately 30), is a popular tourist resort 560 kilometres from Perth, Western Australia.


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Hutterites, also called Hutterian Brethren, are members of a North American religious sect who believe in the common ownership of goods.


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Hutton, James (1726-1797), a Scottish philosopher and chemist, was a pioneer in the field of geology.


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Hutton, Sir Leonard (1916-1990), was captain of the England cricket team and a brilliant opening batsman.


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Huxley is the family name of three distinguished British scientists and writers.


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Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695), was a Dutch physicist, astronomer, and mathematician.


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Hyacinth is a favourite spring flower of the lily family.


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Hybrid is the offspring of parents of different races, varieties, or species.


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Hydatids are cysts that contain a watery fluid.


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Hyde, Douglas (1860-1949), served as the first president of Eire (now the Republic of Ireland) from 1938 to 1945.


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Hyde Park Barracks is located at the southern end of Macquarie Street in Sydney, Australia.


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Hyderabad is a large historic region in India.


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Hyderabad (pop. 3,091,718; met. area pop. 4,273,498), an important centre of trade, is one of India's largest cities.


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Hyderabad (pop. 751,529) is a city in the Sind province of Pakistan.


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Hyderabad, Nizam of (1886-1967), Sir Usman Ali, ruled the region of Hyderabad, in what is now India, from 1911 to 1948.


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Hydra is a tiny, slender animal that lives in ponds and lakes.


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Hydra was a many-headed serpent of Greek mythology.


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Hydrangea is the name of about 80 species of handsome shrubs and climbers.


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Hydrate is a chemical compound made of a definite amount of water and another substance.


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Hydraulic engine, or fluidic engine, is a machine that produces motion by means of pressure from water or some other fluid.


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Hydraulics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour of liquids at rest and in motion.


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Hydrazine is an important chemical compound used in jet and rocket fuels.


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Hydrocarbon refers to the most important class of organic compounds.


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Hydrochloric acid is a dangerous chemical that has many important industrial uses.


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Hydrofluoric acid is an extremely dangerous inorganic chemical.


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Hydrofoil is a boat whose hull can lift above the surface of the water when travelling at high speeds.


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Hydrogen is a tasteless, odourless, colourless gas and one of the most important chemical elements.


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Hydrogen bromide (chemical formula, HBr) is a colourless gas that fumes in moist air.


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Hydrogen iodide (chemical formula, HI) is a heavy, colourless gas with a strong odour.


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Hydrogen peroxide is an important industrial chemical that consists of hydrogen and oxygen.


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Hydrogen sulphide is a colourless, extremely poisonous gas that smells like rotten eggs.


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Hydrogenation is a chemical process that adds hydrogen to a substance.


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Hydrography is the branch of physical geography that deals with the surface waters of the earth.


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Hydrology is the study of the movement and distribution of the waters of the earth.


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Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction involving water as one of the reacting substances.


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Hydrometer is an instrument used to determine the density of liquids.


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Hydrophone is an instrument used to listen to sounds transmitted through water.


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Hydroplane is a fast motorboat that skims over the water almost in the way a flat skipping stone does when thrown.


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Hydroponics is the science of growing plants without soil.


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Hydrosphere.  When we think of the earth, we think mostly of areas of land.


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Hydrotherapy is a method of treating arthritic disorders and injuries by immersion in water.


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Hydroxide is a chemical compound consisting of a metal bonded to a hydroxide ion.


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Hyena is a mammal that is famous for its weird howl, which resembles a hysterical human laugh.


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Hygrometer is an instrument used to determine the relative humidity.


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Hyksos were invaders from Palestine and nearby areas who settled in ancient Egypt in the 1700's B.C. They gradually seized control of Egypt from the pharaohs (kings).


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Hyndburn (pop. 76,500) is a local government district in northern Lancashire, England.


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Hyperactivity, also called attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is a common behaviour disorder of children.


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Hyperbola is a curve with two branches formed by a plane that cuts through two right circular cones that are joined at their tips.


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Hyperbole is a figure of speech which is an exaggeration.


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Hypertension is the medical term for the disease commonly called high blood pressure.


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Hyperthermia is a condition that occurs when the body becomes overheated.


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Hyperventilation is abnormally rapid, deep breathing.


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Hypipamee crater, in the Atherton Tableland, Australia, is the crater of an extinct volcano.


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Hypnos was the god of sleep in Greek mythology.


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Hypnotism is the scientific and clinical use of hypnosis.


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Hypochlorous acid is a weak, inorganic acid that forms when chlorine is added to water.


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Hypochondria is a state of mind in which people obsessively worry about their health.


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Hypodermic injection is a method for administering drugs under the skin.


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Hypoglycaemia is a condition that occurs when the blood does not contain enough glucose (sugar).


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Hypothalamus is a small area at the base of the brain.


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Hypothermia is a condition in which the temperature of the human body is below the normal level of 37 C. It generally results from accidental exposure to cold.


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Hyrax is the name of a family of rabbit-sized animals that resemble guinea pigs.


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Hyssop is a bushy evergreen shrub of the mint family.


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Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus (womb), the organ in which unborn babies develop.


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Hysteria is a neurotic illness in which a person has physical symptoms, and yet no physical cause can be found.


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Hywel Dda, or Howel the Good (?-950), was a king of Wales and a lawgiver.


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I is the ninth letter in the English alphabet.


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I Ching, also spelled Yijing, is the earliest and most important book of the ancient Chinese texts called the Five Classics.


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Ibadan (pop. 1,060,000) is Nigeria's second largest city, after Lagos.


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Iberia is the ancient name of the peninsula occupied today by Spain and Portugal.


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Ibert, Jacques (1890-1962), was a French composer.


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Iberville, Sieur d' (1661-1706), was a French-Canadian explorer, naval officer, and founder of the province of Louisiana, now in the United States.


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Ibex is a wild goat-antelope found in the Alps of Europe, the Middle East, northern Africa, and the Himalaya of central Asia.


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Ibis is any of more than 25 species of wading birds found in warm regions throughout the world.


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Ibizan hound is a rare breed of dog that originated on the island of Ibiza, off the eastern coast of Spain.


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Ibn Batuta (1304-1377?) was a famous Arab traveller and writer.


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Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), was an Arab historian.


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Ibn Saud (1880-1953), became one of the most important absolute monarchs of his day.


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Ibsen, Henrik (1828-1906), a Norwegian playwright, is recognized as the father of modern drama.


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Ibuprofen is a drug that reduces fever and relieves such common problems as headaches, muscle aches, and menstrual pain.


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Ibrahim, Encik Anwar bin (1947-...), a Malaysian politician, became minister of finance, in 1991.


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Ice Age is a period in the earth's history when ice sheets cover large regions of land.


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Ice hockey is a fast, exciting sport played by two teams on a sheet of ice called a rink.


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Ice pack.  When the surface of sea water in arctic areas freezes, it forms an ice sheet.


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Ice plant is the common name for a group of hardy plants that live in dry regions.


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Ice skating is the act of gliding over a smooth surface of ice on ice skates--boots with attached metal blades.


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Iceberg.  Huge masses of ice may break off the lower end of a glacier and fall into the sea.


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Iceboating, also called ice yachting, is a popular winter sport in northern regions of European countries and of the United States.


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Icebreaker is a ship designed to travel through ice-covered waters.


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Icecap is one of the thick layers of ice and snow that cover large areas of land in the polar regions.


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Iceland is an island country that lies just below the Arctic Circle in the North Atlantic Ocean.


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Ichneumon wasp is an insect that lives as a parasite of other insects or spiders.


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Ichthyology is the branch of zoology, or the science of animals, that deals with fishes.


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Icon is a religious painting considered sacred in the Eastern Orthodox Churches.


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Iconoclast has come to mean a person who attacks long-established beliefs.


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Iconoscope was one of the first devices capable of converting light images into electric signals that could be used to produce a television image.


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Idaho (pop. 1,011,986) is a Rocky Mountain state of the United States with exciting scenery and enormous natural resources.


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Idealism, in philosophy, is a metaphysical theory--that is, a theory about the nature of reality.


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Ideology is a system of thought based on related assumptions, beliefs, and explanations of social movements or policies.


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Ides.  In the old Roman calendar, the ides was a day near the middle of each month.


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Idiom is a phrase or expression whose total meaning differs from the meaning of the individual words.


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Idolatry is the worship of a statue or image of a god or spirit.


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Idriess, Ion L. (1890-1979), an Australian author, wrote many books of travel, adventure, and biography, as well as books on prospecting and minerals.


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Idris I (1890-1983), became king of the newly independent nation of Libya in 1951.


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Idrisi, al-Sharif al- (1100-1166?), an Arab geographer, wrote the masterpiece The Pleasure Excursion of One Who is Keen to Travel the Regions of the World.


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Idyll, also spelled idyl, is a kind of pastoral poem developed by the ancient Greeks.


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Ife was an important centre of black African culture for hundreds of years, beginning about A.D. 1000.


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Igbo are one of the largest ethnic groups in Nigeria.


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Ignatius, Saint was a bishop of Antioch and an early Christian martyr.


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Igneous rock is rock formed by the hardening and crystallization of molten material that originates deep within the earth.


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Ignition is any system that sets fire to a mixture of fuel and air to create power in an engine.


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Iguana is the name of certain lizards found mainly in the Western Hemisphere.


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Ikhwan is an Arabic term meaning brothers or brotherhood.


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Ileitis is a disease that involves inflammation of the ileum, the lower half of the small intestine.


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Iliad is the oldest surviving Greek poem.


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Illawarra is a coastal region in New South Wales, Australia.


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Illawarra shorthorns are milking cattle bred entirely within Australia.


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Illicium is the name of a group of fragrant shrubs and trees.


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Illinois is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.


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Illuminated manuscript is a book written and decorated by hand.


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Illustration is a picture that explains and adds interest to the written part of a printed work such as a book.


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Illyricum was one of the four prefectures into which the Roman Empire was divided in A.D. 293, during the reign of Emperor Diocletian.


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Ilmenite, also called titanic iron ore, is a black, heavy mineral, important as a source of titanium (see TITANIUM).


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Iloilo (pop. 309,505) is the capital of the province of Iloilo, on the south coast of Panay Island in the Philippines.


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Imagination is the capacity to consider objects or events in their absence or as they might be.


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Imago is the fully developed insect which emerges from the pupa at the end of the third stage of metamorphosis in an insect life.


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Imam Bonjol (1772-1864), was an Indonesian Muslim who led a war against the Dutch in Sumatra.


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Imhotep was an ancient Egyptian architect, doctor, and statesman who lived about 2650 B.C. Imhotep was one of the highest ranking officials in Egypt.


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Immaculate Conception is a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Immersion foot, also known as trench foot, is a diseased condition of the lower limbs and feet, caused by prolonged exposure to wet cold.


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Immigration is the act of coming to a foreign country to live.


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Immortelle is a flower which retains its natural form and colour indefinitely after it has been dried.


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Immune system is a group of cells, molecules, and tissues that help defend the body against diseases and other harmful invaders.


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Immunization is the process of protecting the body against disease by means of vaccines or serums.


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Impala is an African antelope known for its swift, graceful jumping and running.


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Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) is a large international group of companies with its headquarters in the United Kingdom (UK).


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Imperial preferences were advantageous terms of trade that were formally established between the United Kingdom (UK) and members of the British Empire in Ottawa, Canada, in 1932.


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Imperialism is the policy or action by which one country controls another country or territory.


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Impetigo is a contagious skin infection that chiefly afflicts children.


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Impressionism is a style of art that presents an immediate impression of an object or event.


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Imran Khan (1952-...) a cricketer and politician, captained the Pakistan cricket team in the years 1982-1983, 1985-1987, and 1988-1992.


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Inca were a South American Indian people who ruled one of the largest and richest empires in the Americas.


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Incense is a mixture of sweet-smelling gums and balsams.


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Inch is the smallest unit of distance in the imperial system of measurement.


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Inchcape Rock is a dangerous reef in the North Sea, off the coast of Scotland.


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Inchon (pop. 1,387,491) is a major industrial city in northwestern South Korea and the nation's second largest port.


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Incinerator is a furnacelike device for reducing waste products to ash.


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Inclined plane is a device used to raise heavy loads with relatively small forces.


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Inclinometer is a device for measuring angles formed with the plane of the horizon.


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Income is a term in economics that generally is defined in terms of consumption and wealth.


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Incubation is the process in which eggs, bacteria, protozoans, and other living organisms are kept under proper conditions for growth and development.


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Incubator is an apparatus that maintains a favourable environment for growth and development.


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Indentured servant was someone who worked without wages for a period of time in exchange for passage to the American Colonies.


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Independence (pop. 112,301) is a historic city in western Missouri, just east of Kansas City, U.S.A. Independence became known in the 1800's as the starting point of the Oregon and Santa Fe trails, key routes in the westward expansion of the United S


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Independence Day is the birthday of a nation, marking its freedom from the rule of another country.


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Independence Hall, or Old State House, is the most famous building in Philadelphia, U.S.A., and the scene of some of the most important events in American history.


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Index is an alphabetical list of topics and subjects that appears at the end of many books.


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Index of Forbidden Books, commonly called the Index, was a list of books the Roman Catholic Church once forbade its members to read without special permission.


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India is a large country in southern Asia.


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India, Armed services of.  India's armed services number more than one-and-a-quarter million service personnel and are formed into three branches--the army, the air force, and the navy.


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India, Art of.  The art treasures of India are among the greatest in the world.


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India, Dance and music of.  The arts of dance and music are of great importance to the culture of India.


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India, Government of.  India is an independent, democratic republic.


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India, History of.  India has one of the world's oldest and richest civilizations going back more than 5,000 years.


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India, Languages of.  The Indian subcontinent consists of a number of separate linguistic communities each of which share a common language and culture.


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India, Literature of.  The story of Indian literature extends back over more than 3,000 years.


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India, Philosophy of.  The recording of Indian philosophy began with the ancient religious writings of the Vedas.


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Indian, American.  The people now known as Indians or Native Americans were the first people to live in the Americas.


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Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the world.


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Indian paintbrush is any of about 200 species of handsome wild flowers that grow primarily in the western United States.


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Indian pipe is a plant that is often mistaken for fungus.


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Indian Revolt, also called the Sepoy Rebellion, was a major Indian uprising against British rule in India.


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Indian Territory was the region in the United States, west of the Mississippi River, that the U.S. government set aside for the residence of Indians from about 1830 to 1906.


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Indian wars were the struggles between Indians and white people for the rich lands that became the United States.


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Indiana is a small state in the Midwestern region of the United States.


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Indianapolis (pop. 731,327) is the capital and largest city of Indiana in the United States, It is one of the chief centres of manufacturing, transportation, and the distribution of goods in the Midwest.


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Indictment, in law, is a written statement accusing one or more persons of a particular crime.


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Indigestion is a discomfort in the chest or abdomen that most commonly follows eating or drinking too much.


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Indigo is a deep blue dye used to colour cotton and wool.


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Indigo bunting is a North American songbird.


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Indium, a chemical element, is a rare, extremely soft, silver-white metal.


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Indochina is the eastern half of a long, curving peninsula that extends into the South China Sea from the mainland of Southeast Asia.


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Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia that consists of more than 13,600 islands.


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Inductance is a property of an electric circuit that opposes any change in the current flowing in that circuit.


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Induction, Electric, is the process by which an electrically charged object charges another object without touching it.


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Induction coil is an electrical transformer that produces high-voltage alternating current from lower voltage current.


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Inductive method is the reasoning process by which a person starts from particular experiences and proceeds to generalizations.


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Indulgence is a term used in the Roman Catholic Church.


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Indus River is the longest river in Pakistan.


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Indus Valley civilization was one of the world's first great civilizations.


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Industrial design is the process of planning and developing products and systems.


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Industrial espionage is the stealing of secret, confidential, or sensitive commercial information belonging to a company so that a competitor company can benefit from it.


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Industrial psychology is concerned with people at work.


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Industrial relations refers to the way that employers and their workers deal with each other.


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Industrial Revolution.  During the 1700's and early 1800's, great changes took place in the lives and work of people in several parts of the world.


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Industry.  An industry is a group of businesses that produce a similar product or provide a similar service.


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Inertial guidance is a method of navigation used to guide rockets and aeroplanes, submarines, and other vehicles.


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Infant mortality is a measure of the number of infants who die before reaching their first birthday.


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Infantry has been the largest combat branch of most armies for hundreds of years.


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Infertility, in human beings, is the inability of a woman to conceive, or of a man to father children.


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Infinitive is the simple or base form of a verb, such as go, see, watch, or do.


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Infinity is a term commonly used to refer to a quantity or distance that is so large it cannot be counted or measured.


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Inflammation is an abnormal condition of the tissues of some part of the body in which there is swelling, redness, heat, and pain.


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Inflation is a continual increase in prices throughout a nation's economy.


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Inflection is a set of word forms that show different functions or meanings in a sentence.


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Inflorescence is the flowering region of a plant.


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Influenza is an infectious disease caused by the influenza virus.


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Information retrieval is a system for locating facts in a central information storage area.


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Information science is the study of the recording, storage, retrieval, and use of information.


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Information theory describes how messages are transmitted and received through such electronic information systems as television, radio, or telegraph.


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Infrared rays, often called heat rays, resemble light rays, but they cannot be seen by the human eye.


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Ingalls, John James (1833-1900), was an American editor, lawyer, and statesman.


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Inge, William (1913-1973), was an American playwright.


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Ingersoll, Robert Green (1833-1899), was an American lawyer, politician, and writer.


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Ingham (pop. 5,202) is a town in northern Queensland, Australia, 111 kilometres north of Townsville.


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Ingold, Sir Christopher Kelk (1893-1970), an English chemist, investigated the electrical charges of or ganic compounds.


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Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique (1780-1867), was a leading French artist who painted in the style known as neoclassicism.


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Initial teaching alphabet (i. t. a.) is a writing system designed to help people learn to read English.


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Injunction is an order requiring a person or persons to stop doing something they are already doing, or not to do something they plan to do.


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Ink is a coloured liquid, powder, or paste used for writing, drawing, or printing.


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Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) is a political party in South Africa.


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Inkjet printer is a device commonly used to print text and illustrations created on computers.


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Inkslinger, Johnny, a character in American folklore, was Paul Bunyan's timekeeper.


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Inland revenue means all taxes except those on foreign commerce.


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Inland waterway is a route across a land region that can be used by boats, barges, or ships.


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Inlay is a type of decoration usually created by cutting a design into the surface of one material and filling the pattern with another, often contrasting, material.


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Innes, John (1829-1904), was a British property dealer and philanthropist who won fame for his horticultural work.


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Inness, George (1825-1894), was an American landscape painter.


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Innisfail (pop. 8,487) is about 6 kilometres from the mouth of the Johnstone River on the northeastern coast of Queensland, Australia.


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Innocent III (1160?-1216), is often considered the greatest of the medieval popes.


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Innocent IV (1200?-1254), was elected pope in 1243.


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Inns of Court was the name given during the early Middle Ages to four groups of buildings in London where lawyers lived, studied, taught, and held court.


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Innsbruck (pop. 116,100), a summer and winter resort, is the capital of the Austrian province of Tyrol.


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Inoculation is the injection of a special preparation into the body in order to produce immunity.


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Inonu, Ismet (1884-1973), was one of Turkey's leading statesmen of the 1900's.


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Input-output analysis is a method of studying the complex relationships between the various parts of an economy.


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Inquest is an inquiry held by a group of people who have the legal right to make an investigation.


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Inquisition was an effort by the Roman Catholic Church to seek out and punish heretics (persons who opposed church teachings).


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Insanity is a legal term for any severe mental disease or disorder that makes a person not reponsible for his or her actions.


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Insecticide is a substance that kills insects.


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Insectivore is the name of any one of a group of small mammals, such as the mole, which feed chiefly on insects.


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Insectivorous plant is any plant that traps insects for food.


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Insignia are badges of rank and awards won by such uniformed services as the armed forces, the police, firefighters and ambulance crews.


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Insomnia is the inability to sleep naturally.


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Instinct is behaviour that is inherited rather than learned.


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Institute of France is a group of five learned societies that are encouraged and supported by the French government.


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Instrument, Scientific, is a tool for learning about the world.


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Insulation is the restriction of heat, sound, or electricity within a specific area.


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Insulator, Electric is a material that conducts almost no electricity.


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Insulin is a hormone that regulates the body's use of sugar and other food.


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Insull, Samuel (1859-1938), was an English-born public utilities executive in the United States (U.S.).


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Insurance is a means of providing protection against financial loss in a great variety of situations.


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Integrated circuit is a tiny device that controls electric signals in such electronic equipment as computers and television sets.


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Intelligence.  People differ in the speed with which they learn things and how well and how long they remember ideas.


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Intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a number used to indicate a person's intelligence.


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Intelligence service is an agency that chiefly gathers and evaluates information for a country's political and military leaders.


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Interactive program is a computer program that modifies its outcome in response to input from the computer user.


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Intercom is a system for communicating between a number of points that are close to each other.


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Interest is the price paid to lenders for the use of their money.


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Interference is an effect caused by two waves of the same kind passing through the same space at the same time.


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Interferometer is an instrument that uses the interference of waves to make precise measurements.


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Interferon is a chemical substance produced by the cells of human beings and other mammals in response to viral infections or certain chemicals.


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Interior design, sometimes called interior decoration, is the art of creating rooms and other indoor areas that are attractive, comfortable, and useful.


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Interjection is a word used in a sentence as an independent element, grammatically unrelated to the other words.


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Interleukin is the name of a group of proteins that serve as messengers among the cells of the body's immune system.


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Interlingua is an international language developed for scientific and medical writing.


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Intermezzo is a type of musical composition that has had many functions during its history.


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Internal-combustion engine produces power by burning fuel within the engine.


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International, The, is a name given to several early international organizations of workers.


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International Air Transport Association (IATA) is an organization of the world's scheduled international airlines.


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International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an organization that promotes peaceful uses of nuclear energy throughout the world.


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International Bureau of Weights and Measures is an international organization that standardizes units of measure.


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International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is one of the world's largest manufacturers of information systems and equipment.


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International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a specialized agency related to the United Nations that promotes the safe and orderly growth of civil aviation.


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International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) is an organization that promotes the interests of working people.


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International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP) is an organization devoted to the conservation of birds and their habitats.


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International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) coordinates the activities of 20 international unions in the fields of the natural sciences.


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International Court of Justice, often called the World Court, is the highest judicial agency of the United Nations.


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International Date Line is an imaginary line which marks the spot on the earth's surface where each new calendar day begins.


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International Development Association (IDA) is a world organization that provides loans to developing countries for development projects.


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International Energy Agency (IEA) is an organization of 20 countries that are major importers of oil.


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International Finance Corporation (IFC) is an investment corporation owned and financed by about 125 countries.


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International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN).


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International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that promotes the welfare of workers.


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International law is the body of rules and general principles that nations are expected to observe in their relations with one another.


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International Maritime Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations, promotes cooperation among governments in matters involving international shipping.


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International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of more than 175 member nations that works to establish an efficient system of international payments and trade.


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International relations are primarily official contacts among the governments of independent countries.


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International standard book number is a group of ten numbers identifying a book and its publisher.


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International Telecommunication Union (ITU) establishes regulations on the international use of radio, satellite, telegraph, and telephone communication services.


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International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries.


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Internationale, The, is an unofficial anthem used by some Socialist parties.


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Internet is a vast network of computers that connects many of the world's businesses, institutions, and individuals.


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Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that connects computer users to the Internet (the global network of computers).


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Inter-Parliamentary Union is an organization made up of members of parliaments throughout the world.


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Interpol is an intergovernmental organization of police authorities from about 175 countries.


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Intervention is an act in which one nation interferes in the internal affairs of another nation.


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Intestine is the muscular tube in the body through which food and the products of digestion pass.


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Intolerable Acts.  Early in 1774 the British Parliament passed five laws to which American colonists strongly objected.


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Intoxication is the condition in which the body is poisoned by a toxin or by a narcotic, alcohol, or some other drug.


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Intranet is a private computer network that mimics the feel and features of the Internet.


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Intravenous injection is given into the blood inside a vein.


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Introvert, when used nontechnically, usually means a shy, unsociable person.


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Intuition is knowledge that comes to a person without any conscious remembering or formal reasoning.


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Inuit are a people who live in and near the Arctic.


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Invention is the creation of a new device, process, or product.


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Invercargill (pop. 51,984) is the main city of Southland in the South Island of New Zealand.


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Inverclyde (pop. 89,990) is a unitary authority in Scotland bordering the Firth of Clyde.


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Inverell (pop. 15,590), is a town in the New England tableland (plateau) of northern New South Wales, Australia (see NEW ENGLAND).


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Inverness (pop. 62,647) is an important town in northern Scotland.


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Inverness-shire, was a Scottish county, abolished in 1974.


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Invertebrate is an animal that lacks a vertebral column (backbone).


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Investigator was the ship in which the British navigator Matthew Flinders sailed around Australia in 1801, 1802, and 1803 (see FLINDERS, MATTHEW).


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Investment is the use of money to earn income or profit.


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Investment banking is a business activity in which a company purchases newly issued securities, such as stocks and bonds, from businesses and governments.


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Invisible ink is a writing fluid intended for secret communication.


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Io, in Greek mythology, was a mistress of the god Zeus.


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Iodine is a nonmetallic chemical element.


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Ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has an electric charge.


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Ion microscope, also known as a field-ion microscope, is one of the most powerful magnifying instruments in scientific use.


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Iona is an island of the Inner Hebrides in Strathclyde Region, Scotland.


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Ionesco, Eugene (1912-1994), was a Romanian-born French playwright.


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Ionian Islands are a group of islands in the Ionian Sea that are part of Greece.


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Ionian Sea is the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea.


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Ionosphere is a part of the earth's atmosphere that has many ions (electrically charged atoms and groups of atoms) and free electrons.


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I.O.U. The words I owe you sound like the letters I O U. These letters serve as a brief form of that statement.


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Iowa is a Midwestern state in the United States.


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Ipecac, also known as ipecacuanha, is a drug made from the dried root of a small shrub native to Brazil.


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Iphigenia, in Greek mythology, was the daughter of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon, the commander of the Greek forces in the Trojan War.


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Ipoh (pop. 344,627) is the second largest city in Malaysia.


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Ipswich (pop. 73,310) is an industrial centre in south-eastern Queensland, Australia.


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Ipswich (pop. 115,500) is a town and local government district in Suffolk, England.


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Iqbal, Sir Muhammad (1873-1938), was a Muslim Indian scholar, philosopher, and poet.


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Iran is an ancient country in the Middle East region of southwestern Asia.


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Iraq is an Arab country at the head of the Persian Gulf in southwestern Asia.


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Iredell, James (1751-1799), served on the first Supreme Court of the United States.


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Ireland is a small, independent country in northwestern Europe.


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Ireland, Armed services of.  The Irish armed services are the military forces of the Republic of Ireland.


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Ireland, David (1927-...), an Australian novelist and dramatist, became known for his novel The Chantic Bird (1968).


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Ireland, Government of.  Ireland is a republic with a written constitution.


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Ireland, History of.  Ireland lies west of Great Britain and the mainland of Europe.


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Ireland, John (1879-1962), was an English composer.


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Irenaeus, Saint (A.D. 130?-202?), was one of the most important thinkers and leaders in the early Christian church.


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Irian Jaya is a province of Indonesia that forms the western half of the island of New Guinea.


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Iris is a popular plant with large, beautifully coloured flowers.


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Iris, in Greek mythology, was the golden-winged goddess of the rainbow, and a messenger of the gods, especially of Hera.


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Irish Brigade was founded by Irish soldiers who fled Ireland for France after the Williamite War in the late 1600's.


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Irish language is, under the Irish Constitution, the national language of the Republic of Ireland.


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Irish literature reflects the history and spirit of the Irish people better than any other art form.


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Irish moss, also called carrageen is the name of several kinds of seaweeds that grow along rocky shores and that are collected for commercial use.


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Irish Republican Army (IRA) is a military organization that seeks to unite the independent Republic of Ireland with Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom (UK).


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Irish Sea is a small sea that separates Ireland from England and Scotland.


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Irish setter, or red setter as it is more often called, is an attractive dog with a brownish-red coat.


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Irish Sugar p. l. c.  is an important company in the Republic of Ireland.


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Irish water spaniel is sometimes called the clown of the dog family.


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Irish wolfhound is the tallest of all dogs.


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Irkutsk (pop. 589,000) is a manufacturing, transportation, and cultural centre in Russia.


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Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe.


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Iron Age is the period of history that began between 1500 and 1000 B.C. with the widespread use of iron for tools and weapons.


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Iron and steel are the world's cheapest and most useful metals.


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Iron Curtain is a phrase made popular by Sir Winston Churchill in the 1940's.


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Iron Knob (pop. 331) is a small mining town in the Middleback Ranges of South Australia.


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Iron lung is a device used to treat paralysis of the muscles and organs of breathing.


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Ironwood, or hornbeam, are names given to certain trees that have exceptionally hard wood.


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Ironwork, Decorative.  People have used iron in useful and decorative ways since the Iron Age, when they discovered that the metal could be easily worked.


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Irony is a device used in speaking and writing to deliberately express ideas so they can be understood in two ways.


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Irradiation is the exposing of matter to radiation, usually for the purpose of producing a specific biological, chemical, or physical change.


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Irrawaddy River, also spelled Irawadi, is the chief river of Burma.


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Irrigation is the watering of land by artificial methods.


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Irtysh River is the chief tributary of the Ob River.


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Irving, Sir Henry (1838-1905), was one of the greatest actors and most successful theatre managers of his time.


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Irving, Washington (1783-1859), was one of the first American authors to win recognition in Europe as well as the United States.


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Irwin, Margaret (1889-1967), a British historical novelist, gained great popularity for her skill in recreating the great people of history.


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Isaac, the second of the Hebrew patriarchs, was the son of Abraham and his wife Sarah (see ABRAHAM; ISHMAEL).


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Isaacs, Sir Isaac (1855-1948), was the first Australian-born governor-general of Australia.


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Isabella I (1451-1504), queen of Castile and Aragon, played one of the most important parts in the history of Spain.


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Isaiah, Book of, is a book of the Bible that is named after the Hebrew prophet Isaiah.


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Isfahan (pop. 926,601) is one of the largest cities in Iran.


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Ishak Haji Muhammad (1909-1991), was a prominent Malay writer and radical political activist.


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Isherwood, Christopher (1904-1986), was an English-born writer best known for his descriptions of the petty boredom and aimless quality of life in Europe in the 1930's.


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Ishiguro, Kazuo (1954-...), is a Japanese-born British novelist.


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Ishmael, in the Old Testament Book of Genesis, and in the Quran, was the elder son of Abraham.


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Isinglass is the purest form of animal gelatin.


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Isis was the most popular goddess in ancient Egyptian mythology.


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Iskandar Muda (1583?-1636), was the greatest ruler of Aceh, a sultanate on the northern tip of Sumatra, in what is now Indonesia.


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Islam is the religion that was first brought to the world by the Prophet Muhammad in the A.D. 600's.


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Islamabad (pop. 204,364) is the capital of Pakistan.


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Islamic art is the art of the civilization based on the Islamic religion.


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Island is a body of land smaller than a continent and surrounded by water.


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Isle of Youth, called Isla de la Juventud in Spanish, is a Cuban island in the Caribbean Sea, 64 kilometres off the southwest coast of Cuba.


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Islington (pop. 155,200) is a densely populated borough in London.


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Islwyn (pop. 64,900) is a local government district in southwest Gwent, Wales.


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Ismail bin Abdul Rahman, Tun (1915-1973), was deputy prime minister of Malaysia from 1970 until his death in 1973.


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Ismail bin Mohammed Ali (1918-...), was governor of the Central Bank of Malaysia from 1962 to 1980.


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Ismaili Muslims, or Ismailis, are a worldwide religious community belonging to the Shiite branch of Islam (see ISLAM).


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Ismay, Lord (1887-1965), Hastings Lionel Ismay was a British soldier and administrator.


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Isobar is a line drawn on weather charts and maps to connect places that have the same atmospheric pressure.


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Isocrates (436-338 B.C.), was a great Greek writer and teacher.


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Isolationism is the doctrine of people who believe a nation should hold itself separate from other nations.


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Isomers are two or more chemical compounds that have the same number of each kind of atom, but differ in the way the atoms are arranged.


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Isometrics is a method of exercise that involves little or no visible movement.


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Isomorphism, in chemistry, applies to the close similarity found in the crystalline structures of different substances.


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Isoniazid is a drug used to fight tuberculosis, actinomycosis (lumpy jaw), and other diseases.


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Isoptera is an order of insects that live in colonies similar to those of ants and bees.


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Isotherm is a line drawn on maps to connect places that have the same temperature.


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Isotope is one of two or more atoms of the same element that differ in atomic weight because their atomic nuclei contain different numbers of neutrons.


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Israel is a small country in southwestern Asia.


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Istanbul (pop. 5,475,982), is the largest city and seaport of Turkey.


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Isthmian games.  Ancient Greece had four great national festivals.


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Isthmus is a narrow strip of land which connects larger bodies of land.


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Italian language is the official language of Italy and one of the official languages of Switzerland.


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Italian literature includes many masterpieces written since the early 1200's.


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Italics is the style of type in which this sentence is printed.


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Italo-Ethiopian War was fought between Italy and the African Empire of Ethiopia (formerly Abyssinia) from 1935 to 1936.


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Itch is a sensation caused by irritation of particular nerves in the skin.


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Iturbi, Jose (1895-1980), was a Spainish pianist and conductor.


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Iturbide, Agustin de (1783-1824), a Mexican military leader, ruled Mexico from May 1822 to March 1823 as Emperor Agustin I. In 1821, Iturbide helped originate the "Plan of Iguala," which proposed that Mexico, then a colony of Spain, become an indepen


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Ivan III, the Great (1440-1505), was grand prince of Moscow from 1462 to 1505.


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Ivan IV, the Terrible (1530-1584), in 1547 became the first Russian ruler to be crowned czar.


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Ives, Burl (1909-1995), was an American folk singer and actor.


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Ives, Charles Edward (1874-1954), was a leading American experimental composer.


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Ivory is a hard substance that makes up the main part of the tusks and teeth of certain animals.


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Ivory black is a black pigment made by heating waste ivory dust and chips.


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Ivory Coast is a country that lies along the Gulf of Guinea on the west coast of Africa.


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Ivory palm is a short palm tree native to South America.


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Ivy is an evergreen plant that climbs over walls and tree trunks.


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Iwo Jima is the middle island of the three Volcano Islands, or Kazan Retto, in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.


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Ixtacihuatl (5,286 metres) is an inactive volcano about 55 kilometres southeast of Mexico City.


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Izmir (pop. 1,489,772) is a Turkish port and trading centre on the eastern coast of the Aegean Sea.


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Jaafar, Long (?-1857), helped to establish and develop the tin-mining industry in Perak, Malaysia.


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Jaafar, Tuanku (1927-...) became the king of Malaysia in 1994.


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Jabiru is the name of two different species of storks.


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Jacana is a small wading bird of the tropics, with remarkably long toes and nails.


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Jacaranda is the Brazilian name for a group of trees and shrubs native to tropical America.


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Jack Frost is the imaginary sprite who is supposed to trace the beautiful patterns that frost makes on trees, windows, and other objects.


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Jack-in-the-pulpit is any of several wild flowers that grow in moist woodlands and swampy areas.


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Jack-o'-lantern is a name often given to a hollowed-out pumpkin which has eyes, nose, and a mouth carved in one side.


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Jack rabbit is a name for four kinds of large hares found in deserts and prairies in western North America.


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Jack Russell terrier was developed in England in the early 1800's by John Russell, a hunting clergyman in Devon.


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Jack the Ripper was an unknown murderer who terrorized London in 1888.


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Jackal is a wild dog that lives in Asia, Africa, and southeastern Europe.


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Jackdaw is a small crow that is common in Europe and North Africa.


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Jackeroo is the Australian term for a young male management trainee on a sheep or cattle station.


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Jackfruit is a fast-growing tropical tree with a large, edible fruit.


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Jacklin, Tony (1944-...), an English professional golfer, became famous in the late 1960's.


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Jacks, also called jackstones, is the name of a children's game played with small metal objects called jacks.


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Jackson, Alexander Young (1882-1974), a Canadian landscape painter, was one of the original members of the group of Toronto artists, who, during the 1920's and early 1930's, called themselves "The Group of Seven."


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Jackson, Andrew (1767-1845), was the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837.


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Jackson, Glenda (1936-...), a British actress, became a member of the United Kingdom Parliament in 1992.


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Jackson, Henry Martin (1912-1983), served as United States senator for the state of Washington from 1953 to 1983.


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Jackson, Jesse (1941-...), is a black American civil rights activist, political leader, and Baptist minister.


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Jackson, Mahalia (1911-1972), was a famous American gospel singer.


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Jackson, Marjorie (1931-...), known as the Lithgow Flash, was the first Australian woman to win an Olympic gold medal in athletics.


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Jackson, Michael (1958-...), an American singer, dancer, and songwriter, is one of the most popular and exciting performers of rock music.


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Jackson, Stonewall (1824-1863), was one of the most famous Confederate generals in America.


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Jackson, Sir Barry Vincent (1879-1961), was founder and director of the Birmingham Repertory Theatre in England.


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Jacksonville (pop. 672,971; met. area pop. 906,727), United States, is the largest city in Florida and the state's financial and insurance capital.


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Jacky Jacky, an Aborigine from the Merton district in New South Wales, Australia, accompanied Edmund Kennedy on his ill-fated expedition along the northeastern coast of Queensland in 1848.


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Jacob, in the book of Genesis in the Bible and in the Quran, was the son of Isaac.


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Jacob, Francois (1920-...), a French geneticist, shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine with Andre Lwoff and Jacques Monod.


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Jacobins were members of the Jacobin Club, the most radical political society to rule during the French Revolution.


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Jacobite risings, in 1715 and 1745, were attempts to restore the exiled Stuart family to the throne of England.


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Jacobs, Joseph (1854-1916), was a British scholar best known for his collections of folk tales for children.


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Jacobs, W. W. (1863-1943), was an English author of humorous short stories about London's dockland and the crews of small ships.


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Jacquard is the name of an elaborate weave found in table damask, bedspreads, and brocades.


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Jacquard, Joseph Marie (1752-1834), perfected the automatic pattern loom.


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Jacques, Reginald (1894-1969), was an English conductor and musical educator.


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Jade is a hard, tough, and highly coloured stone widely used for fine carvings and jewellery.


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Jaffa, Israel, is one of the oldest cities in the world.


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Jagannath is the name of a famous Hindu temple and idol at Puri, in the state of Orissa, India.


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Jaguar is the largest, most powerful wild cat of the Western Hemisphere.


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Jaguarundi is a wild cat of the Western Hemisphere.


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Jahangir (1569-1627) was the fourth Mughal emperor of India.


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Jahangir Khan (1963-...), a Pakistani squash player, became world champion in the 1980's.


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Jahn, Helmut (1940-...), is an American architect.


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Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig, (1778-1852), a German teacher, was a founder of the gymnastics movement in Germany.


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Jainism is an ancient religious and philosophical tradition of India.


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Jaipur (pop. 1,454,678; met. area pop. 1,514,425) is a city in northwest India, lying 259 kilometres southwest of Delhi.


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Jakarta (pop. 6,761,886) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia.


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Jakobovits, Lord (1921-...), Sir Immanuel Jakobovits, a Jewish religious leader, was chief rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregation of the British Commonwealth of Nations from 1967 to 1991.


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Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place at Amritsar in the Punjab, India, in April 1919.


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Jam and jelly are sweet, thick spreads made from fruit.


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Jamaica is an independent island country in the Caribbean Sea.


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Jambu is the Malay name for a tree which bears an edible fruit called a rose apple.


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James was the name of two kings of England and Scotland, and of five kings of Scotland.


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James, Cyril Lionel Robert (1901-1989), was a distinguished Trinidadian writer.


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James, Epistle of, is a book of the New Testament of the Bible.


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James, Henry (1879-1947), was an American writer, philanthropist, and businessman.


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James, Jesse (1847-1882), became one of the most famous bank and train robbers in United States history.


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James, Marquis (1891-1955), was an American author who wrote about American leaders and institutions.


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James, P. D. (1920-...), is a popular British writer of detective stories.


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James, Saint, was one of the leaders of the Christian church in Jerusalem during the first years after it was founded.


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James, William (1842-1910), became the most widely-read American philosopher of the 1900's.


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James the Greater, Saint, was one of the 12 apostles of Jesus Christ.


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James the Less, Saint, was one of the 12 apostles of Jesus Christ.


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Jamestown, Virginia, was the first permanent English settlement in North America.


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Jammu and Kashmir is a state in the far north of the republic of India.


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Janacek, Leos (1854-1928), was a Czech composer best known for his operas and works for male chorus.


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Janissaries were a group of highly trained professional soldiers of the Ottoman Empire.


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Jansen, Cornelius (1585-1638), was a Roman Catholic bishop best known for his book Augustinus, published in 1640, after his death.


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Jansher Khan (1969-...), a Pakistani squash player, became world champion in the late 1980's.


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Jansky, Karl Guthe (1905-1950), an American engineer, was the first person to detect radio waves outside the solar system.


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Jansz, Willem (1570?-?), was a Dutch navigator who is thought to be the first European to see and land on the Australian continent.


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January is the first month of the year according to the Gregorian calendar, which is used in almost all the world today.


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Janus, in Roman mythology, was a god who had two faces that looked in opposite directions.


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Japan is an island country in the North Pacific Ocean.


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Japan, Sea of, is an arm of the Pacific Ocean.


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Japanese beetle is an insect that injures grasses, trees, crops, and garden plants.


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Japanese chin is a dainty, graceful toy dog.


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Japanese language is the native tongue of the people of Japan and the neighbouring Ryukyu and Bonin islands.


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Japanese literature ranks as one of the world's great literatures.


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Japanese print is a type of Japanese illustration printed on paper from carved blocks of wood.


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Japanese spitz is one of the family of spitz breeds of dog.


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Jardine was the name of a family of explorers of northern Queensland, Australia.


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Jarrah is among the world's most valuable hardwood timber trees.


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Jarrow is an industrial town on the south bank of the River Tyne, in northast England.


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Jaruzelski, Wojciech (1923-...), was the top leader of Poland from 1981 to 1989.


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Jasmine is the name of about 200 species of flowering shrubs that grow in mainly tropical and subtropical regions.


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Jason was a hero in Greek mythology who led a band of men called the Argonauts.


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Jasper is the name of a dark red variety of chalcedony.


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Jaspers, Karl (1883-1969), was a leading German existentialist philosopher.


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Jassin, H. B. (1917-...), an Indonesian essay writer and literary critic, has been called "the custodian of modern Indonesian literature."  He is best known for his vast collection of materials on Indonesian literature.


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Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin, the tissues, and the whites of the eyes.


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Java is the most heavily populated and important island of Indonesia.


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Java man was a type of prehistoric human being who lived from about 1 million to 500,000 years ago.


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Javed Miandad (1957-...), a right-handed Pakistani batsman, scored more test runs than any other Pakistani cricketer.


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Javelin is a light, slender spear that is thrown for distance in athletics meetings.


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Javits, Jacob Koppel (1904-1986), a New York Republican, served in the United States Senate from 1957 to 1981.


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Jay is a woodland bird of the crow family.


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Jayakumar, Shunmugan (1939-...), became Singapore's minister of foreign affairs in 1994.


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Jazz is a kind of music that has often been called the only art form to originate in the United States.


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Jean Baptiste de la Salle, Saint (1651-1719), a French priest, founded the Institute of Brothers of the Christian School, a Roman Catholic religious order devoted to teaching boys.


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Jeans are trousers that are usually made of denim, a heavy, coarse cotton cloth with a diagonal weave.


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Jeans, Sir James Hopwood (1877-1946), contributed to the understanding of the behaviour of molecules, especially to the kinetic theory of gases (see GAS).


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Jedda was Australia's first feature film in colour.


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Jeep is a small all-purpose vehicle used by the armed forces of many countries.


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Jefferies, Richard (1848-1887), was an English naturalist and novelist.


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Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826), was the third president of the United States, holding the office from 1801 to 1809.


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Jeffreys, George (1645-1689), Lord Jeffreys of Wem, was a Tory judge who worked vigorously to support Charles II and James II against their Whig opponents.


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Jeffreys, Sir Harold (1891-1989), a British geophysicist, became a leading authority on the structure of the earth.


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Jeffries, James Jackson (1875-1953), was an American boxer.


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Jehoiakim (?-598?  B.C.) was king of Judah from about 608 B.C. until his death.


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Jehoshaphat was a ruler of the kingdom of Judah during the first half of the 800's B.C. In the Bible, Jehoshaphat's story is told in II Chronicles 17:1-21:3.


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Jehovah is a form of Yahweh, the sacred Hebrew name for God.


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Jehovah's Witnesses are members of a religious group that uses the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society as its corporate body.


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Jellicoe, Sir John (1859-1935), was a British naval officer during World War I (1914-1918).


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Jellyfish is the common name of a type of sea animal that biologists call a medusa.


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Jemison, Mae Carol (1956-...), an American astronaut and doctor, became the first black woman to travel in space.


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Jenkin, Patrick (1926-...), a Conservative Party politician, was Britain's Secretary of State for the Environment from 1983 to 1985.


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Jenkins, Charles Francis (1867-1934), was a United States inventor who developed the phantascope and mechanical scanning devices for television.


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Jenkins, Roy Harris (1920-...), is a British politician.


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Jenne, also called is a small city in Mali.


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Jenner, Edward (1749-1823), a British doctor, discovered vaccination as a means of preventing smallpox.


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Jenner, Sir William (1815-1898), a British doctor, studied certain acute communicable diseases and did much to advance their treatment.


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Jenney, William Le Baron (1832-1907), was an American architect and engineer.


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Jennings, Sir Ivor (1903-1965), a British academic, became a leading authority on law and government.


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Jenolan Caves are a series of caves in Australia.


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Jensen, J. Hans (1906-1973), a German physicist, shared the 1963 Nobel Prize for physics with Maria Goeppert Mayer and Eugene Paul Wigner.


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Jensen, Johannes Vilhelm (1873-1950), was a Danish author who won the 1944 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Jenson, Nicolas (1415?-1480), a French printer, introduced roman types in 1470.


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Jerboa is a mammal that looks like a tiny kangaroo.


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Jeremiah, Book of, is a book of the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, named after a Hebrew prophet.


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Jericho (pop. 5,312) lies in the West Bank, a Middle Eastern territory inhabited chiefly by Palestinians.


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Jerilderie (pop. 954), is a small town in New South Wales, Australia.


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Jeritza, Maria (1887-1982), was a Czech dramatic soprano.


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Jeroboam is the name of two kings who ruled the northern kingdom of Israel.


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Jerome, Jerome K. (1859-1927), was a British playwright, novelist, and humorist.


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Jerome, Saint (about 340-420), was a great Biblical scholar of the Christian church.


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Jersey is the largest of the Channel Islands.


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Jersey is a plain, knitted fabric without ribs (ridges).


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Jerusalem is a holy city of Jews, Christians, and Muslims.


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Jerusalem artichoke is a plant native to North America, and cultivated in both the New World and the Old World.


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Jervis Bay is an inlet on the coast of New South Wales, Australia.


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Jester was a person whose duty it was to amuse the family of a king or nobleman.


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Jesuits are members of a Roman Catholic religious order of men.


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Jesus Christ was one of the world's greatest religious leaders.


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Jet is a kind of coal so hard and uniform that it can be carved and polished to look like black glass.


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Jet boat is a small craft that is propelled by a jet of water pumped at a high velocity through a nozzle at the stern.


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Jet propulsion is the production of motion in one direction by releasing a high-pressure stream of gas in the opposite direction.


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Jet Propulsion Laboratory is a centre for the design of unmanned spacecraft and their control in space.


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Jet stream is a band of fast-moving air currents that occur at high altitudes.


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Jetty is an engineering structure built into a river or harbour.


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Jevons, William Stanley (1835-1882), a British economist, was one of the first to formulate the economic theory of marginal utility.


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Jewel is an ornament made of enamel or precious metals or stones.


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Jewellery refers to the ornaments people wear.


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Jewfish is the name of several species of large fish, known as groupers (see GROUPER).


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Jews are the descendants of an ancient people called the Hebrews.


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Jew's-harp is a small musical instrument that is used mainly in folk music and by children.


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Jhansi, Rani of (1835-1858), an Indian queen, became famous for her military leadership in the war of independence against the British in 1857.


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Jiang Qing (1914-1991), also spelled Chiang Ch'ing, was a Chinese political leader.


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Jiang Zemin (1927-...) became general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 1989.


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Jicama is a type of climbing vine grown for its fleshy, edible tubers (thick underground stems).


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Jidda (pop. 1,210,000) is the chief seaport and air terminal of Saudi Arabia.


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Jimenez, Juan Ramon (1881-1958), a Spanish poet, won the 1956 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Jimenez de Cisneros, Francisco (1436-1517), was a Spanish cardinal.


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Jimenez de Quesada, Gonzalo (1497?-1579), was a Spanish conqueror.


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Jimmu Tenno, also called Jimmu, was supposedly the first emperor of Japan and founder of the family that has ruled Japan throughout its history.


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Jimson weed, also called thorn apple, is a large, bushy, poisonous plant.


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Jindabyne (pop. 1,733) is a tourist resort in the Snowy Mountains area of New South Wales, Australia.


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Jindivik is a remote-controlled jet aircraft, designed and produced in Australia under the government's defence research programme.


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Jingoism is an attitude of boastful, warlike patriotism.


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Jinnah, Muhammad Ali (1876-1948), was a leader in India's struggle for independence.


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Jinrikisha, also called ricksha or rickshaw, is a light two-wheeled cart once widely used as a public vehicle in Japan, China, and other countries of East Asia.


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Jivaro Indians are a tribe famous for their fierceness and for their head shrinking.


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Joan of Arc, Saint (1412?-1431), was a French national heroine who became a saint of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Joaquin, Nick (1917-...), the foremost Filipino author writing in English, was honoured as a "national artist" by the government of the Philippines in 1976.


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Jobim, Antonio Carlos (1927-...), is a Brazilian composer, pianist, and arranger of popular music.


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Job's tears is a type of tall grass that grows in tropical climates.


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Jodl, Alfred, (1892?-1946), signed the unconditional surrender of Germany in Reims in 1945.


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Jodrell Bank Observatory, near Manchester, England, is one of the world's largest radio astronomy observatories.


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Joel, Book of, is a book of the Bible named after an Israelite prophet.


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Joffre, Joseph Jacques Cesaire (1852-1931), commanded the French armies during the early part of World War I (1914-1918).


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Joffrey, Robert (1930-1988), was an American ballet teacher and choreographer (composer of dances).


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Jogging is a popular form of exercise and recreation in which a person runs at a steady, moderate pace.


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Jogues, Saint Isaac (1607-1646), a Jesuit missionary, preached among the Huron Indians in Canada.


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Johanan ben Zakkai was the foremost spiritual and cultural leader of the Jewish people shortly after the time of Christ.


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Johannesburg (pop. 828,000; met. area pop. 2,747,000) is a city in South Africa.


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John (1167?-1216), often called John Lackland, was one of England's most unpopular kings.


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John II (1455-1495) ruled as king of Portugal from 1481 until his death in October 1495.


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John III Sobieski (1624-1696) was king of Poland when the Turkish menace to Christendom was at its height.


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John VI (1769?-1826) was king of Portugal from 1816 to 1826.


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John XXII (about 1245-1334) was elected pope in 1316.


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John XXIII (about 1370-1419) was an antipope during a troubled period in church history called the Great Schism (1378-1417).


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John XXIII (1881-1963) was elected pope in 1958, succeeding Pius XII. Many people thought that John would have a short, uneventful reign because he was nearly 77 years old.


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John, Augustus Edwin (1878-1961), a Welsh-born painter, became known principally for his portraits of prominent people.


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John, Barry (1945-...), a Welsh rugby union player, won fame as the most outstanding British player of his time.


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John, Elton (1947-...), is a British rock pianist, singer, and songwriter.


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John, Epistles of, are the 23rd, 24th, and 25th books of the New Testament of the Christian Bible.


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John, Errol (1923-1988), a West Indian actor and writer, won acclaim for his brilliant short play, Moon on a Rainbow Shawl, first produced in London in 1958.


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John, Gwen (1876-1939), was a British painter, known for her portraits.


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John, Saint, was one of the 12 apostles of Jesus Christ.


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John Bull is the name used for England and the English people.


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John Dory is a short, deep-bodied fish with a characteristic large, black spot on each side.


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John of Gaunt (1340-1399), Duke of Lancaster, was the power behind the throne during much of the reign of his nephew, King Richard II of England.


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John o' Groats lies at the extreme northeastern tip of the mainland of Scotland.


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John Paul I (1912-1978) was elected pope of the Roman Catholic Church in 1978.


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John Paul II (1920-...) was elected pope of the Roman Catholic Church in 1978.


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John the Baptist, Saint (6 B.C.?-A.D. 28), in Christianity, was a prophet who was considered the forerunner of Jesus Christ.


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Johns, Jasper (1930-...), is an American artist.


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Johns, W. E. (1893-1968), a British writer, gained great popularity among schoolboys with his thrilling stories of Biggles, a daring and adventurous airman.


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Johnson, Amy (1903-1941), a British airwoman, won fame in 1930 when she became the first woman to make a solo flight from England to Australia.


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Johnson, Andrew (1808-1875), was president of the United States from 1865 to 1869.


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Johnson, Ian (1918-...), an Australian off-spin bowler and batsman, captained the Australian cricket team in 17 test matches against England, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, and the West Indies.


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Johnson, Jack (1878-1946), an American boxer, was the first black to win the world heavyweight championship.


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Johnson, Lyndon Baines (1908-1973), was president of the United States from 1963 to 1969.


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Johnson, Philip Cortelyou (1906-...), is an American architect.


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Johnson, Richard (1753-1827), was the first clergyman in Australia.


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Johnson, Samuel (1709-1784), was the greatest British writer of his day and the subject of a famous biography by his friend James Boswell.


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Johnson, Thomas (1732-1819), an American statesman and jurist, helped lead the state of Maryland during the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Johnson Space Center is the headquarters for all United States manned spacecraft projects conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).


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Johnston, Bill (1922-...), was one of Australia's greatest bowlers during the period 1946 to 1950, when Australia was the reigning world cricket champion.


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Johnston, Denis (1901-1984), an Irish playwright, was director of the Gate Theatre in Dublin from 1931 to 1936.


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Johnston, Edward (1872-1944), was a British authority on lettering.


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Johnston, George Henry (1912-1970), an Australian novelist, wrote My Brother Jack, which won the Miles Franklin Literary Award in 1964.


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Johnston, Sir Harry (1858-1927), was a British explorer who played an important part in the foundation of British rule in east-central Africa.


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Johor is the most southern state of Peninsular Malaysia.


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Johor Bahru (pop. 705,432) is the fourth largest city in Malaysia.


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Joint is the place at which two or more bones meet in the skeleton of the body.


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Joint-stock company was a form of business organization in which the funds to carry on business were obtained by selling shares of stock (the companies' capital) to a number of individuals.


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Jojoba is an evergreen shrub that grows wild in desert regions of northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern United States.


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Joliot-Curie, Irene (1897-1956), was a French physicist known for her work with radioactivity, especially the production of artificial radioactive elements.


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Jolliet, Louis (1645-1700), also spelled Joliet, was a French-Canadian explorer who led an expedition down the Mississippi River, in North America.


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Jolson, Al (1886-1950), was a popular American stage and film entertainer.


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Jonah, Book of, is one of a group of books of the Bible called the Prophets.


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Jones, Bobby (1902-1971), an American golfer, was one of the greatest players in the history of the sport.


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Jones, Casey (1863-1900), was an American railway engineer who gave his life in a train crash to save his passengers and crew.


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Jones, Ernest (1879-1958), a British doctor, helped introduce the principles of psychoanalysis into the United States, Great Britain, and Canada.


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Jones, Henry Arthur (1851-1929), was an English dramatist and critic.


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Jones, Inigo (1573-1652), was the first major architect of the English Renaissance.


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Jones, John Paul (1747-1792), is often called the Father of the American Navy.


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Jones, Sir William (1746-1794), was one of the first British scholars to study the ancient Indian language of Sanskrit.


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Jonquil is any of several yellow narcissuses that come from southern Europe and northern Africa.


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Jonson, Ben (1572-1637), was an English playwright and poet.


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Joplin, Janis (1943-1970), was an American blues and rock music singer of the 1960's.


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Joplin, Scott (1868-1917), an American composer and pianist, was the leading composer of ragtime, a lively, rhythmic kind of music written chiefly for the piano.


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Jordan is an Arab kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan in the heart of the Middle East.


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Jordan, David Starr (1851-1931), was an American naturalist, educator, and chief director of the World Peace Foundation.


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Jordan, Ernst Pascual (1902-1980), was a German physicist.


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Jordan, River, the only important river of Israel and Jordan, rises in the springs of Mount Hermon in Syria.


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Jorgensen, Jorgen (1780-1841), was a Danish adventurer who settled in Sydney in 1801.


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Joseph was the husband of Mary, the mother of Jesus, and a descendant of David, the second king of Israel.


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Joseph was the Hebrew boy who was sold into Egypt by his brothers and became the great prime minister of Pharaoh.


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Joseph, Mother (1823-1902), was a Canadian-born Roman Catholic nun and architect.


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Joseph, Sir Keith Sinjohn (1918-1995), was the United Kingdom's secretary of state for education and science from 1981 to 1986.


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Joseph of Arimathea was a wealthy member of the Jewish Sanhedrin (ruling council) in Jerusalem at the time of Jesus.


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Josephine (1763-1814) was the beloved wife of Napoleon Bonaparte, one of French history's most important figures.


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Josephus, Flavius (A.D. 37?-100?), a Jewish historian, wrote Jewish Antiquities, a 20-volume history of the Jews from their beginnings to the close of Nero's reign.


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Joshua, a lieutenant of Moses, led Israel in the conquest of Palestine after Moses' death.


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Josiah was one of the last and most unselfish rulers of Judah.


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Jouhaux, Leon (1879-1954), a French socialist, labour leader, and worker for international cooperation, won the 1951 Nobel Peace Prize.


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Joule, a unit in the metric system, is used to measure work and energy.


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Joule, James Prescott (1818-1889), a British physicist, shared in discovering the law of the conservation of energy.


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Journalism is one of the most important professions.


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Jowett, Benjamin (1817-1893), was an outstanding British scholar, teacher, and administrator.


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Joyce, Eileen (1912-1991), an Australian pianist of outstanding technical brilliance, became a popular concert artist in many countries.


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Joyce, James (1882-1941), an Irish novelist, revolutionized the treatment of plot and characterization in fiction.


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Juan Carlos I (1938-...) is the king of Spain.


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Juan Fernandez is the name of a group of three islands that lie about 640 kilometres west of Chile in the Pacific Ocean.


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Juarez (pop. 567,365) is Mexico's largest city on the border with the United States.


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Juarez, Benito Pablo (1806-1872), was one of the greatest Mexican political leaders.


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Judah, in the Old Testament of the Bible, was the fourth son of Jacob.


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Judah Maccabee was the leader of the Jews in their struggle for independence in the 100's B.C. He was the son of a priest named Mattathias from the ancient city of Modin.


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Judaism is the religion of the world's approximately 13 million Jews.


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Judas Iscariot was the apostle who betrayed Jesus Christ.


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Judas tree is a small tree native to southern Europe.


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Judd, Charles Hubbard (1873-1946), was a leading American psychologist and educator.


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Jude, Epistle of, is a short letter that forms the 26th book of the New Testament in the Bible.


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Jude, Saint, was one of the 12 apostles of Jesus Christ.


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Judea was the name of a country in southern Palestine in ancient times.


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Judge is an officer of the government who presides over a law court.


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Judges, Book of, is a book of the Bible that describes the history of the tribes of Israel from about the 1100's to the 900's B.C. The Book of Judges tells the stories of leaders of ancient Israel called judges.


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Judgment, in law, is the decision of a court.


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Judgment involves understanding and acknowledging how two or more ideas may be alike or how they may be different.


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Judith is the heroine of the Book of Judith, one of the Apocryphal books of the Old Testament in the Bible.


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Judo is a sport in which a person uses balance, leverage, and timing to pin or throw an opponent.


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Judson, Clara Ingram (1879-1960), an American author, won awards for her stories and biographies for children.


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Juggling is throwing and catching more than one object in one hand, or three or more objects in two hands.


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Jugular vein is the name of each of four large veins that return blood to the heart from the head and neck.


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Julian (A.D. 331-363) was the last Roman emperor to oppose Christianity.


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Julian calendar was devised in 46 B.C. by the order of Julius Caesar.


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Julian or Juliana of Norwich (1342?-after 1413) was a religious mystic (person who claims to have knowledge or awareness of things beyond ordinary human experience).


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Juliana (1909-...) was the queen of the Netherlands from 1948 to 1980.


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Julius II (1443-1513) was the most vigorous and forceful of all the Renaissance popes.


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July is the seventh month of the year according to the Gregorian calendar, which is used in almost all the world today.


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July Revolution of 1830 took place in Paris when the French people revolted against King Charles X. King Charles had tried to make France an absolute monarchy as it had been before the first French Revolution took place.


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Jumna River, in northern India, forms one of the most important branches of the Ganges River.


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Jumping bean, the seed of a Mexican shrub, is famous for its quick, jumping movements.


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Jumping mouse is a small animal that usually moves by hopping.


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Junco is the name of a few species of sparrowlike birds belonging to the finch family.


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June is the sixth month of the year according to the Gregorian calendar, which is used in almost all the world today.


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June beetle, also called June bug or May beetle, is a name for several large brown beetles often seen in temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere during May and June.


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Juneau (pop. 26,751), the capital of Alaska, has a larger area than any other city in the United States.


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Jung, Carl Gustav (1875-1961), was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist who developed the field of analytical psychology.


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Jungfrau, a famous mountain, rises 4,158 metres above sea level in the Bernese Alps of Switzerland.


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Jungle is an area of lush, tropical vegetation.


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Jungle fowl is the name of a group of birds that live in southern Asia and the East Indies.


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Juniper is the common name of a group of evergreen shrubs and small trees of the cypress family.


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Junius letters appeared in a London newspaper, the Public Advertiser, between 1769 and 1772.


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Junk is a wooden sailing vessel used in China and other countries of the Far East.


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Junkers were wealthy landowners of Prussia.


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Juno was the sister and wife of Jupiter, king of the gods of Roman mythology.


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Junta is a small group that takes over a government and rules by decree.


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Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.


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Jupiter was king of the gods and ruler of the universe in Roman mythology.


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Jura is a mountain range that lies between the Rhine and Rhone rivers.


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Jury is a group of lay citizens that hears the witnesses in legal disputes and decides the facts.


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Justice of the peace is a part-time, unpaid, local administrator who undertakes various legal duties in countries such as Australia, India, Ireland, Malaysia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.


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Justin the Martyr, Saint (100?-165?), was the first prominent defender of the Christian faith against non-Christians.


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Justinian I (A.D. 482-565) was the Byzantine (East Roman) emperor from A.D. 527 until his death.


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Justinian Code.  Justinian I, ruler of the eastern Roman Empire from A.D. 527 to 565, commanded 10 of the wisest men in his realm to draw up a collection of the Roman laws.


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Jute is a long, soft, shiny fibre that can be spun into coarse, strong threads.


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Jutes were members of one of three tribes that conquered most of England between about A.D. 450 and the late 500's.


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Jutland, Battle of, was the only major engagement between the fleets of Germany and Great Britain in World War I (1914-1918).


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Juvenal (A.D. 60?-130?) was a Roman poet known for his 16 biting satires.


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Juvenile court is a special court that handles cases involving children who have committed crimes or who need the care and protection of society.


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Juvenile delinquency usually refers to the violation of a law by a juvenile.


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K is the 11th letter of the English alphabet.


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K2, also called Mount Godwin Austen or Dapsang, is the world's second highest mountain.


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Kaaba, also spelled Caaba, is the most sacred shrine of Islam.


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Kabbalah is a mystical movement in Judaism.


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Kabir, who lived in the 1400's, was an Indian religious poet.


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Kabul (pop. 1,036,407), is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan.


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Kadar, Janos (1912-1989), ruled Hungary from 1956 to 1988 as first secretary of the Communist Party.


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Kadina (pop. 3,263), is a town in South Australia, at the northern end of Yorke Peninsula.


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Kaesong (pop. 345,642), is a commercial and industrial centre in southern North Korea.


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Kaffir is any one of a group of grain sorghums native to Africa (see SORGHUM).


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Kafka, Franz (1883-1924), was a Czech writer who gained worldwide fame only after World War II (1939-1945).


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Kagawa, Toyohiko (1888-1960), was a leading Christian minister and social worker in Japan.


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Kahn, Louis Isadore (1901-1974), was a major American architect and teacher.


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Kaiser was the title used by rulers of the German Empire.


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Kaiser, Georg (1878-1945), was a German expressionist playwright.


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Kaiser, Henry John (1882-1967), an American industrialist, attracted attention during World War II (1939-1945) by the speed with which he built ships.


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Kakadu National Park lies between the South Alligator and East Alligator rivers in the Northern Territory, Australia.


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Kala-azar is a disease that affects humans and animals.


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Kalahari Desert is a large, dry sandy basin that covers about 500,000 square kilometres in southern Africa.


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Kale is a vegetable somewhat like cabbage but with loose, curly leaves instead of a head.


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Kaleidoscope is a small tube in which you can see beautiful colours and designs.


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Kalgoorlie (pop. 26,079), a town in Western Australia, is the centre of Australia's chief gold and nickel fields.


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Kalidasa was a great Indian poet and dramatist.


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Kalimantan is the name generally given to the Indonesian part of Borneo, the third-largest island in the world.


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Kalinga, Conquest of, was a turning point in the life and reign of Emperor Asoka, the greatest ruler of ancient India.


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Kaliningrad (pop. 380,000), is the westernmost port city of Russia.


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Kaltenborn, H. V. (1878-1965), an American radio commentator, gained recognition as the father of his profession.


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Kaluli are a tribal people who live near Mount Bosavi on the Papuan Plateau of Papua New Guinea.


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Kamakura period, in Japanese history, lasted from 1185 to 1333.


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Kambalda (pop. 3,519), is a town in Western Australia about 56 kilometres south of Kalgoorlie.


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Kamchatka Peninsula extends southward from eastern Siberia, in Russia, between the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk.


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Kamehameha I (1758?-1819), founded the Kingdom of Hawaii.


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Kamikaze was a type of Japanese pilot who flew suicide missions during World War II (1939-1945).


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Kampala (pop. 773,463), is the capital and largest city of Uganda.


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Kandinsky, Wassily (1866-1944), was a Russian artist.


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Kane, Paul (1810-1871), a pioneer Canadian painter, was the first artist of importance to paint North American Indians.


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Kanem was one of the longest-lasting empires in history.


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Kangaroo is a furry animal that hops on its hind legs.


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Kangaroo court is a slang term for an unauthorized gathering of people who take the law into their own hands by acting as a court.


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Kangaroo Island is the largest island off the coast of South Australia.


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Kangaroo paw is a flowering plant that grows only in Western Australia.


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Kangaroo rat is a rodent that jumps around like a kangaroo on long, powerful hind legs.


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Kania, Stanislaw (1927-...), served as first secretary of the Communist Party of Poland from September 1980 to October 1981.


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Kanishka (?-A.D. 160?), was the greatest ruler of the Kushan Empire, which flourished in what is now Pakistan, Afghanistan, and northwest India from about A.D. 50 to the mid-200's.


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Kano School was a group of Japanese painters whose members were all drawn from one family.


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Kanpur (pop. 2,103,483), is the largest city in Uttar Pradesh, a state in northern India.


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Kansas is a Midwestern state of the United States.


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Kansas City (pop. 584,913; met. area pop. 1,566,280), is an industrial city in the Midwestern region of the United States.


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Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804), was a German philosopher.


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Kantor, Mackinlay (1904-1977), a versatile American author, wrote two notable Civil War novels.


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Kaolin is a pure white clay made of feldspar that has decomposed.


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Kapitsa, Pyotr (1894-1984), a Soviet physicist, became well known for his work in low-temperature physics and in magnetism.


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Kapok is a light, soft, lustrous, cottonlike fibre.


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Kapoor, Anish (1954-...) is an Indian artist living in the United Kingdom (U.K.).


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Kapunda (pop. 3,199), is a town 65 kilometres northeast of Adelaide in South Australia.


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Kara Sea, an arm of the Arctic Ocean, lies off the northern coast of Siberia, between the Kara Strait and the Severnaya Zemlya Islands.


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Karachi (pop. 5,208,170), is the largest city and chief port of Pakistan.


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Karajan, Herbert von (1908-1989), was one of the leading symphony orchestra and opera conductors of the 1900's.


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Karaka is a round-headed tree native to New Zealand and its offshore islands.


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Karakul is a fat-tailed sheep from which pelts called broadtail, Persian lamb, and caracul are obtained.


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Karakum is a large desert that occupies most of Turkmenistan.


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Karate is a form of unarmed combat in which a person kicks or strikes with the hands, elbows, knees, or feet.


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Karelia is an autonomous republic in Russia.


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Karloff, Boris (1887-1969), was a British actor known for his chilling performances in American horror films.


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Karlovy Vary, also called Karlsbad (pop. 58,541), is a health resort in the Czech Republic.


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Karma is an important concept in several Eastern religions, especially Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.


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Karnataka is a state on the west coast of southern India.


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Karoo is a semidesert high-lying area in the upland regions of South Africa's Eastern Cape Province.


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Karratha (pop. 9,533), is the largest town in the Pilbara, an iron ore mining region in Western Australia.


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Karri is a type of eucalyptus tree that grows in Western Australia.


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Karsh, Yousuf (1908-...), a Canadian photographer, became famous for his portraits of leading international figures in politics, literature, and the arts.


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Kartini, Raden Ajeng (1879-1904), was one of the first women in Indonesia to campaign for more education, freedom, and independence for women.


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Kathmandu (pop. 419,073), also spelled Katmandu, is the capital and largest city of Nepal.


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Katin, Peter (1930-...), is a British pianist known especially for his interpretations of the works of Ludwig van Beethoven and Frederic Chopin.


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Katydid is a large green or brown insect with long antennae (feelers).


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Katzenbach, Nicholas deBelleville (1922-...), a United States politician, served as undersecretary of state in the U.S.A. from 1966 until 1968.


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Kauffmann, Angelica (1741-1807), was a Swiss-born painter.


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Kaufman, George S. (1889-1961), was an American playwright.


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Kaunas (pop. 400,000), is the second largest city of Lithuania.


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Kaunda, Kenneth David (1924-...), was president of Zambia from 1964 to 1991.


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Kauri is a magnificent pine tree that grows 25 to 30 metres high.


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Kaurna were a group of about 300 Aborigines who inhabited the Adelaide Plains at the time British settlers arrived in South Australia in 1836.


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Kava is the name of two shrubs related to the pepper plant.


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Kavanagh, Liam (1935-...), an Irish Labour Party politician, was the Republic of Ireland's minister for tourism, fisheries, and forestry from 1986 to 1987.


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Kavanagh, Patrick (1905-1967), was an Irish poet who drew on his experience of life in Ireland for much of his poetry.


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Kawasaki disease is a potentially serious illness of young children.


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Kay, John (1704?-1764?), invented the flying shuttle, a device that saved weavers' time and labour.


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Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir James Phillips (1804-1877), was a British educationalist who laid the foundations of the English educational system.


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Kayak is a light, narrow boat that looks somewhat like a canoe but has an enclosed deck.


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Kaye, Danny (1913-1987), an American comedian, became noted for his lively pantomimes and his command of ingenious songs.


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Kazakstan is a country in west-central Asia.


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Kazan (pop. 1,039,000), is the capital of the Tatar republic, which is part of Russia.


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Kazan, Elia (1909-...), became one of America's best-known stage and screen directors.


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Kazantzakis, Nikos (1883-1957), was a Greek novelist, dramatist, poet, and philosopher.


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Kea is a parrot that lives in New Zealand.


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Kean, Edmund (1787-1833), was considered the greatest and most influential British actor of his time.


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Keating, Geoffrey (1570?-1644?), an Irish historian and poet, was one of the greatest writers of classical Irish prose.


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Keating, Paul (1944-...), was prime minister of Australia from 1991 to 1996.


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Keaton, Buster (1895-1966), was an American film actor.


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Keats, Ezra Jack (1916-1983), an American illustrator, won the Caldecott Medal (See CALDECOTT MEDAL) in 1963 for The Snowy Day (1962).


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Keats, John (1795-1821), was a British poet of the romantic period.


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Keble, John (1792-1866), was a British scholar, poet, and clergyman.


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Kedah is a state in northwest Peninsular Malaysia.


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Keepit Dam blocks the Namoi River west of the Dividing Range in Australia.


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Keeshond is a Dutch dog of Arctic descent, related to the Samoyed, Chow chow, and Pomeranian.


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Keher, Eddie (1941-...), was an outstanding Irish hurling player.


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Keitel, Wilhelm (1882-1946), served as chief of the German supreme command in World War II (1939-1945).


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Keith, Sir Arthur (1866-1955), was a British anatomist and anthropologist.


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Kekkonen, Urho Kaleva (1900-1986), served as president of Finland from 1956 to 1981.


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Kekule von Stradonitz, Friedrich August, (1829-1896), was a German chemist and professor.


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Kelantan is a state in the northeast of Peninsular Malaysia.


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Kell, Reginald (1906-1981), an English clarinetist, became known for his superb technique and for his ability to produce beautiful tone through the whole range of his instrument.


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Keller, Gottfried (1819-1890), was the most famous Swiss author who wrote in German before the 1900's.


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Keller, Helen Adams (1880-1968), was an American author and campaigner for handicapped people.


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Kellogg, Frank Billings (1856-1937), was an American lawyer, diplomat, and statesman.


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Kellogg, W. K. (1860-1951), an American cereal manufacturer, became known as "king of the corn flakes."  Will Keith Kellogg spent the first half of his life in obscurity.


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Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact, also called Pact of Paris, condemned the use of war to solve international problems, and called for peaceful settlement of disputes.


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Kelly, Colin (1915-1941), was a captain in the United States Army Air Forces.


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Kelly, Gene (1912-1996), was a popular American dancer, choreographer (dance creator), actor, and director.


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Kelly, Sir Gerald (1879-1972), a British art expert, was president of the Royal Academy of Arts from 1949 to 1954.


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Kelly, Grace (1929-1982), Princess Grace of Monaco, was a famous American film actress before she married Prince Rainier III of Monaco in 1956 (see RAINIER III).


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Kelly, James (1791-1859), founded the whaling industry in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania).


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Kelly, Michael (1762-1826), was an Irish tenor who gained success in Vienna, partly through his friendship with Mozart.


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Kelly, Ned (1855-1880), was the most notorious of Australia's bushrangers (outlaws).


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Keloid is a mass of scar tissue that occurs at the site of a healing wound.


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Kelp is any of a variety of large, brown seaweeds that grow underwater and on rocky shores.


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Kelvin, Lord (1824-1907), William Thomson, was one of the great British physicists of the 1800's.


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Kemble was the name of a British theatrical family in the 1700's and 1800's.


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Kendall, Amos (1789-1869), was an American political leader.


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Kendall, Edward Calvin (1886-1972), was an American biochemist.


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Kendall, Henry (1839-1882), was one of the first poets to capture the Australian scene in verse.


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Kendall, Thomas (1778-1832), a British schoolteacher and missionary, helped to compile the first dictionary of the Maori language.


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Kendrew, Sir John Cowdery (1917-...), a British physicist, shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for chemistry with Max Perutz.


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Keneally, Thomas (1935-...), an Australian writer, wrote Schindler's Ark, which won the United Kingdom's Booker Prize and the Los Angeles Times' Fiction Prize in 1982.


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Kennan, George Frost (1904-? ? ?), an American diplomat, is credited with developing the U.S. policy to prevent Soviet expansion after World War II (1939-1945).


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Kennedy is the name of a family that became prominent in American government, politics, and business.


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Kennedy, David Matthew (1905-1996), served as U.S. secretary of the treasury under President Richard M. Nixon from 1969 to 1971.


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Kennedy, Edmund (1818-1848), was an Australian explorer.


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Kennedy, Jimmy (1903-1984), was an Irish songwriter.


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Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (1917-1963), was president of the United States from 1961 to 1963.


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Kennedy, Margaret (1896-1967), a British novelist, journalist, and playwright, won success in 1924 with her novel The Constant Nymph, a charming and poignant love-story of a young girl.


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Kennet (pop. 67,500), is a local government district in Wiltshire, England, administered from the old market town of Devizes.


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Kenny, Elizabeth (1880-1952), an Australian nurse, developed a method of treating poliomyelitis (see POLIOMYELITIS).


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Kensington and Chelsea (pop. 127,600), is a borough within the Greater London area.


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Kensington rune stone is a stone slab inscribed with early Germanic characters called runes.


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Kent is the county in southeastern England known as the garden of England because of its beautiful countryside.


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Kent, Rockwell (1882-1971), was an American painter, illustrator, printmaker, and author.


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Kent, William (1685-1748), a leading British architect of the Palladian style, is best known for his design of the buildings at the Horse Guards' Parade, in London.


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Kentigern, Saint (?-A.D. 603), was an early Christian missionary in Scotland.


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Kenton, Stan (1912-1979), was an American jazz bandleader, pianist, composer, and arranger.


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Kentucky is a state in the Southern United States.


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Kentucky Derby is the most famous horse race in the United States.


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Kenya is a country on the east coast of Africa.


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Kenyatta, Jomo (1890?-1978), was the first president of Kenya.


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Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630), a German astronomer and mathematician, discovered three laws of planetary motion.


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Kerala is a small, densely populated state in India.


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Keratin is a tough, insoluble protein found in the outer layer of the skin of human beings and many other animals.


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Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovich (1881-1970), was an early leader in the Russian Revolution of 1917.


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Kermadec Islands are a group of rocky islands situated 965 kilometres north of Auckland, New Zealand.


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Kern, Jerome (1885-1945), an American composer, wrote the music for many musical comedies and films.


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Kerosene is an important petroleum product, used chiefly as fuel.


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Kerouac, Jack (1922-1969), was an American author and a leader of the beat movement of the 1950's and 1960's.


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Kerr, Sir John (1914-1991), was governor general of Australia from 1974 to 1977.


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Kerr's Hundredweight was a gold nugget found in 1851 at Meroo Creek, New South Wales, Australia.


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Kerrier (pop. 86,400), is a local government district in the south of Cornwall, England.


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Kerry is a coastal county in the southwest of the Republic of Ireland.


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Kerry blue terrier, also called the Irish blue terrier, is a type of dog originally bred in southwestern Ireland.


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Kerst, Donald William (1911-1993), was an American physicist.


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Kerwin, Patrick (1889-1963), was the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada from 1954 to 1963.


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Kesselring, Albert (1885-1960), was a German field marshal of World War II (1939-1945).


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Kestrel is the name of any of several small members of the falcon family.


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Kettering (pop. 75,200), a local government district in Northamptonshire, England, includes the towns of Burton Latimer, Desborough, Kettering, and Rothwell.


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Kettering, Charles Franklin (1876-1958), was an American engineer and inventor.


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Kettle hole is a bowl-shaped hollow in the loose rocks and other material that have been deposited by a melting glacier.


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Kew Gardens, more properly called the Royal Botanic Gardens, contain the largest collection of living and preserved plants in the world.


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Key is a musical term used to tell the keynote in which a musical composition is written.


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Key, Francis Scott (1779-1843), was a well-known American lawyer and amateur verse writer.


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Key West, Florida (pop. 24,832), is the southernmost city in the continental United States.


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Keyes, Lord (1872-1945), a British admiral, served in the United Kingdom Royal Navy in World Wars I (1914-1918), and II (1939-1945).


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Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946), was one of the most influential economists of all time.


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KGB was, until 1991, a government agency of the Soviet Union.


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Khachaturian, Aram Ilich (1903-1978), was an important Soviet composer.


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Khaki is a cotton cloth of a dust-brown colour.


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Khalid (1913-1982), served as king of Saudi Arabia from 1975 until his death.


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Khalid ibn al-Walid (?-642), an Arab general, was given the name "Sword of God" as a result of his conquest of Syria.


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Khan is the word now used for mister in Afghanistan and other parts of central Asia.


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Kharkov (pop. 1,536,000), is a machinery manufacturing centre in Ukraine.


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Khartoum (pop. 476,218; met. area pop. 817,364), is the capital of Sudan.


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Khoikhoin is the name of a yellow-skinned people of southern Africa.


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Khoisan is the name given to the oldest identifiable groups of people to live in southern Africa.


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Khomeini, Ruhollah (1900?-1989), an Islamic religious leader, became the chief political figure of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989.


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Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich (1894-1971), was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1958 to 1964.


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Khufu was a king of ancient Egypt who lived about 2600 B.C. He is famous for his tomb, the Great Pyramid at Giza (Al Jizah), near Cairo.


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Khusrau, Amir (1253-1325), was an Indian author, poet, and linguist.


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Khyber Pass is one of the most famous mountain passes in the world.


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Kiama (pop. 15,905), is a seaport on the Illawarra coast of New South Wales, Australia.


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Kiandra, once a bustling Australian gold-mining township, is now a ghost town located within the Kosciusko National Park in southern New South Wales.


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Kibbutz (plural kibbutzim) is a form of Jewish community in Israel in which no one owns private property.


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Kidd, William (1645?-1701), was a famous Scottish pirate.


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Kidman, Sir Sidney (1857-1935), was an Australian station (ranch) owner.


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Kidnapping is the act of seizing and holding a person against his or her will.


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Kidney is a complex organ in human beings and all other vertebrates.


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Kidney stone is a hard object that forms in the kidneys.


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Kiefer, Anselm (1945-...), a German painter, is one of a group of artists called neoexpressionists, who try to inject emotional and spiritual content into art.


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Kiel (pop. 245,682), is a major seaport city in northern Germany.


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Kiel Canal is a waterway that provides a short cut for ships from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea.


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Kiely, Benedict (1919-...), is an Irish literary critic and author.


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Kierkegaard, Soren Aabye (1813-1855), a Danish philosopher and religious thinker, is considered one of the founders of existentialism.


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Kiesinger, Kurt Georg (1904-1988), was chancellor of West Germany (now Germany) from 1966 to 1969.


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Kiev (pop. 2,616,000), is the capital and largest city of Ukraine.


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Kiewa Hydro-Electric Scheme, in the mountains of northeastern Victoria, Australia, harnesses the headwaters of the Kiewa River.


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Kigali (pop. 156,650), is the capital and largest city of Rwanda.


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Kikuyu are the largest ethnic group in Kenya, in East Africa.


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Kikuyu grass is an African species of grass that is named after the Kikuyu region of Kenya, East Africa.


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Kildare is a county in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Kilimanjaro is a dormant East African volcano with two peaks.


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Kilkenny is a county in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Killanin, Lord (1914-...), is an Irish businessman and writer whose achievements have won him international recognition.


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Killarney (pop. 7,837), is a town in southwestern Ireland.


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Killdeer is a well-known plover (shore bird) that ranges from southern Canada to South America.


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Killer whale also called orca is a large marine mammal.


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Killy, Jean-Claude (1943-...), was one of the greatest skiers of the 1900's.


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Kilmarnock and Loudoun (pop. 78,558), is a local government district in Strathclyde Region, Scotland.


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Kilmer, Joyce (1886-1918), an American author, wrote many poems and essays, but is remembered for one short poem, "Trees."  The poem first appeared in Poetry Magazine in 1913, and was the title poem in Kilmer's collection Trees and Other Poems (1914)


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Kilogram is a unit of mass (quantity of matter) in the metric system.


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Kilohertz is a unit used to measure the frequency of many kinds of vibrations and waves, such as radio and sound waves.


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Kilometre is a unit of distance in the metric system.


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Kilpatrick, William Heard (1871-1965), was a leading American educational philosopher of the 1900's.


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Kilt is a traditional garment of men from the Highlands of Scotland and from Ireland.


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Kim Il Sung (1912-1994), was the president of North Korea from 1948, when the country was established, until his death in 1994.


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Kimberley (pop. 80,082), is the capital of Northern Cape in South Africa.


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Kimberleys are a group of ranges and plateaus that occupy a large area in the northwestern region of Australia.


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Kincaid, Jamaica (1949-...), is a Caribbean novelist.


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Kincardine and Deeside (pop. 52,625), was a local government district in the southern part of Grampian Region, in Scotland.


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Kindergarten is a class or small school for young children usually between the ages of four and six.


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Kinesics is the scientific study of the body movements involved in communication, especially as they accompany speech.


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King, Billie Jean (1943-...), an American tennis star, became one of the greatest women players in history.


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King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929-1968), a black American Baptist minister, was the main leader of the civil rights movement in the United States during the 1950's and 1960's.


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King, Philip Gidley (1758-1808), was governor of New South Wales, Australia, from 1800 to 1806.


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King, Stephen (1947-...), is a popular American writer of thrillers and horror fiction.


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King, Tom (1933-...), a British Conservative politician, was secretary of state for defence from 1989 to 1992.


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King, Sir Truby (1858-1938), a New Zealand doctor and welfare specialist, founded the Royal New Zealand Society for the Health of Women and Children, commonly called the Plunket Society, in 1907.


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King Charles spaniel, a dog that came from China or Japan, was a favourite with English nobility in the 1600's.


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King Country is an area covering 25,900 square kilometres in the central part of the North Island of New Zealand.


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King George Sound is one of the finest harbours in Australia.


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King Horn is the name given to one of the earliest surviving English romances in verse.


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King Island lies at the western approach to Bass Strait, between Tasmania and the mainland of Australia.


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King Leopold Range, in Western Australia, flanks the Kimberley area and extends almost to Collier Bay in the northern part of the state.


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Kingaroy (pop. 10,394), is a town in southeastern Queensland, Australia, near the headwaters of the Burnett River.


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Kingdom is the largest unit of biological classification.


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Kingfish is the name given to several different fishes.


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Kingfisher is the name of a large family of birds that have large heads and long, heavy, pointed bills.


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Kinglet is a small, dainty, olive-green bird with a bright crown (patch) on top of its head.


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Kings, Books of, are two books in the Old Testament of the Bible.


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Kings and queens of Britain and Ireland.  In the past, kings and queens had great power in Britain and Ireland.


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King's Lynn and West Norfolk (pop. 128,400), is a local government district and borough in Norfolk, England.


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Kingsbury, Bruce Steel (1918-1942), an Australian soldier, was awarded the Victoria Cross after his death in World War II (1939-1945).


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Kingsford Smith, Sir Charles (1897-1935), Australia's greatest aviation pioneer, made the first flight across the Pacific Ocean from the United States to Australia.


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Kingsley, Charles (1819-1875), was a famous British author and clergyman.


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Kingsley, Sidney (1906-1995), was an American dramatist known for realistic plays that reveal a concern for social problems.


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Kingsnake is any one of a group of American snakes, all of which prey on other snakes.


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Kingston (pop. 104,041; met. area pop. 524,638), is the capital city and chief port of the Caribbean island country of Jamaica, a part of the West Indies.


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Kingston upon Thames (pop. 130,300), is an English borough within the Greater London area.


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Kingstown (pop. 18,830), is the capital and largest city of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, an island country in the Caribbean Sea.


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Kingswood (pop. 87,100) was a local government district in the county of Avon, England, lying east of Bristol and north of the River Avon.


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Kinkaid, Thomas Cassin (1888-1972), an American naval officer, was famous for his service in the Pacific during World War II (1939-1945).


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Kinkajou is a member of the raccoon family that can hang from tree branches by its long tail.


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Kinnock, Neil Gordon (1942-...), a British politician, was leader of the Labour Party from 1983 to 1992.


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Kino, Eusebio Francisco (1645-1711), was an Italian-born Roman Catholic priest and explorer who founded at least 24 missions in what is now southern Arizona, in the United States, and northern Mexico.


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Kinsella, Thomas (1928-...), is a leading Irish poet and literary scholar.


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Kinsey, Alfred Charles (1894-1956), an American biologist, was one of the first scientists to study human sexual behaviour.


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Kinshasa (pop. 2,222,981), is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of Congo, also known as Congo (Kinshasa).


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Kipling, Rudyard (1865-1936), was a leading British novelist, poet, and short-story writer.


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Kirchhoff, Gustav (1824-1887), a German physicist, made important discoveries about elements, electricity, and radiation.


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Kiribati is a small country made up of 33 islands in the central Pacific Ocean.


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Kirilenko, Andrei Pavlovich (1906-1990), was an official of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


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Kiritimati Atoll, also called Christmas Island, is one of the largest islands formed by coral in the Pacific Ocean.


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Kirk is the word for church in Scots and in some dialects of northern England.


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Kirk, Norman Eric (1923-1974), was prime minister of New Zealand from 1972 until his death.


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Kirkcaldy (pop. 144,574), is a local government district in Fife Region, Scotland.


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Kirkland, Lane (1922-...), served as president of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) from 1979 to 1995.


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Kirklees (pop. 367,600), is a local government metropolitan area in the county of West Yorkshire, England.


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Kirlian photography is the process of creating an image of an object by exposing the object to an electromagnetic field.


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Kirstenbosch is the site of South Africa's National Botanic Gardens.


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Kissinger, Henry Alfred (1923-...), a distinguished American statesman, served as U.S. secretary of state from 1973 to 1977.


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Kit-Cat Club was a political and literary club in London in the early 1700's.


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Kitaj, R. B. (1932-...), is an American painter.


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Kitasato, Shibasaburo (1852-1931), was a Japanese bacteriologist famous for his experiments with diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins.


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Kitchen midden is a mound of shellfish and other rubbish left behind by early inhabitants of an archaeological site.


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Kitchener, Horatio Herbert (1850-1916), was a distinguished British soldier.


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Kite is a type of bird that preys on carrion (dead animals) and on small animals.


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Kite is an object that is flown in the air at the end of a line.


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Kittiwake is a gull that gets its name from its mournful cry.


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Kittredge, George Lyman (1860-1941), was an American academic and an authority on Shakespeare and early English literature.


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Kiwanis International is an international organization of local clubs of men and women who are interested in community service.


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Kiwi is the name of four species of New Zealand birds that cannot fly.


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Kiwi fruit is a berry with a brown, fuzzy skin and is similar in size and shape to an egg.


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Klaipeda (pop. 191,000), is the third largest city in Lithuania.


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Klammer, Franz (1953-...), an Austrian skier, was probably the greatest downhill skier in the history of the sport.


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Klee, Paul (1879-1940), ranks among the greatest and most original masters of modern painting.


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Kleist, Heinrich von (1777-1811), was a German writer.


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Klemperer, Otto (1885-1973), was a famous conductor of opera and of symphony orchestras.


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Kleptomania is a recurrent failure to resist the impulse to steal things.


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Klimt, Gustav (1862-1918), was an Austrian artist.


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Kline, Franz (1910-1962), was an American abstract expressionist artist noted for his large, starkly simple, black-and-white paintings.


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Klondike is a region in the Yukon Territory of northwestern Canada, where one of the world's greatest gold rushes took place.


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Knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg.


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Kneller, Sir Godfrey (1646-1723), was a German-born painter famed for his portraits of the monarchs of Europe and of the important people of his time.


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Knickerbocker, Diedrich was the pen name that Washington Irving used to sign his Knickerbocker's History of New York.


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Knife is a cutting instrument used as an eating utensil, a tool, or a weapon.


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Knight, Eric (1897-1943), was a British author.


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Knight, Frank Hyneman (1885-1972), an American economist, wrote Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit (1921).


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Knight, Dame Laura (1877-1970), was a British artist noted for her paintings of the ballet, the circus, and gypsy life.


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Knighthood, Orders of.  Knights of the Middle Ages banded themselves together in groups called orders.


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Knights and knighthood.  The word knight comes from the Old English word cnight, which means a household retainer.


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Knights of Saint John, also called the Knights Hospitallers and the Knights of Malta, is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Knights Templars were members of a religious military order of Christian knighthood.


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Knitting is a method of making fabric by looping yarns around each other using one or more knitting needles.


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Knitting machine is a device that manufactures knitted fabrics.


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Knopf, Alfred A. (1892-1984), was a leading American book publisher.


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Knopwood, Robert (1761-1838), was the first chaplain of Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania).


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Knossos, also spelled Cnossus, was the chief centre of the Minoan civilization, which flourished on Crete and some Aegean Sea islands from about 3000 to 1100 B.C. The culture was named after the legendary King Minos of Crete.


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Knot is the name of two species of wading birds of the Northern Hemisphere.


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Knot is a unit of speed used for ships and aircraft.


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Knots, hitches, and splices are methods used to tie ropes or to fasten them together.


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Knowland, William Fife (1908-1974), was a United States senator from California for 14 years, and the Republican party's Senate leader from 1953 to 1958.


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Knowsley (pop. 149,100), is a local government metropolitan area on Merseyside in northwestern England.


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Knox, John (1515?-1572), led the Protestant Reformation in Scotland.


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Knox, Philander Chase, (1853-1921), served as American secretary of state from 1909 to 1913 under the Republican President William Howard Taft.


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Knox, Ronald (1888-1957), a British Roman Catholic priest, scholar, and author, translated the official Roman Catholic Bible, the Vulgate, from Latin into modern English (see BIBLE [The first translations]).


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Knoxville (pop. 165,121; met. area pop. 604,816), is the third largest city in the state of Tennessee, U.S.A. Only Memphis and Nashville have more people.


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Knudsen, William S. (1879-1948), an American industrialist, directed American war production during World War II (1939-1945).


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Koala is the name of one of the best-loved Australian animals.


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Kobe (pop. 1,410,843), is one of the most important seaports of Japan.


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Koblenz (pop. 110,843), also spelled Coblenz, is an administrative, trade, and tourist centre on the Rhine River in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.


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Koch, Christopher (1932-...), an Australian writer, won the Miles Franklin Award in 1986 for The Doubleman (see FRANKLIN, MILES).


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Koch, Robert (1843-1910), a German doctor, established bacteriology as a separate speciality within medicine.


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Kocher, Emil Theodor (1841-1917), a Swiss surgeon, is best remembered for his pioneering work on the thyroid gland.


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Kodaly, Zoltan (1882-1967), was a Hungarian composer, music historian, and educator.


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Koestler, Arthur (1905-1983), was a Hungarian-born British novelist and essayist.


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Koffka, Kurt (1886-1941), was an early exponent of Gestalt psychology (see GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY).


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Koki is an important local market in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.


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Kohl, Helmut (1930-...), is chancellor of Germany.


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Kohler, Wolfgang (1887-1967), a psychologist, contributed to the development of Gestalt psychology.


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Kohlrabi is a garden vegetable that is grown for its large, edible stem.


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Kokoda Trail is a foot track across the Owen Stanley Ranges in Papua New Guinea.


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Kokoschka, Oskar (1886-1980), was an Austrian painter associated with the expressionist movement.


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Kola nut, also spelled cola, is the seed of several types of evergreen trees native to West Africa.


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Kollwitz, Kathe (1867-1945), was a German printmaker and sculptor whose work became known for its social protest themes.


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Komodo dragon is the largest living lizard.


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Kongo was an African kingdom that lasted from the 1400's to the early 1700's.


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Konev, Ivan Stepanovich (1897-1973), rose to fame as a Soviet marshal in World War II (1939-1945).


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Konoye, Prince (1891-1945), Fumimaro Konoye, was a prominent Japanese statesman in the years immediately before World War II (1939-1945).


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Konrads is the family name of two Australian swimming champions, brother and sister.


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Kookaburra is a large woodland kingfisher that lives in Australia and New Guinea.


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Koolyanobbing is the site of large deposits of iron haematite on the northern shore of Lake Seabrook, about 402 kilometres northeast of Perth, in Western Australia.


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Korda, Sir Alexander (1893-1956), was a Hungarian-born film producer and director who introduced Hollywood methods into British film studios.


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Korea is a land in eastern Asia that consists of two states.


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Korean War (1950-1953) was the first war in which the United Nations (UN) played a military role.


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Kornberg, Arthur (1918-...), an American biochemist, shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.


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Kosciuszko, Thaddeus (1746-1817), was a Polish patriot who fought for the independence of the United States and Poland.


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Kosher, also spelled kasher, is a Hebrew word that means fit or proper.


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Kosice (pop. 218,238), is the chief industrial centre of Slovakia.


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Kossuth, Lajos (1802-1894), a Hungarian national hero, led the unsuccessful Hungarian rebellion of 1848-1849.


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Kosygin, Aleksei Nikolaevich (1904-1980), served as premier of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1980.


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Kota Kinabalu (pop. 56,000), is a town on the island of Borneo.


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Kouprey is a type of wild cattle that lives in Cambodia.


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Kouros, Yiannis (1956-...), a Greek athlete, won fame as a runner in the ultramarathon, a race longer than the marathon distance of 26 miles 385 yards (42.2 kilometres).


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Kowhai is the name of two types of flowering shrubs that are native to New Zealand.


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Kowloon (pop. 799,123), also called Jiulong or Chiu-lung, and New Kowloon (pop. 1,651,064), make up part of a large urban area of Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China.


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Krait was an Australian ship used in World War II (1939-1945).


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Krakatau is a volcano that lies in the Sunda Strait of Indonesia, between the islands of Sumatra and Java.


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Krakow (pop. 751,300), is a city that lies on the Vistula River in south-central Poland.


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Kravchuk, Leonid Makarovich (1934-...), served as president of Ukraine from 1991 to 1994.


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Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf (1900-1981), a German biochemist working in England, shared the 1953 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.


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Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions that take place in all cells that require oxygen to live.


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Kreisler, Fritz (1875-1962), one of the best-loved violinists of all time, was also a composer.


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Kremlin is a fortified enclosure within a Russian city.


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Kress, Samuel Henry (1863-1955), was an American businessman and art collector.


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Krill are small, shrimplike animals that live in oceans across the world.


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Krishna Deva Raya (?-1529), was an Indian king who reigned from 1509 to 1529.


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Krishna Menon, V. K. (1896-1974), was a prominent figure in India's independence movement.


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Krona is a standard coin of Iceland and Sweden.


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Krone is a standard coin of Denmark and Norway.


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Krol, John Joseph Cardinal (1910-1996), was an American religious leader.


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Kropotkin, Peter (1842-1921), was a Russian geographer and political writer associated with anarchism.


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Kruger, Paulus (1825-1904), was a South African statesman.


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Kruger National Park in South Africa is the largest national park in the world.


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Krupa, Gene (1909-1973), was the first jazz musician to popularize the drum set as a solo instrument.


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Krupp is the name of a leading German industrial family.


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Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna (1869-1939), was a Russian revolutionary leader and the wife of V. I. Lenin.


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Krutch, Joseph Wood (1893-1970), was an American drama critic, teacher, and writer.


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Krypton is a chemical element that makes up only about one-millionth of the earth's atmosphere.


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Ku Klux Klan is a group of white secret societies who oppose the advancement of blacks, Jews, and other minority groups.


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Kuala Lumpur is a federal territory of Malaysia.


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Kuala Lumpur (pop. 919,610), is the largest city and capital of Malaysia.


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Kubelik, Rafael (1914-...), is a Czech-born conductor.


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Kublai Khan (1216-1294), the grandson of Genghis Khan, founded the Mongol, or Yuan, dynasty that ruled China from 1279 to 1368.


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Kubrick, Stanley (1928-...), is an American film director.


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Kuching (pop. 72,555), is the capital and largest town of Sarawak, one of the states of Malaysia.


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Kuchma, Leonid Danylovich (1938-...), was elected president of Ukraine in 1994.


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Kudarat, Sultan (1600?-1671), a Filipino Muslim leader, fought against Spanish rule in the southern island of Mindanao.


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Kudzu is a fast-growing climbing vine native to China and Japan.


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Kuhn, Richard (1900-1967), a German chemist, won the 1938 Nobel Prize for chemistry.


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Kuiper, Gerard Peter (1905-1973), was an American astronomer who made important studies of the planets.


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Kukui, also known as the candle nut oil tree, has long spreading branches with light green leaves.


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Kukukukus are people who live in a rugged mountain area of New Guinea between the Huon Gulf and the Gulf of Papua.


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Kula is a system of gift exchange, accompanied by elaborate ritual ceremonies, found among the peoples of the islands southeast of Papua New Guinea.


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Kumiss is a fermented beverage made from mare's or camel's milk.


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Kumquat is the name of a few species of citrus fruit related to the mandarin.


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Kunlun Mountains extend about 3,700 kilometres from the Pamir Highland in central Asia to central China.


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Kurds are a people of a mountainous region of southwest Asia.


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Kuril Islands is a chain of islands that stretches 1,247 kilometres from the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia to Hokkaido Island of Japan.


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Kurnell, a suburb of Sydney, Australia, is noted as the first landing place of Captain James Cook when he charted the east coast of the Australian continent.


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Kurosawa, Akira (1910-...), became the first Japanese film director to gain worldwide fame.


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Kuroshio is a warm, dark-coloured current in the Pacific Ocean.


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Kush, also spelled Cush, was a kingdom along the Nile River in what is now northeastern Sudan.


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Kushan Empire flourished in what is now Pakistan, Afghanistan, and northwestern India from about A.D. 50 to the mid-200's.


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Kuwait is a small Arab country in southwestern Asia, at the north end of the Persian Gulf.


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Kuwait (pop. 44,335), is the capital and chief port of the country of Kuwait.


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Kwajalein (pop. 6,624), is one of the world's largest atolls (rings of coral islands).


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Kwanzaa is an Afro-American holiday based on the traditional African festival of the harvest of the first crops.


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Kwashiorkor is a disease caused by malnutrition, in particular by a severe lack of complete protein.


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KwaZulu-Natal is one of South Africa's nine provinces.


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Kwinana (pop. 17,280), is a city located on Cockburn Sound about 20 kilometres south of Perth, Western Australia.


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Kyanite is a pale-blue mineral commonly found in metamorphic rocks (see METAMORPHIC ROCK).


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Kyd, Thomas (1558-1594), was an English playwright who greatly influenced the development of Elizabethan drama.


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Kyle and Carrick (pop. 113,572) was a local government district in the southwestern part of Strathclyde Region, Scotland.


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Kyoto (pop. 1,461,103), is one of the largest cities in Japan .


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Kyrgyzstan, formerly known as Kirghiz, is a mountainous country in central Asia.


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Kyzyl Kum is a desert that lies in southern Kazakstan and northern Uzbekistan in central Asia.


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L is the 12th letter of the English alphabet.


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Laboratory is a place equipped with apparatus for conducting scientific experiments, investigations, and tests.


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Labour Day is a holiday in Australia and New Zealand.


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Labour force is the part of a nation's population that works for pay or is actively seeking work.


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Labour Party is a political party that was first established in Britain to promote socialist policies.


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Labrador is a large peninsula in northeastern Canada.


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Labrador Current is a cold ocean current that rises in the Arctic Ocean.


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Labrador retriever originally came from Newfoundland in Canada, not Labrador.


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Labrador tea is the name of six species of small evergreen plants of the heather family.


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La Brea pits are one of the world's richest known sources of Ice Age fossils.


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La Bruyere, Jean de (1645-1696), was a French satirist.


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Labuan is an island in Brunei Bay off the coast of Sabah.


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Laburnum is a small tree with bright yellow blossoms.


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Labyrinth was a place with many confusing paths and passageways.


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Lac is a sticky substance given off by a kind of scale insect.


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Laccadive Islands are a group of tiny coral islands off the southwestern coast of India.


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Lace is a decorative fabric that consists of an open, netlike pattern of threads.


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La Ceiba (pop. 61,900), a chief Caribbean port of Honduras, lies 185 kilometres north of Tegucigalpa.


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Lacewing is an insect with thin and delicate wings.


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Lachlan is a river in New South Wales, Australia.


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Lacquer is a shiny, protective film used on metals, woods, and porcelain.


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Lacquerware is a decorative object made by coating an article, such as a box, dish, tray, or vase, with many layers of varnish.


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Lacrosse is a fast game adopted from the North American Indians.


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Lactation is the giving of milk by mammals.


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Lactic acid is the common organic acid found in milk and other dairy foods that have turned "sour."  It also occurs in sauerkraut, pickles, and beer.


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Lady in the United Kingdom is a member of the nobility or the wife of a nobleman.


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Lady Day is the traditional name of the Christian feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin.


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Ladybird is a small beetle with a round body shaped like half a pea.


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Lady's-slipper is any one of several showy wild flowers of the orchid family.


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Lae (pop. 61,617) is the administrative centre of Morobe district of Papua New Guinea.


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Laennec, Rene Theophile Hyacinthe (1781-1826), a French doctor and surgeon, invented the stethoscope in 1816.


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Laetrile is a controversial drug used to treat cancer.


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La Farge, John (1835-1910), was an American painter.


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La Farge, Oliver (1901-1963), was an American author and anthropologist.


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La Fayette, Madame de (1634-1693), was a French novelist.


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Lafayette, Marquis de (1757-1834), was a French soldier and statesman.


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Laffite, Jean (1780?-1826?), also spelled Lafitte, was an American smuggler, pirate, and patriot based around New Orleans.


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La Fontaine, Jean de (1621-1695), a French poet, is famous for his Fables (1668-1694).


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Lag ba'omer is a minor Jewish festival that falls on the 18th day of the Hebrew month of Iyar (approximately May).


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Lagerkvist, Par Fabian (1891-1974), a Swedish novelist, playwright, and poet, won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1951.


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Lagerlof, Selma (1858-1940), a Swedish writer, won the 1909 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Lagoon is a shallow body of water separated from the open sea.


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Lagos (pop. 1,149,200) is the largest city of Nigeria.


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Lagrange, Joseph Louis (1736-1813), was a French mathematician.


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La Guardia, Fiorello Henry (1882-1947), gained national fame as the mayor of New York City from 1934 to 1945.


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Lahey, Vida (1882-1968), was an Australian painter and teacher.


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Lahore (pop. 2,952,689) is the second largest city in Pakistan.


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Laird is the Scottish equivalent of the English word lord.


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Laissez faire is a theory of economic policy which states that government generally should not interfere with decisions made in an open, competitive market.


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Lakatoi was a large sailing vessel used by the Motu people of Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, for the annual trading trip.


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Lake is a colouring substance that will not wash out.


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Lake is a body of water surrounded by land.


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Lake Agassiz was the largest glacial lake which once existed in North America.


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Lake Albano lies in the crater of an extinct volcano in west-central Italy.


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Lake Albert, also called Albert Nyanza, one of the sources of the Nile River, lies between Uganda and Congo (Kinshasa).


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Lake Amadeus is a large lake in the Northern Territory of Australia.


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Lake Baikal, also spelled Lake Baykal, is the deepest lake in the world.


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Lake Bala is the largest lake in North Wales.


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Lake Balkhash is a large lake in the southeastern part of Kazakstan.


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Lake Bangweulu is a shallow depression about 80 kilometres long and 48 kilometres wide in northern Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia).


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Lake Burley Griffin is an artificial lake in Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory.


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Lake Cargelligo, in Australia, lies 568 kilometres west of Sydney in a wheat-growing district of the central area of New South Wales.


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Lake Chad is a large lake in north-central Africa.


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Lake Coleridge lies in the central part of the South Island of New Zealand, in the foothills of the Southern Alps.


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Lake Como is a famous beauty spot of northern Italy.


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Lake Constance, called Bodensee in German, lies at the eastern end of the Swiss Plateau, at the border of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria.


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Lake District is a beautiful region of lakes and mountains in the county of Cumbria, in northwestern England.


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Lake dwelling.  Early peoples in Europe sometimes built dwelling places in lakes or at the edges of lakes or creeks.


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Lake Eacham and Lake Barrine are two crater lakes that lie west of Cairns in northern Queensland, Australia.


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Lake Edward is one of the sources of the Nile River.


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Lake Erie, lying on the international border between the United States and Canada, is the farthest south of the five Great Lakes of North America (see GREAT LAKES).


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Lake Eucumbene is an artificial reservoir located in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales, Australia.


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Lake Eyre is the largest lake in Australia.


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Lake Frome is one of a chain of salt lakes in the northeastern corner of South Australia.


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Lake Garda is the largest lake in Italy.


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Lake Geneva is one of the largest lakes in central Europe.


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Lake George lies in New South Wales, Australia, 32 kilometres northeast of Canberra.


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Lake Hindmarsh is the largest freshwater lake in Victoria, Australia.


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Lake Huron is one of the five Great Lakes of North America.


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Lake Illawarra is a coastal lagoon in New South Wales, Australia, located about 10 kilometres south of the city of Wollongong, between Port Kembla and Shellharbour (see LAGOON).


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Lake Ilmen is a freshwater lake in the northwestern part of Russia, just south of Novgorod.


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Lake Ladoga, in northwestern Russia, is the largest lake located entirely in Europe.


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Lake Lugano lies at the southern foot of the Alps between Lakes Maggiore and Como.


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Lake Macquarie is a large coastal lagoon in New South Wales, Australia.


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Lake Maggiore is one of the best-known lakes in Italy.


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Lake Manapouri is one of the most beautiful lakes in the South Island of New Zealand.


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Lake Maracaibo is the trade waterway of the farming and rich petroleum region of northwestern Venezuela.


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Lake Michigan is the largest body of fresh water in the United States.


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Lake Nasser was formed when waters of the Nile River were blocked by the Aswan High Dam in Egypt.


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Lake Nemi lies about 24 kilometres southeast of Rome, Italy.


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Lake Nicaragua lies in western Nicaragua, about 19 kilometres east of the Pacific Ocean and 113 kilometres west of the Caribbean Sea.


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Lake Nyasa is the southernmost of a chain of large fresh-water lakes in the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa.


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Lake of Lucerne is the scene of some of the adventures of the legendary Swiss patriot, William Tell (see TELL, WILLIAM).


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Lake of Thun lies 558 metres above sea level in the Bernese Alps, a popular tourist region in west-central Switzerland.


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Lake Onega is one of the largest lakes in Europe.


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Lake Ontario is the smallest and most eastern of the five Great Lakes of North America.


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Lake Pedder is in the South-West National Park of Tasmania, an island state of Australia.


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Lake Peipus is a body of water on the border between Estonia and Russia.


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Lake Poets were the British poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey.


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Lake Rotoiti lies in the North Island of New Zealand.


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Lake Saint Clair lies at the southern end of the Cradle Mountain-Lake St. Clair National Park on the central plateau of Tasmania, an island state of Australia.


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Lake Superior, one of the five Great Lakes of North America, is the largest body of fresh water in the world.


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Lake Tana, also called Tsana, lies in northwestern Ethiopia.


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Lake Tanganyika, in east-central Africa, is the world's longest fresh-water lake and the second deepest.


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Lake Taupo, situated almost in the centre of the North Island, is New Zealand's largest lake.


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Lake Te Anau is the largest lake in the South Island of New Zealand.


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Lake Titicaca is the highest navigable lake in the world.


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Lake Torrens is a shallow body of salt water in South Australia.


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Lake Turkana is a long, narrow lake in east-central Africa.


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Lake Tyrrell is a salt lake in northwestern Victoria, Australia.


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Lake Victoria, or, in Bantu, Victoria Nyanza, is the largest lake in Africa and the second largest freshwater lake in the world.


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Lake Volta, in central Ghana, is one of the world's largest man-made lakes.


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Lake Waikaremoana lies in the Urewera National Park on North Island, New Zealand.


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Lake Xochimilco, a swamplike lake in Mexico City, Mexico, is noted for its so-called "floating gardens."  By the time the Spaniards conquered the region in 1521, the Indians had created five shallow lakes out of a larger one by building dikes.


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Lakeland terrier is a breed of dog that originated in the 1800's in the Lake District of northern England.


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Laker, Sir Freddie (1922-...), is a British businessman who pioneered cheap transatlantic air passenger travel.


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Lakes of Killarney are three famous lakes of great beauty in County Kerry, in southwestern Ireland.


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Lakshadweep (pop. 51,681) is the smallest Union Territory of India.


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La Leche League International is an organization of women who offer information and encouragement to mothers who want to breast-feed their babies.


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Lalo, Edouard (1823-1892), was a French composer.


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Lalor, Peter (1827-1889), was the leader of the gold miners in Victoria, Australia, during the troubles at the Eureka Stockade in the mid 1800's.


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Lama is a priest of the Buddhist religion in Tibet or Mongolia.


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Lamaism is a form of Buddhism practised in Tibet and Mongolia.


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Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte (1798-1859), was an American politician.


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Lamarck, Chevalier de (1744-1829), was a French biologist and botanist.


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Lamartine, Alphonse de (1790-1869), was a French writer and statesman.


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Lamb is meat obtained from sheep that are less than 1 year old.


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Lamb, Charles (1775-1834), was an English author.


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Lambay Island is a small island in the Irish Sea, off the coast of the county of Dublin, Ireland.


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Lambert, Constant (1905-1951), was an English composer, conductor, and author.


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Lambert, George Washington (1873-1930), an Australian artist, painted Across the Black Soil Plains.


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Lambeth (pop. 220,100) is an English borough within the Greater London area.


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Lambeth Palace is the official residence of the archbishop of Canterbury, the spiritual leader of the state church of England.


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Lamb's-quarters is a tall weed related to beet and spinach.


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Lamentations is a book of the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, that mourns the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in 587 or 586 B.C. According to tradition, Jeremiah, the prophet of the destruction, wrote this book.


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Laminating is a process of permanently bonding together two or more pieces of wood or other materials with glues, pressure, and sometimes heat.


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Lammergeier is one of the largest vultures of the mountain regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe.


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Lamming, George (Eric) (1927-...), is a leading Barbadian novelist.


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L'Amour, Louis (1908-1988), was a popular American author known for his exciting novels about Western frontier life in America.


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Lampedusa, Giuseppe Tomasi di (1896-1957), was an Italian prince and author.


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Lampman, Archibald (1861-1899), was one of the leading Canadian poets of the late 1800's.


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Lamprey is a fish with a long eellike body.


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Lancashire is a county on the northwestern coast of England.


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Lancaster was the name of the branch of the Plantagenet royal family that ruled England from 1399 to 1461.


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Lancaster (pop. 125,600) is a city and local government district in north Lancashire, England.


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Lancaster, Duchy of, is a group of estates belonging to the reigning British monarch, who personally receives its revenues.


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Lancaster, Joseph (1778-1838), developed the monitorial system of teaching advocated by Andrew Bell, superintendent of an orphanage in Madras (now Chennai), India, in the 1790's.


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Lancaster, Sir Osbert (1908-1986), an artist and author, won fame with his humorous cartoons for the British newspaper the Daily Express.


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Lancelot, Sir, was one of the knights in medieval legends of King Arthur's Round Table.


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Lancewood is a tough wood used for archery bows, fishing rods, tool handles, and objects made on a lathe.


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Land, Edwin Herbert (1909-1991), an American inventor, scientist, and business executive, invented the Polaroid Land camera, the first instant camera.


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Landau, Lev Davidovich (1908-1968), was a Russian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1962.


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Landor, Walter Savage (1775-1864), an English poet, essayist, and novelist, was noted for his graceful but forceful style.


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Landowska, Wanda (1879-1959), was a Polish pianist, composer, and harpsichordist.


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Land's End, a cape in the English county of Cornwall, is the most westerly point of the mainland of England.


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Landsborough, William (1825-1886), an Australian explorer, was appointed head of one of the expeditions organized in 1861 to look for the lost and ill-fated Burke and Wills exploration party.


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Landscape architecture is a profession that involves the design and development of land for human use and enjoyment.


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Landseer, Sir Edwin (1802-1873), was a British artist who specialized in painting animals.


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Landslide, in geology, is a mass of earth or rocks that slides down a slope.


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Landsteiner, Karl (1868-1943), won the 1930 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his discovery of the main types of human blood--A, B, AB, and O. This discovery made safe blood transfusions possible for the first time.


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Landy, John (1930-...), an Australian runner, was the second man in the world to run a mile in less than 4 minutes.


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Lane, Sir Allen (1902-1970), was a publisher and a leader in the paperback revolution in British book publishing.


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Lane, Sir Hugh (1875-1915), was an Irish art collector and art patron.


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Lane, William (1861-1917), an Australian socialist, was one of the leaders of the trade union movement in Australia.


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Lanfranc (1005?-1089) was an important medieval teacher and scholar.


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Lang, Andrew (1844-1912), was a Scottish scholar and author.


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Lang, Cosmo Gordon (1864-1945), was England's archbishop of Canterbury from 1928 to 1942.


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Lang, Fritz (1890?-1976), was a film director who made classic horror and suspense films in both Germany and the United States.


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Lang, John Dunmore (1799-1878), the founder of the Presbyterian Church in Australia, also played an active part in that country's political life.


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Lang, John Thomas (1876-1975), was premier of New South Wales, Australia, from 1925 to 1927 and from 1930 to 1932.


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Langbaurgh-on-Tees (pop. 141,700), renamed Redcar and Cleveland in 1996, is a unitary authority with all the local government powers within its boundaries in the northeast of England.


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Lange, David Russell (1942-...), was prime minister of New Zealand from 1984 until 1989, when he resigned from office.


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Lange, Dorothea (1895-1965), was an American photographer known for her pictures of migratory farm workers of the 1930's.


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Langenhoven, Cornelis Jacob (1873-1932), was a South African lawyer, author, and poet.


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Langland, William (1330?-1400?), wrote Piers Plowman, a great English poem of the Middle Ages.


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Langley, Samuel Pierpont (1834-1906), was an American astronomer, physicist, and pioneer in aeronautics.


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Langmuir, Irving (1881-1957), an American chemist, won the 1932 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in surface chemistry and in the electron theory of matter.


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Langton, Stephen Cardinal (1165?-1228), one of England's greatest archbishops of Canterbury, was a famous theologian, Biblical scholar, and statesman.


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Langtry, Lillie (1853-1929), was an English actress.


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Language is human speech, either spoken or written.


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Langur is any of about 15 species of monkeys that live throughout India and most of Southeast Asia.


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Lanier, Sidney (1842-1881), was an American poet.


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Lankester, Sir Edwin Ray (1847-1929), a British zoologist, did extensive research in comparative anatomy and embryology.


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Lanney, William (1835-1869), was the last male tribal Aborigine in Tasmania.


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Lanolin, or wool fat, is made from a greasy coating found on sheep's wool.


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Lansbury, George (1859-1940), was a pioneer of the British Labour movement.


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Lansdowne, Marquess of (1845-1927), was a British colonial administrator who served as governor general of Canada from 1883 to 1888.


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Lantern is any light enclosed in a casing that protects it from wind and rain.


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Lanternfish is the name of a large group of small fish with organs that give off light.


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Lanthanum is a soft, silvery-white metallic element.


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Lanzhou (pop. 1,460,000), also spelled Lan-chou, is the capital of Gansu Province in north-central China.


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Laocoon, a Trojan priest, warned his people against the Greeks at Troy.


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Laois is a landlocked rural county in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Laozi, according to legends, wrote the Laozi, one of the basic books of the Chinese philosophy called Taoism, also spelled Daoism.


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Laparoscopy is a surgical technique used to examine organs and to detect and treat certain diseases within the abdomen.


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La Paz (pop. 976,800) is the largest city and chief commercial centre of Bolivia.


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La Perouse, Jean Francois (1741-1788), was a French navigator who sailed into Botany Bay, Australia, only six days after Arthur Phillip arrived in the bay with the First Fleet to establish a colony there (see PHILLIP, ARTHUR).


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Lapidary is the cutting and polishing of gems.


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Lapis lazuli is a beautiful azure-blue stone used as an ornament.


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Laplace, Marquis de (1749-1827), a French astronomer and mathematician, became famous for his theory regarding the origin of the solar system.


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Lapland lies in the extreme northern part of Europe, above the Arctic Circle.


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Laptop computer is a lightweight, portable, battery-operated computer that is usually no larger than a hardcover book.


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Lapwing is a crested bird that lives in western Europe.


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Lara, Brian (1969-...), a West Indian cricketer, made cricket history with a record-breaking test score.


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Larache (pop. 63,893) is a seaport on the northern Atlantic coast of Morocco.


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Larch is a tree that belongs to the pine family.


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Lard is a solid or semisolid fat obtained by melting the fatty tissues of pigs.


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Lardner, Ring (1885-1933), was an American journalist who achieved fame as the author of satirical short stories.


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Lares and penates were patron spirits of the home in the religion of ancient Rome.


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Lark is a type of small songbird found mainly in Europe, Asia, and Africa.


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Larkin, James (1876-1947), was an Irish trade union leader and political leader who helped to organize a general strike in Dublin in 1913.


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Larkin, Philip (1922-1985), became a leading figure in the anti-romantic movement that dominated English poetry in the mid-1900's.


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Larkspur is the common name for a group of flowering plants that belong to the buttercup family.


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Larne (pop. 29,280), a local government district in Northern Ireland, is centred on the port and industrial town of Larne.


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La Rochefoucauld, Duc de (1613-1680), was a French writer famous for his Maxims (1665).


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La Rochelle (pop. 75,840), is a city on the west coast of France that is famous for its historical religious importance.


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Larreinaga, Miguel (1771-1847), was a Nicaraguan jurist, and a leader of the Central American independence movement.


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Larva is an active, immature stage of an animal.


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Larwood, Harold (1904-1995), was an English cricketer who played for Nottinghamshire and England.


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Laryngitis is an inflammation of the tissues of the larynx, or voice box.


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Larynx is a section of the air passage in the throat.


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La Salle, Sieur de (1643-1687), was a French explorer.


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Lascelles, Edward (1847-1917), was a prominent Australian pastoralist (landowner).


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Lasdun, Sir Denys (1914-...), a British architect, achieved prominence for a wide range of buildings, including housing schemes, blocks of flats, shops, and university buildings.


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Laser is a device that produces a very narrow, powerful beam of light.


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Laser printer is a computer-driven printer that uses lasers to produce output on paper.


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Lashley, Karl Spencer (1890-1958), was an American psychologist known for his research on the function of the brain in relation to behaviour.


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Laski, Harold Joseph (1893-1950), was a British political scientist, educator, and leading member of the Labour Party.


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Lasseter, Lewis Harold Bell ( ?  -1931), was an Australian prospector (person searching for gold).


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Lasso, Orlando di (1532-1594), was a Flemish composer during the Renaissance.


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Las Vegas (pop. 258,295; met. area pop. 741,459), the largest city in Nevada, United States, is famous for its gambling casinos and nightclubs.


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Lat (1951-...) is the pen name of Mohamed Nor Khalid, a Malaysian cartoonist.


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Latakia (pop. 234,000) is Syria's main seaport.


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Lateran is the common name for the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome.


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Latex is a milky substance that serves as the source of natural rubber.


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Latham, Jean Lee (1902-...), an American writer for young people, received the Newbery Medal in 1956 for her book Carry On, Mr. Bowditch (1955).


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Latham, Sir John (1877-1964), was deputy prime minister of Australia from 1931 to 1934 and chief justice from 1935 to 1952.


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Lathrop, Dorothy P. (1891-1980), an American artist and writer for children, won the first Caldecott Medal for Animals of the Bible in 1938.


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Lathrop, Rose Hawthorne (1851-1926), an American, was the main founder of the Servants of Relief for Incurable Cancer, a Roman Catholic nursing order of nuns.


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Latimer, Hugh (1485?-1555), was a martyr of the Protestant Reformation in England.


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Latin America is a large region that covers all the territory in the Western Hemisphere south of the United States.


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Latin-American literature consists of the literature of the Spanish-speaking countries of the Western Hemisphere, of Puerto Rico, and of Portuguese-speaking Brazil.


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Latin language was the principal language of western Europe for hundreds of years.


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Latin literature includes the essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings of the ancient Romans.


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Latitude describes the position of a point on the earth's surface in relation to the equator.


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Latium was an area in the central part of ancient Italy.


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Latrobe, Benjamin Henry (1764-1820), was the first important professionally trained architect to practise in the United States.


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La Trobe, Charles Joseph (1801-1875), became superintendent of the Port Phillip district in Australia in 1839.


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La Trobe Valley, in Victoria, is one of Australia's most productive river valleys.


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Latter Day Saints, Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of, is a Christian denomination that originated in the United States in the early 1800's.


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Latvia is a European nation that regained its independence in 1991, after more than 50 years of forced annexation to the Soviet Union.


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Laubach, Frank Charles (1884-1970), an American missionary, preacher, and educator, won fame for teaching illiterate people to read.


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Lauder, Sir Harry (1870-1950), was one of the United Kingdom's best-loved entertainers.


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Laue, Max Theodor Felix von (1879-1960), a German physicist, received the 1914 Nobel Prize in physics for his research in X-ray diffraction.


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Laughton, Charles (1899-1962), was an English-born actor.


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Launceston (pop. 66,286) is the second largest city in the Australian island state of Tasmania.


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Launfal, Sir, was a knight of King Arthur's Round Table in medieval British legend.


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Laura Ingalls Wilder Award is an American literary award.


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Laurel is the name of several types of trees and shrubs with spear-shaped evergreen leaves.


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Laurel, Jose Paciano (1891-1959), a lawyer and politician, served as president of the Philippines in the government set up by the Japanese in 1943.


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Laurel and Hardy were the most popular comedy team in American cinema history.


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Laurence, Margaret (1926-1987), was a Canadian novelist, short-story writer, and essayist.


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Laurencin, Marie (1885-1956), was a French painter and designer.


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Lausanne (pop. 125,004; met. area pop. 258,071) is a city in western Switzerland, on the north shore of Lake Geneva.


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Lava is molten rock that pours out of volcanoes or from cracks in the earth.


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Laval, Pierre (1883-1945), was a French politician who collaborated with the Germans during World War II (1939-1945).


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Lavender is the name of about 20 species of small bushes that bear fragrant flowers and leaves.


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Laver, Rod (1938-...), is one of the leading tennis players of all time.


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Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse (1845-1922), a French Army surgeon, discovered the parasite that causes malaria.


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La Verendrye, Sieur de (1685-1749), Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, was a French-Canadian fur trader and explorer.


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Lavery, Sir John (1856-1941), an Irish painter, became well known for his portraits of women.


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Lavin, Mary (1912-1996), was an American-born writer of novels and short stories set in an Irish background.


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Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743-1794), a French chemist, was the founder of modern chemistry.


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Law is the set of enforced rules under which a society is governed.


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Law, Andrew Bonar (1858-1923), a British statesman, served as prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1922 to 1923.


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Law, John (1671-1729), a Scottish financier and gambler, tried to revive the French economy by opening a bank in 1716 to issue paper money.


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Law, Phillip Garth (1912-...), an Australian explorer and scientist, was director of the Antarctic Division of the Australian Department of External Affairs from 1949 to 1966.


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Law enforcement is the means by which a country or community maintains order.


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Law of the Sea Convention is an international agreement that establishes nations' rights and obligations regarding the ocean.


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Lawler, Ray (1922-...), an Australian dramatist, wrote the highly successful play Summer of the Seventeenth Doll.


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Lawless, Theodore Kenneth (1892-1971), a black American doctor, became known for his work in the field of dermatology (the study of skin diseases).


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Lawn is an area or plot of ground that has a thick covering of closely cut grass.


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Lawrence, D. H. (1885-1930), was an English writer known chiefly for his novels.


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Lawrence, Ernest Orlando (1901-1958), an American physicist, helped develop the cyclotron, a machine for accelerating atomic particles.


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Lawrence, Gertrude (1901-1952), an English actress, achieved stardom in both England and the United States.


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Lawrence, Marjorie (1907-1979), an Australian soprano, overcame an attack of poliomyelitis to sing at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.


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Lawrence, T. E. (1888-1935), a British soldier and writer, became world famous as Lawrence of Arabia.


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Lawrence, Sir Thomas (1769-1830), was one of the most successful portrait painters of his time.


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Lawrencium is an artificially created radioactive element.


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Lawry, William (1937-...), an Australian cricketer, captained Australia in 26 test matches and played a total of 69 test matches between 1961 and 1971.


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Lawson, Ernest (1873-1939), was an American painter.


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Lawson, Henry (1867-1922), a short-story writer and poet, is Australia's most famous and popular writer.


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Lawson, Nigel (1932-...), a Conservative politician, was Britain's chancellor of the exchequer from 1983 to 1989.


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Lawson, Victor Fremont (1850-1925), was an American newspaper publisher and editor.


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Lawson, Will (1876-1957), a popular balladist, wrote verse in both Australia and New Zealand during the early 1900's.


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Lawson, William (1774-1850), an Australian explorer, crossed the Blue Mountains in May 1813, with Gregory Blaxland and William Charles Wentworth.


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Lawyer is a person who is allowed to represent members of the public in a court of law or to advise them on matters of law.


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Laxative is a medicine that speeds the emptying of the bowels (intestines).


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Laxness, Halldor Kiljan (1902-1998), an Icelandic novelist, won the 1955 Nobel prize for literature.


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Lazarus, in the account of John 11 in the Bible, was the brother of Mary and Martha of Bethany.


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Lazear, Jesse William (1866-1900), an American doctor, became known for his work in controlling yellow fever.


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Leach, Bernard (1887-1979), was a leading British artist potter.


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Leacock, Stephen Butler (1869-1944), ranks as the most popular humorist in Canadian literature.


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Lead, a heavy, bluish-grey chemical element, is one of the world's oldest known metals.


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Lead poisoning is an illness caused by excess lead in the body.


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Leadenhall market, in London, is a centre for selling meat, game, and poultry.


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Leaf is the main food-making part of almost all plants.


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Leaf, Munro (1905-1976), was an American author and illustrator of children's books.


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Leaf insect is an insect that looks much like a green leaf or a twig.


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Leaf miner is a tiny beetle, moth, fly, or wasp which, in the larval stage, tunnels between the upper and lower surfaces of leaves.


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Leafhopper is one of a large group of small, slender insects that feed on plants.


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League of Nations was an international association of countries created to maintain peace among the nations of the world.


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Leahy, Michael James (1901-1979), a farmer in Papua New Guinea, explored the Central Highlands of New Guinea during the 1930's.


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Leahy, William Daniel (1875-1959), was an American naval commander who served as chief of staff to President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II (1939-1945).


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Leakey family includes three noted anthropologists--a husband and wife and their son--who made important discoveries in eastern Africa concerning the origins of human beings.


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Lean, Sir David (1908-1991), was a highly acclaimed English film director.


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Leaning Tower of Pisa is a bell tower at Pisa, Italy.


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Leap year has 366 days, or one more day than an ordinary year.


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Lear, Edward (1812-1888), an English writer and artist, became famous for his humorous poems for children.


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Learning is an important field of study in psychology.


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Learning disabilities are disorders that can interfere with the development of basic skills and so damage a child's ability to learn.


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Lease is a contract between a person with a legal interest in land or other property and a person who rents it from that person.


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Leather is a tough, flexible material made from the skin of animals.


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Leathercraft is the art of making useful and decorative objects out of leather.


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Leaven is a substance that causes fermentation of dough in breadmaking.


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Leaving Certificate examination is taken by pupils in the Republic of Ireland at the end of their secondary education courses.


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Leavis, F. R. (1895-1978), was one of the most important English literary critics of the 1900's.


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Leavitt, Henrietta Swan (1868-1921), was an American astronomer.


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Le Bel, Joseph Achille (1847-1930), was a French industrial chemist who discovered that molecules are three-dimensional.


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Lebanon is a small country at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea and the western end of Asia.


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Leblanc, Nicolas (1742-1806), was a French doctor, surgeon, and industrial chemist.


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Lebowa was one of ten homelands (nation states) set up by the South African government under the former policy of apartheid (enforced racial separation).


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Le Carre, John (1931-...), is the pen name of David John Moore Cornwell, an English novelist.


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Lechenaultias, also spelled Leschenaultias, are a group of about 20 kinds of plants that grow in Western Australia.


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Lecky, William Edward Hartpole (1838-1903), an Irish historian and philosopher, was one of the greatest historians of his day.


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Le Corbusier (1887-1965) was the professional name of Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris, often considered the most important architect of the 1900's.


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Lederberg, Joshua (1925-...), an American geneticist, shared the 1958 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.


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Lee is a river in the southern part of the Republic of Ireland.


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Lee, Harper (1926-...), is an American author who became famous with her only novel, To Kill a Mockingbird (1960).


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Lee, Henry (1756-1818), was a noted American cavalry leader during the American Revolution (1775-1783).


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Lee, John A. (1891-1982), was a socialist politician in New Zealand.


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Lee, Laurie (1914-...), a British poet and author, won wide acclaim with his book Cider with Rosie (1959), a sensitive, enthralling account of his childhood in Gloucestershire.


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Lee, Robert Edward (1807-1870), was a great general who commanded the Confederate Army in the American Civil War.


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Lee, Sir Sidney (1859-1926), was an English author and editor.


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Lee, Tsung Dao (1926-...), shared the 1957 Nobel Prize for physics with Chen Ning Yang.


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Lee Hsien Loong (1952-...), became deputy prime minister of Singapore in 1990.


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Lee-Johnson, Eric (1908-...), a New Zealand painter, became well known for his paintings and drawings of northern New Zealand.


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Lee Kuan Yew (1923-...) was prime minister of Singapore from 1959 until 1990.


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Lee Teng-hui (1923-...) became president of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and chairman of the country's Nationalist Party in 1988.


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Leech is a worm that has a disclike sucker at each end.


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Leech, Margaret (1893-1974), was an American author who specialized in United States history.


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Leeds (pop. 674,400) is a city in West Yorkshire,England.


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Leek is a vegetable related to the onion.


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Leeuwenhoek, Anton van (1632-1723), a Dutch amateur scientist, was one of the first people to record observations of microscopic life.


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Le Fanu, Sheridan (1814-1873), was an Irish writer of short stories, novels, and poetry.


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Left wing is a term which means a radical party or branch of a political group.


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Leg is the limb that supports the body of a human being or animal.


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Legacy is a disposition of personal property made by the terms of a will.


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Legal aid is a scheme under which people may, in certain circumstances, claim money from the government in order to pay for a lawyer to represent them in court.


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Le Gallienne, Dorian (1915-1963), is regarded by many critics as the most distinguished composer Australia has ever produced.


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Legation is a diplomatic mission from one nation to another that is headed by a minister.


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Legazpi, Miguel Lopez de (1510?-1572), a Spanish explorer, claimed the islands of the Philippines for Spain in 1566.


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Legendre, Adrien Marie (1752-1833), a French mathematician, wrote Elements of Geometry (1794), which influenced the teaching of geometry in schools.


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Leger, Fernand (1881-1955), was a French artist who developed a distinctive style that reflects modern life in an industrialized society.


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Leger, Jules (1913-1980), was governor general of Canada from 1974 to 1979.


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Leger, Paul-Emile Cardinal (1904-1991), became archbishop of Montreal, Canada, in 1950.


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Leghorn (pop. 175,371) is a major Italian seaport.


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Legion was a division of the Roman army.


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Legionnaires' disease is an infection that most commonly occurs as pneumonia, with symptoms of fever, cough, chest pain, and difficult breathing.


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Legislature is the lawmaking branch of a government.


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Le Guin, Ursula (1929-...), is an American author of science fiction for adults and children.


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Legume is any of the plants that belong to the pea family.


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Lehar, Franz (1870-1948), was the most important composer of operettas of the 1900's.


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Le Havre (pop. 197,219; met. area pop. 253,627) is the second busiest seaport city in France--after Marseille--and a major industrial centre.


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Lehmann, Lilli, (1848-1929), was a German soprano.


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Lehmann, Lotte (1888-1976), a German soprano, won fame as a concert and opera singer.


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Lehmbruck, Wilhelm (1881-1919), was a German sculptor.


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Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716), was a German philosopher, mathematician, and scholar.


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Leicester (pop. 270,600) is a city in the East Midlands, at the geographical centre of England.


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Leicester, Earl of (1532?-1588), an English nobleman, led a life of intrigue at the court of Queen Elizabeth I. He was the fifth son of the Duke of Northumberland.


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Leicestershire is a county in the East Midlands of England.


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Leichhardt, Ludwig (1813-1848), was a German-born explorer.


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Leiden, also spelled Leyden (pop. 103,819; met. area pop. 174,501), lies 35 kilometres southwest of Amsterdam on the Rhine River.


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Leigh Creek (pop. 1,967) is the site of the only operating coal mine in South Australia.


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Leigh-Mallory, Sir Trafford (1892-1944), was one of the leaders of the Royal Air Force Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain, in 1940 (see BATTLE OF BRITAIN).


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Leighton, Lord (1830-1896), Frederic Leighton, was an English painter and sculptor in the classical style that was inspired by the art of ancient Greece.


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Leinster is one of the four provinces of Ireland.


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Leipoldt, Christian (1880-1947), a South African doctor, journalist, and playwright, became one of the most celebrated poets and authors in Afrikaans literature.


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Leipzig (pop. 554,595), a city in Germany, is a trade, industrial, and cultural centre.


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Leisler, Jacob (1640-1691), served as governor of the English colony of New York from 1689 to 1691.


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Leitrim is one of the five counties that make up the province of Connacht in the northwest of the Republic of Ireland.


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Lely, Sir Peter (1618-1680), was a Dutch-born painter known for his portraits of English royalty and famous naval personalities.


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Le Mans (pop. 147,697; met. area pop. 200,000) is a city in western France.


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Lemass, Sean (1899-1971), became Prime Minister of the Republic of Ireland and leader of the Fianna Fail Party in 1959.


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LeMay, Curtis Emerson (1906-1990), commanded the Strategic Air Command of the United States Air Force from 1948 to 1957.


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Lemming is a plump little animal related to the mouse.


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Lemon balm is a perennial plant of the mint family.


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Le Moyne, Charles (1626-1685), a Canadian colonist, founded the city of Longueuil.


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Lemur is a long-tailed mammal with fluffy fur.


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Lena River is the chief waterway of a large district of eastern Siberia.


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LeNain, Louis (1597?-1648), was a French artist noted for his paintings of peasant life in the 1600's.


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Lend-Lease was a plan developed by the United States early in World War II (1939-1945) to aid the countries which were then fighting the Axis powers.


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Lendl, Ivan (1960-...), is one of the world's top tennis players.


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L'Enfant, Pierre Charles (1754-1825), a French engineer and architect, became the first modern city planner in the United States.


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L'Engle, Madeleine (1918-...), is an American author best known for her children's books.


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Lenihan, Brian (1930-1995), an Irish lawyer and politician, was tanaiste (deputy prime minister) and minister of foreign affairs of the Republic of Ireland from 1987 to 1989.


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Lenin, V. I. (1870-1924), founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship.


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Lennard-Jones, Sir John Edward (1894-1954), was an English physical chemist.


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Lennon, John (1940-1980), was a founding member of the Beatles, the most popular group in the history of rock music.


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Leno, Dan (1860-1904), was a popular English music-hall comedian.


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Lenoir, Jean Joseph Etienne (1822-1900), a Belgian-born French inventor, built the first practical internal combustion engine in 1860.


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Le Notre, Andre (1630-1700), a French landscape designer, created most of the famous gardens of his day.


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Lens is a piece of transparent material that has at least one curved surface.


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Lenswood Valley extends northeast and southwest about 20 kilometres east of Adelaide, South Australia.


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Lent is a religious season observed in the spring by Christian churches.


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Lenticel is a round or long swelling on the bark of woody stems and roots that functions as a breathing pore.


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Lenz's law is a principle of physics important in the design of electric generators.


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Leo I, Saint (400?-461), was elected pope in 440.


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Leo III, Saint (?-816), was elected pope in 795.


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Leo IX, Saint (1002-1054), was elected pope in 1049.


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Leo X (1475-1521) was pope during the climax of the Renaissance in Rome, but he also faced the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation.


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Leo XIII (1810-1903) was elected pope in 1878.


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Leo, the Lion, is the fifth constellation of the zodiac.


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Leominster (pop. 39,000) is a local government area in the county of Hereford and Worcester, England.


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Leonard, Sugar Ray (1956-...), an American boxer, won world professional boxing titles in five weight classes.


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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was one of the greatest painters and most versatile geniuses in history.


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Leoncavallo, Ruggiero (1858-1919), was an Italian opera composer.


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Leonidas I (?-480 B.C.) was a king of ancient Sparta.


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Leonids are meteors that seem to come from the constellation Leo.


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Leontief, Wassily (1906-...), an American economist, won the 1973 Nobel Prize in economics for the development of input-output analysis.


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Leopard is a large member of the cat family.


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Leopardi, Giacomo (1798-1837), was an Italian lyric poet.


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Leopold was the name of three kings of Belgium.


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Leopold, Aldo (1886-1948), an American naturalist, won international fame as an authority on wildlife conservation.


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Leprosy, also called Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease.


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Lepton is one of the three major families of elementary particles.


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Lerner, Alan Jay (1918-1986), was one of the greatest lyricists of the American musical theatre.


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Lesage, Alain Rene (1668-1747), was a French novelist and dramatist.


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Lesbos, also spelled Lesvos, is a mountainous Greek island in the Aegean Sea.


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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare hereditary disease that can cause mental retardation.


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Leslie is the name of the first family to establish properties on the Darling Downs of Queensland, Australia.


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Leslie, Frank (1821-1880), was a publisher of periodicals in the U.S.A. His most popular publication was Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, later Leslie's Weekly, which was issued from 1855 to 1922.


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Leslie, Sir Shane (1885-1971), a British author, wrote poetry, novels, biographies, and works on historical subjects.


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Lesotho is a rugged, mountainous country that is completely surrounded by the Republic of South Africa.


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Lespedeza is the name of a group of herbs and shrublike plants.


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Lessing, Doris (1919-...), is an English writer noted mainly for her novels.


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Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781), was a German playwright, critic, and philosopher.


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Le Sueur, Pierre (1657?-1705?), a French explorer and trader, helped open up the upper Mississippi River Valley.


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Lethe was one of five rivers in the Underworld in Greek and Roman mythology.


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Letter of credit is issued by a bank, permitting an individual, a business firm, or a designated party to draw up to a stated amount of money on that bank.


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Letter writing is a way of communicating a message in written words.


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Letters patent are patent (open) letters by which the government grants monopoly rights to inventors.


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Lettuce is a popular vegetable used chiefly in salads.


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Leucocytosis is an increase in the number of leucocytes (white blood cells).


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Leukaemia is a kind of cancer in which abnormal white blood cells grow in an uncontrolled manner.


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Leutze, Emanuel Gottlieb (1816-1868), gained fame as a painter of American historical subjects.


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Level is an instrument used by carpenters, plumbers, and other construction workers to determine if a surface is perfectly horizontal.


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Levellers were political radicals in England during the mid-1600's who believed that all people deserved a voice in government.


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Lever is one of the six simple machines for performing work.


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Leverhulme, Viscount (1851-1925), founded Lever Brothers Company, one of the world's largest soap manufacturers (now a subsidiary of Unilever).


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Levi, Edward Hirsch (1911-...), served as attorney general of the United States from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald R. Ford.


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Levi-Strauss, Claude (1908-...), a French anthropologist, developed structuralism in the study of human culture.


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Levine, Jack (1915-...), is an American artist who has won fame as a critic of life in the United States.


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Levine, James (1943-...), is an American conductor and pianist.


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Leviticus is the third book of the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament.


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Lewes (pop. 85,400) is a local government district in East Sussex, England.


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Lewis, C. S. (1898-1963), a British author, wrote more than 30 books.


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Lewis, D. B. Wyndham (1894-1969), was a British essayist, humorist, and biographer.


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Lewis, Elizabeth Foreman (1892-1958), an American-born author, is known for her realistic stories about the young people of modern China, with its conflict of old and new ideas.


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Lewis, Essington (1881-1961), an Australian mining engineer, was general manager of Broken Hill Proprietary Company Ltd. (BHP) for 30 years.


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Lewis, Gilbert Newton (1875-1946), an American chemist, helped develop the modern electron theory of valence, a theory that explains the forces that hold atoms together in molecules.


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Lewis, Isaac Newton (1858-1931), an American inventor, developed the Lewis position-finder for controlling artillery fire (1891), and the Lewis machine gun (1911).


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Lewis, John Aaron (1920-...), is an American pianist and composer.


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Lewis, Lennox (1965-...), is a British boxer.


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Lewis, Meriwether (1774-1809), was an American explorer.


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Lewis, Percy Wyndham (1884-1957), was a British novelist and painter.


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Lewis, Sinclair (1885-1951), gained international fame for his novels attacking the weaknesses he saw in American society.


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Lewis and Clark expedition was the first exploration by the United States government of the country's vast northwestern wilderness.


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Lewis Pass is the major highway route over the Southern Alps in northcentral South Island, New Zealand.


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Lewisham (pop. 215,300) is a borough in Greater London, England.


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Lexcen, Ben (1936-1988), a self-taught Australian marine architect, designed the controversial and revolutionary winged keel for Australia II. In 1983, the yacht became the first non-American entry to win the America's Cup.


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Lexington, Kentucky (pop. 204,165; met. area pop. 317,629), is one of the chief trading centres for tobacco in the United States.


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Leyden jar was one of the first devices used to store an electric charge.


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Lhasa (pop. 105,866) is the capital and holy city of Tibet.


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Lhasa apso is a dog that came originally from Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.


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Li Bo (701-762) was one of China's greatest poets.


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Li Hung-Chang, (1823-1901), was a Chinese statesman.


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Li Peng (1928-...) is one of China's top leaders.


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Li Siguang (1889-1971) was a Chinese geologist.


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Li Xiannian (1909?-1992), also spelled Li Hsien-nien, was one of the longest-serving first generation Chinese Communist Party leaders.


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Li Yuan (A.D. 566-635), a Chinese emperor, founded the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-907).


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Liana is the name for various vines found chiefly in tropical rain forests.


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Libby, Willard Frank (1908-1980), an American chemist, won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1960.


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Libel is a written, printed, or other statement in a permanent form that harms a person's reputation.


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Liberal arts are the learned habits of thought and speech considered essential for a free human being.


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Liberal Democrats is the name of the third largest of the political parties of the United Kingdom.


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Liberal Party of Australia is a political party which supports individual initiative and enterprise, and is conservative on social and moral questions.


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Liberalism is a political and economic philosophy that emphasizes freedom, equality, and opportunity.


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Liberia is a country on the west coast of Africa.


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Liberty Bell is a treasured relic of the early days of American independence.


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Libido is a psychoanalytic term referring mainly to the energy of natural instincts or urges that motivate behaviour.


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Libra, the Scales or Balance, is the seventh constellation (star group) of the zodiac.


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Library.  Libraries form a vital part of the world's systems of education and information storage and retrieval.


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Library of Congress, in Washington D.C., is one of the largest and most valuable research libraries in the world.


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Library of Congress Classification is a system for arranging materials in a library.


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Libreville (pop. 350,000) is the capital and largest city of the central African country of Gabon.


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Libya is an Arab country in northern Africa.


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Licad, Cecile (1961-...), a Filipino concert pianist, gained international fame in the 1980's.


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Lichen is an organism that consists of an alga and a fungus living together as a single unit.


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Lichfield (pop. 90,700) is a local government district in Staffordshire, England, centred on the historic city of Lichfield.


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Lichfield, Patrick, Earl of (1939-...), is a British photographer, well known for his portraits of royalty.


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Lichtenstein, Roy (1923-...), an American painter, was one of the first artists in the pop art movement.


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Lick Observatory is an astronomical observatory on top of Mount Hamilton, 80 kilometres southeast of San Francisco in the United States.


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Lidgett, John Scott (1854-1953), an English Methodist minister, played a leading part in uniting the factions of the Methodist Church (see METHODISTS).


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Lidice was a village in Czechoslovakia that German military forces destroyed in an act of revenge during World War II (1939-1945).


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Lie, Marius Sophus (1842-1899) was a Norwegian mathematician known for his work in group theory and differential geometry.


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Lie, Trygve (1896-1968), a Norwegian statesman, served as the first secretary general of the United Nations.


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Lie detector is a device that helps determine whether a person is telling the truth.


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Liebig, Baron von (1803-1873), helped found organic chemistry, the study of compounds that contain carbon.


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Liechtenstein is a tiny country in south-central Europe.


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Liege (pop. 195,389) is a city in eastern Belgium.


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Lien is a legal claim that one person has on the property of another as security for debt.


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Life.  Most people have little difficulty distinguishing living things from nonliving things.


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Life cycle is the sequence of changes that a living thing passes through from a particular form in one generation to the development of the same form in another generation.


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Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average number of years that a group of people of a certain age may expect to live.


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Life jacket is a device that is worn to keep afloat in water.


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Lifeboat.  Ships carry lifeboats on board to accommodate passengers and crew in the event of a disaster.


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Liffey is the chief river in the east of the Republic of Ireland.


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Lift is a transportation device that carries people and freight to the floors of a building.


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Ligament is fibrous tissue that holds organs of the body in place and fastens bones together.


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Ligature is a thread used in surgery to tie a bleeding blood vessel.


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Light is so common that we often take it for granted.


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Light, Francis (1740-1794), was a pioneer English trader and adventurer who played a key role in the British settlement of Malaya.


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Light, William (1786?-1839), was the founder and planner of Adelaide, Australia.


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Light meter is an instrument used to measure the brightness of light.


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Light-year is a unit used by astronomers to describe the distance to and between stars.


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Lighthouse is a tower with an extremely strong light that serves as a navigational aid for mariners.


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Lighting is a term that generally refers to artificial light--in most cases, electric light.


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Lightning is a giant electrical spark in the sky.


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Lightning conductor is a device that protects homes and other buildings from damage by lightning.


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Lightning Ridge is an opal-mining centre situated in central northern New South Wales, Australia, about 770 kilometres from Sydney, 75 kilometres north of Walgett, and 50 kilometres south of the Queensland border.


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Lightvessel is a type of ship or buoy that acts as a lighthouse.


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Lignin is a complex substance formed by certain plant cells.


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Lignite, also called brown coal, is a coal of low quality.


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Lignocaine is a drug used to block pain sensation in a specific part of the body.


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Lignum vitae is an extremely hard wood obtained from certain Latin-American trees.


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Ligurian Sea is the broad portion of water between the Gulf of Genoa and the Mediterranean Sea.


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Lilac is a beautiful shrub that is loved throughout the world for its fragrant flowers.


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Liliuokalani, Lydia Kamekeha (1838-1917), reigned as queen of Hawaii from 1891 to 1893.


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Lille (pop. 178,301; met. area pop. 950,265) is an industrial city in northern France.


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Lillee, Dennis (1949-...), a West Australian cricketer, became one of the best fast bowlers in the world.


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Lillie, Beatrice (1894-1989), an English actress, won fame as one of the brightest and most natural comediennes of her time.


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Lilongwe (pop. 186,000) is the capital of Malawi, in southeast Africa.


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Lily is one of the largest and most important plant families.


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Lily of the valley is a fragrant garden flower.


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Lim Bo Seng (1909-1944), a Chinese major general, became a hero during World War II (1939-1945).


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Lim Boon Keng (1869-1957), a Chinese doctor, promoted social and educational reforms in Singapore and China.


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Lima (pop. 5,706,127; met. area pop. 6,414,500) is the capital and largest city of Peru.


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Lima bean is the most nutritious member of the pea family.


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Limavady (pop. 29,144) is a local government district in Northern Ireland.


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Limbo, in Roman Catholic theology, is the home of souls who belong neither in heaven nor in hell.


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Limbourg, Pol de (?-1416), and his brothers Herman and Jean were noted manuscript painters called illuminators.


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Lime is an important industrial chemical.


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Lime is a rounded fruit that is pointed at both ends.


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Lime or linden is any of a group of graceful shade trees of the Northern Hemisphere.


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Limerick is a county located along the estuary of the River Shannon in the southwest of the Republic of Ireland.


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Limerick, Treaty of, ended the war between the English kings William III and James II. The English had deposed James, a Roman Catholic, in 1688 and made William, a Protestant, king.


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Limestone is a type of rock made up mostly of calcite, a mineral form of calcium carbonate.


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Limited company is a business organization in which each shareholder is responsible only for the shares he or she holds.


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Limnology is the scientific study of lakes, streams, ponds, and other bodies of fresh water.


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Limonite is a yellowish or brownish mineral deposit.


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Limpet is a sea animal with a protective shell.


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Limpopo River is an important river that flows for about 1,600 kilometres in southeastern Africa.


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Lin Biao (1907-1971), also spelled Lin Piao, was defence minister of China from 1959 to 1971.


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Lin Yutang (1895-1976), was a Chinese scholar and writer.


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Linacre, Thomas (1460?-1524), was a physician and classical scholar.


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Lincoln (pop. 81,900) is a city in eastern England.


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Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865), was president of the United States from 1861 to 1865.


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Lincolnshire is a county situated midway along England's eastern seaboard.


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Lind, Jenny (1820-1887), a Swedish soprano, became one of the most famous singers of the 1800's.


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Lindbergh, Anne Morrow (1906-...), is an American poet and essayist.


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Lindbergh, Charles Augustus (1902-1974), an American aviator, made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean on May 20-21, 1927.


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Lindisfarne is a small island located about 5 kilometres off the coast of northern Northumberland, England.


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Lindrum, Walter (1898-1960), was an Australian billiards player who dominated his sport for almost 20 years.


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Lindsay is the name of an Australian family of talented artists and writers.


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Lindsay, David (1856-1922) was an Australian explorer.


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Lindsay, Howard (1889-1968), was an American playwright best known for the several plays he wrote with Russel Crouse.


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Lindsay, Vachel (1879-1931), was an American poet.


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Lindsay of Birker, Lord (1879-1952) was a Scottish philosopher and scholar.


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Lindwall, Ray (1921-...) was one of the greatest fast bowlers ever to play cricket for Australia.


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Line, in geometry, may be described as the track of a moving point.


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Line Islands, also called the Equatorial Islands, consist of 11 isolated, low coral islands in the central Pacific Ocean.


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Line of Demarcation was an imaginary line drawn by Pope Alexander VI to settle land rights.


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Linear accelerator is a device that accelerates electrons, protons, and other electrically charged atomic particles to high energies.


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Linear electric motor is a device used mainly to propel high-speed vehicles that do not run on wheels.


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Linen is the yarn or cloth made from fibres of the flax plant.


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Lingonberry is a small fruit related to the cranberry.


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Linguistics is the scientific study of language.


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Link, Edwin Albert (1904-1981), an American inventor and businessman, developed the mechanical trainer, a machine on the ground that imitates aircraft flight.


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Linklater, Eric (1899-1974), a Scottish born writer, achieved wide popularity as an author of amusing satirical novels.


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Linnaeus, Carolus (1707-1778), a Swedish naturalist and botanist, established the modern scientific method of naming plants and animals.


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Linnet is a small bird in the finch family.


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Linoleum is a smooth-surfaced floor covering made from linseed oil.


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Linotype is the brand name of a machine used to produce metal type for printing.


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Linseed oil is an oil derived from the seeds of the flax plant.


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Linstead, Sir Reginald Patrick (1902-1966), a British chemist, made a study of organic chemicals and synthetic dyes.


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Linton, Ralph (1893-1953), was an American anthropologist.


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Lions Clubs, International Association of, usually called Lions Clubs International, ranks as the world's largest service club organization.


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Lip reading is the technique by which one person understands the speech of another without hearing any sound.


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Lipchitz, Jacques (1891-1973), was a Russian-born sculptor whose work represents many of the major movements in modern sculpture.


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Lipid is one of a large group of oily or fatty substances essential for good health.


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Lipmann, Fritz Albert (1899-1986), an American biochemist, shared the 1953 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Hans Adolph Krebs.


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Lippi, Filippino (1457?-1504), was an important painter of the Italian Renaissance.


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Lippi, Filippo (1406?-1469), was a leading painter of the Italian Renaissance.


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Lippmann, Walter (1889-1974), was an American journalist who won worldwide fame as a political writer and philosopher.


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Lippold, Richard (1915-...), is an American sculptor.


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Lipton, Sir Thomas Johnstone (1850-1931), founded a worldwide chain of grocery shops.


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Liquid is one of the three states in which matter exists.


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Liquid air is a product made by greatly reducing the temperature of air until it turns into a fluid.


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Liquid crystal is a substance that has the properties of both a liquid and a crystal.


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Liquidambar is the name of four species of deciduous trees with maplelike leaves that turn bright colours in the autumn.


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Liquorice is a herb that contains both a valuable flavouring and compounds of medicinal value.


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Lira is a unit of money in Italy and Turkey.


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Lisbon (pop. 663,315) is the capital and largest city of Portugal.


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Lisburn (pop. 98,826), a local government area in Northern Ireland, lies to the south of Belfast.


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Lismore (pop. 41,389), is a city in the extreme northeast of New South Wales, Australia.


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Lister, Sir Joseph (1827-1912), founded antiseptic surgery.


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Liszt, Franz (1811-1886), was a Hungarian pianist, composer, and teacher.


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Litany is a form of prayer-dialogue in which Christian worshippers take responsive parts.


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Litchi is the name of an evergreen tree that bears red fruit.


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Literacy is the ability to read and write.


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Literature in its broadest sense is anything constructed from a meaningful arrangement of words.


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Literature for children is of two kinds: literature that has been written especially for young readers--from preschool to teenage--and literature that young readers have adopted for themselves.


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Litharge, also called (chemical formula, PbO), is a poisonous yellow or reddish-yellow solid, a compound of lead and oxygen.


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Lithgow (pop. 12,369) is an industrial city in New South Wales, Australia.


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Lithium is a chemical element with symbol Li.


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Lithography is a printing process that has an important part in the fine arts and in commercial printing.


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Lithuania is a European nation that regained its independence in 1991, after more than 50 years of forced annexation to the Soviet Union.


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Litmus is a substance that is commonly used in chemistry to indicate whether a solution is an acid or a base.


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Litre is a commonly used measure of capacity and volume in the metric system.


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Little Barrier Island is a wooded island northeast of Auckland, in New Zealand.


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Little Sisters of the Poor is a religious congregation of women in the Roman Catholic Church.


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Littlewood, Joan (1915-...), is a British theatre director and the founder of Theatre Workshop.


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Littoral zone rock platform is a platform of rock along the seashore.


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Liturgy is a term that refers to acts of worship that are performed by the members of a religious group.


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Litvinov, Maxim Maximovich (1876-1951), a Soviet diplomat, joined the Russian foreign service in 1918 and became commissar for foreign affairs in 1930.


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Liu Bang (248?-195 B.C.), also spelled Liu Pang, was a Chinese emperor who founded the Han dynasty.


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Liu Shaoqi (1900?-1969?), also spelled Liu Shao-ch'i, succeeded Mao Zedong as chairman of the People's Republic of China in 1959.


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Live oak is a beautiful evergreen oak that grows along the southeastern coast of the United States.


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Liver is the largest gland in the human body and one of the most complex of all human organs.


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Liverpool (pop. 448,300) is a port city in northwestern England.


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Liverpool, Earl of (1770-1828), was Prime Minister of Britain from 1812 to 1827.


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Livery companies are institutions in the City of London that have evolved from medieval craft guilds.


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Livestock are domestic animals that are used to produce food and many other valuable products.


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Living will is a document that states the kind of medical care an individual would prefer if, due to injury or disease, the person could not communicate his or her wishes.


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Livings, Henry (1929-...), an English playwright, developed as his central theme the conflict between people in authority, and people who are rebels by nature.


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Livy (59 B.C.-A.D. 17) was one of the greatest Roman historians.


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Lizard is a reptile closely related to snakes.


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Ljubljana (pop. 276,133) is the capital and largest city of Slovenia.


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Llama is the largest South American member of the camel family.


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Llandudno (pop. 14,576) is a town and seaside resort in north Wales.


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Llanelli (pop. 44,953) is a town in south Wales.


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Llanfairpwllgwyngyll is a village on the island of Anglesey, in northwestern Wales.


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Llanos, meaning level lands, is most often used to mean a great savanna (grassland with scattered trees) region in Venezuela and Colombia.


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Llewellyn, Sir Harry (1911-...) was for many years a leading British show-jumper.


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Lliw Valley (pop. 61,700) is a local government area in West Glamorgan, Wales.


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Lloyd, Clive (1944-...), captained the West Indies cricket team 74 times, achieving 36 victories.


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Lloyd, Harold Clayton (1894-1971), was an American comedian who won fame in silent films.


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Lloyd, Marie (1870-1922), was a popular music-hall performer in London in the early 1900's.


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Lloyd George, David (1863-1945), a British Liberal Party leader, was prime minister during the last half of World War I (1914-1918).


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Lloyd, Selwyn (1904-1978), was secretary of state for foreign affairs for the United Kingdom from 1955 to 1960, chancellor of the exchequer from 1960 to 1962, and lord privy seal in 1963 and 1964.


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Lloyd Webber, Andrew (1948-...), a British composer, won fame for his rock musical Jesus Christ, Superstar! (1970), written to words by Tim Rice (see RICE, TIM).


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Lloyd's is an insurance association in England popularly known as Lloyd's of London.


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Loach is any of approximately 175 species of small, slender, freshwater fish.


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Loam is a soil that is between sandy soil and clay soil in texture.


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Lobbying is an attempt to influence the decisions of government officials.


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Lobelia, native to South Africa, is a low-growing perennial plant usually grown as an annual.


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Lobster is a hard-shelled animal that lives on the bottom of the ocean near the shore.


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Local government generally refers to the government of an area smaller than a country, state, or province.


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Locarno Conference resulted in the Rhineland Security Pact and six other treaties.


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Loch Lomond is the largest and one of the most famous of the Scottish lakes.


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Loch Ness monster is a large animal that some people believe lives in Loch Ness, a lake in northern Scotland.


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Lochaber (pop. 20,803), a local government area in Highland Region, Scotland, takes in the areas of Fort William, Ballachulish, Kinlochleven, and Ardnamurchan.


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Lochner, Stephen (1390?-1451), was one of the most important German painters of the 1400's.


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Lock is a water-filled chamber in a canal that allows a boat to move up or downhill.


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Lock is a device that prevents a door or other object from being opened, moved, or operated.


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Locke, Alain Leroy (1886-1954), was an American educator and a writer on black culture.


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Locke, John (1632-1704), was an English philosopher.


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Lockout occurs when an employer closes a factory in order to keep employees from working.


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Lockspeiser, Sir Ben (1891-1990), was a British scientist and science administrator.


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Lockwood, Charles Andrews (1890-1967), was a vice-admiral in the United States Navy.


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Lockwood, Douglas (1918-1980), an Australian author, wrote I, the Aboriginal (1963).


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Lockyer, Edmund (1784-1860), a British soldier, discovered coal while exploring the Brisbane River in Australia in 1825.


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Lockyer, Joseph Norman (1836-1920), a British astronomer, discovered the element helium on the sun about 30 years before helium was found on earth.


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Locomotive is a machine that moves trains on railway tracks.


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Locoweed is any one of several kinds of perennial herbs that grow in western North America.


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Locust is a name that can refer to any short-horned grasshopper--that is, a grasshopper with short antennae (feelers).


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Locust, or false acacia, is any of about 20 plants native to North America.


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Lodestone is a hard black rock that exhibits magnetic properties.


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Lodge, Henry Cabot (1850-1924), led Republican members of the Senate in a successful fight to prevent the United States from joining the League of Nations after World War I (1914-1918).


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Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr. (1902-1985), served as a diplomat under four United States presidents.


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Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph (1851-1940), an English physicist, investigated the nature of oscillations and electric waves in wires and in wireless telegraphy.


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Lodz (pop. 847,900) is the second largest city in Poland.


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Loess is a kind of silt that forms a fertile topsoil in some parts of the world.


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Loesser, Frank (1910-1969), an American composer, wrote the music and lyrics for many musical comedies and films.


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Loewy, Raymond Fernand (1893-1987), was a French industrial designer.


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Loffler, Friedrich (1852-1915), a German bacteriologist, discovered the diphtheria bacillus in 1884, with the help of Edwin Klebs.


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Lofoten Islands include several large islands and many islets off the northwest coast of Norway.


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Lofting, Hugh (1886-1947), was the creator of Doctor Dolittle, a well-known character in children's fiction.


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Log is an instrument that measures the speed of a ship.


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Log cabin was one of the earliest dwellings built by European settlers in North America.


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Logan, Patrick (1791-1830), a British soldier, was put in charge of the Moreton Bay convict settlement in Australia in March 1825.


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Logan, Sir William Edmond (1798-1875), a Canadian geologist, gained fame for his pioneer work researching coal, glacial action, early fossil evidence of life, and ancient rocks.


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Loganberry is a small, reddish-purple fruit that grows on a trailing blackberry plant.


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Logarithms are numbers that are known in algebra as exponents.


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Logbook is the official or legal written record of the events that take place during a ship's voyage.


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Logic is a branch of philosophy that deals with the rules of correct reasoning.


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Logistics is the practical art of providing and maintaining soldiers, equipment, and supplies for military operations.


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Logwood comes from the core of a tree belonging to the pea family.


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Loire River is the longest river in France.


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Loke Wan Tho (1915-1964) was a well-known Malaysian-born photographer, art patron, and ornithologist (a person who studies birds).


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Loke Yew (1845-1917) was a Chinese-born Malayan businessman and philanthropist.


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Loki was a god of Norse mythology who was known as a troublemaker and trickster.


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Lollards were followers of the English religious reformer John Wycliffe.


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Lombard, Peter (1095?-1160), was a medieval theologian who wrote an important theological textbook, The Four Books of Sentences.


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Lombardi, Vince (1913-1970), was one of the most successful coaches in American professional football history.


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Lombards were members of a Germanic tribe that conquered much of Italy in the late A.D. 500's, and threatened the political power of the popes.


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Lome (pop. 366,476) is the capital and largest city of Togo.


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Lon Nol (1913-1985) headed the government of Cambodia from 1970 to 1975.


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London is the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.


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London, Ontario, Canada (pop. 311,085; met. area pop. 381,522), is a distributing, financial, manufacturing, medical, and transportation centre in the southern part of the province.


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London, Jack (1876-1916), was an American author, journalist, and political activist.


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London, Treaties of.  Throughout history, many international treaties have been signed in London.


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London, University of, is the largest traditional university in Great Britain.


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London Bridge is one of 15 bridges in London that span the River Thames.


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London Company was an association of "noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants" during the early days of the American colonies.


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London Gazette publishes routine notices from central and local government in Britain, and British legal notices.


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Londonderry is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland.


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Long, Crawford Williamson (1815-1878), was an American who, in 1842, became the first doctor to use ether as an anaesthetic for surgery.


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Long Beach, California, U.S.A. (pop. 429,433), is a major industrial centre, seaport, and tourist area in the southern part of the state.


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Long Island (pop. 6,861,474) is an island that forms the southeastern part of New York.


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Long Parliament refers to a session of the English Parliament that lasted without a break from 1640 to 1653.


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Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807-1882), was the most widely published and most famous American poet of the 1800's.


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Longford is the title name of a British family that is associated with politics and the arts.


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Longford is a county in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Longinus is the name given to the unknown author of On the Sublime, an ancient Greek treatise (long essay) on literary criticism.


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Longitude.  If one person on the equator travels directly north, and another person 111 kilometres west also travels directly north, their paths will meet at the North Pole.


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Longsightedness, is a visual defect in which a person can see distant objects clearly, but near vision may be blurred.


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Longstreet, James (1821-1904), was a Confederate general in the American Civil War.


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Lonsdale, Lord (1857-1944), Hugh Cecil Lowther, a leading British sportsman of his time, founded the Lonsdale Belts for boxing.


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Lonsdale, Dame Kathleen (1903-1971), an Irish-born chemist, specialized in the field of X-ray crystallography.


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Lonsdale, William (1800?-1864), served the Australian city of Melbourne in many ways during its first 18 years.


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Loon is a type of water bird with a sleek body for swimming and diving.


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Loosestrife is the common name of some flowering plants in the primrose family or the loosestrife family.


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Lopez Portillo, Jose (1920-...), served as president of Mexico from 1976 to 1982.


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Loquat is an orange or yellow fruit that has the shape and size of an egg.


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Lord is a title added to a person's name or to his office in Great Britain.


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Lord, Simeon (1770-1840), was an Australian pioneer merchant who became one of the wealthiest people in New South Wales during the early years of its settlement.


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Lord chamberlain is the most important officer in the British royal household.


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Lord chancellor is the head of the judiciary in Britain.


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Lord chief justice is the highest judicial officer after the lord chancellor in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.


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Lord Howe Island (pop. 320) is a volcanic island off the eastern coast of Australia, almost 650 kilometres northeast of Sydney.


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Lord lieutenant is the principal officer of a county in Great Britain.


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Lord mayor is the honorary title given the chairman of certain borough councils in Great Britain.


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Lord's Prayer is the most widely said Christian prayer.


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Lorelei is a high cliff that towers about 130 metres above the Rhine River between Mainz and Koblenz in Germany.


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Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1853-1928), was a Dutch physicist.


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Lorenz, Konrad Zacharias (1903-1989), an Austrian naturalist, was one of the founders of ethology, the study of animal behaviour.


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Loris is a slow-moving animal that lives in trees.


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Lorne, Marquess of (1845-1914), served as governor general of Canada from 1878 to 1883.


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Los Alamos National Laboratory, in Los Alamos, New Mexico, is one of the world's leading research institutions.


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Los Angeles is a huge city in southern California, in the United States.


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Lost Colony is the name given to an English settlement established in 1587 on Roanoke Island, off the coast of what is now North Carolina U.S.A. The colony is called lost because no one knows what happened to its people or where they went.


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Lot, in the Book of Genesis, was the nephew of the patriarch Abraham.


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Lothian Region was a region of eastern Scotland, south of the Firth of Forth.


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Lotschberg Tunnel is a railway tunnel that cuts through the Bernese Alps of south-central Switzerland near the Jungfrau.


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Lott, Dame Felicity (1947-...), is a British opera singer.


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Lottery is a popular form of gambling in which drawings are held for cash prizes.


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Lotus is the common name for many different kinds of plants.


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Lotus-eaters made up a race of people who were thought to live in North Africa.


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Lotze, Rudolf Hermann (1817-1881), was a German philosopher.


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Louangphrabang (pop. 44,244) is a city in Laos.


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Loudon, John Claudius (1783-1843), was a British landscape gardener and horticulturist.


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Lough Derg is the name of two famous lakes in the Republic of Ireland.


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Lough Neagh, in Northern Ireland, is the largest lake in the United Kingdom.


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Louis is the name of many famous French kings.


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Louis II, the German (804?-876) is often regarded as the founder of the German kingdom.


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Louis, Joe (1914-1981), an American boxer, held the world heavyweight boxing championship longer than any other man.


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Louis Philippe (1773-1850), was king of France from 1830 to 1848.


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Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1776-1810) ruled Prussia, with her husband Frederick William III, from 1797 to 1810.


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Louisiana is a southern state of the United States.


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Louisiana Purchase, in 1803, was the most important event of the American President Thomas Jefferson's first Administration.


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Louisville (pop. 269,063) is the largest city in Kentucky and a major industrial centre of the Southeast United States.


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Lourdes (pop. 17,425) is a town in southwestern France near the Pyrenees foothills.


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Louse is a small, wingless insect that lives on birds and mammals, including human beings.


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Louth (pop. 90,707) is the smallest county in Ireland.


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Louvre is one of the largest and most famous art museums in the world.


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Louw, Nicolaas Petrus Van Wyk (1906-1970), was an outstanding South African writer and academic.


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Love, Nat (1854-1921), was a black American cowboy of the Old West.


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Love-in-the-mist is the name for an attractive flowering plant.


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Lovebird is any one of several kinds of small parrots.


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Lovelace, Richard (1618-1657), was a member of a group of English lyric poets called the Cavalier poets.


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Lovell, Sir Bernard (1913-...), an English astronomer, built the world's first completely steerable radio telescope.


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Low, Archibald M. (1888-1956), was a British engineer and research physicist.


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Low, Sir David (1891-1963), a British cartoonist, was famous for his caricatures of British statesmen.


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Low Countries are coastal regions located between France and Germany.


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Lowchen is a breed of small dog, also known as the little lion dog.


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Lowe, Robert (1811-1892), a British barrister, played a prominent part in Australian politics in the 1840's.


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Lowe, Thaddeus Sobieski Coulincourt (1832-1913), organized and directed balloon reconnaissance and artillery spotting for the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Lowell, Abbott Lawrence (1856-1943), was an American academic.


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Lowell, Amy (1874-1925), was an American poet, critic, and biographer.


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Lowell, Francis Cabot (1775-1817), an American textile manufacturer, founded the first mill that carried through the entire cotton-manufacturing process from raw material to finished cloth.


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Lowell, James Russell (1819-1891), was an American author who played an important part in the cultural life of the United States during the 1800's.


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Lowell, Robert (1917-1977), was a leading American poet.


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Lower Hutt (pop. 94,540), is the ninth largest city in New Zealand.


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Lowestoft is a fishing port and seaside resort in Suffolk, on the North Sea coast of England.


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Lowry, L. S. (1887-1976), a British artist, became famous for his paintings depicting industrial towns in Greater Manchester.


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Lowry, Malcolm (1909-1957), was an English author best known for his novel Under the Volcano (1947).


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Loyola, Saint Ignatius (1491-1556), was a Roman Catholic religious leader who founded the Society of Jesus.


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LSD is an extremely powerful drug that causes distortions in thinking and feeling.


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Lu Xun (1881-1936) was the most important Chinese author of the early 1900's.


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Luanda (pop. 1,200,000) is the capital and largest city of Angola, and the country's chief industrial centre and port.


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Luba are an important ethnic group in the African country of Congo (Kinshasa).


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Lubbock is the name of a British family whose members won fame in several fields, particularly politics.


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Lubeck (pop. 210,318) is the most important German port serving shipping on the Baltic Sea.


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Lubitsch, Ernst (1892-1947), a German-born film director and producer, became famous for his comedies and farces.


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Lucas, George (1944-...), is an American film producer, director, and writer.


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Luce, Clare Boothe (1903-1987), became famous for her activities in American politics and government.


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Luce, Henry Robinson (1898-1967), was a noted American publisher and editor.


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Lucerne (pop. 60,562; met. area pop. 158,895) is a tourist centre and historic city in central Switzerland.


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Lucifer is a name commonly used for the devil.


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Luckner, Count von (1881-1966), a German naval officer, was one of the most colourful figures of World War I (1914-1918).


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Lucknow (pop. 1,669,136) is a city in north-central India, the capital of the state of Uttar Pradesh.


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Lucretius (99?-55?  B.C.) was a Roman poet and philosopher.


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Luddites attacked textile factories and wrecked machinery in Britain between 1811 and 1816.


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Ludendorff, Erich Friedrich Wilhelm (1865-1937), a German general, served as chief of staff to Paul von Hindenburg during World War I.


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Ludwig, Emil (1881-1948), was a German-born biographer who won both fame and criticism for his biographies.


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Luftwaffe has been the name of the German Air Force since 1935.


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Lugard, Lord (1858-1945), Frederick Dealtry Lugard, was one of the greatest British colonial administrators.


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Luge is a winter sport in which one or two people lie on their back on a sledge and race feet first down a steeply banked, ice-covered course.


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Lugworm is a small sea worm with a soft body.


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Luke, Saint, was an early Christian who was a friend of Saint Paul.


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Lukin, Dean (1960-...), an Australian weight lifter, won a gold medal for weight lifting in the super heavyweight division at the Olympic Games in Los Angeles in 1984.


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Lully, Jean Baptiste (1632-1687), an Italian-born composer, wrote the first significant French operas.


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Lumiere brothers were two French brothers who became noted scientists.


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Luminescence is the giving off of light by means other than heat.


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Lumpfish, also called lumpsucker, is a fish that lives near the shore in the cold ocean waters of the north.


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Luna was the goddess of the moon in Roman mythology.


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Luna, Juan (1857-1899), was the most important Filipino painter of the 1800's.


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Lund (pop. 81,199) is a city in southern Sweden, 20 kilometres northwest of Malmo.


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Lunda are a people who live in Angola, Congo (Kinshasa), and Zambia.


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Lundy Island is an island in the Bristol Channel off the north coast of Devon in the United Kingdom.


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Luneburg (pop. 59,645) is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony, in northern Germany.


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Lung is the chief breathing organ of mammals, birds, reptiles, and most adult amphibians.


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Lungfish is a type of fish that can breathe out of water.


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Lungwort is the name of several perennial plants of the borage family.


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Lunn, Sir Arnold (1888-1974), was a British pioneer of the sport of skiing.


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Lunt, Alfred (1892-1977), was one of the outstanding American actors of his generation.


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Lupercalia was an important religious festival in ancient Rome.


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Lupin is the name of a group of plants in the pea family.


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Lupus is the name of any of a group of diseases that affect the skin.


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Lusaka (pop. 818,994) is the capital and largest city of Zambia.


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Lushun lies near the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula in northern China.


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Lusitania was a British passenger ship that sank near Ireland after the German submarine U-20 torpedoed it on May 7, 1915, during World War I (1914-1918).


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Lute is an ancient stringed musical instrument.


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Lutetium (chemical symbol, Lu) is one of the rare-earth metals.


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Luther, Martin (1483-1546), was the leader of the Reformation, a religious movement that led to the birth of Protestantism.


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Lutherans make up the largest Protestant church in the world.


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Luthuli, Albert John (1898-1967), won the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his peaceful efforts to end racial segregation in South Africa.


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Lutine Bell hangs on the rostrum in the Underwriting Room at Lloyd's, in London.


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Luton (pop. 167,300), is a manufacturing town and a unitary authority with all the local government powers within its boundaries in Bedfordshire, England.


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Luton Hoo is a mansion in Bedfordshire, England.


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Luttrell Psalter is a handwritten book of psalms noted for its beautiful illustrations of English country life and customs of the Middle Ages.


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Lutyens, Sir Edwin Landseer (1869-1944), was one of the most important English architects of the early 1900's.


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Lutyens, Elisabeth (1906-1983), pioneered the introduction of Arnold Schoenberg's 12-note method of composition in the United Kingdom.


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Luxembourg is one of Europe's oldest and smallest independent countries.


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Luxembourg (pop. 76,640) is the capital and largest city of the country of Luxembourg.


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Luxemburg, Rosa (1871-1919), was a German socialist writer and revolutionary.


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Luzon (pop. 32,160,611) is the largest and most important island of the Philippines.


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Lvov (pop. 728,000) is a major city of Ukraine.


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Lwoff, Andre, (1902-1994), a French microbiologist, shared the 1965 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod.


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Lyceum is an organization in the United States that sponsors lectures, concerts, and other adult educational programmes.


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Lyceum was a gymnasium where boys and young men of ancient Athens received physical training and listened to the lectures of famous teachers.


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Lyddite is an explosive mixture of picric acid and collodion.


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Lydia was an ancient country in Asia Minor.


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Lydiard, Arthur (1917-...), a New Zealand athletics coach, developed successful techniques for training long-distance runners.


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Lyell, Sir Charles (1797-1875), a British scientist, is often called the founder of modern geology.


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Lyly, John (1554?-1606), was an English writer.


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Lyme disease is a bacterial infection transmitted by certain ticks.


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Lymphatic system is a network of small vessels that resemble blood vessels.


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Lynch, John (1917-...), was prime minister of the Republic of Ireland from 1966 to 1973 and again from 1977 to 1979.


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Lynching usually means the killing, generally by hanging, of a person by a mob in defiance of law and order.


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Lyndsay, Sir David (1490-1555), was a Scottish poet who wrote mainly satirical verse in the common language of his day.


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Lynen, Feodor (1911-1979), a German biochemist, studied how cells produce cholesterol and other fatty substances known as lipids.


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Lynn, Dame Vera (1917-...), is a singer who won fame during World War II (1939-1945) with her records and broadcasts.


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Lynx is a wild animal that belongs to the cat family.


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Lyon (pop. 422,444; met. area pop. 1,087,367) is the third largest city in France.


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Lyon, Arthur Sidney (1818?-1861), was an Australian journalist who is considered to be the father of the Queensland press.


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Lyons was the name of two Australian politicians, husband and wife.


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Lyra, also called the Harp, is a small constellation that can be seen from the Northern Hemisphere.


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Lyre is an ancient stringed musical instrument that resembles a small harp.


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Lyrebird is one of the most unusual Australian birds.


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Lysander (?-395 B.C.) was a statesman and general of the ancient Greek state of Sparta.


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Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich (1898-1976), was the most important biologist in the Soviet Union from the mid-1930's to the late 1950's.


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Lysias (459?-380?  B.C.) was a great orator of ancient Greece.


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Lysippus (380's?-306 B.C.?), was one of the greatest sculptors of ancient Greece.


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Lyte, Henry Francis (1793-1847), a British clergyman, is best remembered for the hymns he wrote.


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Lyttelton (pop. 3,200) is a town and port on the eastern coast of the South Island of New Zealand.


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M is the 13th letter of the English alphabet.


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Ma Yuan was the most famous member of an honoured family of Chinese painters.


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Maazel, Lorin (1930-...), is an American conductor.


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Mabo, Koiki (1937-1992) was a resident of the Torres Strait Islands, Queensland, Australia, who campaigned for Aboriginal land rights.


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Mac, Mc.  Biographies of people whose names begin with Mac, such as MacDonald, are listed alphabetically under Mac.


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Macadamia nut is a large, round seed that grows on the macadamia tree, a tropical Australian evergreen.


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Macao, also spelled Macau, is a Portuguese territory on the southeast coast of China.


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Macapagal, Diosdado (1910-...), served as president of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965.


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Macaque is the name of several species of large, powerful monkeys.


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MacArthur, Douglas (1880-1964), was a leading American general of World War II and the Korean War.


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Macarthur, John (1767-1834), laid the foundations for Australia's wool industry.


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Macaulay, Dame Rose (1881-1958), a British writer, won recognition in 1920 with the novel Potterism, a satire that was partly fantasy and partly tragedy.


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Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1800-1859), was the most widely read English historian of the 1800's.


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Macaw is the name of about 18 species (kinds) of large, long-tailed parrots that live in forested areas of South America, Central America, and Mexico.


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Macbeth (?-1057), seized the throne of Scotland in 1040 after defeating and killing King Duncan I. He based his claim to the crown on his wife's royal descent.


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MacBride, Sean (1904-1988), an Irish diplomat, became assistant secretary general of the United Nations (UN) and the UN's commissioner for Namibia in 1973.


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MacCallum, Sir Mungo (1854-1942), a Scottish-born scholar, became professor of modern literature at the University of Sydney, Australia in 1887.


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Macclesfield (pop. 147,000) is a local government district in eastern Cheshire, England.


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MacCormick, Austin H. (1893-1979), was an American expert on prison reform.


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MacDiarmid, Hugh (1892-1978), was the pen name of Christopher Murray Grieve, a Scottish poet and writer.


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MacDonald, Flora (1722-1790), became a Scottish heroine by helping Prince Charles Edward Stuart to escape to the island of Skye after his defeat at Culloden, Scotland, in 1746.


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MacDonald, James Ramsay (1866-1937), led the first Labour Party government of the United Kingdom (UK).


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Macdonald, Sir John Alexander (1815-1891), was the first prime minister of the Dominion of Canada.


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MacDonald, John D. (1916-1986), was an American mystery writer best known for his 21 novels featuring Travis McGee, an amateur detective.


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MacDonald, Malcolm (1901-1981), was British administrator and chief British representative in Southeast Asia in the years following World War II (1939-1945).


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MacDonnell Ranges are a belt of rugged mountains in the southern part of Australia's Northern Territory.


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Macdonough, Thomas (1783-1825), an American naval officer, became a hero of the War of 1812.


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Mace is a liquid tear gas that can be sprayed from a pressurized container.


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Mace is a club-shaped staff used as a symbol of authority.


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Macedonia is a historic region on the Balkan Peninsula of southeastern Europe.


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Macedonia is a country in southeastern Europe.


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Mach, Ernst (1838-1916), was an Austrian physicist and psychologist.


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Machado de Assis, Joaquim Maria (1839-1908), was a Brazilian author.


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Machete is a large, heavy knife with a blade shaped like a broadsword.


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Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527), was an Italian statesman and writer whom many people consider the father of modern political science.


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Machine gun is an automatic weapon that can fire from 400 to 1,600 rounds of ammunition each minute.


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Machine tool is a power-driven machine used to shape metal.


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Machu Picchu is an Inca archaeological site in Peru that probably served as a royal estate.


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Macintosh, Charles (1766-1843), a British chemist and inventor, is best known as the inventor of waterproof fabrics.


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Mackay (pop. 38,603) is a city on the eastern coast of Queensland, Australia, situated about 950 kilometres north of Brisbane.


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Mackay, Donald (1870-1958), was an Australian explorer.


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Mackellar, Dorothea (1885-1968), an Australian poet and fiction writer, became noted for her descriptive lyrics associated with the love of her native land.


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Mackennal, Sir Bertram (1863-1931) was an Australian sculptor who won many prestigious public commissions.


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Mackenzie, Sir Alexander (1764-1820), was a Canadian trader and explorer.


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Mackenzie, Sir Compton (1883-1972), was a British writer who became known in 1913 with his novel Sinister Street.


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Mackenzie, Stuart (1936-...), an Australian rowing champion, won the Diamond Sculls at Henley, in England, in the six years from 1957 to 1962.


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MacKenzie Country is a sheep-farming area in the southern part of the South Island of New Zealand.


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Mackenzie River, in the Northwest Territories, is the longest river in Canada.


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Mackerel is the name of several species of valuable food fish related to the tuna.


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Mackerras, Sir Charles (1925-...), an Australian conductor, arranged music for the ballets Pineapple Poll (1951) and Lady and the Fool (1954).


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Mackey, Mick (1911-1982), was an outstanding hurler for Limerick, Ireland, in the 1930's and 1940's.


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Mackie, Alexander (1876-1955), was principal of Sydney Teachers' College from 1906 to 1940, and professor of education at Sydney University from 1910 to 1940.


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MacKillop, Mary (1842-1909), an Australian nun, was known as Mother Mary of the Cross.


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Mackinac Island (pop. 479) is an island in the Straits of Mackinac, north Michigan, U.S.A. (see MICHIGAN).


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Mackinnon, Eleanor (1871-1936), was a founder of Junior Red Cross in Australia.


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Mackintosh, Charles Rennie (1868-1928), was a Scottish architect, designer, and painter.


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Maclean, Alistair (1922-1987), was a Scottish writer who wrote exciting stories of high adventure and intrigue.


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MacLeish, Archibald (1892-1982), was an American poet, dramatist, and critic.


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MacLennan, Hugh (1907-1990), was a Canadian author known for his novels about historic events and public issues in Canada.


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Maclennan, Robert Adam Ross (1936-...), a Scottish politician, became the last leader of the United Kingdom's Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1987.


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Macleod, Iain (1913-1970), a Conservative party politician, became the United Kingdom's chancellor of the exchequer a month before his death in 1970.


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Macleod, John James Rickard (1876-1935), was a Scottish physiologist.


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MacLiammoir, Micheal (1899-1978) was an Irish actor.


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MacMahon, Maurice de (1808-1893), was president of France from 1873 to 1879, and a distinguished soldier.


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MacManus, Seumas (1869?-1960), was an Irish author of stories, poems, memoirs, and plays.


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MacMechan, Archibald McKellar (1862-1933), was a Canadian essayist and educator.


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MacMillan, Donald Baxter (1874-1970), an American polar explorer, added much to people's knowledge of Greenland and the Canadian Arctic.


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MacMillan, Sir Ernest Campbell (1893-1973), was a Canadian conductor, composer, organist, and educator.


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Macmillan, Harold (1894-1986), was prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963.


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MacMillan, Sir Kenneth (1929-1992), a Scottish choreographer, created many ballets for the Royal Ballet at Covent Garden in London.


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MacNeice, Louis (1907-1963), was a British poet and literary critic.


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Macquarie, Elizabeth Henrietta (1788-1835), married Lachlan Macquarie in Devon, England, in 1807.


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Macquarie, Lachlan (1762-1824), a Scottish military officer, served as governor of New South Wales, Australia, from 1810 to 1821.


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Macquarie Island lies in the southern Pacific Ocean, nearly 1,500 kilometres southeast of Tasmania.


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Macquarie River flows for 944 kilometres through New South Wales, Australia.


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Macquarie Towns is the collective name for five townships in the Hawkesbury River district of New South Wales, Australia.


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Macrame is the art of creating practical and decorative articles by knotting cord, rope, or string.


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MacSharry, Ray (1938-...), an Irish politician, became European commissioner for agriculture and rural development in 1989.


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Madagascar is an African country made up of one large island and many tiny nearby islands.


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Madang (pop. 21,332) is the fourth largest town in Papua New Guinea.


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Madder is a plant that is grown in Europe and Asia for use in making dyes.


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Madeira Islands are a group of islands that belong to Portugal.


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Madeira River is the largest branch of the Amazon River and an important trade waterway of South America.


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Madero, Francisco Indalecio (1873-1913), led the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and was president of Mexico from 1911 to 1913.


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Madhya Pradesh is a state in central India.


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Madison, Dolley Payne (1768-1849), a famous Washington hostess, was the wife of U.S. President James Madison.


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Madison, James (1751-1836), was the fourth president of the United States, serving from 1809 to 1817.


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Madonna (1958-...), an American singer, dancer, and actress, is one of the world's best-known rock music performers.


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Madonna and Child are the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus in works of art.


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Chennai (pop. 3,795,028; met. area pop. 5,361,468), formerly called Madras, is India's fourth largest city.


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Madrid (pop. 2,909,792) is the capital and largest city of Spain.


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Madrigal is a type of music in which two or more voices sing separate melodies to a literary text.


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Madrona, also called madrone, is a small tree with white, urn-shaped flowers and leathery evergreen leaves.


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Maelstrom is a swift and dangerous current in the Arctic Ocean.


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Maeterlinck, Maurice (1862-1949), was a Belgian dramatist, poet, naturalist, and philosopher.


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Maeve, Queen, was the warrior queen of Connacht in Ireland.


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Maffei galaxies, often called Maffei 1 and Maffei 2, are two large star systems.


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Mafia is a secret criminal society in Sicily.


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Mafikeng (pop. 6,500) is a town of historic importance in North West province, South Africa.


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Magazine is a collection of articles or stories--or both--published at regular intervals.


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Magazine is a military and naval term for a protected building or storage room for ammunition.


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Magee, Snake was a legendary oil-well driller from West Virginia, U.S.A. Cable-tool drillers (see PETROLEUM Methods of drilling) were called "snakes" because they drilled formations only a snake could get through.


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Magellan, Ferdinand (1480?-1521), was a Portuguese sea captain who commanded the first expedition that sailed around the world.


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Magellan, Strait of, is a narrow, rough waterway that separates the islands of Tierra del Fuego from the mainland of South America.


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Magellanic Clouds are two galaxies visible in the Southern Hemisphere as small, hazy patches of light.


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Maggot is the larva, or young, of many kinds of flies.


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Magherafelt (pop. 35,884) is a local government district in Northern Ireland, situated to the northwest of Lough Neagh.


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Magi were the hereditary members of a priestly class from Media, an ancient kingdom located in what is now northern Iran.


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Magic is the supposed use of unnatural or superhuman power by a person to try to control human actions or natural events.


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Magic Circle is a British club for magicians which is open to people interested in the art of conjuring.


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Magician is an entertainer who performs tricks that seem impossible.


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Maginot Line is a fortified line of defence along the eastern border of France.


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Magna Carta is a document that marked a decisive step forward in the development of constitutional government in England.


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Magnesia, also called magnesium oxide (chemical formula, MgO), is a white, tasteless, earthy substance.


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Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg.


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Magnetic amplifier, also called a saturable reactor, is a device used to control large amounts of electric power.


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Magnetic equator is an imaginary band that circles the earth near the geographic equator.


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Magnetic Island lies between the Great Barrier Reef and the coast of Queensland, Australia, about 10 kilometres northeast of Townsville.


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Magnetic levitation train, also called maglev train, is a vehicle that uses magnetic forces to travel at high speeds.


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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique used in medicine for producing images of tissues inside the body.


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Magnetic storm is a strong fluctuation in the earth's magnetic field.


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Magnetism is the force that electric currents exert on other electric currents.


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Magneto is an electric generator that provides spark ignition in some internal combustion engines.


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Magnetohydrodynamics, often abbreviated MHD, is the study of the ways in which electric and magnetic fields interact with fluids that conduct electricity.


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Magnetometer is a device that measures the strength of a magnetic field.


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Magnifying glass is a lens which makes nearby objects appear larger.


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Magnitogorsk (pop. 443,000) is the principal steel centre of Russia.


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Magnitude is the scale used by astronomers to measure the brightness of luminous objects in space.


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Magnolia is the name of a group of trees and shrubs which often have large, showy flowers.


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Magpie is a name given to a number of different birds of the crow family that have long tails.


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Magpie goose is a long-legged, long-necked black-and-white duck found in northern Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania.


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Magritte, Rene (1898-1967), was a Belgian surrealist painter.


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Magsaysay, Ramon (1907-1957), was the third president of the Philippines (1953-1957).


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Maguey is the name given to several kinds of agave plants which grow in Mexico.


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Magyars are a group of people who are usually called Hungarians.


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Mah-jongg, also spelled mah jongg or mah-jong, is a Chinese game that developed in the 1800's.


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Maha Bodhi Society, is a society that was formed to encourage and promote Buddhism and Buddhist studies in India (the religion's birthplace) and other countries.


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Mahabharata is one of the two great epic poems of India.


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Mahamaya, also known as Maya, is the mother of Gautama Buddha and the wife of Raja Suddhodhana.


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Maharaja Lela (?-1877) was a Malay chief who organized the assassination of the first British resident (government representative) appointed to the state of Perak in Malaya.


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Maharashtra is a state on the northern part of India's western coast.


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Mahathir bin Mohamad, Datuk Seri (1925-...), became prime minister of Malaysia in 1981.


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Mahavira (599?-527?  B.C.) was a teacher of the religion of Jainism.


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Mahfouz, Naguib (1911-...), an Egyptian author, is one of the most important figures in contemporary Arabic literature.


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Mahler, Gustav (1860-1911), was a Bohemian-born composer of the romantic period.


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Mahogany is often called the finest cabinet wood of the world, because it has most of the qualities desired for furniture making.


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Mahy, Margaret (1936-...), a New Zealand-born children's author, became internationally known for her great storytelling ability.


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Maidenhair fern is an attractive fern with small, delicate leaves and shiny, black or purple stalks.


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Maidstone (pop. 133,200) is a local government district in central Kent, England, and is one of the United Kingdom's major hop-growing areas.


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Mailer, Norman (1923-...), is an American author.


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Maillol, Aristide (1861-1944), was a French sculptor.


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Maimonides, Moses (1135-1204), was the most important Jewish philosopher of the Middle Ages.


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Maine (pop. 1,233,223) is a state in northeastern United States.


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Mainframe computer is the largest type of computer.


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Maintenon, Marquise de (1635-1719), became the second wife of King Louis XIV of France in 1683.


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Mainz (pop. 188,571) is a commercial and industrial city in southwestern Germany.


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Maitland (pop. 43,247) is the third largest provincial city in New South Wales, Australia.


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Maitland, Frederic William (1850-1906), an English historian, pioneered in the study of early English legal history.


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Maize, also called corn or sweet corn, is a plant whose food value and many uses make it one of the most important crops in the world.


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Majapahit was an empire ruled by Hindu kings of eastern Java.


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Majolica is a type of pottery glazed with tin oxide to produce a soft white colour.


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Major, John (1943-...), was prime minister of the United Kingdom (UK) from 1990 to 1997.


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Majorca (pop. 534,511), also called Mallorca, is the largest island of the Balearic group in the western Mediterranean.


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Majority rule is a principle of democratic government that requires a decision to be approved by a majority of voters.


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Makarios III (1913-1977), a Greek Orthodox clergyman, became the first president of Cyprus in 1959.


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Makati (pop. 372,204) is a town on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.


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Makeba, Miriam (1932-...), is an internationally acclaimed South African singer.


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Makemie, Francis (1658?-1708), was a minister and a businessman.


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Malabo (pop. 15,253) is the capital of Equatorial Guinea.


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Malacca, Strait of, is a channel between the Malay Peninsula and the island of Sumatra, Indonesia.


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Malachi, Book of, is a book in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament.


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Malachite is a beautiful green copper ore.


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Malamud, Bernard (1914-1986), was an American author.


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Malan, Daniel Francois (1874-1959), was prime minister of South Africa from 1948 to 1954.


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Malaprop, Mrs., is a character in the English dramatist Richard Sheridan's comedy, The Rivals (1775).


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Malaria is a dangerous parasitic disease common in tropical and subtropical areas.


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Malawi is a small scenic country in southeastern Africa.


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Malay Archipelago, also called the East Indian Archipelago or Malaysia, is in a part of the Pacific Ocean that contains the largest group of islands in the world.


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Malay-Indonesian language is the language of the Malay Peninsula and the Malay or Indonesian archipelago, or island group (see MALAY ARCHIPELAGO).


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Malay-Indonesian literature is the body of spoken and written literature composed in the language of the Malay Peninsula and the Malay or Indonesian archipelago (island group) in Southeast Asia.


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Malays are a group of Southeast Asian peoples.


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Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia.


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Malaysia, Federal Territory of, is one of the 14 regions of the country of Malaysia.


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Malaysia, Government of.  Malaysia has a democratic and federal system of government.


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Malaysia, History of.  The most important factor in Malaysia's history has been its geographical position.


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Malcolm, George John (1917-...), is a British harpsichordist, conductor, composer, and pianist.


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Malcolm X (1925-1965) was one of the most influential black-American leaders of the 1950's and 1960's.


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Maldives is the smallest independent country in Asia and one of the smallest in the world.


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Maldon (pop. 50,800) is a local government district in eastern Essex, England.


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Male (pop. 46,334) is the capital and chief port of the Maldives.


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Malenkov, Georgi Maximilianovich (1902-1988), became premier of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953.


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Malherbe, Francois de (1555-1628), was a French poet who became a haughty critic of French poetic language and style.


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Mali is a large country in western Africa.


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Mali Empire was a black empire that flourished in west Africa from about 1240 to 1500.


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Malibran, Maria Felicita (1808-1836), was a famous Spanish opera singer.


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Malignancy most frequently refers to a malignant tumour, or cancer, in contrast to a benign (noncancerous) tumour (see CANCER; TUMOUR).


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Malik, Adam (1917-1984), an Indonesian statesman, was president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1971 and 1972.


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Malinowski, Bronislaw (1884-1942), was a British anthropologist.


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Mallard is one of the most common wild ducks.


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Mallarme, Stephane (1842-1898), was a French poet and critic born in Paris.


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Malleability is the ability of many metals to be pressed or hammered into thin sheets.


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Mallee is a district in northwestern Victoria, Australia.


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Mallee fowl is a heavy, fowl-like bird that lives in the semidesert areas of inland Australia where mallee scrub grows.


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Mallory, George Leigh (1886-1924), was a British mountaineer who died on Mount Everest.


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Mallow is the popular name of a large family of plants.


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Malmo (pop. 229,107); met. area pop. 455,017) is the third largest city in Sweden.


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Malnutrition is an unhealthy condition caused by a poor or inappropriate diet or by the body's inability to absorb or use nutrients.


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Malory, Sir Thomas (?-1471?), was the English author of the book Le Morte D'Arthur.


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Malouf, David (1934-...), is an Australian novelist and poet.


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Malpighi, Marcello (1628-1694), an Italian anatomist, became famous for his research on the structure of human tissues.


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Malpractice suit is a lawsuit in which a professional person is accused of injuring a patient or client through negligence or error.


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Malraux, Andre (1901-1976), was a French author who combined intellectual achievement with political activity.


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Malt is a food product that results when barley and certain other grains are specially treated.


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Malta is an island country near the centre of the Mediterranean Sea, about 95 kilometres south of Sicily.


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Maltese was probably the world's first lap dog.


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Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834), was an English economist.


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Maltose is the chemical term for malt sugar.


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Malvern, Viscount (1883-1971), Godfrey Huggins, was a leading figure in Rhodesian politics.


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Malvern Hills (pop. 87,000) is a local government district in Hereford and Worcester, England, centred on the upland area of the Malvern Hills.


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Mamba is the name of three species of deadly snakes of central and southern Africa.


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Mamelukes were a military group that ruled Egypt from about A.D. 1250 to 1517.


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Mamet, David (1947-...), is an American playwright.


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Mammal is a vertebrate (backboned animal) that feeds its young on the mother's milk.


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Mammary glands are special glands found in all mammals.


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Mammoth was a prehistoric animal closely related to present-day elephants.


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Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, U.S.A., is part of the world's longest cave system.


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Man, Isle of, lies in the Irish Sea, halfway between England and Ireland and about 30 kilometres south of Scotland.


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Management information systems are computer systems designed to aid the executives who run businesses, government agencies, and other organizations.


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Managua (pop. 677,680) is the capital, largest city, and chief commercial centre of Nicaragua.


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Manakin is a type of small, tropical bird.


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Manama (pop. 121,986) is the capital, largest city, and chief port of Bahrain, an island nation in the Persian Gulf (see BAHRAIN).


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Manatee, sometimes called sea cow, is a large water mammal.


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Manaus (pop. 613,068) is a major inland city of Brazil, and the capital of the state of Amazonas.


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Manchester, a large industrial city in northwestern England, is one of the United Kingdom's (UK's) most important economic centres.


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Manchester, Greater, is a geographical area covering what was formerly a metropolitan county in northwestern England.


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Manchester terrier is a breed of dog that originated in Manchester, England, during the 1800's.


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Manchineel is a tree that grows on beaches in Florida and in many parts of tropical America and the West Indies.


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Manchuria is a region in northeastern China known for its rich natural resources, especially coal and iron.


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Manchus were a people who conquered China in the 1600's.


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Mandalay (pop. 472,512) is Burma's second largest city and chief inland river port.


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Mandamus is a court order that requires a person, lower court, government official, or an officer of a corporation to do a public duty.


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Mandarin.  English-speaking people used the name mandarin for any high military or civil official of the Chinese Empire.


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Mandarin is a citrus fruit that has a sweet, juicy pulp and seeds with green cotyledons (seed leaves).


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Mandated territory.  After World War I (1914-1918), certain colonies and territories were taken from the defeated nations and placed under the administration of one or more of the victorious nations.


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Mandela, Nelson (1918-...), became president of South Africa in 1994.


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Mandela, Winnie (1936?-...), was deputy minister of arts, culture, science, and technology in South Africa's transitional government from 1994 to 1995, when she resigned after publicly criticizing the government.


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Mandible, or lower jawbone, is shaped like a horseshoe.


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Mandingo is the name of a group of west African people.


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Mandolin is a stringed musical instrument.


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Mandrake is the name of two similar plants that belong to the nightshade family.


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Mandrill is a large, colourful monkey that lives in the forests of Cameroon and other parts of western Africa.


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Maned wolf is the name of a large, wolflike animal of South America.


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Manet, Edouard (1832-1883), was a French painter who helped break tradition by using his subject matter primarily for visual effect, rather than for telling a story.


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Manganese is a brittle, silver-grey metallic element.


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Mange is a skin disease that affects dogs, horses, sheep, and cattle.


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Mangelwurzel is a variety of beet closely related to sugar beet and beetroot.


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Mango is a fruit that grows in tropical regions throughout the world.


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Mangosteen is a Malaysian tree with edible fruit.


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Mangrove is a tree that grows along tropical coasts in salty ocean water.


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Mangrove forest or mangrove swamp is an area with a dense growth of mangrove trees sometimes several kilometres wide.


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Manhattan Island is the commercial, financial, publishing, and cultural centre of New York City.


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Manhattan Project was created by the United States government in 1942 to produce the first atomic bomb.


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Manichaeism is a philosophical and religious system based on the teachings of a Babylonian prophet named Mani, who lived during the A.D. 200's.


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Manifest destiny was a term used to describe the belief in the 1840's in the inevitable territorial expansion of the United States.


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Manila is the capital and largest city of the Philippines.


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Manila Bay is the entrance to the city of Manila on Luzon in the Philippines.


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Manipur is a state in the northeast of India.


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Manitoba (pop. 1,091,942) is a province in central Canada.


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Manley, Michael Norman (1923-1997), served as prime minister of Jamaica from 1972 to 1980 and from 1989 until his resignation in 1992.


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Manly Cove, in Sydney Harbour, Australia, was named by Governor Arthur Phillip because he was impressed by the "confidence and manly behaviour" of the Aborigines when he landed there in January 1788.


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Mann, Thomas (1875-1955), a German novelist, won the 1929 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Manna, in the Old Testament of the Bible, was the food given by God to the Israelites during their 40 years of wandering in the wilderness (Exod. 16 and Num.


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Manna gum is a eucalypt tree native to Australia.


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Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil von (1867-1951), a Finnish military and political leader, helped found the Republic of Finland in 1919.


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Mannerism is a term that refers to a style of European art that flourished from about 1520 to 1600.


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Mannheim (pop. 294,984) is a city in southern Germany.


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Manning, Henry Edward Cardinal (1808-1892), Roman Catholic archbishop of Westminster, was a founder of Westminster Cathedral, in London.


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Manning, Timothy Cardinal (1909-1989), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Paul VI in 1973.


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Mannix, Daniel (1864-1963), was Roman Catholic archbishop of Melbourne from 1917 until his death.


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Manometer is an instrument used to measure the pressure of a gas or vapour.


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Manor of Northstead is one of the two nominal stewardships that United Kingdom members of Parliament (MP's) can take in order to resign their seats.


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Manorialism was the economic system of Europe from the end of the Roman Empire to the 1200's.


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Mansa Musa (?-1337?) was the ruler of the Mali Empire in Africa from 1312 to about 1337.


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Mansfield (pop. 98,800) is a town and local government area at the centre of the north Nottinghamshire coalfield in England.


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Mansfield, Katherine (1888-1923), a British author, wrote symbolic short stories about everyday human experiences and inner feelings.


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Manship, Paul (1885-1966), was an American sculptor.


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Manslaughter is the legal term for the wrongful unplanned killing of another person.


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Manson, Sir Patrick (1844-1922), a Scottish doctor, was called the father of tropical medicine.


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Mantegna, Andrea (1431-1506), was a leading painter of the Italian Renaissance.


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Mantis is an insect that is sometimes called praying mantis because it usually holds its front legs as if it were praying.


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Mantle, Mickey (1931-1995), an American baseball player, ranks among the leading home run hitters in baseball history.


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Manu in Hindu mythology, was the man who systematized the religious and social laws of Hinduism.


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Manuel, Trevor (1956-...), became trade and industry minister in the South African government in 1994.


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Manufacturing is the industry that makes cars, books, clothing, furniture, paper, pencils, and thousands of other products.


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Manukau (pop. 226,147) forms the southern part of the Auckland metropolitan area in New Zealand.


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Manure is any substance produced by animals or plants that is used as fertilizer.


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Manus Island is the largest island in the Admiralty Group of Papua New Guinea.


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Manuscript is a term for any document written by hand or by a machine such as a typewriter or a personal computer.


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Manzanita is a shrub of the heather family.


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Manzoni, Alessandro (1785-1873), ranks as one of Italy's greatest novelists because of his only novel, The Betrothed.


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Mao Dun (1896-1981) was a Chinese editor and writer.


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Mao Zedong (1893-1976), also spelled Mao Tse-tung, led the long struggle that made China a Communist nation in 1949.


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Maori are the original inhabitants of New Zealand.


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Maori Battalion, officially the 28th Battalion of the New Zealand Army, formed part of the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War II (1939-1945).


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Map is a drawn or printed representation of the earth or any other heavenly body.


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Maple is the name given to a large number of attractive trees that grow in China and the north temperate regions of the world.


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Maple syrup is a sweet, thick liquid obtained from the sap of certain maple trees.


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Maputo (pop. 1,006,765; met. area pop. 1,551,457) is the capital and largest city of Mozambique.


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Maquis were French patriots who formed a secret army to fight German occupation forces in France during World War II (1939-1945).


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Mar del Plata (pop. 532,845) is one of the most popular resort cities in Argentina.


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Mara, Ratu Sir Kamisese (1920-...), as leader of the dominant Alliance Party, became the first prime minister of Fiji after the British colony became independent in 1970.


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Marabou is one of the largest birds in the stork family.


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Maracaibo (pop. 1,151,933) is Venezuela's chief coffee-exporting port and second largest city.


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Maradona, Diego Armando (1960-...), an Argentine association footballer, became famous in the 1980's.


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Marais, Eugene (1871-1936), was a South African journalist and naturalist.


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Marajo is a large island that belongs to Brazil.


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Maralinga was the site of seven British-Australian nuclear test explosions in 1956 and 1957.


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Maraschino cherry is a preserved cherry.


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Marat, Jean Paul (1743-1793), was a radical leader of the French Revolution.


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Marathon, a coastal plain in Greece, was the site of one of the most important battles in the history of Western civilization.


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Marble is a rock widely used in buildings, monuments, and sculptures.


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Marble Bar (pop. 352) is a small town in the Pilbara region of northwestern Western Australia.


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Marbles is a children's game played with small balls, usually made of glass.


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Marcel, Gabriel (1889-1973), was a French philosopher.


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March is the third month of the year according to the Gregorian calendar, which is used almost all over the world today.


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March is a highly rhythmic musical composition that is performed mainly to accompany marching.


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Marches were areas of land in Wales ruled by nobles in the Middle Ages.


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Marching girls, also called majorettes, compete in teams against one another in drill and in various complicated manoeuvres.


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Marciano, Rocky (1923-1969), an American boxer, was the world heavyweight champion from 1952 to 1956.


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Marconi, Guglielmo (1874-1937), was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer who gained international fame for his role in developing wireless telegraphy, or radio (see RADIO).


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Marcos, Ferdinand Edralin (1917-1989), served as president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986.


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Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 121-180) was a Roman emperor and philosopher.


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Mardi Gras is a lively, colourful celebration held on Shrove Tuesday, the day before Lent begins.


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Marduk was the chief god of the ancient Babylonians.


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Mareeba (pop. 17,135), is the largest town of the Atherton Tableland region inland from Cairns, in Queensland, Australia.


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Maremma sheepdog is a massive, strongly built dog first bred to guard sheep.


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Marfan syndrome is a disorder characterized by abnormalities of the skeleton, eye, and heart.


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Margaret of Scotland, Saint (1040?-1093), was a queen of Scotland who carried out social and religious reforms.


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Margarine is a butterlike food made from vegetable oils or animal fats, or both.


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Margate is a popular seaside resort in Kent, southeastern England.


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Margay is a wildcat that lives in Central and South America from northern Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil.


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Margin in stock exchange refers to the deposits which investors give to their brokers to buy shares.


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Margrethe II (1940-...) is queen of Denmark.


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Maria Island is a small island (not more than 19 kilometres long by 13 kilometres wide) off the east coast of Tasmania, an island state of Australia.


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Maria Theresa (1717-1780) was Holy Roman empress, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and archduchess of Austria.


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Mariana Islands are formed by the summits of 15 volcanic mountains in the Pacific.


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Marie Antoinette (1755-1793) was the beautiful queen of France who died on the guillotine during the French Revolution.


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Marie Louise (1791-1847) was the second wife of Napoleon Bonaparte and the daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria.


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Marigold is a hardy flowering plant commonly grown in gardens.


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Marijuana, also spelled marihuana, is a drug made from the dried leaves and flowering tops of the hemp plant.


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Marimba is a percussion instrument that consists of a number of bars arranged on a frame like the keys of a piano.


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Marin, John (1870-1953), was one of the first American artists to paint in a modern style.


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Marine is a soldier who serves at sea and in special missions on land and in the air.


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Marine biology is the study of organisms that live in the sea.


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Marion, Francis (1732?-1795), was an American military leader whose shrewd, daring raids in the American Revolution won him the nickname of The Swamp Fox.


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Mariposa lily is a group of about 60 species of spring-blooming flowers of the lily family.


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Marisol (1930-...) is an American sculptor known for her witty, life-size wooden figures.


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Maritain, Jacques (1882-1973), was a French philosopher and one of the most influential Roman Catholic scholars of the 1900's.


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Maritime law regulates commerce and navigation on the high seas or other navigable waters, including inland lakes and rivers.


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Maritime Strike took place in Australia in 1890.


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Marius, Gaius (157-86 B.C.), was a Roman general and statesman.


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Marivaux, Pierre (1688-1763), was a French playwright and novelist.


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Marjoram is the popular name of a group of herbaceous plants that belong to the mint family.


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Mark, Saint, sometimes called John Mark, was an early Christian who accompanied Saint Paul on his first missionary journey.


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Market gardening is growing vegetables or fruit, or both, for market.


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Market research is the process of gathering and analysing information to help business firms and other organizations make marketing decisions.


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Marketing is the process by which sellers find buyers and by which goods and services move from producers to consumers.


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Markievicz, Countess (1868-1927), born Constance Georgine Gore-Booth, was an Irishwoman who played an important part in her country's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom.


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Markova, Dame Alicia (1910-...), is considered the first great English ballerina.


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Marks, Lord (1888-1964), a British businessman and philanthropist, provided good quality clothing at moderate prices to millions of people.


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Marks and Spencer is a large British retail company that operates a chain of department stores.


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Marl is the common name for calcareous mudstone, a type of rock that consists of almost equal amounts of clay and calcite or dolomite.


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Marlborough Sounds are a series of deep-sea inlets that form part of the northern coast of the South Island of New Zealand.


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Marlborough, Duke of (1650-1722), was one of England's greatest generals.


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Marley, Bob (1945-1981), a Jamaican musician, was a singer and composer of reggae music.


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Marlin is the name of a group of large game fishes that live in the ocean.


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Marlowe, Christopher (1564-1593), a British playwright, was the first great Elizabethan writer of tragedy.


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Marmara, Sea of, is part of the trade waterway that links the Black Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.


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Marmoset is one of the world's smallest kinds of monkey.


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Marmot is the largest member of the squirrel family.


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Marne River is the largest branch of the Seine River in France.


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Maroochy is a river in Queensland, Australia.


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Marot, Clement (1496-1544), was a French poet who served in the households of King Francis I and Marguerite de Navarre.


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Marquand, John Phillips (1893-1960), an American novelist, pictured the decayed aristocratic society in Boston with gentle but effective satire.


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Marquesas Islands are a group of about 10 volcanic islands in the South Pacific Ocean.


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Marquess is a degree of nobility in the British peerage.


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Marquette, Jacques (1637-1675), was a French explorer and Roman Catholic missionary in North America.


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Marrakech (pop. 672,506) is one of the largest cities in Morocco.


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Marram grass has long, narrow, pale-green leaves.


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Marriage is the relationship between a man and a woman who have made a legal agreement to live together.


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Marron is one of the world's largest freshwater crayfish.


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Marrow, or vegetable marrow, is a popular plant grown for its fruit.


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Marryat, Frederick (1792-1848), was an English author whose novels about life at sea were widely read during the 1800's.


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Mars was the god of war in Roman mythology.


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Mars is the only planet whose surface can be seen in detail from the earth.


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Marsden, Samuel (1765-1838), was an English clergyman who established Anglican missions in New South Wales, Australia, and New Zealand.


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Marsden, William (1754-1836), an East India Company official in Sumatra, Indonesia, became one of the most outstanding scholars of Malay in the English-speaking world.


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Marseillaise is the national anthem of France.


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Marseille (pop. 807,726; met. area pop. 1,087,372) is the second largest city in France and the country's main seaport.


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Marsh is a wet area where such nonwoody plants as reeds, grasses, rushes, and sedges grow.


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Marsh, Dame Ngaio (1895-1982), a New Zealand writer, became one of the world's best-known writers of detective stories.


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Marsh, Reginald (1898-1954), was an American artist famous for his realistic pictures of New York City life.


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Marsh, Rodney (1947-...), was an Australian wicketkeeper who won renown as half of the "perfect pair."  Fast bowler Dennis Lillee was the other half.


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Marsh mallow is a plant that grows in meadows and marshes of northern Africa and eastern Europe.


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Marshal is the highest title in the armies of many countries.


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Marshall, Alan (1902-1984), an Australian author, became known for his short stories.


