# Flag File

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The Republic of Ireland, (pop. 2,960,593), put on a strong economic drive in 1958 to sell more goods abroad and to attract more tourists. Irish officials hoped to boost income so the nation could pay for its imports. The Irish Industrial Development ...


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The President's principal assistant, Sherman Adams, came under fire in June. The President stood by him, but Adams resigned in September. A business recession swept across the nation early in the year, and revolt in Iraq and rioting in Lebanon added ...


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United States voters flocked to the polls in record numbers in November, 1958, to hand the Democratic party a landslide victory. The Democrats piled up a 283 to 153 margin in the House of Representatives, and a 64 to 34 majority in the Senate. ...


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Europe concentrated on political and economic developments in 1958. The struggle against communism dropped into the background until late in the year. France, led by General Charles de Gaulle, adopted a new constitution that provided for strong ...


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(Pop. 4,065,027). The Communist party scored surprising gains in the July, 1958, parliamentary elections. But opposing parties countered by setting up an anticommunist coalition government. Veteran Social Democratic leader K. A. Fagerholm headed the ...


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Louisiana State University used three teams--the White team, the Go team, and the Chinese Bandits--to sweep through 10 games unbeaten and untied and win the 1958 national collegiate championship. National rating services unanimously picked the LSU ...


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The Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology in 1958 put on display the world's only complete skeleton of what was once the largest flesh-eating reptile in the sea. The 42-foot-long skeleton was that of Kronosaurus queenslandicus, a kind of ...


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France skidded to the brink of civil war in 1958, and then turned to General Charles de Gaulle for help. The World II French liberation leader came out of retirement to each French bickering, and win approval for a new French constitution. The Fifth ...


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While many scientists turned their eyes toward the conquest of outer space in 1958, one group of scientists made plans to go in the other direction--inside the earth. An organization called the American Miscellaneous Society (AMSOC) proposed a $10,000,...


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Communist East Germany made a determined bid in 1958 to force pro-Western nations to recognize its government. West Germany allied itself more firmly to Western nations by planning to equip its army with guided missiles. It hoped to add nuclear ...


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The United Kingdom enjoyed moderate prosperity and fairly good foreign relations in 1958. Its few domestic worries included racial disorders and rising unemployment. In foreign affairs, Great Britain tried to promote its Free Trade Area program, but ...


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Greece (pop. 7,631,124) endorsed the pro-Western government of Premier Constantine Karamanlis in 1958. His National Radical Union party won the May elections. But the Communist party made a sharp gain, taking one fourth of the popular vote. ...


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Haiti (pop. 3,097,220) Suffered from political and economic pressures in 1958. President Fransois Duvalier dismissed strong man General Antonio Kebreau in March, because of his disregard of civil authority. The president personally led troops to put ...


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The Montreal Canadiens whipped the Boston Bruins, 4 matches to 2, in April for their third straight Stanley Cup victory. Maurice "Rocket" Richard, 36-year-old wingman, paced the Canadiens. Montreal ran away with the regular season race, winning 43 ...


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Former Premier Imre Nagy, charged with treason and plotting the Hungarian uprising against Soviet domination in 1956, was executed in June, 1958. During the revolt, he had sought refuge in the Yugoslav embassy in Budapest. But he was seized and ...


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India was forced to revise its sweeping economic program in 1958. Its second Five Year Plan, started in April, 1956, had to be reduced because of shrinking income. The original plan called for an investment in government projects of more than $10,000,...


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Congress in 1958 provided that the 750,000 acres in tribal forest lands of the Klamath Indians in Oregon may be sold. But the buyers, must agree to manage the land according to "sustained yield procedures so as to furnish a continuous supply of timber....


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Indonesia successfully countered a rebellion in 1958, and showed signs of curbing its gradual drift toward communism. Early in the year, President Sukarno pushed his plan for a "guided democracy," and tried to reduce the political influence of ...


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Israel remained a sore spot in Western dealings with Arab nations in 1958. Israeli fighter planes shot down an Egyptian MIG in the first Middle East air battle since 1956. Israel ignored a United Nations request by continuing drainage operations in ...


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Italy turned its back on extremist parties at both ends of the political ladder in the May parliamentary elections. It gave the Christian Democratic party 273 of the 596 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, or lower house of parliament. The Communist ...


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Japan held general elections for the House of Representatives, the lower chamber of the Japanese Diet (Parliament), in May, 1958. The elections brought little change in the membership of the House. The Liberal Democratic party maintained a slightly ...


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Chinese Communist "volunteer" troops were withdrawn from North Korea in 1958. The withdrawal began in March and was completed by the end of the summer. Many of the troops and their commanders were transferred to Fukien province, where the Chinese ...


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Latin America suffered from widespread economic problems during 1958. They spurred moves to stabilize prices, make regional trade agreements and review hemisphere relations. Slumping world prices and lower demand for the area's key export products ...


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(Pop. 1,150,00). Great Britain agreed in 1958 to furnish technical assistance to Libya for five years, and to strengthen Libya's army. Premier Abdul Majid Koobar of Libya announced that the United States would furnish $5,500,000 a year to the Libyan ...


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MALAYA (pop. 4,905,999), celebrated the first anniversary of its independence, in August, with the highest standard of living in Southeast Asia. The price of rubber, its main source of income, remained stable. But the declined of the tin market forced ...


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Manitoba turned its back on the Liberal party in 1958, for the time in 43 years. Provincial voters in June gave Dufferin Roblin's Conservative party 26 of the 57 seats in the legislative assembly. The Liberal took 19 seats, the Cooperative ...


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The success of scientists in launching artificial earth satellites spurred research in space medicine during 1958. Human volunteers endured accelerations three times the acceleration of gravity for as long as an hour. Such accelerations would be more ...


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Adolfo Lopez Mateos, an overwhelming winner in the July elections, began a six-year term as president of Mexico on Dec. 1, 1958. He inherited a basically sound economy. The country kept its gold and dollar reserves at reasonably high levels during the ...


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Influence of the United States and its allies dwindled almost to the vanishing point in 1958. Arab nations pulled away from the U.S. and Great Britain. Only Iran and Israel completely supported Western policies. Afghanistan declared itself neutral. ...


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The Netherlands (pop. 10,550,737) began work in 1958 on a huge "Delta Plan," a gigantic dike to close off the mouths of the Rhine River. Officials hoped that the plan would prevent another flood like that in 1953, when hundreds of people were killed ...


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In 1958, New Brunswick worked to ready a hospital-insurance program that would cover all persons in the province. The $17,200,000-a-year plan, to be financed by the province and the federal government, was originally scheduled to go into operation on ...


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A royal commission reviewed the financial terms between Newfoundland and Canada in 1958. It recommend that the federal government pay an additional $8,000,000 each year to the province. The recommendation was not acted upon during 1958. During the ...


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(Pop. 3,310,821). King Olav V appeared before the Norwegian Storting (parliament) in January, 1958, and swore allegiance to the constitution. He succeeded his father, King Haakon VII, who died in September 1957. In February, employers agreed to cut ...


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An underground earth shift killed 74 miners in the Springhill coal mine on Oct. 23, 1958. Officials immediately announced plans to close the mine. One hundred seventy-four men were at work in the mine when an underground upheaval shattered the mine ...


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In 1958, Ontario completed plans for a huge $100,000,000 road-and bridge-building program to link its main highways with United States roads. The construction will include three $20,000,000 skyways over the Welland Canal, and three international ...


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(Pop. 8,132,700). An angry crowd of about 2,000 people descended on Vice-President Richard M. Nixon of the United States as he visited Lima, Peru, in May, 1958. The communist-led demonstrators met Nixon at the entrance to the University of San Marcos, ...


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The Republic of the Philippines in 1958 adjusted to a split in its administration that is likely to last for four years. In January, Carlos P. Garcia of the Nationalist party began his first full term as president. He invited Vice-President Diosdado ...


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Experts in 1958 studied the properties of a fourth state of matter -- not solid, liquid, or gas. It is called plasma, or the plasma state of matter. "A plasma if formed when a gas is raised to such high temperature that its atoms come apart, forming a ...


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Communist party leader Wladyslaw Gomulka strengthened his control over Poland early in 1958. He purged thousands of party members who had not actively supported his policies. He curbed the power of the factory workers' councils and trade unions. In an ...


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Rock 'n' roll dominated the best-seller lists in 1958, but there were a number of hits by performers from other countries. One of the most notable was the Italian song Volare, recorded by Domenico Modugno. Modugno followed his record success with a ...


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Prince Edward Island worked in 1958 to improve its 3,000-mile system of roads. The federal government studied plans for a causeway linking the island with Cape Tormentine, nine miles away on the New Brunswick mainland. Residents of the island province ...


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Puerto Rico tried in 1958 to reduce food prices and cut down its imports. The Commonwealth pushed plans for large plants to produce meat products, animal feed, flour, soybean oil and margarine, processed coffee, and canned pineapple. Governor Luis ...


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Quebec went through a stormy political year in 1958. Premier Maurice Duplessis, the head of the strongly entrenched Union Nationale government, faced severe attacks from the Liberal opposition. Le Devoir, a Montreal newspaper, charged that the premier ...


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Counted its blessings in 1958 in its continuing battle with television. About 49,000,000 homes in the United States had radios, compared to 43,000,000 homes with television sets. Most families owned more than one radio. An additional 45,000,000 car ...


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Candidates were swallowed up in a nationwide Democratic landslide in the November, 1958, elections. The Republicans won only eight of 34 state governor's races, and they lost ground in both houses of Congress. ...


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Saskatchewan and the Canadian government agreed in 1958 to share expenses on a new hydroelectric and irrigation installation on the South Saskatchewan River. The $100,000,000 project will be built between Outlook and Elbow, about 120 miles northwest ...


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King Saud of Saudi Arabia surrendered to pressure in March, 1958, and handed over many of his absolute powers to his brother, Crown Prince Faisal. Faisal took control of foreign, domestic, and financial policies of the nation. The crown prince ...


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Brazil copped the 1958 world soccer championship by beating Sweden, 5 to 2, in Stockholm in June. The U.S. failed to qualify for the world cup play when it lost matches to both Mexico and Canada. ...


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The United States climaxed a year of space-travel achievements by hurling the world's largest satellite into orbit on Dec. 18, 1958. The space vehicle, a monster "talking" Atlas missile weighing more than 4 tons, was the fifth satellite placed in ...


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In 1958, Spain (pop. 28,039,112) began negotiations for a sweeping reorganization of its 200,000 man army. Minister of War Antonio Barroso visited the United States in October. He asked General Maxwell Taylor, chief of staff of the U.S. Army, for help ...


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(Pop. 7,150,606). The Social Democratic party, which had ruled Sweden almost continuously for 26 years, ran into difficulty in 1958. The party's supplementary social security bill was defeated by a vote of 117 to 111 in the lower house of the Riksdag ...


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A nationwide business recession took a heavy toll of telephone expansion plans in 1958. The industry cut back construction outlays by $342,000,000, to $2,5000,000,000. It held new telephone installations to 2,878,000, a drop of 560,000 below the ...


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Mounting criticism of program quality marked television in 1958. Producers confined themselves for the most part to doing "safe" shows such as re-creations of famous books and plays, and old movies redone for TV. Two of television's oldest live ...


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Thailand (pop. 17,442,689), led by Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, waged a brisk battle against communism in 1958. Lieutenant General Thanom Kitkhachon became premier in January, but Sarit dominated the government. The Thanom government cooperated with ...


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Turkey (pop. 20,934,670) rejected a British proposal for control of Cyprus in 1958, but it stood firmly by its Baghdad Pact and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) commitments. Prime Minister Harold Macmillan of Great Britain flew to Ankara and ...


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Prime Minister Johannes G. Strydom of South African died of heart disease on Aug. 24 1958. The ailment had troubled him for many years. Hendrik F. Verwoerd, Minister of Native Affairs, was named to succeed him by the Nationalist party. ...


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The Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) (pop. 210,000,000) took a giant step into the space age in January, 1959. It fired a huge, blazing rocket it called Metchta (Daydream), believed to be in orbit around the sun. Earlier in 1958, the ...


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Pro-American South Vietnam used most of its United States aid in 1958 in its program to resettle about 100,000 farmers. It tried to settle many in rural areas considered likely targets for communist invasion or communist infiltration. ...


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Records toppled almost daily throughout the United States in 1958. Many parts of the Northwest had their warmest January and February on record. But Florida had its coldest January and February. More snow fell in the New York cities of Buffalo, ...


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Water. "The ancient problem of water is on the threshold of solution," President Dwight Eisenhower told the United Nations in August, 1958. He referred to increasing hopes that the oceans may soon become inexhaustible sources of salt-freed "drinkable" ...


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The Yugoslav people enjoyed more comfort and a better standard of living in 1958 than at any time since World War II. Farmers had an abundant harvest, and the prices, uncontrolled by the government, were good. Basic industrial wages were low. But ...


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A 700-legged millipede, with four legs on each of its 175 segments, was discovered by zoologists in a valley in the Panama Canal Zone in 1958. The segments were strung one after the other on the millipede's long body. The wormlike animal had more than ...


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The United States Navy sent two atomic submarines under the North Pole's icecap during the summer. Early in August, the Nautilus became the first submarine in history to make the voyage. Its sister ship, the Skate, followed a few days later with a ...


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(pop. 223,500,000) welcomed the new nation of Guinea during the year, and awaited the independence of four more European-controlled territories in 1960. Other African territories won greater internal self-rule in their march toward independence. In ...


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(Pop. 1,123,116). Ernest C. Manning's Social Credit government won an overwhelming vote of confidence on June 19, 1959. His party captured 61 of the 65 seats in the legislature. It had held 37 seats. ...


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Fragment by fragment, man continued to reconstruct the mosaic of human history in 1959. Outstanding discoveries came from Central America, Africa, and Greece. ...


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Argentina (pop. 15,893,827) struggled with economic problems in 1959. President Arturo Frondizi's necessary but unpopular austerity program only succeeded in creating a wave of political and military unrest. ...


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Chinese aggression shook Asia in 1959. Communist China's attacks on Tibet, India, and Laos prompted defensive political changes in the neutral and pro-Western countries of Asia. In December, President Eisenhower visited the troubled nations of ...


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Scientists used rockets and satellites, as well as the telescope, to learn more about the universe in 1959. Man's first view of the far side of the moon came in October when Russia released historic photographs taken by a camera in its Lunik III ...


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Australia passed the 10,000,000 population mark on March 10, and the government ordered flags flown on all public buildings to celebrate the event. Immigrants accounted for half of the 2,000,000 increase that has occurred since 1949. ...


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The small car made big news in the automobile field in 1959. After long planning and study, the industry's "Big Three"--General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler--decided to fight for a share of the growing small-car market. Late in the year, they introduced ...


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Passenger jetliners shrank the world 40 per cent in 1959. They sped across continents and oceans at speeds of 600 mph. For the first time it was possible to fly around the globe on scheduled jet service. The international jet age dawned in October of ...


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Baseball bounced through a topsy-turvy season in 1959. The New York Yankees, favored to win their fifth straight American League pennant, collapsed completely and finished a distant third. Instead, the scrappy Chicago White Sox won the American League ...


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California edged past West Virginia, 71 to 70, in March at Louisville, Ky., to win the 1959 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) title. St. John's of New York City beat Bradley of Peoria, Ill., 76 to 71, for the National Invitational ...


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The Belgian Congo (pop. 11,870,651), was torn by riots and violence in 1959. In January, African demands for independence led to mob violence in Leopoldville. Forty-seven Africans were killed. The Belgian government tried to suppress the riots, and ...


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Drug companies in the United States intensified their search in 1959 for plants that might yield new drugs. They spent more money than ever before on medicinal plant research, and they budgeted even more for 1960. Botanical explorers searched through ...


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(Pop. 1,398,464). Labor troubles plagued the fast-growing economy of the province in 1959. A strike on coastal steamships was settled in January, but another followed among 1,200 lumber workers in the southern interior. ...


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Cambodia, kam BOH dih uh, (pop. 3,800,000), settled its border dispute with Thailand in February, 1959. Cambodia and Thailand released the prisoners they had taken in border clashes, and agreed to reestablish diplomatic relations. By the end of the ...


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Canada welcomed Queen Elizabeth II for a history-making visit in 1959. She took part in ceremonies that officially opened the St. Lawrence Seaway on June 26. She also presided at a Privy Council meeting that approved the appointment of Major General ...


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The first comprehensive social history of Canada, Canadians in the Making, was published in 1959. It was the work of Arthur R. M. Lower, one of the country's most reflective historians. Another volume that filled a long-felt need was The Atlas of ...


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Scientists took another step in 1959 toward understanding the chemistry of life processes. Two Canadian researchers, John G. Moffatt and H. Gobind Khorana, announced that they had synthesized, or produced artificially, coenzyme A. This chemical is ...


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Chile (pop. 5,930,809) made a serious attempt to balance its budget in 1959. President Jorge Alessandri stabilized the devaluated peso, Chile's unit of exchange. He also succeeded in raising monetary reserves from $58,800,000 in early 1959 to a total ...


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China sent troops into Tibet, and into India border areas in 1959. Chinese aggression created fear in the countries of Asia. At times, Chinese policies seemed to differ from those of Russia, the leader of the communist nations. Russia, however, ...


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The second session of the 86th Congress opened on Jan. 6, 1960, with an almost 2 to 1 Democratic majority in both houses. Civil rights legislation and price supports for farmers called for prolonged debate as the session got under way. Lyndon B. ...


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Roger "The Terrible" Touhy, a gang leader of the prohibition era, was shot to death in Chicago on Dec. 16, 1959. He was murdered 23 days after he had been released from prison on parole. Touhy had served more than 25 years for the kidnaping of John "...


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Cuba (pop. 5,829,029) underwent sweeping changes in 1959 under Fidel Castro. Castro became premier on February 16. He resigned in July after a disagreement with President Manuel Urrutia Lleo, resumed office a few days later, then smashed an attempted ...


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Czechoslovakia (pop. 13,296,243) acted to solve a 10-year farm crisis in 1959. It abolished a dual-price system and increased farm prices 14.7 per cent. Under the old system, farmers received one price for goods required to be turned over to the ...


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Democratic leaders laid plans in 1959 for a new effort to wrest control of the White House from the Republicans. Their 1960 national convention opens in Los Angeles on July 11 to select the next Democratic candidate for President. Leading ...


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(Pop. 4,387,967). Denmark became the target for a violent verbal attack by Russian Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev in July, 1959. Khrushchev protested the establishment of U.S. rocket bases on Danish soil. However, the first Nike rockets arrived in ...


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During the year, President Eisenhower made two trips to Western Europe to discuss the Berlin crisis, and to prepare for a 1960 meeting of heads of state. In August, he conferred with German, French, and British leaders about his coming conferences ...


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Elections in 1959 were local affairs and few prophets looked to them for omens for the 1960 presidential elections. Democrats pointed to their largest election victory in Kentucky's history as an indication of a nationwide turn toward the Democratic ...


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Europe (pop. 544,500,000), passed through a tense crisis over the Berlin and German issues in 1959. Western democracies stood firm against Russian threats, however, and the danger gradually subsided. Economic friction grew as 13 nations in Western ...


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Finland (pop. 4,065,027) started 1959 with a government crisis. The coalition cabinet of K. A. Fagerholm fell late in 1958. In January, after a 42-day crisis, Veino J. Sukselainen, head of the Agrarian party, formed a new cabinet. It was made up ...


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Undefeated Syracuse brought the national championship to the East in 1959 for the first time in 14 years. The Orangemen were the only major college team to finish the regular season with a perfect record, first in the school's history. They won 10 ...


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Louis S. Leakey, curator of the Coryndon Memorial Museum in Kenya, announced the discovery of a fossil skull that scientists believe may be a connecting link between the South African ape man and true man. Leakey discovered the almost intact skull at ...


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France strengthened its government, moved toward economic stability and assumed a more positive role in world affairs. President Charles de Gaulle introduced a program of austerity to cover the expenses of rearmament and the cost of war in Algeria. ...


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An orbiting satellite shattered an old established belief about the shape of the earth. Information radioed from Vanguard I in 1958 and analyzed in 1959 led scientists to conclude that the earth is shaped like a pear, larger in the south than in the ...


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The thorny problem of German reunification led to threats and counterthreats by Russia and the United States during 1959. But the country remained divided into West Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany) and East Germany (The Germany Democratic ...


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The United Kingdom enjoyed a high level of prosperity and scored impressive successes in foreign affairs in 1959. It played an important role in the formation of the European Free Trade Association, and finally worked out a solution to the vexing ...


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Greece (pop. 7,631,124) rejected Bulgarian offers for a nonaggression pact in 1959. The Greek government termed the pact unnecessary because both countries are members of the United Nations. ...


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Haiti (pop. 3,097,220) became involved in a feud between its Caribbean neighbors in 1959. Cuban rebels invaded Haiti in August, presumably to secure bases for an offensive against the Dominican Republic. But the Haitian army quickly repulsed the ...


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The Food Additives Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act became effective on March 5, 1959. The new law regulates the use of all food additives, including preservatives, coloring agents, bleaches, and emulsifiers. It requires ...


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The rumblings of the Hungarian revolution three years earlier still persisted in 1959. The government admitted in October that a number of persons had been executed during the year for crimes in the 1956 revolt. The government also was accused of ...


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The powerful Montreal Canadiens whipped the Toronto Maple Leafs, four games to one, in April, 1959, to win the Stanley Cup for the fourth straight year. The Canadiens reached the championship round for the ninth straight year by beating the Chicago ...


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India faced a series of political and economic crises in 1959. Communist China seized control of the government in Tibet, India's neighbor to the north, and invaded border land claimed by India. The Tibetan religious leader, the Dalai Lama, fled to ...


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Indian tribes moved steadily forward in their efforts to end federal control of tribal affairs. The Klamath tribe of Oregon transferred tribal property and holdings to a bank in Portland, Ore. This move ended federal trust responsibilities for funds ...


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President Sukarno abolished the 1950 Indonesian constitution on July 5, 1959. He replaced it with the constitution of 1945, under which he received almost dictatorial powers. Sukarno took on the combined post of head of state and head of government. ...


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The Republic of Ireland elected Eamon de Valera president in 1959. He resigned as prime minister on June 17, the day of the election, because the Fianna Fail party had nominated him for president. He won easily, and was installed as the third ...


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Israel avoided any major conflicts with its Arab neighbors in 1959. In March, Israel resumed attendance at meetings of the Israel-Jordan Mixed Armistice Commission. Starting with a clean slate, both sides wiped off more than 1,700 complaints and ...


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Italy continued to move along conservative political lines in 1959. The Christian Democratic party kept its place as the strongest party in Italy, but it was forced to accept the support of extremist parties to stay in power. ...


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Japan maintained a high level of prosperity in 1959. A balanced budget and a great industrial and agricultural boom high-lighted Japan's recovery from a 1958 recession. Japanese homes, many with Western ideas and modern conveniences, reflected the ...


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A new national security law gave the South Korean government power to suspend opposition newspapers and prohibit mass meetings in 1959. A new local autonomy law provided for the appointment, instead of the election, of local officials. President ...


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Latin America faced a series of political and economic difficulties in 1959. The area continued to suffer from its reliance on a few export commodities. National incomes dropped because of low world prices for coffee, tin, cotton, and wool. Natural ...


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Libya (pop. 1,091,830) struck oil in commercial quantities for the first time in 1959. One well, 100 miles from the Mediterranean, produced 17,500 barrels a day. It indicated possibilities of rich oil deposits and a new source of income for the ...


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MALAYA (pop. 4,905,999). The Alliance party gained sweeping victories in 1959 elections over the Pan-Malayan-Islamic party and other minor parties. In state elections in May and June, it won a majority in all legislatures except Kelantan and Trengganu....


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The voters of Manitoba (pop. 850,040) gave the Conservative government of Premier Dufferin Roblin a vote of confidence in 1959. The minority government had survived four nonconfidence motions before taking its case to the people in May. ...


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Poliomyelitis again claimed the attention of researchers in 1959. During the first eight months of the year, the number of paralytic polio cases more than doubled over the same period the previous year. Many victims had received the recommended ...


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Mexico made impressive economic progress in 1959. In September, President Adolfo Lopez Mateos announced that the value of the peso had been stabilized. He reported that gold and dollar reserves had climbed to a near-record total of $411,400,000. The ...


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A new note of moderation characterized the activities of Middle Eastern nations in 1959. National leaders attempted to achieve their aims through the use of diplomacy and propaganda, rather than by armed force. As a result, the area escaped serious ...


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The Netherlands (pop. 10,550,737) reorganized its government on conservative lines after a cabinet crisis in 1959. The indecisive character of the general elections in March resulted in a parliamentary deadlock that lasted 68 days. A caretaker ...


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(Pop. 554,616). Industrial development totaling some $212,000,000 centered around Saint John, the province's largest city, in 1959. The Rothesay Paper Corporation announced that it would build a $30,000,000 pulp mill there, and work started on a $10,...


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Newfoundland (pop. 415,074), experienced a troubled year in 1959, highlighted by a paralyzing strike of 6,000 loggers and two disputes with the federal government. The loggers' strike crippled the economy of the province, but Premier Joseph R. ...


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Norway (pop. 3,342,754), a northern anchor of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in 1959 urged steps toward disarmament and a ban on nuclear tests. King Olaf V called for these steps in a speech that opened the Norwegian parliament session ...


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Nova Scotia (pop. 694,717) announced several developments in 1959 designed to boost the province's economy. The government took over 6,000 acres on the Strait of Canso for industrial sites. It announced that private interests would build a $40,000,000 ...


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The United States Navy's bathyscaphe Trieste plunged to a record depth of 37,800 feet, or more than seven miles, under the sea on Jan. 23, 1960. Jacques Piccard and Navy Lieutenant Donald Walsh made the record dive in the Mariana Trench off Guam. The ...


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Rome will play host to the 27th Summer Olympic Games from Aug. 25 to Sept. 11, in 1960. About 6,000 amateur athletes from 75 nations, the largest total in Olympic history, will compete. The Winter Olympics were held at Squaw Valley, a tiny community ...


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Ontario (pop. 5,404,933) voters re-elected the Conservative government of Premier Leslie M. Frost in June, 1959, despite charges of political scandal. Charges that a former mines minister had profited through stock transactions involving the Northern ...


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(Pop. 9,758,000). Peru made serious efforts to stabilize its economy in 1959. In July, President Manuel Prado y Ugarteche appointed Pedro G. Beltran, an outspoken critic of the administration, premier. Beltran launched an austerity program to reduce ...


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President Carlos P. Garcia's administration lost strength in 1959. Elections on November 10 revealed dissatisfaction with Garcia's Nationalist party, which lost three of eight contested senate seats to the opposition. It won only 29 of the 54 ...


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Scientists announced in July that antilambdas, particles of antimatter, were photographed for the first time at the University of California's Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. The photograph established the existence of the particle. ...


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Food shortages, foreign-exchange problems, and other economic difficulties created political unrest in Poland during 1959. Premier Wladyslaw Gomulka shook up his cabinet in October in an effort to solve the many problems. He chose men who advocated ...


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Rock 'n' roll no longer dominated popular music in 1959. Artists associated with other types of music managed to reach the best-seller lists. Among them were Sarah Vaughan, the Kingston Trio, and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. ...


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Prince Edward Island (pop. 99,285) provided the most surprising political upset of the year in Canada. The Liberal government of Premier Alexander W. Matheson was defeated on September 1, after 24 years in office. ...


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Puerto Rico held a series of statehood demonstrations in 1959. But Governor Luis Munoz Marin declared that the island was not ready to assume the financial obligations of statehood. He pledged to hold a plebiscite on statehood after Puerto Rico had ...


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Quebec (pop. 4,628,378) had three premiers in four months in 1959, and in early 1960. Paul Sauve, 52, Minister of Youth and Welfare and a veteran of 29 years in the legislature, succeeded the late Maurice Duplessis as premier on Sept. 7, 1959. ...


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disc jockeys found themselves caught in the glare of public inquiry late in 1959. Many were accused of accepting payola, or payments for playing records on the air. Some of the disc jockeys readily admitted that they had been paid to plug, or ...


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Republican leaders in 1959 faced the prospect of a one-man race for the presidential nomination in 1960. Late in the year, Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York decided to bow out as a candidate for the top spot on the Republican ticket. This left ...


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Belgian promises of independence stirred bloody clashes between two rival tribes in Ruanda in 1959. The rioting was led by the Bahutus. They feared that complete independence would return them to slavery under the giant Watusis. Outnumbered, the ...


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Russia (pop. 208,800,000) continued its advances into outer space during 1959 while campaigning for peaceful coexistence on earth. The first Russian lunar rocket, launched on January 2, bypassed the moon and became a planet of the sun. A second rocket ...


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Saskatchewan (pop. 880,665) added to the hydroelectric power supply in the northern part of the province in 1959, opening a $40,000,000 generating station at Saskatoon. Queen Elizabeth officially opened the plant during her visit to the province. ...


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King Saud visited Cairo in August and pledged cooperation with President Gamal Abdel Nasser of the United Arab Republic. He celebrated the sixth anniversary of his reign in November. During the year, Saudi Arabia permitted women to appear on ...


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The McIlwaine Canvasbacks of San Pedro, Calif., defeated Fall River, Mass., 4 to 3, to win the 1959 United States Open title in Los Angeles in June. ...


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Man sent the first object from earth to another cosmic body in 1959. On September 14, Space Rocket No. II (Lunik II), a sphere launched by rocket from Russia, struck the moon. The sphere left earth on September 12 in a multistage rocket. ...


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Spain (pop. 28,039,112) agreed to major economic reforms in 1959 in return for additional United States aid. In July, the government devalued the peseta, reduced credits and public spending, and doubled the permissible level of foreign investments. ...


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Sweden (pop. 7,290,112) extended its welfare legislation in 1959. Long known for neutrality, Sweden also showed a tendency toward stronger sympathies for the West against Russia. ...


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The first direct telephone link between North America and Europe opened on September 22. The 4,400-mile system, built at a cost of $40,000,000, provides circuits for 36 conversations in both directions. The deep-sea portion consists of two cables ...


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Television was shaken by quiz show and advertising scandals in 1959. The House Special Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight launched an investigation to sift charges that quiz shows had been dishonest. Evidence proved that many contestants had been ...


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(Pop. 17,442,689). King Phumiphon Aduldet proclaimed an interim constitution in February, 1959. It gave almost absolute power to Premier Sarit Thanarat, who had taken over the government the year before. It also provided for an assembly to draft a ...


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Turkey (pop. 20,934,670) signed a defense agreement with the United States in March, 1959. Despite Russian protests, Turkey also agreed to permit the establishment of a U.S. missile base on its territory. U.S.-Turkish relations grew strained in August,...


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Beer riots broke out in Durban, Natal Province, on June 18, when police raided homes to destroy illegal liquor stills. Thousands of persons participated in the rioting before peace was restored. Rioters smashed furniture and spilled hundreds of ...


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South Vietnam cut its last formal tie with France in April, 1959. The South Vietnamese made their piastre a completely independent currency after the government had suffered heavy losses in two French currency devaluations. South Vietnam also began a ...


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The most disastrous storm in its history struck Japan in 1959. On September 26 and 27, Typhoon Vera smashed into central Japan with a violence that killed an estimated 5,000 persons, injured more than 10,000, and left an estimated 1,500,000 homeless. ...


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Water. Receding levels of ground-water supplies caused general concern in 1959. Chicago area water tables were reported some 600 feet below their Civil War levels. Many areas sought means of replenishing underground water sources. ...


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Yugoslavia made considerable economic progress in 1959. Industrial production from January to June increased 10 per cent over the same 1958 period. Exports rose 8 per cent and personal income went up 21 per cent. ...


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The crew of a British research ship captured a giant jellyfish in 1959. The plum-colored fish, unlike any specimen known to science, was discovered off the coast of Spain. Its method of reproduction differed from that of the typical egg-laying ...


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In 1959, the tunnel diode, a new rival to the transistor, was introduced. This miniature semiconductor device has several advantages over the transistor. It is faster than the transistor, and is only a few thousandths of an inch in diameter. Its size ...


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In Greece, workmen tearing up pavement in Athens' port of Piraeus uncovered several examples of ancient Greek sculpture. Included were five bronze statues. ...


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The Neanderthals were people of thick skulls and heavy brows, but with a brain almost modern sized. They were skilled makers of stone tools. New studies by Sherwood L. Washburn of the University of California emphasized the importance of this ...


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Argentina (pop. 20,057,900) twice faced the specter of revolution in 1960. An army garrison stationed in San Luis revolted in June. But the conspirators were quickly routed. A more serious rebellion was touched off by the military in mid-October. It, ...


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(pop. 1,722,500,000) watched anxiously as the conflict over communist doctrine developed in Moscow and Peking. Many Asians feared their own future peace was at stake. China seemed determined to prove that the road to world communism lay through war ...


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Early in 1960, astronomers spotted and identified the most distant and fastest-moving object ever found in the sky. It was a galaxy located more than 6,000,000,000 light-years away, and traveling away from the earth at almost half the speed of light. ...


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Australia opened wide its import gates to all U.S. and dollar-area goods. In an historic move, it lifted restrictions on 90 per cent of its imports. The new trade policy ended eight years of tight government control. It was part of the government's ...


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The industry had a mixed year in 1960. Sales were good and production was high, but dealers held heavy inventories throughout the year. In December, 1,000,000 new-model cars were waiting for customers. Detroit assembled 6,694,327 passenger cars, ...


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Capital Airlines, one of the major U.S. carriers, sought to avert financial disaster in 1960 by merging with United Air Lines. The proposal was prompted by a foreclosure suit against Capital by Vickers-Armstrong, Ltd., British manufacturer of ...


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The two major leagues steam-rollered the proposed Continental League into oblivion by announcing expansion programs of their own in 1960. The National League decided in July to field ten teams in 1962. It granted new franchises to New York and Houston....


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Ohio State swamped California, 75 to 55, to win the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) title at San Francisco in March. The Big Ten champion's margin over California, NCAA defending champion, was the widest in the history of the ...


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A 330,000,000-year old fossilized liverwort gave evidence that the liverwort, one of the world's most common plants, lived during the Cambrian Age, or 500,000,000 years ago. The fossil, found in the Catskill Mountains, indicated that life on earth ...


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Cambodia, kam BOH dih uh, (pop. 3,800,000), mourned the death of its ruler, King Norodom Suramarit, early in April. Prince Norodom Sihanouk took over the reins of government as chief of state, a newly created position, in June. He immediately pledged ...


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Canada registered new economic gains in 1960, but at a slower pace than in some recent years. It noted a major shakeup in the federal cabinet, serious unemployment, and an increased interest in the affairs of needy and underdeveloped countries. ...


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Biographies accounted for the best Canadian works in history and literature in 1960. Among them were W. J. Eccles' Frontenac, the Courtier Governor; J. M. S. Careless' Brown of The Globe, the first of a two-volume study of a pre-Confederation editor; ...


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The first artificial reproduction of chlorophyll was achieved in 1960. News of the total synthesis, considered a major milestone in chemical history, was announced early in July by independent teams of U.S. and German researchers. Professor Robert ...


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(Pop. 5,930,809). A series of devastating earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and tidal waves struck southern Chile in May and June. Foreign aid for the stricken nation was prompt and generous. The United States sent $30,000,000 in relief ...


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China seemed determined to achieve in one generation what its people had been unable to accomplish in 4,000 years: world power. Its major struggles were being waged on three fronts--agriculture, industry, and science. In them, the human cost counted ...


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Congo (pop. 11,870,651), gained its independence from Belgium on June 30, 1960. It immediately became a worldwide storm center. The army revolted against its Belgian officers. Rival tribal groups fought each other, while others indulged in an orgy of ...


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American voters elected another Democratic Congress in 1960, although Republicans made slight gains in both the Senate and the House. Upon the inauguration of Democratic President John F. Kennedy on January 20, 1961, the country returned to a ...


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J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), reported an 11 per cent increase in serious crimes in the first nine months of 1960 over the same period in 1959. Serious crimes for all of 1959 totaled 1,500,000. The FBI also ...


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Cuba (pop. 5,829,029) cast a belligerent shadow across the world, out of all proportion to its size. It lined itself up solidly with the procommunist nations, while pursuing a violently anti-U.S. policy which in January, 1961, led to the rupture of ...


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Czechoslovakia (pop. 13,296,243) strengthened its ties with Russia and other communist nations in 1960. It did so through the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), the East European rival of Western Europe's Common Market. The government ...


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The Democratic Party regained the White House after eight years of Republican occupancy. The ticket of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson eked out a slim popular plurality, but held a decisive lead in the Electoral College. The two ...


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(Pop. 4,387,967). In 1960, Denmark offered the world a new approach to its disarmament problem. It proposed before the United Nations that Greenland, a Danish-owned island, be opened to international armament inspection. The proposal raised questions ...


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Election day in the United States brought the highest office in the land to a 43-year-old Democrat, John Fitzgerald Kennedy. He became the youngest man, and the first Roman Catholic, ever to be elected to the presidency. ...


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Europe (pop. 544,500,000), enjoyed its most prosperous year since the end of World War II. Industrial production and exports soared to greater heights than ever before. Economic dependence on the United States became largely a thing of the past. ...


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Finland (pop. 4,065,027) continued to steer a delicate course of neutrality. It maintained friendship and trade pacts with both Russia and the West. The economy remained high, although trade with Western Europe suffered because of Finland's exclusion ...


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Minnesota's undisputed claim to the national championship survived only through Dec. 31, 1960. On New Year's Day, 1961, Washington raised some second thoughts by beating them 17 to 7. During the season, Minnesota lost only to Purdue, and beat Iowa, ...


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France passed from crisis to crisis in 1960. Its efforts to solve them were mirrored in the struggles of its president, Charles de Gaulle. He was serving the third year of a seven-year term. His shadow loomed large over both domestic issues and the ...


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Violent earthquakes in southern Chile in May caused the entire earth to quiver like a plucked guitar string. The quivering, detected by new, supersensitive instruments, confirmed geologists' theories on the inner structure of the earth. ...


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Germany remained a divided nation, its reunification more remote than ever. The thorny problem of a divided Berlin remained unsolved. Even so, West Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany) prospered because of its partnership with the democratic ...


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A threat of inflation hung over the nation's economy during 1960. Declining exports aggravated the prospect of a foreign trade deficit. Dissensions within the Labour party flared up over the question of unilateral nuclear disarmament, threatening to ...


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Greece (pop. 7,631,124) achieved a modern record for political stability in October. Constantine Karamanlis became the first Greek premier in recent times to run the government continuously for five years. This political stability was reflected in the ...


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Haiti (pop. 3,097,220), in the words of President Francois Duvalier, is a nation standing "at the limit of sacrifices, exhausted, rotting in misery, hunger, sickness, and illiteracy ..." To meet this plight, Duvalier asked for and was given power to ...


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Ireland proudly welcomed the news that Frederick H. Boland, its permanent representative to the United Nations (UN), had been elected president of the General Assembly. Ireland had backed the UN action in the Congo in July by sending contingents of ...


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In Hungary, the communist regime gained confidence in its ability to cope with any internal threats to its security. It liberalized its political policies in April. An amnesty was declared affecting a number of imprisoned writers and intellectuals. ...


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The Montreal Canadiens took the season title by 13 points over the Toronto Maple Leafs. The Canadiens then swept to their fifth straight Stanley Cup. They beat the Chicago Black Hawks four straight games in the semifinals, and the Maple Leafs four ...


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India marked the 10th anniversary of its independence with renewed concern over economic future. It also was entangled in a border dispute over its Himalayan frontier with communist China, which had occupied 12,000 square miles claimed India. Talks to ...


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The Tuscarora nation of Iroquois Indians ended a two-year court struggle with the New York Power Authority in August. The nation accepted an offer of $850,000 for 495 acres of land needed as a reservoir for the Niagara power project. ...


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Indonesia took another giant step along the road to "guided democracy." The new system of government, which concentrates sweeping powers in the hands of the chief executive, is President Sukarno's way of maintaining government control. ...


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Two attempts to unseat Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion failed in 1960. The first attempt was prompted by Ben-Gurion's two-hour meeting with West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer in New York City in March. Opposition political parties in the ...


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Italy suffered a series of political crises as one coalition government after another failed to win majority support in parliament. The government of Premier Antonio Segni fell on February 24, when the Liberal party withdrew its support. It was not ...


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Japan was plunged into political turmoil by a sheaf of diplomatic papers in 1960. A new mutual security pact with the United States was proposed to replace the treaty signed in San Francisco in 1951, and the World War II peace treaty. ...


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The "April Revolution" in Korea in 1960 began as a peaceful demonstration by university students. It ended in the downfall of Dr. Syngman Rhee, who had held the presidency since the birth of the Republic of Korea in 1948. ...


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Political upheavals and economic crises brought about a major reappraisal of U.S.-Latin-American relations in 1960. The Cuban revolution acted as the catalyst, or moving force. Cuba's drift toward the communist camp brought into sharp focus the ...


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Libya (pop. 1,091,830) reported several new oil discoveries during the year. About one quarter of Libya was under oil concession to some 70 American, British, and foreign oil companies which have invested $200,000,000 in equipment and research. ...


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MALAYA (pop. 4,905,999) enjoyed an upsurge of prosperity and economic expansion. Its per capita income was among the highest in Southeast Asia. The government took steps in April to raise living standards even further. It drafted a second five-year ...


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Medical researchers found new evidence that viruses may be involved in human cancer, including leukemia. Volunteers inoculated with a brain extract taken from deceased leukemia victims reacted as if they had been vaccinated. They developed protective ...


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Mexico commemorated the 150th anniversary of its independence from Spain on September 16. Never in its history had the nation found more cause for celebration. It had one of the most stable economies in the Western Hemisphere. Its budget was balanced. ...


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Tensions rose and fell with the tides of Arab-Israeli and inter-Arab quarrels in 1960. Arab tempers twice stopped just short of war. Jordan accused the United Arab Republic (UAR) of complicity in the assassination of its prime minister. And Iran's ...


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The Netherlands (pop. 10,550,737) settled a long-standing dispute with West Germany in April. It signed a pact under which the Bonn government agreed to pay an indemnity of $66,000,000. The sum covered Dutch claims for injuries and losses in World War ...


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Norway (pop. 3,342,754) was caught twice in the cross fire of the U.S.-Russian cold war during 1960. Russia accused Norway of being an accomplice of the United States in the U-2 spy plane incident. Reports indicated that the plane was headed for a ...


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New achievements reflected man's quickening interest in the mysterious world that lies beneath the seas. Crews of nuclear submarines lived for months under the surface. One crew circled the earth while submerged. Scientists discovered great suboceanic ...


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Seven thousand young men and women from 84 nations gathered amid the ruins of ancient Rome last August 25 for the most impressive sports spectacle in modern history. During the next three weeks, they demonstrated at the 17th Modern Olympiad that the ...


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(Pop. 9,758,000). The belt-tightening policies of Finance Minister Pedro Beltran paid off for Peru in 1960. Deficit spending ended, and inflation was no longer a serious threat. ...


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The Philippines worked to strengthen its "Filipino First" policy. Under the program, the Philippine people were to control 60 per cent of all new capital investments in the islands. The aim was to reduce foreign control of the island's economy. On ...


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Discovery of the shortest lifetime of an elementary particle was announced in August. R. H. Glaser and others of the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., announced that the pi zero meson has a lifetime of .0000000000000002 seconds. This is ...


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Poland stumbled along the road of total socialism chalked out for it by the communist regime. Unemployment was widespread, even though industrial production had averaged a 14 per cent increase annually over a 10-year period. In March, the registered ...


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The storm that raged through the night had barely relented when dawn broke upon Washington, D.C., on Jan. 20, 1961. The flag-decked city lay under a blanket of snow, the thermometer near 22 degress. But to the 20,000 people massed in front of the east ...


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Puerto Rico reached an economic milestone in September with the opening of a $3,000,000 tunapacking factory. It was the 600th plant promoted on the island in the last 12 years by Fomento, the Puerto Rican Economic Development Administration. ...


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in the United States increased the availability of taped programs to stations in all parts of the world. Taped recordings of such events as the political conventions and the crucial meetings of the United Nations thus gave the world greater knowledge ...


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The Republican Party lost the 1960 U.S. presidential election by one of the closest votes in modern history. Vice-President Richard M. Nixon, the Republican candidate, was less than a percentage point behind his Democratic rival, John F. Kennedy, in ...


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Russia (pop. 208,800,000) was increasingly dominated in 1960 by its premier, First Secretary of the Communist Party, Nikita S. Khrushchev. During six foreign excursions, he preached the Soviet policy of peaceful coexistence while hammering at U.S. "...


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Faisal, as finance minister, had been largely responsible for an austerity program which ended in January. During the 18 months itwas in force, Saudi gold and foreign reserve currencies had soaredfrom $24,000,000 to $186,000,000. In the meantime, the ...


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Bangu of Brazil beat Kilmarnock of Scotland, 2 to 0, in New York in August to win the American Challenge Cup in the first year of the 12-country International Soccer League. ...


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The Republic of Somalia (pop. 1,887,000) was established July 1. The new nation was formed by merging the Italian UN trust territory of Somalia with the former British Somaliland protectorate. British Somaliland was granted independence on June 26 so ...


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How fast will man move in his conquest of space? The answer lies in many imponderables, but herewith are predictions by Willy Ley, author of Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel, and one of the world's foremost authorities in the field of space travel. ...


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Spain (pop. 28,039,112) relaxed controls on its trade by adopting the first new tariff law in 38 years. The measure covered over 30,000 items. Spain had agreed to take the step in 1959 in return for membership in Organization for European Economic ...


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Sweden (pop. 7,290,112) completed plans for one of the world's most elaborate civil defense programs in 1960. It drafted a quarter of a million people to work on the program on a part-time basis. The plans included detailed instructions involving the ...


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The Bell Laboratories began testing an electronic central office in Morris, Ill. The experimental station not only routes all calls electronically, but allows dialing of frequently called numbers by using two digits instead of seven. It also returns ...


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Television debates between Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy in the autumn of 1960 made TV history, and they also may have helped to make national history. Never before were presidential candidates "seen" by so many voters during a campaign. An ...


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Thailand (pop. 17,442,689) began its long-delayed march toward a modern economy. To spur industrial development, it began a lenient tax policy toward foreign and native investors, and lifted import taxes on machinery. ...


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The ten-year regime of premier Adnan Menderes fell on May 27, 1960, when the Turkish army seized power. The revolt was sparked by university students in Istanbul, who demonstrated against the repressive measures of the Menderes government. The ...


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South Africa voted on October 5 to end its allegiance to the British Crown and become a republic. The move was approved by only a small margin of the Union's white voters, 849,958 to 775,878. African Negroes, mulattoes, and Indians were barred from ...


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Procommunist guerrillas, filtering down from North Vietnam, stepped up their campaign of terror and violence in South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese lived under a program of austerity. South Vietnam enjoyed a rising living standard, and relative ...


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The worst weather disasters of the year came in a pair to East Pakistan in October. Two cyclones followed by disastrous waves killed an estimated 12,000 persons. In the Western Hemisphere, Hurricane Donna in September left a death toll of about 150, ...


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Water. California voters in November authorized the state to undertake the biggest water-moving project in history. It will move water from the Feather River in north-central California through a 500-mile aqueduct system to the expanding Los ...


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Yugoslavia continued to play a nimble political game. As an independent neutralist, it supported an unsuccessful effort in the United Nations to bring about a meeting between Russian Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev and U.S. President Eisenhower. But as a ...


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Professor Marcus Singer, a Cornell University zoologist, stimulated the regrowth of a new leg to replace one cut off an adult frog. His studies, reported in July, emphasized the importance of an agent in the nervous system--probably chemical--that ...


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Many bold advances were made in computer development. Scientists and engineers at the First International Conference on Information Processing in Paris, sponsored by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), noted ...


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Africa (pop. 223,500,000) seethed with the ferment of nationalism from the Cape of Good Hope to the Mediterranean, and from the highlands of Kenya to the mouth of the Congo River. In 1949, there had been only four independent nations in Africa: Egypt, ...


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Important parts of the still-hidden story of man's beginnings were revealed by continuing excavations in 1960. Three more skeletons of the Neanderthal man were unearthed in northern Iraq by Dr. Ralph Solecki of Columbia University. They were found in ...


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The death of a little girl early in the year kept Medicine Hat from reaching its goal of 2,000 days without a fatal traffic accident. The southern Alberta town had gone 1,980 days without a fatality, a record for North American cities of more than 20,...


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Premier William A. C. Bennett and his Social Credit party won their fourth consecutive election on September 12. ...


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The Conservative government of Premier Dufferin Roblin drafted a record budget of $127,000,000. It included an unprecedented fund to establish technical schools in underdeveloped foreign countries. The federal government bought the necessary land for ...


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Louis J. Robichaud, 34-year-old leader of the Liberal party, swept Hugh J. Flemming and his Conservatives out of office in June. Robichaud became the first French-speaking premier in New Brunswick, and the youngest ever to hold the office. He promised ...


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Newfoundland feared an economic blow when the United States closed its jet interceptor base near St. John's. Despite the loss of more than 1,000 jobs, the province found its economy in good shape at the end of the year. Its paper industry, shaken by a ...


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Premier Robert L. Stanfield and his Conservative government were returned to power on June 7. They gained three seats, one of them that of the Liberal leader, Henry D. Hicks. ...


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Ontario voted the largest budget in its history in 1960. Revenues were estimated at $770,000,000, and expenditures at $769,000,000, with $230,000,000 earmarked for educational purpose. ...


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Fire devastated about 100 square miles of woodland and farms in the western part of the island during the summer. The loss imposed a heavy financial burden on the provincial government. It raised sales taxes to 4 per cent in an effort to gain ...


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Provincial elections held on June 22 resulted in the dramatic defeat of the Union Nationale (NU) government after 16 years of power. Jean Lesage, a 48-year-old lawyer and former minister of northern affairs in the federal cabinet, became premier, the ...


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Premier Thomas C. Douglas and his socialist Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) won their fifth consecutive victory in the provincial elections on June 8. The premier announced the government's intention of starting a provincial medical-care ...


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Ruanda-Urundi, roo AHN dah-oo ROON dee, (pop. 4,500,000), prepared for independence in 1961. The two African colonies, which are jointly administered by Belgium under a United Nations (UN) trusteeship, were promised autonomy by the Belgian ...


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AFRICA (pop. 213,522,550) remained a major threat to world peace in 1961. Its African republics, caught in the ebb and flow of the cold war, helped increase tensions between East and West. Disorders created by racial strife became issues in the world ...


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The known length of man's evolution was extended a million years in 1961. Radioactive dating, completed in July, placed primitive toolmaking man on earth 1,750,000 years ago. This was nearly three times earlier than anthropologists had previously ...


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Two rooms believed to have been part of the comparatively modest home of the great Roman emperor Augustus were unearthed on Palatine Hill in Rome in 1961. Their discoverer was Professor Gianfilippo Carettoni, an Italian government archaeologist. He ...


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Argentina (pop. 20,057,900), enjoyed a calm year, politically, despite a major cabinet shift and a top army shakeup. But economically, it continued to struggle with its stabilization program, growing labor unrest, inflation, and another big budget ...


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(pop. 1,722,500,000) seethed with tension and political instability in 1961. Both stemmed largely from a step-up in communist aggression, backed by Russia and Communist China. Clashes of political ideologies resulted as the West reacted to stop the ...


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Astronomy researchers sharpened their basic yardstick of the solar system in the spring of 1961. They narrowed the astronomical unit (the mean distance of the earth from the sun) to 92,956,000 miles--plus or minus 1,000 miles. Previously, the unit had ...


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Australia felt the pinch of growing unemployment and falling gold reserves in 1961. To decrease unemployment, the government sharply curtailed immigration. It also began an all-out drive to encourage foreign industry in a move to boost gold and ...


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Recovery was late in coming to the automotive industry in 1961. A backlog of 1,000,000 new-model cars in dealer's showrooms in January plus strikes in the fall added up to lower production than in 1960. Sales of U.S.-assembled automobiles totaled 5,...


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The U.S. government moved early in 1961 to tighten safety controls on the nation's congested airways. Demands for improved safety measures followed a series of major air disasters. They were touched off by the worst air crash in history--the collision ...


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Sluggers ruled the game of baseball in 1961. Seven major league players belted above 600 in the slugging averages (figured on the basis of 4 points for home runs, 3 for triples, 2 for doubles, and 1 for singles). Mickey Mantle of the New York Yankees ...


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The second betting scandal in a decade rocked college basketball in 1961. The New York City district attorney's office revealed details of fixed games that implicated 39 players from 22 colleges. Among the schools in the basketball scandal were the ...


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Man's knowledge of photosynthesis, the process by which green plants make their food, advanced significantly in 1961. Dr. Eugene Rabinowitch of the University of Illinois found that chlorophyll, the blue-green pigment vital to the photosynthesis ...


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Tensions between Cambodia and its neighbor, Thailand, led to a diplomatic rupture between the two nations in 1961. Cambodia was incensed over Thai charges that it was a secret base for communist operations against Thailand. On October 23, Chief of ...


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Canada, like the rest of the world, experienced a "population explosion." In Mid-1961, the number of Canadians was estimated at 18,168,000, representing a gain of over 29 per cent in the last decade. Immigration continued to decline, reaching a total ...


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Outstanding fiction of 1961 included A Passion in Rome by Morley Callaghan; Le Temps des Jeux by Diane Giguere and Mrs. Golightly and Other Stories by Ethel Wilson. Notable new poetry books were The Spice-Box of Earth by Leonard Cohen and The Swinging ...


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A new element--element 103--was "born" in the spring of 1961. It was created synthetically and identified by scientists at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory of the University of California in Berkeley. Element 103, which is not found on earth in its ...


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(Pop. 5,930,809). Inflation, labor unrest, and a slowdown in its economic progress gripped Chile in 1961. Wildcat strikes paralyzed much of the economy as workers demanded more money to match the rising cost of living. ...


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China's "Great Leap Forward" took several steps backward in 1961. The nation suffered some of its worst natural disasters in decades. Floods in the Yangtze River areas devastated thousands of acres of farmland. Droughts and locusts wrecked crops in ...


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Computers became so humanlike in 1961 that one had a baby--well, almost. A computer actually produced all the necessary information to make a second computer, according to Western Electric Company scientists. The "mother" was a general-purpose digital ...


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Congo (pop. 11,860,650) struggled throughout the year to achieve some form of national unity. This conglomeration of tribes, ill-prepared for the independence granted them by Belgium, battled with increasing fury against one another and outside ...


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CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES held its longest session in a decade. It convened on January 3 and did not adjourn until September 27. During that time, it appropriated $95,800,000,000--the largest peacetime appropriation in the nation's history. ...


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Congress enacted four of eight laws in September proposed by U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. The laws, designed to bring crime syndicates under federal jurisdiction, had the support of J. Edgar Hoover, director of the Federal Bureau of ...


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Cuba (pop. 5,829,029) remained in the firm grasp of a dictatorship in 1961. Under Premier Fidel Castro, its people were on short rations. Industry was in chaos. In December, Cuba's prestige sank to a new low in the Western Hemisphere when Castro ...


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Czechoslovakia (pop. 13,296,243) tightened its ties with Cuba in 1961. The Czech government agreed in January to represent Cuban diplomatic interests in the United States after the United States broke relations with Cuba. It began direct weekly air ...


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The Democratic Party chose a new chairman in January. About 100 party leaders unanimously elected John M. Bailey of Connecticut as chairman of the National Democratic Committee. He succeeded Senator Henry J. Jackson, who resigned. ...


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(Pop. 4,387,967). In 1961, Denmark played a leading role in efforts to unite Europe's trade groups. In August, it followed Great Britain in seeking membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), and urged its fellow partners in the European Free ...


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The rift between the communist-bloc East European nations and the prodemocratic nations of Western Europe deepened in 1961. Each side remained firmly opposed to the other. Each was developing a new sense of unity that accentuated the cleavage. ...


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Finland (pop. 4,315,300) got a stern lesson from Russia on the art of remaining neutral as Russian's neighbor. On October 30, the Soviet Union brusquely demanded that the two countries hold consultations, under a 1948 mutual-assistance pact, to ...


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Unbeaten and united Alabama won the unofficial U.S. college football championship, shading Ohio State in both the Associated Press and United Press International polls. It went on to defeat Arkansas, 10 to 3, in the Sugar Bowl. ...


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France again hovered on the brink of civil war over the Algerian issue. President Charles de Gaulle narrowly averted disaster by successfully crushing a rebellion in the French army. Even as he edged closer to freedom for Algeria, right-wing opponents ...


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Germany became the focus of a grave international crisis when the communists put on new pressures in their demands for a permanent division of Germany. ...


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Grave economic difficulties plagued the United Kingdom for the sixth time since the end of World War II. They overshadowed other domestic problems and the international crises in which the nation was involved. ...


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Greece (pop.7,631,124) took an historic step on July 9. It signed a pact linking it with the European Economic Community (EEC, or Common Market) as an associate member. The agreement was the first of its kind signed by the Common Market. ...


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Haiti (pop. 3,097,220) almost unwittingly re-elected President Francois Duvalier to office on April 30. The election was held primarily to choose a new, unicameral legisature which would replace the bicameral one dissolved by the president. Duvalier's ...


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One of the major health concerns during 1961 was the rising rate of fallout caused by the Soviet Union's resumption of nuclear tests. U.S. officials stated, however, that resulting fallout levels did not warrant undue concern or any drastic public ...


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Hungary (pop. 7,460,000) reshuffled its government in September. Janos Kadar, first secretary of the Hungarian Communist party, reassumed the premiership. The governmental reorganization gave Kadar virtual control in Hungary. ...


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The Montreal Canadiens' five-year grip on hockey's top laurels was broken by the Chicago Black Hawks. Chicago won the Stanley Cup play-offs by beating the Detroit Red Wings, 4 games to 2, after they had eliminated the Canadiens by the same margin. ...


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(pop. 438,000,000) took possession of three small Portuguese enclaves within its borders in December. The three territories--Goa, Damao, and Diu--had been ruled by Portugal since 1510. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru approved the military takeover ...


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On April 15, President Sukarno approved the formation of eight political parties when they agreed to support the official state philosophy of guided democracy. Sukarno also pressed ahead with his land-reform program. Under it, each farmer would ...


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Ireland elected a new Dail Eireann (parliament) on October 4. It was one of the quietest elections in the republic's history. Sean Lemass, a Fianna Fail leader, was again named prime minister. ...


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Israel put former Nazi officer Adolf Eichmann on trial for his life in April. He was held responsible for the death of 6,000,000 Jews during World War II. His trial reawakened among Israel's young people a sense of their Jewish heritage and once again ...


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Italy prospered under the double boon of economic growth and political stability. The Christian Democrat government of Premier Amintore Fanfani rounded out 18 months in power. It was three times the average length of Italy's cabinets since World War ...


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Japan enjoyed an economy in 1961 that some experts fear may be growing too fast for its own good. On July 15, the government predicted that the growth of its gross national product for 1961 would well exceed the 11 per-cent increase achieved in the ...


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Although 1961 began with a promise for constitutional reform, the year ended with the military in control of Korea. On May 16, 1961, a military junta headed by Lieutenant General Chang Do Young seized power when the government of Prime Minister John M....


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Latin America was swept by waves of political and social turmoil during 1961. The nations battled inflation, unfavorable balances of payments, and economic stagnation. Their peoples struggled for land reform, for the equalization of wealth, for better,...


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Libya (pop. 1,091,830) by a royal decree of King Idris I, reorganized its Council of Ministers and created two new ministries in May. One of them, the Ministry of Petroleum Affairs, was headed by Fuad Kabazi. The other, the Ministry of Industry, was ...


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MALAYA (pop.4,905,999) bustled with economic vigor in 1961. Its first five-year plan had boosted national output by 20 per cent under the leadership of Prime Minister Tengku Abdul Rahman. On April 23, the government announced it would invest about $1,...


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Additional evidence on the relationship of cigarette smoking to coronary heart disease became available in 1961. Although the importance of cigarette smoking in causing lung cancer has been disputed by some, it was proved that death from all causes is ...


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The Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, a nongovernmental body authorized by Congress in 1955 to study the nation's mental-health need, issued its final report in March. ...


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Mexico relived memories of its 51-year-old revolution in 1961. On September 15, one day before Independence Day, armed peasants attacked army posts and village halls in 10 states. Before the well-organized outburst was suppressed, 52 of the insurgents ...


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The Middle East was rocked by two major crises that sent shock waves throughout the world. The first, in midsummer, involved Great Britain, Iraq, and the sheikdom of Kuwait. It followed Great Britain's declaration that Kuwait was no longer a British ...


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The division between popular music, aimed at adult audiences and novelty songs designed for youngsters became sharper in 1961. The best pop music was written mainly for musicals. ...


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The Netherlands (pop. 10,550,737) found itself embroiled in a dispute with Indonesia over control of Netherlands New Guinea. Despite the Dutch government's willingness to negotiate, Indonesia's President Sukarno mobilized his army and threatened to ...


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Norway (pop. 3,342,754) aroused Russia's ire in 1961. The Russians claimed that Norway's membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) threatened their northern flank. Foreign Minister Halvard M. Lange, however, rejected a Russian ...


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The Indian Ocean will be the subject of intense study beginning in 1962. Scientists from 20 nations will scan the area, which covers 14 per cent of the earth's surface and is thought to be the richest of the world's seas in marine life. Sponsored by ...


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(Pop. 9,758,000). Peru in 1961 coined a new byword for progress: Peru-Via. The expression, meaning Peru in Motion, covered an ambitious campaign to tap the ore-rich resources of the nation's rugged Andean heartland. The key project of the program, ...


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The Philippines turned President Carlos P. Garcia out of office in November. It elected Vice-President Diosdado Macapagal to replace him. ...


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A new particle of matter, omega meson , was discovered in 1961 by scientists at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory of the University of California. It was termed a major advance in man's attempt to understand the structure of matter. The subatomic ...


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Poland held national elections on April 16. Josef Cyrankiewicz was returned to office as chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier). Aleksander Zawadski continued as chairman of the governing Council of State, and Wladyslaw Gomulka was again ...


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John F. Kennedy faced extraordinary challenges during his first year in the world's toughest job. There was no end in sight in the Cold War, and the threat of atomic annihilation still hovered over the world. ...


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The building boom continued throughout the year. Planned construction for the 1961-1962 fiscal year was calculated at over $300,000,000, as compared with $261,000,000 the year before. The national net income rose an estimated $130,000,000 to a total ...


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The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted new technical standards for FM stereo broadcasting in April. This enabled FM stations to send out the dual signals required for true stereophonic sound. This FM service, not available on the AM band, ...


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Republican Party leadership was sought by three contenders. Former Vice-President Richard M. Nixon had been handpicked as titular head of the party by Dwight D. Eisenhower, who willingly accepted the role of elder statesman. The Nixon leadership was ...


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Russia (pop. 208,826,000) made world headlines on many major fronts in 1961. In April, it became the first nation to orbit a man around the earth; in August, a Soviet cosmonaut remained in orbit for about 25 hours. In October, the Russians exploded a ...


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Saudi Arabia notified the United States that it would not renew an agreement allowing U.S. use of the air base at Dhahran on its expiration in April, 1962. The United States announced, however, that it would complete a $5,000,000 air terminal at ...


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Spain suffered a blow to its national sport, when Real Madrid lost its five-year claim to the Europe Cup. A Portuguese team, Benefica, won the cup in Bern, Switzerland. Dukla of Czechoslovakia defeated Everton of England for the two-year-old ...


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Somalia (pop. 2,047,000) added communist assistance in 1961 to its Western-supported economy. On June 2, it signed two economic and cultural aid agreements, totaling $50,000,000, with Russia. The agreements were approved by Premier Abdi Rashid ...


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South Africa received a new name, a new status, and a new president. On May 31, it became an independent republic instead of a self-governing union within the British Commonwealth. Charles R. Swart, the Union's last governor-general, was sworn in as ...


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Early on the morning of April 12, 1961, a short time after the sun rose over the Mayun-Kum Desert in the Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan, a young pilot climbed to the base of a steel tower. He turned and waved to a group of friends and co-workers ...


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Spain (pop. 28,119,112) observed the 25th anniversary of Generalissimo Francisco Franco's rise to power on October 1. Groups dedicated to his overthrow still persisted, and eight such groups met in Paris in June. They later agreed to adopt a ...


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Sweden (pop. 7,290,112) edged closer to an economic and political alignment with the West. On October 26, Premier Tage Erlander informed the Swedish parliament that the government planned to apply for associate membership in the six-nation European ...


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Some 2,900,000 new telephones were connected in the United States in 1961. World wide, new installations were estimated at more than 7,500,000, and by Jan. 1, 1962, telephones in use had crossed the 150,000,000 mark. ...


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Television was taken to task by two powerful newcomers in 1961. The two were Newton N. Minow, new chairman of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and former Florida Governor LeRoy Collins, new president of the National Association of ...


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Thailand (pop. 17,442,689) was gravely alarmed in 1961 over the threat of a new communist state at its borders. Field Marshal Sarit Thanarit, prime minister of Thailand, repeatedly urged the South-east Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) to take strong ...


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Under a new constitution approved in May, general elections were held in Turkey in October. Because the results gave no party a clear majority, it became necessary to form a coalition government. General Cemal Gursel, who had ruled the nation as ...


Description:
Vietnam, (pop. 25,500,000), remained a country divided: the communist north and the anticommunist south. Both areas were locked in grerrilla warfare in South Vietnam. ...


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Hurricane Carla, one of the eight worst storms to hit the Texas coast since 1875, slammed its full force into Galveston and Houston on September 11. Its winds reached 173 miles an hour. The hurricane winds and torrential rains raised tides as much as ...


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Water. The 11,619 residents of Freeport, Tex., began drinking sea water on May 8, 1961, but did not realize it until they were told two weeks later. The first of five government-planned pilot plants for converting salt water to fresh water had begun ...


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Yugoslavia pursued its confusing policy of "positive neutralism" in 1961. ...


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An animal that fits somewhere in the evolutionary gap between lizards and snakes was found for the first time in 1961. The 13-inch-long Bornean earless monitor, known scientifically as Lanthanotus borneensis , was captured alive in West Borneo. It was ...


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Alberta profited from the success of a national program to increase oil production. For the first six months, its oil output rose to 610,000 barrels, an increase of 8.5 per cent over the same period in 1960. A corresponding growth in gas production ...


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The government expropriated the British Columbia Electric Company. The company, the largest private utility in the province, distributed natural gas, operated a public transit system, and generated and sold electricity. Premier William A. C. Bennett ...


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Manitoba imposed a tax on personal and corporation incomes in October. Revenue was to be used to reduce premiums for the province's hospital insurance plan. ...


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New Brunswick announced plans in June to develop the huge lead-zinc deposits near Bathurst. The three-year program included the building of a $50,000,000 industrial complex, including chemical and fertilizer plants, and a smelter. ...


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Newfoundland was hard hit by nature. Ice, fog, and heavy snow reduced the seal kill to about 15,000 pelts. During the summer, forest fires destroyed about 2,300 square miles of timber on the north coast, forcing over 20,000 people to flee from their ...


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Nava Scotia approved a whopping budget of more than $100,000,000 for 1961. It increased gasoline and sales taxes and approved a personal income tax, the first since 1947. ...


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Leslie M. Frost retired as premier and leader of the Progressive Conservative party in late October. The party chose John P. Robarts to succeed him. Robarts was sworn in as premier of the province on November 8. ...


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Prince Edward Island played host to the second annual interprovincial conference at Charlottetown in August. The two-day meeting was attended by the 10 provincial premiers. Plans were announced for a memorial building to commemorate the Charlottetown ...


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The Liberal government of Premier Jean Lesage enjoyed its first year in office. It signed a new tax agreement with the federal government under which it was promised greater revenue. Public money was earmarked largely for education, medical care, and ...


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Medical care was a major theme in 1961. A royal commission, investigating a medical-care plan for the province, reported its recommendations in September. It rejected a proposal made by physicians to widen medical care by subsidizing existing ...


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Ruanda-Urundi (pop. 4,645,000), the last Belgian outpost in Africa, erupted in violence in 1961. In January, the Ruanda Provisional Government deposed Mwami (King) Kigeri V, the traditional Watusi leader, and proclaimed Ruanda a sovereign republic. ...


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AFRICA (pop. 244,000,000) remained a troubled continent where new problems arose even as old ones were being solved. The sweep toward independence that began shortly after World War II continued unabated in 1962. Four former African colonies emerged ...


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Hundreds of stone tools and the huge bones of an extinct species of elephant--all discovered in Spain in 1962--now mark the earliest known abode of Stone Age man in Europe. ...


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Excavations, both scientific and nonscientific, brought to light pottery, tombs, and lost cities in 1962. ...


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Argentina (pop. 20,005,691) was buffeted by political, military, and economic crises during 1962. All three were a direct outgrowth of the congressional and provincial elections held on March 18. The Peronists, who were followers of former dictator ...


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ASIA (pop. 1,781,500,000). The overriding concern in Asia throughout the year was China. With its vast population and ever-present famine, the nation and the communists who ruled it were essential keys to Asia's troubled present and its unforeseeable ...


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The year saw doomsday, as forecast by Hindu astrologers, pass by uneventfully. February 4 was the fateful day for their predicted cataclysm. It marked the convergence of the planets into an unusually compact grouping and a full eclipse of the sun ...


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Australia (pop.10,281,000) shook off the grip of a recession that had held it since 1961. A surge in automobile production led the way. New registrations in July, 1962, totaled 24,000 vehicles, double the figure for the deep depression month of July, ...


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The public's preference in 1962 shifted from austere, smaller cars to the more luxurious, slightly larger models. Variety remained the key, with more than 300 individual models available from five major U.S. manufacturers. ...


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More aircraft records were set in 1962 than in any year since the earliest days of aviation. In the United States, 30 pilots flying aircraft, spacecraft, and balloons built by 12 different companies chalked up 277 new marks. Many records were regained,...


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The longest season in baseball history--191 days--ended not with a bang or a whimper, but in San Francisco with a sigh. With the teams tied at three games each, the New York Yankees led the San Francisco Giants, 1-0, in the last of the ninth. There ...


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Surviving the 1961 betting scandals, colleges settled down to developing bigger and better basketball players in 1962. Cincinnati and Dayton each put a basketball in each of the "O's" in Ohio by winning both major tournaments. ...


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The history of animal life on earth was pushed back an additional 1,500,000,000 years with the discovery of tiny fossils in ancient sedimentary rock on the north shore of Lake Superior. Previously, animal fossils had been dated back only to the ...


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Scientists in 1962 moved closer to an understanding of photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into food energy. Researchers Dr. Kunio Tagawa and Dr. Daniel I. Arnon of the University of California reported that ferredoxin, and ...


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Burundi (pop. 2,265,000) became an independent nation on July 1. The new state, formerly called Urundi, had been part of a two-nation United Nations (UN) Trust Territory administered by Belgium. On September 18, it was formally admitted to the United ...


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Cambodia (pop. 4,952,000) was embroiled in a border dispute with Thailand. It involved an ancient Buddhist temple situated on the ill-defined Thai-Cambodian frontier. On July 15, the dispute was finally resolved in Cambodia's favor as the result of a ...


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Canada watched its Conservative government walk a political tightrope in 1962. A federal general election was held on June 18. When the results were in, the tally showed that the Conservative government of Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker had ...


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Several anthologies of poetry appeared in 1962. Prominent were poems from the Tamarack Review and Fiddlehead , a selection of E. J. Pratt's poems under the title Here the Tides Flow, Ice Cod Bell or Stone, a Collection of New Poems by Earle Birney; ...


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Xenon, a gas generally believed to be inert, did the "impossible" in 1962. It combined chemically with another element, fluorine. The achievement suggests that more reactions with xenon and the other inert gases--helium, argon, krypton, and radon--may ...


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Chile (pop. 5,930,809) saw its ambitious 10-year economic development program endangered in 1962. Its budget deficit reached a nearly record high. Fiscal resources sank to virtually rock bottom. To complicate matters, leftist organizations renewed ...


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China unleashed its army troops against India in 1962. Full-scale fighting erupted on October 20 along the Tibetan border on the northeast Indian frontier and in the Ladakh section of Kashmir in the west. A third front was opened on October 22 on the ...


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Computers began to help students with their homework in 1962. Engineering students at Case Institute of Technology were supplied with portable analog computers that can integrate, add, subtract, and multiply. These compact units, the size of six ...


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Congo (pop. 11,860,650) remained a problem in the world's councils. However, there was comparatively little of the bloodshed and fierce fighting that had characterized previous years. The United Nations (UN) continued to support the central government ...


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The 1962 session of the 87th Congress convened on January 10 and adjourned on October 13. In between, it set some new records. It had put in a total of 1,816 working hours, and had remained in session longer than any other U.S. Congress since 1951. ...


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On August 14, $1,551,277 was hijacked from an unarmed U.S. Post Office truck. It was the largest robbery in Post Office history. The money was in transit, as registered mail, to the Federal Reserve Bank in Boston. The Post Office Department offered ...


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(Pop. 6,797,000). A Russian attempt to convert Cuba into a communist fortress brought the world within a hairsbreadth of war. For seven days in October, peace hung in the balance as the United States and Russia each readied its armed forces for action....


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Czechoslovakia (pop. 13,296,243) fell far short of its industrial and agricultural goals in 1962. To remedy its lag in industrial output, government leaders scrapped a production plan that was to have run through 1965. A new one-year plan for 1963 was ...


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The Democratic Party on Nov. 6, 1962, made the best showing for an incumbent party in any midterm election since 1934. ...


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(Pop. 4,581,000). Ailing Premier Viggo Kampmann resigned on August 31, after two years in office. King Frederik IX named Jens Otto Krag to succeed Kampmann as head of the coalition government. Per Haekkerup, chief Danish delegate to the United Nations ...


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Elections held November 6 brought the Democratic party its biggest congressional gain in a midterm since 1934. The Democrats had every reason to be pleased when the $51,000,000 votes cast had been tallied. They had won unexpected victories in New ...


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Powerful currents were pulling Western Europe toward economic and political unity. But the pattern that unity might eventually take was far from clear. Eastern Europe, too, was striving to adjust to changing conditions both in its own sphere and in ...


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Finland (pop. 4,457,000) maintained its precarious friendship with neighboring Russia. It did so despite a political shift to the right and anti-communist riots in Helsinki during the summer. ...


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College football seasons tend to become identified with the feats of leading players. Thus, 1962 was the year of Terry Baker, Oregon State quarterback. Baker's pre-eminence won him the Heisman Trophy and the Maxwell Club award. Other standout ...


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The bitter seven-year civil war in Algeria ended in March, bringing France peace for virtually the first time in 22 years. In October, a new French political concept was born when the nation approved the popular election of a French president. Both ...


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Coal was mined in Antarctica during 1962. About 200 pounds were brought back to the United States for study. The semianthracite coal from the Horlick Range, located only a few hundred miles from the South Pole, is to be scrutinized for clues to the ...


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GERMANY (pop. 72,814,000) found no solution to its overriding problem of disunity. The communist East and the democratic West continued on their separate ways. Their economies, like their forms of government, remained poles apart. At their epicenter, ...


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The United Kingdom made persistent attempts to join the European Economic Community (EEC of Common Market) in 1962. Every facet of its political and economic activity revolved around the protracted negotiations for membership, which, by year's end, ...


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Greece (pop. 8,385,000) marked an economic milestone November 1, 1962, when it became an associate member of the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market). One condition of its agreement provided for the gradual abolition of Greek customs ...


Description:
Haiti (pop. 3,505,000) saw its relations with the United States deteriorate in 1962. The U.S. government had lost patience with President Francois Duvalier and his repressive, graft-ridden government. Despite some $53,000,000 in U.S. aid over an ...


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The major health development in 1962 was political, rather than scientific. It centered on health care for the aged. To replace the 1960 Kerr-Mills Medical Assistance for the Aged program, the administration proposed the King-Anderson "Medicare" bill. ...


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Hungary (pop. 10,000,000) began to feel the more liberal policies of international communism's "de-Stalinization" program. In March, the government of Premier Janos Kadar endorsed privately owned farm plots and livestock. It was a tacit admission of ...


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The powerful Montreal Canadiens again finished first in the National Hockey League, and for the second successive year, were eliminated in the first round of the Stanley Cup play-offs by the Chicago Black Hawks. The Toronto Maple Leafs won the Stanley ...


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India began the year in a jubilant mood. Its acquisition of the Portuguese enclaves within its borders had been consolidated without a shot. But its jubilation turned to bewilderment when its borders were torn to shreds by Communist China. It was a ...


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The U.S. Congress and the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs carried forward their "new trail" program for the nation's Indian citizens. The program was based on findings of a special task force published in 1961. ...


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Indonesia won a long-standing dispute with The Netherlands over Netherlands New Guinea when the area was ceded to Indonesia in September. But the country was plagued by internal troubles. ...


Description:
Ireland drew a national sigh of relief on February 26. The outlawed Irish Republican Army (IRA) announced it had ended its campaign of violence against Northern Ireland. Dwindling forces, and an urge to seek national unity, prompted the dispersal of ...


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Israel clashed with Syria in a fierce six-hour frontier battle on the night of March 16. An Israeli army communique said the attack was in retaliation for Syrian attacks on Israeli fishermen and police boats on the Sea of Galilee. On April 9, the ...


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Italy, a late starter in Europe's economic growth race following World War II, rode a wave of prosperity in 1962. It forged ahead economically even as the other West European nations were slowing down. ...


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Japan faced an ironic problem: the rate of growth of its economy was too high. The gross national product for fiscal 1961-1962 leaped 15 per cent, far exceeding the estimated 10.3 per cent government experts considered the safe maximum. ...


Description:
Latin America seethed with upheaval and unrest in 1962. Its peoples sought, under various political banners, to improve their miserable lot. The military and conservative elements, meanwhile, tried to thwart what they considered, at times with good ...


Description:
(Pop. 1,195,000). A pipeline was formally opened at the port of Essider late in November to serve the oil fields at Dahra. It supplemented another at Mersa el Brega, which was handling output from fields at Zelten, in Cyrenaica. Altogether, the Libyan ...


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The tragic birth of a large number of children with extreme congenital defects was the most widely reported event in medicine in 1962, The cause: the mothers having taken the sleeping preparation thalidomide during the early pregnancy. ...


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One of the most encouraging developments in mental health during the year was the rise in the percentage of voluntary first admissions to state mental hospitals. This is important because the patient who recognizes his illness and seeks cure is likely ...


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Mexico and the United States of America took steps to settle the thorny Colorado River problem in 1962. The river's high saline content, caused by a U.S. drainage and irrigation project in the Welton-Mohawk region of Arizona, had already ruined about ...


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The Middle East found itself split into two conflicting camps in 1962. In one group were the royalist forces, typified by King Saud of Saudi Arabia. They symbolized old-style Arab nationalism. In the other camp were the republican revolutionary forces,...


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An alliance with country and Western music was the most notable trend in the popular music world in 1962. It resulted in the pressing of many country-Western song records aimed for the first time at a general audience. The trend was started by singer ...


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The Netherlands (pop. 11,480,000) surrendered the last fragment of its once-vast East Indian empire in 1962. West New Guinea, formerly Netherlands New Guinea, was handed over to the United Nations (UN) on October 1, under an agreement providing that ...


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Norway (pop. 3,586,000) formally opened negotiations for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market) on November 12. Foreign Minister Halvard M. Lange earlier had told the EEC Council of Ministers that Norway was prepared ...


Description:
(Pop. 10,857,000). A military junta seized the government on July 18. It declared that the June 10 national elections, in which Dr. Victor Raul Haya de la Torre had won a plurality, were fraudulent and therefore annulled. The incumbent, Manuel Prado y ...


Description:
The Philippines under President Diosdado Macapagal, attempted to play a more independent role in Asia. At the same time, it instituted several major reforms on its domestic front to correct such conditions as corruption in government. ...


Description:
More inside secrets of the atom were laid bare by physicists in 1962. After six months of firing particles from the world's most powerful atom smasher through a 42-foot-thick "filter" of armor plate, researchers at the Brookhaven National Laboratory ...


Description:
(pop. 29,731,200) suffered from a poor harvest and rising prices. Bad weather caused agricultural output to drop 7 per cent below 1961 yields. The resultant food squeeze was further aggravated when U.S. grain shipments were temporarily cut off pending ...


Description:
John F. Kennedy weathered several crises at home and overseas in 1962. On the domestic scene his presidential authority was defied by Governor Ross Barnett of Mississippi, by U.S. Steel Corporation Chairman Roger M. Blough, and, at times, by members ...


Description:
Puerto Rico hoped to hold a plebiscite in December in which the islanders would decide whether they wanted an improved commonwealth status, statehood, or independence. But late in the year, the referendum was postponed so that Puerto Rico could first ...


Description:
The uncertain economic health of the radio industry aroused much concern in official quarters. Newton N. Minow, chairman of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). revealed in an address before the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) that ...


Description:
The Republican Party won the governorships of three key states in the 1962 elections, but failed to make the traditional off-year gains on the national political scene. ...


Description:
RUSSIA (pop. 218,000,000) scored a major scientific victory and suffered a severe diplomatic setback in 1962. In mid-August, its prestige advanced when two Russian cosmonauts circled the earth in adjacent orbits 64 and 48 times respectively. But in ...


Description:
Saudi Arabia remained deeply embroiled in its feud with the United Arab Republic (UAR). Each nation was vying for the supremacy of its form of government in the Arab world. ...


Description:
The New York Hungarians won the National Open Challenge Cup, defeating the San Francisco Scots, 4 to 1, in the final of a 144-team elimination. America of Brazil defeated Belenenses of Portugal to win the International Soccer League championship. ...


Description:
Somalia (pop. 1,990,000) continued to bicker with Kenya over the Northern Frontier District in Kenya. The 50,000 Somalis residing in the area wished to secede from Kenya and unite with Somalia. The Somalia national assembly unanimously supported them ...


Description:
Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd announced on January 23, that Transkei, a native reserve inhabited by 2,000,000 people, would be given internal self-government in 1963. Its all-African parliament would have authority over agriculture and other ...


Description:
On Aug. 11, 1962, at 11:30 A.M. Moscow time, a two-stage rocket soared from the Soviet "Cape Canaveral" in Kazakhstan, carrying into orbit a Vostok spacecraft and Russia's third cosmonaut, Major Andrian G. Nikolayev. The Vostok III was orbiting at 110 ...


Description:
(Pop. 30,128,000). General Francisco Franco reorganized his cabinet in July. He named an old friend to a newly created post: Agustin Munoz Grandes became vice-premier. Munoz Grandes would automatically succeed Franco as head of government in the event ...


Description:
Sweden (pop. 7,480,000) paid in full its last remaining debt to the United States in 1962. The payment, made 21 years ahead of schedule, amounted to more than $16,000,000. The loan, which had been advanced after World War II under the Marshall Plan, ...


Description:
The push-button phone went into first commercial use in December. Subscribers in Chardon, Ohio, could get the 10-button, electronic instruments for an extra $1.50 a month. They are faster than dial phones and can transfer incoming calls to another ...


Description:
Telstar launched a new era in television and world communications in 1962. Orbiting the earth, it beamed live television programs across the Atlantic. Perhaps its most dramatic telecast was the opening on October 11 of the Second Vatican Council. ...


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Thailand (pop. 25,520,638) nearly became embroiled in the Laotian conflict in 1962. In May, Viet Cong and Pathet Lao guerrillas based in Laos launched an all-out attack on Nam Tha, a major access route into Thailand. Fearful that the pro-communist ...


Description:
Turkey (pop. 23,196,410) passed through a series of political crises in 1962. The trouble stemmed partly from an inability of the nation's five political parties to form an effective coalition government under President Cemal Gursel. Although Turkey's ...


Description:
Guerrilla-type fighting between the communist north and the anticommunist south became even more savage in 1962. Procommunist Viet Cong forces poured large numbers of men and heavy weapons into the south through their recently won Laotian corridor. ...


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A howling nor'easter with winds up to 80 mph struck the Atlantic seaboard in early March causing up to $200,000,000 in damage. The coastal regions of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina were officially designed as ...


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Water. On March 1, 1962, President John F. Kennedy in a special message to Congress warned: "By 1980 our national water needs will nearly double--by the end of the century they will triple. But the quantity of water which nature supplies will remain ...


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Yugoslavia made moves toward renewing its ties with the Soviet Union. In September, Soviet Union President Leonid I. Brezhnev was warmly welcomed in Belgrade. In December, President Tito visited Moscow for talks with Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev. ...


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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) awarded a contract in 1962 to the Communication Research Institute to study the dolphin as a tool for research on communication between man and other forms of life. Directing the study was Dr. ...


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In Wyoming, 27 layers of petrified forests, one stacked on top of the other, were found in north Yellowstone Park. Dr. Erling Dorf, professor or geology at Princeton University, believes that periodic volcanic eruptions covered the forests which, in ...


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Alberta, which draws 22 per cent of its gross product from agriculture, saw increases in both grain crops and livestock production. Wheat yielded a total of 112,000,000 bushels, up from 84,000,000 in 1961. The marketing of choice butcher steers and ...


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spent most of 1963 trying to recover from the shock of Communist China's attack of the previous year. Most of the nation's internal and external actions throughout the year reflected its continuing efforts to cope with the Chinese menace. ...


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New strides in education, vocational training, and health services were taken in 1963 by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and the U.S. Public Health Service. New classrooms were added to accommodate 3,000 Indian children, and inadequate ...


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Indonesia began the year in a jubilant mood. Because of its peaceful victory regarding West Irian, the defense budget had been almost halved and greater attention could be paid to internal development. The optimism, however, proved premature. The ...


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Ireland gave a rapturous welcome to U.S. President John F. Kennedy during his visit in June. At Dunganstown, the President met and drank tea with 15 of his Irish cousins. His great-grandfather had left that area for Boston a century before. Ireland ...


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Israel marked an unexpected change in leadership in 1963. On June 16, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion abruptly quit the post he had held for all but 14 months since the state was founded in 1948. He said he resigned for personal reasons. ...


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Italy drifted in political indecision throughout most of 1963. This instability had an eroding effect on the economy, which, in contrast to the healthy boom of the previous year, faced a threat of serious inflation. ...


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Japan experienced a marked slowdown in its economic growth. The gain in its gross national product (GNP) dropped from the 1962-1963 figure of 15 per cent to 3.8 per cent. Japan's international payments showed a deficit of $123,000,000. A general price ...


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After a hectic year of political maneuverings, South Korea in 1963 returned to constitutional government. There were times, however, when it seemed that the military junta of General Chung Hee Park would continue its rule despite repeated pledges to ...


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On the brighter side, however, military regimes in Peru and Argentina relinquished control to duly elected, constitutional civilian governments. The Colombian army was called upon to help stamp out leftist terrorism and subversion. Venezuelan ...


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Libya reaped the benefits of its bountiful oil resources in 1963. For the first time in its history, the nation received enough money from its petroleum exports to meet the costs of its imports. Barely two years after Libya began exporting petroleum, ...


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MALAYSIA consisting of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah (North Borneo), and Sarawak, became a reality on September 16,1963. Its formation followed months of protracted haggling and delays which were largely the result of Indonesian opposition. ...


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Rapid progress in replacing damaged or diseased body parts with healthy transplants was reported extensively in 1963. Known as replacement surgery,this relatively new field accomplished a major breakthrough in the successful transplant of kidneys from ...


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A new approach to the nation's mental health problems was charted during 1963, as Congress passed legislation to spur research on mental retardation. ...


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Mexico prospered politically, economically, and socially in 1963. President Adolfo Lopez Mateos, in his state of the union address on September 1, noted that the nation's gold and U.S. dollar reserves had climbed to a record $510,000,000, up $93,000,...


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A new political force emerged in the Middle East during 1963. The revived Arab-Socialist Baath (Renaissance) party, with an estimated hard-core membership of 50,000, was a serious contender for political leadership in the Arab world throughout the ...


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The folk-music trend gained great momentum in 1963. At one point during the fall, three of the six top-selling records in the United States were albums by a folk trio, Peter, Paul and Mary. Folk music attracted crowds to "hootenannies" all over the ...


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The Netherlands was adrift in the hands of a caretaker government for 70 days in 1963. The crisis followed the quadrennial elections held on May 15, in which none of the 17 contending parties won a clear majority. Not until July 23 was the crisis ...


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The Labor party government that had ruled Norway almost continuously sinnce 1935 briefly lost power during 1963. On August 24, the government of Prime Minister Einar Gerhardsen resigned following a 76-74 nonconfidence vote on his policies in the ...


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A long-range program to explore the world's oceans was announced by the President's Office of Science and Technology in July, 1963. It would be the government's largest effort in the field of oceanography, and is expected to cost $2,300,000,000 over a ...


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Racial and political controversy continued to threaten the future of the Olympics as the host cities made final preparations for the games and contests in 1964. Both Innsbrucd, Austria, site of the 9th Winter Games (January 29-February 9), and Tikyo, ...


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Peru replaced its military government with a civilian one in 1963. On July 28, reform-minded Fernando Belaunde Terry took office as president after winning an election sponsored by the military junta that had seized power in 1962. ...


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The Philippines devoted most of 1963 to politics, even though it was not a presidential election year. The Liberal party government of President Diosdado Macapagal, because of its domestic policies, came in creasingly under Nationalist party criticism....


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Intense research on all aspects of laser, devices that amplify light waves into extremely powerful beams of one frequency, continued throughout 1963. Methods were found to produce laser action in solids, liquids, gases, and even plasmas. Some lasers ...


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Poland faced deepening economic and political problems in 1963. On July 25, the government tightened its control over the nation's factories in a move to step up lagging industrial output. ...


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Early in December, President Johnson appointed a seven-man commission headed by Chief Justice of the United States Earl Warren to investigate the assassination of President Kennedy. Other members of the commission: Representative T. Hale Boggs (D., La)...


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Affection from playmates is so important to normal emotional development among monkeys that it can overcome the destructive effects of poor maternal care or none at all. This was the conclusion of studies made at the Wisconsin Regional Primate Center ...


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Under the island's 13-year-old industrial development program, the number of new factories established on the island since 1950 was expected to hit the 1,000 mark during fiscal 1963-1964. Ford Motor Company began work on a $12,000,000 ballbearing ...


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After years of struggle, FM radio seemed about to round the economic corner in 1963, A Har-vard Business School study predicted that, if current trends continue, the average FM station will show a profit for the first time in 1964. It also forecast ...


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Republican leaders undertook a re-assessment of the 1964 president campaign after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22. A 30-day truce on political maneuvering was observed by both parties, the Republicans postponing a session ...


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RUSSIA regained during 1963 much of the prestige had lost in 1962 when, bowing to a U.S. ultimatum, it removed its missiles from Cuba. In August, it signed a test-ban treaty with the United States and Great Britain. It continued to foster friendly ...


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Saudi Arabia mended one of its diplomatic fences January 26 by resuming relations with Great Britain. These had been severed in 1956 following Britain's invasion of Suez. The mending began with an announcement that London and Mecca would hold ...


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Internal politics and external relations were determined more than ever in 1963 by a territorial dispute involving the Northern Frontier District (NFD) of Kenya. Somalis living in the area had unanimously demanded the separation of NFD from Kenya and ...


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South Africa was the object of continuing international criticism because of its apartheid (racial segregation) policy. At the May meeting of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), established at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, the nation was bitterly ...


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The pendulum of space rocket power swung toward the United States in 1963, with the first successful launch on November 27 of a Centaur booster. Centaur was of great importance to the U.S. space program because its engines, fueled with liquid hydrogen,...


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Spain worked toward better relations with Western Europe and the United States. In September, the United States and Spain extended for five years their agreement on U.S. air and naval bases in Spain first negotiated in 1953. Spain was unsuccessful, ...


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Sweden was rocked by a spy scandal in 1963. On June 20, Colonel Stig Wennerstrom admitted he had been in the employ of the Soviet Union since 1948. Wennerstrom, who was adviser to the foreign minister, had also served as air chief in the defense ...


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Global communications expanded impressively in 1963. The first transatlantic cable to link England directly with the United States opened on October 16. Not quite two months later, the first telephone cable across the Pacific linked Australia and New ...


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Television distinguished itself in 1963 as never before in its coverage of the events following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Wrote Jack Gould, TV critic of The New York Times: "Through television the shock of history reverberated in ...


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Thailand spent most of 1963 trying to secure its frontiers against subversive activity and infiltration by procommunist elements based in Laos and Cambodia. With U.S. help, Thai patrols were completely re-equipped with weapons, vehicles, and two-way ...


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Turkey became an associate member of the six-nation European Economic Community (EEC, or Common Market) on September 12. This action was a major implementation of the Western-oriented policy begun 41 years earlier by the Turkish leader, Mustafa Kemal ...


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VIETNAM suffered from a year of political turmoil that ended on November 2 with the overthrow of President Ngo Dinh Diem by a military junta. The president and his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, died in the coup. ...


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The year 1963 began and ended with record-breaking cold waves that engulfed virtually all of the United States. Throughout the Ohio Valley regions and the Southwest in January, the cold spell was the severest since the great cold wave of February, ...


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A lengthy legal battle shaped up over the expropriation in 1961 of the privately owned British Columbia Electric Company by the government. Although the government had offered further compensation to former shareholders, appeals questioning the ...


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Federal and provincial officials signed a cost-sharing agreement for the $63,000,000 Greater Winnipeg floodway. The project was designed to prevent recurrent spring floods along the Red and Assiniboine rivers. The federal government agreed to pay 58 ...


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A Royal Commission recommended that degree-granting universities in the province be reduced from six to three. The three to remain would be the University of New Brunswick, at Fredericton; Mount Allison University, at Sackville; and a proposed ...


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Premier Joseph R. Smallwood won his fifth consecutive election victory in December. Smallwood had called the election to gain a mandate to carry out a long-term $70,000,000 fisheries development program. ...


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Area coal mining was dealt a severe blow in March when a large New Waterford colliery closed down. The colliery's 1,000 employees were forced to seek other employment. This was a serious problem for the already depressed area. However, construction ...


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A record budget of $1,005,000,000 was presented in March. No new taxes or tax increases were proposed. A small surplus was forecast. Education was allotted the largest sum earmarked for any department--$329,000,000. It was $60,000,000 more than had ...


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Prince Edward Island saw its long-standing plea for a more permanent link with the mainland nearing reality. In April, Prime Minister Diefenbaker announced that a causeway would be built across the nine-mile-strait separating Prince Edward Island from ...


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Budget estimates for fiscal 1962 totaled $952,000,000. This represented an increase of $92,000,000 over the fiscal year that ended in March. A deficit of $143,000,000 was forecast. Greatly increased sums were earmarked for education, health, and ...


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Saskatchewan made world headlines in 1962. Its physicians closed their offices in July to protest the passing of a government Medical Care Insurance Act. The act, which was the first of its kind to be enacted in North America, provided a compulsory ...


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AFRICA moved toward greater Pan-African solidarity in 1963. The continent's dream of unity within the framework of a Pan-African organization, however, was tempered by an awareness of the difficulties involved in maintaining such a unity. New gains ...


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The record of man and his evolution was put into new perspective in 1963 by two studies. One opened up a controversy which promises to rage for years to come. The other took a relatively somber view of man's future. ...


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The great temple of Abu Simbel, which has commanded Egypt's Upper Nile for more than 3,000 years, will continue its dominance, safe above the coming flood. This was assured when agreement was reached in 1963 on a plan proposed by Swedish engineers to ...


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Argentina returned to a duly elected constitutional form of government in 1963. On October 12, Arturo Illia was sworn in for a six-year term as president, thus ending nearly 19 months of military-dominated rule. Illia succeeded Jose Maria Guido, the ...


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ASIA still reverberated in the wake of a shock wave set off in 1962 by Communist China's invasion of India. That aggressive move, in itself, was responsible, as no other factor, for the shifts in Asian power alignments that characterized 1963. ...


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Scientists from many countries converged on the North American continent in 1963 to observe the total solar eclipse of July 20. The path of the eclipse curved from Alaska through Canada, slightly south of Hudson Bay, and across Maine. Many of the ...


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Australia returned the Liberal-Country party coalition of Prime Minister Robert G. Menzies to power in a general election held November 30. The victory, after 14 continuous years in office, boosted Menzie's parliamentary majority from one, where it ...


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AUTOMOBILE manufacturers of the United States generally added to the size, engine, and trimmings of their cars in 1963 and wound up with one of their best years on record. ...


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AVIATION in 1963 made further advances toward developing a commercial airliner that would travel faster than sound. An X-15 rocket plane was being modified late in the year to enable it to raise its top speed of 4,104 mph to 5,300 mph--eight time the ...


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The mighty Yankees struck out a record 15 times in the first game of the 1963 World Series, and went on to a stunning defeat by the Los Angeles Dodgers in four straight games. It was, however, only the eighth World Series defeat for the Yankees since ...


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A funny thing happened to the University of Cincinnati on its way to an unprecedented third straight national championship. The Cincinnati Bearcats lost a 15-point lead in the last 12 minutes and were beaten 60-58 in overtime by Loyola of Chicago in ...


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Rapid strides were made during 1963 in the artificial production of complex molecules of living matter. In a number of laboratories, scientists exposed solutions of compounds to ultraviolet light to produce the molecules. ...


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Another significant step toward understanding photosynthesis , the fundamental process of plant life by which light energy is transformed into chemical energy, resulted from the studies of Dr.Ellen C. Weaver of Stanford University and Professor Norman ...


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Burundi changed premiers in 1963 as the result of three political arrests ordered by the government of Premier Andre Muhirwa on March 22. ...


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Cambodia was at odds with two of its close neighbors and one of its most powerful allies. On August 27, it broke diplomatic ties with South Vietnam because of the Diem government's persecution of Buddhist monks. ...


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Relations with the United States formed a major theme in Canada's politics during 1963. They helped to topple the six-year-old Conservative government of John G. Diefenbaker and provided many problems for its Liberal successor, Prime Minister Lester B....


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Biography, autobiography, and the diary dominated the 1963 literary output. Outstanding titles in the first two categories were Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years by Peter C. Newman; William Lyon Mackenzie King , vol. 2, The Lonely Heights, ...


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The further synthesis of noble (rare) gas compounds developed into one of the most active and provocative areas of chemical research in 1963. Though having no immediate practical application, chemists were delighted to learn they could now study ...


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Chile struggled with inflation, a restless labor force, and a backlog of domestic and international debts in 1963. By July, living costs had jumped 48.8 per cent over a 12-month period. In an effort to curb a further rise, the government froze prices ...


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China spent a considerable portion of the year trying to recover the position of leadership it had lost in Asia by its 1962 attack on India. A difficult enough task, it was complicated even further by the deepening ideological dispute with the Soviet ...


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Although there were no major advances in basic computer theory, computer machines were put to a wider variety of uses in 1963. This development was particularly striking in the field of medicine where the application of computers ranged from the ...


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Congo solved one problem only to face another in 1963. The secessionist province of Katanga was finally reunited with the Central Congolese government. Moise Tshombe, the rebellious Katangese leader, fled the country and renounced any further ...


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The first session of the 88th Congress opened on Jan. 9, 1963, with a resounding victory for the administration. By the time it had adjourned on Dec. 30, 1963, however, there were few other major victories, except for the ratification of the nuclear ...


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What might have been on of the greatest jewel robberies in the history of the United States turned into a "Keystone Cop" incident in New York City on November 8. An old stationwagon transporting jewelry and gold valued at more than $1,000,000 was ...


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Cuba suffered both natural and man-made misfortunes in 1963. Early in October, the island was struck by a hurricane that tore the Cuban economy to shreds. This domestic calamity aggravated further the nation's continuing international problems ...


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Czechoslovakia moved warily along the path of de-Stalinization in 1963. At the 12th party congress held in December, 1962, a commission had been established to review "the violations of Party Principles and of Socialist Legality during the period of ...


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The nation and the world were stunned by the slaying of President John F. Kennedy in 1963. President Lyndon B. Johnson took over as party leader at once, and asked John M. Bailey to remain as chairman of the Democratic National Committee for the 1964 ...


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Denmark took drastic measures to curb its spiraling inflation in 1963. The Folketing (parliament) passed laws in March freezing wages and prices for a two-year period. Prime Minister Jens Otto Krag said it was necessary to reverse a four-year trend in ...


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The surge toward unity in Western Europe was dramatically interrupted in 1963. Just when hopes were highest that economic union was at hand and that political union might follow, French President Charles de Gaulle vetoed Great Britain's application ...


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The resignation of Premier Ahti K. Karjalainen and his coalition cabinet in August precipitated a lengthy government crisis. The government had split over ways to finance an increase in farm income. The increase was mandatory under a law which ...


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Just two yards and the clock prevented Army from upsetting Navy in the highlight game of the college football season. With a minute and 38 seconds left to play, Army drove to a first down on the Navy seven-yard line, and then to the two-yard line in ...


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France cast a long shadow over world affairs in 1963. It was a shadow in the towering image of its president, Charles de Gaulle. It was De Gaulle who threw Western Europe's plans for unity into confusion by his veto of Great Britain's application for ...


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New evidence was disclosed in 1963 to support the theory of continental drift, which holds that the earth is an ever-changing planet upon which the continents drift and the North Pole shifts. At a meeting of the International Union of Geodesy and ...


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GERMANY marked the end of one era and the start of a new one. On October 15, 1963, Chancellor Konrad Adenauer resigned. The following day, the Bundestag (lower house of the West German parliament) elected Ludwig Erhard as his successor. ...


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The United Kingdom acquired a new prime minister in 1963, Sir Alexander (Alec) Douglas-Home. He was officially named by Queen Elizabeth II on October 19, to succeed Harold Macmillan. Home thus became the first peer of the realm to form an ...


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Greece switched political leadership in 1963. On November 3, nearly 5,000,000 Greeks flocked to the polls. When the final vote was tallied, the Center Union party, led by George Papandreou had gained a slight edge over the National Radical Union of ...


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Haiti remained a poverty-stricken, dictator-terrorized country in 1963. On May 22, President Francois Duvalier took office for another six-year term. His inauguration was preceded by a month-long series of violent incidents that included bloodshed and ...


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Public health authorities became increasingly concerned with air pollution control following London's December (1962) "killer smog." They took note of the fact that "it could happen here." ...


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Hungary followed a deliberate course of de-Stalinization in 1963. An amnesty decree, announced by Premier Janos Kadar, became effective April 4. Under it, all political prisoners and all imprisoned criminals, except murderers and those convicted of ...


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The Toronto Maple Leafs emerged as the new kingpins of the National Hockey League by winning the league championship and the Stanley Cup for the second successive year. It was the first league title for the Maple Leafs in 15 years. Chicago was second, ...


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Water. The Supreme Court of the United States on June 3 Set the stage for far-reaching developments affecting the water outlook--and the economic future--of the entire Southwest.It upheld Arizona's contention that allotment of Colorado River water was ...


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Yugoslavia voted itself a new constitution and a new name in 1963. On April 7, the Federal Assembly unanimously approved a new national charter to replace one framed in 1946. The charter, which gave Marshal Tito unlimited tenure as president, also ...


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Rats and human beings have at least one thing in common. Both are hardy offshoots of a prehistoric primate called anagalidae. This view was advanced by Dr. Malcolm C. McKenna, associate curator of vertebrate paleontology at the American Museum of ...


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Alberta's Social Credit government, in power since 1935, won a landslide victory on June 17. The party won 60 of the 63 seats in the legislature, leaving a token opposition of two Liberals and a coalition member. The victory was a tremendous personal ...


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Premier W.A.C. Bennett led his Social Credit government to a resounding victory in an election on September 30. Winning 34 seats, the party reduced its opposition to 13 members of the New Democratic (socialist) party and five Liberals. Shortly before ...


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The Liberals under Primer Louis J. Robichaud emerged from a provincial election on April 22 with the same standing in the legislature as before: 31, with 21 seats held by the Conservation opposition. ...


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Parliament was expected to approve legislation to split the Northwest Territories into Mackenzie and Nunassiaq, which means "the Beautiful Land" in the language of the 5,000 Eskimos who live in that eastern portion of the NWT. Uncertainty on the ...


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Robert L. Stanfield, leader of the Conservatives since 1948 and premier since 1956, swept to his third consecutive victory on October 8. The Conservatives took 39 seats in the legislature, compared with 27 in 1960. ...


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Premier John P. Robarts, fighting his first election as leader of the Conservative party, won a decisive victory on September 25. He increased his party's standing in the legislature to 78 seats, from the 71 left him by retiring premier Leslie Frost ...


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Ground was broken in February for the $5,600,000 Fathers of Confederation Memorial Building in Charlottetown. The concert hall-museum-cultural center was scheduled for completion in May, 1964. The building was conceived as a national monument to the ...


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Quebec was racked with terrorism in 1963 when the FLQ (Front de Liberation Quebecois), the extremist wing of the separatist movement, planted time bombs in public places in Montreal. Most of the terrorists had been apprehended and sentenced to stiff ...


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AFRICA remained a continent in political ferment in 1964. Malawi, the former British protectorate of Nyasaland, became independent on July 6. Northern Rhodesia, another former British possession, became the independent state of Zambia on October 24. ...


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The discovery of a new fossil man by Dr. L. S. B. Leakey in East Africa excited anthropologists throughout the world. Dr. Leakey, who named his discovery Homo habilis , expressed the belief that its skull resembles modern man's so closely that ...


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The earliest undisturbed European site of prehistoric stone tools and extinct animals was found during the year by Professor Laszlo Vertes in Hungary. Named Verteszollos, the find extended man's knowledge of early European cultures several thousand ...


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Argentina remained tense as political conflicts and labor problems posed a test for President Arturo Umberto Illia's policy of national conciliation. Political leadership was weak. It was further shaken in December by an attempted return from exile of ...


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ASIA was shaken politically as well as physically by an atomic explosion triggered by Communist China in October. It was a technological achievement that deeply impressed the Asiatic nations being courted by China. But for those whose inner stability ...


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In the midst of astounding quasistellar discoveries, the world celebrated the 400th anniversary of the birth of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), the first man to study the sky with a telescope. Many scientific organizations throughout the world conducted ...


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Australia enjoyed a soaring economy for the second successive year. Means of controlling this growth became the chief problem of Prime Minister Sir Robert Gordon Menzies and his Liberal-Country party coalition. The Gross National Product (GNP) rose 9 ...


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THE U.S. auto industry was hampered by strikes and parts shortages in 1964 but finished the calendar year with near-record production and sales figures. According to final, unofficial tabulations by Automotive News , 7,746,000 passenger cars rolled ...


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AVIATION jetted to new heights of prosperity in 1964, the 50th anniversary of scheduled air transportation. The airlines of the United States nearly doubled their profits for the year, from slightly over $76,000,000 in 1963 to an estimated $130,000,...


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John Joseph Keane started the 1964 season among the least heralded of the 20 big league managers. He ended it as the central figure in some of the most astounding developments in the history of baseball. ...


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The University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) went through the season undefeted, a feat previously accomplished only by San Francisco in 1956 and by North Carolina in 1957. UCLA clamaxed its success with 98-83 triumph over Eastern champoion Duck ...


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Biologists took another look at a famous meteorite in an attempt to determine whether life exists elsewhere in space--a question that has long intrigued scientists as well as science fiction writers. ...


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Seasonal flowers can made to bloom continuously all year long by increasing their supply of light and chemicals, horticulturist Henry M. Cathey revealed at the Food and Home Fair of the U.S.Department of Agriculture held in Washington, D.C., in the ...


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Premier Pierre Ngendandumwe was forced to resign in March, after less than a year in office. His resignation coincided with a cabinet shakeup, which was made, reportedly, because several members either were unable or unwilling to promote peaceful ...


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Prince Norodom Sihanouk and his tiny country were embroiled in a border dispute with South Vietnam. Their quarrel also involved the United States. The Vietnamese had become angered by repeated guerrilla thrusts from bases in Cambodia. They had ...


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On the verge of celebrating its first its first 100 years of union, Canada faced the sore problem of maintaining that unity in 1964. The quickening pace of Quebec's "quiet revolution" introduced new strains into the Canadian community. It was a ...


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History books were prominent among the distinguished volumes published in Canada in 1964. The Road to Confederation , the story, of Canada's emerging nationhood, was written in a splendid prose style by Donald Creighton. Mr. Prime Minister, 1867-1964 ,...


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A new element was added to the periodic chart with the announcement of the production of element 104 by Soviet scientists. The chemical element, as yet unnamed, was produced by the bombardment of plutonium atoms with high-velocity neon ions in the ...


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Chile inaugurated Eduardo Frei Montalva as its president on November 3. In defeating Socialist-Communist Salvador Allende, Frei became the first Christian Democrat ever to be elected a chief of state in Latin America. ...


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China became the world's fifth atomic power when it exploded a nuclear device in October 1964. It was only the day before that Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev fell from power, and, with his downfall, Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Tse-tung ...


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World space--in the air, on land, under the sea--was more heavily loaded with words and pictures in 1964 than ever before in history. During the year, the nations of the world joined hands to keep people-to-people dialogue moving freely over modern ...


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Computers entered a new field when Bell Telephone Laboratories at Murray Hill, N.J., made a 17-minute animated cartoon by using a computer linked to a cathode-ray tube and a movie camera. The picture was formed on a grid of spots on the face of the ...


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Congo began the year in bloodshed and ended it in an orgy of mass murder. Hundreds of white and black residents were slain indiscriminately during the year-long fighting in which internal rebel groups savagely resisted the efforts of a weak central ...


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THE SECOND SESSION of the 88th Congress of the United States "enacted more major legislation, met more national needs, disposed of more national issues, than any other session in this century or the last." This was the grateful tribute President ...


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A federal court ruling, handed down in 1964, could result in the release of thousands of prisoners who could not be tried again because witnesses and evidence would no longer be available, some observers believed. They based this opinion on the fact ...


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Cuba was offered the cheerless prospect of more hard work and a leaner larder by Premier Fidel Castro in September. The island's economy had suffered gravely from a drop in world sugar prices. Production failures in agriculture had brought widespread ...


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The national assembly re-elected President Antonin Novotny to a second seven-year term on November 12. His re-election came less than a month after Russia's ouster of its premier, Nikita S. Khrushchev. Novotny remained as leader of the Czechoslovakian ...


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The 1964 election left the Democratic party stronger than at any time since Franklin D. Roosevelt's landslide triumph of 1936. President Lyndon B. Johnson, who succeeded the assassinated John F. Kennedy Nov. 22, 1963, ran for a full four-year term in ...


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Denmark expanded its contacts and trade with the U.S.S.R. and the communist nations in 1964. In February, Prime Minister Jens Otto Krag visited Russia, where he settled Danish property claims in territories taken over by the Soviets in World War II. ...


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Across the nation on Nov. 3, 1964, the American people gave Lyndon Baines Johnson an overwhelming mandate for his "Great Society." President Johnson and his running mate, Senator Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota, carried 44 states and the District of ...


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EUROPE FLOUNDERED in indecision and a maze of cross purposes in 1964. In both Western and Eastern Europe, old allegiances and dependencies were fading, and no clear guide to the pattern that might replace them had yet emerged. ...


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Finland ended nine months under a caretaker government when a new, four-party coalition led by Premier Johannes Virolainen took office in September. Despite their surface unity, however, deep division remained among the parties over means of ...


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Notre Dame came within 95 seconds of achieving its first perfect record since 1949 when Southern California struck for a touchdown in the most dramatic upset game of the season. The 20 to 17 loss dropped Notre Dame from first place ratings. Alabama, ...


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France continued to play a dominant political and diplomatic role in West European and world affairs. The efforts of President Charles de Gaulle to reshape the economic and polical patterns of Europe, and indeed the world, kept him in the spotlight as ...


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The greatest earthquake ever recorded on the North American continent occurred in Alaska on March 27. It lifted more than 25,000 square miles of the earth's surface from three to eight feet, and pushed one end of uninhabited Montague Island 33 feet ...


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THE TWO SEGMENTS of divided Germany sparred over trade and population movements. They made no progress, however, toward the unification that remained the goal of every German, East or West. The prosperity of the Federal Republic of (West) Germany ...


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The United Kingdom elected a Labour government for the first time in 13 years. On October 15, Labour leader (James) Harold Wilson, a 48-year-old economist, became the youngest prime minister of Great Britain in the 20th century, even though his ...


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Greece came perilously close to war with Turkey in 1964. Each nation was determined to support the rights of its respective nationals on Cyprus, where Greek and Turkish Cypriots were locked in a bitter civil war. An outbreak of open hostilities was ...


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The national assembly voted to retain the nation's president for life on June 21. It also proclaimed a new constitution that had been ratified in a national referndum by a vote of 2,800,000 to 3,324. Under its provisons, President Francois Duvalier ...


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Public health authorities continued to study the effects of smoking following a report issued by the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on January 11. This committee said that it had found a statistical relationship between smoking, especially ...


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The official celebration of Christmas in 1963, for the first time under communist rule, was a portent of the cautious liberalization that continued in 1964. During the year, the nation saw such significant developments as: (1) the travel of nearly 200,...


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The champion Toronto Maple Leafs fell to third place in the regular season of National Hockey League play, but then went on to win their third straight Stanley Cup play-offs. The Maple Leafs edged out Montreal, four games to three. The regular season ...


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Of all its 18 years since independence, India marked 1964 as its most difficult. The loss of its towering father figure, Jawaharlal Nehru, climaxed the events of a year that saw a crippling food crisis, frustrations in economic development, a deluge ...


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President Lyndon B. Johnson in January enlisted the American Indians in his war on poverty. He told representatives of the National Congress of American Indians that the Indians had suffered the most from poverty. He pledged that his administration ...


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Indonesia continued its bitter opposition to the Federation of Malaysia. Yet the serious problems within the country were often obscured by the inflammatory statements issued to the world at large by President Sukarno, much of whose "crush Malaysia" ...


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Ireland suffered an economic jolt when Great Britain's newly elected Labour government slapped a 15 per cent surcharge on manufactured imports in October. Prime Minister Sean F. Lemass protested personally in London. Ireland's new dependence on ...


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Israel and Syria strafed one another's boundaries with jet-fighter fire in November. Each claimed that border violations committed by the other had precipitated the air strikes. At Syria's urgings, the matter was placed before the United Nations. ...


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Italy struggled to achieve economic and political stability in 1964, but with only limited success. The inflationary trend of the preceding year had been halted, but a recession had followed. Although the precarious center-left coalition government ...


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Japan hosted the Summer Olymic Games in October. It was the first time the competitions ever had been held in Asia. The Japanese, taking great pride in their nprecedented role, expended considerable money, effort, and time to make the games a success. ...


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South Korea experienced continuing political difficulties that were exemplified by a series of student riots in March and again in June 1964. Although the riots resembled those of mid-1960, in which President Syngman Rhee had been ousted, they did not ...


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Latin America accorded a tumultuous welcome to French President Charles de Gaulle during his September tour. His earlier trip to Mexico, in March, was the first time a European head of state had paid a state visit to any Latin-American country. ...


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Libya notified the United States and Great Britain that it would not renew the treaties governing their bases on Libyan soil when they expire in 1973. Both the U.S. and British governments agreed in principle to give up their installations. ...


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MALAYSIA survived a year of undeclared guerrilla warfare with Indonesia. Formation of the federation, which included Malaya, and the former British colonies of Singapore, Sarawak, and Sabah (North Borneo), had been bitterly opposed by President ...


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Medicine made use of the laser, a device that amplifies light waves into extremely powerful beams of one frequency, as its latest potential weapon against cancer. At the Foundation for Medical Research in Pasadena, Calif., Dr. James T. Helsper and Dr. ...


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The important position drugs occupy in the treatment of mental illness was pointed up in 1964 by the withdrawal and the subsequent return to the market of tranylcypromine , used to treat severe depression. The drug was withdrawn on the recommendation ...


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Mexico witnessed the largest presidential election turnout in its history on July 5. Of the 10,000,000 votes cast, about 90 per cent favored Gustavo Diaz Ordaz. Both Diaz, who assumed office on December 1, and outgoing President Adolfo Lopez Mateos ...


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Tensions ran high in the Middle East during 1964, but they did not reach the fever pitch of previous years. Syria and Israel again exchanged gunfire in a series of border incidents. Arab leaders continued to plot the grand design for Israel's eventual ...


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The year 1964 was overwhelmingly the Year of the Beatles in popular music, a field that is not unknown for its cultivation of fads and fancies. ...


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The Netherlands was rocked by a crisis in the royal House of Orange. It was set off by Princess Irene, second in line of succession to the throne, who announced in February her plan to marry Prince Carlos de Bourbon y Parma, one of the claimants to ...


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In 1964, Norway felt the restraining influence of the trade barriers erected by the European Economic Community. The nation, which was a member of the rival European Free Trade Association (EFTA) encountered declining markets for such exports as ...


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Exploration at great depths became more feasible with the completion and testing of a number of deep-diving submarines in 1964. On September 3, J. Louis Reynolds launched the Aluminaut , the world's first aluminum-hulled submarine. It was designed to ...


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AFTER A JOURNEY of 10,000 miles by foot and jet plane, the Olympic Flame entered the National Stadium in Tokyo, Japan, on October 10. It signed the beginning of the 18th modern Olympiad. ...


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Peru made rapid economic progress in 1964. Exports grew, business flourished, and modest starts were made toward solving some of the nation's social problems. The Gross National Product (GNP) was expected to reach a record $3,000,000,000 in 1964. The ...


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The Philippines were alarmed by an outbreak of hostilities between neighboring Indonesia and Malaysia in 1964. Although talks between Philippines President Diosdado Macapagal, Indonesia's President Sukarno, and Malaysia's Prime Minister Tunku Abdul ...


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Liquid helium has held a fascination for physicists ever since it was first poduced by the Dutch physicist Kamerlingh Onnes in 1908. Its most startling property is superfluidity. At a temperature of 2.18 degrees Kelvin (-270.97 degrees centigrade) it ...


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Communist leader Wladyslaw Gomulka continued his efforts in 1964 to persuade Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev to tone down his quarrel with Communist China. The Polish leader also expressed his apprehension over a proposed visit by Khrushchev to ...


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Lyndon B. Johnson stamped his personality indelibly on his administration and on the nation in 1964, and the nation responded with an overwhelming mandate in the November election. The 36th President appealed eloquently for the "Great Society" and ...


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Widespread publicity given to the ability to "see with the skin" aroused the interest of the public at large as well as many psychologists. The ability, named "dermo-optical perception" (DOP), may exist in varying degrees in all individuals and may ...


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Puerto Rico elected a new governor for the first time in 15 years. On Nov. 3, 1964, Roberto Sanchez Vilella was chosen to succeed Luis Munoz Marin, who had refused to run for a fifth term. ...


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People in 110 cities across the land listened to their radios in 1964 enthralled by programs that had been among the standouts of the serials in the 1930's and 1940's. The year saw the return of The Shadow , who "knows what evil lurks in the hearts of ...


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Republican Party leadership underwent an historic change in direction with the nomination of Senator Barry M. Goldwater of Arizona for the presidency of the United States. Goldwater, the idol of the inflexibly conservative elements within the party, ...


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At Midnight on October 15, in an abrupt move that caught the world by surprise, the Communist party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) stripped Nikita S. Khrushchev of his post as first secretary of the party and premier. He was ...


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Saudi Arabia changed rulers in a bloodless coup in 1964. On November 2, King Saud was dethroned and Crown Prince Faisal was proclaimed king. The accession of Faisal to the thron ended a lengthy power struggle between the two half brothers. ...


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Navy went undefeated in 15 games and won the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship, while Trenton State won the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) championship. ...


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Somalia was embroiled in border conflicts with both Kenya and Ethiopia during 1964. The Ethiopian clash involved Somali claims to the Ogaden area of Ethiopia, which is inhabited by nomadic Somali tribes. The Organization of African Unity (OAU) ...


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South Africa reinforced its existing apartheid (racial segregation) measures with new, more sweeping regulations in 1964. In a crackdown against sabotage, a new general laws amendment was passed. It extended the death penalty to persons who had ...


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A pilot, a physician, and a space scientist--Soviet citizens all--circled the earth 16 times on Oct. 12 and 13, 1964, to become the world's first multiman space crew. ...


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Spain forged ahead economically in 1964, although inflationary pressures were rising. Its gold and foreign exchange reserves stood at record high of $1,375,000,000 in September. Unemployment was down, partly because 400,000 Spaniards were at work in ...


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Sweden retained the Social Demoratic government that had ruled it for 32 years. However, elections in September reduced the party of Prime Minister Tage F. Erlander to 113 seats in parliament, one less than before. The Liberal party gained eight sets ...


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THROUGH ITS COVERAGE of the presidential election and its moves to control or own sports properties, television became embroiled in two areas of public policy. The issues raised were not likely to be resolved for many years to come. ...


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Thailand enjoyed a stable and prosperous year, despite the death of its premier, Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat. The transition to a new government was made smoothly under Thanarat's successor, Premier Thanom Kittikachorn. ...


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Turkey became deeply embroiled in the bitter Cyprus dispute to the detriment of its political and economic progress in 1964. For a time, war threatened to erupt between Turkey and Greece as each nation lent support to its respective ethnic group on ...


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GUERRILLA WARFARE continued to sap Vietnam's energies in 1964. It was being fought in the jungles and on the river deltas of South Vietnam by ever-larger military units. It was being fought politically in the streets of Saigon, where the South ...


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The United States suffered one of its most disastrous years in weather history in 1964. It began with one of the great blizzards of the century which reached its greatest fury, in mid-January, over the Middle Atlantic states and left 140 persons dead ...


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Water. The rising demand for fresh, clean water--for home, industry, and farm--made itself felt on several fronts in 1964. Congress passed the Water Resources Research Act in July, to provide grants for universities and scientific foundations to ...


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Yugoslavia continued striving to get the best of many worlds without committing itself to any single one. In June, President Tito visited Finland where he expounded the cause of nonalignment. Later, on a reverse tack, he met Soviet Premier Nikita S. ...


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Attention was increasingly directed toward the study and preservation of rare animal species. In January, 50 scientists from seven countries sailed to the Galapagos Islands where animal species have evolved free of outside influences over a long ...


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Alberta helped Canada's oil industry celebrate its golden anniversary in 1964 with the discovery of a vast reserve of heavy viscous crude oil 120 miles northwest of Edmonton. Larger than all the light oil reserves now known in Alberta, the deposit was ...


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The provincial government planned to establish a commercial bank, the Bank of British Columber, under a federal charter. Premier William A. C. Bennett early in the year said the province expected to put some of the capital required. There was talk of ...


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Manitoba's five-year-old Crop Insurance Fund wound up the year with an estimated surplus of $57,000. It had been $856,261 in the red at the start of 1964. The fund insured 1,000,000 acres for a coverage of $14,657,000 in 1964. What was thought to be ...


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Premier Louis J. Robichaud suggested that Canada's four Atlantic provinces consider uniting into a single province. Its total population would amount to almost 2,000,000. While the premiers of Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island were cool to the ...


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The prospect of using power from Grand Falls on Labrador's Hamilton River to run the subways of New York moved closer to reality in 1964. earlier, Quebec had raised some legal hurdles against the plan to run lines across that province. An engineering ...


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Halifax studied a bold new redevelopment plan in midsummer. The $35,000,000, 19-acre Cornwallis Center will include three 22-story apartment towers,a 450-room hotel, and a shopping and recreation complex. The province's new Lord's Day Act went into ...


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A record Ontario budget was introduced in February. Revenues were expected to total $1,200,000,000 for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1965. Education costs amounted to 35 per cent of the province's planned expenditure total of $1,300,000,000. A new ...


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Prince Edward Island celebrated the centenary of the first Confederation conference, held at Charlottetown, by completion of the Fathers of Confederation Memorial Building. The handsome structure, located on a square in the heart of Charlottetown, ...


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A bill to create the first department of education in Quebec's history the legislature early in 1964. In the place of a council of education relying on religious committees, the bill provided for a more centralized organization under state direction. ...


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The only socialist government in Canada tumbled from power after 20 years in office in Saskatchewan in April. Under a 47-year-old businessman, Ross Thatcher, the Liberals won 33 seats in the legislature and the New Democratic party (socialist), 25. ...


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Political crisis and change again characterized the African continent during 1965. Nigeria opened the year deep in the throes of its worst political crisis since independence. In the aftermath of its general elections which were held on Dec. 30, 1964, ...


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Evidence of new types of men on the family tree gave anthropologists more areas of disagreement in 1965. The latest proposal concerning the structure of its branches came from Professor Phillip V. Tobias of the University of Witwatersrand in ...


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Edward Lanning of Columbia University, who established in 1961 that men lived in Peru as early as 8500 B.C., showed in 1965 that five successive groups of hunting and gathering people occupied camps along the Peruvian coast over a period of 6,000 ...


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The government of President Arturo Umberto Illia faced mounting criticism from civilian and military quarters. After two years in office, it had not been able to obtain any substantial foreign loans from the country's development. It had also failed ...


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With its teeming millions, Asia remained the focus of a global struggle. It was primarily a three-way struggle for power and influence involving the anticommunist West led by the United States, the communism of the Soviet Union, and the vigorous ...


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On July 14, 1965, the Mariner IV spacecraft passed at about 5,600 miles of Mars, snapped 22 pictures, and then began beaming the first "close-up" photos of another planet back across 134,000,000 miles of space to an anxious audience on earth. The ...


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A 10-year limited free-trade agreement between Australia and New Zealand was signed on August 31. The new pact was to become effective in 1966. Earlier in the year, Australia announced that its currency system would be converted to dollar-and-cent ...


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The U.S. auto industry had its biggest year in 1965, with production, sales, employment, and profits soaring to all-time highs. An estimated 9,000,000 cars rolled off U.S. assembly lines during the year. This, easily shattered the old industry record ...


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F or the first time in the history of aviation, United States domestic trunk airlines topped $3,000,000,000 in annual revenues. Profits also set a record, reaching an estimated $245,000,000, about $115,000,000 more than the 1964 mark. About 49,000,000,...


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Sandy Koufax of the Los Angeles Dodgers made baseball history as he pitched outstanding games that won his team the National League pennant and the World Series. The 29-year-old left-hander, who has been called "a league unto himself," won 26 games in ...


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An outstanding team--the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)--and an outstanding player--Bill Bradley--dominated college basketball in the 1964-1965 season. ...


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Clues to the origin and development of life on this planet have been found in ancient rocks that contain substances that were trapped during the early periods of the earth's history. Nobel prize winner Melvin Calvin reported in 1965 that he and a team ...


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Scientists learned new facts about the complex process by which plants take nitrogen from the air and change it into valuable protein. In terms of man's food supply, the process is second in importance only to photosynthesis, whereby plants ...


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Burundi was the scene of political intrigue and violence during 1965. On January 7, Mwami (King) Mwambutsa IV dismissed the government of Premier Albin Nyamoya. He called on former Premier Pierre Ngendandumwe to form a new government. Ngendandumwe was ...


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Prince Norodom Sihanouk continued his efforts to appease Communist China. His attempts, however, yielded few tangible benefits to the country. Efforts toward a reconciliation with the United States proved equally fruitless, so much so that on May 3, ...


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When Canada's new flag was raised officially on Feb. 15, 1965, the hopes of the nation rose with it--hopes for a deeper unity and a stronger sense of purpose. Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, in saluting the red and white maple leaf flag, called its ...


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With a view toward Canada's world's fair, Expo '67, and the many expected visitors from other parts of the world that may want to learn about their country, Canadian librarians prepared a list of the outstanding books that have been written in recent ...


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A chemical laser was developed in 1965, a feat some experts thought impossible. It uses the energy of a chemical reaction occurring within the laser to produce the laser effect, the amplification of light waves into extremely powerful beams of one ...


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CHILE was harassed by nature in 1965. On March 28, an intense earthquake shook the central area. Violent storms, floods, and avalanches struck in August. Accumulated losses from these catastrophes were estimated at a minimum of $175,000,000. About 500 ...


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The People's Republic of China, in pursuit of its international revolutionary goals, experienced a succession of major reverses. Within the communist orbit, the Chinese leaders who ruled from Peking continued to scorn any compromise with the Soviet ...


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The first commercial transmission of live television between continents via satellite took place on June 28, 1965. The transmission was a landmark in communications progress. Signals were relayed from the Early Bird satellite hovering 22,300 miles ...


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Major-General Joseph Mobutu deposed President Joseph Kasavubu in a bloodless coup d'etat on Nov. 25, 1965, canceled the forthcoming presidential elections, and proclaimed himself head of the government for a five-year term. Mobutu's actions abruptly ...


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The lengthy first session of the 89th Congress, which convened January 4, and adjourned shortly before 1 A.M. October 23, set a record for action unsurpassed since the early days of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Passing some 90 major ...


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President Lyndon B. Johnson established a 19-member national crime commission on July 26 to study the causes and prevention of crime and delinquency. Known as the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice and headed by U....


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Cuba launched one of the strangest, most dramatic airlifts of modern times in 1965. On December 1, 75 Cuban emigres landed in Miami, Fla. They were the vanguard of an estimated 300,000 who were leaving their homeland and the dictatorship of Cuban ...


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Czechoslovakia made major efforts to free its economy from the stagnation that had strangled it for several years. In January, the government approved a series of reforms that would go into effect on Jan. 1, 1966. These innovations, as in other ...


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Democratic party leadership centered on one man and his program--President Lyndon B. Johnson and his call to the "Great Society." With a Democratic majority of 155 seats in the House and 36 seats in the Senate, the President pushed hard and ...


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Denmark was forced to introduce a policy of tight credit early in 1965 in order to relieve pressures on its economy. Banks were asked to deposit 20 per cent of any increases in their deposits in the Central Bank, and new funds could be invested abroad ...


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Elections for two state governorships, five state legislatures, and many large city mayoralties were held in November, 1965. Local issues overshadowed national politics, and many voters ignored party labels in electing local candidates. The Goldwater ...


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For the first six months of 1965, Europe was preoccupied with the problem of "bridge building." Optimism was the key word at the Western European Union (WEU) plenary sessions, held in Rome and Paris, as well as at the Council of Europe meetings in ...


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Finland made rapid strides toward its goal of full industrialization. Its associate membership in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) had helped the economy considerably. Its policy of neutrality toward East and West resulted in a trade ...


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Michigan State, which had been picked to finish as low as seventh in the Big Ten Conference, achieved its first perfect record since 1952, and was acclaimed the outstanding college football team in the country. The team, however, was defeated by UCLA ...


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France departed from tradition in 1965 and chose a president by popular vote. In previous years, its chief executive had been elected by an electoral college consisting of members of the national assembly and senate. Under an amendment initiated by ...


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Project Mohole, the ambitious U.S. scheme to drill through the earth's crust to the underlying mantle, passed the experimental phase in 1965 after three years of fiscal and managerial difficulties. Early in the year, a site 100 miles northeast of the ...


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G ermany continued to resent bitterly its status as a divided country. Although several authoritative statements were made reaffirming the Federal Republic of West Germany's determination to continue seeking reunification, no real progress was made to ...


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The United Kingdom spent much of the year on the brink of an economic crisis. Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his Labour party government had repeatedly to assuage international fears that the pound sterling would be devalued from the rate at which ...


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Greece was shaken by a number of parliamentary crises in 1965. They began on July 15 when King Constantine XIII ousted Premier George Papandreou after the two had clashed over the question of political influences in the army. They did not end until ...


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Haiti remained the poorest of the Western Hemisphere countries. Its per capita income was $70 per annum or less. The illiteracy rate was about 90 per cent of a population numbering approximately 4,700,000 people. Coffee shipments, Haiti's main source ...


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Four major health bills were signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965. They provided for medical care for the aged, disease immunization programs, health research, and new controls on the sale of drugs. ...


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The trend toward liberalization continued during 1965 but at a somewhat slower pace. An estimated 1,500,000 Hungarians traveled abroad as compared to 942,000 the previous year. A large percentage visited the West and there were indications that the ...


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The Detroit Red Wings won their first regular season championship in eight years, and the second-place Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup play-offs, ending a three-year monopoly by the Toronto Maple Leafs. On June 25, the National Hockey League ...


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For a country that has preached and practiced nonviolence, India was beset by violence on almost every front in 1965. It was at war with Pakistan over Kashmir and the Rann of Kutch. Its frontiers were threatened from Ladakh to Sikkim by Communist ...


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Efforts to help a half million American Indians win their way to self-sufficiency were focused on education in 1965. Indian citizens were given new and better opportunities for making the transition from a reservation-oriented culture. About 140,000 ...


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Indonesia entered 1965 to the sound of a rooster crowing over Radio Malaysia. It was an ironic reminder that the nation had yet to "crush" the neighboring Federation of Malaysia, as President Sukarno had threatened to do. Before the year ended, an ...


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IRELAND returned Prime Minister Se n F. Lemass and his Fianna F il (Republican) party to power in a general election held April 7. Lemass, with 72 seats, secured a two-seat majority in the Gail (house of representatives) over all other parties. The ...


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Israel avoided a serious confrontation with its Arab neighbors even though 1965 marked the start of Israel's long-planned diversion of River Jordan waters to irrigate the Negev desert. The Israelis began in January by channeling water from the Sea of ...


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Italy began to emerge slowly from the economic crisis that had begun in 1962. Progress, however, was more marked in some sectors of the economy than in others. The balance of payments gains made in 1964 held steady, and anti-inflationary measures paid ...


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Japan was worried by signs that the unprecedented economic prosperity it had enjoyed since 1955 might be declining. Rising consumer prices, a depressed stock market, and a tightening of the job supply caused part of the concern. But a rising number of ...


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Korea established normal diplomatic relations with Japan in June, 1965. It marked the end of 14 years of intermittent negotiations during which the two government sought ways to settle issues created by Japan's colonial rule over Korea from August, ...


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On April 28, President Lyndon B. Johnson sent U.S. troops to the Dominican Republic where a military-civilian coup had toppled the government. He acted following reports that the lives of U.S. citizens were in danger. Reaction to the U.S. move was ...


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Libya observed King Idris I's 75th birthday in an atmosphere clouded with political uncertainty. The king dissolved the house of representatives in February, 1965, following numerous complaints of irregularities in the October (1964) elections. ...


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Malaysia began the year with guarded optimism regarding its ability to withstand Indonesia's "crush Malaysia" policy. Sorties by Indonesian irregulars operating against Malaya proper were easily blocked. The determination of the British to defend ...


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British scientists were able to determine the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme for the first time in 1965. An enzyme is a complex molecule that produces a chemical action in the body while the enzyme itself remains unchanged. The particular ...


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President Lyndon B. Johnson, calling attention to the fact that one out of 10 Americans is in need of mental health care and about half the hospital beds are filled with mental patients, signed a bill to help staff community mental health centers and ...


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MEXICO Mexico received international recognition of its healthy economy and wise fiscal policies in 1965. Early in the year--for the first time in Mexico's history--its peso was recognized as "hard" by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF ...


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UAR President Gamal Abdel Nasser got considerable diplomatic mileage out of a new element in Middle Eastern relationships--the rivalry of East and West Germany. He reacted to the announcement of West Germany's $80,000,000 arms agreement with Israel ...


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While the Beatles maintained their position as the kings of pop in 1965, there was an upsurge in the acceptance of many U.S. and British vocal groups. The screams of teen-agers and the jingle of cash registers resounded across the land for the ...


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The Netherlands faced a crisis in the royal House of Orange for the second year in succession. In 1964, Princess Irene had married Prince Carlos de Bourbon y Parma and changed her religious faith to Roman Catholicism. In 1965, her sister, Crown ...


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Norway ended the 30-year-old rule of its Labor party in the 1965 fall elections. A coalition cabinet was formed in which the Conservatives held six of the 15 seats. The new government was pledged to work for "enlightened capitalism." The previous ...


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The murky world under the sea lost some of its mystery as teams of men explored the depths off California's coast from a 12-by-58-foot steel cylinder, resting at a depth of 205 feet below the ocean surface. The aquanauts studied fish and other marine ...


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Constitutional guarantees were repeatedly suspended during the year due to unrest and "vest-pocket" guerrilla warfare. They were first suspended on April 6 for a 30-day period following two days of street rioting in Lima over a bus fare increase. On ...


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Filipinos were preoccupied with politics during 1965. On November 9, the nation ended the longest, most vigorous, and expensive presidential election in its history. President Diosdado Macapagal sought re-election to another four-year term, leading ...


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The effects that occur in superconducting systems were of great interest to physicists during 1965. Considered a rare oddity 10 years ago, superconductivity is now known to be a common phenomenon that occurs in many substances, most of which are ...


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Poland set the stage in 1965 for anniversary celebrations to be held in 1966. The communist regime said it would observe the 50th anniversary of the formation of Poland as an independent state. Roman Catholics, who comprise 90 per cent of the ...


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By the end of the year, the United States had more than 180,000 men fighting in Vietnam although the nation was not officially at war. In July, the President told the nation that the situation in Vietnam would "get worse before it gets better." After ...


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A chemical basis for learning and memory was discovered by researchers in both the United States and Denmark. This involves ribonucleic acid (RNA), which is present and produced in every living cell. ...


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The Commonwealth Oil Refining Company opened an aromatics plant at its $41,000,000 petrochemical complex in Penallas during the year. It also announced plans for a $4,500,000 ethylbenzene facility, a $10,000,000 to $12,000,000 paraxylene plant (in ...


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It was dramatically demonstrated on Nov. 9, 1965, that radio is the Number 1 communications lifeline for the public in a national emergency. ...


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Leaders of the Republican party struggled to build a facade of unity after the disastrous national elections of 1964. Their first major move was to replace a symbol of the defeat, Dean Burch of Arizona, as chairman of the Republican National Committee,...


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W hile Nikita S. Khrushchev spent 1965 in quiet retirement in a country house near Moscow, his successors were running the Soviet Union in a businesslike manner, quite unlike that of their predecessor. As the supreme ruler of the U.S.S.R., Khrushchev ...


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SAUDI ARABIA Saudi Arabia formally completed the transfer of power, announced in November, 1964, as former King Saud recognized his half brother Faisal's royal prerogatives and left the country. He went to Vienna for medical treatment, then settled in ...


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St. Louis University won its fifth National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship. St. Louis eliminated defending champion Navy with a 3 to 1 victory in a semifinal match, and then bested Michigan State 1 to 0 on a penalty kick by Carl ...


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Hard-hit by drought in early 1965, Somalia still managed to make economic gains, particularly in communications and transportation. ...


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South Africa strengthened the Nationalist government's control over the African majority, and continued to resist foreign opposition to its policies of racial segregation. ...


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In almost all important aspects of space achievement, U.S. leadership became increasingly evident in 1965, although the Soviet Union still held a slight advantage in booster power. ...


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Spain carried out a threat it had made in 1964 and imposed severe border restrictions on Gibraltar, the British fortress on its southernmost tip. Spain argued that the base which had been ceded to Great Britain in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht, ...


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Sweden, the largest and richest of the Scandinavian nations, saw the fiscally bright future it had enjoyed during the first half of 1965 fade somewhat during the last half of the year. Like so many Western European countries, Sweden was in the throes ...


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Color television, which has been around for more than a decade, finally arrived in 1965. In September, 96 per cent of NBC's programs, 50 per cent of CBS's, and 40 per cent of ABC's were in color. ...


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Thailand enjoyed a relatively prosperous year under its new premier, Thanom Kittikachorn. The economy was bolstered by a considerable amount of U.S. aid. More important, perhaps, was the fact that the government was spreading this aid into the rural ...


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Turkey held an election in October, 1965, that reversed the results of a coup five years earlier. The conservative Justice party, successor to the defunct Democratic party of Adnan Mend res that was ousted by the army in 1960, won over 55.5 per cent ...


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V ietnam, the strategic "Balcony of the Pacific," became the scene of a stepped-up war that not only increasingly involved the armed forces of the United States, but also the diplomats of nearly every large nation, East and West. ...


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Study of the atmosphere, the oceans, and the earth -- and prediction of the weather problems they produce -- were brought under the direction of a single federal agency. The new Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) was formed on July ...


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Water. The fourth consecutive year of drought in the northeastern states drew down reservoirs, serving millions of people, to dangerously low levels. The driest spring and summer since 1869 forced metropolitan areas, such as New York City, to take ...


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Yugoslavia embarked on what President Tito labeled its "third revolution" by closing all shops, without warning, on Saturday, July 24. (The first revolution was the overthrow of the Nazis and Fascists in 1941; the second, the 1948 break with Stalin.) ...


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Several species of whale will become extinct unless there is a strict enforcement of reduced catch quotas, marine biologists reported in 1965. The basis on which whale catches are calculated is the "blue whale unit." One such unit may consist of one ...


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Alberta rode a wave of prosperity in 1965. To its booming wheat sales was added the stimulus of new oil and gas finds in its north country. The biggest recent discoveries have been in the Zama Lake-Rainbow Lake area. ...


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A succession of snow and mud slides struck Canada's Pacific Coast province early in 1965. The worst was in February, when 26 men died in a massive snow slide that overwhelmed the Granduc mining camp in the isolated Stewart region of northwestern ...


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Work on a $7,000,000 Centennial concert hall was begun in downtown Winnipeg. The hall, to be completed in 1967, is part of an art center that will include two museums and a planetarium. ...


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New Brunswick adopted a distinctive provincial flag. It depicted a ship in full sail as a reminder of the province's great sailing days. ...


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Newfoundland set a new pattern in Canadian education by providing free tuition in 1965 to all first-year students at Memorial University. For next year the government promised free tuition and maintenance grants to all undergraduates at Memorial. By ...


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The Northwest Territories will not be split into two districts for the time being, the federal government decided. Instead, it appointed a three-member commission to consider steps to develop local self-government. Plans were also drawn up for the ...


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A new national park 150 miles west-southwest of Halifax, to be called Kejimkujik, was announced for Nova Scotia. A wilderness area of forest and lake, the new national park will cover 146 square miles. ...


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Ontario's legislature sat for 98 days in its longest session in history and passed 175 bills. Among the measures was a Medical Services Insurance Act under which the government will establish a standard, voluntary health insurance plan and will pay ...


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Construction was scheduled to begin on a nine-mile tunnel, bridge, and causeway in April, 1966. It will join the island province with the mainland in New Brunswick. ...


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Quebec separatist violence dwindled in 1965. There was evidence of much violence among the province's criminal elements, however. Five lye-eaten bodies were found near Quebec City in October. The victims were believed to have been killed in a gangland ...


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Saskatchewan's fast-growing potash industry was expected to show a 65 per cent increase in production for 1965, to about 1,500,000 tons. Its output by 1975 was forecast at 12,000,000 tons. The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada ...


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The march toward self-determination for all Africans moved forward in 1966. The year marked the independence of two new nations: Botswana, formerly Bechuanaland, and Lesotho, formerly Basutoland. They increased to 38 the number of struggling ...


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Scientists from the University of Minnesota uncovered the fossil remains of two ancient primates (the order of creatures that includes apes and man) in the Purgatory Hills of eastern Montana. Of a genus previously unknown, the primates lived when ...


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Mary Leakey, a distinguished prehistorian and wife of anthropologist Louis S. B. Leakey, published in 1966 a detailed analysis of the earliest Stone Age tools and artifacts ever found. The tools making up the Oldowan industrial complex were discovered ...


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On June 28, a military junta ousted the civilian government of President Arturo Umberto Illia. Congress and the supreme court were dissolved and all political parties, of which there were about 200 in the nation, were abolished. Lieutenant General ...


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The massive struggle for ideological control over Asia's teeming millions entered a new phase during 1966. It saw a heightening of the conflict between the pro-Communist forces as led by the People's Republic of China and the anti-Communist elements ...


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Interest centered on both the closest celestial object, the moon, and what seem to be the most distant objects, the quasars. ...


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The two-party coalition government of Australia's Prime Minister Harold E. Holt won another term of office in the general elections held on November 26. The election results were seen as a national endorsement of the government's policy of sending ...


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Safety was the main chapter of the automobile story in 1966 as the industry chalked up its second best sales and production year, topped only by record-setting 1965. ...


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The year 1966 may well be the year in which the Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) and the Short Take-Off and Landing (STOL) aircraft came of age. Helicopters with speeds of 200 mph to 400 mph, carrying 100 passengers, were in sight. Advanced design,...


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An interleague trade, four months before the season started, turned the Baltimore Orioles into baseball's team of the year. The traded player, outfielder Frank Robinson, came to the Orioles from the Cincinnati Reds. He promptly assumed leadership of ...


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The 1965-1966 collegiate season turned out to be a Cinderella year for Texas Western University of El Paso, Tex., a team that had never before won any title of note. Coached by defenseminded Don Haskins, the Texas Western Miners squeezed through the ...


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A series of experiments with hydrogen cyanide, one of the most potent of poison gases, has led to a modification in the theory of the orgin of life on earth. The experiments were conducted by Clifford N. Matthews and his colleagues of the Monsanto ...


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Phytochrome, a complex molecule in plant cells, was further analyzed by scientists of the U.S. Department of Agriculture at Beltsville, Md., where it was first discovered in 1964. Phytochrome molecules regulate such processes as germination, growth, ...


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Crown Prince Charles Ndizeye, 19-year-old heir to the throne, seized the government on July 8. He formed a new cabinet and appointed Captain Michel Micombero to replace Leopold Biha as premier. Prince Charles' father, Mwami (King) Mwambutsa IV, was in ...


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Cambodia found itself once again involved in a border dispute with the United States during 1966. On at least four occasions--July 31, August 2, September 7, and September 22--American aircraft had violated Cambodia's frontiers while in pursuit of ...


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Canada prepared to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the confederation of the provinces. The centennial was to be climaxed with a World's Fair, Expo 67, in Montreal from April 28 to Oct. 27, 1967. With the colorful observance, the country's unity ...


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The approaching centennial of Canadian Confederation in 1967 influenced the output of publishers in 1965 and 1966. The arts, biography, contemporary affairs, history, literature, and outdoor life were among the categories covered. ...


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Workers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) made the first direct measurement of the minimum energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction. John M. White, a graduate student working under the direction of chemical physicist Aron ...


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The facade of China's once monolithic Communist party was cracked wide open in 1966 by a violent power struggle between Mao Tse-tung and opponents of his policies. In the political convulsions that attended the struggle, new leaders rose to the front ...


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Communications on a global scale was advanced late in 1966 when the 55-nation International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium began using its satellite Intelsat II, or Lani Bird, to relay signals over the Pacific Ocean. The October 26 launch, ...


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Computers may soon be able to display all the "thinking" processes of man according to Marvin L. Minsky, professor of electrical engineering and director of the artificial intelligence group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.). In the ...


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Joseph Mobuto took drastic steps to control his turbulent country in 1966. Four Congolese leaders, including former Premier Evariste Kimba, were arrested for plotting to overthrow the government on May 30, sentenced on June 1, and publicly hanged on ...


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By the time the second session of the "fabulous 89th Congress" adjourned on Oct. 22, 1966, it had shown a certain amount of independence and a general lack of enthusiasm for some of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society proposals. Seventeen days ...


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Conservation adjusted itself to new goals in 1966. President Lyndon B. Johnson had keynoted the new approach a year earlier when he addressed delegates to the White House Conference on Natural Beauty in May, 1965. "I have called for a new conservation ...


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Three of the worst mass murders in America's history occurred within a period of four months in 1966. ...


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Mounting economic and political troubles plagued the island during 1966, with the Castro regime possibly going through its greatest internal crisis in several years. Reports spoke of the arrest of army officers and the erratic behavior of Premier ...


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Czechoslovakia continued to follow basic Soviet policies in 1966. In March, it rejected a formal note from West Germany containing peace and disarmament proposals that might have led to a rapprochement between the two countries. In its rejection, the ...


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Democratic candidates on Nov. 8, 1966, suffered their worst defeat at the polls in two decades with a net loss of 47 seats in the House of Representatives, three seats in the Senate, and eight governorships. ...


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In a sudden, unexpected move, Prime Minister Jens Otto Krag and his cabinet resigned on November 2, after encountering strong opposition from the right-wing Conservative and Social Liberal parties over a proposed pay-as-you-go-tax plan. In a general ...


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Elections held Nov. 8, 1966, restored the Republican party as a major force in U.S. politics. The Republicans made net gains of 47 seats in the House of Representatives, three seats in the Senate, and eight governorships. ...


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There were signs and portents that a new Europe was in the making in 1966. Politically, the continent remained divided into two ideological camps: In Western Europe, the democratic processes continued to flourish; Eastern Europe remained oriented to ...


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In the general elections held in March, the Socialist parties won 103 of the 200 seats in parliament, thus ending years of political domination by the leftist Centre party. A four-party coalition government was formed on May 27 under Rafael Paasio, a ...


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Notre Dame and Michigan State battled to a 10-to-10 tie in the most discussed college football game of the decade. The rivals came to their mid-November meeting at East Lansing, Mich., with unbeaten and untied records. In the first quarter, Michigan ...


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France pursued its independent, often unpredictable, ways in international relations in 1966. The key figure in France--76-year-old President Charles de Gaulle--continued to champion his concept of a Third World, in which France would play a leading ...


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The centuries-old theory that a rock breaks apart because of freezing and thawing of water in its cracks was overturned by two scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N.Y. James R. Dunn and Peter P. Hudec found that the breakdown is ...


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remained a divided nation during 1966. Politically, there seemed little hope of a reconciliation between the two Germanys. But there were indications that in at least one area--trade--the division was no longer as deep as it had been. ...


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British voters supported the Labour party government in general elections on March 31. Prime Minister Harold Wilson saw his majority in the House of Commons leap from three to 97 as Labour won 363 seats. The Conservatives, under a new leader, Edward ...


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Greece enjoyed a relatively quiet year in 1966, free from the parliamentary crises and public riots that had marred 1965. It remained preoccupied, however, with the problem of Cyprus. ...


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Members of the 89th Congress of the United States, which adjourned Oct. 22, 1966, took an interest in the health of the nation as no previous Congress ever had. More than 1,500 "health" bills were introduced, and during the first session, Congress ...


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In May, 1966, after long discussion and delay, economic reform measures were approved by the government. Scheduled to take effect on Jan. 1, 1968, the reforms called for the transfer of considerable autonomy to various enterprises. They also called ...


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In a memorable National Hockey League (NHL) season, veterans Gordie Howe of the Detroit Red Wings and Bobby Hull of the Chicago Black Hawks set new scoring records. ...


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On January 24, Indira Gandhi became the third prime minister of India and the second woman in modern history to head a major government. The first had been Mrs. Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Ceylon. Mrs. Gandhi, whose father, Jawaharlal Nehru, had held the ...


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An energetic new effort to get the Indian people into the mainstream of national progress was spurred in the spring of 1966 by some sharp criticism of the Bureau of Indian Affairs from the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. It charged: "...


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Indonesia abruptly changed its political course in 1966. In the changeover, President Sukarno retained his title but relinquished much of his power to Lieutenant General Suharto, an ardent anti-Communist who had charted the government's new course. ...


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An explosion on March 8, 1966 shattered the towering Nelson Pillar in the heart of Dublin. The police blamed the outlawed Irish Republican Army (IRA) for the blast which brought down the 20-foot statue of Lord Nelson atop it. ...


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Clashes with Arab infiltrators along its borders with Syria and Jordan provoked a retaliatory attack by Israel on a Jordanian village in November. The United Nations Security Council and most of the world's nations censured Israel for the action. ...


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Italy was struck by disaster in November when storm winds up to 90 miles an hour battered its west coast from the Alps to Sicily. As a result of the torrential rains that accompanied the storm, scores of people died and thousands were made homeless. ...


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Japan continued to play a role of increasing importance in Asian and world affairs. Possessing only limited military strength, Japan relied on diplomacy and its position as the world's sixth ranking economic power to spread its influence in ...


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On September 22, 1966, Korea's Prime Minister Chung Il-kwon and his cabinet submitted their resignations because of insults they had received in the national assembly during heated hearings on a smuggling scandal. ...


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Latin America continued to seek hemispheric unity in various ways in 1966. In some of its efforts, the area achieved notable successes; in others, success proved elusive. ...


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Libya issued new oil concessions to 23 foreign companies under the terms of the law passed in November, 1965. The new law increases Libya's oil tax and will make funds available to further buoy Libyan economic development. The government formed a ...


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MALAYSIA enjoyed a relatively quiet year due largely to a relaxation of pressures from Indonesia. In August, Indonesia formally terminated its "confrontation" with Malaysia by signing a peace accord in Djakarta. It marked the end of an undeclared war ...


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Artificial transplants of organs, the latest findings in cancer research, and the development of new vaccines encouraged optimistic predictions on the part of many medical researchers. Dr. Edward L. Tatum, noted geneticist and 1958 Nobel prize winner, ...


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In May, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson created a committee on mental retardation to evaluate programs in the field and to advise him on new national efforts needed to cope with the problem. He named as chairman John W. Gardner, Secretary of the ...


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Mexico continued to enjoy a growth rate that outpaced most of the other Latin-American countries. Industrial investments climbed notably in 1966. The gross national product was expected to rise by more than 6 per cent--up from 5.1 per cent in 1965. ...


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The most dangerous escalation of the Arab-Israeli conflict since the invasions of Suez in 1956 threatened to bring war to Palestine in 1966. Exactly 10 years to the month after the Suez incident, Israel struck again. Israeli commandos mounted a ...


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Performances aimed at teenage audiences dominated the pop scene in 1966, but there were signs of growing sophistication in some of the music, and of amalgamation with other idioms. The sitar (an Indian stringed instrument) was heard in performances by ...


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The Netherlands suffered from the disruptive activities of the Provos, an anarchist youth civil disobedience movement. Their first hostile demonstration was at the March wedding in Amsterdam of Crown Princess Beatrix to Claus von Amsberg, a former ...


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An economic boom continued in 1966 without any signs of diminishing, despite fears of some exporters that credit restrictions by importing countries would reduce demand later. Unemployment fell to 0.2 per cent of the labor force. There were renewed ...


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More than 1,700 scientists from 57 nations attended the Second International Oceanographic Congress, held at the University of Moscow from May 31 to June 9. The congress was convened under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, ...


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President Ferdinand E. Marcos re-emphasized his nation's alliance with the United States during the year. Under his guidance, the nation took an active role in foreign affairs. ...


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Much attention was focused by physicists, in 1966, on the possibility that our universe existed in a contracted, intensely hot state at some time in the remote past. Robert H. Dicke of Princeton University, in 1965, suggested that if there ever was ...


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Poland celebrated the 1,000th anniversary of its founding as a Polish state as well as the nation's conversion to Christianity. The Roman Catholic Church stressed the religious aspects of the millennium and sought to demonstrate the continuing ...


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President Lyndon Baines Johnson was first and foremost commander in chief of the armed forces during 1966. Criticism of U.S. policy in Vietnam mounted as the bombing of North Vietnam resumed early in the year and the number of U.S. soldiers at the ...


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Investigators at the Oregon Primate Research Center near Portland, Ore., conducted an extensive study of the behavior patterns of infant rhesus monkeys in the hope of determining the physiological factors leading to sex differences. They found that ...


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The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ruled, in 1966, that as of December 31, FM-AM stations under common ownership in 222 large market areas must offer different programs during at least 50 per cent of the broadcast day. This meant that AM ...


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Republicans made a striking comeback in the 1966 midterm elections from the debacle of 1964 under the presidential candidacy of former Senator Barry M. Goldwater of Arizona. ...


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The post-Khrushchev collective leadership weathered its second year without major crises. The team of Leonid I. Brezhnev and Aleksei N. Kosygin represented a kind of balancing of party and state and a division of functions between the two top Soviet ...


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King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, at a press conference held during his official 10-day visit to the United States in June, set off a storm of controversy. A statement by him, which was considered extremely anti- Semitic, aroused such a storm of protest ...


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England played host to the World Cup tournament in July, 1966, and captured its first championship in a series of matches that attracted world-wide attention. The final game, played before 97,000 spectators at London's Wembley Stadium, was seen by a ...


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Prime Minister Hendrik F. Verwoerd was stabbed to death in the Parliament building in Cape Town on Sept. 6, 1966. His assassin, Dimitri Tsafendas, was arrested on the spot, and on October 20, was judged insane. Balthazar Johannes Vorster, minister of ...


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The nation's exploits in space in 1966 were overshadowed early in 1967 by the tragic deaths of three U.S. astronauts in a routine test for what was to have been the first manned Apollo flight. Dead in a flash fire that swept the command module of ...


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A new constitution was approved by 95.9 per cent of the voters in a national referendum held on Dec. 14, 1966. It was the first such referendum called in more than 19 years. The last one, which took place in July, 1947, had resulted in General ...


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Labor problems plagued the nation for most of 1966. They began early in January, when government-appointed arbiters tried to break a 52-day-old deadlock between unions and employers involving a national wage agreement. The workers, worried about a 6 ...


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In 1966, there was growing evidence that a vast number of the nation's living rooms were becoming family motion picture theaters. More and more, the three television networks (NBC, CBS, and ABC) were devoting prime evening time to old movies, and the ...


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Thailand was increasingly, if unofficially, involved in the efforts of the United States to subdue the Communists in Vietnam during 1966. About 35,000 U.S. servicemen were stationed there and many U.S. construction workers were building a number of ...


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Anti-American incidents were prevalent in 1966 as bitterness grew over the absence of Western support of the Turks in their dispute with Greece over Cyprus. A United States Information Agency library was bombed and the American Sixth Fleet, on a ...


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The real, if undeclared, war involving the United States in Southeast Asia and specifically in Vietnam continued throughout 1966. As in all open hostilities, battles were fought and men died. Policies were questioned and sides taken. Despite its ...


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Global weather forecasting was enhanced in 1966 with the launching of three ESSA (Environmental Science Services Administration) satellites and Nimbus II, the first night-operating weather satellite. ESSA I was launched February 3. It was followed by ...


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The dismissal of Alexsandar Rankovic, vice-president and party secretary, in July, marked a turning point in the conflict between conservative and progressive Communism in Yugoslavia. The move eliminated from the top leadership one of President Tito's ...


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Scientists urged that the Nimbus III weather satellite, to be launched in 1967, be assigned the added task of monitoring the migratory movements of animals throughout the world. In their proposal to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ...


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Puerto Rico's annual growth rate of about 9.3 per cent in 1966 placed the island second only to Japan in a global comparison of economic growth. Its industrialization program completed its fifth record-breaking year, with 412 plant promotions for the ...


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Alberta saw a rich oil field, Rainbow Lake, come into production in the spring. The field may hold more than 6,000,000,000 barrels of oil. Forest fires farther north in the province consumed over 100,000 acres in June, destroying $30,000,000 worth of ...


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Premier William A. C. Bennett led his Social Credit government to its sixth consecutive election victory on September 12. It won 33 of 55 seats, the New Democratic party 16, and the Liberals 6. Although the government's share of the popular vote ...


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Manitoba was another of the five Canadian provinces that held elections in 1966. Premier Dufferin Roblin's Conservative government won a fourth term on June 23, capturing 31 seats out of the 57 in the legislature. But the party's share of the popular ...


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Premier Louis J. Robichaud's Liberal government won legislative approval for a sweeping program of municipal reform. Under the mandate, the provincial government will be responsible for assessment, taxation, education, welfare, justice, and health on ...


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Premier Joseph R. Smallwood won his "greatest victory since Confederation" in a provincial election held September 8. Smallwood, in power since the island became a province in 1949, saw his Conservative opposition in the legislature drop to only three ...


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The Nova Scotia legislature held a special session in September to ensure local control of the Maritime Telegraph and Telephone Company, Ltd. The Bell Telephone Company had previously acquired 51 per cent of the shares of Maritime, but is prevented by ...


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Canada's most populous province, with a gross provincial product of over $20,000,000,000 in 1965, had record provincial government expenditures of $1,846,000,000 in 1966. Taxes were increased on a number of items and the provincial sales tax was ...


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Canada's smallest province replaced the oldest premier in the country with the youngest. Conservative Premier Walter Shaw, 78, was succeeded by Alexander B. Campbell, 32, when the Liberals won 17 seats to the Conservatives' 15 in the island ...


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In a dramatic election upset, the Union Nationale party, led by Daniel Johnson, defeated Jean Lesage's six-year-old Liberal government on June 5. Quebec's first Sunday election gave the Union Nationale 56 legislative seats, the Liberals 50, and the ...


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The rural province passed controversial labor legislation after employees of the Saskatchewan Power Corporation struck in early September, demanding a wage increase of 8 per cent. Premier Ross Thatcher immediately called a special session of the ...


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Two of Africa's most populous nations, Nigeria and Congo (Kinshasa), suffered internal revolts and armed clashes throughout 1967. Nigeria was torn by civil war. In parts of the Congo, white mercenaries and supporters of the exiled former premier, ...


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Louis S. B. Leakey announced the discovery of several new skeletal fragments and identification of a new hominid species, Kenyapithecus africanus. The bones came from two fossil sites in Kenya, Rusinga and Songhor. One of the fossils was a jaw ...


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Two potentially useful means of dating archaeological materials received attention in 1967. These were dating by obsidian hydration and by archaeomagnetism. It was also suggested that obsidian dating be combined with radiocarbon (C-14) dating, so that ...


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Argentina made dramatic progress during 1967 in its efforts to recover from its economic doldrums. Restrictions on capital and services transfers were eliminated. Imports were liberalized. Scaled wage increases, to be in effect until December, 1968, ...


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The fate of Asia revolved more and more around Communist China and its 723,000,000 people in 1967. This was primarily because the massive conflict within China between the followers of Mao Tse-tung and the more orthodox forces of Chinese Communism had ...


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Intensive research, in 1967, centered on objects whose existence was unknown to astronomers only five years before. Such objects included quasars and X-ray sources. The study of them, together with the subject matter of cosmology and cosmic ray ...


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The nation was deeply shocked in December by news that Prime Minister Harold E. Holt had vanished while swimming off a beach near Melbourne. When search by land, sea, and air failed to locate either the prime minister or his body, he was officially ...


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The auto industry ran into rough going in 1967 and had to settle for its third best year in sales and sixth best in production. Labor problems were regarded as the prime roadblock. ...


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The problem of congestion--in, on, and around airports--became acute in 1967. It was created in large part by the doubling of the nation's airport traffic since 1962. The industry was adopting the systems concept in its attempt to cope with the ...


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It was surprising enough that the St. Louis Cardinals soared from a sixth-place finish the year before to run away with the National League pennant. But what made the 1967 campaign particularly memorable was the amazing leap by their World Series ...


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The 1966-1967 season marked the end of a long dynasty for the Boston Celtics in professional basketball, and the probable beginning of one for the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in the college ranks. Important changes were made in the ...


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Professor Sol Spiegelman, the University of Illinois microbiologist who synthesized the first self-reproducing virus in 1965, reported in April, 1967, that he and his associates had shaped what may be the smallest self-duplicating entity that ever ...


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The function and nature of phytochrome, an important, light-sensitive pigment in plant cells, was the subject of many studies in 1967. The complex phytochrome molecules regulate such plant processes as germination, growth, and flowering, turning these ...


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Cambodia shifted stance on its long-standing pro-Communist Chinese policy in 1967. Prince Norodom Sihanouk, alarmed by a rapid build-up of Maoist fervor in the country, clamped down on pro-Peking elements within and outside the government. ...


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Canada's year in history was the theme as the Dominion of Canada celebrated its 100th birthday in 1967. On July 1, the centennial of the proclamation of the British North America Act that had united Britain's colonies, the roar of 100 guns echoed ...


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The centennial of Canadian Confederation encouraged Canadian authors, book illustrators, librarians, photographers, and publishers to produce an impressive variety of volumes and bibliographies. Credit for much of this was due to the Canadian ...


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Albert D. Allen and Caesar V. Senoff at the University of Toronto and James Collman at Stanford University combined, for the first time in the laboratory, molecular nitrogen directly with transition metal ions. The process is of prime importance in ...


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On July 16, 1967, President Eduardo Frei Montalva signed one of the most ambitious agrarian reform laws in the history of Latin America. Under it, some 100,000 landless Chilean farmworkers were to become owners of small plots within five years. To ...


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The People's Daily, the Chinese Communist party newspaper, observed New Year's Day, 1967, with ebullient prophecy. The year ahead, it said, will be a year in which the proletariat . . . will launch a general attack . . . on monsters and demons ...


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Man's ability to be in instant communication with others, no matter how far removed or dispersed, made impressive progress in 1967. Two more communications satellites, each with a capacity of 240 voice circuits, joined the pioneer Early Bird and Lani ...


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Spokesmen for the computer industry expressed hopes that technological developments would settle down enough to permit the industry to reduce development costs and retain more of their rental revenue. New developments in integrated circuits and memory ...


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A military court met in Kinshasa from March 6 to 13, 1967, and sentenced Moise Tshombe, who was in exile in Europe, to death for treason. The former premier's older brother Thomas, also in exile, received 15 years' imprisonment for complicity. On July ...


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The first session of the 90th Congress ignored many of President Lyndon B. Johnson's programs and distorted others. Its meager legislative record reflected the nation's dissatisfaction with the mounting costs of the war in Vietnam, rising prices, and ...


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In 1967, conservationists put increased emphasis on attacking the environmental problems of an urban society. President Lyndon B. Johnson keynoted this theme in his conservation message to Congress on Jan. 30, 1967. "The air and water grow heavier ...


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The official report of the President's 19-member Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, published on Feb. 6, 1967, revealed the results of an 18-month study of crime in the United States. Titled The Challenge of Crime in a Free ...


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Premier Fidel Castro marked his ninth year in power more firmly in command than ever before. Through trade with various U.S. allies, Cuba was able to buy bulldozers, graders, heavy-duty trucks, and a multimillion-dollar fertilizer plant, as well as ...


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Tensions between the regime and the intellectuals increased following a writers congress held in July, 1967. The prominent novelist, Ludwick Vaculik, denounced the regime s abuse of power and criticized its failures. Other writers censured Czech ...


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leaders were worried, unhappy, and divided in 1967, the last year before the 1968 presidential election campaign. President Lyndon B. Johnson appeared to be in deep trouble with his fellow Democrats, chiefly because of the way he had handled the war ...


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Denmark suffered from rising inflation and a serious trade deficit in 1967. Due partly to an antiinflationary measure proposed by Prime Minister Jens Otto Krag, his government fell in December. ...


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Negroes scored a historic advance, and the Republicans made scattered gains in off-year elections of mayors, governors, and state legislators. Negroes broke the color bar in city hall for the first time on Nov. 7, 1967, in two large U.S. cities. In ...


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Progress toward the unification of Europe at various levels--political as well as economic--made steady gains in 1967. An East-West dialogue, though slow and cautious, gave renewed hope of some future understanding that would bridge the gap between ...


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In a surprise move, Finland devalued its currency by 31 1/4 per cent in 1967. It was a move that the government hoped would keep imports in check and encourage exports. By year's end, the balance of payments gap had been reduced considerably. ...


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Only one major college football team, Wyoming, managed to make its way through the regular 1967 season unbeaten and untied. The Cowboys' 65-man roster included players from 21 states, but only three from Wyoming itself. They finally met defeat in the ...


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It was not a vintage year for 77-year-old President Charles de Gaulle either at home or on the international scene. In the French parliamentary elections held in the spring, his adherents barely held their majority and were soon defending themselves ...


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New evidence was submitted in 1967 to support the theory of continental drift. The theory is more than 50 years old but has not been generally accepted until the last few years. It states that the continents were once part of a supercontinent that ...


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An exchange of letters between the heads of the (East) German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of (West) Germany in 1967 was considered a hopeful sign that diplomatic relations between the two states might be restored. The fact that each ...


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The value of the pound sterling was cut approximately 14 per cent on November 18 by Prime Minister Harold Wilson s Labour party government. Its value in U.S. dollars fell from $2.79 to $2.40. Sterling was supported at its new level by large ...


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Greece suffered two major crises in 1967. One stemmed from a military coup that ended democratic rule and resulted in King Constantine II fleeing the country. The other erupted over Cyprus and nearly resulted in a war with Turkey. ...


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The cost of medical care in the United States continued to rise in 1967, and the increased demand for improved and expanded health care was expected to push prices still further upward. This was the bleak report released in March by John W. Gardner, ...


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Hungary held elections for the national assembly on March 19, 1967. For the first time since 1947, when the Communists came to power, the voters had an opportunity to choose between two rival candidates for 9 of the 349 parliamentary seats at stake ...


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The high-scoring Chicago Black Hawks, playing strongly over the last half of the season, won the 1967 National Hockey League championship by a wide margin. But in the post-season play-offs, the Toronto Maple Leafs captured the Stanley Cup. ...


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India marked the 20th anniversary of its independence, with little to celebrate in 1967. A shaky federal government, a number of unstable state governments, irresponsible labor lockouts, food riots, and an economic recession all reflected the nation's ...


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The Bureau of Indian Affairs moved to give Indians increasing leadership in the development of Indian programs in 1967. In line with this policy, the Indian Resources and Development Act was introduced in Congress in May to provide up to $5,000,000 in ...


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Indonesia gained steadily in its efforts to restore political order, introduce a sense of fiscal responsibility, and reconstitute its image abroad as a responsible nation. ...


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Ireland held local elections for 108 county and county borough council seats on June 28, 1967. They were the first such elections in seven years. About 41 per cent of the votes were cast for Fianna Fail party candidates, 33 per cent for those allied ...


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Israel nearly doubled its responsibilities in its sudden victory over the combined Arab armies in June. It also added many new headaches. Israeli forces seized Jerusalem and occupied the entire west bank of the River Jordan, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai ...


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With the disastrous floods of 1966 in mind, the Italian parliament approved a record budget in August, 1967, that included allocations of $597,000,000 for land reclamation, reforestation, and flood control. The total budget of $16,758,000,000 was 9.6 ...


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Japan held general elections for its house of representatives on Jan. 29, 1967. The results indicated that the conservative Liberal-Democratic party had won less than a majority of the popular vote. It had captured only 48.8 per cent of the total cast ...


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South Korea's President Chung Hee Park was sworn in to a second four-year term on July 1, 1967. His inauguration followed a general election in May that had been accompanied by widespread violence and subsequent charges by the opposition party that ...


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Latin America pursued its goal of creating a hemispheric common market. It did so despite disruptive guerrilla activities in a number of its republics, trade barriers that would hamper Latin-American exports, and the constantly present problems of ...


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Libya supported the Arab cause against Israel in the Middle East war although it sent no troops to the front. Mobs rioted in Tripoli, causing damage to Jewish-owned property. On June 6, the government imposed an embargo on oil shipments to all ...


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enjoying a relatively stable year, achieved steady political as well as economic progress in 1967. One of its most significant political gains was an agreement with Great Britain for the gradual withdrawal of all British defense forces from Malaysia ...


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The world s first successful human heart transplant occurred on Dec. 3, 1967, at Cape Town, South Africa. The five-hour operation was performed by a team of 30 surgeons, anesthesiologists, technicians, and nurses under the direction of Dr. Christian N....


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Research into the problem of schizophrenia, a baffling disease that afflicts nearly 500,000 Americans and hospitalizes 250,000, led to an exciting development in 1967. Investigators at the Tulane University School of Medicine reported, in January, ...


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Mexico experienced unprecedented prosperity in 1967. The economy, as of the beginning of September, was growing at an annual rate of 7.5 per cent, which was similar to that of 1966. New construction was at record levels, due in part to the new hotels ...


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The third major clash of arms since Israel achieved its independence in 1948 erupted on June 5 between the Arab states and Israel. Heavily outnumbered, the citizen-soldiers of Israel again scored a swift military triumph, even more crushing than ...


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New stars, new ideas, and new instruments enlivened the pop scene in 1967. The trend toward innovation grew so powerful that it became difficult to classify any performance in a particular category. ...


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National elections held in February saw a new party emerge--Democracy 1966. It won seven seats in an attempt to prove that the electorate was "sick and tired" of proportional representation. The Catholics lost seven seats, the Socialists, six. Premier ...


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Norway turned its September local elections into a nationwide opinion poll to test the popularity of the two-year-old coalition government--the first nonsocialist administration in 30 years. Labor made some gains, as did the Center Party (Agrarian), ...


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The National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, created by the Congress of the United States late in 1966, began to influence all facets of the national oceanographic program in 1967. Edward Wenk, Jr., was appointed secretary for ...


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Economic crises plagued the country in 1967. Included among them were a large trade deficit, a sizable budgetary deficit, financial woes in the fish meal industy, and a drop in cotton production, the smallest crop since 1951. To help the republic, a ...


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The Philippines held general elections on November 15, 1967, for eight senatorial posts, 65 provincial governorships, and 14,000 mayoral and other city-level offices. When the votes were tallied, the Nationalist party of President Ferdinand E. Marcos ...


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Among the phenomena that physicists understand best are those related to electromagnetic and gravitational forces. Occasionally, however, they discover unusual effects whose explanations lie outside the scope of existing theory. This happened in 1967, ...


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Poland gave its usual firm support to the Soviet Union's foreign policy in 1967. Twice during the year--once in Poland in January, and again in Moscow in September--Soviet leader Leonid I. Brezhnev conferred with Poland's Wladyslaw Gomulka. More than ...


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President Lyndon Baines Johnson conferred with many of the world's leaders and traveled widely in 1967. But neither conferences nor trips could conceal the growing opposition to his policies--the war on poverty at home, and the war in Vietnam abroad. ...


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Howard Moltz, David Geller, and Robert Levin, working at Brooklyn College in New York City, conducted experiments, in 1967, that suggest the mammary glands contribute little to either the initiation or maintenance of maternal behavior in rats. Female ...


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Puerto Rico held a national referendum on July 23, 1967, in which voters were offered a choice of statehood, independence, or continuing status as a commonwealth of the United States. In the final balloting, nearly 60 per cent of the electorate chose ...


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Diversity was the key to radio programming in 1967 for local AM-FM stations and at least one of the networks, American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The New York Times Magazine aptly described the year as radio's fractionalization period. ...


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Republicans were eager and expectant in 1967 as they contemplated the 1968 elections. Encouraged by public opinion polls and a deepening conviction that President Lyndon B. Johnson was in serious trouble with the voters, the GOP was convinced that ...


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Russia marked its 50th year under the Soviet system of government with ceremonial fanfare in almost every sphere of Soviet life in 1967. The regime, headed by Communist Party General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev, pursued the even tenor of its ways; ...


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Saudi Arabia continued its support for the royalists in Yemen's civil war, sharpening King Faisal's differences with United Arab Republic President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser, backing Yemen's republicans, seized the Saudi royal family's properties in ...


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Soccer experienced a stormier year than usual throughout the world. At a game in Kayseri, Turkey, Sept. 17, 1967, a spectator riot resulted in the deaths of 42 fans and injuries to an estimated 600. At the World Club title game in Montevideo, Uruguay, ...


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Somali warriors in northeastern Kenya continued guerrilla attacks against Kenya forces in their efforts to make their territory part of Somalia. Kenya called the Somalis shiftas (bandits), and killed and captured scores of them during 1967. On May 1, ...


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The United Nations (UN) General Assembly voted on May 19, 1967, to set up a council that would take over the territory of South West Africa from South Africa and administer it until independence was granted. Prime Minister Balthazar Johannes Vorster ...


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Efforts by the United States and the Soviet Union to land men on the moon were set back by the deaths of spacemen in 1967, but by year's end both countries were recovering their momentum. ...


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Spain held a national parliamentary election on Oct. 10, 1967, to choose 108 deputies to the 595-seat Cortes (legislature). The nation thus experienced its first democratic election since the eruption of the civil war in 1936. The election, however, ...


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Sweden switched from left- to right-hand driving on Sept. 3, 1967. The changeover, which followed four years of planning and an investment of $120,000,000, involved a brief no-traffic period and the instituting of a new, nationwide speed-limit system. ...


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Two important events, the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, and the Ford Foundation's $10,000,000 Public Broadcasting Laboratory (PBL) TV series, highlighted the 1967 television year. The broadcasting act, regarded by many as the most important ...


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Thailand continued to support the United States war effort in Vietnam in 1967. About 2,000 Thai troops were fighting in South Vietnam and, in November, the Thai government agreed to send 10,000 more. The United States, too, continued to use Thailand ...


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Premier Suleyman Demirel ordered his nation on a war alert in November, 1967, and hinted Turkey would invade Cyprus to assure the safety of Turkish Cypriots. The killing of 24 persons by Greek Cypriot police had caused mass demonstrations in Turkish ...


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Vietnam was a name heard throughout the world during 1967. From the depths of Africa and the mountain fastnesses of Latin America, to remote regions of Asia and in every major city of the West, the war in Vietnam was the single most important issue of ...


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Representatives of the 125 member nations of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) met in Geneva, Switzerland, in April to plan an international weather research effort to begin in 1972. The plan is known as the Global Atmospheric Research ...


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President Tito was reelected to his fourth term in office in May, 1967. While continuing his policy of economic liberalization, he also sought to extend the political reforms launched after the dismissal of Alexsandar Rankovic in 1966. ...


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Prehistoric man s failure to practice conservation caused the extinction of hundreds of species of large prehistoric mammals over the past 50,000 years, according to a theory advanced in 1967 by geochronologist Paul Martin of the University of Arizona....


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Alberta's provincial election in May saw the Social Credit party win its ninth successive term since 1935. Social Credit retained 55 of the 58 seats it held at dissolution, but was faced by more vigorous opposition from six young Conservatives elected ...


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The William A. C. Bennett Dam, on the Peace River, was completed in September. One mile long and 600 feet high, it is an important stage in the development of a power system in the northern part of the province. ...


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Manitoba adjourned its legislature in May, after a record-breaking session of 78 sitting days. It introduced a retail sales tax of 5 per cent, leaving only one province, Alberta, without a sales tax. The legislature also approved the principle of ...


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New Brunswick implemented a widely discussed municipal reform program, which gave the provincial government control of such major services as assessment, education, health, justice, and welfare. To help defray the cost, the provincial sales tax was ...


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One of North America's largest power projects was begun in July when Premier Joseph R. Smallwood set off the blasting of a new channel for the Churchill River in Labrador. The $800,000,000 Churchill Falls project, to be 10 years in construction, will ...


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Premier Robert L. Stanfield won a fourth consecutive mandate from the voters on May 30. The Conservatives, in office since 1956, won 40 of the 46 seats in the legislature. The Liberals took the remainder, slightly increasing their share of the vote. ...


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Ontario, one of five provinces to hold elections in 1967, gave another vote of confidence on October 17 to Premier John P. Robarts and his Progressive Conservative party. It was the eighth straight victory for the Conservatives, in office since 1943. ...


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The Liberal government of 33-year-old Alexander B. Campbell submitted a record budget of $41,800,000 in expenditures and $42,100,000 in revenues for Canada's smallest province. The government announced the implementation of a new economic planning ...


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The debate over nationalism versus separatism continued unabated in 1967. Separatism gained a strong convert in Rene Levesque, a member of Jean Lesage's former Liberal government. Levesque later left the Liberal party in October when it refused to ...


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In a provincial election on October 11, Premier Ross Thatcher's Liberal government emerged with 36 seats, increasing its margin over the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation to 13 seats. The victory was narrow in many ridings; seven seats were won by ...


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The civil war in Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, raged throughout 1968. Federal government troops pushed the soldiers of rebellious Biafra back into their home territory in southeastern Nigeria, but could not conquer all of Biafra. Cut off ...


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The ability to make tools to a set pattern was long considered a singular development of man. Apes might use sticks -- a tool of a sort -- to poke into an ant hole, but only man, it was thought, could be a toolmaker. In May, 1968, Louis S. B. Leakey, ...


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The "fertile crescent," or the uplands above the valley of the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers in the Middle East, is believed to be the place where man first cultivated grain and domesticated animals. These skills, it was believed, enabled him to ...


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In August, 1968, open disagreement developed between President Juan Carlos Ongania and the military leaders with whom he had ruled over Argentina since 1966. The disagreement became public when Ongania dismissed the commanders of the army, navy, and ...


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The nations of Asia were preoccupied by two major considerations in 1968. In a sense, they were a paradox. One was a sincere hope for peace in Vietnam. The other, conversely, was a fear that a cessation of hostilities would bring with it a withdrawal ...


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A team of English astronomers, working at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory of Cambridge University, announced the discovery of a new type of radio source early in 1968. They had first recorded signals from this source as early as July, 1967. ...


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John G. Gorton, a member of the senate and minister for education and science, was sworn in as prime minister on Jan. 10, 1968. Gorton succeeded John McEwen, the ad interim prime minister appointed after the death of Harold E. Holt in December, 1967. ...


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The auto industry had its biggest sales year in history in 1968. New car sales were estimated at more than 9.6 million, about 300,000 more than in the previous record year of 1965. Truck sales were estimated at 1.8 million, about 300,000 ahead of the ...


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For the aviation industry, 1968 was a year of challenging problems associated with rapid growth and rising costs. ...


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An old baseball adage maintains that pitching is 90 per cent of the game, but in the summer of 1968 it seemed more like 99.9 per cent. Pitchers dominated the major league season, especially Denny McLain of the Detroit Tigers and Bob Gibson of the St. ...


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"Who's No. 1?" That was a big question in 1968, and college basketball fans had their choice of two answers. One was the University of Houston, which ended the regular season undefeated and with top ranking in the wire service polls. The other was the ...


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After years of research, Robert S. Edgar and his colleagues at the California Institute of Technology have detailed the process by which a T4 virus infects cells of the bacterium E. coli. Since it involved the synthesis of a relatively complex virus, ...


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Delegates to the first International Congress of Plant Pathology, held in England in July, 1968, learned of the discovery of a new type of microorganism that infects plants. The discovery was reported by Professor Hidefumi Asuyama of the University of ...


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Cambodia remained preoccupied with its borders in 1968. On July 17, a Cambodian patrol seized 11 American soldiers when their landing craft supply boat strayed into Cambodian waters in the Mekong River. Prince Norodom Sihanouk insisted that the price ...


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Canada discovered an exciting leader in 1968. Pierre Elliott Trudeau, 48-year-old minister of justice, succeeded Lester B. Pearson as Canada's 15th prime minister on April 20. Trudeau had been a law professor in Montreal, a political unknown, just ...


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Centennial publications continued to appear in late 1967 and early 1968. Among them were the magnificent Call Them Canadians: A Photographic Point of View produced by the National Film Board of Canada; Voyageurs of the Air: A History of Civil Aviation ...


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Chemists found, in 1968, that they could use laser beams to measure the rate of extremely fast reactions and to analyze solids under great pressure. In studying fast reactions, they measured the effect on light from a laser beam as it passed through a ...


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A drought of crisis proportions struck the country in 1968. It was the worst in more than 100 years, causing food shortages, forest fires, unemployment, rising prices, and a blow to the balance of payments. As of November, about 65 per cent of the ...


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On July 28, 1968, the People's Republic of China reached a turning point in its two-year-old "Cultural Revolution." The occasion was a meeting attended by five Red Guard leaders in the study of Communist Party Chairman Mao Tse-tung in Peking. For five ...


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International Telecommunications Satellite (Intelsat) consortium grew to 63 member nations in 1968 with the addition of Iran, Turkey, and Uganda. The consortium provides transmission relay across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans via five space ...


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A new dimension in computer reliability was achieved in 1968 with the development of a self-repairing computer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. The computer contains one or more duplicates of every circuit. When a circuit ...


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Congo was free from internal revolt throughout 1968, for the first full year since independence in 1960. President Joseph Mobutu strengthened his central government on Jan. 29, 1968, when he made self-governing towns (urban communes) subdivisions of ...


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The second session of the 90th Congress of the United States was preoccupied with money problems. Inflation continued, and there were fears for the stability of the dollar. Funds, moreover, had to be found for such pressing needs as welfare, education,...


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"Conservation's concern is not only for man's enjoyment -- but also for man's survival," President Lyndon B. Johnson told the American people in his fourth consecutive message on conservation to the Congress of the United States on March 11, 1968. He ...


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Two of the many thousands of violent crimes committed in the United States in 1968 stunned both the nation and the world. Death by gunfire claimed the lives of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy in a period of little more than two ...


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Cuba was plagued by shortages and rationing throughout 1968. On March 14, Premier Fidel Castro outlawed all private business activities. In six weeks, the government took over approximately 60,000 private businesses, confiscating shops, goods, and ...


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The Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia in August, 1968, abruptly ended an eight-month period during which the Prague government had instituted social, political, and economic reforms almost unheard of in a Communist regime. It came as the climax to ...


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Control of the White House passed from the Democratic party on election day in one of the closest presidential races in American history. Vice-President Hubert H. Humphrey, the top man on the Democratic ticket, lost to former Vice-President Richard M. ...


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Denmark began 1968 with a general election that ended the 14-year rule of Jens Otto Krag's Social Democratic party. Hilmar Baunsgaard, the Radical leader, was elected prime minister. The new government is a coalition of the Radical Liberal party, the ...


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The November, 1968, national elections in the United States returned control of the White House to the Republican party with the victory of Richard Milhous Nixon. ...


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The invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies in August, 1968, prompted three immediate responses among the nations of Europe. The first was moral indignation over the Soviet Union's cynical use of force to ensure a ...


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On Jan. 15, 1968, voters elected a president for the next six years. The electoral college of 300 officially re-elected President Urho K. Kekkonen, 67, for a third term on February 15. His rivals were Matti Virkkunen, a banker supported by the ...


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Halfback O. J. Simpson so dominated the 1968 collegiate season that talk among scouts for the professional teams centered around not who would finish first, but who would finish last, and thereby earn the right to draft Simpson. The Buffalo Bills ...


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France was beset by threats to its political and economic stability in 1968. In May, rioting students and a nationwide strike threatened to topple the government of President Charles de Gaulle and provoke a civil war. In November, heavy international ...


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The theory of continental drift and its corollary, sea floor spreading, which had gained dramatic support since 1966, continued to dominate news of geological research in 1968. According to the drift theory, portions of the spreading sea floor are ...


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Political and military events posed difficulties for the two separate states of Germany in 1968. The invasion of Czechoslovakia by five Warsaw Pact nations in August was by far the most divisive. It dampened whatever hopes the Federal Republic of ...


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Prime Minister Harold Wilson wrestled throughout 1968 with Britain's continuing economic difficulties, and with his Labour government's unpopularity with the electorate. ...


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The military regime that assumed power in 1967 rejected in 1968 the first draft of a constitution drawn up by a commission of jurists. Senior revolutionary officers drew up another constitution that deprived the exiled King Constantine II of most of ...


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An epidemic of a new strain of Asian influenza virus spread throughout the United States in 1968. It started in Hong Kong where it caused the largest flu epidemic since 1957. On September 5, U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) officials expressed concern ...


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In the most sweeping expansion ever undertaken by a major sports league, the National Hockey League (NHL) doubled in size from 6 teams to 12 for the 1967-1968 season. The expansion was a success. By grouping all the experienced teams in one division ...


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Hungary introduced the first part of a long-range economic reform program on Jan. 1, 1968. Cautiously and gradually, the government planned to substitute a "socialist market" economy for its former tightly planned, centralized system. Under a ...


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India took steps in 1968 to solve two of its most persistent problems. It increased food production, and took measures to reduce the nation's soaring birth rate. A third problem--religious differences between Hindus and Moslems--remained a serious ...


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The first presidential recognition of the aspirations and problems of American Indians came on March 6, 1968, when President Lyndon B. Johnson spoke of "The Forgotten American" in a special message to the Congress of the United States. Calling for a ...


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President Suharto launched a threepoint program in 1968 to strengthen his government. He continued his drive against the remaining Communist pockets of resistance in east Java and the Celebes. Most of the leading officials of the defunct Indonesian ...


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Ireland held a national referendum on two constitutional amendments in October, 1968. The first would have authorized the government to change the boundaries and voting powers in the parliamentary constituencies. The second proposed a change from ...


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Israel celebrated its 20th anniversary of statehood in 1968 with its military position secure and its economy booming. Yet the Israelis were unable to maneuver their Arab neighbors toward the conference table for peace talks. Arab terrorism, in fact, ...


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Italy ended nearly a year of political turmoil by installing a new government in December, 1968. Headed by Prime Minister Mariano Rumor, a Christian Democrat, the new government was again a coalition of Italy's three centrist parties--the Christian ...


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Japan celebrated the centennial year ofits modern era in 1968. It was in 1867 that the 16-year-old Emperor Mutsuhito came to the throne, and Japan began a period of dramatic change from a feudal society to a modern and, eventually, democratic nation. ...


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On Jan. 23, 1968, four North Korean patrol boats seized the U.S. Navy intelligence ship Pueblo in the Sea of Japan off North Korea's eastern coast. The United States insisted the ship, which carried electronic equipment to intercept radar and other ...


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Military coups, faltering programs for regional development, and a disastrous drought that severely affected Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Haiti, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela plagued Latin America in 1968. In the ...


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Libya marked the fifth anniversary of the incorporation of its three provinces into a single state in 1968. King Idris celebrated his 78th birthday. ...


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was concerned with two major issues in 1968. The first involved a British decision to evacuate Singapore and withdraw from its defense commitments to Malaysia by 1971. In an effort to salvage at least part of the defense system, Malaysia, Australia, ...


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Heart transplant surgery, a technique that was just in the developmental stages at the beginning of 1968, was performed on more than 100 patients throughout the world during the year. The increasing frequency of such operations sparked an ...


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The study of a group of drug abusers admitted to Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital in New York City revealed that half of them had psychiatric problems before they began to use drugs. Psychiatrist Leon Hekinian said that a patient's predrug psychiatric ...


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Mexico was plagued by violence for nearly 10 weeks in 1968. It erupted on July 26, when thousands of rioting students clashed with police in Mexico City over methods the police had used the day before in halting a fight between students. It did not ...


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Intensive efforts by a United Nations (UN) mission and pressure from many uninvolved nations made little headway toward a settlement of the Arab- Israeli conflict in 1968. The British-sponsored UN Security Council resolution of Nov. 22, 1967, provided ...


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Though singers continued to dominate pop music, some instrumental records became top sellers in 1968. Paul Mauriat's "Love Is Blue," released in 1967, continued to sell strongly during the year and won a "Grammy" award. Movie composer Hugo Montenegro ...


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The Netherlands saw the beginning of its first subway system, the Metro, on Feb. 10, 1968. The $54 million system covers a route of 3 1/2 miles in Rotterdam. ...


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Prince Harald, heir to the Norwegian throne, married a commoner, Sonja Haraldsen, on Aug. 29, 1968. ...


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After years of preparation, United States scientists and engineers of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling group began the most ambitious deep-ocean drilling expedition ever attempted, by literally striking oil. The first drilling ...


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The games of the 19th modern Olympiad, held in Mexico City from October 12 to 27, were the highest, as well as the most controversial, ever held. Despite fears about the health of athletes competing at the 7,349-foot altitude, several threats of ...


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The army seized control of the government on Oct. 3, 1968. The action followed a mounting political storm over a controversial oil contract with the International Petroleum Company (IPC), a subsidiary of Standard Oil (New Jersey). President Fernando ...


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A controversy over the Philippines' claim to Sabah, formerly North Borneo, resulted in broken ties between the Philippines and Malaysia. Sabah, the Malaysian state in northern Borneo, is 29,388 square miles in area, rich in rubber, timber, and ...


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Physics research in 1968 was characterized by piece-by-piece progress toward better understanding of basic phenomena rather than by conclusive results. Most of the questions that physicists investigated demanded great subtlety in theoretical insights ...


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Poland was beset by violent student unrest in the spring and recurrent tensions inside the Communist party. There also was increasing speculation about the future of Communist Party First Secretary Wladyslaw Gomulka. ...


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Lyndon B. Johnson faced a rising tide of popular discontent with his foreign and domestic policies in 1968. The dissatisfaction became so great that the President decided not to seek re-election. ...


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In 1968, the long-established theory of fixed neurological brain circuits was brought into question by researchers at the Fels Institute in Yellow Springs, Ohio. Verne C. Cox, Jan W. Kakolewski, and Elliot S. Valenstein studied the behavior of animals ...


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Puerto Rico saw the end of 28 years of rule by the Popular Democratic party (PDP) with the election of Luis A. Ferre to the governorship in November, 1968. Ferre, scheduled to take office in January, 1969, was the candidate of the New Progressive ...


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Radio scored the newsbeat of 1968 with its gripping on-the-spot coverage of Senator Robert F. Kennedy's assassination in June. Andrew West of the Mutual Broadcasting System (MBS) was behind Kennedy when the assassin struck. West's historic tape--"He ...


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Richard M. Nixon's election on Nov. 5, 1968, as the 37th President of the United States was significant both for him and for the Republican party. The victory of the 55-year-old former Vice-President represented a dramatic comeback from political ...


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There were marked signs in the Soviet Union of a retreat toward less liberal policies both at home and abroad in 1968 even as the government was trying to maintain its policy of "peaceful coexistence" with the West. There were no changes in the top ...


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King Faisal, concerned over the British pullout from the Gulf of Aden and the Soviet Union's aid to the republican forces in neighboring Yemen, continued support of the Yemeni royalists. ...


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First there were 22 teams, then 17, and finally only one. That, in brief, was what happened to major league professional soccer in the United States in 1968. ...


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Somalia resumed diplomatic relations with Great Britain on Jan. 5, 1968, five years after the two countries had severed relations in a dispute involving the Somali population in northeastern Kenya. Somalia had hoped to annex the area, but Kenya ...


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South Africa blocked a United Nations (UN) attempt to gain control of South West Africa. The UN had voted in 1967 to take over the territory, ruled by South Africa since World War I, because of South Africa's racism and opposition to its independence. ...


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The race to put a man on the moon approached the finish line in 1968 with the United States clearly in the lead. With the triumphant success in December of Apollo VIII, carrying three Americans into orbit around the moon, the United States forged into ...


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Spain was beset by student unrest and Basque terrorism in 1968. Student clashes with police in January, March, and May led to the temporary closing of the universities of Madrid and Valencia. In June, the government agreed to meet some of the ...


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The Social Democrats, after 36 years in office, won a sweeping new mandate in the elections held on Sept. 15, 1968. They captured more than 50 per cent of the vote and 125 of the 233 seats in the Second Chamber, the legislative branch chosen by ...


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Television in 1968, perhaps to a greater degree than before, was a mirror reflecting the world. ...


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On June 21, 1968, the Thai government promulgated the country's first civilian constitution after nearly 10 years of military rule. The new constitution provided for an elected lower house and an upper chamber appointed by the king. The premier would ...


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In a national election held June 2, 1968, the ruling Justice party won 38 of the 53 Senate seats at stake. It increased its strength in the national assembly to 261 of the 450 seats. About 15 persons were killed in election day violence. ...


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In the United States, and in almost every other country of the world, hopes ran high in 1968 for an end to the conflict in Vietnam. For the first time since the undeclared war began in 1961, the belligerents were meeting in Paris to discuss an agenda ...


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The First National Conference on Weather Modification, under the auspices of the American Meteorological Society and with support of the National Science Foundation, met at the State University of New York, Albany, April 28 to May 1, 1968. While the ...


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Student riots provoked debate inside Yugoslavia's Communist party in 1968. Student unrest began in Belgrade on June 2, and quickly spread to Zagreb, Nis, Titograd, Sarajevo, and other cities. A student spokesman said that more than 100 students had ...


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An Exotic Animal Tissue Bank was established at the St. Louis (Missouri) Zoological Park to preserve tissues from foreign animals such as giraffes, gorillas, and lions for use by zoological researchers. The specimens were obtained from animals that ...


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A $200 million contract to ship coking coal to Japanese steelmakers buoyed Alberta's depressed coal industry. Under the contract, the coal fields of west-central Alberta were to deliver 1 million long tons of coal a year until 1984. ...


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Premier William A. C. Bennett's Social Credit government suffered a blow in March, 1968, when Minister of Highways Philip Gaglardi resigned his office in the face of accusations that his sons had been involved in land deals along provincial highways. ...


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Walter Weir, the quiet 38-year-old former undertaker who succeeded Dufferin Roblin as premier of Manitoba on Nov. 27, 1967, finished his first year in office. Weir had previously been minister of highways in Roblin's Conservative administration and ...


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New Brunswick residents faced higher taxes for gasoline, hotel accommodations, and communications services as a consequence of the 1968-1969 provincial budget, announced in March. The proposed increases were to balance larger provincial outlays for ...


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A revolt in the cabinet of Premier Joseph R. Smallwood in May led to speculation that Smallwood's Liberal government, in office for 20 years, was in danger. John Crosbie, minister of health, and Clyde Wells, minister without portfolio and former ...


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Nova Scotia purchased the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation mill at Sydney on Cape Breton Island in December, 1967, after the company had announced that it could not continue to operate the mill beyond April, 1968. The jobs of 3,200 men had been ...


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Ontario faced a record deficit of $252 million in fiscal 1968 despite large increases in cigarette and gasoline taxes and a higher fee for automobile licenses. The new taxes were expected to bring in an additional $105 million, not enough to cover a ...


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When the lowest bid for one section of the Northumberland Strait causeway was $42 million, islanders feared that the cost of linking the island to the mainland might rise as high as $300 million. Colonel Edward Churchill, the construction manager of ...


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Quebec lost a popular premier on September 25 when Daniel Johnson, leader of the Union Nationale government since 1966, died of a coronary thrombosis. A special caucus of the Union Nationale members of the legislative assembly chose Jean-Jacques ...


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The province's budget for fiscal 1968 forecast record expenditures of $338,418,000 but provided for a small surplus of $378,000. Education took 32 per cent of the total. The sales tax was boosted from 4 to 5 per cent and was applied to new fields, ...


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Most African countries maintained a determined pursuit of progress in 1969. Some managed to make encouraging gains; others barely kept pace with past achievements. A few, because of civil war or domestic upheavals, lost ground. ...


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Mary Leakey announced, in August, the discovery of the most complete Homo habilis skull found to date. It was found near the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. Study of the skull will lead to a greater understanding of the anatomy of this species, which Mrs. ...


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The events of 1969 bear out the prediction that, in coming years, archaeology will likely be characterized by fewer dramatic discoveries of prehistoric cultures, sites, and artifacts. Instead, interest will focus on asking new questions about the past,...


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For the first six months of 1969, the economy continued its steady recovery from the doldrums into which it had sunk in 1966. Deflationary measures and economic stabilization efforts were succeeding under an austerity program inaugurated by President ...


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Mixed feelings of frustration and hope filled the continent of Asia in 1969. Violence continued, taking its inevitable toll in lives and suffering, but there were grounds for optimism as Asia slowly inched its way toward solving some of its ...


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Man's first visit to an astronomical object other than the earth was achieved on July 20, 1969, when the crew of Apollo 11 landed on the moon. The astronauts returned with 48 pounds of rocks and dust that showed unexpectedly large abundances of ...


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One of the closest elections in the nation's history took place in 1969. On October 25, voters turned out in record numbers to cast their ballots for all the seats in the House of Representatives. It was the first election held under a new ...


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New car sales in the United States in 1969 set a calendar-year record exceeding 9.5 million. The previous record, 9,403,862, was set in 1968. The 1969 success was due in part to imported-car sales, which passed 1 million for the first time. Scattered ...


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Air traffic congestion resulting from inadequate airports and airways continued to be a serious problem in 1969. Although the subject did not occupy headlines as dramatically as in 1968, the Air Transport Association (ATA) estimated that air traffic ...


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The impossible dream came true in 1969. The New York Mets, doormats for their seven previous years of existence, won the National League Eastern Division championship, the National League pennant, and the World Series. The team that had never finished ...


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The Boston Celtics among the professionals and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), among the collegians took the major awards of the 1968-1969 season. The end of the season, however, marked the end of a dynasty for both teams because ...


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Robert G. Edwards and his colleagues at Cambridge University in England demonstrated the fertilization of human egg cells in a test tube for the first time, in 1969. The accomplishment marked a major step in understanding of the human reproduction ...


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A substance secreted by nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria was found, in 1969, to be an effective herbicide. It was discovered by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The substance, named rhizobitoxine, is a powerful ...


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Prince Norodom Sihanouk threatened to resign as chief of state in 1969. Voicing his threat at a special congress composed of the National Assembly, the Royal Council, and leaders of the Youth Assembly, he demanded the full cooperation of the ruling ...


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The Liberal government of Pierre Elliott Trudeau completed its first 20 months in office on Dec. 25, 1969. During the year, the government carried forward its campaign for Canadian unity by enacting into law the principle of linguistic equality for ...


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Canadian literature in 1968 and 1969 mirrored concern with French-English bilingualism and biculturalism. The Oberon Press of Ottawa issued the first bilingual children's books-- Cinderella and Evergreen Island; or, How Growley-Wowley Made Friends by ...


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A group of chemists at Stanford University, led by Eugene E. van Tamelen, discovered a new method of producing ammonia in which the reaction steps take place at room temperature and pressure. Normally, in the Haber-Bosch process, high temperatures ...


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The reform policies of President Eduardo Frei Montalva and his Christian Democratic Party (PDC) were rebuffed in the congressional elections held on March 1, 1969. Final election results gave the Christian Democrats only 31.1 per cent of the votes ...


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On Oct. 1, 1969, 75-year-old Chairman Mao Tse-tung ascended the Gate of Heavenly Peace in Peking. He was "beaming, in high spirits, and in excellent health." Below the gate streamed half a million people, pounding gongs and drums, waving red flags, ...


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History's longest long-distance telephone call -- from President Richard M. Nixon to the Apollo 11 astronauts on the moon's surface -- dramatically illustrated the progress of telecommunications in 1969. A complex combination of satellites, undersea ...


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Computer technology's spectrum of applications continued to broaden in 1969 as they were used to untangle and speed auto traffic, match prospective employees with job openings, and record the earnings every three months of more than 7.5 million ...


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For the first time in nearly a decade, there was no open warfare in Congo in 1969. Several rebel leaders from northern Katanga province were apprehended and executed in April; in June, former Prime Minister Moise Tshombe, who had been wanted for ...


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The first session of the 91st Congress of the United States reflected the war-weary mood of its constituents in 1969. Both Congress and President Richard M. Nixon were preoccupied with the war in Vietnam and with continuing inflation at home. Much ...


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Increased public support for the conservation of natural resources and a broadening of conservation goals to include concern for man's overall environment were demonstrated in 1969. The flood of new legislation, which had poured from Congress during ...


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Crime in the United States continued to increase in 1969. The latest full-year statistics, released in August by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), recorded nearly 4.5 million serious crimes in 1968, an increase of 17 per cent over 1967. FBI ...


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Serious economic, political, and social problems confronted the government of Premier Fidel Castro in 1969. There was widespread apathy among the workers that bordered on passive resistance and resulted in lower productivity and a rising crime rate. ...


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Until the fall of Alexander Dubcek in April, 1969, Czechoslovak progressives struggled stoutly and with some success to preserve some of the "post-January (1968)" reforms. But after Gustav Husak succeeded Dubcek as party leader in April, the clock was ...


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Democrats enjoyed a winning trend in the special congressional elections in 1969. Democratic candidates won five of the seven congressional seats up for election, three of them in districts formerly held by Republicans. ...


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Denmark became, in 1969, the only European country where it is not an offense to produce pornography or sell it to anyone over the age of 16, although the move became a matter of controversy in neighboring capitals. Thousands flocked to a pornography ...


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Republicans captured two governorships--in New Jersey and Virginia--in state elections in 1969. In municipal elections, however, Democrats maintained their traditional control of city halls in several major cities, and John V. Lindsay, a former ...


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Renewed hopes of political and economic unification of Europe followed the resignation of General Charles de Gaulle as president of France on April 27, 1969, when his countrymen voted against his measures for regional reform. Repeatedly, France had ...


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Finland strove to maintain a neutral position between the East and the West in 1969, and, in September, began seeking support for an East-West meeting to bring the United States and Canada together in Helsinki with Russia and other European countries ...


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The 16-team National Football League (NFL) and the 10-team American Football League (AFL) played their last seasons as separate groups in 1969 before their full merger into one professional league in 1970. It was a memorable season as the Minnesota ...


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After dominating French politics for a quarter of a century and influencing European trends for nearly 11 years, General Charles de Gaulle resigned the presidency in April, 1969. He was succeeded by former premier Georges Pompidou. On August 8, France ...


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Evidence was added, in 1969, to the theory that the earth's continents are drifting land masses. In addition, two major studies of earthquakes were released during the year. ...


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A new chancellor, Social Democrat leader Willy Brandt, and a new coalition of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and the small Free Democratic Party (FDP) were the outcome of the elections in the Federal Republic of (West) Germany on Sept. 28, 1969. ...


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Prime Minister Harold Wilson, after years of electoral unpopularity and apparent economic failure, welcomed with open arms an impressive balance of payments surplus that appeared in August, 1969. For the first time, the Labour Government's policy ...


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Greece quit the 18-nation Council of Europe on December 12, 1969, rather than face almost certain expulsion on charges that its government had violated human rights. In May, the council's committee of ministers had found Athens "in serious violation ...


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The spotlight was focused in 1969 with more intensity than ever before on national health abuses. Of particular concern were problems of food additives and nutrition. ...


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The 1968-1969 season was marked by the most prolific scoring in the 52-year history of the National Hockey League (NHL). Major record breakers were Phil Esposito of the Boston Bruins, Bobby Hull of the Chicago Black Hawks, and Gordie Howe of the ...


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Hungary continued implementing its 1968 economic reforms in 1969. There were some modifications, but no more difficulties than might have been expected. A sharp rise in the cost of living early in the year caused some concern, however. ...


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India would not easily forget 1969. It was the year in which Prime Minister Indira Gandhi defeated the old party bosses in a dramatic encounter. It was the year when the aging Congress Party showed signs of unexpected vitality. It was also the year ...


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On August 7, President Richard M. Nixon appointed Louis R. Bruce, Jr., a Sioux-Mohawk Indian, commissioner of Indian affairs. The third Indian to hold the post, Bruce began a review of the Bureau of Indian Affairs' programs designed to "encourage and ...


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President Suharto focused his attention in 1969 on eliminating the chaotic economic conditions that his government had inherited from the Sukarno regime. The results, while not spectacular, were nonetheless impressive. ...


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In a general election held on June 18, 1969, the ruling Fianna Fail Party of Prime Minister John Lynch increased its majority in Parliament. There were 373 candidates for the 143 seats at stake, the 144th seat automatically being held by the speaker. ...


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Israel held firmly to the Arab territory it had occupied in the 1967 six-day war. It did so despite steady escalation in 1969 of Palestine commando raids and growing aggression by United Arab Republic forces along the Suez Canal. Periodic Israeli ...


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The seven-month-old center-left coalition government of Mariano Rumor, a Christian Democrat, collapsed in July, 1969, following a serious split in the Socialist Party. The split, over cooperation with the communists, resulted in the resignation of ...


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The return of Okinawa and related issues of security arrangements with the United States dominated Japan's foreign policy in 1969. Domestically, the serious impairment of university education due to student unrest was a matter of growing national ...


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South Korean voters approved a constitutional amendment on Oct. 17, 1969, permitting President Chung Hee Park to run for a third term in 1971. The final results showed that 7,553,589 voters had approved the amendment while 3,636,369 had opposed it. ...


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Throughout 1969, twin goals preoccupied Latin America. On the domestic front, strenuous and serious efforts were made to spur the region's development. Simultaneously, on the international scene, efforts to improve United States-Latin American ...


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A swift and efficiently executed military coup overthrew the 17-year-old monarchy of King Idris I on Sept. 1, 1969. Taking advantage of the king's absence in Turkey for medical treatment, army officers seized Libya's three capitals, disarmed the ...


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Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman and his three-party coalition government faced severe challenges in 1969. They came in the form of student protests at the universities and in Kuala Lumpur, the capital; militant demonstrations by the leftist labor ...


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Dr. Philip Blaiberg, the world's longest surviving heart transplant recipient, died on Aug. 17, 1969, after 19 months with a transplanted heart. By then, 142 heart transplant operations had been performed in various parts of the world, many of them by ...


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Alarm over an apparent increase in the use and abuse of amphetamines and their effect on mental health caused the United Nations Narcotics Commission, in January, 1969, to ask all governments to impose strict controls on these drugs. The drugs, first ...


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A national political convention and an international incident received considerable attention in Mexico in 1969. On November 16, Luis Echeverria Alvarez was nominated as the presidential candidate of the governing Institutional Revolutionary Party ...


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The clash of Israeli and Arab arms rang louder during 1969 as the two bitter enemies appeared to edge closer to a fourth round of all-out war in the Middle East. Neither the United Nations (UN) nor the major powers had--or could exercise--the force or ...


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Festivals dominated the pop music scene during 1969. On the weekend of August 16, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair, most publicized of all these events, attracted an estimated 300,000 young people, the greatest number ever to attend a public ...


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Rising international interest rates and inflationary domestic pressures were major government concerns in 1969. On April 8, the Netherlands Central Bank raised its bank rate from 5 per cent to 5.5 per cent. Simultaneously, Parliament froze the prices ...


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The Labor Party, which lost control of the government in 1965 after 30 years of almost unbroken rule, came close to recapturing it in 1969. In the September 6 and 7 elections, it won 74 seats, but the four-party, non-Labor coalition government of ...


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The deep-sea drilling program, begun in 1968 in the Gulf of Mexico, completed expeditions in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in 1969 that yielded new information on their geological history and set a deep-drilling record of 3,000 feet in the seabed. ...


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Peruvian relations with the United States reached a low ebb in 1969 over various issues. The major issue involved Peru's expropriation of properties belonging to the International Petroleum Company (IPC), a subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey. On ...


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President Ferdinand E. Marcos was re-elected in a national election held on Nov. 11, 1969. He became the first man in Philippine history to win the presidency for a second four-year term. The campaign had been marred by sporadic violence and voter ...


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Great interest was generated among physicists in 1969 by new evidence of particles and radiation of the most fundamental nature. ...


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The victory of the ruling National Unity Front party in the July 1, 1969, elections to the Sejm (Parliament) was a foregone conclusion, but some voters expressed disapproval by crossing names off the single list of candidates they were given. Premier ...


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Richard Milhous Nixon became the 37th President of the United States on Jan. 20,1969. Heading the first Republican Administration in eight years, Mr. Nixon presented a new presidential image at home and overseas. ...


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In some instances of injury to the brain, a specific ability or kind of behavior may be lost temporarily and then restored. The mechanism by which such recovery is achieved is puzzling, since individual brain cells, unlike cells elsewhere in the body, ...


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The inauguration of Governor Luis A. Ferre, on Jan. 2, 1969, ended an era in the island's history. Ferre is a member of the New Progressive Party. His election on Nov. 5, 1968, was the first successful challenge to the 28-year reign of the Popular ...


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Radio, which recorded its first billion-dollar year in 1968, faced sobering problems in 1969. The principal and most worrisome was that of license renewal contests. In an effort to safeguard their licenses, many radio stations throughout the country ...


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The Republican Party increased the number of governorships under its control to 32, its highest number since 1920, by winning the November gubernatorial races in Virginia and New Jersey. ...


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There were no changes in the top hierarchy of the Communist Party or the government in 1969, and, as far as outside observers could discern, no significant change took place in the balance of forces in the Kremlin. The efficiency with which the ...


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The Saudi government thwarted an attempt to overthrow King Faisal and proclaim the nation an Arabian Peninsula Republic in 1969. In June, a widespread conspiracy had been uncovered, principally in the Saudi air force; the chief conspirator was said to ...


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Professional soccer in the United States, suffering from a lack of public support in the 1968 season, suffered even more in 1969. ...


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Prime Minister Mohammed Ibrahim Egal and his Somali Youth League were victorious in the elections held for the National Assembly on March 26, 1969. Violence accompanied the elections, with 25 people reported dead. The government continued to cooperate ...


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The ruling Nationalist Party pursued its policy of apartheid despite some opposition, and Prime Minister Balthazar Johannes Vorster reaffirmed the goal of separate territorial development. In August, a new Bantustan was created for the northern Sotho ...


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Men flew to the moon, walked on its surface, and returned safely to earth in 1969. The historic first journey marked the achievement of the U.S. space exploration goal of the decade and stimulated the projection of new goals for the 1970s and 1980s. ...


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President Francisco Franco named Prince Juan Carlos de Borbon y Borbon as his heir to power on July 22, 1969. The prince, 31, was formally invested as prince of Spain on June 23. He will become King Juan III of Spain after the death or retirement of ...


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Sweden installed a new prime minister, Olof Palme, on October 14, after he was elected leader of the Social Democrats. He succeeded Tage Erlander, who retired after 23 years in the office. Palme, a strong opponent of U.S. fighting in Vietnam, had ...


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Television staged an electronic miracle on July 20, 1969, when it provided the world with front-row seats for man's first landing on the moon. An estimated 700 million earthlings--125 million in the United States alone--watched the Apollo 11 drama. ...


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A general election and a smoldering revolt preoccupied the nation in 1969. On February 10, nationwide elections ended a decade of rule by martial law. The ruling United Thai People's Party of Premier Thanom Kittikachorn captured 75 seats in the ...


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Anti-American feeling, fomented principally by radical students and intellectuals opposed to the government of Premier Suleyman Demirel, reached fever pitch in 1969. A major riot involving 20,000 people erupted in Istanbul on February 16 during a ...


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The year that began with such high hopes for an early end to the war drew to a close with the war still grinding on. Despite the disillusionment, there were some indications that the situation had altered for the better. For one thing, the battles in ...


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One of the most devastaing hurricanes in the history of the United States ripped across the Gulf Coast in August, 1969, destroying both life and property. There were also an unusually large number of tropical storms that progressed in odd, abnormal ...


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Yugoslavia continued its concern regarding its relations with Russia in 1969. Yugoslav leaders still publicly disapproved the Russian invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, and its doctrine of "limited sovereignty" for satellite nations. Andrei Gromyko, ...


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Animals, unlike man, have a variety of methods for protecting themselves from harm during sleep, Heini Hediger of the Zurich, Switzerland, Zoological Gardens reported in 1969. Hediger concluded that one attribute of animals is a "sort of filter" in ...


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Harry Edwin Strom, who had succeeded Ernest C. Manning late in 1968 after Manning's 25 years as premier, completed his first year in office in 1969. With a total of 54 out of the 65 seats in the legislature held by Strom's Social Credit Party, the new ...


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After 17 years in power, the Social Credit government, led by William A. C. Bennett, received a triumphant mandate from voters in provincial balloting on August 27. The Social Credit Party gained 8 seats in the 55-seat legislature to control 39 seats. ...


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The only Canadian province to change its government in 1969, Manitoba saw its Conservative premier, Walter C. Weir, defeated in a general election on June 25 after only 18 months in office. Weir, inheriting a Conservative administration that first ...


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There were no political changes in New Brunswick in 1969 as Louis J. Robichaud's Liberal government continued in office. The extensive program to modernize the educational and welfare services of the province consumed about two-thirds of the revenues, ...


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Joseph R. Smallwood, premier of Newfoundland since the island entered the Canadian confederation in 1949, gave notice early in 1969 that he intended to retire from public life. He later changed his mind, however, and at a convention of the Liberal ...


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Nova Scotia experienced a year of political controversy in 1969 but the Conservative government of George I. Smith held office securely with a comfortable majority of 36 seats in the 46-seat legislature. Difficulties in the construction of the ...


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Canada's largest province endorsed the principle of a capital gains tax and a guaranteed annual income in 1969. In the budget message of March 4, Charles S. MacNaughton, provincial treasurer, sketched out a new tax structure embodying a system of ...


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Canada's smallest province suffered bitter disappointment on March 5 when Prime Minister Trudeau announced that the federal government had abandoned plans to build a causeway, first promised in 1962, across the 9-mile strait linking Prince Edward ...


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Jean-Jacques Bertrand, who assumed leadership of the ruling Union Nationale Party in September, 1968, was confirmed as leader at a party convention on June 21. Bertrand, suffering from circulatory trouble, spent some time in the hospital over the ...


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Though the Liberal government of Ross Thatcher presented its fifth successive balanced budget on February 18, there was gloom in Saskatchewan in 1969 arising from the depressed condition of agriculture. The wet season in 1968 required the drying of ...


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Two events of major significance occurred in Africa in 1970--the long civil war in Nigeria ended in January, and the United Arab Republic's President Gamal Abdel Nasser died suddenly on September 28. Internal strife plagued several other African ...


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A South African anthropologist reported in 1970 that he can find no evidence to support the argument that brain size varies by race. Phillip V. Tobias of Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg, South Africa, investigated the theory that races of men ...


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Archaeologists found new evidence in 1970 of differences between Neanderthal skeletons found in Europe and those found in warmer parts of the world. Francis Ivanhoe of the University of London showed that some differences result from a higher ...


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President Juan Carlos Ongania was deposed by a three-man military junta on June 8, 1970. In assuming power, the junta members said their aim was "to establish order" in the face of such terrorist challenges to the government as the kidnaping offormer ...


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The rising tide of war engulfed much of Indochina in 1970. For the first few months of the year, most of the large-scale fighting was confined to Vietnam. There was guerrilla activity in Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Burma, but most of the fighting ...


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A total eclipse of the sun occurred March 7, 1970, that was seen in the southern and eastern United States. Its 100-mile-wide path began in the Pacific Ocean, crossed southern Mexico near Oaxaca, and passed over Savannah, Ga.; Charleston, S.C.; ...


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The Liberal Government of Prime Minister John G. Gorton successfully defeated a noconfidence motion introduced by the opposition Labor Party in Parliament on May 15, 1970. The motion followed the introduction of a government-sponsored bill on offshore ...


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Failing sales, a costly strike, and the challenge of foreign-made cars hurt the United States automobile industry in 1970. The industry introduced a new breed of ultrasmall cars to compete against the imports, but they did not appear to slow down ...


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The United States aviation industry struggled through a year of disappointment and frustration in 1970. The industry endured a host of major problems such as traffic, finances, hijackings, and environmental issues. ...


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On the field, baseball prospered during the 1970 season. Off the field, it shuddered as its structure and dignity were shaken by two strong players (Curt Flood and Denny McLain) and one weak franchise (Seattle). ...


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The 1969-1970 college basketball season was like many others--the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), won the national championship. In professional basketball, however, the season was like no other. ...


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A team of 13 University of Wisconsin scientists successfully completed the synthesis of a single gene in June, 1970. The synthesis was achieved under the leadership of Har Gobind Khorana, who shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for ...


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The study of lichens in England provided a new and useful measurement of air pollution in 1970. Lichens are flowerless plants that usually grow on bare rocks and tree stumps. Each one is actually composed of two different organisms, an alga and a ...


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Two major crises catapulted Cambodia into the world spotlight in 1970. On March 18, Prince Norodom Sihanouk was ousted as head of state by General Lon Nol. On April 29, the United States launched an offensive against North Vietnamese forces operating ...


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A tiny group of terrorist revolutionaries in Quebec threatened the political stability of the nation in 1970. In the crisis, Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau moved firmly to root out the revolutionary separatist movement and reassert the ...


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Canadian literature in 1970 was notable for its fiction. Among regional novels: The Humpback by Mort Fraser centers in a Metis settlement of Manitoba; The Studhorse Man by Robert Kroetsch tells a comic Albertan legend; and Cabbagetown Diary by Juan ...


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A new table of atomic weights was announced in 1970 by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It was the first revision of the official table of atomic weights since 1961, when the standard for establishing these weights was ...


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Salvador Allende Gossens, an avowed Marxist-Leninist, won the closest and most controversial presidential election in Chile's history on Sept. 4, 1970. Backed by a coalition of Socialist and Communist parties, he received a plurality of 36.3 per cent ...


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The land lay tranquil late in 1970. The grain bins were packed with one of the best harvests in two decades. Industry had recovered from the turmoil of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1968. An earth satellite, launched in April, ...


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International telecommunications was enhanced in 1970 by the expansion of the global satellite communications system, including the addition of 10 new earth stations, and the opening of a fifth transatlantic cable that can handle more than 800 ...


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President Joseph Mobutu signed a new law on April 20, 1970, that called for universal suffrage and the secret ballot in presidential and congressional elections. The law provides that the presidential winner, required to poll an absolute majority, ...


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The second session of the 91st Congress was sensitive to the mood of the nation in 1970, an election year. It was jealous of its own privileges and critical of the authority of President Richard M. Nixon. ...


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Reflecting the worldwide concern over the deterioration of man's environment, President Richard M. Nixon signed the National Environmental Quality Improvement Act on Jan. 1, 1970, as his first official act of the new decade. In approving the ...


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The Federal Bureau of Investigation reported in 1970 that crime increased 148 per cent in the United States during the 1960s, while population grew about 13 per cent. Every classification of crime soared, and all sections of the nation shared in the ...


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Weariness, disenchantment, and discontent were evident throughout Cuba in 1970. The nation's troubled state could be traced primarily to widespread passive resistance by workers. Productivity declined; absenteeism, slowdowns, and deliberate waste rose....


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Conservatives gradually tightened a Stalinist strait jacket on the country in 1970. Communist Party boss Gustav Husak could not resist the pressure of the more hard-line leaders, but he at least continued to fight against police terror and rigged show ...


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The Social Democrats, in control of the government since 1932, lost ground in the general election on Sept. 20, 1970. They won only 163 seats in the new, 350-seat, unicameral Riksdag (legislature). But the Communist Party won 17 seats, and its support ...


Description:
Television played a greater role in U.S. political campaigning in 1970 than ever before. Like the election results themselves, however, the use of the medium raised questions for which there seemed to be no immediate answers. ...


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The government agreed on May 27, 1970, to assist Cambodia in its struggle against the Vietnamese Communists. In addition to clothing and supplies, Thailand assigned 20 gunboats to patrol the Mekong River. It also agreed to expand Thai troop ...


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Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel resigned, then formed a new government after a major parliamentary defeat in 1970. On February 11, 41 members of his Justice Party joined the opposition to vote down Demirel's proposed $3.2-billion budget. He resigned ...


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Vietnam remained a bitterly divided country in 1970. On the battlefield, the conflict broadened to include Laos and Cambodia. In their domestic concerns, both North and South shared certain problems. Even though their approaches to a solution remained ...


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The United States experienced fairly normal weather conditions in 1970. The Northwest had record rains, and it was extremely dry in the Southwest. Brush fires raged out of control in southern California in late summer. A few intense hurricanes struck ...


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Continuing its independent foreign policy, Yugoslavia improved its links with the West in 1970. President Josip Broz Tito toured African countries in January, strengthening links with nonaligned "third-world" nations. ...


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Studies conducted in 1970 show that malnutrition in infant rats may cause them to react abnormally in stress situations in later life. The studies were conducted by David A. Levitsky and Richard H. Barnes at the Cornell University School of Nutrition, ...


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Scientists have discovered fossil reptile bones in Antarctica, adding new strength to the theory that continents drift on the earth's surface. Among the fragments discovered was a scrap of jawbone positively identified as that of a Lystrosaurus, one ...


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Alberta's legislature increased its size from 65 to 75 seats effective at the next election, and passed laws on conservation and pollution. The Social Credit government of Harry E. Strom promised to introduce health-care insurance as soon as possible. ...


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British Columbia opened the highly automated deep-sea port and loading facility at Roberts Bank, just south of Vancouver, in 1970. Designed to provide a transfer point for British Columbia coal shipments to Japan, the port consists of a 50-acre island ...


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Manitoba's Premier Edward R. Schreyer, leader of a New Democratic government elected in June, 1969, presided over celebrations commemorating the 100th anniversary of Manitoba's entry into the Canadian confederation in 1870. For this event, Queen ...


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New Brunswick voted a new government to power on October 26 when Progressive Conservatives upset the 10-year Liberal government of Louis J. Robichaud. The victory was largely attributable to the skill of Richard B. Hatfield, the 39-year-old ...


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Newfoundland's Premier Joseph R. Smallwood and his Liberal government continued in office, but Smallwood, in power 21 years, faced increasing opposition within his own party. Shortly before the legislature opened on February 18, two former members of ...


Description:
Nova Scotia changed its government from Conservative to Liberal in 1970. The Conservatives went into the election on October 13 under the leadership of George I. Smith, who had succeeded Robert Stanfield as premier of the province in 1967. The Smith ...


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Ontario's Premier John P. Robarts continued to enjoy the support of a healthy majority in the legislature in 1970. When the session opened on February 24, his Progressive Conservative Party held 68 seats in the 117-member house. Liberals occupied 27 ...


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Prince Edward Island decisively re-elected its 36-year-old premier, Alexander B. Campbell, in a general election on May 11. Campbell had been premier since 1966. His Liberal Party won 27 seats in the 32-seat legislature, capturing almost 60 per cent ...


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Quebec lived through a tumultuous year, with a general election in April and a terrorist emergency that began in October. The general election of April 29 was a test of strength for the Parti Quebecois, the new party advocating independence for Quebec....


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Saskatchewan faced a deficit budget for the first time in eight years, in spite of increases in gasoline taxes and in the retail sales tax. Spending of $405 million was expected to produce a deficit of about $10.4 million. Antistrike legislation was ...


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The major issues for Africa increasingly took on a black-white racial character in 1971. During the year, the International Court of Justice handed down a major advisory opinion on the status of South West Africa, which is also known as Namibia. ...


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Raoul Naroll of the State University of New York, Buffalo, in 1971 summarized the most important conclusions about social evolution that anthropologists have reached by using cross-cultural comparisons. Not surprisingly, observations showed that men ...


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For several decades, archaeologists have debated the probable date of man's arrival in the New World. Richard S. MacNeish of the Peabody Foundation, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., said in 1971 that there is evidence that man was present in South ...


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A three-man junta, the commanding officers of the army, navy, and air force, assumed power on March 23, 1971, after deposing President Roberto Marcelo Levingston. On March 26, Lieutenant General Alejandro Augustin Lanusse, commander in chief of the ...


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The outbreak of a new war--and the new direction taken by an old one--made Asia the focus of world attention in 1971. The new war erupted between India and Pakistan early in December. It was not just political in its ramifications; it had religious ...


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Three California research institutions gathered new data in 1971 on a hidden galaxy. Scientists from the University of California at Berkeley, the Hale Observatories, and the California Institute of Technology reported that interstellar dust has long ...


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A crisis brought on by the resignation of a cabinet minister cost Prime Minister John G. Gorton his post in 1971. Gorton was ousted by his own Liberal Party, and William McMahon was sworn in as prime minister on March 10. ...


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New-car sales in the United States in 1971 topped the 10-million mark for the first time in history. Automakers set the new high despite a host of problems, including safety and ecology issues and high taxes. ...


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The U.S. aviation industry continued to struggle through one of the most difficult periods in its history in 1971. Widespread cost-control programs and fare increases helped the airlines in their battle against rising costs, but traffic growth was ...


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The Pittsburgh Pirates and the Baltimore Orioles won major league baseball's pennant races in 1971. This fact was not surprising, but the Pirates' seven-game victory over the Orioles in the World Series was. It was also a memorable season for such ...


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The Milwaukee Bucks and the Utah Stars, two teams that had never come close before, won professional basketball championships in the 1970-1971 season. The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), which knew all about winning, captured the ...


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Democrats dealt a sharp setback to Republicans in the November 1970 governors' races. They took 13 governorships from GOP control while losing only 2, thus dramatically shifting state power. Before the election, there had been 18 Democratic and 32 ...


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A parliamentary committee on June 2, 1970, cleared government members of violating constitutional guarantees, and ruled that the privacy of postal, telegraph, and telephone communications had not been violated by security activities. The committee ...


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The 1970 midterm elections in the United States produced victories for both major political parties. Republicans made a net gain of 2 U.S. Senate seats. Democrats netted 10 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives and they added 11 governorships. ...


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Hope was renewed in 1970 that the late Sir Winston Churchill's 25-year-old call for a United Europe may be answered. European nations took two distinct steps in 1970 toward political, economic, and financial unification, and toward bridging the gap ...


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Voters staged the most surprising upset in Finland's 53 years of independence in national elections on March 16, 1970. The Socialist parties dropped from a 103-97 majority to an 88-112 minority in the legislature. As a result, a five-party, ...


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Professional and college football made radical innovations in 1970. One immediate result was a season of surprise champions. ...


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The Gaullist Government spent much of 1970 fighting student and labor unrest. It prepared a five-year plan that it hoped would ensure economic stability until 1976. ...


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GERMANY, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF (EAST) Chairman Walter Ulbricht moved boldly for wider international recognition and new ties with West Germany in 1970. On June 10, Ulbricht proposed United Nations (UN) membership for both German states. He also ...


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Edward (Ted) Heath and his Conservative (Tory) Party regained power in 1970 in Great Britain's most astonishing political upset since World War II. In the general elections on June 18, the Tories took 330 seats (gaining 66) and the Labour Party 288 in ...


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European moves to weaken and isolate the Greek military regime politically and economically shifted to a new target in 1970--Greece's economic tie to the European Community (Common Market). On April 16, the commission that administers Common Market ...


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The spread of cholera attracted international attention in 1970. Cases were officially reported in at least 18 countries. Russia, in September, reported 453 cases in the city of Astrakhan and 101 cases in Kerch and Odessa. Cases were also reported in ...


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The Boston Bruins, a strong, rough team with hockey's best player, Bobby Orr, won the Stanley Cup play-offs in 1970. But the season may well be most remembered for the tactics of the New York Rangers and Montreal Canadiens on April 5, the final night ...


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The Hungarian Socialist Workers (Communist) Party continued its program of cautious reform in 1970. It pledged to continue efforts to decentralize and reform the economic system, raise living standards, and introduce social and administrative reforms, ...


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There was seemingly little on the political, social, or economic front to comfort the onlooker in 1970. The Congress Party (CP), which once held the nation together, remained split into two warring camps. Tides of violence swept the country. The ...


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Indians became more militant in 1970 out of frustration with a government that they felt disregarded treaties and refused to deal with Indian grievances. During the year, Indian groups demonstrated at offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Chicago;...


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Indonesia made slow but steady progress in solving its political problems in 1970. The death of deposed President Sukarno on June 21 finally removed a rallying point for dissident Leftists who hoped to use him in their antigovernment plots. The ...


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Serious rioting between Roman Catholics and Protestants in the Ulster District of Northern Ireland had repercussions in Ireland in 1970. In April, Prime Minister John Lynch dismissed two ministers of his government on charges that they had been ...


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The cease-fire on the Suez Canal front and Arab preoccupation with Palestinian commandos and other internal problems gave Israel an opportunity to concentrate on domestic matters late in 1970. The August 7 cease-fire was accepted first by the Arabs ...


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The government moved from crisis to crisis during 1970. Industrial unrest and political instability slowed production and disrupted the economy. A wave of strikes and riots in industrial centers, coupled with the inability to form a coalition ...


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Air pollution reached crisis proportions when a weeklong chemical smog blanketed Tokyo in July, 1970, sending more than 8,000 men, women, and children to hospitals for relief. Public concern about pollution, already a long-standing and serious problem,...


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Prime Minister Kim Il-sung offered on June 24, 1970, to sign a pact with South Korea that would lead to the eventual reunification of the country. His proposal, which demanded a prior withdrawal of all United States troops from South Korea, called for ...


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Widespread violence and terrorism aroused deep concern throughout Latin America and most of the rest of the world in 1970. In Argentina, former President Pedro E. Aramburu was kidnaped and killed by a terrorist group in May. In Brazil, the government ...


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The military regime that overthrew King Idris I in 1969 tightened its control over the country in 1970. On January 10, the regime formally established the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) as the supreme authority in Libya, with the army chief of ...


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Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia's undisputed political leader for more than a decade, resigned on Sept. 22, 1970. He was succeeded by his hand-picked deputy, Abdul Razak. The change followed by one day the installation of Abdul Halim ...


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A long-term study (approximately nine years) of 923 diabetic patients in the United States and Puerto Rico, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, found that there were differences in death rates among patients treated with oral drugs and ...


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Since the U.S. federal government appropriated $364 million in matched funds to finance the Community Mental Health Acts of 1963 and 1965, 185 Mental Health Centers have opened, and 180 more have been funded and are scheduled to open in the next few ...


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Luis Echeverria Alvarez was elected president by a landslide vote on July 5, 1970. His victory extended the 42-year rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party for another 6 years. In a campaign that took him to every state in Mexico, he traveled ...


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A cease-fire in the Middle East proposed by the United States halted spiraling military clashes along Israel's borders in 1970. Israel, Jordan, and the United Arab Republic (U.A.R.) accepted the ceasefire on August 7, easing the threat of a fourth ...


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Pop music festivals, which reached their peak in the 1969 Woodstock, N.Y., happening, lost ground in 1970 as a consequence of violence and riots. At Chicago's Grant Park on July 27, an angry crowd waiting for Sly and the Family Stone to appear rioted ...


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Queen Juliana, in a speech on Sept. 15, 1970, threatened strong action "against any groups that abuse freedom in order to force their beliefs and patterns on other people." The warning followed months of unrest. The burgomaster of Rotterdam blamed ...


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Norwegians were shocked by the sharp tax increases in the budget presented to the Storting (legislature) on Oct. 5, 1970. Taxes on alcoholic beverages, automobile licenses, gasoline, and tobacco were increased to slow down domestic spending. A special ...


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United States scientists with the deep-sea drilling project sponsored by the National Science Foundation completed a successful 18-month expedition, and started a new 36-month project in June, 1970. In addition to confirming the hypothesis of seafloor ...


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The worst disaster in Peruvian history occurred on May 31, 1970, when an earthquake killed at least 70,000 persons in the central mountains. Damage was estimated at approximately $1 billion, and about 1 million persons were left homeless. ...


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About 2,000 rampaging youths tried to storm the presidential palace in Manila on Jan. 30, 1970, but were repulsed by Manila police after 4 rioters and 2 bystanders were killed and 102 persons wounded. Another 100 were arrested. The rioting, which ...


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Two experiments involving the decay of atomic nuclei produced important results in 1970. A completely new form of radioactive decay was discovered, and a well-known type of decay process indicated a startling new characteristic of one of nature's ...


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West Germany and Poland signed a treaty on Dec. 7, 1970, settling border questions that had been disputed since World War II. In signing, West Germany recognized the Oder-Neisse line as Poland's western frontier and gave up all claim to 40,000 square ...


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Richard Milhous Nixon played a strong triple role as the nation's top diplomat, commander in chief, and leader of the Republican Party in 1970. In the process, the cautious, low-key image of his first year in office almost disappeared. ...


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Fears that experiments in the electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) could lead to the complete control of man's mind and behavior were shown, in 1970, to be unfounded. Jose M.R. Delgado of Yale University made extensive studies of ESB, an ...


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Culebra, a 10-square-mile offshore island, involved the United States and Puerto Rico in controversy in 1970. The island, although a Puerto Rican possession, is one-third owned by the United States, which has used its northwest peninsula as a target ...


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Radio celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1970, but it was hardly a golden year for broadcasters. The pressures exerted on television by the federal government were equally troublesome for radio. ...


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Republicans captured 4 Senate seats from Democrats in the 1970 midterm elections while losing only 2. Their net gain of 2 seats left the Democrats with a 55-to-45-seat majority in the Senate. President Richard M. Nixon, however, claimed that ...


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Rumors of trouble in the Kremlin persisted in early 1970 as a result of the illness or unexplained absence of most of Russia's top leaders. There were no top leadership changes, but there were several changes at the middle levels of both the party and ...


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One of the major splits in the Arab world ended in July, 1970, when Saudi Arabia recognized the Yemen Arab Republic. The two neighbors exchanged ambassadors, and Saudi Arabia also loaned $28 million to Yemen to relieve a critical famine caused by ...


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For most of the world, the major sports event of 1970 was not the Super Bowl, or the World Series, or a big title fight. It was, instead, the World Cup, an international tournament to decide the world soccer championship. It is held only every four ...


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A new provisional Constitution was introduced and the old one officially abolished by the Supreme Revolutionary Council on Feb. 23, 1970. On the same day, the council announced that Jama Ali Qorshel and Muhammad Ainashe had been appointed secretaries ...


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The Nationalist Party (NP) of Prime Minister Balthazar Johannes Vorster retained its parliamentary majority in elections held on April 22, 1970, but the United Party (UP) made its first gains since 1948. The UP made further gains in the provincial ...


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A close brush with disaster 200,000 miles out in space set the stage in 1970 for cooperation in manned space flight between the United States and Russia. Space officials of the two countries agreed in Moscow on October 28 to study whether they could ...


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Although free trade unions are banned, a series of Communist-backed strikes occurred in 1970. Miners in the Asturias region in northern Spain struck in January. The miners form the largest and most politically belligerent workers' group in Spain. The ...


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Scientists learned more about satellite DNA in 1971. In most cells, DNA is present primarily in the nucleus, where it constitutes genetic material. However, DNA also is found elsewhere in many plant and animal cells and is different from the nuclear ...


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P. L. Neel and Richard W. Harris of the University of California, Davis, found in 1971 that trees that are shaken periodically will not grow as tall as trees that are undisturbed. They performed their experiment on sweet gum (Liquidambar) trees ...


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The republic managed not only to survive in 1971, but even displayed a toughness and resiliency that few observers would have thought possible when the year began. The twin problems posed by the need to create an army and fight a war while ...


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Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau's government in 1971 erased the political violence that had threatened Canada's internal stability, and it introduced new fluidity in Canada's international relations. But its management of the economy was less ...


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Canadian literature in 1971 reflected the nation's wide range of concerns. The year's works discussed the Indian and the Eskimo, the French and the English, Quebec, the creative arts, and political problems. ...


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The introduction of new light-scattering photometers in 1971 greatly improved the study of particles that are too small to be seen through most microscopes. These instruments use lasers as light sources and automatically feed the output data into a ...


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President Salvador Allende Gossens, an avowed Marxist, continued his efforts to transform Chile into a Socialist state in 1971. Through such measures as price freezes, wage increases of up to 50 per cent, and the use of foreign exchange reserves to ...


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By any yardstick, 1971 turned out to be a memorable year for China and the rest of the world. It included the extraordinary April visit of the United States table tennis team, when Chinese audiences cheered young American players. China's gates were ...


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The 81-member International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (Intelsat) agreed in August, 1971, on new regulations to govern the development of a global satellite system. Since its inception in 1964, Intelsat has grown to a system that now has ...


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Congo The country formerly known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was renamed the Republic of Zaire on Oct. 27, 1971. The government also changed the name of the Congo River to the Zaire. ...


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The first session of the 92nd Congress moved sluggishly for much of 1971, resisting both the liberal Democrats' attempts at reform and the efforts of President Richard M. Nixon's Administration to prod it to legislative action. By year-end, however, ...


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A backlash started in 1971, offsetting the intensified public concern about conservation and environmental problems. Some conservationists complained that government conservation efforts were being weakened by pressures from business leaders who ...


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Crime continued its upward spiral in the United States in 1971, but the rate of increase slowed. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said that total reported offenses during 1970 increased by 11 per cent over 1969. In the first six months of ...


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Premier Fidel Castro made one of his rare trips outside Cuba in 1971. On November 9, he arrived in Chile for a 25-day state visit, his first to a Latin American country in nearly 12 years. His visit was part of an effort to end the diplomatic and ...


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Czechoslovakia continued its march back to full acceptance in the Russian orbit under Gustav Husak, who was re-elected Communist Party General Secretary at the party congress on May 29, 1971. The congress also unanimously approved Russia's 1968 ...


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In the 1971 off-year elections, the Democrats won back the Kentucky governorship that they had lost in 1967 to Louis B. Nunn. Democrat Wendell Ford won by a margin of 60,000 votes over Republican Thomas D. Emberton. ...


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An inconclusive general election on Sept. 21, 1971, toppled Denmark's center-right coalition government. Only 6,200 votes, or 0.3 per cent of about 3 million votes cast, separated government and opposition parties. Prime Minister Hilmar Baunsgaard's ...


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The scattered 1971 off-year elections produced contradictory results, and political analysts agreed that there were no clear-cut trends for either major party. In mayoral elections, the Democrats continued to hold most major cities. Black candidates ...


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The European Community (Common Market) during 1971 moved sharply toward a membership of 10 nations from its charter membership of 6. Such a community could serve 250 million people in 1973 and be second only to the United States in economic power. But ...


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Prime Minister Ahti Karjalainen and his coalition government resigned on Oct. 29, 1971, because the government's two main parties--the Social Democrats and the Center (Agrarian) Party --disagreed over a $4.5-million increase in farm subsidies. A ...


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The Dallas Cowboys, who were old hands at winning titles, and the Miami Dolphins, who never used to be winners, were professional football's most successful teams in 1971. The University of Nebraska dominated college football for the second straight ...


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With a half-million persons unemployed, labor unrest and prolonged strikes shook the economy and hit France's lucrative tourist industry in 1971. Industrial productivity increased 5.7 per cent, but inflation continued to cause concern. ...


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Scientists in April, 1971, found fossil spores of terrestrial plants that grew 30 million years earlier than any that had previously been found. The spores were discovered in rocks near Niagara Falls, N.Y., by Jane Gray of the Museum of Natural ...


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Walter Ulbricht, strong man of the republic since the postwar division of Germany, retired on May 3, 1971. Erich Honecker, 58, succeeded him as first secretary of the Central Committee of the German Socialist Unity Party (SED). Ulbricht, 78, retired ...


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For Prime Minister Edward Heath and his Cabinet, the crowning glory of 1971 was Britain's decisive march toward full membership in the European Community (Common Market). This grew out of the personal and political understanding achieved by Heath and ...


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Prime Minister George Papadopoulos increased his powers on Aug. 24, 1971, by reshuffling the Cabinet. The change cut the number of ministries from 18 to 13. Three new committees, all headed by Papadopoulos, control national policy, defense, and ...


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Jean-Claude Duvalier was sworn in as president for life on April 22, 1971. He succeeded his father, Francois Duvalier, who had died the day before of natural causes. The succession had been made possible in January when the Chamber of Deputies ...


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The World Health Organization announced in June that cholera had spread along the entire 1,350-mile West Bengal-East Pakistan boundary. Thousands of East Pakistan refugees died from the disease. The British foreign secretary, Sir Alec Douglas-Home, ...


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The Boston Bruins went on a record scoring binge during the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1970-1971 season. But the Montreal Canadiens, despite dissension that cost their coach his job, rallied to win the Stanley Cup. ...


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Hungary continued to implement its consumer-oriented economic reform program in 1971. Its close adherence to the Russian foreign policy line, however, led to a temporary chill in relations with Romania and Yugoslavia. Hungary's relatively liberal ...


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An all-out, although undeclared, war broke out between India and Pakistan on Dec. 3, 1971. Each country maintained that the other had triggered the conflict. Although their claims and counterclaims were confusing, there was no doubt that the main ...


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Indian activists charged in 1971 that the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was thwarting efforts to give Indians more self-government. In August, the National Congress of American Indians and several other Indian groups sent President Richard M. Nixon a ...


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The military government of General Suharto made significant political and social gains in 1971. For the first time in 16 years, national elections were held on July 3 for 360 seats in the 460-member parliament. The government had reserved 100 of the ...


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The bitter confrontation between the Roman Catholics and the Protestants of Northern Ireland raised a number of subsidiary issues in the Republic of Ireland in 1971. One of the most immediate involved the eventual reunification of Northern Ireland and ...


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Israel held firmly throughout 1971 to its demand for a formal peace treaty recognizing its territorial integrity behind secure frontiers before it would withdraw from occupied Arab territory. The government accepted a February proposal by Egypt for a ...


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Industrial unrest and political instability continued in 1971. Slowed production threatened the biggest recession since World War II and menaced the coalition government of Prime Minister Emilio Colombo. In January, a 24-hour work stoppage by seamen ...


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Relations with the United States in 1971 entered their most difficult period since the end of World War II. The immediate causes were President Richard M. Nixon's dramatic decision to visit China and his new economic policy, particularly the brief 10 ...


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Relations with South Korea improved slightly in 1971. Red Cross officials representing North and South Korea met in Panmunjom on August 20. It marked the first bilateral meeting between representatives of the divided country since the Korean War. ...


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The disruptive internal events that disturbed most Latin American countries in 1971 delayed the continent from achieving the regional solidarity it had set as its goal for the 1970s. Military take-overs, guerrilla activities, and terrorism abounded-to ...


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President Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi climaxed his rapid rise to leadership among Arab statesmen on Aug. 20, 1971, when he and the leaders of Egypt and Syria signed a constitution for a proposed Federation of Arab Republics. Although Egypt's ...


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made significant strides in 1971 toward a return to representative government. The restrictive measures adopted after the racial riots in May, 1969, were eased by Prime Minister Abdul Razak. The prime minister also lifted the government's ban on ...


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Medicine posted new gains in 1971 in the struggle to control hepatitis. Recent discoveries concerning serum hepatitis have changed long-held beliefs about the nature of this liver disorder. Although both serum and infectious hepatitis are thought to ...


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Results of the largest federal survey on the use of marijuana on American college campuses were released in February, 1971. They showed that 31 per cent of the students had used marijuana at least once, and 14 per cent of them "had used it every week ...


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Terrorism, and acts of violence including kidnapings, bank robberies, and student disturbances, were major preoccupations of the Mexican government in 1971. The terrorist activities were carried out for the most part by members of an urban guerrilla ...


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There was no real progress toward an Arab-Israeli settlement in 1971, despite intensive efforts by the major powers and the United Nations (UN) and intermittent indications that the principals were ready to negotiate. While the attitude of some Arab ...


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A nationwide movement by young people to seek peace and salvation through Jesus Christ inspired the creation of songs espousing Christ in 1971. For the first time in popular music, a "Jesus rock movement" flourished. The religious movement drew ...


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Demonstrators showed hostility toward Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagato of Japan when they visited the Netherlands in October, 1971. A rock smashed the windshield of their car, and Japanese Embassy windows were broken. Householders flew Dutch flags ...


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Prime Minister Per Borten resigned on March 2, 1971, after a political scandal. Borten's five-year-old, four-party coalition fell after Borten admitted he leaked a classified state paper--a report of a conversation between Norway's ambassador to ...


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The U.S. deep-sea drilling project continued coring operations in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and in the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas in 1971. Scientists found that sediment cores taken from the North Pacific become progressively older as they ...


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The revolutionary government headed by President Juan Velasco Alvarado pleaded with business for closer cooperation in 1971. The ruling generals apparently realized that the government's ambitious development programs, announced on July 28, could ...


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A hotly disputed off-year election in 1971 developed into one of the bloodiest in the 25-year history of the Republic of the Philippines. Between the start of the campaigning on July 9 and the closing of the polls on November 8, there were 206 known ...


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Physics research produced few conclusive results of fundamental importance in 1971. Some work, however, offered exciting prospects for the future, and steady progress occurred in many areas. ...


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Poland abandoned ambitious but unrealistic planning in 1971 and embarked on a moderate reform course under its new Communist Party leader, Edward Gierek. The new government acted quickly to end the strikes that caused the fall of Gierek's predecessor, ...


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Richard Milhous Nixon shifted course dramatically in 1971 to meet the challenge of inflation at home and the demands of shifting power blocs overseas. An economic conservative who dislikes government intervention, he adopted wage and price controls to ...


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Larry Stein and C. David Wise of the Wyeth Laboratories in Philadelphia studied the chemical nature of the mental disease schizophrenia in 1971. They focused their research on the loss of interest in the rewards and incentives of everyday life that ...


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The United States and Puerto Rico eased a long-standing dispute on Jan. 11, 1971, when the United States signed a formal agreement ceding most of the U.S. Navy-controlled island of Culebra to Puerto Rico. The Navy had been using the 10-square-mile ...


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Business improved in 1971, but radio was subjected to as much pressure from the government and angry citizens groups as was television. The biggest headache for music stations--particularly those playing rock music--was the policy statement issued on ...


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Republicans won a special congressional election in Pennsylvania and the mayoral elections in Cleveland and Indianapolis in 1971. H. John Heinz III was hailed as a new Republican star when he won Pennsylvania's special congressional election on ...


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A cautiously conservative domestic policy stood in sharp contrast to Russia's vigorous foreign policy in 1971. The greatest activity occurred in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and North America. During the year, Russia aligned itself more closely with ...


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The Teheran agreement signed on Feb. 14, 1971, between the oil-producing Persian Gulf states and the major international oil companies ensured Saudi Arabia vastly increased oil revenue. Saudi Arabia's share was expected to be 81 per cent higher than ...


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Pele, the world's most celebrated player, bid an emotional farewell to international competition in 1971. He played his final game for the Brazilian national team on July 18, before a record crowd of 130,000 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as well as an ...


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South Africa sought to change its racist image but was, nevertheless, embroiled in constant racial conflict during 1971. Clergymen who opposed the white-minority government's policy of separating the races were often harassed and sometimes imprisoned. ...


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General Francisco Franco promised 100,000 cheering Spaniards on Oct. 1, 1971, to continue to rule Spain "as long as God gives me life and preserves my faculties of judgment." He spoke at a political rally in Madrid marking the 35th anniversary of his ...


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Sweden was brought almost to a standstill in 1971 by what Social Democrats called "a luxury strike." In February 4,600 supervisors on the state railroads walked out. In 14 days, 10,000 middle- and upperlevel government employees were involved, closing ...


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Television experienced a traumatic year in 1971, the 25th anniversary of commercial telecasting. A record number of shows (35) were dropped during the year, including the oldest of them all, "The Ed Sullivan Show," which had run 23 years. Ironically, ...


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United States troop withdrawals from Southeast Asia--and Thailand in particular--had a drastic effect on the Thai economy as well as the nation's politics in 1971. The military was also affected. Early in the year, the government announced it was ...


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A threatened military coup forced the resignation of Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel on March 12, 1971. Senior military officers demanded that the government halt anarchy and begin needed reforms or else face a take-over. Their ultimatum followed ...


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In a controversial, uncontested election held on Oct. 3, 1971, Nguyen Van Thieu was reelected to a second four-year term as president of the Republic of (South) Vietnam. In the largest voter turnout in recent South Vietnamese history, Thieu received ...


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Winter brought generally warm and dry weather to the South and West of the United States in 1971. By early spring, a severe drought had set in in the Southwest and in southern Florida, and it continued until late summer. The drought eventually ...


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Yugoslavia introduced far-reaching constitutional changes in 1971, but its foreign policy remained independent, aligned with neither the East nor the West. President Josip Broz Tito's program of constitutional reforms ran into strong opposition from ...


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Investigators pressed the study of aggression in various species of animals in 1971. Many hoped that the research might lead to better understanding and controlling human aggression. Arthur Cherkin and Richard O. Meinecke of the University of ...


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After 36 years in power, the conservative Social Credit Party was swept out of office on August 30. It had held power longer than any other government in Canadian history. A rejuvenated Conservative organization led by a vigorous 43-year-old Calgary ...


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Premier William A. C. Bennett, who is also minister of finance, presented a record $1.3-billion budget on February 5, claiming it would generate 25,000 new jobs to ease the province's high unemployment rate. In September, British Columbia became the ...


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The New Democratic Party government of Premier Edward R. Schreyer completed a busy legislative session on July 27, 1971. After 75 days of debate, the legislature approved 113 bills. The most controversial abolished Greater Winnipeg's 12 municipalities ...


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Premier Richard B. Hatfield's new conservative administration presented its first budget to the legislature on March 16, 1971. Finance Minister Jean-Maurice Simard forecast revenues of $481 million and record spending of $512 million. He criticized ...


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Newfoundland saw its long-standing provincial government appear to fall. As the year drew to a close, however, results of the provincial elections were unclear. Premier Joseph R. Smallwood's Liberal Party, in power since the island province entered ...


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Oil was discovered on October 4 on Sable Island, a 20-mile bar of shifting sand dunes about 100 miles off Nova Scotia's east coast. The discovery was made by Mobil Oil Canada, Limited, at a depth of nearly 12,000 feet. It remained to be determined ...


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Canada's largest province welcomed a new leader and gave him a solid vote of confidence in 1971. On February 13, William G. Davis, 41, minister of education and a member of the ruling Progressive Conservative Party, became the fourth leader of the ...


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Prince Edward Island faced pressing financial problems in 1971. To counter an increase of 45 per cent in government operating costs over the past two years, the Liberal government of Premier Alexander B. Campbell increased the sales tax from 7 to 8 ...


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Prime Minister J. Robert Bourassa's plans for economic growth met frustration in 1971 in a sluggish Quebec economy marked by high unemployment. Plans for social reform were upset by the FLQ crisis in late 1970 and by a series of confrontations between ...


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Saskatchewan voters elected the New Democratic Party, headed by 45-year-old labor lawyer Allan Blakeney, on June 23. The New Democrats won 45 of the 60 seats in the legislature, leaving the ousted Liberals with 15. Six former Cabinet ministers and the ...


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United States astronauts David R. Scott and James B. Irwin drove an automobile on the moon in 1971. The Apollo 15 astronauts covered a total of 17.4 miles in their little electric car, exploring the area around Hadley Rille on July 30 and 31 and ...


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Racial conflicts, coups, and economic growing pains plagued Africa in 1972. Much of the continent was caught up in racial conflicts, from the bloody civil strife in Burundi and the Asian deportations in Uganda to the chronic black-against-white ...


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Man's ability to create speech was an area of human evolution that was widely discussed by anthropologists in 1972. The question that the scientists considered was whether man's ability to speak is simply an extension of the animal ability to vocalize,...


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A 1972 study of obsidian tools produced by the Olmec shed new light on trade relations in the ancient world. The Olmec civilization existed along the eastern coast of Mexico between 1100 and 400 B.C. Scholars have long debated the extent to which the ...


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Former President Juan Domingo Peron returned to Argentina on Nov. 17, 1972, after 17 years in exile. A former army officer, Peron had ruled Argentina as dictator-president for nine turbulent years ending in 1955. His return, sanctioned by the military ...


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A will-o'-the-wisp of peace hovered briefly over warravaged Indochina in 1972. It first appeared in October, when U.S. presidential adviser Henry A. Kissinger announced, after weeks of secret negotiations with the North Vietnamese, that "peace"--as he ...


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A proposal to construct a Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope system in the United States received top priority by the Astronomy Survey Committee of the National Academy of Sciences in 1972. In June, the committee published a list of the problems ...


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elected a new government on Dec. 2, 1972, after one of the most turbulent Parliaments in Australian history. The 27th Parliament had seen John Gorton fall almost overnight in March, 1971, from the prime ministership to the back-benches. His own party ...


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New car sales in the United States set an all-time record of 10,820,000 in 1972. The previous high was the 10,246,300 sales in 1971. ...


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After two of the most difficult years in its history, the U.S. aviation industry's fortunes improved somewhat in 1972. Airline traffic increased, but problems of excess capacity, rising operating costs, and low fares held profits down. Security ...


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The Oakland A's combined 19 mustaches, 1 mule, 1 overpowering owner, and green and gold uniforms that would have done justice to a softball team to produce a victory in the 1972 World Series. They defeated the favored Cincinnati Reds in a tense ...


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The attempted merger of the two major professional leagues and its resultant bonanza in player salaries overshadowed actual competition during and after the 1971-1972 season. The National Basketball Association (NBA) and the American Basketball ...


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Research efforts involving muscles were among the major developments in biology in 1972. One group of scientists developed a new experimental system that should allow more detailed and accurate studies of nerve-muscle junctions. Other investigators ...


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A technique for developing hybrid plants was announced in June, 1972, by Peter S. Carlson, Harold H. Smith, and Rosemarie D. Dearing of Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, N.Y. The technique may someday be used to produce plants that have both ...


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Marshal Lon Nol, who had abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Cambodia the Republic of Khmer in 1970, swore himself in as the republic's first elected president on July 3, 1972. The elections, which were held on June 4, followed Lon Nol's take-over ...


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The strong majority government in Canada since 1968 came to an end on Oct. 30, 1972, when Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau's Liberal Party suffered a crushing setback at the polls. The Liberals lost 38 seats in the House of Commons, emerging with ...


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Canadian literature concentrated on politics and government more than usual in 1972. This reflected the nation's concern with these subjects, inspired partly by an impending federal election and changes brought about by the provincial elections of ...


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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) scientists announced in July, 1972, that the earth's main supply of oxygen probably comes from the dissociation of water vapor, not photosynthesis. In dissociation, the water vapor breaks down into ...


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President Salvador Allende Gossens, the first elected Marxist in Latin American history, fought for his political life in 1972. At the risk of provoking a civil war or a military coup, he plunged ahead with a drastic Socialist revolution, even though ...


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The official newspaper, People's Daily, told the Chinese people on the first day of 1972 that "the situation is excellent." At least in part, the claim was justified. Visitors to China noted a more relaxed mood, and there were more goods on store ...


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Satellites have made a growing mark since 1965 in international telecommunications. In 1972, they made their first impact on the domestic scene. The world's first geostationary satellite for domestic communications -- Telesat Canada -- was launched on ...


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Powerful Democrats in control of both houses in the second session of the 92nd Congress clashed repeatedly in 1972 with President Richard M. Nixon as he tried to persuade Congress to go along with his Administration's policies. The Senate's effort to ...


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The United Nations (UN) Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm, Sweden, from June 5 to 16, 1972, reflected growing international concern with world environmental problems. Maurice Strong, secretary-general of the conference, summed up ...


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The number of serious crimes reported to police in the United States was only 1 per cent higher during the first nine months of 1972 than for the same period in 1971. Attorney General Richard G. Kleindienst said this was the smallest percentage ...


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Daily life remained somewhat shabby in 1972. Although more food and clothing were available and the prices of basic necessities remained low, the cost of such goods as sunglasses, cosmetics, electric appliances, and radios was very high. These items ...


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Political repression continued in 1972, but Czechoslovakia's economic position improved. The government announced the arrest of alleged "antistate elements" on January 11, and some foreign journalists were expelled from the country. Trials were held ...


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Democratic hopes of regaining the White House, which they lost in 1968, were crushed by the landslide victory of President Richard M. Nixon over George S. McGovern on Nov. 7, 1972. The 50-year-old South Dakota senator suffered the worst defeat ever ...


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Denmark saved its bacon, and Europe's, by voting decisively on Oct. 2, 1972, to join the European Community (Common Market). About 63.5 per cent of the Danes voted for entry in the referendum. A week earlier, when neighboring Norway voted "no," Danish ...


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The American people voted overwhelmingly on Nov. 7, 1972, to give Richard M. Nixon a second term as President. Mr. Nixon's reelection by a landslide victory of historic proportions kept a Republican in the White House but left the Democratic Party in ...


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The European Community (Common Market) expanded to 9 nations on Jan. 1, 1973, and not 10, as had been planned. In a national referendum that was held on Sept. 24, 1972, Norway voted to stay out, to the dismay of the six members and three other ...


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Finland struggled with a continuing political crisis through much of 1972. The nation voted in January to elect a new government--the 55th in Finland's 55 years of independence--to replace that of Ahti Karjalainen, which resigned in October, 1971. ...


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The Miami Dolphins, created as an expansion team in 1966, made National Football League (NFL) history in 1972. The Dolphins became only the third NFL team ever to finish a regular season undefeated and untied, the first to gain that distinction in 30 ...


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Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas and his Cabinet surprised France and its neighbors by resigning on July 5, 1972, after three years in office. Pierre Messmer, a tough, orthodox Gaullist who had been minister for overseas territories immediately ...


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Nearly 370 million years ago, a primitive land vertebrate clumsily slithered across a small sand bar in what is now the state of Victoria in Australia, perhaps in search of food or the sanctuary of a nearby pond or stream. In so doing, it played a ...


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struggled for world recognition in 1972. On January 10, State Council Chairman Walter Ulbricht called for recognition from all countries that had demanded the four-power Berlin settlement, which became effective in June. Guarantees of European ...


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Prime Minister Edward Heath announced a 90-day freeze on wages, prices, rents, and stock dividends on Nov. 6, 1972. Heath had always argued against such methods of economic management, but when talks between Government, employers, and unions about a ...


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Six U.S. destroyers dropped anchor off the port of Piraeus on Sept. 2, 1972, the first step in making the Athens area the U.S. Navy's largest Mediterranean home port. Some 300 dependent Navy families landed in Athens three days later. Destroyer ...


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The atmosphere of intimidation that existed under the late President Francois Duvalier seemed to be lifting in 1972 under his son, President Jean-Claude Duvalier. The Ton Ton Macoutes, the private security police of the former president, had virtually ...


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The National Academy of Sciences charged in September, 1972, that thousands of Americans die needlessly each year because of inadequate emergency medical care. Accidental injuries impose "a staggering demand" on the nation's health services, the ...


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The National Hockey League (NHL), which had monopolized the professional sport since 1917, received two serious challenges in 1972. One came from the World Hockey Association (WHA), a 12-team league that was formed in November, 1971, and played its ...


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Hungary continued its economic reform in 1972 against the background of rumored political and economic differences with Russia. On February 11, Communist Party leader Janos Kadar paid an unscheduled visit to Moscow. Premier Jeno Fock later admitted he ...


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New Year's Day of 1972 found India still aglow with the joy of a victory won a fortnight earlier. There was plenty to celebrate. The "14-Day War" of December, 1971, left Pakistan defeated and cut to half its former size. India held more than 90,000 ...


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About 500 protesting American Indians, calling themselves the Trail of Broken Treaties caravan, seized control of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Building in Washington, D.C., on Nov. 2, 1972. A week of protest had been scheduled by the militant ...


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Although most Asian countries accepted China as a major force in Asia, General Suharto followed a far more cautious policy in 1972. Indonesia was the only Asian nation not seeking trade with China. In part, his wariness was caused by Indonesia's large ...


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Prime Minister Jack Lynch signed the treaty of accession to the European Community (Common Market) on Jan. 22, 1972, in Brussels. In a May 10 referendum, voters overwhelmingly approved market membership, 1,041,880 to 211,888. ...


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Israel succeeded in shutting off Arab guerrilla attacks and sabotage in 1972. At the same time, it relaxed its rule and tried to allow residents of the Gaza Strip and Arab zones conquered in the 1967 Six-Day War to run themselves with as little ...


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Italy struggled with political uncertainty and labor unrest in 1972. Emilio Colombo's four-party coalition government fell on January 15 after 17 months in office when Republicans deserted the coalition and Socialists threatened to follow them if a ...


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Relations with the People's Republic of China, the United States, and Russia underwent significant changes in 1972. Japan also changed governments. Prime Minister Eisaku Sato resigned on July 5, ending a record 7 years and 8 months in office. The Diet ...


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Breaking its relative isolation, North Korea opened its doors to a limited number of Western journalists in 1972. It did so primarily to underscore its accomplishments. Although impressive, these were overshadowed by the militancy of the tight ...


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The Latin American region presented a mixed picture of political, economic, and social paradoxes in 1972. Political turmoil stalked Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, and Guatemala. In Ecuador, President Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra was overthrown in a ...


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President Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi charted a bewildering course for his country in 1972. He made state visits to several African and Arab nations and issued forceful declarations of support for a variety of "liberation movements." But his most ...


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The Strait of Malacca involved Malaysia in an international dispute in 1972. Malaysia and neighboring Indonesia each consider the strait as its property, claiming a 20-mile limit rather than the traditional 3-mile limit for its territorial waters. On ...


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Researchers at the Boston University School of Medicine in 1972 hailed a new surgical technique for removing cancerous and benign growths from human vocal cords. The technique involves the use of an apparatus they developed--a carbon dioxide laser. It ...


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Several new drugs in 1972 beefed up the arsenal of psychiatric weaponry in the fight for mental health. Researchers told the Fifth World Congress of Psychiatry, held in February, 1972, in Mexico City, that significant progress has been made in the ...


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A serious crisis within the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) ended Feb. 21, 1972, with the resignation of Manuel Sanchez Vite as party president. Sanchez Vite, who was considered a member of the party's conservative wing, had reportedly ...


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The Arabs and Israel made little progress, if any, toward peace in 1972. Gunnar Jarring reactivated his United Nations (UN) mission in January. But numerous separate talks with Israeli, Jordanian, and Egyptian leaders in Cyprus and elsewhere failed to ...


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A national emergence of "soul music" and other kinds of music performed by black artists dominated the popular music world to an unprecedented degree in 1972. At one point, the five top-selling single records in the United States and 11 of the top 20 ...


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Discontent and frustration led to a political crisis in 1972. The center-right coalition government resigned on July 20, and a minority coalition took over until the people could vote in the general election on November 29. But election results were ...


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The people of Norway turned their backs on the European Community (Common Market) in a decisive referendum on Sept. 25, 1972. The final vote showed 53.5 per cent (1,118,281 votes) against entry and 46.5 per cent (971,687 votes) for, with three-fourths ...


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The U.S. deep-sea drilling project concentrated its 1972 coring operations in the Red Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Arabian Sea. This marked the first time any deep drilling had taken place in the Indian Ocean. The sediment taken from the Red Sea was ...


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Every four years, the Olympic Games bring together the athletes of the world to meet in sports combat and human relationships. In the 1972 Summer Games held in August and September in Munich, West Germany, the combat was often magnificent and truly ...


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The Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces marked its fourth year in office in 1972. Although it remained committed to social and agrarian reform, it continued its strong-arm rule. ...


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President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared martial law on Sept. 23, 1972. It was the first time the measure had been imposed since the Philippines obtained its independence from the United States in 1946. More than 150 journalists and political opposition ...


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The most interesting developments in physics in 1972 involved the study of nuclear fusion, the process by which two nuclei merge with a consequent release of energy. Laser-produced fusion, which may someday permit controlled fusion on a large scale, ...


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Poland pursued a cautious reform policy at home and an increasingly bold foreign policy, developing new links with the non-Communist world in 1972. Industrial output increased 11 per cent over 1971; both exports and imports went up 20 per cent. But ...


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President Richard Milhous Nixon proved himself to be a careful, far-sighted diplomat and a consummate politician in 1972. The major accomplishments of his fourth year in office were reconciliation with the People's Republic of China and a major arms ...


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Extensive experiments were conducted in 1972 on the use of biofeedback to control involuntary functions of the mind and body. A research team at Harvard Medical School in Boston successfully used this learning technique to teach people how to regulate ...


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The Popular Democratic Party (PDP) swept its candidate, 36-year-old Rafael Hernandez Colon, to an upset victory in elections held on Nov. 7, 1972. Hernandez Colon ousted Governor Luis A. Ferre of the New Progressive Party, and the Popular Democrats ...


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Radio entered a new era of permissive programming in 1972. One of the most imitated and controversial new formats was the sex-oriented talk show in which female listeners discuss intimate details of their love lives by telephone with male "Talk ...


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President Richard M. Nixon capped his political career with a landslide victory over Democrat George S. McGovern on Nov. 7, 1972, ensuring four more years of Republican rule in the White House. Mr. Nixon swept into a second term as President by ...


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Russia took a major step toward a political and military accommodation with the United States in 1972. Meanwhile, it continued to ease relations with Western Europe while maintaining its grip on Eastern Europe. Elsewhere, Russia consolidated its ...


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Ahmad Zaki Yamani, minister of oil and minerals, played a key role in winning major concessions for Arabian oil producers in 1972. He was a leader in negotiations by which five members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) ...


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Professional soccer in the United States and Canada finally showed progress in 1972. The North American Soccer League's eight teams played 14 games each, and the New York Cosmos won the championship, defeating the St. Louis Stars, 2-1, in the final in ...


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The white minority government of Prime Minister Balthazar Johannes Vorster abandoned its relatively moderate policy toward the racial situation in South Africa in 1972 and took a sharp political turn to the right. Vorster's move to ease strict ...


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Space exploration shifted in 1972 from pioneering ventures and high drama to providing benefits for the people on earth. The year saw the last two of the six manned Apollo lunar landings. From April 16 to 27, astronauts John W. Young, Thomas K. ...


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General Francisco Franco on July 18, 1972, named his old comrade-in-arms and vice-president, Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco, to succeed him when he dies. The action did not invalidate the 1969 steps marking Prince Juan Carlos as Spain's next king. But it ...


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After 40 consecutive years of rule in Europe's most affluent nation, the Social Democrats struggled in 1972 to maintain their supremacy. It will be tested in a general election in September, 1973. With 118,000 workers (3.1 per cent) idle, unemployment ...


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Television entered a new age of candor in 1972. Its bold programming of ethnic humor and heretofore taboo "adult" themes finally began to mirror the increasing permissiveness of society, although it was only a pale reflection of the anything-goes ...


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King Phumiphon Aduldet named Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn to the recreated prime ministership on Dec. 18, 1972. The marshal had seized power in 1971, abolished the Constitution, disbanded the Cabinet, and formed the National Executive Council ...


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Turkey struggled with a continuing government crisis in 1972. It was underscored by urban terrorism, martial law, and the inability of its leaders to reconcile their differences. Unable to institute reforms and control leftist militants, Prime ...


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President Nguyen Van Thieu tightened his grip on the government in 1972. Confronted by political and military problems of enormous magnitude, he dispensed with the U.S.-inspired democratic institutions and governed instead through the army and the ...


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Colder than normal temperatures in the central United States and drought conditions in the Southwest ushered in 1972. Spring brought generous rain and below-normal temperatures to much of the North and East, with many record low temperatures recorded ...


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A trend toward separatism in 2 of the nation's 6 republics posed serious problems for President Josip Broz Tito in 1972. The movement had been growing in Yugoslavia since 1970, when Tito decentralized economic and administrative power to give the ...


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Zaire went to great lengths to change its image from Western-oriented to pure African in 1972. The process began in late 1971, when the name of the former Democratic Republic of the Congo was changed to the Republic of Zaire. President Mobutu Sese ...


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Australian zoologist D. R. Robertson of the University of Queensland discovered in 1972 that the tropical fish Labroides dimidiatus can change its sex under certain conditions. These fish are found on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. The females, it ...


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Alberta, with almost 90 per cent of Canada's proved oil reserves, unveiled a new tax on the assessed value of reserves in April. The tax was expected to yield over $50 million to the provincial government in 1973 and would avoid the necessity of ...


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British Columbia provided the year's biggest surprise in provincial politics on August 30 when the New Democratic Party (NDP) defeated the Social Credit government of William A. C. Bennett. Bennett had been in office for more than 20 years. During its ...


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Support for nonpublic schools reappeared as the province's most controversial political issue. Premier Edward R. Schreyer's effort to provide more state aid to private and parochial schools was turned down in the legislature even though he had said at ...


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New Brunswick faced serious economic difficulties in 1972. The federal Government announced that it was banning commercial salmon fishing after May 1 in an effort to restore declining supplies. Much of the decline was blamed on heavy fishing by ...


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Premier Joseph R. Smallwood resigned on Jan. 18, 1972, after the Liberal Party's disputed election defeat. He had been premier for almost 23 years. The confused and disputed election results ultimately gave 20 seats to Smallwood's Liberals and 21 to ...


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Peter Nicholson, holding both the finance and education portfolios in Premier Gerald A. Regan's Liberal government, presented his second budget on March 29. Departmental estimates were cut to hold expenditures to $549 million. Revenues of $545 million ...


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Ontario, Canada's largest province, radically reorganized its government on January 5. Three "super-ministers" were appointed to coordinate policies among groups of related departments in the areas of social development, resources, and justice. A ...


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Prince Edward Island had Canada's lowest average personal income in 1972. A federal report showed that it was $2,188. The nationwide average was $3,045. ...


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A strike of 200,000 public service employees in April, 1972, provided a turbulent test for Prime Minister J. Robert Bourassa's Liberal government. It had recently granted civil servants the right to strike. A common front of teachers and public ...


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Premier Allan Blakeney's New Democratic Party government met its first full-scale session of the legislature from February 24 to May 5. In a major government reorganization, departments of consumer affairs, environment, and culture and youth were set ...


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Disaster struck several African countries in 1973. Thousands of people died in a famine; thousands more were killed in ethnic and racial violence. The Middle East war prompted shifting political alliances. Most black African nations severed diplomatic ...


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American Indian groups pressed their claims against U.S. anthropologists at various anthropological meetings in 1973. They argued that anthropologists have used Indian communities to gather data, but have focused on only the traditional customs in ...


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The date of man's entry into the New World generated new debate in 1973. Vance Haynes of Southern Methodist University studied the case of the Calico Site in southern California, which some archaeologists claim may be as much as 400,000 years old. ...


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Former President Juan Domingo Peron, who was overthrown by the military in 1955 after a decade in power, won the presidential election on Sept. 23, 1973. It was a remarkable political comeback in which Peron, as a candidate of the Justicialist Party, ...


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The importance of Asia in the world grew in 1973, and, contrary to the past, it was being asserted by Asians rather than non-Asians. Acknowledgment of Asia's importance also came from Russia and the United States. Their diplomats flew back and forth ...


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The fourth bright comet in recent years appeared in the night sky in the latter months of 1973. Comet Kohoutek, named after its discoverer, Lubos Kohoutek of the Hamburg Observatory in West Germany, was found on March 7, 1973. At the time of discovery ...


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Rapid economic growth, low unemployment, and growing national reserves were major factors that contributed to a sense of national stability in 1973. Counteracting these, however, were a large budget deficit, rapidly rising wages, and increasing ...


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New-car sales in the United States hit an all-time high of 11.4 million in 1973, topping by 5 per cent the old record of 10.9 million setin 1972. The board chairmen of the three largest U.S. auto companies-Henry Ford II of Ford Motor Company, Lynn A. ...


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AVIATION encountered some unexpected turbulence in 1973 from sluggish traffic growth, rapidly rising costs, and uncertainty about the effects of the energy crisis on future operations. On the brighter side, the skyjacking problem was finally brought ...


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Normally, the victory of the Oakland A's in the World Series for the second straight year would have been the highlight of the baseball season. But in 1973, hardly a normal year, the A's shared attention with their free-wheeling owner, Charles O. ...


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The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), dominated college basketball in the 1972-1973 season, just as it had done for a decade. The New York Knickerbockers and Indiana Pacers won professional championships. And all-star teams of college ...


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Donald D. Brown, an embryologist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, received the 1973 U.S. Steel Foundation Award of $5,000 for his work on gene isolation. This presentation marked the coming of age of an important field of experimental ...


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John Heslop-Harrison and his colleagues at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, England, announced in May, 1973, that they had found a way to remove the surface proteins from plant pollen grains. Such surface proteins allow other plants of the same ...


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The world crisis in oil supplies dominated the thinking of Canadians, as it did Americans, throughout much of 1973. The two peoples share a continent whose civilization is based on an ever-increasing use of energy, and their sources of energy were in ...


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Canadian literature reflected the centennial celebration in 1973 of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police as well as a heightened interest in the creative arts. Maintain the Right; the Early History of the North West Mounted Police, 1873-1900 by Ronald ...


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Sulfur monoxide molecules were discovered in August, 1973, by an analysis of the spectrum of energy from the constellation Orion. The work was done by Harvard astronomers Carl A. Gottlieb and John A. Ball. Sulfur monoxide thus becomes the 22nd ...


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President Salvador Allende Gossens, the first freely elected Marxist chief of state in the Western Hemisphere, was deposed in a violent military coup d'etat on Sept. 11, 1973. He reportedly committed suicide rather than surrender. The military ...


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In a year of surprises, the most startling in 1973 came in late August. The man who rose at the 10th Communist Party Congress to report on changes in the party constitution was not an aged revolutionary stalwart but a young unknown. Only six years ...


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The balance of power shifted toward Congress in 1973, away from a presidency weakened by continuing scandals. Although President Richard M. Nixon successfully vetoed eight bills, he suffered the most severe legislative defeat of his five years in ...


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The energy crisis in 1973 posed severe problems for U.S. conservationists. The nation suffered a fuel-oil shortage in the winter of 1972-1973, reduced gasoline supplies in the summer of 1973, and a grave fuel shortage in the winter of 1973-1974. Some ...


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Reports of white-collar crime, especially misdeeds by public officials, dominated domestic news headlines in 1973, but statistics revealed that street crime in the United States, which declined in 1972, rose only slightly in 1973. According to the ...


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On July 26, 1973, Cuba celebrated the 20th anniversary of the revolution that brought Premier Fidel Castro to power. Delegations from the Communist world plus Communists or leftists from the United States and Latin American countries attended ...


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Czechoslovakia improved diplomatic and trade relations with several Western countries and with Romania and Yugoslavia in 1973. But the government maintained its hard-line political stance at home. ...


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The Democrats in 1973 began to settle some of the feuds that divided the party during the 1972 presidential election. In April, Senator Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota addressed the party's charter commission and urged party unity. It would be useless ...


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The first year as a member of the European Community (Common Market) brought increased inflation and labor trouble in 1973. Prime Minister Anker H. Jorgensen and his minority Social Democratic government fell on November 8 after a tie vote on 1974 ...


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The 1973 off-year elections produced a mixed bag of victories for Democratic candidates. They won the New Jersey governorship from the Republicans on November 6. They did well in most of the major municipal races, including New York City, and they cut ...


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The European Community (EC or Common Market) faced three major problems when Great Britain, Denmark, and Ireland became its seventh, eighth, and ninth members on Jan. 1, 1973. Two were the continuing currency crisis and rampant inflation. The third ...


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Parliament was recalled on Sept. 3,1973, a week early. Its first aims were to deal with a deteriorating labor situation and resolve differences with the European Community (Common Market). An agreement with the Common Market for free trade in ...


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The Miami Dolphins and the Minnesota Vikings, both solid, experienced, and battletested, were professional football's most successful teams in 1973. But their exploits were overshadowed by the heroics of O. J. Simpson of the Buffalo Bills, who ...


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The Gaullist coalition lost about 100 seats in legislative elections in March, 1973, but held its absolute majority in the National Assembly. Gaullist parties won 294 of the 490 seats, defeating the Socialists and Communists in the most hotly ...


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Helgafell volcano erupted on Jan. 23, 1973, and opened a mile-long gash near the town of Vestmannaeyjar on Iceland's island of Heimaey. After two weeks, the volcanic cone had grown 700 feet high, and in three months, lava increased the island's ...


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opened its windows to the non-Communist world in 1973. East Berlin established diplomatic relations with numerous countries during the year, among them Argentina, Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, ...


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On Nov. 13, 1973--the day before millions of Britons celebrated the wedding of Princess Anne--the Government proclaimed a state of national emergency. A record October trade deficit of $769 million and an impending crisis caused by overtime bans ...


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Greece struggled with political turmoil throughout 1973. On June 1, the monarchy of King Constantine II was abolished and the nation was transformed into a "presidential parliamentary republic." The authoritarian regime held a referendum in July in ...


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On Feb. 11, 1973, Haitians voted for the first time in nearly 12 years. They elected 58 representatives to the Legislative Chamber from about 300 candidates, most of them openly committed to the Duvalier government. Supporters of President JeanClaude ...


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Smallpox, once a feared killer, was near extinction in the world in 1973. Only six countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sudan) were listed by the World Health Organization as nations in which the disease was found regularly. ...


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The World Hockey Association (WHA), a new major league of 12 teams, started play in the 1972-1973 season and survived. It created grave concern among officials and owners in the established National Hockey League (NHL) and sent player salaries ...


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Hungary increased its trade with the West impressively in 1973, but it imposed stronger economic controls at home. The economic measures were coupled with mildly tighter political controls. ...


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"There has never been a more depressing period in the 25 years of independence than the one we are going through now." This comment, in a leading Indian newspaper, seemed to reflect the country's mood in 1973. The elation and sense of unity and ...


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Militant members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized a symbolic spot when they occupied Wounded Knee, S. Dak., and held it against federal agents from Feb. 27 to May 8, 1973. At Wounded Knee (now a tiny village on the Pine Ridge Sioux ...


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President Suharto's government continued to drive ahead with its economic reconstruction of the country in 1973, and its policies obviously bore fruit. Several world trends accelerated this modernization of Indonesia. ...


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A coalition of the Fine Gael (Gaelic People) and Labour parties defeated the Fianna Fail (Soldiers of Destiny) in the general election on Feb. 28, 1973. The Fianna Fail had held power since 1957. Liam Cosgrave, 52, leader of Fine Gael, became prime ...


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The fourth round of the Arab-Israeli war erupted on Oct. 6, 1973, ending 10 months of relative calm along Israel's borders and in occupied Arab territories. When a cease-fire ended the fighting on October 22, neither side could claim a decisive ...


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Italy ended 1973 with a new center-left government, its 35th government since World War II. Christian Democrat Mariano Rumor became prime minister in July and pledged to combat inflation and industrial unrest and defend the lira. Giulio Andreotti's ...


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Foreign relations made much of the news in Japan in 1973. Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka paid official visits to Washington, D.C., Moscow, Paris, Bonn, and London during the summer and early fall. He and the host governments were primarily concerned ...


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Khmer The so-called cease-fire and armistice in Vietnam brought no peace to this war-torn nation in 1973. Instead, the Vietnamese peace meant an increase in the fighting in the Republic of Khmer, formerly known as Cambodia. ...


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President Kim Il-song brought North Korea into a more active world role in 1973. By decision of the Korean Workers' Party, the Communist Party that runs the country under Kim, the North Korean Parliament adopted a new Constitution on Dec. 27, 1972. It ...


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Three major political events roiled the Latin American continent in 1973. In Argentina, former dictator Juan Domingo Peron staged an amazing comeback; a violent military coup rocked Chile; and democracy received a severe setback in Uruguay. The ...


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President Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi was active on many fronts in 1973, both in shaping Libyan foreign policy and as the architect of Libya's "cultural revolution," a program ofinternal reforms designed to purge Libyan culture of all "subversive" ...


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The government of Prime Minister Abdul Razak staged a series of circuitous maneuvers in 1973 that were largely designed to keep it in power. But it did little to bolster a declining economy and other sources of political unrest. ...


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Harvard University medical school researchers said in June, 1973, that it may soon be possible to use specific antibodies to diagnose and treat some cancers. In diagnosis, antibodies grown in animals can be radioactively labeled and injected into ...


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Community mental health centers and the widespread use of psychotropic drugs--drugs that affect the mental process--have combined to drastically cut the rate of admissions to state mental hospitals in the United States in recent years. But some people ...


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President Luis Echeverria Alvarez continued his efforts to improve the nation's political system in 1973. At his urging, a number of reforms in the election laws were approved by the Congress in January. They included awarding free television and ...


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The fourth Arab-Israeli war in 26 years broke out with dramatic suddenness on Oct. 6, 1973, abruptly ending three years of relative peace. When a frail cease-fire ended fighting on October 22, the results were inconclusive. Both sides had gained and ...


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More than ever, popular music, especially rock, established itself in 1973 as the most widely listened-to music in history. This was reaffirmed when 600,000 rock fans converged on Watkins Glen, N.Y., in July to hear the Allman Brothers, The Grateful ...


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Dutch support for Israel in the Middle East war in October resulted in a complete Arab boycott of petroleum exports to the Netherlands, which promised to have a severe effect on the economy. Earlier in the year, after five months without a government, ...


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A close-fought general election on Sept. 10, 1973, brought Norway's Labor Party back into control -- but in a potentially unstable political situation. Labor actually lost 12 seats in the Storting (parliament). It could govern only with the support of ...


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The United States deep-sea drilling project completed its sixth year in 1973, exploring the sea floor beneath Antarctic and western Pacific waters. Meanwhile, the U.S.-Russian Joint Commission on Scientific and Technical Cooperation announced on March ...


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The prestige of the Olympic movement suffered in 1973. The International Olympic Committee (IOC), which had awarded the 1976 Summer Games to Montreal and the Winter Games to Denver, watched financial worries develop in both cities. Montreal resolved ...


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The all-important fish meal and fish oil industry was in dire straits in 1973. A continuing ecological disaster related to changes in Pacific Ocean currents has reduced the once-abundant schools of anchovies off Peru's shores almost to the vanishing ...


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A national referendum held from Jan. 10 to 15, 1973, officially gave 94 per cent approval to a new Constitution. Original plans for a secret plebiscite were abandoned when opposition to the Constitution arose; instead, public voting in village ...


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Two independent experiments on weak interactions caused great excitement among physicists in 1973. The experiments tend generally to support recent theoretical conclusions about the basic forces of nature. ...


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Poland posted some impressive economic results and maintained its drive for closer economic relations with the West in 1973. In domestic politics, it remained cautiously reformist. ...


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For Richard Milhous Nixon, 1973 was a year of stark contrasts and grave constitutional questions. As the year began, the President entered his second term after a sweeping victory in the 1972 presidential election. He was inaugurated on January 20. ...


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Psychologists Duane Rumbaugh and Timothy Gill of the Yerkes Primate Center in Orange Park, Fla., reported in 1973 how they trained a young chimpanzee named Lana to read. For this purpose, they constructed an artificial language called Yerkish. Each ...


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Rafael Hernandez Colon, the nation's fourth elected governor, was sworn into office on Jan. 2, 1973. Hernandez Colon's Popular Democratic Party had swept the Nov. 7, 1972, elections to win control of both houses of the legislature. The rival Puerto ...


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The controversial sex-oriented talk show -- U.S. radio's most imitated new format in 1972 -- was a major problem for the industry in 1973. By February, Congress and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) had received an unprecedented amount of ...


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Republicans won two major contests in the 1973 off-year elections. They elected a Republican governor in Virginia and reelected a Republican mayor in Cleveland on November 6. However, the party lost the New Jersey governorship, and failed to dislodge ...


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Russia expanded its trading and technological links with the United States and other advanced Western countries in 1973. But diplomatic relations with the United States cooled after the Middle East war broke out in October. In that war, Russia gave ...


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Saudi Arabia cut off all oil shipments to the United States and the Netherlands on Oct. 20, 1973. By this action, King Faisal confirmed Saudi Arabian support for the Arab cause against Israel and demonstrated his determination to play a role in the ...


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The North American Soccer League enjoyed the most successful season in its seven-year history in 1973. Its nine professional teams -- seven in the United States and two in Canada -- averaged 6,290 spectators per game and the champion Philadelphia ...


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Black politics assumed greater importance in white-ruled South Africa in 1973. The focus of black activity shifted from the exiled guerrilla groups to black workers and the leaders of black homelands, or Bantustans. The Bantustan leaders warned ...


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Man began to live in space in 1973. Instead of short journeys to explore specific areas or to test equipment and maneuvers, astronauts lived and worked in space on a routine basis for months at a time. They proved that man can successfully carry out a ...


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General Francisco Franco, 80, went into semiretirement on June 9, 1973, after ruling Spain for nearly 34 years. He turned over the daily chores of government to Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco, vice-president since 1967 Carrero Blanco was sworn in as ...


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A political crisis resulted from a dead heat in the Sept. 16, 1973, elections. The Social Democrats, who have ruled for 40 years, and their allies, the Communists, held 175 seats in parliament. So did the coalition of three non-Socialist parties. ...


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Live broadcasts of the Watergate hearings provided the most dramatic and suspenseful fare in the United States in 1973. Viewers spent an estimated 1.6 billion home-hours watching Watergate proceedings on the three major networks, plus an additional ...


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One of the oldest and most stable nations in Asia, Thailand ousted its military dictator in 1973. Violent student demonstrations forced Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn to resign on October 14. Kittikachorn, his son-in-law Marshal Praphas Charsathien,...


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What is normally a nonpolitical process in Turkey -- the selection of a president by the Grand National Assembly -- generated a crisis in March, 1973. The uneasy balance between the nation's military and its civilian leaders was underscored by efforts ...


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NORTH VIETNAM The United States announced on July 18, 1973, that it had completed clearing mines from North Vietnamese waters. "Operation End Sweep," carried out over a five-month period by an 18-ship minesweeping force, was part of the peace ...


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Weather was unusual throughout the United States in 1973. The winter was little like normal anywhere in the country. In early January, an ice storm caused extensive damage throughout the Southeast. Georgia reeled from a record snowfall across the ...


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Yugoslavia expanded its political and economic links with the Russian bloc in 1973 while maintaining its independent position in Europe. At home, it continued the restrictive political policies that began with the purges in Croatia in December, 1971. ...


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President Mobutu Sese Seko made a 10-day visit to the People's Republic of China in January, 1973, marking a major turnaround in relations between the two nations. He met with both Premier Chou En-lai and Communist Party Chairman Mao Tse-tung. ...


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Scientists have known for several years that the salmon's sense of smell guides it back to its birthplace when spawning time comes. But it was not until 1973 that they identified the odor that attracts them. Now, David J. Solomon, a zoologist with the ...


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Politically, as well as operationally, global satellite communications service came of age in 1973. Since the Early Bird communications satellite began offering commercial service across the Atlantic Ocean on June 28, 1965, the global satellite system ...


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Fossil footprints made by pterosaurs were found in July on a slab of Navajo sandstone near Moab, Utah. The prints were discovered by Jim Ottinger, a guide, and geologist William Lee Stokes of the University of Utah. Stokes said that these are the ...


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The two-price structure for the province's natural gas adopted in November, 1972, allowing Albertans to pay less than consumers outside the province, precipitated a stormy controversy in 1973 with Ontario, which uses almost half of Alberta's gas. In ...


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British Columbia, under its first socialist government, embarked upon several ventures in public ownership. In March, the NDP government purchased an ailing paper mill at Ocean Falls from Crown Zellerbach Canada, Limited, which had planned to close ...


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Manitoba voters gave a substantial vote of confidence to Premier Edward R. Schreyer and his NDP government on June 28. In office four years, the NDP increased its standing in the legislature from 29 to 31 seats. The Conservatives won 21 seats, a gain ...


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New Brunswick was hit by the worst floods in 50 years along 100 miles of the St. John River on April 28 and 29. The floodwaters inundated over 10,000 acres of good farmland and forced 1,458 people in the Fredericton area to flee their homes. Public ...


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The luxury liner Queen Elizabeth II brought 1,100 guests to the opening of a new oil refinery at the little village of Come-by-Chance on October 9. The trip was the brainchild of New York oilman John Shaheen, who originally constructed the ...


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Premier Gerald A. Regan's Liberal government picked up an additional seat in the legislature on June 5 by winning a by-election in Guysborough. The victory gave the party 25 seats in the assembly, compared with 19 for the Conservatives and 2 for the ...


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The Progressive Conservative administration of William G. Davis came under heavy fire in 1973. The new treasurer, John White, in presenting his first budget on April 12, announced an increase in the provincial sales tax from 5 to 7 per cent and ...


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Prince Edward Island celebrated the 100th anniversary of its accession to Confederation in 1973, with ceremonies inaugurated on New Year's Eve of 1972 by Governor General Roland Michener. On July 1, Canada's national holiday, Queen Elizabeth II was in ...


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Quebec residents gave an overwhelming vote of confidence to Prime Minister J. Robert Bourassa and his Liberal administration in an election on October 29. The Liberals won 55 per cent of the popular vote to gain an unprecedented 102 seats in the ...


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Saskatchewan, the third western province under a socialist NDP administration, moved more strongly to public ownership of economic enterprises in 1973. In March, Premier Allan Blakeney's government purchased a 45 per cent interest in Intercontinental ...


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Members of a joint French and United States anthropological expedition in Ethiopia announced on Oct. 25, 1974, that they had found fossilized human remains from 3 million to 4 million years old. Preliminary dating indicated that the fossils were as ...


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Two Canadian archaeologists studying an 11,000-year-old burial in Montana reported that the hunters of that time used more sophisticated spearing methods than scientists had previously believed. L. Lahren of the University of Calgary in Alberta and R. ...


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President Juan D. Peron died on July 1, 1974. He was immediately succeeded in office by his third wife, Maria Estela (Isabel) Martinez de Peron. Mrs. Peron, who had been serving as vice president, inherited a political legacy that verged on civil war. ...


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Mercifully, the big conflicts were ended. In their wake, Asia had only mini-wars in 1974--in Vietnam, in Khmer, and in the southern islands in the Philippines. They were savage enough, but at least they were containable. In the place of armed struggle,...


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A clearer picture of Jupiter's size, structure, and radiation belts emerged in 1974, as astronomers analyzed data returned by Pioneer 10, which passed within 81,000 miles (130,000 kilometers) of the planet in December, 1973. Pioneer 11 returned ...


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Growing inflation, problems in the rural areas, and vigorous parliamentary opposition to the governing Labor Party's policies characterized 1974. Prime Minister Edward Gough Whitlam asked for dissolution of both houses of Parliament in April. The ...


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For the world's automakers, 1974 began badly--and ended worse. The Middle East oil embargo, drastically higher fuel costs, and much higher price tags for new cars destroyed consumer enthusiasm. As new-car sales slumped, layoffs and plant closings ...


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AVIATION stalled in 1974 as spiraling jet-fuel prices combined with slumping passenger and aircargo traffic late in the year to produce growing losses on many of the world's airline routes. A poor safety record added to the airlines' woes. As a result,...


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Baseball made history in several ways during and after the 1974 season. The key figures included Henry Aaron, who broke Babe Ruth's lifetime homerun record; Lou Brock with his base-stealing; Nolan Ryan with his fast-ball pitching; Frank Robinson, who ...


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North Carolina State became national collegiate basketball champion in 1974, ending the dominance of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), at least temporarily. The professional champions were the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball ...


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Thanks to the nine-banded armadillo, scientists announced in 1974 that they are now able to prepare useful quantities of lepromin, a substance that physicians use to screen leprosy patients. Lepromin may help eradicate the ancient skin disease. ...


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After 15 years of measurements, Wayne T. Swank and James E. Douglas of the Southeastern Forest Experimental Station at Franklin, N.C., reported in 1974 that they had discovered a 20 per cent reduction in the amount of water in the streams flowing ...


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Canada plumped for a strong government in 1974 to deal with problems of inflation and economic slowdown. A national election on July 8 gave Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau's Liberal government a resounding vote of confidence. The minority ...


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Canadian literature was notable in 1974 for its longer fiction, its short stories, and regional settings of works dealing with the land and its people. Canada, a volume with 54 color photographs and poetry in English and French that had been selected "...


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Teams of Russian and United States chemists both took credit for the 1974 discovery of a new element that has 106 protons and 157 neutrons in its nucleus. A team of scientists headed by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg produced the new element ...


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The new military regime faced difficulties in consolidating its position in 1974. It found itself isolated internationally; it was also in danger of losing the support of some of the civilian groups that had approved of its Sept. 11, 1973, coup d'etat ...


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With red banners, crashing cymbals, fireworks, and dancing in the parks, China marked the 25th anniversary of the People's Republic on Oct. 1, 1974. It was a significant date, for a revolution that survives a quarter of a century has proven its ...


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Despite the focus of its second session on the possible impeachment of President Richard M. Nixon, the 93rd Congress made some major legislative achievements in 1974. It passed measures in the fields of housing, minimum wages, social security reform, ...


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International action on environmental issues produced mixed results in 1974. Russell Peterson, chairman of the U.S. Council on Environmental Quality, said on April 23 that ending pollution and the depletion of resources depends on solving the ...


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Kidnapings, bombings, and murders for alleged political reasons became almost commonplace throughout the world in 1974. Meanwhile, property crimes and white-collar crimes (among businessmen and government officials) jumped dramatically. Charges of ...


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A resolution to lift diplomatic and economic sanctions imposed against Cuba in 1964 by the Organization of American States was defeated on Nov. 12, 1974, at a meeting of the group in Quito, Ecuador. Supporters of the resolution maintained that ...


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Czechoslovakia expanded its political and economic relations with the West in 1974, but maintained strict vigilance against Western influences at home. In July, West Germany and Czechoslovakia ratified a treaty that normalized relations. Czechoslovak ...


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The Democrats scored dramatic election victories in November, 1974, posting a net gain of 4 governorships, at least 3 U.S. Senate seats, and 43 seats in the House of Representatives. One Senate race was contested. The victory was sweeter because ...


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An industrial boom in 1974 brought with it a trade deficit that reached $1.6 billion, double that of 1973. Amid political instability, the government directed its efforts to keeping employment up and containing inflation, which continued to run at a ...


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Inflation- and scandal-weary American voters went to the polls in November, 1974, and turned down most Republican candidates, giving the Democrats a sweeping victory. With gains of 43 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives and at least three seats ...


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Europe was in disarray in 1974. Sharply higher prices for Arab petroleum led to widespread doubledigit inflation and trade imbalances. The nine member countries of the European Community (Common Market) disagreed over how to ease the impact of high ...


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A wage agreement effective until January, 1976, was signed on March 30, 1974, as a continuation of the incomes policy initiated in 1968. A high rate of inflation made the new pact imperative. Total labor costs to industry had risen 16 per cent. The ...


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The blissful, relatively unharried growth of professional football in the United States hit several snags in 1974. Attendance and television ratings were down. A six-week strike by players in July and August upset training-camp routine. A federal ...


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France moved away from Gaullism in 1974 with the election of Valery Giscard d'Estaing, 48, as president on May 19. He succeeded Georges Pompidou, who died on April 2 after five years in office. Giscard d'Estaing, the Independent Republican candidate ...


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Scientists conducted the first manned exploration of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a geologic formation that bisects the Atlantic Ocean floor, in 1974. The joint French-American project, which used three oceanographic submarines and one surface drilling ...


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East Germany celebrated its 25th anniversary on Oct. 7, 1974, with a military parade through the streets of East Berlin. Russian Communist Party General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev reviewed the parade, while the United States joined Great Britain and ...


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As the gathering economic gloom thickened in 1974--with the prospect of runaway inflation and massive unemployment growing more imminent by the month--the British people recoiled from making the hard political choices that their economic predicament ...


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Democracy returned to Greece on July 23, 1974, when the military junta resigned after seven years in power and called on professional politicians to form a government of national unity. Former Prime Minister Constantin Karamanlis flew back from exile ...


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President Jean-Claude Duvalier emphasized the need to solve critical economic and social problems in 1974. Although the 22-year-old leader refused to permit opposition parties to function, he began to gain the approval of representatives of foreign ...


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A smallpox epidemic hit India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Ethiopia in 1974, and a meningitis epidemic caused alarm in Brazil. Health officials rushed preventive vaccines to the infected areas and conducted widespread health campaigns. At the ...


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In 1974, for the first time in National Hockey League (NHL) history, an expansion team won the Stanley Cup play-offs. The team was the Philadelphia Flyers, who believed in playing rough, and they alienated purists who revered hockey as a game of ...


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Hungary continued to tighten domestic political control in 1974 while expanding its trade with the West. On March 20, the Central Committee demoted four senior Communist Party leaders including Rezso Nyers, architect of Hungary's 1968 economic reform. ...


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In the days of drought and despair in 1972 and 1973, it seemed as if life in India could not get worse. But events in 1974 proved they could. It was the harshest year in modern India's history, a year of hunger, violence, and an atomic blast. ...


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Efforts by American Indians to win greater control over their own affairs gained momentum in 1974. United States Secretary of the Interior Rogers C. B. Morton announced on August 15 that the Administration of President Gerald R. Ford would fully ...


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Agents of the Indonesian military security command brought word to government officials early in January, 1974, that demonstrations were being planned by restive students during the visit of Japan's Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka. The students were ...


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The collapse of Northern Ireland's power-sharing executive body in May, 1974, canceled an agreement on Ulster between Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland before it could be ratified. The executive body of Roman Catholics and Protestants had been ...


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A new generation of leaders took charge in Israel in 1974 as the nation faced mounting economic problems and continuing threats from the Arab world. Prime Minister Golda Meir resigned on April 10 because of deep divisions in her own Labor Party, ...


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Italy was rocked by economic and political crises and a wave of neo-Fascist terrorism during 1974. Higher Mideast crude oil prices hoisted the trade deficit to nearly $9 billion. Outstanding international debts totaled nearly $20 billion, and ...


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Domestic politics, continuing economic problems, and related foreign policy issues dominated events in Japan in 1974. A record 73 per cent of the electorate voted on July 7 to fill 130 of the 252 seats in the House of Councillors (upper house). The ...


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Khmer President Lon Nol's government proposed unconditional negotiations with its enemies on July 9, 1974, dropping previous demands for a cease-fire and withdrawal of North Vietnamese troops before talks could begin. But both Prince Norodom Sihanouk, ...


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Trade contacts with Japan and Western Europe expanded during 1974. The national industrialization effort apparently had advanced enough to require more technically sophisticated equipment than could be supplied by Russia, North Korea's main trading ...


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It was a time of testing in Latin America, where the big questions in 1974 were: Can the few remaining democracies survive? Will the military regimes in power throughout most of the continent swing to the political right or to the left? ...


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Revolutionary Command Council President Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi tried to merge Libya with neighboring Tunisia in 1974. In January, Qadhaafi and Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba signed a merger agreement. However, Tunisia's National Assembly ...


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Prime Minister Abdul Razak's carefully worked out strategy produced a landslide victory for his National Front Coalition in August, 1974, elections. It captured 135 of the 154 seats in the Malaysian Parliament, while the opposition Democratic Action ...


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New pain-killing drugs and artificial blood were developed by medical researchers in 1974. In the United States, the number of doctors increased, and the nation's leading medical organization changed its attitude toward the regulation of medical ...


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A group of physicians and scientists established the Society to Conquer Mental Illness in 1974, through which they hope to focus attention on the need for more refined scientific research into the causes and treatment of serious mental illness. The ...


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President Luis Echeverria Alvarez seemed increasingly lonely in 1974 as he served out his fourth year in office. The 12 gubernatorial elections held during the year in no way reflected the deepening political divisions that in themselves drove the ...


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Israel and the Arab states spent 1974 still locked in a state of "no war, no peace," despite efforts on the part of other powers to bring about a peaceful settlement of their 25-year-old conflict. As the first anniversary of the October, 1973, war ...


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Effects of the energy crisis reached into the popular music world in 1974. Due to the fuel shortage, many U.S. artists were forced to cancel British and European tours, including the Allman Brothers, Steely Dan, and others. ...


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The Arab oil nations lifted their oil embargo on July 10, 1974. The ban, which had been imposed in October, 1973, for Dutch support of Israel during the Middle East war, cost the port of Rotterdam, Europe's largest oil terminal, about $10 million in ...


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Northern Ireland entered 1974 with hopes for peace and reconciliation higher than at any time since the present troubles started in 1969. The year ended with the ominous smell of an impending civil war in the Ulster air. An event unique in the history ...


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Norway announced plans on Sept. 26, 1974, to extend its offshore fishing limits off the northern coast to 50 nautical miles in 1975 and to 200 nautical miles at a later date. Minister of Fisheries Eivind Bolle had said in August that the inconclusive ...


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During the summer of 1974, ajoint expedition named FAMOUS (French-American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study) explored a section of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ocean floor about 200 miles (320 kilometers) southwest of the Azores. Three manned deep-ocean research ...


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The International Olympic Committee (IOC), meeting in Vienna, Austria, in October, 1974, awarded the 1980 Olympic Summer Games to Moscow and the 1980 Winter Games to Lake Placid, N.Y. Moscow and Los Angeles, the 1932 host, were the only candidates for ...


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Despite his failing health, President Juan Velasco Alvarado in 1974 clamped down on opposition elements in an effort to swing Peru still further to the left. He ruthlessly purged senior military officers who dissented. The navy commander, Vice-Admiral ...


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Opposition to President Ferdinand E.Marcos' martial law regime increased during 1974. The main opponents were Moslem separatists in the southern islands, Maoist guerrillas, and the Roman Catholic Church, to which most Filipinos belong. ...


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Physicists stumbled onto a new elementary particle in November, 1974. Waves of excitement spread from Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) in Palo Alto, Calif., to the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Long Island, N.Y., the two experimental facilities ...


