# Flag File

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Poland rapidly expanded its business ties with the West in 1974, without modifying its orthodox ideological stance at home. Imports from the West increased by 59 per cent in the first half of 1974 while imports from Communist countries increased only ...


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A year of grave crisis beset the United States presidency in 1974. First President Richard M. Nixon, then his successor, President Gerald R. Ford, emphasized foreign policy in an effort to turn attention away from their serious domestic problems. ...


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Psychologists at the Boston University Medical Center carefully examined the response of infants to human speech in 1974. They concentrated particularly on speech rhythms, the perception of which may be a uniquely human ability. Some animals, such as ...


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Radio in the United States, unfettered by television's time restrictions and need for visual impact, provided better in-depth coverage of at least one key happening in 1974's historic Watergate chronicle--the release of the explosive White House tape ...


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Republicans suffered their worst election losses in a decade in 1974. The Watergate scandal and the nation's economic troubles cut the party's strength in the Senate, in the House of Representatives, and on state and local levels. The Democratic sweep ...


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Saudi Arabia acquired a 60 per cent majority interest in the Arabian-American Oil Company (Aramco) in June, 1974, and immediately began negotiating for complete nationalization of the company. Aramco produces over 90 per cent of Saudi Arabia's oil. In ...


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Every four years, the best national soccer teams in the world gather for almost a month to compete for the World Cup. In 1974, the winner was West Germany, a 2 to 1 victor over the Netherlands in the championship game. ...


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The end of Portuguese colonial rule in Angola and Mozambique caused South Africa considerable anxiety in 1974. The white South African regime emphasized its friendship toward black African nations, particularly the future black governments of Angola ...


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Ground controllers sent the last command to the United States Skylab Earthorbiting space laboratory on Feb. 9, 1974. This marked the end of a nine-month program that demonstrated man's ability to live and work effectively in space for months at a time....


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Carlos Arias Navarro was sworn in on Jan. 2, 1974, as General Francisco Franco's first civilian president and promptly surprised the nation with his Cabinet appointments. He excluded from the Cabinet all members of Opus Dei, a Roman Catholic lay ...


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The Riksdag (parliament), in which the ruling Social Democrat-Communist alliance holds exactly half the seats, resorted to a lottery to resolve a tie vote on March 27, 1974. The drawing went against the government on an Opposition bill to improve the ...


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Television entered upon its most historic 17 days in the United States on July 24, 1974, when Congress permitted live TV coverage of the six-day presidential impeachment debate by the House Judiciary Committee. The networks carried the 45-hour ...


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King Phumiphon Aduldet signed a new Constitution on Oct. 7, 1974, a week before the first anniversary of student demonstrations that ended Thailand's 41 years of military rule. It was written by a 298-person assembly drawn from delegates named by the ...


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Turkish military forces invaded the island of Cyprus on July 20, 1974, after Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III was overthrown in a Greek-supported military coup. Subsequent negotiations among Turkey, Great Britain, and Greece, the three ...


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NORTH VIETNAM An estimated 200,000 North Vietnamese soldiers were believed to be deployed in South Vietnam during 1974. They built roads, pipelines, and other logistical support facilities. And they continued major military operations against Saigon's ...


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Scientists, ships, planes, buoys, and satellites from 72 nations joined in a 1974 study of the tropical regions that spawn hurricanes and play a crucial but poorly understood role in the world's weather. The study, from June 15 to September 23, was ...


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Yugoslavia continued to purge liberal elements in 1974, but had second thoughts about detente with Russia. Police arrested a group of pro-Russian Communists holding a secret meeting in Bar, Montenegro, on April 6. On September 20, officials announced ...


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Zaire made international headlines in 1974 by staging the on-again-off-again heavyweight championship boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. After a month's delay, the bout finally took place at 4 A.M., October 30 (the night of October ...


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Amphibians get the oxygen they need to survive in various ways. Some use lungs, some use gills, and others absorb oxygen through their skin, using neither lungs nor gills. For a long time, zoologists have offered contradictory theories on how the ...


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Puerto Rico was plagued by a rash of strikes early in 1974. On February 12, the island's gasoline stations shut down in a two-day protest against government fuel-rationing policies. They were joined by about 5,000 jitney drivers, most of whom operate ...


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Russia continued to expand its business ties with the West in 1974. Despite some new problems in their detente, Russia and the United States agreed to limit their nuclear arms race. Relations with China remained hostile. At home, the government ...


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Computer technology advanced steadily in 1974. Microprocessors established markets by finding use in such diverse applications as oscilloscopes, machine tools, chart recorders, and medical equipment. Spacelabs Incorporated, of Chatsworth, Calif., ...


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Black African nationalists won a monumental victory in 1974 when Portugal granted independence to its African colonies. A six-year drought in nations south of the Sahara continued to wipe out cattle and crops, forcing starving human beings to leave ...


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Domestic and worldwide communications in 1974 continued the burgeoning expansion of recent years. New transmission systems went into operation, satellite communication expanded, and research progress continued. Meanwhile, the Justice Department filed ...


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Geologist Thomas J. M. Schopf of the University of Chicago related the movement of the earth's giant plates to changes in evolutionary history. He pointed out that about 275 to 270 million years ago, during the Permian Period, many animal species ...


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Alberta gained the first American Indian lieutenant governor in Canadian history when Ralph Steinhauer was appointed as queen's representative in May. A former chief of the Cree Indian Saddle Lake band, Steinhauer was a founder of the Indian ...


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British Columbia, under the NDP government of Premier David Barrett, continued to buy into privately owned companies in 1974. In January, the province purchased over 1.1 million shares of Westcoast Transmission Company, which operates a gas pipeline ...


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Manitoba added up the cost in October of an expensive venture, Churchill Forest Industries, located 450 miles (725 kilometers) north of Winnipeg. The complex was built after 1966 to develop the timber resources of the area. It went into receivership ...


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New Brunswick voters went to the polls in a general election on November 18. Premier Richard B. Hatfield's Conservative government, first elected in 1970, easily won re-election, taking 33 legislative seats to the Liberals' 25. The major parties ...


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The provincial government acted on March 28 to coordinate hydroelectric power developments on the upper and lower stretches of the Churchill River in Labrador. It purchased almost 5 million shares, valued at $160 million, from Brinco, Limited, the ...


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Premier Gerald A. Regan's Liberal government, in power since 1970, won a sweeping victory in a general election on April 2. The Liberals gained 6 seats, increasing their standing to 31 in the 46-seat legislature. The Conservatives gave up 6 seats, ...


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Ontario acquired the first woman lieutenant governor in Canada's history in January when Pauline McGibbon, 63, chancellor of the University of Toronto since 1971, was named to be the 22nd holder of the provincial viceregal post. The legislature ...


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Prince Edward Island, Canada's smallest province, gave Premier Alexander B. Campbell's Liberal administration a vote of confidence on April 29. In power since 1966, the Campbell government scored its third straight electoral victory by winning 26 ...


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Political controversy centered on a measure that made French the official language in the province. The National Assembly passed the bill on July 30 by a vote of 92 to 10. The vote did not reflect the bitter struggle that accompanied each stage in the ...


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Saskatchewan joined the other western provinces in imposing heavier taxes on natural resources in 1974. Oil and potash were among the minerals singled out for new forms of taxation. The province, which was an early pioneer in providing state-supported ...


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The liquidation of Portugal's colonial empire was the single most important development in Africa in 1975. Other developments had potential long-term effects on the financial well-being of African nations. Severe drought ended in West Africa but ...


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Mary Leakey reported in October, 1975, that she has found fossil evidence in Tanzania that man lived and perhaps evolved in East Africa about 3.75 million years ago. She found the jaws and teeth of at least 11 individuals who appear to belong to the ...


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Construction workers in July, 1975, uncovered a pottery army of life-sized figures of warriors and horses that had been buried for more than 2,000 years near the city of Sian in northwestern China. The figures were in a huge tomb that was built for ...


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All the conditions for a military coup d'etat seemed to be present in Argentina in 1975; the remarkable thing was that one did not occur. The army chiefs were reluctant to assume responsibility for a situation in which the rate of inflation climbed ...


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War ended in Indochina in the spring of 1975, and the United States abandoned its footholds there. Non-Communist Asian countries spent the rest of the year adjusting to the reality of several new Communist regimes in their midst. ...


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Two especially good examples of the added information that can be gained by making composite pictures from several individual exposures of celestial sources excited astronomers in 1975. The first shows how astronomers can artificially eliminate ...


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Voters gave a sweeping victory to Malcolm Fraser and his Liberal Party-National Country Party coalition in a national election on Dec. 13, 1975. The vote climaxed months of political bickering and propelled Fraser into office as prime minister by the ...


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For the world's automakers, 1975 began badly, then improved late in the year. Higher fuel prices, inflation, recession, and lack of consumer confidence combined to produce a weak, unstable automobile market. Layoffs were common throughout the industry....


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AVIATION fell on hard times in 1975. Jet fuel and other costs continued to climb, and business was temporarily depressed by an economic slump. Airline finances reflected a partial recovery later in the year, however, as improving traffic and airline ...


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The Cincinnati Reds, with one of the best records in modern baseball history, became 1975 champions in one of the greatest World Series in history. But a labor arbitrator's ruling soon pushed the series into the background. ...


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The Golden State Warriors, the Kentucky Colonels, and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), won the major U.S. basketball titles in 1975, all in upsets. But as has happened so often in recent years, the struggle among professionals to ...


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Scientists from 16 countries agreed in February, 1975, on voluntary guidelines to control experiments in which genes are transmitted from one organism to another. Their meeting at the Asilomar Conference Center in Pacific Grove, Calif., grew out of a ...


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Three groups of scientists in Australia and Canada succeeded in 1975 in getting the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium to fix (change the form of) nitrogen while living apart from legume plants. These bacteria ordinarily live in nodules on the roots ...


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In common with most other countries, Canada wrestled with worrying economic problems in 1975. The recession that began in 1974 worsened, producing higher unemployment and a continuing stiff rate of inflation. The exports so necessary to economic ...


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Canadian literature was marked in 1975 by a geographic-historical strain that one critic dubbed "geohistory." Four of the most outstanding works are Canada: The Heroic Beginnings by Donald Creighton; Rivers of Canada by Hugh MacLennan; The National ...


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A team of scientists from the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory headed by Harold P. Larson announced in March, 1975, that they had detected oxygen, combined in water vapor, in the atmosphere of Jupiter. They used the National ...


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Chile suffered another year of international isolation and bitter economic recession in 1975. President Augusto Pinochet Ugarte and the military junta continued to govern under a state of siege. Press controls tightened, trade union leaders were ...


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Party slogans came to life in electric lights in Peking and fireworks brightened the sky on the evening of Jan. 18, 1975. Street loudspeakers announced that the Fourth National People's Congress had begun its work. In fact, China's People's Congress ...


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The recession hindered growth in communications facilities throughout the world during 1975. Nevertheless, it was a year of net gain. Satellite systems and terrestrial and undersea cable systems expanded, while advances in electronics speeded call ...


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Young liberal House Democrats challenged the congressional seniority system in 1975, sweeping three committee chairmen from their posts on January 22. Wright Patman (D., Tex.) was replaced as chairman of the Banking and Currency Committee by Henry S. ...


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Thomas S. Kleppe, former congressman and head of the Small Business Administration, was confirmed as U.S. secretary of the interior on Oct. 9, 1975. Kleppe, a millionaire businessman from North Dakota, succeeded Stanley K. Hathaway as head of the ...


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Terrorism, particularly by urban guerrillas, continued to plague governments worldwide during 1975, prompting increased calls for international cooperation in combating the widespread violence. In the United States, the bloodiest single incident ...


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Cuba moved closer to normal relations with other American nations in 1975. Sixteen of the 24 members of the Organization of American States (OAS) voted on July 29 to lift the diplomatic and economic sanctions adopted in 1964 and allow more normal ...


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The Federal Assembly elected Communist Party First Secretary Gustav Husak president of Czechoslovakia on May 29, 1975, signaling a more moderate policy line. He replaced the ailing 79-year-old Ludvik Svoboda. But in July, Viliam Salgovic, former chief ...


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A large number of candidates entered the race in 1975 for the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination. Ten contenders had announced their candidacy by the end of November, and more were expected before the Democrats assemble for their national ...


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Anker Henrik Jorgensen, leader of the Social Democratic Party, formed a minority government on Feb. 13, 1975, after the Liberal Party failed to gain support for a tough economic program. In parliamentary elections on January 9, former Prime Minister ...


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Democrats won most of the major 1975 elections, but Republicans clearly gained strength in some areas. Boston Mayor Kevin H. White and Kentucky Governor Julian Carroll survived an antibusing backlash to win election. However, a major setback for ...


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Europe reeled from the force of worldwide recession in 1975 and struggled to lower inflation and unemployment while revitalizing the economy. In the fall, all of the nine European Community (Common Market) countries except Great Britain and Ireland ...


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Disagreement over how to solve inflation and other economic problems forced the government of Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa to resign on June 4, 1975. But an election on September 21 and 22 brought little change in the balance between left and nonleft ...


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Labor and economic problems shook both professional and college football in 1975. Among the professionals, the National Football League (NFL) completed its second season without a labor contract, and the rival World Football League (WFL) went out of ...


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France struggled in 1975 to keep unemployment below 1 million while reviving the economy and safeguarding the franc. President Valery Giscard d'Estaing agreed with West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt in Bonn, West Germany, on July 27 that parallel ...


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Remains of the largest winged reptile known to have flown were unearthed in Big Bend National Park in southwest Texas in rocks of the late Cretaceous Period, some 65 to 70 million years ago. Vertebrate paleontologist Douglas A. Lawson of the ...


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West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt criticized the "uncompromising attitude" of East German leaders on Jan. 30, 1975, for slowing the development of relations between the two Germanys and the progress of detente in Europe. However, the two ...


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The United Kingdom pulled back from the brink of economic chaos in 1975. Whether it turns out to have been simply a short respite on the way to national bankruptcy or a watershed heralding the beginning of national salvation remains to be seen. ...


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sought full membership in the European Community (Common Market) on June 12, 1975. Greece had been an associate member from 1962 to 1967, when a military dictatorship took over the government. Membership was restored in 1974 with the return of ...


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Officials of the World Health Organization (WHO) predicted in September, 1975, that the worldwide battle against smallpox would end soon. They also said that they expect two years of searching after the last smallpox case is cured before an ...


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The Philadelphia Flyers retained the National Hockey League (NHL) championship in the 1974-1975 season, a result of their rough style and the coaching of Fred Shero. They won the Stanley Cup play-offs for the second consecutive year and produced the ...


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Hungary continued its policy of economic and political retrenchment at home in 1975 and strengthened its economic ties with Russia and other Communist countries. Janos Kadar was reelected first secretary for another five years at the Communist Party ...


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India would long remember June 12, 1975. That morning, the high court in Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's hometown of Allahabad, in the state of Uttar Pradesh, ruled that she had won her seat in parliament by corrupt means and must give it up. The court ...


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The wave of Indian militancy continued in 1975. Two agents of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation and one Indian were killed on June 26 in a gun battle on the Pine Ridge Indian reservation in South Dakota, when the agents attempted to arrest four ...


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Indonesia may well remember 1975 as the year of the "Pertamina Scandal." Pertamina is a government-controlled conglomerate based on Indonesia's vast oil wealth. But it is more than just the state oil company. Under its flamboyant president, H. Ibnu ...


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Ireland spent 1975 grappling unsuccessfully with its most serious economic crisis since the 1930s. By summer, inflation reached an annual rate of 25 per cent, and more than 100,000 persons -- 12 per cent of the labor force -- were unemployed. The ...


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Israel agreed to a long-sought interim agreement with Egypt on Sept. 4, 1975, in Geneva, Switzerland, calling on both sides to pull back Sinai forces. But the agreement was a mixed blessing for Israel. ...


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President Giovanni Leone, who is rarely heard from in political affairs, warned Parliament on Oct. 15, 1975, that Italy was in serious trouble. In the first State of the Nation message in 12 years, he said Italy suffered from too many strikes and too ...


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The first state visit to the United States by a reigning Japanese ruler occurred in 1975, when Emperor Hirohito toured the nation. The visit began on September 30 at Williamsburg, Va., and then the imperial party visited President Gerald R. Ford in ...


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Khmer The Khmer Republic (formerly Cambodia) fell under Communist control in 1975 with the military defeat of a regime supported by the United States. The regime was established in March, 1970, by a group led by Lon Nol, who overthrew the government ...


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President Kim Il-song traveled widely in 1975. He went to the People's Republic of China in April, a visit believed related to the collapse of regimes backed by the United States in South Vietnam, Laos, and Khmer. Kim possibly saw that as a sign of U....


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Spiraling inflation, growing trade deficits, and political unrest created turbulent undercurrents in Latin America in 1975. Simultaneously, they helped to stimulate an ever-widening surge toward self-reliance and economic stability. ...


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Discontent in the ruling Revolutionary Command Council with the policies and leadership of President Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi led to an attempted coup in August, 1975. The attempt was led by Major Omar Meheishi, minister of planning and scientific ...


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The "Voice of Malayan Revolution," a radio station in southern China, filled the airwaves of Malaysia in 1975 with reports of victories in the jungle and with appeals to the "toiling masses" to join in a "people's war." Prime Minister Abdul Razak bin ...


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The European Community (Common Market) decided on Feb. 11, 1975, to allow the 400,000 doctors in member countries to practice medicine anywhere in the nine nations. The decision, made by the group's health ministers at a meeting in Brussels, Belgium, ...


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The Supreme Court of the United States upheld the rights of mental patients on June 26, 1975. In a unanimous, precedent-setting decision, the court ruled that a mentally ill person cannot be institutionalized if the hospital is not offering treatment, ...


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The ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) gave its presidential nomination to Finance Minister Jose Lopez Portillo on Sept. 22, 1975. Traditionally, the nomination virtually assures Lopez victory in the July, 1976, election. Party leaders ...


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With the September, 1975, signing of a disengagement agreement in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt and Israel took a giant step toward the elusive permanent settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Nudged along by the "shuttle diplomacy" of U.S. Secretary ...


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The discotheque returned as an important medium of exposure for popular music in many United States cities in 1975. The "discos" played mainly black soul music, designed for dancing. The music is strongly dominated by bass and drum rhythms, and the ...


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Queen Juliana announced plans to cut defense spending in her speech from the throne on Sept. 16, 1975. She said the Netherlands would withdraw a guided missile cruiser from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) force in October, two years ...


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Northern Ireland continued a vain search for some degree of reconciliation between its warring Roman Catholic and Protestant communities in 1975. The British government spent the year clinging to a cease-fire with the Irish Republican Army (IRA), ...


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Prime Minister Trygve Bratteli announced on Sept. 25, 1975, that he would resign in January, 1976. His successor was to be the ruling Labor Party's parliamentary leader, Odvar Nordli. The move followed a weakening of support for the party. In ...


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The Fourth United Nations Law of the Sea Conference in Geneva, Switzerland, which ended on May 9, 1975, produced a treaty draft that could bring order to ocean law. Drafted by delegates from 140 nations, the treaty would allow coastal states to ...


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Preparations continued in 1975 without major problems for the 1976 Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck, Austria. Preparations continued with all kinds of problems for the 1976 Olympic Summer Games in Montreal, Canada. ...


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President Juan Velasco Alvarado was ousted, after nearly seven years in office, in a bloodless coup d'etat on Aug. 29, 1975. He was replaced by General Francisco Morales Bermudez Cerruti, who was sworn in on August 30. Peru's military-led revolution ...


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The Philippines moved in 1975 to adjust to what President Ferdinand E. Marcos on May 23 called "the emerging realities in Asia." Marcos visited China from June 7 to June 11. On June 9, he signed a pact with Chinese Premier Chou En-lai to establish ...


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One of the most remarkable developments in 25 years, discovery of psi particles, dominated news in the physics world in 1975. This discovery may be as important to understanding elementary particle physics as the hydrogen atom has been to atomic ...


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Poland expanded its political and business relations with both the West and the East in 1975. However, growing economic troubles at home soured the political climate prior to the Communist Party Congress in December. Edward Gierek was again named ...


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Gerald R. Ford faced unusual problems during 1975. He was not the nation's elected leader; he became President under the terms of the 25th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. He had been elected only as a Republican representative to Congress from ...


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Researchers at Tulane University in New Orleans reported in June, 1975, that they had identified the action of two neurotransmitters (chemicals that transmit impulses in the brain). The psychologists -- Jack D. Maser, Gordon G. Gallup, Jr., and Lou E. ...


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A five-year dispute over the use of Culebra Island and its surrounding keys as U.S. Navy gunnery targets ended amicably in 1975. Under an executive order signed by President Gerald R. Ford on September 10, the Navy agreed to cease testing ...


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Radio made a serious attempt in 1975 to separate its legislative interests from those of television in the United States. In a move to become a "total radio" organization, the National Association of FM Broadcasters changed its name in September to ...


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Severe infighting among Republicans in 1975 jeopardized President Gerald R. Ford's chances of winning nomination as the 1976 Republican presidential candidate. Ford formally declared his candidacy on July 8. Former California Governor Ronald Reagan ...


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Russia continued to expand its business relations with the West in 1975. However, its disagreements with the United States and other Western countries over the interpretation of detente sharpened during the second half of the year. Russia stayed on ...


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King Faisal's assassination on March 25, 1975, while he was holding court in Riyadh, silenced an important voice in Middle Eastern politics and world economics. The assassin, Prince Faisal ibn Musad Abdel Aziz, was a nephew of King Faisal and a former ...


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Soccer has thrived in the rest of the world, yet has struggled for years for recognition in the United States. But American soccer reached its zenith in 1975, when the New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League (NASL) signed Pele of Brazil, ...


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The white-minority government relaxed its apartheid system of racial segregation somewhat in 1975. The government said on April 25 that nonwhites would be recruited for the diplomatic service. In May, the first soldiers of mixed racial backgrounds ...


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United States astronauts eased an Apollo spacecraft into contact with a manned Russian Soyuz craft on July 17, 1975, and locked the two vehicles together as they orbited 138 miles (229 kilometers) above Earth. The mission, called the Apollo-Soyuz Test ...


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General Francisco Franco, who ruled Spain as a dictator for 39 years, died on Nov. 20, 1975, after lying near death for a month. Franco's designated successor, Prince Juan Carlos, became king on November 22. He swore allegiance to the Franco regime's ...


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The Riksdag (parliament) approved plans on May 28, 1975, that would make Sweden the world's largest per capita consumer of nuclear power. Four nuclear power reactors were operating in 1975, and the plan calls for 11 by 1985. By the year 2000, some 24 ...


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A large segment of the U.S. public was up in arms against excessive violence and sex on television in 1975. Complaints to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) about video crime shows rose almost 1,000 per cent. Pressured by Congress to "do ...


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Thailand elected 269 new National Assembly members on Jan. 26, 1975, under its new Constitution. M. R. Seni Pramot formed a two-party coalition government, but it lost a confidence vote and fell on March 6. His younger brother, Khukrit Pramot, then ...


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Turkey ended six months of political crisis on March 31, 1975, when former Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel, head of the conservative Justice Party, formed a coalition government. Demirel's new Cabinet, an alignment of three small parties with the ...


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NORTH VIETNAM The goal of the late President Ho Chi Minh was finally achieved in 1975 with the defeat of South Vietnam. Ho had never accepted the division of Vietnam after his force defeated French forces in 1954. He sent army divisions and political ...


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The United States and Russia submitted a joint proposal to the world disarmament conference in Geneva, Switzerland, on Aug. 21, 1975, that would outlaw attempts to manipulate the weather or change the environment for military or other hostile purposes....


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Yugoslavia intensified its crackdown on dissenters in 1975 and searched for greater economic stability. Relations with Russia deteriorated late in the year, while those with the West became closer. ...


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President Mobutu Sese Seko said on June 17, 1975, that his government had uncovered a plot to assassinate him. Several generals were among those arrested. On September 1, a military tribunal sentenced seven army officers to death and 26 others to ...


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Robert B. Lockard and Donald Owings of the University of Washington in Seattle reported in 1975 that bannertail kangaroo rats, which normally forage for food at night, stop or greatly reduce their foraging when the moon is bright. After conducting a ...


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A complete computing device on one fingernail-sized semiconductor chip, the computer microprocessor continued to develop in 1975. Some microprocessors were available with about twice as many computing functions as in 1974. Others had more storage ...


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Premier Peter Lougheed's Conservative government, in power since 1971, won a landslide electoral victory on March 26. Lougheed called for endorsement of his position that Alberta should receive the world price for its oil, rather than the lower price ...


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The NDP government, under Premier David Barrett, took a tough line with labor on October 7. It passed emergency legislation to send back to their jobs almost 50,000 workers who were on strike or locked out by their employers. Pulp workers, retail ...


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The NDP, under Premier Edward R. Schreyer, lost a midterm popularity test on June 25, when its candidates ran third in two Winnipeg by-elections. Conservatives won both elections, giving them 23 seats in the provincial legislature compared with the ...


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The plan to build a quality two-seat sports car, the Bricklin, in New Brunswick collapsed when Bricklin Canada, Limited, went into receivership on September 26. The car's U.S. designer, Malcolm Bricklin, opened a plant near Saint John in 1973. The New ...


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A lackluster election campaign produced a surprising political comeback for Joseph Smallwood, 74, on September 16. Smallwood, who led the province into Confederation in 1949 and governed it for 23 years, led a splinter group of Liberals that he formed ...


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Nova Scotia was upset by a number of major labor disputes. Communications employees were on strike for several weeks in late summer, and 1,000 of the province's nurses walked out in June. The government introduced legislation on June 12 to force the ...


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Ontario witnessed a startling political reverse in the September 18 election. After 32 years of majority government, the Conservative Party was reduced to a minority position. The Conservatives won 78 seats against a combined opposition of 39 in 1971. ...


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The Supreme Court of Canada on June 26 upheld a controversial landownership law, prohibiting nonresidents of the island province from holding more than 10 acres (4 hectares). Prince Edward Island, the only province completely dependent on oil for ...


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The provincial labor scene was stormy as Premier J. Robert Bourassa's Liberal government tried to bring order and acceptable standards of conduct to the construction industry. A three-man commission under Judge Robert Cliche examined the industry and ...


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Saskatchewan gave a reduced majority to Premier Allan Blakeney and his NDP administration in a June 11 election. The NDP, which took 45 of 60 seats in 1971, won 39 of 61 in this election. Three Cabinet ministers were defeated, and the party's share of ...


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Southern Africa became a major world trouble spot during 1976. A violent civil war in Angola that drew in foreign powers ended early in the year, but Rhodesia faced the threat of all-out civil war between blacks and whites if a negotiated settlement ...


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Canada's westernmost Prairie Province gained large revenues from its oil resources in 1976. It set aside some of these funds for future generations by establishing the Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund, a $1.5-billion public endowment. The act ...


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C. Donald Johanson and Richard Leakey jointly described in March 1976 how their recent discoveries of human fossils have added to the growing understanding of the earliest stages of human evolution. Johanson, a curator of the Cleveland Museum of ...


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Recent excavations by Paolo Matthiae and Giovanni Pettineto of the University of Rome 30 miles (48 kilometers) from Aleppo, Syria, have revealed the discovery of the previously unknown state of Ebla, which existed between 2400 and 2250B.C. At its peak,...


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In the early hours of March 24, 1976, the armed forces overthrew the faltering government of President Maria Estela (Isabel) Martinez de Peron in a bloodless, meticulously planned coup d'etat. The army commander in chief, Lieutenant General Jorge ...


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By and large, 1976 was a year of peace for this vast continent. The war in Indochina was over, and Hanoi began negotiating with the United States for aid it claimed America had promised to provide Vietnam. After a war in 1971, India and Pakistan ...


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The successful landings of two Viking spacecraft on the surface of Mars in 1976 marked a major turning point in the history of space exploration. The landers carried with them the first experiments designed to test for the presence of life on another ...


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The tone of politics in 1976 was tame compared with the high drama of 1975. Although Liberal Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser could have governed without Country Party assistance after the December 1975 elections -- the Liberal Party gained 68 seats in ...


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The United States automobile industry enjoyed a year of recovery in 1976 after a lackluster 1975. Labor problems, including a 28-day strike in September and October against the Ford Motor Company and a 12-hour ministrike against General Motors (GM) ...


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AVIATION perked up in 1976 as economic revival and fare increases stimulated airline finances. Knut Hammarskjold, director-general of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), predicted at the group's meeting in Singapore in November that ...


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The Cincinnati Reds won the World Series for the second straight year in 1976, defeating the New York Yankees in four straight games. The World Series, and the April-to-October season that preceded it, served as an interlude in a baseball year ...


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Merger and labor peace came to professional basketball in 1976. On June 17, the 30-year-old National Basketball Association (NBA) and the nine-year-old American Basketball Association (ABA) agreed to merge the 18 NBA teams and 4 ABA teams into a ...


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An international committee was formed in October 1976 to encourage countries to set up uniform policies to regulate potentially harmful genetic research. The International Council of Scientific Unions -- which represents national academies of sciences,...


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British scientists in 1976 developed a surprising method of dealing with compacted soil. When soil is compacted, or nonporous and hard, plant roots become thick and twisted. But botanists Sheena M. Wilkins, Henry Wilkins, and Roy L. Wain of Wye ...


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The Social Credit administration of Premier William R. Bennett imposed policies of retrenchment and consolidation in 1976. The tone was set in the March 26 budget, which claimed that the previous New Democratic Party (NDP) government had engaged in ...


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A new Constitution that changed the country's name from the Khmer Republic to Democratic Cambodia went into effect on Jan. 5, 1976. Following the traditional Communist practice, the Constitution said that "the important general means of production are ...


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Economic conditions improved in Canada in 1976, but disputes over the policy of bilingualism threatened national unity. Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau's Liberal government served its eighth year in office, but its popularity declined ...


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Canadian literature during 1976 continued the geographic historical trend begun a year earlier. For example, Pierre Berton wrote an instant history, My Country; the Remarkable Past. Meanwhile, several new small firms published poetry, fiction, and ...


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Representatives of more than 100 scientific societies joined several thousand chemists in New York City in April 1976 to observe the 100th anniversary of the founding of the American Chemical Society (ACS). They saw the introduction and first-day ...


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Charges of human-rights violations by the Chilean secret police, the National Intelligence Directorate (DINA), continued to be leveled against Chile's military government in 1976. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights on February 19 condemned "...


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A meteorite fell in northeast China in March 1976. Northern China was later hit by a drought. In the south, there were earthquakes. By late May, Communist Party journals in Peking were anxiously exhorting the public not to believe, as people did in ...


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The world celebrated the 100th birthday of the telephone in 1976 with numerous special programs. "We know that, even after 100 years, we have not finished inventing the telephone," said John D. deButts, chairman of American Telephone and Telegraph ...


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A stalemate between President Gerald R. Ford and the 94th Congress led to an unusually unproductive second session in 1976. President Ford characterized it as a Congress of "weak compromises and evasions." The Democratic congressional leadership ...


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Conservation groups saw renewed hope in 1976 for saving the whale from extinction, but they continued to demand a 10-year moratorium on whale hunting. The International Whaling Commission at its annual session in London in June reduced the number of ...


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Two forms of international wrongdoing dominated headlines in 1976. The first was the use of bribery by multinational corporations to obtain sales contracts with governments of other countries. The largest of the scandals involved the Lockheed Aircraft ...


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A warming trend in United States-Cuban relations cooled considerably in 1976. The presence of Cuban troops in Angola, where they helped turn the tide in the civil war in favor of the Marxist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, caused the ...


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Czechoslovakia pursued friendly diplomatic relations with the non-Communist world in 1976 but remained committed to repression at home. The Austrian chancellor, Bruno Kreisky, visited Czechoslovakia in February, the first such visit by a senior ...


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The Democrats regained control of the White House in the November 1976 election with a stunning triumph by a Washington outsider, former Georgia Governor James Earl (Jimmy) Carter, Jr. Carter received 50.08 per cent of the popular vote to 48.02 per ...


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The Social Democratic minority government called the Folketing (parliament) into an emergency session on Aug. 17, 1976, to rush through austerity economic measures. The legislation was designed to cut consumer and public spending and to correct a ...


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Democratic challenger James Earl (Jimmy) Carter, Jr., defeated President Gerald R. Ford, his Republican opponent, on Nov. 2, 1976, in one of the closest elections of the 1900s. It was the first time in 44 years that an incumbent President seeking ...


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Europe suffered one of the worst droughts in its history in 1976. Increasing pressure weakened most currencies, and the nine European Community (Common Market) countries failed to cut unemployment below 5 million persons. Industrial output mounted, ...


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Prime Minister Martti Miettunen resigned on Sept. 17, 1976, because the Communists would not agree with the other four parties in his ruling coalition on proposed 1977 budget measures to boost employment and build more homes. At the same time, the ...


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On the field, professional and college football enjoyed wide success in 1976. Attendance increased slightly, television ratings climbed, and competition was exciting as the Oakland Raiders and the University of Pittsburgh won the major titles in the ...


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President Valery Giscard d'Estaing accepted the resignation of Prime Minister Jacques Chirac on Aug. 25, 1976, and replaced him with economist Raymond Barre, a former minister of foreign trade. Rumors of tension between Giscard d'Estaing and Chirac ...


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Major earthquakes wrought havoc on three continents in 1976, and destroyed loosely constructed masonry dwellings in China, Guatemala, Italy, Turkey, and the Philippines. They may have left more than 650,000 persons dead and thousands more injured. ...


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Relations with West Germany in 1976 reached their lowest point since the two countries acknowledged each other's existence by treaty in November 1972. In one of a series of shooting incidents along the 870-mile (1,400-kilometer) border, an Italian ...


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The United Kingdom passed through a false dawn in 1976. Until early summer, hopes were high that the country was well on the way to the kind of economic recovery that would end its postwar decline. By autumn, however, Britain was in the midst of yet ...


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The dispute with Turkey over oil prospecting rights in the Aegean Sea flared up on July 29, 1976, after Turkey's new seismic research ship MTA-Sismik I arrived in the area. Tension mounted when Turkey brushed aside Greek protests on August 7 and kept ...


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The Montreal Canadiens and Winnipeg Jets won the major-league hockey championships in 1976, then helped Team Canada beat the best Europeans in the first Canada Cup competition. But much of the attention then shifted from the ice to the courtroom. ...


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Hungary pursued a moderate economic and political course at home in 1976, while it tried to improve relations with its neighbors Austria and Yugoslavia as well as with the Western powers. Communist Party First Secretary Janos Kadar paid his first ...


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Already armed with vast emergency powers, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi made certain in November 1976 that she would be beyond all future legal challenges. The lower house of parliament passed a set of constitutional amendments on November 2 that ...


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Indian tribes struggled in 1976 for greater control of their resources of land, energy, and water. Great coal, oil, and uranium resources are located on Indian tribal lands in the Western United States. As these resources became more valuable because ...


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Indonesia was a rarity in 1976 among oil-producing countries -- a nation in financial trouble. Jakarta issued rosy reports on the country's economy. But the reports could not conceal the depth of the crisis -- the retrenchment and the foreign debt ...


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The government lurched from economic to constitutional crises in 1976, and the strains within Prime Minister Liam Cosgrave's coalition of Fine Gael (Gaelic People) and Labour parties increased. An economic report prepared for the Bank of Ireland in ...


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Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin resigned on Dec. 20, 1976, after the collapse of a coalition that left him with a minority government. He remained as caretaker prime minister. An election to be held in May 1977 was seen as a showdown between politicians ...


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Italy began 1976 in an economic crisis that persisted and generated serious new political tensions. The Communist Party, under the leadership of Enrico Berlinguer, increased its Chamber of Deputies strength by 49 to 228 seats and for the first time ...


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The Lockheed bribery scandal and its wide repercussions dominated politics in Japan in 1976. The U.S. Senate's Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations revealed in February that the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation had paid some $7 million to Yoshio ...


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North Korean troops killed two U.S. Army officers on Aug. 18, 1976, in the Panmunjom demilitarized zone on the 1953 Korean War cease-fire line. The murders occurred while American soldiers were trimming a tree that obstructed a United Nations (UN) ...


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Inflation, trade deficits, and recession continued to bedevil the governments of Latin America during 1976. Many countries began turning from the Marxist, socialist, or populist economic theories that they had hoped would solve their problems, to seek ...


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President Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi held his post and most of his popularity in Libya during 1976, despite complaints by other Arab nations against his meddling in their internal affairs. His principal opponent was Egypt, where former Planning ...


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Prime Minister Abdul Razak bin Dato Hussein died of leukemia in London on Jan. 14, 1976, after a month's illness. During his final illness, leaders of the ruling United Malays National Organization (UMNO) fought for succession. Victory finally went to ...


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The provincial legislature passed 72 bills in a session that lasted from Feb. 12 to June 11, 1976. The most important established rent control and a home-warranty plan covering major structural defects in dwellings. The New Democratic Party formed the ...


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Advances in the treatment of breast cancer raised new hopes for its victims in 1976. In February, Italian doctors reported a new postoperative drug treatment program that may increase survival rates as much as five times for breast cancer victims. ...


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Researchers in the United States and Denmark in 1976 developed new theories about the cause of schizophrenia, the most common form of psychosis. The studies, both made in cooperation with the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and reported at ...


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It was no surprise when Jose Lopez Portillo won a landslide victory in the presidential election on July 4, 1976. His party, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) had won every election since 1929, and he was running unopposed as the candidate ...


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Hopes that the Sinai disengagement agreement between Israel and Egypt, negotiated in 1975 by United States Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger, would pave the way for an overall Arab-Israeli peace settlement were not fulfilled during 1976. Instead, ...


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Rock and roll, disco music, rhythm and blues, and other long-established forms of popular music maintained their hold on the public in 1976. But a strong, new trend was the upsurge of so-called "crossover" jazz throughout the United States. This term ...


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Prince Bernhard, Queen Juliana's consort, resigned on Aug. 26, 1976, as inspector general of the Dutch armed forces and from all other business and defense positions he had held. His resignation came after a formal inquiry into allegations of bribery ...


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Restraint pervaded the New Brunswick budget presented on March 16, 1976. The budget offered no new programs and held spending increases for the 1976-1977 fiscal year to 15 per cent. It estimated expenditures at $1.1 billion, revenues at $1.06 billion. ...


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Newfoundland suffered an economic blow on March 12, 1976, when the Come-by-Chance oil refinery on the south coast was forced to close. The provincial supreme court ruled that subsidiaries of the John M. Shaheen Company of New York City, which were ...


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Northern Ireland spent 1976 in a political and military stalemate. Any chance that Roman Catholic and Protestant politicians would agree to form a power-sharing government finally vanished. Terrorism escalated as paramilitary groups on both sides of ...


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Debate over the construction of a gas pipeline through the Mackenzie River Valley from the Arctic coast dominated the territory in 1976. The National Energy Board was charged with recommending a pipeline route to the federal Cabinet. By September, the ...


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Trygve Bratteli resigned as prime minister on Jan. 9, 1976, as he had promised to do in September 1975, when support fell for the ruling Labor Party. His successor was Odvar Nordli, former Labor Party parliamentary leader. In announcing his Cabinet on ...


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The high cost of energy dominated affairs in 1976. The price of gasoline, heating oil, and electricity rose steeply. In an effort to delay the impact of mounting energy costs, Premier Gerald A. Regan extended the freeze on oil prices for 30 days ...


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France and Germany in 1976 joined Great Britain, Japan, and Russia in the International Phase of Ocean Drilling -- a new stage of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), which was started by the United States 10 years earlier. The new goal is to drill ...


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The world's greatest sports spectacle, the Olympic Summer Games, was held on schedule and without incident from July 17 through Aug. 1, 1976, at Montreal, Canada. That surprised those who feared that the facilities would not be ready, or that politics ...


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Teachers, granted the right to strike in 1975, proved a militant force in Ontario politics in 1976. Nearly 9,000 teachers in metropolitan Toronto were ordered back to work by a special session of the legislature in January after a two-month strike. ...


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The date for the oldest known fossil vertebrates was pushed back to the beginnings of the Ordovician Period (480 million years ago) by the discovery of fossil fragments of heterostracan fish in Norway in 1976. Scientists from Oslo's Paleontology ...


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Economic difficulties continued to plague the military government of President Francisco Morales Bermudez Cerruti in 1976. Throughout the year, the cast of characters around him became increasingly more conservative as he tried to cope with left wing ...


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Earthquakes and typhoons rocked the Philippines in 1976. The worst of a series of earthquakes occurred under the Celebes Sea on August 17. Its shock damaged the island of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago and generated tidal waves from 15 to 20 feet ...


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Significant experiments in 1976 dealt with both the strongest and weakest forces in nature. These are the strong force, which holds protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus, and gravity, a force so weak that bodies of astronomical size are ...


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Political and economic strain put the Communist Party leadership on the defensive in 1976. The Sejm (legislature) adopted amendments to Poland's 1952 Constitution on February 10. Pressure from Roman Catholic leaders and intellectuals forced the ...


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Gerald R. Ford lost his bid for election as President on Nov. 2, 1976. Ford had been appointed Vice-President by former President Richard M. Nixon in 1973. He assumed the presidency on Aug. 9, 1974, when Nixon resigned in the wake of the Watergate ...


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Prince Edward Island worried over shortages and high energy prices in 1976. Totally dependent on oil-fired generators for electricity, the island experienced the highest power costs in Canada. Premier Alexander B. Campbell's Liberal government ...


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The work of a British psychologist long regarded as a leading authority on the relationship of heredity to intelligence was declared suspect and without scientific value in 1976. Cyril L. Burt's research had been unquestioned and was highly ...


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The World Health Organization (WHO) came closer in 1976 to its goal of eliminating smallpox. The only cases reported were in Ethiopia and Somalia. If no new cases occur within the next two years, WHO will declare the disease, which killed millions of ...


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San Juan's Mayor Carlos Romero Barcelo scored a stunning upset in the gubernatorial election held on Nov. 2, 1976, defeating incumbent Governor Rafael Hernandez Colon. Although Romero Barcelo won by only 2 per cent, his New Progressive Party swept to ...


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The dramatic provincial election on Nov. 15, 1976, startled most Canadians. A party committed to the separation and independence of Quebec decisively defeated the federal Liberal government of Premier J. Robert Bourassa. Bourassa lost his seat, while ...


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There were more than twice as many radios as television sets throughout the world in 1976. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization reported in August a global total of 881 million radios and 365 million TV sets. There ...


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After eight years of ruling the executive branch of the federal government, the Republicans in November 1976 lost control of the White House to Democratic challenger James Earl (Jimmy) Carter, Jr. Gerald R. Ford, the nation's only nonelected President,...


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Political relations with the West marked time in 1976 against the background of growing Western skepticism about detente. But financial indebtedness to the West increased as trade rose. Russia had problems not only with the Communist parties of ...


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The Canadian province's 10 potash mines, which produce about 40 per cent of the world's supply and sell most of it to the United States, became the center of controversy in 1976. Premier Allan Blakeney's New Democratic Party government in late 1975 ...


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Saudi Arabia established diplomatic relations with the Marxist government of Yemen (Aden) on March 10, 1976. The move was an effort to build an Arabian Peninsula-Persian Gulf regional front against outside influences and reconcile differences, notably ...


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The leading spectator sport in most other nations, soccer continued to grow in the United States in 1976. The North American Soccer League (NASL), the major professional circuit, and the American Soccer League (ASL), older but smaller and less ...


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South Africa experienced some of the worst racial disorders in its history in 1976. The trouble began in the black township of Soweto near Johannesburg on June 16, when more than 10,000 black high school students marched in protest against a ...


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Two United States Viking spacecraft made the first landings on Mars in 1976 and sent back spectacular pictures of the Martian surface. Viking 1 touched down on July 20 and sent pictures back to Earth showing a reddish desert strewn with rocks of all ...


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Spain moved slowly and painfully toward democracy in 1976. On March 2, King Juan Carlos I challenged the regime that put him on the throne. He told members of the right wing Council of Ministers that they must help bring about "the profound reforms ...


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Europe's oldest Socialist government ended after 44 years in power on Sept. 19, 1976, when the Socialist Democratic Party lost a general election. The three opposition parties formed a coalition under Center Party leader Thorbjorn Falldin, a farmer, ...


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Television gave a spectacular daylong 200th birthday party for the United States on July 4, 1976. The worldwide coverage, most of it live, roamed from Guam to the Grand Canyon in Arizona to London's River Thames to "Operation Sail" and the Tall Ships ...


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The armed forces in Thailand seized power on Oct. 6, 1976. An Administrative Reform Committee of military leaders, headed by Admiral Sangad Chaloryu, ousted the parliamentary government of Prime Minister M. R. Seni Pramot. The committee named a ...


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A devastating earthquake, the nation's worst in 40 years, struck the eastern province of Van on Nov. 24, 1976. More than 100 villages were destroyed and more than 4,000 persons were killed. Relief efforts were hampered by a snowstorm and bitter cold ...


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was reunited on July 2, 1976, as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam with Hanoi as its capital. The country had been divided in 1954 into a Communist-ruled northern part and a separate U.S.-backed southern part by the Geneva Agreement that ended French ...


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Western Europe suffered its worst drought in memory in 1976. Crops in Belgium, Italy, and West Germany wilted under a relentless summer sun. French and Swiss farmers, unable to find pasture for their cattle, had to slaughter thousands of the animals. ...


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Yugoslavia improved its relations with Russia in 1976 and at the same time strengthened its economic and political ties with both the West and the developing countries. At home, the government crackdown against dissidents continued. ...


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The Canadian federal government answered Indian land claims in the territory in 1976 by proposing to give the Indians 1,200 square miles (3,100 square kilometers) of land for their exclusive use, as well as a cash award of $50 million. Yukon Indians ...


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Zaire experienced serious economic difficulties in 1976. In March, the government of President Mobutu Sese Seko devalued Zaire's currency by 42 per cent in terms of United States dollars. Imports had far outstripped exports. One reason for this was a ...


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Zoologists at Duke University in Durham, N.C., discovered in 1976 that sea gulls dangle their feet to get rid of excess body heat that builds up when they fly. The scientists found that gulls disperse fully 80 per cent of the heat produced during ...


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Microprocessor technology advanced in the areas of increased storage space and the development of powerful programming languages similar to those used with medium to large computer systems. A microprocessor is a complete computer core on a single chip....


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Civil wars plagued black Africa during 1977. Secessionists fought to detach two separate regions from Ethiopia, and regional nationalists challenged the central government of Zaire. Guerrilla fighters harassed Angola's government on several fronts, ...


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Alberta commemorated the 100th anniversary in 1977 of the signing of land treaties with the Blackfeet Indians. Prince Charles, heir to the British throne, who visited Alberta for five days in early July, re-enacted the signing of one of the treaties ...


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The search for human ancestors in 1977 featured a variety of discoveries in places other than East Africa, where most recent significant finds have been made. The Chinese press agency, Hsinhua, announced in April the discovery in Yunnan province of a ...


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Denise Schmandt-Besserat of the University of Texas in Austin in 1977 traced the evolution of writing from the use of three-dimensional tally objects in ancient times. She pointed out that the inhabitants of Tepe Asiab and other sites in Mesopotamia ...


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Political violence and a slow, uncertain improvement in the nation's inflation-ridden economy were major concerns in 1977. General Jorge Rafael Videla, head of the government that overthrew President Maria Estela (Isabel) Martinez de Peron in 1976, ...


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Asia went through 1977 without major wars -- but not without bloodshed. There were coups d'etat, aborted conspiracies, and violence in the streets. In Pakistan, hundreds of people died in riots against the government, which was eventually ousted in ...


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Delegates to the World Psychiatric Association meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, heard predictions on Sept. 1, 1977, that a new substance, Beta-endorphin, could become a major treatment or even a cure for schizophrenia and depression. The substance is a ...


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President Jose Lopez Portillo struggled in 1977 to contain double-digit inflation, a severe economic recession, and political unrest among landless peasants, university students, and jobless workers. The turmoil prompted doubts about the future of ...


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Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat's astounding journey to Jerusalem on Nov. 19, 1977, for face-to-face talks with Israeli Prime Minister Menahem Begin abruptly transformed the Arab-Israeli conflict from inconclusive sparring to high drama. Sadat ...


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The deaths of rock-and-roll giant Elvis Presley at age 42 on August 16 and crooner Bing Crosby, 74, on October 14 surpassed any other events in popular music in 1977. They brought tributes from around the world. ...


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The Socialist Party won a resounding victory in general elections on May 25, 1977, but was unable to put together a ruling coalition. Terrorism overshadowed the May election results. Six South Moluccan armed terrorists seized 105 children and six ...


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Financially hard-pressed, New Brunswick increased tax rates in 1977 to 12 per cent for large companies, while providing a three-stage reduction in personal income tax rates. These changes were announced in the budget presented to the Legislative ...


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Astronomers from Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., detected rings around the planet Uranus on March 10, 1977, while flying at 41,000 feet (12,500 meters) over the Indian Ocean in an observation plane. They reported that at least five rings appear to ...


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The Liberal-National Country Party government of Malcolm Fraser scored a notable victory in the Dec. 10, 1977, general election for both houses of Parliament. Its majority in the House of Representatives was reduced, but it was assured of a majority ...


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The United States automobile industry had its third highest output of new cars in 1977, with sales holding up well until weakness developed in the final weeks of November and December. New car production totaled about 9.2 million, topped only by ...


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AVIATION met turbulence in 1977 as fare cutting set in, but airline finances continued to improve. The airlines' safety record was badly marred by the worst airplane disaster in history when two jumbo jets crashed on a runway in the Canary Islands. ...


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The scenario for the 1977 major league baseball season was almost too preposterous to believe. The New York Yankees argued, bickered, and even fought among themselves all season -- owner v. manager, manager v. player, player v. player. The manager was ...


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With the merger of four American Basketball Association (ABA) teams into the National Basketball Association (NBA) before the 1976-1977 season, peace and prosperity were supposed to come to the professional sport. They did, more or less, but there ...


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Geologists and geochemists discovered previously unknown communities of creatures in February 1977 while exploring warm sea-floor springs in the Pacific Ocean west of Ecuador. The marine organisms, which live in total darkness about 1.5 miles (2.5 ...


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Plant researchers in 1977 learned more about how plants protect themselves from disease and how plant substances can be used to protect animals from diseases, such as cancer. Botanists Venancio O. Sing and Milton N. Schroth of the University of ...


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Premier William R. Bennett and his Social Credit government embarked on a major legislative program in January 1977. The provincial legislature heard proposals for changes in laws to attract more investment capital, for a "pharmacare" program, for a ...


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After years of hiding behind vague labels, the organization that won the Cambodian war in 1975 and has since run the country revealed itself in September 1977 to be the Khmer Communist Party. Pol Pot, who became premier in 1976, was identified as head ...


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Cultural and economic problems increased in Canada in 1977. The separatist Parti Quebecois (PQ) victory in Quebec's election on Nov. 15, 1976, tested national unity. The new PQ government, seizing the initiative, turned Quebec officially into a ...


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Canadian literature was marked in 1977 by a lively outpouring of books on a broad spectrum of topics. The only trend to emerge was the selfsearching analysis of Canada's destiny, especially the question of national unity that was prompted by the ...


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Meeting the People. Carter projected a folksy and friendly link with the people. In a fireside chat asking Americans to save energy, Carter appeared on television in February clad casually in a cardigan sweater. During a novel two-hour live radio ...


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Researchers reported advances in 1977 in the use of sunlight as an energy source for carrying out chemical reactions. The chemical conversion of solar energy has captured the imagination of chemists for years. ...


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The widely denounced situation involving human-rights violations seemed to improve during 1977. On August 12, the government announced the dissolution of the dreaded secret police unit, the National Intelligence Directorate (DINA). Its replacement, ...


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China's leaders gathered on Sept. 9, 1977, the first anniversary of Mao Tse-tung's death, at his remarkable mausoleum in Peking. Designed in what one observer described as "Athenian-Chinese" style, the new structure has 44 granite columns, a floor of ...


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Competition was the key word in communications in 1977. It brought radical changes in the operating policies of United States communications companies. Abroad, giant U.S. companies vied with equally large European and Japanese equipment makers for a ...


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was determined to hold a strong, balancing check on presidential power in 1977, even though the congressional majority, like incoming President Jimmy Carter, belonged to the Democratic Party. Thus the first session of the 95th Congress blocked many of ...


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A proposal by President Jimmy Carter's Administration to protect 92 million acres (37 million hectares) of Alaska land focused national attention on what promises to be one of the most far-reaching conservation battles of this century. Secretary of ...


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Terrorism, bribery, and mass murder dominated international crime news during 1977. Mean-while, incidence of major offenses in the United States backed away from record levels. Hostage-taking and shootings in the name of political objectives bedeviled ...


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Cuba and the United States exchanged low-level diplomatic missions on Sept. 1, 1977, for the first time since 1961. A 10-member U.S. mission, operating as an "interest section," was set up under the Swiss flag in the old U.S. Embassy in Havana. ...


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Czechoslovakia met intensified civil rights dissent in 1977 with a mixture of crushing methods. A human rights petition called Charter 77 appeared in several West European papers on January 6. Signed by about 240 writers, scientists, and workers, it ...


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The Democrats had a banner year in 1977, taking control of the White House and both houses of Congress. In the only two governors' races, the Democrats split with the Republicans, winning in New Jersey and losing in Virginia. The party generally held ...


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Prime Minister Anker Henrik Jorgensen scored a clear victory in general elections on Feb. 15, 1977. His Social Democrat Party won 12 more seats in the Folketing (parliament), giving it 65 of 179. The anti-tax Progress Party stepped up to second place ...


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Elections in the United States in 1977 resulted in a virtual stand-off at the national level between Democrats and Republicans. There were also a few breakthrough victories for blacks, women, and young candidates. ...


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The role of fast-breeder nuclear reactors in meeting future energy needs was the most explosive problem Europe faced in 1977. The European Community (EC, or Common Market) planned joint action with nations outside the EC to determine and meet future ...


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Prime Minister Martti Miettunen's non-Socialist minority government resigned on May 11, 1977, and was replaced on May 15 by a five-party center-left coalition headed by Kalevi Sorsa, chairman of the Social Democratic Party. The new government, which ...


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On the field, football enjoyed a booming season in 1977. The Dallas Cowboys and the surprising Denver Broncos were the most successful professional teams, and Notre Dame was voted the best among the colleges. ...


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The Socialist-Communist alliance scored resounding successes in municipal elections in March 1977, raising its hopes for the 1978 parliamentary elections. In the first ballot on March 13, the government coalition lost control in more than 20 towns of ...


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Hot springs were discovered in 1977 at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean after a long search for them in both the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific. According to the theory of plate tectonics, such hot springs should exist on the sea floor, but none had ...


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Representatives from East and West Germany met in Bonn, West Germany, on Aug. 12, 1977, in an attempt to improve relations and strengthen contacts between the two countries. West Germany listed 80 points for discussion, including insistence on common ...


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The economic outlook improved substantially in 1977. As the year drew to a close, however, there were doubts about whether the government's counter-inflation policy would hold against union wage demands. ...


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Greece moved toward full membership in the European Community (EC or Common Market) in 1977, but too slowly for the Athens government, which wants to join ahead of Spain and Portugal. Greece agreed to a meeting in Brussels, Belgium, on January 31 to ...


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The 60-year-old National Hockey League (NHL) and the five-year-old World Hockey Association (WHA) almost ended their economic war in 1977. But at the last moment, hard-line club owners in the NHL blocked a merger, and the two major leagues continued ...


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Hungary strengthened relations with Communist neighbors and the West in 1977 and maintained a moderate political and economic course at home. Communist Party First Secretary Janos Kadar visited East Germany in March and signed a new 25-year friendship,...


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Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and the Congress Party were knocked from power by a resounding defeat in parliamentary elections in March 1977. But by October, Gandhi was trying to launch a political comeback based on sympathy gained from her arrest on ...


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Forrest J. Gerard, a Blackfoot Indian, was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as assistant secretary of the interior for Indian affairs on Sept. 15, 1977. The new post was created by the Administration of President Jimmy Carter to give added status to ...


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remained a troubled nation in 1977. The government uncovered and suppressed separatist plots in outlying islands, and there were Muslim conspiracies, including one by the mystical Kebatinan sect. Guerrilla warfare continued in East Timor, occupied by ...


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Northern Ireland produced one of the biggest political upsets in its history in the general election on June 16, 1977. Fine Gael (Gaelic People), the principal party of the national coalition government, in power since March 1973, appeared to be far ...


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Perhaps no scene more fully symbolized the astounding events in Jerusalem in November 1977 than the brief televised meeting of Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat and former Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir. The two old foes, their countries ...


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Italy struggled along the hard road to financial and economic recovery in 1977. By midyear, the lira, which had been nearly 1,000 to the U.S. dollar at one time in 1976, was steady at around 880. Foreign reserves reached $7 billion, and a trade ...


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A booming foreign trade combined with a sluggish domestic economy created difficulties for Japan in 1977. While exports helped to bolster the domestic economy, they also created opposition to what was regarded as an excessive flow of Japanese goods ...


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The nation sought normal relations with the United States in 1977 after President Jimmy Carter assumed office. Carter announced a symbolic lifting of the ban on American visits to North Korea as of March 18. On March 17, the North Korean ...


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Much of the attention of the Latin American governments during 1977 was aimed at establishing a working relationship with the new Administration of United States President Jimmy Carter. President Carter set no clear overall policy toward them except ...


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Libya was one of the most vocal of the "rejectionist" Arab states that opposed Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat's November 1977 peace initiative toward Israel. Libya hosted the Tripoli summit conference in December that accused Sadat of "high treason....


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continued in 1977 to feel the effects of the 1969 race riots in which hundreds of persons, most of them Chinese, perished. Since that time, the Malay-dominated government has enforced policies that favor the Malays, who make up about half the ...


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Manitoba voters engineered a startling swing to the right in a provincial election on Oct. 11, 1977. The Progressive Conservatives and their leader, Winnipeg lawyer Sterling Lyon, 50, badly defeated the New Democratic Party (NDP) government of Premier ...


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Christiaan N. Barnard, the pioneering South African heart surgeon who performed the first human heart transplant in 1967, placed the heart of a chimpanzee into the body of a 59-year-old man in Cape Town, South Africa, in October 1977. The chimpanzee ...


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Economic problems beset this island province in 1977. The government closed a linerboard mill at Stephenville on the west coast in September, throwing 650 persons out of work. ...


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Indians, Eskimos, and metis (persons of mixed white and Indian descent), concerned about the preservation of their way of life, applauded an official report released on May 9, 1977, that recommended against the construction of a gas pipeline through ...


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The Labor Party and its coalition partner, the Left-Socialist Party, survived a general election on Sept. 12, 1977, but only after a recount. The recount took a seat from the Conservatives and gave Prime Minister Odvar Nordli a majority of one over ...


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Nova Scotia joined Prince Edward Island in announcing an energy conservation program on Feb. 14, 1977. The program, largely funded by the federal government, will cost $79.6 million and provide grants and loans to homeowners to improve the insulation ...


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The United Nations Law of the Sea Conference ended eight weeks of negotiations in New York City inconclusively on July 15, 1977, still deadlocked over the crucial seabed mining issue. The conference produced a last-minute Informal Composite ...


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Los Angeles won an important vote from New York City in September 1977 and became the favorite to host the 1984 Summer Olympic Games. Because Teheran, Iran, the only announced candidate from another country, withdrew, the International Olympic ...


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Premier William G. Davis tried but failed to end the minority position of his Progressive Conservative government in 1977. When a government proposal on rent increases was defeated, Davis dissolved the legislature and called an election for June 9. ...


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Fossils found in rocks in Swaziland and the United States gave paleontologists new information in 1977 about prehistoric life on earth. The rocks contain the oldest one-celled microfossils yet identified, 3.5 billion years old. ...


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The military government's apparent refusal to come to grips with its continuing economic crisis in 1977 aroused concern among international commercial bankers. The bankers feared that Peru might set a pattern for other Third World countries that were ...


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A cease-fire agreement between the government of President Ferdinand E. Marcos and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) of Muslim separatists broke down, and a new upsurge of fighting erupted in the southern islands in September 1977. Yet Marcos ...


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The most important discoveries during 1977 were experimental findings in the areas of superconductivity, new nuclei, and quarks -- the most basic constituents of matter. ...


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Poland continued to wrestle with meat and other shortages and persistent political dissent in 1977. But the government managed to avoid open confrontation with its opponents and took some steps to appease them. ...


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Wholly dependent on imported oil to generate electricity, Prince Edward Island became the first Canadian province to join the national energy conservation program in January 1977. A plan provides grants and loans for home insulation from a fund of $12 ...


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Among the most important studies of human personality and behavior reported by psychologists in 1977 were those relating to self-awareness in children, avoiding epilepsy seizures, and the effects of hormones on personality. ...


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The lung cancer death rate is increasing throughout the world and is not likely to drop, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported in October 1977. The sharpest increase is among women. The study attributed the rise to increased cigarette smoking ...


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Outgoing President Gerald R. Ford gave added impetus in 1977 to the continuing debate about Puerto Rico's relationship with the United States. On Dec. 31, 1976, he called for admission of the island as the 51st state of the Union. Two weeks later, on ...


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The Parti Quebecois (PQ) government concentrated on nationalist issues in 1977. With 71 of 110 seats in the National Assembly, it pushed through a controversial language law on August 26 making French the principal language. Premier Rene Levesque ...


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In an imaginative, unprecedented use of radio, President Jimmy Carter held a radio news conference with the American people on March 5, 1977. The two-hour broadcast, moderated by Walter Cronkite, was carried live on the Columbia Broadcasting System ...


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Splits over ideology and a near all-time low in its national popularity ratings sent the Republican Party searching in 1977 for ways to make a political comeback. While some Republican leaders tried to enlarge the party's ranks by attracting more ...


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Relations with the West stagnated in 1977 while trade with the West dropped. Russia continued to have problems with West European Communist parties (Eurocommunists) and suffered setbacks in Africa. The Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. (parliament) ...


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The New Democratic Party (NDP) government headed by Premier Allan Blakeney continued to expand its holdings in the province's potash industry in 1977. Having purchased one mine in 1976, it acquired two more in 1977, was close to buying a third, and ...


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Crown Prince Fahd's visit to Washington, D.C., in May 1977 underlined his strong leadership role in Saudi Arabia as well as the nation's vastly expanded influence in Middle East policymaking. The return of King and Prime Minister Khalid ibn Abd ...


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Professional soccer, led by a 36-year-old Brazilian playing his final season, came of age in the United States in 1977. The player was Edson Arantes do Nascimento, better known as Pele. His team was the Cosmos, which played in the New York City suburb ...


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From late July 1977 through the end of the year, Somalia was in a virtual state of war with neighboring Ethiopia. The two countries fought over the Ogaden region in southeastern Ethiopia, which is inhabited mostly by Somali-speaking people. Somalia ...


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The protest movement among South Africa's urban blacks continued in 1977, though with much less bloodshed than in 1976. Violent protests occurred only sporadically. ...


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Manned flights of a new generation of spaceships began in 1977. Enterprise, the space-shuttle orbiter designed to ride into orbit on a rocket, then land on a runway like an airplane, underwent five successful tests. The flights rehearsed the difficult ...


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Prime Minister Adolfo Suarez Gonzalez' Center Democratic Union coalition won a decisive victory on June 15, 1977, in the first general election in Spain in 41 years. The coalition won 165 seats in the 350-seat Chamber of Deputies and 106 of the 207 ...


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Prime Minister Thorbjorn Falldin's center-right coalition government faced a crushing balance-of-payments deficit, high inflation, and eroded living standards in 1977, but it tried to keep unemployment below 1.5 per cent. In an attempt to halt the ...


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The phenomenal success of "Roots" [the story of an African-American man's quest to find his ancestral history] in January dramatically altered the traditional pattern of television network programming in the United States in 1977. In an unparalleled ...


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The military junta ousted the civilian government on Oct. 20, 1977, almost exactly a year after it put the government in power. The military commanders had hoped to run the country with Prime Minister Thanin Kraiwichian as their front man, but the ...


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Elections for the Grand National Assembly on June 5, 1977, reversed the positions of Turkey's two major parties. In a hard-fought campaign punctuated by violence, the Republican Peoples' Party (RPP) of Bulent Ecevit won 213 seats to 189 for Prime ...


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Vietnam was admitted to the United Nations on Sept. 20, 1977, after the United States stopped vetoing Vietnamese membership. Vietnamese officials also became active in the World Bank, and on January 11 the International Monetary Fund granted Vietnam a ...


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Plans were announced in May 1977 for a worldwide study to test the limits of weather forecasting and establish a firm basis for understanding climate change. The first equipment tests were made in September, and scientists started putting together the ...


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Yugoslavia had active relations with East and West alike in 1977. At home, a trend toward greater government tolerance of dissent began to emerge near the end of the year. President Josip Broz Tito visited Libya in January, but his trip to Egypt was ...


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Yukon Territory stood on the threshold of tremendous change in 1977. The Alaska Highway, which runs through the Yukon, was selected as the route for the $8-billion Alcan pipeline that will carry gas from the natural gas fields at Prudhoe Bay on the ...


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An invasion force crossed the border from Angola into southeastern Zaire's mineral-rich Shaba province on March 8, 1977. Most of the invaders, estimated at more than 1,500, were exiles from Shaba who opposed President Mobutu Sese Seko. In the early ...


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Two researchers in South Africa made surprising discoveries in 1977 regarding the way certain animals care for their young. One of the zoologists found a species of tropical fish that hides its eggs among those of another species so that the fry ...


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Computer technology advanced rapidly in 1977 as the semiconductor industry was virtually on the threshold of a new frontier -- very large scale integration (VLSI). The new technology is a natural progression to pack more interconnected electronic ...


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Africa continued to be a setting for strife during 1978. African nations waged wars of annexation, civil wars raged between ethnic groups, and nationalist guerrillas continued their efforts to topple the remaining white-dominated governments. ...


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Alberta hosted the XI Commonwealth Games from Aug. 3 to 12, 1978. Queen Elizabeth II and members of the royal family officially opened the games after touring northern Alberta. Forty-eight Commonwealth members sent 2,000 athletes. The only ...


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Mary Leakey and her son Philip found the earliest known footprints of a humanlike creature at the Laetolil site in Tanzania, near Olduvai Gorge, in 1978. The Leakeys reported in February that the footprints, about 3 1/2 million years old, are 6 inches ...


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Two excavations, one in Israel and the other in the United States, revealed in 1978 that early tribal hunting societies had unexpected social class patterns and were not always the classless societies that archaeologists assumed they were. Scientists ...


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was the center of world attention when it hosted the World Cup soccer finals from June 1 to June 25, 1978. The Argentine team's capture of the cup prompted a wave of pride and euphoria that temporarily helped the nation forget its severe economic ...


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Asia was a world of startling surprises in 1978. The sound of gunfire still echoed across wide areas in Vietnam and Cambodia, but this time United States troops were not involved. Communists were making war on other Communists. At the same time, the ...


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Pioneer Venus 1, the first United States National Aviation and Space Administration (NASA) probe of Earth's "sister planet," went into orbit around Venus on Dec. 4, 1978. Pioneer Venus 2 put five instrumented probes into the planet's atmosphere on ...


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The Liberal-National Country Party coalition of Prime Minister John Malcolm Fraser stayed firmly in power in 1978, despite embarrassing internal difficulties. One problem began on April 24, when the government began a judicial inquiry into charges ...


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The United States automobile industry had one of its better years in 1978 despite a host of problems including inflation, recalls, emission standards, and other government controls. New car production was expected to reach about 9.2-million vehicles, ...


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AVIATION companies prospered in 1978 as faretrimming spread, boosting air travel and filling planes. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) estimated that scheduled airlines carried 22.6 per cent more paying passengers on North Atlantic ...


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The New York Yankees repeated in 1978. They repeated everything. As in 1976 and 1977, they won the American League pennant. As in 1977, they won the World Series from the Los Angeles Dodgers. And as in 1977, they won despite almost endless turmoil ...


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The Washington Bullets, who did not win one of the four division titles during the regular season, became the National Basketball Association (NBA) champions in 1978. The University of Kentucky, heavily favored at the start of the season, became the ...


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The scientists who discovered a "third life form" in 1977 identified two more members of it in 1978. The third form, in addition to animals and plants (in which many biologists include bacteria) is archaebacteria, far simpler than bacteria and ...


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Researchers reported new discoveries in 1978 on how substances commonly found in the air and in certain soils affect plants. In some cases, substances now known to be harmful may interact to cause even greater damage. ...


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Jack Davis, minister of energy, transport, and communications in the Social Credit government of Premier William R. Bennett, was fined $1,000 in September 1978 for defrauding the government by misrepresenting his travel expenses. Davis was charged ...


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Cambodia and Vietnam fought a limited border war through most of 1978. In their border skirmishes, Vietnam used captured United States weapons and newly supplied Russian arms, while Cambodia resisted with guerrillas and some regular forces equipped ...


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National unity, the issue that had dominated public life in Canada since the separatist Parti Quebecois (PQ) victory in the Quebec elections of November 1976, receded somewhat in 1978. Premier Rene Levesque's PQ government in Quebec moderated its ...


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Canadian literature faced economic and censorship problems in 1978, but offered plenty of variety and depth in all fields. A sluggish economy, reflected in inflation, the falling value of the dollar, and high unemployment, prompted the federal ...


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Two West German chemists advanced the chemical theory of aromaticity in July 1978. Heinz A. Staab and Francois Diederich of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg synthesized kekulene, a large compound made up of 12 benzene rings ...


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President Augusto Pinochet Ugarte received nearly 75 per cent of the 4.5 million votes cast in a nationwide plebiscite held on Jan. 4, 1978. Pinochet called for the referendum five days after the United Nations had adopted a resolution condemning ...


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The International Club in Peking, "at the demand of lovers of dancing," announced its first ball in 15 years in 1978. In November, China signed a $500-million contract to have Intercontinental Hotels, a United States chain, build seven hotels in major ...


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The United States Congress set out to form a new communications policy in 1978, and many people thought it was about time. The last major communications legislation was the Communications Act of 1934, which established the Federal Communications ...


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The overwhelmingly Democratic 95th Congress convened its second session on Jan. 19, 1978, and adhered to its middle-of-the-road course until it wearily adjourned in the early, predawn hours of October 15. ...


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Legislation setting aside almost 100 million acres (40 million hectares) in Alaska for parks, wildlife refuges, scenic rivers, and national forests died in Congress on Oct. 14, 1978. President Jimmy Carter's Administration and conservation forces ...


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International political terrorism continued to bedevil governments around the world during 1978, but more sophisticated security measures and intergovernmental cooperation cut sharply into the violence. The year's most spectacular terrorist incident ...


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Relations with the United States continued their slow thaw in 1978 despite angry exchanges over two major issues. One centered on Russia's involvement in Cuban defense strategy; the other involved Cuban troops in Africa. ...


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President and Communist Party General Secretary Gustav Husak consolidated his position in 1978. He was rumored to be under pressure from the ultraconservative Presidium member from Slovakia, Vasil Bilak, but Russia demonstrated its support for Husak ...


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The Democrats lost ground in Congress in 1978 but kept control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The number of Democratic governors also declined, but the party still held a commanding majority of statehouses. ...


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On Nov. 17, 1978, Denmark voted to give home rule to Greenland, an 840,000-square-mile (2.2-million-square-kilometer) island with 48,000 inhabitants. Greenlanders will make their own choices on taxes, education, social security, and labor by 1981. ...


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California's adoption of a 57 per cent deduction in property taxes on June 6, 1978, was widely interpreted as the start of a tax revolt in the United States. The passage of Proposition 13 by a margin of nearly 2 to 1 fostered a more conservative ...


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Europe struggled throughout 1978 to emerge from the economic doldrums left from the 1976 recession. International discussions centered on measures to raise productivity, halt rising unemployment, and minimize inflation. The decline of the United ...


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President Urho Kekkonen was reelected to his fourth consecutive term in January 1978. The parties backing Kekkonen won 84 per cent of the vote. ...


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The Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers, two of the most successful teams of the decade, were the strongest teams in 1978, the National Football League's (NFL) longest and perhaps most troubled season. After the bowl games on New Year's Day 1979, ...


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The ruling center-right coalition of Gaullists and Giscardians defeated the Union of the Left parties in 1978 national elections. After the second round of elections on March 19, the Gaullists had won 148 seats and the Giscardians 137. Total ...


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H. Jay Melosh, professor of geology at the California Institute of Technology, developed a new theory in 1978 on how rocks deform. According to his theory, the underlying behavior of landslides, meteorite craters, earthquakes, and mountain ranges is ...


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An experiment by Communist Party Secretary General and State Council Chairman Erich Honecker to accumulate foreign currency and decrease consumer unrest backfired in 1978. He opened "Intershops" throughout the country to sell luxury goods -- from ...


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Prime Minister James Callaghan surprised everyone in 1978 by deciding not to dissolve Parliament and call a general election. Despite losing his overall majority in the House of Commons in July when the 13 Liberals ended their alliance with his Labour ...


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Greece was troubled by the United States decision in 1978 to lift its arms embargo against Turkey. The embargo was imposed after Turkey's "unlawful" use of U.S. arms when it invaded Cyprus in 1974. A condition of lifting the embargo was that progress ...


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The Montreal Canadiens continued their domination of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 1977-1978 season. They had the best record during the regular season, and at one point went 28 games without defeat. Then they won the Stanley Cup by taking ...


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Hungary expanded relations with the West and increased industrial production in 1978. The Congress of the United States granted Hungary most-favored-nation status on May 5, and the United States and Hungary agreed tentatively to reduce duties on $6 ...


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At least on paper, 1978 should have been a good year for India. Most of the harsh decrees enforced by former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi during the emergency period that lasted from 1975 to 1977 had been repealed, and nearly all of the 160,000 ...


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A band of militant Indians and their supporters, a total of almost 3,000 persons, marched on Washington, D.C., in July 1978 to protest what they charged was anti-Indian legislation pending in Congress. The Indians called their demonstration The ...


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On the surface, Indonesia seemed prosperous and its people content in 1978. The rice harvest of 18.3 million short tons (17.5 million metric tons) was the best in five years. The inflation rate had slowed to less than 10 per cent. Back in 1975, the ...


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Ireland experienced less violence in 1978, but the year began with a political bombshell. In an interview on Irish radio on January 8, Prime Minister Jack Lynch mentioned the unmentionable -- Irish unification and the withdrawal of British troops from ...


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Israel and Egypt agreed to a framework for a peace treaty in Camp David, Maryland, summit talks that ended on Sept. 17, 1978. The pact provided that the two nations would conclude a peace treaty within three months, but, by year's end, no peace ...


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Italy was staggered by a series of crises in 1978, including the resignation of its government and president and the kidnapping and murder of a former prime minister, Aldo Moro. ...


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Japan and China signed a treaty of peace and friendship on Aug. 12, 1978. The signing in Peking, China, came after four years of negotiations and six years after they established diplomatic relations. The treaty provides that Japan and China will ...


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The failure of the nation's ruling Communist party, the Korean Workers' Party, to hold its sixth national congress in 1978 and the unexplained disappearance of Kim Chong-il indicated political troubles inside the tightly closed country. Kim, the ...


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Territorial conflicts between neighboring countries created tensions in the region during 1978. On January 18, Peru charged that Ecuador had attacked one of its garrisons in the Amazon jungle. Ecuador claimed the Peruvian base was on ground that Peru ...


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Head of government Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi continued his strong commitment to the Palestinians and other Third World causes in 1978. Qadhaafi opposed Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat's peace overtures to Israel and attended summit meetings of ...


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Racial tension between Malays, who make up 45 per cent of the country's population, and Chinese, who make up 35 per cent, troubled Malaysia in 1978. About 1,200 Chinese businessmen denounced government policies favoring the Malays in March. They ...


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Premier Sterling R. Lyon and his Progressive Conservative administration adopted a policy of restraint in 1978, an approach that brought it into conflict with unions and civil servants. The speech from the throne at the opening of the new session on ...


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The world's first "test-tube baby," Louise Joy Brown, was delivered by Caesarean section in Oldham, England, on July 25, 1978, amid worldwide publicity and furor over the implications. Gynecologist Patrick C. Steptoe and physiologist Robert G. Edwards,...


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In its final report in April 1978, President Jimmy Carter's specially appointed Commission on Mental Health estimated that 15 per cent of the population of the United States is affected by mental disorders in any given year. Of these, only 3 per cent ...


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Workers' dissatisfaction with the government's austerity program touched off a wave of strikes led by independent left wing unions in 1978. It was the first serious challenge to the dominant role of the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), which ...


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The search for peace brought President Anwar al-Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1978. But peace still lay just beyond their grasp as the year ended. More than a year after Sadat's historic ...


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By far the most successful popular music group of 1978 was the Bee Gees -- Barry Gibb and his younger twin brothers Robin and Maurice. These singers, born in England and reared in Australia, released a sound-track album from the motion picture ...


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The center-right minority coalition government of Prime Minister Andreas A.M. Van Agt faced revolts in 1978 over spending cuts and its neutron-bomb policy. ...


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Premier Richard B. Hatfield's Conservative administration won its third consecutive term in a provincial election on Oct. 23, 1978, though it lost three seats to the Liberal opposition. In 1974, the Conservatives won 33 seats in the 58-seat ...


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Newfoundland continued to attract world attention in 1978 because of the hunting of baby seals on the rugged ice fields of the Labrador coast. An important source of income to local residents, the hunt was condemned by a 1977 United States ...


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Violence decreased in 1978, but the province was no nearer a long-term solution of its troubles. There were 591 shootings during the first nine months of the year, compared with 1,081 in 1977 and 10,628 at the height of the troubles in 1972. ...


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The first land claim settlement with an Inuit (Eskimo) group in the Northwest Territories was signed on Oct. 31, 1978, by Indian Affairs Minister Hugh Faulkner and Sam Raddi, president of the Committee for the Original People's Entitlement (COPE). ...


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Norway took steps against high inflation and a high foreign debt in 1978. It started the year with a foreign debt greater than 14 per cent of its gross national product (GNP). High wages had made exports fall, while antirecession measures had ...


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Premier Gerald A. Regan's Liberal administration, in power for eight years, was defeated by the Conservatives under John Buchanan in an election on Sept. 19, 1978, that surprised most observers. Conservative strength jumped from 12 to 31 seats in an ...


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The United Nations (UN) Law of the Sea Conference held two meetings in 1978, but failed to reach agreement. The conferees met in Geneva, Switzerland, from March 28 to May 19 and in New York City from August 21 to September 16. The 158-country group ...


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The International Olympic Committee (IOC), meeting on May 18, 1978, in Athens, Greece, awarded the 1984 Olympic Games to Los Angeles, the only bidder. The contracts were signed on October 12, after bitter negotiations. ...


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The minority Progressive Conservative government of Premier William G. Davis backed away from a proposed 37.5 per cent increase in premiums for the Ontario Health Insurance Plan in April 1978, narrowly averting a provincial election. Provincial ...


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The discovery of a nest of baby dinosaur fossils in Montana on July 29, 1978, lent support to the controversial theory that dinosaurs were warm-blooded animals related to birds, rather than cold-blooded reptiles. Baby dinosaur bones are extremely rare,...


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Inflation, a crushing foreign debt, and the consequences of the military government's general economic mismanagement continued to dominate events in Peru in 1978. An investigating team from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported in March that ...


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President Ferdinand E. Marcos took the additional title of prime minister on June 12, 1978, when an Interim National Assembly was inaugurated. Marcos' action merged the presidential and parliamentary systems of government for an unspecified period. As ...


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The Kosterlitz-Thouless theory of superfluid density and the Weinberg-Salam theory of the electromagnetic and weak forces received experimental support in 1978. ...


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Poland struggled with dissidence, economics, and human rights problems in 1978. The Polish Writers' Union openly criticized state censorship in April and elected four prominent dissidents to its board of governors. More dissident publications appeared....


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Jimmy Carter struggled to control his own party in Congress and to stem the tide of inflation without plunging the nation into recession in 1978. His rating in public-opinion polls fell early in the year, then rose dramatically after his diplomatic ...


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A political era ended on Sept. 18, 1978, when Premier Alexander B. Campbell resigned after 12 years in office. Campbell's Liberal government had won a narrow victory in an election on April 24, but Liberal standing was cut from 26 to 17 seats in the ...


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Two experiments showed in 1978 that experience can markedly change the normal response to two different kinds of reproductive behavior that were previously regarded as purely instinctive. The male sex function and maternal care have often been ...


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Secretary Joseph A. Califano, Jr., of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) launched an allout, $23-million war on smoking in 1978, and several states left it to voters to decide whether nonsmoking areas should be ...


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Preoccupation with the island's future relationship with the United States intensified in 1978. Three factions pressed their views: The New Progressive Party (NPP) favored statehood; the Popular Democratic Party (PDP) wanted to retain commonwealth ...


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The Parti Quebecois (PQ) government of Premier Rene Levesque revealed in 1978 that its promised referendum would be used to gain a mandate to negotiate "sovereignty-association" for Quebec with the rest of Canada. The PQ said it would not try to gain ...


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Radio made broadcasting history on Feb. 8, 1978, when the United States Senate permitted the first live radio -- but not television -- coverage of a floor debate. Discussion of the controversial Panama Canal treaties was aired briefly by the National ...


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The Republican Party made a modest political comeback in 1978, gaining three seats in the United States Senate, adding 11 in the House of Representatives, and increasing the number of GOP governors by six. The increase was not as great as Republican ...


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Russia continued its arms-control negotiations with the United States, its crackdown on domestic dissidents, and its political and military involvement in Africa during 1978. Soviet rivalry with China became more intense in Asia and Eastern Europe. ...


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Premier Allan Blakeney, who heads Canada's only New Democratic Party (NDP) government, won a resounding vote of confidence in an election on Oct. 18, 1978. The NDP government, in office since 1971, won 44 of the 61 seats in the assembly, up from 39. ...


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Saudi Arabia played the role of honest broker in Arab disputes over the Egyptian-Israeli peace negotiations in 1978. Saudi officials moved from one capital to another, trying to knit the Arab states into a common front without making a total ...


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The World Cup competition -- sort of a quadrennial World Series, Super Bowl, Grey Cup, and Kentucky Derby rolled into one -- highlighted soccer in 1978. Sixteen nations competed from June 1 to June 25 in Argentina, and Argentina won. ...


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Eight months of warfare between Somali and Ethiopian troops came to an end in March 1978. The two countries fought for control of the Ogaden region in southeastern Ethiopia, which borders on Somalia. Most Ogaden inhabitants are ethnic Somalis. ...


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South Africa shuffled its top leadership in 1978. Balthazar Johannes Vorster, prime minister since 1966, resigned on September 20 because of poor health. Pieter Willem Botha was chosen to succeed Vorster on September 28 by a caucus of the National ...


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Russian cosmonauts set a space-endurance record on Nov. 2, 1978, when Vladimir Kovalyonok and Aleksander S. Ivanchenko returned to Earth after 139 days in space. They broke the record set on March 16, 1978, when Yuri V. Romanenko and Georgi M. Grechko ...


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Spain granted limited political autonomy to several regions and adopted a new Constitution in 1978. Rioting and terrorism continued, however. ...


Description:
The country's first non-Socialist government in 44 years resigned on Oct. 5, 1978, over Cabinet differences on nuclear energy policy. Prime Minister Thorbjorn Falldin and his antinuclear Center Party colleagues could not persuade their Moderate ...


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The pre-eminent TV event of 1978 in the United States was "Holocaust," a harrowing dramatization of the Nazis' extermination of 6-million Jews. The National Broadcasting Company's (NBC) $6-million, 9 1/2-hour mini-series was watched by an estimated ...


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Thailand followed a policy of active neutralism in 1978, reversing its previous staunch anti-Communist stand. Late in the year, Thailand welcomed senior government officials from Vietnam, Russia, the United States, and China. ...


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Troubled by sporadic violence, Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit struggled in 1978 to gain financial aid for the nation's ailing economy. However, increased violence forced the government to impose martial law in 13 cities on December 26. ...


Description:
followed a turbulent course in 1978. Conflict increased with neighboring Cambodia and China, while internal economic problems grew and the flow of refugees leaving the country increased. Clashes between the Vietnamese and Cambodian Communists that had ...


Description:
Storms and gales battered Europe during the first three months of 1978, and London narrowly escaped serious flooding as the River Thames came within 19 inches (48 centimeters) of overflowing its banks. Unprecedented monsoon rains in Southeast Asia ...


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Yugoslavia continued to prepare for the post-Tito era in 1978. President Josip Broz Tito visited the United States in March and obtained a public endorsement of Yugoslavia's nonaligned stance and territorial integrity from President Jimmy Carter. The ...


Description:
The $10-billion Alcan gas pipeline moved closer to construction in 1978 with Canada's decision to use thin-wall pipe 56 inches (142 centimeters) in diameter for the section running from Whitehorse in the Yukon to Caroline, Alta. The United States ...


Description:
Rebels invaded Zaire's mineral-rich Shaba province from Angola for the second straight year in 1978, and once again French troops helped to drive the invaders out. Belgian troops also helped, and United States planes provided the airlift. The rebel ...


Description:
Researchers reported new developments in 1978 in their efforts to teach languages to apes. Duane Rumbaugh of the Yerkes Regional Primate Center in Atlanta, Ga., has taught chimpanzees to communicate by using keyboards of geometric symbols that ...


Description:
Rapid development of semiconductor technology in 1978 had important implications for computers and computing. The amount of circuitry that can be placed on a single tiny "chip" increased dramatically. Fujitsu Limited of Japan announced the first 65,...


Description:
Africa experienced both promising political changes and discouraging continuities during 1979. Military regimes gave way to elected civilian governments in Ghana and in the continent's most populous country, Nigeria. Repressive dictatorships were ...


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Alberta voters gave the Progressive Conservative administration of Premier Peter Lougheed an impressive 74 of 79 seats in the Legislative Assembly in a provincial election on March 14, 1979. The combined opposition strength was cut by one, leaving ...


Description:
A number of discoveries in 1979 promised to alter greatly some theories of the ancestry of human beings and apes. Anthropologist Russell L. Ciochon of the University of North Carolina in Charlotte, and paleontologist Donald E. Savage of the University ...


Description:
Two studies shed new light in 1979 on the prehistory of the Nile River Valley cultures in early Egypt. Despite extensive knowledge of the very advanced civilization that eventually grew up in the area, archaeologists have known little about earlier ...


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The ruling military junta came under intense international pressure in 1979. At least 6,000 persons had disappeared over a three-year period after allegedly being apprehended by police during an ongoing campaign against left wing subversives. Various ...


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Asia presented a landscape of distress in 1979. From Afghanistan to the China-Vietnam border, Asian troops met in combat and ravaged occupied countries. Hundreds of thousands of starving and frightened people rolled like tidal waves across borders in ...


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A peculiar star in the Milky Way Galaxy called SS 433 posed a mystery for astronomers in 1979. The object had earlier been found to be a radio and X-ray source, but new spectra showed that it is apparently shooting out beams of very hot hydrogen and ...


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The Liberal-National Country Party coalition government headed by Prime Minister John Malcolm Fraser faced few political challenges in 1979, though there were foretastes of difficulties to come. The Cabinet remained intact until September, in spite of ...


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The United States automobile industry ran into a host of problems in 1979, with Chrysler Corporation's monetary woes standing out as the industry's number-one headache. Inflation, recalls, fuel shortages, and competition from import cars were among ...


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AVIATION companies in the United States reported decreased profits in 1979 because of fuel price hikes and a slowdown in passenger-traffic gains late in the year. The worst airline disaster in United States history occurred on May 25, when an American ...


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Major-league baseball underwent broad changes in 1979. All four 1978 division winners were upended. There were close pennant races in three of the four divisions, all involving teams that had seldom been contenders. In the end, the Pittsburgh Pirates ...


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The Seattle Supersonics won their first National Basketball Association (NBA) championship in 1979, and Michigan State University won its first National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball title. In addition, a women's professional ...


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Researchers made major advances in experimental manipulation of animal embryos in 1979. Karl Illmensee of the University of Geneva in Switzerland reported in July that he had performed the first successful nucleus transplant. He transferred the ...


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Biologist James D. Lawrey of George Mason University, Fairfax, Va., and botanist Mason E. Hale, Jr., of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., reported in April 1979 that significant amounts of automobile exhaust halt the growth of young ...


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Voters of British Columbia returned the free-enterprise Social Credit government of Premier William R. Bennett to power again on May 10, 1979. Bennett's party, in office since 1975, won 31 seats in the 57-seat legislature. The socialist New Democratic ...


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Cambodia suffered the agonies of war again in 1979, and the brutality of contending armies brought greater suffering to the civilian population. The conflict disrupted agriculture, causing wide-spread famine. United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Kurt ...


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Canada saw the defeat of the Liberal government headed by Pierre Elliott Trudeau on May 22, 1979, its replacement by a minority Progressive Conservative (PC) administration led by Charles Joseph (Joe) Clark, and the defeat of that administration on ...


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Canadian literature produced a rich crop of fiction in 1979, but Margaret Trudeau's memoir, Beyond Reason, captured the widest national interest and provoked the most reaction. The book was especially popular because it was published shortly before ...


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Chemists working at the Louis Pasteur University in Strasbourg, France, announced in 1979 that they had discovered two new ways to split water by means of solar energy. One of these reactions produced hydrogen, while the other one liberated oxygen. ...


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Relations between Chile and the United States reached a low point in 1979. On October 1, the Chilean Supreme Court refused a U.S. request to extradite three military officers indicted by a U.S. grand jury for planning the assassination of Orlando ...


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The 30th anniversary of the People's Republic on Oct. 1, 1979, saw just one demonstration in Peking (Beijing in the phonetic Pinyin alphabet China adopted on January 1). About 200 young people marched up the Boulevard of Eternal Tranquility with ...


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Communications was the keynote at Telecom 79, a giant exhibition and symposium held in Geneva, Switzerland, in September 1979. Telecom is staged once every four years by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations agency that ...


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The first session of the 96th Congress of the United States convened on Jan. 15, 1979, with sizable Democratic majorities in both houses. In his televised State of the Union message to Congress on January 23, President Jimmy Carter asked Congress and ...


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The United States House of Representatives on May 16, 1979, approved by a 268-157 vote a bill that set aside more than 125 million acres (50 million hectares) of federal land in Alaska for parks, wildlife refuges, and forests. Environmental groups ...


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International terrorism continued unabated during 1979. Ireland was hit particularly hard. On August 27, Earl Mountbatten of Burma, a British naval hero and cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, and three others were killed after a bomb exploded on their boat ...


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The United States government announced on Aug. 31, 1979, that there was a 2,000- to 3,000-member Russian combat brigade stationed in Cuba. Both Cuba and the Soviet Union claimed that the troops were there solely for training purposes and were not in ...


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Czechoslovakia struggled with an energy shortage and other economic problems during 1979. Heavy snow and ice disrupted industry and transportation in January and cost the country $600-million. Prime Minister Lubomir Strougal revealed in March that ...


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The Democratic Party was torn once again in 1979 by intraparty strife as an incumbent Democratic President faced a strong challenge to his re-election from fellow Democrats. With public opinion polls showing President Jimmy Carter's approval rating ...


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Prime Minister Anker Henrik Jorgensen resigned on Sept. 28, 1979, in a dispute with his coalition partners, the Liberals, over how to cut $528-million from the budget. But he formed a new government after his Social Democratic Party won 69 seats, a ...


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If the off-year elections in the United States in 1979 made any significant statement, it was that voters in urban and Southern areas still seem to prefer Democrats. Democratic mayors were put into office in nearly all large cities, and although ...


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Citizens of the nine European Community (EC or Common Market) countries elected the members of the European Parliament for the first time in June 1979. Two European countries also chose women prime ministers for the first time -- Margaret R. Thatcher ...


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Voters swung to the right in general elections on March 18 and 19, 1979, and Conservatives gained 12 more parliamentary seats. Their total of 47 left them only 5 behind the Social Democrats, and well ahead of the Center Party with 36 and the ...


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The Pittsburgh Steelers, who won the Super Bowl game in January 1979, dominated the National Football League's (NFL) season the following autumn and won the 1980 Super Bowl. The University of Alabama assured itself of the unofficial national college ...


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Socialists, Communists, Gaullists, and trade unions criticized Prime Minister Raymond Barre in 1979 for restraining wage hikes but not controlling inflation and unemployment. Even his own party supporters complained that his three-year economic ...


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Using techniques for finding oil perfected in earlier years, geologists in 1979 developed new theories about how the Appalachian Mountains were formed. Geologist Fred A. Cook of Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., reported in June that the earth's crust ...


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Communist Party Secretary General Erich Honecker on May 1, 1979, ordered a review of all investments planned for 1979 and 1980 because the country -- celebrating its 30th anniversary -- was far behind its 1979 industrial growth target of 5.5 per cent. ...


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"Mr. Speaker, now that the House of Commons has declared itself we shall take our case to the country. Tomorrow I shall propose to Her Majesty that Parliament be dissolved." ...


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Prime Minister Constantine Karamanlis signed an agreement on May 28, 1979, to bring Greece into the European Community (EC, or Common Market) on Jan. 1, 1981. Until that time, Greece has the right to be consulted on any EC decisions. ...


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The seven-year war between the established National Hockey League (NHL) and the upstart World Hockey Association (WHA) ended on March 30, 1979, when the NHL agreed to absorb four of the WHA's six surviving teams. The NHL accepted the New England ...


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Hungary expanded its economic relations with the West and took important steps to reform its economic system in 1979. Istvan Huszar, deputy prime minister and Politburo member, visited the United States in July, becoming the highest-ranking Hungarian ...


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The ruling Janata Party collapsed on July 15, 1979, when Prime Minister Morarji Desai, 83, resigned. Desai quit on the eve of a no-confidence vote in parliament that he was certain to lose. The break had been expected almost from the day in March 1977 ...


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In the largest court settlement ever awarded American Indians, the United States Court of Claims on June 13, 1979, awarded the Sioux Nation $105 million for 7 million acres (2.8 million hectares) in the Black Hills of South Dakota. The sum includes a ...


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The national drama in 1979 was played mostly on the economic stage. The government had devalued the country's monetary unit, the rupiah, 33.6 per cent in November 1978 in the hope of cutting down imports, putting new life into the export industries, ...


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Ireland got a new prime minister on Dec. 7, 1979, when 54-year-old Charles Haughey was elected to replace Jack Lynch, who resigned. The ruling Fianna Fail party chose Haughey, a hard-line Irish nationalist, by a vote of 44 to 38. ...


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Israel ended one era and started another with the signing of a peace treaty with Egypt on March 26, 1979. With the return of the Sinai town of Al Arish to Egyptian control on May 25, Israel had open borders with an Arab state for the first time in its ...


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Italy failed to solve its political crisis with a general election in June 1979, and suffered through continuing terrorism, a shaky economy, and a bank scandal. Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti's coalition of Christian Democrats, Republicans, and ...


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The conservative Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP) failed to win a majority in the general election for the House of Representatives on Oct. 7, 1979, contrary to the expectations of both the party and political analysts. Unpleasant weather kept the voter ...


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United States intelligence sources in 1979 revised upward their estimates of the size of North Korea's army. The Department of Defense said that the country's army apparently consists of 41 divisions, rather than the 28 formerly estimated. Also, ...


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The victory of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) over Nicaragua's dictator, President Anastasio Somoza Debayle, in July was the most significant event of 1979 in terms of its implications for other countries in Latin America. It was a ...


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Head of government Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi's campaign to transform Libya into a true "peoples' democracy" proceeded without letup in 1979. At a special session of the General People's Congress on March 1, Qadhaafi resigned as that legislative ...


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continued to be troubled in 1979 by racial tensions between the ruling Malays and the economically strong Chinese minority. The Chinese were perhaps most angered by the decision of Prime Minister Datuk Hussein Onn's government to block the creation of ...


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Premier Sterling R. Lyon's Progressive Conservative administration, in office since October 1977, survived a stiff test in three by-elections on Oct. 16, 1979. The government faced criticism over positions taken during the year. Its determination to ...


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United States scientists who toured the People's Republic of China reported in January 1979 that Chinese physicians have developed a birth control pill for men that is 99.89 per cent effective. The Chinese said that several thousand men have used ...


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The Supreme Court of the United States ruled on April 30, 1979, that patients cannot be committed to a mental institution against their will without "clear and convincing" evidence that they are both mentally ill and likely to be dangerous. The high ...


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State visits by two world leaders in 1979 underscored Mexico's growing importance as an oil-exporting country. United States President Jimmy Carter met with President Jose Lopez Portillo in February to review negotiations on the U.S. purchase of ...


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Muslim militants dominated regional affairs in 1979, a year in which Islam celebrated the 1,400th anniversary of its founding. (Muslims base the 1,400 years since A.D. 622, when Islam began, on a lunar calendar that is shorter than the solar year most ...


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The increasing popularity of the so-called new wave bands, both in Great Britain and the United States, was accompanied by a declining interest in disco music during 1979. The new wave groups and personalities, including Blondie, The Knack, the B-52s, ...


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Prime Minister Andreas A.M. Van Agt drew criticism from unions and employers alike when he announced a 1980 budget of $66.8 billion on Sept. 18, 1979, though it included $1 billion to boost employment, strengthen industry, and save energy. Both ...


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With strength in the legislature almost evenly divided between Conservatives and Liberals, the Conservative government chose a speaker from Liberal ranks on Feb. 1, 1979. Premier Richard B. Hatfield, with 30 Conservative seats in the 58-seat ...


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The two major political parties changed leaders, and a new premier took office in 1979. Frank Moores, Conservative premier since 1972, announced his resignation on January 19, and the ruling Progressive Conservative Party on March 17 elected Brian ...


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Northern Ireland experienced an even greater hardening of attitudes among extremists on both sides of the independence question in 1979. Protestants and Roman Catholics alike awaited a fresh political initiative promised by the Conservative government ...


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The Territorial Council was increased from 15 to 22 elected members in 1979 in spite of opposition from the Territories' lone member of Parliament, Wally Firth. The bill was approved by a quick voice vote on March 8. ...


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Three countries bid for Norway's North Sea gas in 1979. France and West Germany offered to help finance a pipeline to carry the offshore gas to the continent, and Great Britain reopened the prospect of a Norwegian-British pipeline. But Norway delayed ...


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Premier John Buchanan's Conservative government unveiled a $1.2-billion coal development program in October 1979. It included the opening of three new mines and the expansion of existing ones. Plans were made to build two 300-megawatt coal-fired power ...


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Scientists on the drilling ship Glomar Challenger found evidence in 1979 that tends to contradict previous ideas about the earth's surface. Some of the rigid plates that make up the earth's surface slide under other plates, and scientists thought that ...


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Preparations progressed in 1979 for staging the 1980 Winter Olympic Games in Lake Placid, N.Y., and the Summer Olympics in Moscow. Lake Placid tested its facilities with competition in most Winter Olympic sports, and Russia held its quadrennial ...


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The derailment of a Canadian Pacific train carrying toxic chemicals virtually emptied Mississauga, Canada's 10th largest city, on Nov. 12, 1979. More than 275,000 persons were evacuated for up to three days, and, though several explosions occurred, no ...


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A geologist reported in October 1979 that up to 96 per cent of all marine animal species died out at the end of the Permian Period, about 225 million years ago. Scientists have long known that the end of the Permian Period marked the most severe ...


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Civilian protests against austerity measures imposed by the military government occurred repeatedly throughout 1979. They arose from the government's decision, announced in January, to clamp down on wage increases. ...


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As the political, security, and economic problems facing the Philippines worsened in 1979, the Roman Catholic Church emerged as the focus of opposition to President Ferdinand E. Marcos. Jaime Cardinal Sin, archbishop of Manila, was the church's main ...


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Experimental results brought physicists closer to understanding fundamental natural forces in 1979. Their studies of the behavior of matter ranged from the smallest elementary particles to some of the densest stars. ...


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Poland moved toward a working relationship with the Roman Catholic Church and continued to tolerate dissent in 1979, but the economy deteriorated. The dominant political event was the visit of Pope John Paul II from June 2 to 10. It was the first ...


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Jimmy Carter faced the most difficult crisis of his presidency and revealed his talent for calm, patient leadership in November 1979. His long-debated and controversial decision to allow the exiled Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran to enter the ...


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Canada's smallest province elected a Progressive Conservative government on April 23, 1979, leaving the country without a single Liberal government in the provinces for the first time in more than 100 years. The Liberal defeat in national elections on ...


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Although psychologists have tried in recent years to establish links between human speech and ape communications, a 1979 study contended that the patterning of ape messages is not like human language. A team of psychologists headed by Herbert S. ...


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More than 90 per cent of United States schoolchildren were fully immunized against measles and such diseases as diphtheria, polio, typhoid, and whooping cough by September 1979. That achievement realized a goal set two years earlier by Joseph A. ...


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The sentences of four Puerto Rican nationalists, each of whom had served 25 years in prison in the United States, were commuted by President Jimmy Carter on Sept. 6, 1979. Three of them -- Lolita Lebron, Rafael Cancel-Miranda, and Irving Flores ...


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Premier Rene Levesque, head of the separatist Parti Quebecois (PQ) government, drew federal fire with his announcement on Nov. 1, 1979, that his province would hold a referendum on sovereignty-association with the rest of Canada in June 1980. In a ...


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Network radio in general, and music programs in particular, enjoyed a renaissance in the United States in 1979. More than 7.5 million adults were tuned to the FM network of the American Broadcasting Companies, Incorporated (ABC), on May 12 when ABC ...


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Republican Party members were aware of President Jimmy Carter's weakness in public opinion polls during much of 1979 and sensed the chance of a White House victory in 1980. Ten Republicans had entered the race for their party's presidential nomination ...


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Russia completed the second round of its Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT II) with the United States in 1979 while the aging Soviet leadership continued its drive to improve the economy. United States President Jimmy Carter and Supreme Soviet ...


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The leader of the official opposition Progressive Conservative Party, Dick Collver, resigned his post on May 29, 1979, because of what he termed unjustified personal attacks on his integrity and conduct. Collver had led the party since 1973 from ...


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Saudi Arabia raised its oil production from 8.5 million barrels a day to 9.5 million barrels in July 1979 at the request of U.S. President Jimmy Carter. Although they had planned to return to previous levels on Jan. 1, 1980, the Saudis announced on ...


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Professional soccer continued to grow in the United States in 1979, and not only outdoors. One major indoor league played in the 1978-1979 season, and two started the 1979-1980 season. ...


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President Balthazar Johannes Vorster resigned on June 4, 1979, after a government commission accused him of covering up a scandal while he was prime minister. Marais Viljoen was named to succeed him in the ceremonial post. ...


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Unmanned planetary probes from the United States discovered new moons and rings around Saturn and Jupiter in 1979, while Russian cosmonauts continued to break spaceendurance records. Rocket-engine problems kept U.S. astronauts grounded, and the Skylab ...


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Spain struggled through 1979 with a shaky economy, widespread strikes, and continuing terrorism by Basque separatists. Gunmen of the Basque Home-land and Liberty organization (ETA) assassinated the military governor of Madrid on January 3. Violence ...


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Thorbjorn Falldin, leader of the Center Party, returned to power as prime minister on Oct. 9, 1979, after a close general election on September 16. The outcome was in doubt until absentee ballots were tallied on September 19. The non-Socialist Center, ...


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"Roots," the phenomenon known as Alex Haley's comet, returned in the sequel "Roots: The Next Generations" in February 1979. In spite of formidable competition from such feature films as Marathon Man, American Graffiti, and The Sound of Music, the ...


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Thailand felt threatened in 1979 by the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which began in December 1978 and brought a strong army to Thailand's border for the first time in modern history. Alarmed, Prime Minister Kriangsak Chamanan visited the United ...


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Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit's two years as head of the government ended abruptly on Oct. 16, 1979. Ecevit resigned when his majority Republican People's Party (RPP) was defeated in parliamentary elections. The RPP lost all five Assembly seats and 32 ...


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Vietnam fought wars on two broad fronts during 1979. Its invasion of Cambodia in December 1978 turned into a long, costly struggle against guerrilla forces. Vietnamese troops also remained in Laos, trying to subdue resistance there. In retaliation for ...


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The third severe winter in a row to batter the eastern half of the United States came to an end in March 1979. This was the first time that three significantly below-normal winters have been recorded consecutively since record-keeping began in the ...


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Yugoslavia was active in foreign affairs in 1979, especially among the nonaligned nations. But economic conditions deteriorated amid many changesin the government and the Communist Party. ...


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Yukon Territory moved closer to provincial status in 1979. On February 5, federally appointed Commissioner Ione C. Christensen was instructed to follow the advice of the 16-member elected council on such territorial matters as local taxation, ...


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A five-nation African security force left Shaba Province in August 1979 after a year of peacekeeping in the mineral-rich region. The force, composed of about 1,500 Moroccans, 600 Senegalese, and units from Gabon, the Ivory Coast, and Togo, had been ...


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New research shed light in 1979 on the family patterns of the jackal, one of the few species of mammals to pair and remain paired with the mate for long periods. Scientists have previously noted that other adult jackals sometimes assist the parents in ...


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The end of the colonial era drew closer as Zimbabwe, formerly Rhodesia, became independent on April 18, 1980. Only one African territory -- Namibia (South West Africa), administered by South Africa -- remained a colony. Although the progress of ...


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Canada's largest oil-producing province armed itself in 1980 for another round in the struggle with the federal government in Ottawa, Ont., over the price and taxation of its vast oil resources. The Alberta legislature approved a law on May 23 ...


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An ancient ape that lived 30 million years ago may have been the ancestor of apes and man, according to anthropologists Elwyn L. Simons and Richard Kay of Duke University in Durham, N.C. They reported in February 1980 on how they reconstructed ...


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It seemed clear in 1980 that opportunities for making scientific advances in archaeology are both created and limited by politics, technology, and economic conditions. For example, the political climate in Israel apparently fostered a new and ...


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The military government of President Jorge Rafael Videla, irked by United States criticism of its human-rights violations, turned toward Russia in 1980 in developing its trade. Russia became the principal purchaser of Argentine meat. In defiance of ...


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Boom and bust rubbed elbows on this vast continent in 1980. War and race riots brought death to thousands, and poverty remained the general condition. ...


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Astronomy achieved another "first" on Nov. 12, 1980, when Voyager 1 passed within 124,000 kilometers (77,000 miles) of Saturn's cloud tops. For several weeks before and after that date, the spacecraft surveyed Saturn's changing cloud patterns, ring ...


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held its first general election since 1977 on Oct. 18, 1980, and voters re-elected the Liberal-National Country Party government headed by Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. Although the government's majority in the House of Representatives was cut in ...


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manufacturers in the United States found the going rough in 1980, with Chrysler Corporation's financial woes continuing to be the industry's number-one headache. Inflation, high interest rates, rising fuel costs, and competition from imported cars all ...


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Aviation companies in the United States saw traffic slump, fuel costs climb, and profits disappear in 1980. United States airlines lost nearly $200 million, the worst loss in U.S. airline history, according to George W. James, the U.S. airline ...


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The Philadelphia Phillies won baseball's top prize after an exciting 1980 season followed by thrilling play-offs and World Series. The Phillies defeated the Kansas City Royals, 4 games to 2, in a World Series between two virtual strangers to that fall ...


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The Los Angeles Lakers won the National Basketball Association (NBA) 1979-1980 championship, and the University of Louisville captured the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) title. However, much of the excitement was provided by the ...


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The Supreme Court of the United States ruled on June 16, 1980, that life forms -- specifically, bacteria -- can be patented. The court decided that microbiologist Ananda M. Chakrabarty could receive a patent on a Pseudomonas bacterium that he ...


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Acid rain -- precipitation that picks up chemicals polluting the air and deposits them on the ground -- has had a dramatic impact on bodies of water in North America and Europe, producing significant changes in plant and animal life within the waters. ...


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British Columbia increased its exports of coal to Japan in 1980, and Japanese Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira studied future prospects when he visited the Pacific province on May 6. Ohira learned that a large coalfield to be developed in the ...


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Cambodia (Kampuchea) was racked by guerrilla war and hunger throughout 1980, with little relief in sight. The fighting was primarily between 200,000 Vietnamese troops and guerrilla forces of the former Khmer Rouge regime, which the Vietnamese forced ...


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Pierre Elliott Trudeau returned to dominate Canadian political life in 1980. Out of office for nine months, the 61-year-old Trudeau regained power as prime minister after his Liberal Party won the election of February 18, gaining a solid majority in ...


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Canadian literature suffered from economic hardship in 1980. Many major publishers cut back their staffs and published fewer works, while the small literary presses were relatively inactive. Nevertheless, some outstanding books -- particularly ...


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A potentially important drug in the treatment of cancer was synthesized in the laboratory for the first time in October 1980 by a team of chemists led by Elias J. Corey of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. The researchers made maytansine, an ...


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In a national plebiscite held on Sept. 11, 1980, Chileans approved by a 2-to-1 margin a new constitution and the continuance of military rule until the constitution becomes effective in 1989. The referendum, which had been announced less than four ...


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The year 1980 turned out to be one of startling change -- like 1966, when the late Communist Party Chairman Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong in the phonetic Pinyin alphabet) launched his Cultural Revolution. Under the pragmatic Old Revolutionary leader Deputy ...


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Leaders in the telecommunications industry had expected that legislation giving the United States a cohesive communications policy would be passed in 1980. Two major bills were introduced -- one in the House of Representatives and one in the Senate -- ...


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The second session of the 96th Congress of the United States convened for business on Jan. 21, 1980. With all seats in the House and one-third in the Senate being contested on November 4, the approaching elections cast a shadow over Congress, which ...


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The Congress of the United States approved legislation on Nov. 12, 1980, to protect more than 100 million acres (40 million hectares) of icy wilderness in Alaska from development. President Jimmy Carter, who signed the legislation on December 2, ...


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Increasing use of murder, bombing, and kidnapping as political devices continued to unsettle governments in 1980. North America, Northern Ireland, Western Europe, and the Middle East were particularly hard-hit. ...


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In one of the most remarkable exoduses of modern times, some 125,000 Cubans fled their homeland in 1980 and sought refuge in the United States and elsewhere. The mass departure was triggered on April 4 when about 25 Cubans sought political asylum in ...


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Czechoslovakia maintained its hard-line ideological and political posture in 1980, but allowed experiments with the economy. Communist Party General Secretary and President Gustav Husak was re-elected to another five-year term on May 22. Foreign ...


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The general election on Nov. 4, 1980, was a "disaster for the Democrats," in the blunt appraisal of Speaker of the House Thomas P. (Tip) O'Neill, Jr., of Massachusetts, who was slated to become the highest-ranking Democrat in the new Administration. ...


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Denmark struggled in 1980 to shore up its sagging economy. The country has the highest standard of living in the European Community (Common Market), but its payments deficit almost doubled to $2.9 billion from 1978 to 1979. Foreign debts represented ...


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Voters on Nov. 4, 1980, elected Republican Ronald Reagan President of the United States by a surprising and spectacular margin, splintering the traditional Democratic coalition and sending President Jimmy Carter back to his Plains, Ga., home after one ...


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The European Community (EC or Common Market) began 1980 with a bitter struggle over Great Britain's demand for cuts in its contribution to the 1980-1981 budget and a constitutional wrangle between the European Parliament and the nine EC countries over ...


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An economic boom led by export sales forced the government to revise its 1980 growth estimates upward several times. In February, the Bank of Finland predicted a 4.5 per cent growth, but by March it had increased its estimate to 7 per cent, equal to ...


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The Philadelphia Eagles and the surprising Oakland Raiders, both noted for defense, won the 1980 National Football League (NFL) conference championships. The University of Georgia, the only major team to win all its games, was chosen as the college ...


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The bombing of a Jewish synagogue in Paris on Oct. 3, 1980, in which four persons died and 12 were injured, climaxed a year of unrest at home and discord with France's neighbors. Thousands of French citizens marched in demonstrations after the bombing ...


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The repeated eruption of Mount Saint Helens in Washington was the biggest geologic event of 1980. But in a sense, it was no surprise to geologists. Mount Saint Helens is part of the Cascade Range, a chain of volcanoes that extends from Lassen Peak and ...


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increased its industrial output by 5.9 per cent in the first six months of "the 1980 plan." The government invested $12 billion in industry, most of it in new technology. Exports increased by 16 per cent, with sales to Russia up 14 per cent. But East ...


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One phrase more than any other was on the lips of British political pundits in 1980 -- "U-turn." It referred to the question of whether Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government would be forced to shift its policy and abandon the ...


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Greece faced three major foreign policy problems in 1980. These concerns were its differences with Turkey, its role in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the status of United States bases on Greek soil. Greece's military link with NATO ...


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The Montreal Canadiens, who always seemed to win the Stanley Cup, failed to do that in 1980. The New York Islanders, an eight-year expansion team, finally won their first cup. ...


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Hungary continued to reform its economic system in 1980. The government echoed Russian statements on major issues, but without enthusiasm. Foreign Minister Frigyes Puja called off his January visit to West Germany in response to Western criticism of ...


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Indira Gandhi pulled off what many regarded as a political miracle in 1980. After being beaten decisively in a 1977 general election, she regained power as prime minister in a landslide election victory on Jan. 3 and 6, 1980. Her Congress-I (I for ...


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The Supreme Court of the United States ruled 8 to 1 on June 30, 1980, that the federal government must pay seven tribes of Sioux Indians $17.5 million for the government's illegal seizure of 7 million acres (3 million hectares) of Indian lands in the ...


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Indonesia could count many pluses in 1980, at least on the surface. After the largest harvest in history, Indonesia's bins were packed with home-grown and imported rice. Thanks to soaring world prices, Indonesia's income from oil and gas exports ...


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Ireland moved no nearer to a settlement with Northern Ireland in 1980, despite the fact that Prime Minister Charles J. Haughey had declared that to be his primary objective when he took office in December 1979. Domestic problems dominated the ...


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Israel ended 30 years of isolation from its Arab neighbors when it established formal diplomatic relations with Egypt on Feb. 26, 1980. The Israeli ambassador took up his post in Cairo, and President Yitzhak Navon, arriving in Egypt in October, became ...


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Italy suffered Europe's worst earthquake since 1915 on Nov. 23, 1980. The quake's initial shock, centered about 45 miles (72 kilometers) east of Naples, registered 6.8 on the Richter scale. Tremors were felt from Sicily to the northern Alps. The quake ...


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Intraparty strife nearly unseated the governing Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP) in 1980. The trouble began on May 16 when 69 dissident LDP members, unhappy after a 1979 party leadership struggle, withheld their support and the LDP suffered a stunning ...


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The Korean Workers' Party, the nation's ruling Communist organization, held its first congress in 10 years in Pyongyang in October 1980. At the congress, Kim Chong-il was promoted to the second-highest position in the party secretariat, ranking only ...


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Dramatic events focused worldwide attention on Latin America in 1980. Some were tragic, like the mass exodus starting in April of about 125,000 Cuban refugees aboard a fleet of small vessels bound for Florida. Earlier, in February, the fate of 70 ...


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Libya and Syria agreed on Sept. 2, 1980, to merge. The projected union was the latest in a series of efforts by Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi to unite the Arab world under his leadership. After a few nonproductive meetings, ...


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emerged from the economic storms of 1980 in far better shape than most of its neighbors, with its rate of economic growth exceeding 7 per cent. A United States Embassy report in August said that even if the situation deteriorated, "The effect . . . ...


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Faced with too many hydropower generators in its northern area of rivers and lakes, Manitoba continued a freeze on new projects in 1980. Premier Sterling R. Lyon's Progressive Conservative administration created an energy authority charged with ...


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The world's fourth "test-tube" baby -- Candice Elizabeth Reed, born on June 23, 1980, in Melbourne, Australia -- was the first to be born by normal vaginal delivery. Louise Brown, the first baby conceived in a test tube, was delivered by a Caesarean ...


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President Jimmy Carter signed into law on Oct. 7, 1980, the Mental Health Systems Act. The new law initiates a major reorganization of federal aid programs for mental health services. It is designed to shift mental health care from institutionalizing ...


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Using its vast new-found oil resources as a lever, Mexico in 1980 sought to establish itself in world affairs as a power to be reckoned with while simultaneously formulating a foreign policy based on self-interest and expressing Mexico's independence ...


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War between Iran and Iraq, coming on the heels of Russia's invasion of Afghanistan, brought more turmoil in 1980 to an area already divided by Egyptian-Israeli peace negotiations and unsettled by the revolutionary Islamic ferment in Iran. Higher oil ...


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John Lennon, 40, who helped found the Beatles, one of the most successful musical groups in history, was shot to death on a New York City street on Dec. 8, 1980. Lennon, a rock guitarist and composer, had just resumed his career with a new album, "...


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Queen Juliana abdicated her throne on April 30, 1980, her 71st birthday, after ruling for 31 years. Her daughter, Crown Princess Beatrix, 42, succeeded her. Beatrix' investiture on April 30 was marred by a skirmish between police and stone-throwing ...


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The leadership of Premier Richard B. Hatfield, who has headed a Progressive Conservative (PC) administration since 1970, was called into question in 1980 after a three-month trial involving an allegedly corrupt fund-raising scheme. The case began when ...


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Newfoundland waited in 1980 for confirmation that the Hibernia exploratory well on the Grand Banks could unlock the largest oil reserves in Canada. The drillers estimated that the field might contain 10 billion barrels of oil and probably could ...


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Patient diplomacy on the part of Humphrey Atkins, Great Britain's secretary of state for Northern Ireland, characterized most of 1980 as the British government searched for a formula that would set the province on the path to devolution (limited home ...


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A ceremony on July 31, 1980, marking the 100th anniversary of Great Britain's transfer of the Arctic islands to Canada was marked by an eloquent Inuit (Eskimo) plea for a separate province in the Eastern Arctic. Speaking at Frobisher Bay, Simon Awa, a ...


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Norway gave top priority to paying off its $22.6-billion foreign debt in 1980. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) estimated that Norway would need until 1985 to retire just 25 per cent of the debt. The government wanted ...


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The Canadian and Nova Scotian treasuries approved grants on June 7, 1980, enabling Michelin Tires (Canada) Limited to establish a third plant in the province. The plant will be built at Waterville in the heart of the Annapolis River Valley apple ...


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Negotiators at the United Nations (UN) Law of the Sea Conference agreed unanimously that the five-week session that began on July 28, 1980, in Geneva, Switzerland, produced the break-through that had eluded them for six years. "It is now all but ...


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The XXII Olympic Summer Games and the XIII Winter Games in 1980 will be remembered as much for nonparticipation as for participation. The broadest boycott in Olympic history, led by the United States to protest Russian military intervention in ...


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Ontario experienced its worst summer of forest fires since 1923, with more than 1,600 fires ranging over 1.4 million acres (567,000 hectares) in 1980. Fires started by lightning caused timber losses of as much as $200 million. ...


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Scientists offered new and important evidence in 1980 to support a surprising explanation for why dinosaurs, along with 70 per cent of all animal and plant species, became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous Period 65 million years ago. A giant ...


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Peru celebrated its return to democratic government in 1980. On July 28, Fernando Belaunde Terry -- who had been deposed in a military coup d'etat in 1968 -- took the oath of office as Peru's 85th president. Belaunde had captured 43 per cent of the ...


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Pressure to restore democratic rule increased on President Ferdinand E. Marcos in August 1980 as the nation neared the end of eight years of martial law. A series of terrorist bombings rocked buildings in and around Manila on August 22, and a ...


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Discoveries announced in 1980 made it the "Year of the Neutrino." Experiments on this tiny elementary particle, if confirmed, will have a profound effect on theories of fundamental forces, nuclear reactions in the sun, and the history of the universe. ...


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Poland went through a series of surprising strikes that brought important government concessions and four government shakeups in 1980. The government was forced to recognize a new trade union, and several leading officials, including Edward Gierek, ...


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Jimmy Carter suffered a decisive defeat on Nov. 4, 1980, when he lost his bid for reelection to Republican Ronald Reagan. Not since Herbert Hoover was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 had an elected incumbent President seeking a second term ...


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Canada's smallest and most energy-poor province, Prince Edward Island in 1980 made plans to cancel a 1978 agreement to buy electricity from nearby New Brunswick's Point Lepreau nuclear power plant. The plan was opposed by the Progressive Conservatives ...


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Several landmark publications marked the growing acceptance of an important trend in psychology in 1980. Behaviorism has dominated psychology since the 1930s with its emphasis on observable behavior, but is now giving way to cognitive perspectives ...


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A large-scale trial of a new vaccine for hepatitis B showed remarkable success in 1980. Hepatitis B is a viral liver infection that can cause disabling symptoms and may lead to other serious diseases. The test, reported on October 9 by epidemiologist ...


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In a gubernatorial election held on Nov. 4, 1980, Governor Carlos Romero Barcelo won re-election by a razor-thin margin. His opponent, Rafael Hernandez Colon, favored continuance of the island's special United States common-wealth status. Romero ...


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Premier Rene Levesque, after losing the independence referendum on May 20, decided not to call a provincial election in 1980. His separatist Parti Quebecois (PQ) government, in power since Nov. 15, 1976, decided to go beyond the normal four-year term ...


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Network radio in the United States continued on the comeback trail in 1980, chalking up record commercial sales. National radio sales to sponsors during the first six months were an estimated 30 per cent higher than during the same period in 1979, and ...


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Republicans swept to victory across the United States on Nov. 4, 1980, recapturing the White House, winning control of the Senate for the first time since 1954, gaining 33 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and swelling the ranks of ...


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Russia faced major crises in bordering nations and a deteriorating economic situation at home in 1980. The Soviet media acknowledged for the first time that Russian troops were in Afghanistan at the end of February, two months after they had begun ...


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Saskatchewan witnessed the advent of a new political movement on March 11, 1980, when Richard Collver, leader of the province's Progressive Conservative Party until 1979, announced that he intended to promote the union of western Canada with the ...


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The government of Saudi Arabia initiated certain reforms in 1980, prompted by fears of unrest or revolution after the occupation of the Great Mosque of Mecca by Islamic zealots in November 1979. Some of the changes were designed to bring the benefits ...


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The North American Soccer League (NASL) struggled to make progress in 1980. National television ratings were poor, attendance climbed only 2 per cent, and all clubs -- 21 in the United States, three in Canada -- lost money. But for the first time in ...


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Somalia agreed on Aug. 21, 1980, to give the United States access to military bases at Mogadiscio on the Indian Ocean, and at the port city of Berbera, strategically located on the Gulf of Aden, in exchange for $5 million in economic aid and ...


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The nation's Parliament established a multiracial President's Council on Oct. 6, 1980, to advise the government on constitutional changes. Prime Minister Pieter Willem Botha appointed 54 persons, including whites, Coloreds (people of mixed race), ...


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Russian cosmonauts Valery Ryumin and Leonid Popov established a new space-endurance record on Oct. 11, 1980, when they returned to Earth after 185 days in space. They passed the previous mark of 175 days, set by Ryumin and Vladimir Lyakhov on Aug. 19, ...


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Spain suffered from murders and bombings in 1980, as political violence continued at a much higher level than in the years of Francisco Franco's dictatorship. In January alone, Basque separatists shot a provincial police chief, gunned down four ...


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Sweden voted to expand its use of nuclear power in a national referendum on March 23, 1980. About 58 per cent of the voters favored either operating up to 12 reactors for 25 years and then phasing out nuclear power, or operating the reactors for 25 ...


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Television in the United States in 1980 was highlighted by two events -- the miniseries "Shoogun" and the shooting of J. R. Ewing on "Dallas"--and a nonevent -- the nonopening of the new fall season because of a strike. "Shoogun," a $22-million ...


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Thailand changed governments when Prime Minister Kriangsak Chamanan resigned on Feb. 29, 1980. He was succeeded on March 3 by General Prem Tinsulanonda, the army commander in chief. Kriangsak had reduced subsidies on petroleum products on February 10, ...


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As they had done 20 years earlier under similar circumstances, Turkish military forces reluctantly seized power from a tottering, nearly paralyzed civil government in a bloodless coup on Sept. 12, 1980. About 100 persons were arrested, including Prime ...


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Vietnam failed in 1980 to fulfill the goals of its 1976-1980 economic development plan. Major reasons were the strain of maintaining control over Cambodia and Laos, where occupying Vietnamese troops met guerrilla resistance, and facing the armed ...


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A prolonged summer heat wave in the United States took at least 1,265 lives and caused losses of almost $20 billion in 1980. The greatest number of fatalities in a single state, 311, occurred in Missouri. Texas was also severely affected, as ...


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Yugoslavia maintained its independence and internal stability after President Josip Broz Tito died on May 4, 1980. Some observers had predicted that Tito's death might weaken Yugoslavia seriously because the six republics, including two self-governing ...


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The disposition of land claims proceeded slowly in 1980, hampering economic development and stiffening political discussion in the federal territory. The Council for Yukon Indians, representing 5,000 Indians and metis (persons of mixed white and ...


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President Mobutu Sese Seko's government tried in 1980 to deal with the country's severe economic problems. Among these were high unemployment, heavy foreign debts, and runaway inflation. Zaire devalued its currency by 30 per cent in February in an ...


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Researchers revealed new evidence in March 1980 on how the male narwhal, an Arctic toothed whale, uses its long, pointed tusk. Zoologists have long speculated about it. Some have suggested it is used to stir mud in search of prey, impale prey, pierce ...


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Manufacturers increased the capacity and cut the prices of computers and other microelectronic devices in 1980. Semiconductor technology continued to provide more processing and memory capability in a wide range of products, from large computers that ...


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African nations in 1981 made only limited progress toward solving five major, persistent problems -- achieving political independence for Namibia; ending civil war in Angola; reducing racial conflict in South Africa; resolving the territorial dispute ...


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Locked in a bitter dispute with the federal government in Ottawa, Ont., over oil pricing and the division of revenues, Alberta carried out two production cutbacks of 60,000 barrels a day, on March 1 and June 1, 1981. The province imposed the cutbacks ...


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In February 1981, anthropologist John W. K. Harris of the University of Wisconsin in Milwaukee announced the dating of what may be the world's oldest tools made by human beings. Dating of the volcanic ash just below the implements suggested that the ...


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Archaeologists continued to make spectacular discoveries in 1981 at the tomb of Shih Huang Ti (Shi Huang Di), also called Chin Shih Huang (Qin Shi Huang), the emperor who unified China in 221 B.C. The site, which covers about 500 acres (200 hectares) ...


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General Roberto Eduardo Viola, commander in chief of the army, became president of Argentina on March 29, 1981. He was selected by the nation's military leaders to succeed President Jorge Rafael Videla, who held that office since the military seized ...


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Guerrilla wars flared from the Philippines to Iran, refugees fled conflict and oppression, and floods and other natural disasters tormented the already impoverished people of Asia in 1981. But the average Asian lived quietly, eking out a bare living ...


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The highlight of the year came on Aug. 25, 1981, as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) planetary probe Voyager 2 swept past Saturn 101,000 kilometers (63,000 miles) above its cloud tops--23,000 kilometers (14,000 miles) closer ...


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enjoyed political stability and prospects of massive investment in minerals and energy but suffered a decline in export sales in 1981. Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser's Liberal-National Country coalition remained in office. Minister for Industrial ...


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The automobile industry in the United States, already reeling from a depressingly persistent two-year sales slump, suffered its worst year in 20 years in 1981. United States automakers laid off nearly 215,000 workers, abandoned or postponed factory ...


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Aviation in 1981 was plagued with a lagging economy in the United States, customer resistance to fare increases, financial distress from fare discounts, and an air-traffic controllers strike that hampered operations. Major United States airlines ...


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The 1981 major-league baseball season may be remembered for the Los Angeles Dodgers' comeback in three postseason competitions, culminating in their World Series victory over the New York Yankees. It may also be remembered for the stunning rookie ...


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The Boston Celtics and the Indiana University Hoosiers, basketball champions in 1976, reigned again in 1981. The rebuilt Celtics won their 14th National Basketball Association (NBA) title after a scare from the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern ...


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In June 1981, scientists convened in the United States to discuss therapsids, mammallike reptiles that dominated animal life for more than 40 million years and are thought by many scientists to be the ancestors of all mammals. This first major ...


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Scientists in 1981 reported two new ways in which plants avoid being eaten by insects and other animals. John P. Bryant of the Institute of Arctic Biology at the University of Alaska in Anchorage demonstrated that many trees and shrubs that snowshoe ...


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In 1981, British Columbia honored the memory of Terry Fox, the 22-year-old student who ran a marathon across Canada in 1980, after he had lost his right leg to cancer. The government established the Terry Fox Trust Fund in March, a few months before ...


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Cambodia (Kampuchea) was still occupied in 1981 by Vietnamese troops, who had overthrown the Communist Khmer Rouge regime of Pol Pot in 1979 and installed a government of rival Cambodian Communists. Cambodia's civil war also continued with scattered ...


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Canada, like other Western industrial nations, experienced economic difficulties in 1981. Interest rates higher than 20 per cent and energy prices nearing world levels led to greater inflation and the highest unemployment rate since 1978. Liberal ...


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Canadian literature enjoyed a buoyant and artistically triumphant year in 1981, particularly in the area of fiction. Many of Canada's major novelists emerged with outstanding new works. In addition, an array of significant nonfiction books ...


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Two groups of scientists reported in July 1981 that they had discovered a new amino acid and synthesized it in the laboratory. Amino acids are fundamental building blocks of proteins. ...


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General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte formally assumed an eight-year term as president of Chile on March 11, 1981. Pinochet had been named president in 1973 by the military junta that overthrew Socialist President Salvador Allende Gossens in a bloody coup. ...


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China completed the installation of new, more moderate Communist leadership in 1981. The Communist Party's Central Committee chose the new leaders at a meeting in Peking (Beijing in the phonetic Pinyin alphabet) from June 27 to 29. The appointments ...


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Telecommunications in the United States was dominated in 1981 by technological growth and continuing uncertainty about the direction of national policy. Throughout the year, federal officials and business firms struggled to come to grips with the ...


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The first session of the 97th Congress convened on Jan. 5, 1981. For the first time since 1932, different political parties controlled the two houses. While Democrats held a 243 to 192 majority in the House of Representatives, Republicans dominated ...


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Environmental organizations in the United States attacked the pro-development policies of Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt throughout 1981. Gaylord A. Nelson, formerly a Democratic senator from Wisconsin and now chairman of the Wilderness ...


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A wave of violent attacks on national and religious leaders swept across the world in 1981. On March 30, United States President Ronald Reagan was shot in the chest outside the Washington (D.C.) Hilton Hotel. Presidential Press Secretary James S. ...


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Reaction to Cuban intervention in the internal affairs of neighboring Latin American countries gained momentum during 1981. Most of the region's military dictatorships had long been opposed to Cuba, but in 1981, the elected governments of Colombia, ...


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Czechoslovakia remained a loyal member of the Eastern bloc in 1981. At the Communist Party congress held from April 6 to 10 in Prague, Russia's Communist Party General Secretary and Supreme Soviet Presidium Chairman Leonid Ilich Brezhnev praised the ...


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Democratic Party leaders in 1981 tried to develop a strategy that would enable their party to recover from its resounding defeat in the 1980 general election. In that election, Democrats lost the White House to Ronald Reagan and saw Republicans take ...


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Prime Minister Anker Henrik Jorgensen's Social Democratic minority government fell on Nov. 12, 1981, when the Folketing (parliament) rejected its plan to create jobs. Denmark's unemployment was expected to reach 250,000, or 9 per cent of the work ...


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Off-year elections in the United States in 1981 were virtually a stand-off between Republicans and Democrats despite President Ronald Reagan's dominance of the national political scene. Reagan personally intervened in the Virginia and New Jersey ...


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Poland shocked the world on Dec. 13, 1981, by imposing martial law; banning public gatherings; arresting leaders of the independent labor union Solidarity and former leaders of the government and the Communist Party; and instituting the most effective ...


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President Urho Kekkonen, 81, resigned on Oct. 27, 1981, after 25 years in office. He had been suffering from memory lapses and absentmindedness caused by hardening of the arteries. The government announced that the people would select an electoral ...


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There were similarities in professional and college football in the United States in 1981. On the field, winning teams suddenly became losers. Off the field, the organizations that conducted the sport fought off challenges to their authority. ...


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France moved sharply to the left politically in 1981. The voters ended 23 years of center-right government in the second round of presidential elections on May 10, rejecting President Valery Giscard d'Estaing in favor of Socialist Francois M. ...


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Mount St. Helens, the volcano in Washington state that erupted with devastating force in May 1980, was relatively quiet in 1981. However, a lava dome in the volcano's crater grew rapidly during the year, and the mountain still puffed smoke and steam. ...


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On Feb. 15, 1981, Communist Party Secretary General and State Council Chairman Erich Honecker mentioned the possibility of reunifying East Germany and West Germany, the first such mention by an East German official in many years. Honecker told party ...


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Political turbulence and the problems of unempolyment and urban violence were forgotten for a day when Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer were married in St. Paul's Cathedral on July 29, 1981. The ceremony was televised and watched by some 700 ...


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Greece moved to the left in national elections on Oct. 18, 1981. Andreas Papandreou's Pan Hellenic Socialist Movement (Pasok) received 47.5 per cent of the votes to 36.7 per cent for Prime Minister George Rallis' New Democracy Party and 10.6 per cent ...


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The New York Islanders won the Stanley Cup in 1981, their second consecutive cup. Wayne Gretzky, the Edmonton Oilers' precocious 20-year-old center, won his second straight Hart Trophy as the Most Valuable Player in the National Hockey League (NHL). ...


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Hungary continued to reform its economy in 1981. On January 1, the government combined three so-called branch ministries of industry into a single ministry, the only one of its kind in Eastern Europe. The government told the new Ministry of Industry ...


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India recorded a population of 684 million in its official 1981 census, at least 12 million more than the government had expected. The United Nations and other population experts estimated that the population was closer to 700 million, however. The ...


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United States Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt on July 15, 1981, named a five-member Commission on Fiscal Accountability of the Nation's Energy Resources to investigate oil thefts from federal and Indian tribal lands. The action was inspired by ...


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Indonesia increased its agricultural production in 1981. The yield of rice, the country's most important food, was about 50 per cent higher than a decade earlier. The use of new "miracle" rice, more fertilizer, and improvements in irrigation systems ...


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A general election on June 11, 1981, held in the shadow of hunger strikes in Northern Ireland and severe economic problems in the Republic of Ireland, resulted in the ouster of Prime Minister Charles J. Haughey and his replacement by Garret FitzGerald....


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Prime Minister Menachem Begin somewhat unexpectedly won a narrow victory and a second term in office in national elections on June 30, 1981. Begin's win came after a stormy election campaign that had seen his Likud Party coalition trailing well behind ...


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Mehmet Ali Agca, a right wing Turkish terrorist, shocked the world on May 13, 1981, when he shot Pope John Paul II in St. Peter's Square in Rome. The pope, in an open car, was welcoming 10,000 pilgrims and tourists when Agca opened fire, wounding him ...


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Disputes over defense and trade continued between Japan and the United States, making 1981 perhaps the most difficult year in Japanese-American relations since World War II. U.S. officials pressed Japan to increase defense expenditures and reduce ...


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In an effort to overcome its economic problems, North Korea's Communist government, headed by President Kim Il-song, modified its long-standing policy of self-reliance in 1981. The government began to encourage trade with other countries and to ...


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Economic issues dominated the attention of Latin Americans in 1981, as governments and families struggled to balance their budgets and preserve the value of their income during the deepening global recession. The squeeze was particularly acute among ...


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Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi scored a foreign policy breakthrough in January 1981 when he and President Goukouni Weddeye of Chad agreed to work toward the merger of their countries into a single nation. Libya and Syria had made ...


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Prime Minister Hussein Onn underwent heart surgery in February 1981. After the operation, he resigned as prime minister. Mahathir bin Mohamed, Malaysia's deputy prime minister, was elected on June 26 to succeed Hussein as president of the United ...


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Voters in Manitoba returned the New Democratic Party (NDP) to power on Nov. 17, 1981, after four years of Progressive Conservative (PC) rule. NDP leader Howard Pawley became the province's new premier. His party won 34 of the 57 seats in the Manitoba ...


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In January 1981, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported increases in coronary deaths in several eastern European countries and decreases in a few industrialized nations. The United States was the only nation to show a decrease of 3 per cent or ...


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A new technique called positron emission tomography (PET) was hailed in 1981 as a major advance in diagnosing certain mental disorders. In a PET scan, the patient either inhales or is injected with a glucoselike substance containing a radioactive ...


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A decline in world petroleum prices cut into Mexico's oil revenues in 1981, but substantial new investments in oil and gas production helped make up the losses. The Mexican economy showed a growth rate of about 7 per cent for the year, and foreign ...


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The assassination of Egypt's President Anwar elSadat by Muslim extremists in the armed forces during a military parade in Cairo on Oct. 6, 1981, capped a year of violence and conflict in the Middle East and underscored the region's strategic and ...


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Lionel Richie, a member of the Commodores soul group, achieved success on his own in 1981. While still performing with the veteran singing group, he branched out to become a successful pop-music producer and songwriter, working with Kenny Rogers and ...


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A general election on May 26, 1981, left the Netherlands without a majority government until September. The Christian Democrats and Liberals, parties in the ruling centerright coalition, lost their two-seat majority in the 150-member Second Chamber of ...


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Premier Richard B. Hatfield's Progressive Conservative (PC) administration continued to govern New Brunswick during 1981. Liberal Party member Robert McCready switched allegiance several times, finally proclaiming himself a Conservative in July. The ...


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Federal draft legislation presented in Ottawa, Ont., in June 1981 offered a way out of the long-standing dispute between Newfoundland and Quebec over the export of hydroelectric power from Labrador's Churchill Falls. The legislation would authorize ...


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Northern Ireland was dominated in 1981 by anguish over a hunger-strike campaign by jailed members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) that lasted 216 days. During that time, 10 men starved themselves to death against a background of violence unusual ...


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Northwest Territories oil pipelines were again in the news in 1981. On April 22, Canada's National Energy Board approved the construction of a 538-mile (866-kilometer) pipeline to carry south the products of an expanded field at Norman Wells. Designed ...


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Norway moved to the right in general elections on Sept. 13 and 14, 1981, rejecting Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland's Labor Party government. Brundtland had become Norway's first woman prime minister on February 4, when she replaced Odvar Nordli, ...


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Nova Scotia gave strong support to Premier John Buchanan's government in an election on Oct. 6, 1981, awarding the Progressive Conservatives 37 of the 52 seats in the legislature. All of Buchanan's ministers were re-elected. The Liberals lost 7 per ...


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The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) ship Glomar Challenger completed one of its most challenging expeditions in January 1981. Scientists worked for 60 days at a drill site 300 miles (480 kilometers) east of Fort Lauderdale, Fla., to retrieve the ...


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The International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted in 1981 to award the 1988 Summer Olympics to Seoul, South Korea, and the 1988 Winter Olympics to Calgary, Canada. The committee had previously awarded the 1984 Summer Olympics to Los Angeles and the 1984 ...


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The Progressive Conservatives (PC) in Ontario extended their record as Canada's longest-lived provincial administration on March 19, 1981, when they won a resounding electoral victory, their 12th in 38 years. Led by Premier William G. Davis, in office ...


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A new discovery of mastodon fossils announced in October 1981 indicated that mastodons, the furry prehistoric relatives of living elephants, ranged more widely across North America and lived at higher elevations than paleontologists once thought. Wade ...


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Good management and the discovery of additional oil resources lifted the fortunes of Peru during 1981. Since taking office in July 1980, President Fernando Belaunde Terry has led Peru back from the edge of bankruptcy. ...


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President Ferdinand E. Marcos ended more than eight years of martial law on Jan. 17, 1981. On January 19, Marcos turned over to the National Assembly legislative powers he had held during the period of martial law. ...


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Small, imaginative experiments conducted in 1981 revealed important details of how light, electrons, and molecules behave. A research team from the University of Washington in Seattle and a group from the University of California, Berkeley, both ...


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Poland cracked down suddenly and harshly on the independent labor union Solidarity on Dec. 13, 1981. Communist Party First Secretary and Council of Ministers Chairman Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law, banned public gatherings, and ordered ...


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Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as the 40th President of the United States on Jan. 20, 1981. He pledged to revitalize the U.S. economy, balance the federal budget, and reduce the size and scope of the federal government. The President survived an ...


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Chemicals that affect human intelligence made news in 1981. Herbert Weingartner and five colleagues at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Bethesda, Md., reported in the February 6 issue of Science magazine that a proteinlike substance ...


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A mysterious epidemic, finally traced to a substance sold as cooking oil, killed more than 200 persons and sickened another 15,000 in Spain in 1981. The first death occurred on May 1 in Madrid. The disease -- characterized by severe muscular pain, ...


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Puerto Rico experienced political turmoil in 1981, as narrowly re-elected Governor Carlos Romero Barcelo sought to govern with a slim popular mandate. Barcelo faced a legislature dominated by the opposition party. ...


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Quebec voters surprisingly re-elected the separatist government of Prime Minister Rene Levesque on April 13, 1981. Since coming to power late in 1976, Levesque's Parti Quebecois (PQ) had suffered 11 successive by-election defeats. It also had seen its ...


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In 1981, the radio industry in the United States underwent sweeping deregulation. On January 14, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) voted 6 to 1 to free the country's 9,089 radio stations from many regulations involving advertising, ...


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Republican strategists in 1981 concentrated on making the GOP the majority party in the United States. On March 27, Richard Richards, the party's national chairman, spoke to the executive committee of the Republican National Committee (RNC) in ...


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Russia feuded with the United States throughout 1981, but drew closer to West Germany, both diplomatically and economically. Russian propaganda accused United States President Ronald Reagan of renewing the arms race to achieve military superiority ...


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Saskatchewan expected to benefit economically from an energy-pricing and revenue-sharing agreement signed with the federal government on Oct. 26, 1981. The agreement was designed to take account of Saskatchewan's large number of marginal oil wells, ...


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The intensity of the debate in the United States Congress over selling Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS) aircraft and other military equipment to Saudi Arabia to bolster its defense system underscored that country's steadily increasing ...


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The North American Soccer League (NASL) continued its efforts to gain public acceptance in 1981. The league also struggled with the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), soccer's international governing body, over rules used in ...


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The white-controlled government of South Africa on Jan. 13, 1981, began a policy of compulsory education for black children up to the age of 16. In 1981, only black children in first grade had to attend school. However, the requirement would be ...


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United States astronauts completed the first round trip in history in a used spacecraft when they landed the space shuttle Columbia in the Mojave Desert on Nov. 14, 1981. Controllers had to shorten the flight from a scheduled 124 hours to 54 hours ...


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Spain survived an attempted coup d'etat against its democratic government on Feb. 23, 1981. About 200 civil guards led by Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Tejero Molina entered the meeting place of the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Cortes ...


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Prime Minister Thorbjorn Falldin's government of Conservatives, Liberals, and Centrists fell apart on May 4, 1981, when the Conservative ministers withdrew because of a disagreement over income tax reform. The coalition had wanted to cut the taxes on ...


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The most significant television events of 1981 occurred off camera in the United States. On screen, viewers found retreads of old series, tired themes, and generally lackluster network programming. Meanwhile, behind the scenes, the television industry ...


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Thailand was shaken by an attempted military coup in April 1981. The deputy commander in chief of the army, General Sant Chitpatima, headed a group of military officers who tried to seize power, the 15th such attempt in Thailand since 1932. However, ...


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Turkey experienced its first full "year of the generals" in 1981 following the bloodless coup of Sept. 12, 1980, when the armed forces seized power to avert civil war. During the year, the ruling National Security Council (NSC) had considerable ...


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Vietnam in 1981 held its first nationwide election since North and South Vietnam were united in 1976, after the Vietnam War had ended. On April 26, 1981, Vietnamese voters chose 496 members of the National Assembly from a list of 613 candidates drawn ...


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A severe drought withered the United States as 1981 began, drastically lowering river levels and threatening water supplies in the Eastern half of the country. In January, the level of the Mississippi River fell to a record low, snarling barge traffic ...


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Yugoslavia suffered internal unrest and economic difficulties in 1981. Virtually the entire government and Communist Party leadership of Kosovo, a province of the Republic of Serbia, was replaced after riots broke out on March 11. The riots began as ...


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Yukon Territory advanced its claim for provincial status by establishing an office in Ottawa, Ont., in August 1981. The office, to be headed by a deputy minister of the territorial government, will have an administrative and a political role -- to ...


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On Sept. 17, 1981, paleontologist Farish A. Jenkins, Jr., of Harvard University's Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Mass., announced the discovery of the fossil jaw of a previously unknown mammal. The jaw, found in Arizona, belonged to a ...


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Computer manufacturers continued to develop very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits in 1981. A VLSI circuit provides the equivalent of more than 100,000 transistors on a chip of silicon about the size of a thumbnail. This development strengthened ...


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Premier Angus MacLean announced his retirement on Aug. 7, 1981, after 30 years as an elected politician--25 of them in Canada's House of Commons. MacLean led the Progressive Conservative Party to office in the island province in 1979 and won ...


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Wars or military uprisings occurred in 11 African countries during 1982. Opposition forces waged guerrilla wars against the central governments of Angola, Mozambique, and Uganda. Chad's government was toppled in that country's ongoing civil war, and a ...


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Albertans gave an overwhelming victory to Premier Peter Lougheed, 54, and his Progressive Conservative (PC) Party government in an election on Nov. 2, 1982. It was the Lougheed government's fourth election victory, and the premier said it would ...


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In June 1982, a scientific team under the direction of anthropologist J. Desmond Clark of the University of California at Berkeley announced the discovery of the oldest known fossil bones from a hominid--a human ancestor--and the earliest evidence of ...


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Among the most important archaeology exhibits held in the United States in 1982 was a display of ancient Aztec art presented at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. The artifacts were unearthed during a major archaeology project in ...


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The war with Great Britain over the Falkland Islands (Called Islas Malvinas by Argentines) dominated the attention of the people of Argentina in 1982. On April 2, when their troops seized the British-held islands, the mood of Argentines climbed to ...


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was troubled during 1982 by its usual poverty and by unusual drought, by the harmful effects of a worldwide recession, and by one national war and numerous guerrilla conflicts. On the other hand, regional cooperation flourished, violent political ...


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A team of astronomers from the United States, Great Britain, and Australia discovered the most distant object in the universe on March 25, 1982. The object is a quasar designated PKS 2000-330, and it is 12 billion to 18 billion light-years away from ...


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had a bad year economically in 1982, though the government hoped that conditions would improve when the country's overseas customers pulled out of the recession. The government of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser suffered some setbacks but remained ...


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The United States automobile industry staggered through its fourth consecutive year of poor sales in 1982. The recession, high interest rates, and the side effects of a strike by Canadian workers of Chrysler Corporation were blamed for the dreary ...


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AVIATION companies in the United States suffered severe financial hardship in 1982. A prolonged recession, fare cutting, overexpansion of routes, and a continuing shortage of air-traffic controllers contributed to the companies' difficulties. The ...


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On the field, the 1982 major-league baseball season was exciting, with close pennant races followed by a seven-game World Series won by the St. Louis Cardinals. Two weeks after the World Series ended, a minority of club owners, dissatisfied with Bowie ...


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Despite a change of coaches early in the season, the Los Angeles Lakers won the National Basketball Association (NBA) 1981-1982 championship, their second title in three years. For the first time ever under Dean Smith's coaching, North Carolina, which ...


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Human interferon, an antiviral substance produced by the cells of the body, also has an inhibiting effect on some plant viruses, Israeli scientists announced in April 1982. Patricia Orchansky and Ilan Sela of Hebrew University in Jerusalem and ...


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British Columbia, the most-unionized province in Canada, suffered from serious industrial disputes during the summer of 1982. In early August, 1 in 5 of British Columbia's workers was out of work; 170,000 people were unemployed; and about 100,000 were ...


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Cambodia (Kampuchea) had two rival governments in 1982. One had been installed in 1979 by the Vietnamese Army, which continued to occupy the country. With Vietnamese support and under Vietnamese influence, this government controlled most of Cambodia ...


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With almost a million and a half people out of work, the recession dominated Canadian life during 1982. Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau's Liberal government failed to inspire confidence in its economic management as it directed its efforts ...


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Canadian literature continued to demonstrate growth in artistic maturity, if not productivity, in 1982. Canada's Federal Cultural Policy Review Committee made several recommendations for easing the financial plight of writers and publishers, including ...


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In September 1982, chemists at the University of California's Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in Berkeley reported what may be a significant advance in using the sun's energy to convert water to hydrogen gas, a useful fuel. Gabor A. Somorjai, Christofer ...


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The worldwide recession hit Chile head-on in 1982. The nation foundered in a sea of economic woes, including high unemployment and a decline in foreign investments. Chile had relied on foreign earnings to expand its mining industry. ...


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China conducted the largest census in history in July 1982. On October 27, it announced that the population under control of the government in Peking (Beijing in the phonetic Pinyin alphabet) on July 1 had been 1,008,175,288. Including Taiwan, Hong ...


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Major public policy decisions and technological expansion dominated communications developments in the United States in 1982. Above all, the year will be remembered for the decision to break up the world's largest communications company -- the ...


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Confronted with record budget deficits growing out of the worst recession in more than 40 years, Congress in 1982 approved the largest tax increase in United States history in an effort to stem the flood of red ink. Both the Republican-controlled ...


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President Ronald Reagan aroused speculation and controversy on Feb. 25, 1982, when he ordered a survey of all federal land to identify any that was surplus and might be sold. Reagan wanted to sell $1 billion worth of surplus property in fiscal year ...


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The biggest crime story in the United States in 1982 began on September 29, when four Chicago-area people, including three members of one family, died after taking cyanide-laced capsules of Extra-Strength Tylenol, a nonprescription pain reliever. By ...


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Beset by economic problems in 1982, Cuba showed signs of easing its support for revolution in Latin America and other regions of the world. The nation particularly felt the pinch from a tightened trade embargo by the United States and resistance by ...


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Czechoslovakia suffered from economic deterioration in 1982. Industrial output increased by only 0.4 per cent in the first half of the year, compared with the same period in 1981. The grain harvest was 7 per cent lower than planned, and meat output ...


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Democratic candidates, cashing in on voters' anger over economic hard times, scored major gains in the November 1982 midterm elections in the United States. The results were a setback for Republican President Ronald Reagan in the House of ...


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The Social Democratic minority government of Prime Minister Anker Henrik Jorgensen resigned on Sept. 3, 1982, after failing to agree with opposition parties on an emergency package aimed at saving $1.2 billion in the 1982-1983 budget. Queen Margrethe ...


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Democrats, blaming President Ronald Reagan for hard times, chalked up major gains in the Nov. 2, 1982, midterm elections in the United States. Only in the Senate did the Democrats have to settle for a draw. In the House of Representatives, they added ...


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The death of 75-year-old Russian leader Leonid I. Brezhnev on Nov. 10, 1982, gave Europeans a new element to ponder--the possibility of a policy change in the Kremlin. But Soviet policy remained on course during the early days of the leadership of ...


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Finnish voters chose Prime Minister Mauno H. Koivisto to be their president in indirect elections on Jan. 17 and 18, 1982. The voters elected a 301-member Electoral College, which picked Koivisto on January 26. Koivisto, a Social Democrat, won 43 per ...


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The most memorable aspect of the 1982 football season in the United States was not who won or who played, but when they played. The first regular-season players' strike in the 62-year history of the National Football League (NFL) wiped out almost half ...


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France became a battleground in the 1982 conflict between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). From February through July, 15 people died and more than 100 were wounded in 21 terrorist attacks, most of them on Palestinian or Jewish ...


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The eruption of El Chichon, a long-dormant volcano in southeastern Mexico, on March 29, 1982, attracted little scientific attention at the time. Although the volcano continued to erupt during early April, killing 187 people and forcing thousands to ...


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Poland and East Germany improved their relationship in 1982. On March 29, almost all of East Germany's ruling Communist Party Political Bureau welcomed Polish leader Wojciech Jaruzelski to East Berlin. Diplomats saw Jaruzelski's visit as an effort to ...


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The year was dominated by the Falklands crisis, which began on April 2, 1982, rapidly escalated into war, and produced a tremendous ground swell of popular support for Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government by the time it ended ...


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The slogan "allaghi" ("change"), used by Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou during the campaign that swept his Pan Hellenic Socialist Movement (Pasok) into power in October 1981, was not implemented in 1982. The promised withdrawal from the European ...


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In 1982, for the third consecutive season, the New York Islanders became the National Hockey League (NHL) champions by winning the Stanley Cup. Also for the third consecutive season, Wayne Gretzky of the Edmonton Oilers won the Hart Trophy as the ...


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Hungary continued its economic reform program in 1982, though economic growth slowed. Western nations helped Hungary overcome serious financial problems during the year. After Poland imposed martial law in December 1981, non-Communist banks withdrew ...


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India elected a new president on July 12, 1982--Zail Singh, a former minister of home affairs. Singh was selected by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, the actual head of the government, to succeed Neelam Sanjiva Reddy in the largely ceremonial position of ...


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Plans by the United States Department of the Interior to reorganize the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) were sharply attacked by Indian tribes in 1982. Spokespersons for tribes throughout the country asked Congress on June 11 to head off Interior ...


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Indonesia elected a new parliament on May 4, 1982. Sekber Golongan Karya (Golkar), the government-supported political group that technically is not a political party, won 246 of the 364 elected seats in parliament with more than 60 per cent of the ...


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Northern Ireland held its third general election in 18 months on Nov. 24, 1982, and Garret FitzGerald, leader of the Fine Gael (Gaelic People), was returned to office as prime minister. FitzGerald's party won 70 seats in the Irish Parliament, while ...


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Israel became a deeply divided nation as a result of its invasion and occupation of Lebanon in 1982. The government of Prime Minister Menachem Begin had said that its action would be limited to clearing out Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) ...


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The five-party coalition government led by Prime Minister Giovanni Spadolini resigned on Aug. 7, 1982, three days after the Chamber of Deputies unexpectedly defeated a bill that would have tightened tax regulations and operating conditions for oil ...


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Yasuhiro Nakasone became prime minister of Japan on Nov. 26, 1982. Two days earlier, the ruling Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP)--a conservative party despite its name--had elected him as its president. ...


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Signs of internal dissension came from secretive North Korea during 1982. The son and presumed heir of President Kim Il-song, Kim Chong Il, was elected to parliament on February 28. But when parliament met on April 6, the younger Kim was not named a ...


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Latin Americans were shocked in 1982 by a bitter 10-week war between Great Britain and Argentina over the Falkland Islands (called Islas Malvinas by Argentines). During the conflict, the United States sided with the British to the dismay of an ...


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Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi continued to chart an erratic course in foreign policy in 1982. There were as many failures as successes. Relations with Tunisia improved after the Libyan leader's five-day visit there in February. ...


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elected a new national Parliament and state legislatures on April 22, 1982. The National Front, a coalition of 11 political parties led by Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamed, won by a landslide. It captured 132 out of 154 seats in Parliament and 312 ...


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Canada's only socialist government, which assumed office in November 1981, followed a different path from the rest of the country in 1982 as its policies emphasized the public rather than the private sector. Premier Howard Pawley and his New ...


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On Dec. 2, 1982, surgeon William C. DeVries and a 20-member team at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City performed the first permanent artificial heart implant on a human being. The patient was Barney B. Clark, a 61-year-old retired dentist with ...


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Throughout the United States, intense controversy over the insanity defense followed the acquittal of John W. Hinckley, Jr., on June 21, 1982, for the attempted assassination of U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1981. Hinckley was confined indefinitely ...


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The bottom dropped out of the Mexican economy during the second half of 1982. The suddenness of the collapse stirred fears that Mexico's predicament might touch off a chain reaction leading to international financial chaos. ...


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Israel's invasion of Lebanon in June 1982 introduced a new and disturbing element into the tangled pattern of conflict in the Middle East. The latest outbreak of violence--the fifth Arab-Israeli war to erupt since Israel gained its independence in ...


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Middle-of-the-road music, all but forgotten by the majority of American record companies, made a small but significant comeback in the United States in 1982. Many radio stations suffering from low ratings abandoned rock programming for one of two ...


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Ruud Lubbers became prime minister of the Netherlands on Nov. 4, 1982, succeeding Andreas A. M. van Agt. Lubbers led a coalition of his Christian Democrats and the right wing Liberal Party. ...


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Canada's longest-surviving premier won a fourth term after 12 years in office in the election on Oct. 12, 1982. Richard B. Hatfield led the Progressive Conservative (PC) Party as they won 39 seats in the 58-seat legislature. The Liberals dropped to 18 ...


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Despite stagnant conditions in the fishing, forestry, and mining industries, and with 34,000 Newfoundlanders out of work, the people of Canada's youngest province gave a solid vote of confidence to 40-year-old Premier Brian Peckford in an April 6 ...


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Northwest Territories voted narrowly to divide its vast land area in a plebiscite held on April 14, 1982, and on November 26, the federal government agreed to the division. Four land claims and a decision on the boundary remained to be settled. Only ...


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The minority Conservative government of Prime Minister Kaare Willoch faced economic difficulties in 1982 because Norway's revenue from North Sea oil and gas exports stopped increasing. The 1982 fall in world oil prices threatened to wipe out Norway's ...


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Nova Scotia broke new ground in resource development on March 2, 1982, when the province signed an agreement with the federal government concerning the management and revenue-sharing of oil and gas reserves lying off Nova Scotia's east coast. Without ...


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On April 30, 1982, the United Nations (UN) Law of the Sea Conference approved an international agreement on sea law by a vote of 130 to 4, ending eight years of negotiations. United States President Ronald Reagan rejected the pact, even though three ...


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Despite severe criticism from the Soviet Union, preparations continued on schedule in 1982 for the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles. Russia complained about plans to house athletes at two university dormitory complexes rather than at one ...


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Canada's largest province, representing one-third of the country's economy and one-half of its manufacturing and employment, experienced a severe economic downturn in 1982. One in six jobs in the province was dependent on the slumping automotive ...


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One of the most intriguing and persistent puzzles in paleontology--which animal was the source of conodonts--was solved in 1982. Conodonts are tiny toothlike fossils that are abundant in rocks formed during the Cambrian through Triassic periods, from ...


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On Dec. 12, 1982, Prime Minister Manuel Ulloa Elias and his 15-member Cabinet resigned in the first major government shakeup since democracy replaced military rulein Peruin 1980. Ulloa, a former Wall Street financier who urged a return to the free ...


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The Philippines took several steps toward the return of elective government in 1982. On May 17, more than 20 million Filipinos voted in the first nationwide local elections in 10 years. They chose more than 280,000 members for the approximately 40,000 ...


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Physics experiments reported in 1982 provided strong hints of new phenomena and important confirmation of basic theoretical assumptions. Theoreticians and experimenters shed new light on a phenomenon known as an anomalous nuclear interaction. This ...


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The independent labor union Solidarity collapsed in 1982 under severe pressure from the military regime of Wojciech Jaruzelski, the nation's Council of Ministers chairman and first secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), Poland's ...


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Canada's smallest province, with only 85,000 eligible voters, reelected a Progressive Conservative (PC) government on Feb. 27, 1982. James Lee, 45, who had succeeded as premier on Nov. 17, 1981, after Angus MacLean's retirement, won support in his own ...


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There was "good news and bad news" for victims of common addictions in 1982. Dieters and cigarette smokers could take heart from the research that psychologist Stanley Schachter, of Columbia University in New York City, reported in the April 1982 ...


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Public health officials almost succeeded in meeting their goal of eliminating measles in the United States by Oct. 1, 1982. The 1,284 cases reported during the first 39 weeks of the year were less than 3 per cent of the number of cases reported during ...


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Puerto Rico experienced a steady economic downturn in 1982. Conditions on the island, which belongs to the United States, approximated those of a recession. ...


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Although the province was beset by economic problems, Prime Minister Rene Levesque won an overwhelming vote of confidence from his Parti Quebecois (PQ) in an internal referendum in February 1982. The balloting followed a stormy party convention in ...


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FM radio's steady gain in popularity and AM radio's steady decline continued in the United States during 1982. Some estimates put FM's share of the 1982 radio audience as high as 61 per cent. With a signal that can be received in stereophonic sound, ...


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Ronald Wilson Reagan, 40th President of the United States, continued to enjoy personal popularity in 1982, though Republican losses in the November 2 midterm election indicated public unease with some Administration policies. Reagan campaigned ...


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Republican Party fortunes suffered a setback in the 1982 midterm elections in the United States despite Republican President Ronald Reagan's active campaigning. Republicans, burdened by recession and high unemployment, dropped 26 seats in the House of ...


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lost its leader in 1982. On November 10, Leonid Ilich Brezhnev, 75, general secretary of the Communist Party and chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, died of a heart attack. Brezhnev had been party leader since 1964 and chairman--head of ...


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The 11-year dominance of Saskatchewan political life by Allan E. Blakeney and his New Democratic Party came to a dramatic end in a provincial election on April 26, 1982. The Progressive Conservatives (PC), who had held only 15 seats in the 61-seat ...


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In contrast to the transfer of power in other Islamic lands, the death of King Khalid on June 13, 1982, caused scarcely a ripple on the surface of Saudi leadership. Khalid's half brother Crown Prince Fahd succeeded him without incident as Fahd's ...


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Italy became the surprise winner of the 1982 World Cup in a competition filled with surprises. The Italians defeated West Germany, 3-1, in the final on July 11 in Madrid, Spain, before a crowd of more than 90,000 and an international TV audience of ...


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President Mohamed Siad Barre faced rebellion both inside and outside his autocratic, pro-Western government during 1982. On June 9, five government leaders were arrested on charges of treason. The chief opposition groups outside the government were ...


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On July 30, 1982, Prime Minister Pieter Willem Botha announced the details of a plan by which the country's white-minority government would share political power with South Africans of mixed race, called Coloreds, and those of Asian backgrounds. Since ...


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Oct. 4, 1982, was the 25th anniversary of the launch of the first artificial satellite--the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1. On that day, two Soviet cosmonauts were en route to a space-endurance record and the United States was preparing for the fifth launch ...


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The Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) swept into power in general elections on Oct. 28, 1982, winning 201 seats, a gain of 80, in the 350-member Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Cortes (parliament). The right wing Popular Alliance finished ...


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Swedish voters cast their ballots to end six years of nonsocialist rule in general elections on Sept. 19, 1982. The Social Democrats returned to power by winning 46 per cent of the popular vote, giving them 166 seats, a gain of 12, in the 349-seat ...


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Change and turmoil continued to dominate the United States television industry in 1982. A federal government movement to deregulate the industry continued, a consumer boycott was begun, and a labor strike once again caused problems for network ...


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In 1982, Thailand launched an ambitious project to industrialize the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand by using natural gas from undersea deposits. The project, part of Thailand's five-year economic development plan for 1982-1986, was intended to ...


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Turkey took a long stride in 1982 toward the return to constitutional government and civilian rule promised by military leaders after they seized power in September 1980. In September 1982, a temporary Consultative Assembly approved a new Constitution ...


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Vietnam changed some middle-level leaders in March 1982 in an attempt to overcome economic and other problems. The Communist Party newspaper explained the need for changes by saying, "In wartime, we had enough to eat and were successful. In peace, we ...


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The weather was severe in the Central and Eastern parts of the United States early in 1982. Many weather stations reported record low temperatures. The most extreme departures from normal occurred in a belt stretching from Iowa to western Ohio. ...


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Yugoslavia suffered economically and financially in 1982 amid growing disunity in its ruling party, the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. In May, the collective state Presidency elected Petar Stambolic, a Serb, president for one year. The Presidency ...


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The Liberal Party in Canada lost its last elected representatives west of Winnipeg, Man., on June 7, 1982, when Yukon territorial elections ousted the only two Liberal Party members. The Progressive Conservative Party took 9 of the 16 seats, and its ...


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The temperature of egg incubation determines the sex of alligators, according to an April 1982 report by biologists Mark W. J. Ferguson of The Queens University of Belfast in Northern Ireland, and Ted Joanen of the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries ...


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Physicians were baffled and alarmed by the rapid spread in 1982 of a diverse array of medical problems called acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). These included rare infections and cancers typically found only in the elderly or in the weakened ...


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Computers became so small, powerful, and economical that more types of businesses could afford to use them. For example, the local drugstore or barbershop is now a likely site for a computer that helps the owner keep track of business details. ...


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During 1983, wars of rebellion or secession persisted in Angola, Chad, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Namibia, Uganda, and Western Sahara. Another year of diplomatic efforts to end South African colonial rule of Namibia yielded only modest progress. Military ...


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Falling energy prices and a dependence on unstable resource revenues led Alberta, the wealthy oil province, to tighten its belt in 1983. On March 24, a provincial budget was presented that provided for an increase in government expenditures, but less ...


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Lucy, the oldest and most complete fossil hominid (human ancestor) discovered so far, was the object of renewed scientific interest--and controversy--during 1983. Known scientifically as Australopithecus afarensis, Lucy was discovered at Hadar in ...


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The first direct physical evidence supporting the theory that lead poisoning contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire in the A.D. 400's was reported in May 1983. The evidence came from a chemical analysis of the bones of 55 victims killed by the ...


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On Oct. 30, 1983, Raul R. Alfonsin of the Radical Civic Union, a predominantly middle-class party, was elected Argentina's new president with 52 per cent of the popular vote. Alfonsin's victory was considered a landmark event, a stunning defeat of the ...


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Asia was shaken by many different forms of violence during 1983, from wars in Afghanistan and Kampuchea (formerly known as Cambodia), to savage clashes between ethnic groups in India and Sri Lanka, to the Soviet shooting down of an unarmed South ...


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The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on Jan. 25, 1983, carrying a telescope that can detect infrared (heat) radiation given off by objects in space. Infrared radiation is invisible to the ...


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ushered in a year of sweeping political changes in 1983 as the Australian Labor Party won a national election on March 5. Robert Hawke, leader of the Labor Party for only a month, became prime minister as the Liberal-National Party coalition ...


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The United States automobile industry's long-awaited recovery finally began in 1983. Lower interest rates and increasing consumer confidence in the U.S. economy boosted car and truck sales to their highest levels in four years. Quarterly profits of U....


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AVIATION in the United States had a troublesome year in 1983, even though air travel rebounded with the economy. Internationally, events were dominated by the shooting down of a South Korean commercial airliner by a Soviet warplane on September 1, ...


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The 1983 major-league baseball season produced many memorable performances. When Baltimore Orioles manager Earl Weaver retired after the 1982 season, many people expected the team to suffer. On the contrary, the Orioles, under new manager Joe ...


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On March 31, 1983, the National Basketball Association (NBA), the sport's major professional league, and the National Basketball Players Association, its players union, reached a four-year basic agreement. The agreement gave athletes a guaranteed ...


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Trees are apparently able to warn one another of dangers such as invading insects, botanists discovered in 1983. The scientists theorized that trees send chemical signals through the air that are received by other members of their species and prompt ...


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British Columbia, Canada's Pacific province, lived through a year of dramatic confrontation in 1983. It began with an election campaign that featured Premier William R. Bennett's governing Social Credit Party and the socialist New Democratic Party ...


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Canada felt the weight of economic recession ease in 1983. Although unemployment remained high, interest rates and the cost of living came down, leading to a return of consumer confidence. These welcome developments did little for the popularity of ...


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Canadian literature enjoyed a productive year in 1983. If there were negative feelings arising from the bankruptcy of Clarke Irwin and Company, Limited, a major publishing company, most writers were confident that there would be no domino effect on ...


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In May 1983, chemists at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge reported that they had used two carbon building blocks to synthesize sugars -- that is, to build them out of atoms and groups of atoms. They can use their technique to ...


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Chileans took to the streets in 1983 to demand the restoration of democracy, as Chile became mired in economic depression. Two protesters were killed on May 11 during the first such nationwide demonstrations in nearly 10 years of military rule. The ...


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The National People's Congress named a new president of China on June 18, 1983. The congress, a parliamentary body that turns decisions of the Chinese Communist Party into governmental policy, chose Li Xiannian, 78 years old, a senior party official ...


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The United States communications system braced in 1983 for the dramatic changes in pricing, services, and policy surrounding the breakup on Jan. 1, 1984, of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). It was a painful year for the ...


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In the history of digital computers, 1983 will be noted as the year in which work on the next generation--sometimes called the fifth generation--of these machines began in earnest. Japan and Great Britain intensified national efforts to develop ...


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The first session of the politically divided 98th Congress produced a mix of compromise, consensus, and confrontation, as well as substantive progress and political posturing, in advance of the 1984 elections. With Democrats in firm control of the ...


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United States Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt resigned on Oct. 9, 1983, ending a bitter controversy over his policies for managing the nation's natural resources. Watt was driven from office, however, not primarily because of his policies, but ...


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Terrorist acts surged markedly in number and ferocity during 1983. Some incidents, such as the suicide raids on United States and French troops in Beirut, Lebanon, on October 23, occurred in a warlike setting. Other acts, however, were aimed at ...


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The deterioration in relations between Cuba and the United States culminated in actual combat in 1983 on the island of Grenada. United States troops and a small force from six Caribbean nations invaded Grenada on October 25 to safeguard the lives of ...


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Jaromir Obzina, 54, in 1983 became Czechoslovakia's deputy prime minister and minister for technical investment and development, a key post. He had been interior minister since 1973. Political observers said that Obzina was a protege of Soviet Union ...


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Democratic Party leaders in the United States thought they were agreed in January 1983 that the preconvention political season should be shortened to avoid the prolonged string of party primaries and caucuses. Implementing recommendations of a ...


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A growing controversy over defense cast doubt on Denmark's credibility as a viable member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1983. Prime Minister Poul Schluter's Conservative-led minority coalition government suffered defeats on ...


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Hotly contested mayoral contests, some with heavy racial overtones, claimed the election spotlight in the United States in 1983. None attracted more attention than the election of the first black mayor of Chicago. ...


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The December 1983 deadline for installing intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Western Europe dominated European politics throughout 1983. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) had decided in 1979 to deploy 572 United States Pershing 2 ...


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A new, four-party coalition government headed by Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa was sworn in on May 6, 1983, six weeks after Finnish voters went to the polls in a national election. The main winners in the March 20 and 21 election were Sorsa's Social ...


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The face and salary structure of professional football was changed in 1983 by the debut of the United States Football League (USFL), which played in the spring and summer. Even though the 63-year-old National Football League (NFL) played at a higher ...


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The weakness of the franc caused a series of crises in France in 1983. In March, the franc twice touched its lowest permissible limit of 2.89 francs against the West German Deutsche mark. In the week ending on March 12, French financial authorities ...


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New evidence supporting the theory that the collision of a giant meteorite or asteroid with the earth about 65 million years ago led to the extinction of many animal species, including dinosaurs, was presented in 1983. The meteorite theory was first ...


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Relations with West Germany were strained on April 29, 1983, when Communist Party Secretary General and State Council Chairman Erich Honecker announced the cancellation of a planned autumn visit to the West German capital of Bonn. Honecker had been in ...


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The personality and policies of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher continued to dominate the political scene in 1983, highlighted by her resounding victory in general elections that were held on June 9. But a new face appeared at the head of the Labour ...


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After nine months of negotiation, Greece and the United States signed an agreement on Sept. 8, 1983, allowing the United States to operate its military bases in Greece for five more years. The United States agreed to provide Greece with credits and ...


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The 1982-1983 hockey season ended the same way as the three previous seasons. The New York Islanders won the Stanley Cup as National Hockey League (NHL) champions, and Wayne Gretzky of the Edmonton Oilers gained almost every scoring honor plus the ...


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Hungary continued its economic reforms in 1983, while maintaining a close relationship with the Soviet Union. Communist Party First Secretary Janos Kadar visited Moscow in July and received the Order of Lenin, the Soviet Union's highest decoration. In ...


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Thousands of people were killed in India's Assam state during February 1983 by fighting among ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups. Estimates of the dead ranged from 3,000 to 5,000 people, and another 400,000 were left homeless. ...


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United States Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt created a storm of controversy on Jan. 18, 1983, when he said during a television interview that Indian reservations were "an example of the failure of socialism." Watt said that the 1.4 million ...


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Indonesia's parliament, the People's Consultative Assembly, unanimously elected President Suharto to his fourth five-year term on March 10, 1983. The parliament also gave him wider powers to deal with national security problems. At Suharto's request, ...


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A coalition government of the Fine Gael (Gaelic People) and the Labour Party initiated discussions in 1983 aimed at uniting Ireland and Northern Ireland. A New Ireland Forum was proposed on March 11 to draft a plan for unification. ...


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Israel thought it had reached a second milestone in its relations with its Arab neighbors in May 1983 with the signing of a security agreement with Lebanon. The agreement, negotiated by United States mediators, provided for the phased withdrawal of ...


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Bettino Craxi became the first Socialist to lead an Italian government when his five-party coalition cabinet was sworn in on Aug. 4, 1983. His predecessor, Christian Democrat Amintore Fanfani, resigned on April 29, after the Socialists withdrew their ...


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In elections on Dec. 18, 1983, Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) lost its majority in the lower house of the Diet (parliament). The LDP won 250 seats, 6 short of a majority in the 511-member House of Representatives, as the powerful lower ...


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Kampuchea Kampuchea, formerly known as Cambodia, was torn by guerrilla warfare during 1983 resulting from Vietnam's invasion of the country in 1979. Vietnam installed a government headed by People's Revolutionary Party Secretary General and Council of ...


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North Korea apparently tried to assassinate President Chun Doo Hwan of South Korea on Oct. 9, 1983, by exploding a time bomb in a Burma cemetery he was due to visit. ...


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Latin America worked hard during 1983 to recover from a recession brought on by spiraling national debts and a slowdown in the world economy. Fears of deepening social unrest mounted as many governments cut back on social programs at a time of record ...


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The hand of Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi was seen in several actions that raised tensions in the Middle East and Africa during 1983. On February 22, Libya was implicated in an alleged plot to over-throw the Sudanese government. ...


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A dispute arose in 1983 over the power of Malaysia's king. Hereditary rulers, most of whom are called sultans, reign over 9 of the country's 13 states, and the other 4 states have federally appointed governors. From among themselves, the nine sultans ...


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Manitoba saw an old ghost arise in 1983--the controversial issue of language rights for the 60,000 Manitobans who speak French. Guaranteed the freedom to use their language in education and in the legislature by Manitoba's original constitution of ...


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One of the most dramatic experiments in the history of medicine ended on March 23, 1983, when Barney B. Clark, recipient of the first artificial heart, died at the University of Utah Medical Center in Salt Lake City. Clark, a 62-year-old retired ...


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The Soviet Union withdrew from the World Psychiatric Association in February 1983, several months before a scheduled discussion of alleged Soviet abuses of psychiatry at the World Congress of Psychiatry in Vienna, Austria, in July. At the July meeting,...


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Shaken by the worst financial crisis in more than 50 years, Mexico edged back onto the road to recovery in 1983 with strong support from the United States. In the wake of 1982's 70 per cent devaluation of the peso, most Mexicans suffered economic ...


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Israel's invasion of Lebanon, launched in June 1982 with high hopes of ensuring permanent security for Israel and the destruction of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), turned into a nightmare in 1983. Other than the enforced departure of the ...


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Singer Michael Jackson and producer Quincy Jones became the most successful pair of pop music-makers in 1983. Their album, Thriller, sold more than 20 million copies worldwide and resulted in six hit singles that spanned the pop and soul fields. They ...


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On Jan. 28, 1983, the government announced that it had chosen Woensdrecht air base in the southern part of the country as the site for the installation of 48 medium-range nuclear missiles. In 1979, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) had ...


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The province of New Brunswick set up a $4-million (Canadian dollars; $1 = U.S. 80 cents on Dec. 31, 1983) endowment fund in September 1983 to support a French-language daily newspaper in Moncton. The daily l'Evangeline failed in 1982, leaving the ...


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The traditional economic mainstay of Newfoundland, its fisheries, experienced deep trouble in 1983. Overfishing, high interest rates, and poor markets emphasized the boom-and-bust cycle of the industry. A federal study recommended issuing licenses and ...


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A new assembly failed in 1983 to make progress toward ending direct rule by the British Parliament, largely because of a boycott by the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), the largest Roman Catholic minority party. The boycott squelched chances ...


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Scientists formed an expedition in 1983 to explore an underwater mountain range extending from Ellesmere Island in Canada's Northwest Territories to Siberia in the Soviet Union. Working in April and May about 300 miles (480 kilometers) from the North ...


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Prime Minister Kaare Willoch formed a three-party non-Socialist government on May 31, 1983, replacing his Conservative minority administration. The new government took office on June 9, with a 79-76 majority in the Storting (parliament). Willoch ...


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National Sea Products Limited of Halifax, Canada's largest fishing company, announced on Aug. 16, 1983, that it was closing five processing plants and tying up 23 trawlers. About 1,500 workers would be laid off because of the shutdown, blamed on high ...


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On March 10, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a proclamation claiming a 200-nautical-mile (370-kilometer) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) for the United States. Reagan also issued a statement on U.S. oceans policy. The statement dealt with matters ...


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The International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1983 approved all plans for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Selection of the last of the sites for the 26 sports was completed in June. During the year, pre-Olympic international competition took ...


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A major financial scandal involving three Ontario trust companies dominated the news in early 1983. The issue arose from the complicated sale and resale of 10,931 Toronto apartments (10 per cent of the city's units) in November 1982, an operation that ...


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A report published in July 1983 strongly supported the theory that birds first began to fly by jumping off the ground while chasing insects rather than by gliding from branch to branch like flying squirrels. ...


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Criticism of the democratically elected government's failure to end a three-year-old rebellion mounted in 1983. Critics charged that President Fernando Belaunde Terry was not dealing firmly enough with guerrillas of the Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) ...


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Demonstrations against the continued rule of President Ferdinand E. Marcos agitated the Philippines in late 1983. The demonstrations were touched off by the murder on August 21 of opposition leader Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. He was killed at Manila ...


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Experiments announced on Jan. 20, 1983, revealed the essential unity of two of nature's fundamental forces--the electromagnetic force, which accounts for electricity and magnetism; and the weak force, which is responsible for the decay, or breakup, of ...


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The military regime of Wojciech Jaruzelski consolidated its power in 1983, and Poland's economy improved. However, political tension and economic hardship continued. ...


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Ronald Reagan found himself wrestling with problems of national security and foreign policy throughout 1983. The nation's attention was focused on Reagan's projected defense build-up, arms control talks with the Soviet Union, the civil war in El ...


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Prince Edward Island, Canada's smallest province, achieved a 10-year objective in 1983 when an agreement was signed in June to establish a new veterinary college at the University of Prince Edward Island by 1987. Half of the funding for construction ...


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New findings in 1983 added to the growing knowledge about relationships between biological and psychological processes--the "mind-body problem." Researchers Paul Ekman, Robert W. Levenson, and Wallace V. Friesen of the Department of Psychiatry at the ...


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The major public health problem in the United States during 1983 was acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Victims of the usually fatal disease, mainly male homosexuals, easily fall prey to infections and a rare form of cancer because their ...


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Puerto Rico's economy continued in the doldrums during 1983. Nearly 25 per cent of the island's work force was unable to find jobs. Only the help of federal food stamp programs kept many families from going hungry. ...


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Prime Minister Rene Levesque's Parti Quebecois (PQ) government faced a severe challenge from public sector employees in January 1983. The government decided it had to order layoffs and cut public employee salaries by 20 per cent for the first three ...


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A major influence on radio in the United States in 1983 ironically may have come from television. That influence was Music Television (MTV), a cable television channel featuring rock video performances. Suddenly, it seemed that FM rock stations were ...


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The Republican Party spent most of 1983 in a state of suspended animation, awaiting word from President Ronald Reagan on whether he would be the party's 1984 candidate. Reagan said he wanted to withhold his decision as long as possible--and he did. ...


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Yuri V. Andropov solidified his position in the first half of 1983 despite his indifferent health. Andropov had succeeded Leonid I. Brezhnev as general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party after Brezhnev died in November 1982. On May 9, 1983, ...


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The Progressive Conservative (PC) Party, led by Premier Grant Devine, celebrated its first year in office in April 1983 after 11 years in opposition. The first session of the new legislature, ending on March 10, resulted in the enactment of 67 laws, ...


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Saudi Arabia kept a low profile in the Middle East during 1983, preferring to work behind the scenes with other Arab states and distributing its wealth more selectively in the face of declining oil revenues. In May, the Saudis cautiously endorsed the ...


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United States and Canadian soccer suffered severe setbacks in 1983 both on the playing field and in the committee room. The greatest blow came when separate bids by the two countries to stage the 1986 World Cup competition were dismissed in favor of ...


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In a referendum on Nov. 2, 1983, white voters approved a new Constitution that will permit limited participation in government decision making by South Africans of mixed race or Asian descent. However, blacks, who make up nearly 70 per cent of the ...


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The United States space shuttle orbiter Challenger flew three successful missions and the orbiter Columbia made a troubled but record-breaking flight in 1983. Challenger's first flight had been scheduled for January, but engine problems delayed the ...


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Spain and the United States saved a disputed defense pact on Feb. 24, 1983, when they signed an agreement that allowed Spain to reconsider its proposed entry into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Without this agreement, the United States ...


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On April 26, 1983, Sweden accused the Soviet Union of "gross violations of Swedish territorial integrity" and of carrying out a series of "coordinated and carefully planned submarine maneuvers" inside Swedish waters. Sweden said the Soviet Union had ...


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Network television--ABC, CBS, and NBC--dominated viewership in the United States in 1983, but the networks continued to lose viewers to cable television and to the increasingly successful independent stations. The shift in viewing habits and the ...


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Thailand held parliamentary elections on April 18, 1983. Prem Tinsulanonda again became prime minister, but the elections showed the political power of the army, headed by General Arthit Kamlang-ek. ...


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Turkey took a decisive step toward the restoration of parliamentary government on Nov. 6, 1983, when elections were held for a new parliament called the Grand National Assembly (GNA). Parliamentary government had been suspended since September 1980, ...


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enjoyed improved economic conditions in 1983. A third successive year of good harvests and a continued use of incentives to encourage private production combined to raise living standards. The Communist regime began during 1983 to try to gain more ...


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An unusual pattern of air circulation brought the warmest winter in 25 years to the Eastern United States in early 1983, along with colder than normal temperatures and heavy snows in the West. Storms did not follow their normal path across the central ...


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The main problems in Yugoslavia in 1983 were internal disunity and financial instability. In May, the collective state presidency elected Mika Spiljak, a Croat, president for one year; and the Presidium of the ruling political party, the League of ...


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Yukon Territory received help for its hardpressed mining industry in 1983. On September 30, the federal government presented the first installment of a $19.6-million (Canadian dollars; $1 = U.S. 80 cents on Dec. 31, 1983) interest-free loan to the ...


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A recently discovered microscopic marine animal is so unique that scientists in October 1983 described it as a new animal phylum. There are 35 phyla (major subdivisions) in the animal kingdom, and this is only the second to be described in this ...


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Southern Alberta experienced a hot dry summer in 1984, similar to those of the Dust Bowl years of the 1930's. Crops on nonirrigated land were severely damaged by the drought, and the worst plague of grasshoppers in a decade compounded the problem. On ...


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In October 1984, a team of scientists working in Kenya reported the discovery of the most complete Homo erectus skeleton ever found. Homo erectus, which lived from 1.6 million to 150,000 years ago, is believed to be the human species that developed ...


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On May 15, 1984, a joint team of United States and Guatemalan archaeologists discovered the first painted Maya tomb to be found intact since the early 1960's. Led by Richard E. W. Adams of the University of Texas at San Antonio, the team found the 1,...


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It was a demanding first full year in office in 1984 for President Raul Alfonsin of Argentina, who was elected in October 1983 following seven years of military rule. Alfonsin was confronted with a nation ravaged by economic problems, including an ...


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A traveler in Asia during 1984 would have found most of the continent's more than 2 billion people quietly eking out a living. From villages where too many people tried to wrest enough food from too little good land, to overcrowded cities where some ...


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In January 1984, atmospheric scientist Larry W. Esposito of the University of Colorado at Boulder announced that at least one and possibly more of the volcanoes on Venus are active -- that is, capable of erupting. When a volcano is inactive, it no ...


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Australian voters reelected Prime Minister Robert Hawke in national elections on Dec. 1, 1984. Hawke, who had succeeded Malcolm Fraser as prime minister in March 1983, called the new election to take advantage of his popularity and to try to secure ...


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The United States automobile industry recorded another year of solid progress in 1984. At the same time, the industry was dogged by the feeling that the old exuberance of the American car market was gone -- perhaps forever. ...


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AVIATION in the United States rebounded smartly in 1984, helped by the economic recovery, firmer fares, and lower labor costs. Many major carriers and new airlines prospered, but others struggled to stay aloft. Passengers endured long runway delays ...


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The Detroit Tigers made baseball history in 1984 by getting off to the fastest start ever, winning 35 of their first 40 games. The Tigers went on to win the American League's Eastern Division, the American League pennant, and the World Series. ...


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The Boston Celtics won the National Basketball Association (NBA) title in June 1984 for the 15th time by defeating the Los Angeles Lakers, 4 games to 3, in the play-off finals. Georgetown University won the National Collegiate Athletic Association ...


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Many kinds of trees in the forests of the Eastern United States are growing more slowly than they used to, scientists reported in 1984. The researchers theorized that the cause of the trees' declining growth rate may be acid rain -- acidic ...


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In 1984, Premier William R. Bennett's governing Social Credit Party advanced toward its goal of establishing a new conservative orientation for Canada's most westerly province. To bring government expenditures more into line with income, Bennett ...


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The face of Canadian politics was changed on Sept. 4, 1984, when the Progressive Conservative Party (PC or Conservatives) won a massive electoral victory. Brian Mulroney, 45, who had been chosen leader of the Progressive Conservative Party in June ...


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Canadian literature faced threats on several financial fronts in 1984. McClelland and Stewart, Limited, Canada's leading publisher of books for the general public, required $3 million in loans and grants from the provincial government of Ontario to ...


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In August 1984, biomedical engineers Robert S. Langer and Howard Bernstein of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) in Cambridge reported that they had developed a device for removing heparin, an anticlotting chemical, from the blood of ...


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Increasingly militant street demonstrations by a broad spectrum of Chileans threatened in 1984 to cut short the dictatorial rule of President Augusto Pinochet Ugarte. Pinochet's military government is empowered to rule until 1989 under a Constitution ...


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The breakup of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) on Jan. 1, 1984, changed telephone service dramatically throughout the United States. The breakup stemmed from the 1982 settlement of an antitrust suit brought by the United States ...


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Computer technology continued to develop as a branch of the technology of information storage and movement in 1984, and the several branches of the larger technology continued to merge. For example, it became difficult in 1984 to discuss computer ...


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When the second session of the 98th Congress convened on Jan. 23, 1984, members immediately began grumbling about money -- how much to spend and how much to borrow to keep the government functioning. And when Congress adjourned on October 12, it did ...


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Conservation leaders in the United States in 1984 launched the most ambitious political campaign in the history of the U.S. environmental movement. Rafe Pomerance, president of Friends of the Earth, began the campaign at an acid rain conference in New ...


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Terrorism in support of political objectives continued to plague governments throughout the world during 1984. The most serious incident was the assassination on October 31 of India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by two of her bodyguards in New Delhi, ...


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President Fidel Castro marked the 25th anniversary of the Cuban revolution on Jan. 2, 1984, with a speech that bitterly attacked the Administration of United States President Ronald Reagan and the 1983 U.S. invasion of Grenada. Castro called U.S. ...


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Czechoslovakia remained the Communist bloc's chief advocate of the hard-line approach in 1984. In March, the Czechoslovak Communist Party daily newspaper Rude Pravo (Red Justice) attacked Communist states that sought "one-sided" advantage from the ...


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The United States general election, held on Nov. 6, 1984, marked the second successive landslide defeat of a Democratic presidential ticket. The loss was made less painful, however, by a Democratic gain of 2 seats in the Republican-controlled U.S. ...


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The Conservative-led minority coalition government of Prime Minister Poul Schluter narrowly won a general election on Jan. 10, 1984. At first, they seemed to have lost. But eight days after the vote, a miscount was discovered in the constituency of ...


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Republican Ronald Reagan was reelected President of the United States with a record number of electoral votes on Nov. 6, 1984, defeating a Democratic ticket that included the first woman ever nominated for the vice presidency by a major political ...


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Western Europe continued its climb out of recession in 1984 against a background of labor problems and international discord. The nearly bankrupt European Community (EC or Common Market) added to the difficulty by creating quotas and rules that turned ...


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The Finnish Communist Party fired party leader Jouko Kajanoja in 1984 and dismissed other members of its extremist Stalinist faction who held leading party positions. Arvo Aalto, leader of the moderate Eurocommunists, replaced Kajanoja. ...


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Controversy marked professional and college football in the 1984 season and overshadowed the triumph of the San Francisco 49ers, who defeated the Miami Dolphins in the 1985 Super Bowl. Controversy even dogged the unofficial national college champion, ...


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After six months of industrial unrest, strikes, and blockades, Socialist Prime Minister Pierre Mauroy resigned on July 17, 1984, ending 27 months of stormy alliance with the Communists. Since 1981, Mauroy's support in public opinion polls had plunged ...


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In May 1984, the first direct measurements of the movement of the earth's continents were reported by scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. The scientists found that ...


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A desire to improve relations with West Germany led Communist Party Secretary General and State Council Chairman Erich Honecker to suggest in March 1984 that he should make his first official visit to West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl in the fall. ...


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British coal miners walked off the job on March 12, 1984, beginning a strike of marathon proportions, even by British standards. The strike developed into a gargantuan struggle between the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), led by left wing ...


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Greece continued its verbal battle with Turkey throughout 1984. This conflict crippled operations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Greece and Turkey are NATO members, but they refused to cooperate in ...


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Major advances in the international scientific effort to understand the mysterious disease known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported in 1984. On April 23, U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Margaret M. Heckler ...


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The Edmonton Oilers, the highest-scoring team in National Hockey League (NHL) history, won the Stanley Cup as the NHL champions in 1984. They defeated the New York Islanders, 4 games to 1, in the play-off finals, ending the Islanders' string of four ...


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Hungary continued to reform its economy while maintaining good relations with Eastern bloc nations and the West in 1984. In April, Hungary's Communist Party Central Committee approved further decentralization of the economy, including a measure that ...


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The assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on October 31 rocked India in 1984, and the worst industrial accident in history on December 3 added to the country's woes. Gandhi was shot by two of her own bodyguards as she walked from her residence ...


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Indian leaders, federal officials, and natural resource developers met in Washington, D.C., on June 19, 1984, to try to ease the growing conflict over the West's scarce water resources. Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Indian Affairs Kenneth L. ...


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Indonesia recorded steady economic growth during 1984. Western aid givers and the World Bank, a United Nations agency that loans funds for development, at a meeting in June praised Indonesia's "decisive and timely measures" to cope with economic ...


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The most significant political event of 1984 in Ireland was the release of the New Ireland Forum report on May 2. This 38-page document represented 11 months of effort by Ireland's main political parties to solve the problem of political violence in ...


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National elections held on July 23, 1984, produced a political deadlock that underscored the deep divisions among Israelis on domestic and foreign policy issues. The divisions were accentuated by the costly and apparently fruitless occupation of ...


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Socialist Prime Minister Bettino Craxi's five-party coalition government was in difficulty in the first seven months of 1984 as opposition to his anti-inflation program intensified. Craxi proposed on February 14 to cut automatic wage hikes that ...


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Japan seemed to enter a period of new political stability and continuity in 1984. Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone easily won reelection on October 28 to the presidency of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which despite its name is basically ...


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Kampuchea The Vietnamese-backed government of Kampuchea (formerly known as Cambodia) said that fighting with a coalition opposing it escalated during 1984. Guerrilla attacks were officially reported in 15 of Kampuchea's 19 provinces in midyear. ...


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President Kim Il-song of Communist North Korea sought during 1984 to improve relations with his neighbors, especially anti- Communist South Korea. Kim said in September that he wanted to end confrontation with South Korea and with the United States ...


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An attempt to overthrow Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi on May 8, 1984, underscored growing internal opposition to the Libyan leader. Fifteen guerrillas attacked Qadhafi's military headquarters in Tripoli, but they were all killed ...


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On Feb. 9, 1984, the sultans who reign over 9 of Malaysia's 13 states elected Mahmood Iskandar Al-Haj Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail, the sultan of Johor, to be the country's king. Under Malaysia's unique system of rotating king-ship, the sultans elect ...


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Premier Howard Pawley's New Democratic Party government in February 1984 was forced to abandon its effort to pass a bill restoring language rights to Manitoba's 60,000 French-speaking citizens. Progressive Conservative Party members of the provincial ...


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There were two major developments in heart surgery in 1984. On October 26, surgeons at Loma Linda University Medical Center in California transplanted a baboon heart into a 15-day-old girl born with a fatal heart defect. The infant, known as Baby Fae, ...


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Results of the most comprehensive survey of mental illness ever conducted in the United States were released on Oct. 2, 1984, by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Bethesda, Md. The study, which cost $15 million and surveyed nearly 10,...


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Mexico's President Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado continued to cope in 1984 with growing frustration among Mexican workers who were struggling under an economic austerity program. Prior to the Mexican president's visit to Washington, D.C., on May 14, ...


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The evacuation of United States Marine Corps units from Beirut, Lebanon, in February 1984 to ships off the Lebanese coast marked the end of direct American involvement in that country and a return to the customary U.S. role as a liaison between the ...


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Business boomed for the United States popular music industry in 1984. Cassette and album sales were up. Merchants reported an increase in new store openings. Compact disks (CD's) and CD players went down in price and up in sales. And music videos ...


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Mounting public pressure led the Dutch government on June 1, 1984, to postpone the installation of United States nuclear cruise missiles in the Netherlands. In 1979, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) had decided to place 572 nuclear-armed ...


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Plans for a government-backed French-language newspaper to be published in New Brunswick failed to bear fruit in 1984. However, a private daily, L'Acadie nouvelle (New Acadia), began publication on June 7. ...


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The first major Inuit (Eskimo) land-rights agreement in Canada's North was enacted by the federal Parliament on June 29, 1984, and went into effect a month later. The agreement gave the Inuit of the western Arctic about $45 million in 1977 Canadian ...


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Norway and Great Britain discussed a $26-billion natural gas deal in 1984. But the deal fell through when the two countries failed to decide which one would take the tax benefits from the pipeline that would carry the gas from Norwegian deposits under ...


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The Progressive Conservative government of Premier John Buchanan was reelected by a wide margin on Nov. 6, 1984. It was the third consecutive victory for Buchanan's government, in power since 1978. The Progressive Conservatives won 42 seats in the ...


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In July, United States President Ronald Reagan signed a proclamation declaring the period from July 1, 1984, to July 1, 1985, the Year of the Ocean. This nationwide celebration of the United States ocean heritage concentrates on the many uses of the ...


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Despite a boycott by the Soviet Union and 13 allied nations of the XXIII Olympic Summer Games and a severe snowstorm that disrupted Alpine skiing at the XIV Winter Games, the 1984 Olympics were considered a rousing success. The Winter Olympics were ...


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William G. Davis, premier of Canada's most populous province for 13 years, announced on Oct. 8, 1984, that he was stepping down from that post. The Progressive Conservative Party leader said he was retiring to make room for new leaders with new ideas. ...


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In March 1984, a group of scientists led by physicist Walter Alvarez of the University of California at Berkeley reported additional evidence supporting their theory that a mass extinction occurring 65 million years ago was caused by the collision of ...


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During 1984, President Fernando Belaunde Terry presided over an economic crisis that seemed to deepen with every day he spent in office. Peru's future appeared bleak as the country headed toward national elections to choose a new president and a new ...


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Experiments on dense and highly energetic matter provided technical progress and major discoveries in 1984. In July, physicists led by Ronald Parker at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) in Cambridge published details of passing a ...


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The government of General Wojciech Jaruzelski continued its struggles with the underground labor union Solidarity and the Roman Catholic Church in 1984. Poland's relations with the West improved, and its economy grew. ...


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President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed on Dec. 2, 1985, a National Assembly bill calling an election for president on Feb. 7, 1986. The unusual election, a year ahead of schedule, was Marcos' response to increasing domestic pressure caused by an ...


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A new headquarters building for the federal Department of Veterans Affairs was opened on June 28, 1984, in Charlottetown, the capital of this island province. The Department of Veterans Affairs is the only federal public service department ...


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Developments during 1984 continued to link psychology to neuroscience, the study of the biology and biochemistry of the brain and nerve cells. One example of how neuroscience is related to psychology involves anxiety. People given drugs called ...


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Rafael Hernandez Colon, leader of the Popular Democratic Party, defeated incumbent Carlos Romero Barcelo in the Nov. 6, 1984, election to win the post of governor of Puerto Rico. Hernandez Colon pledged to resolve the economic problems of the island, ...


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Eighty tall sailing ships from 18 countries visited Quebec City for five days in June 1984. The visit was the highlight of a celebration of the 450th anniversary of French explorer Jacques Cartier's first voyage to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1534. ...


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The most important event on radio in the United States in 1984 may have been a remark not heard over the air. Shortly before a radio address in August, President Ronald Reagan jokingly said, "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that ...


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On October 10, the White House felt compelled to issue a statement by Navy Captain W. W. Karney, a physician who supervised a thorough physical examination of Reagan on May 18. Karney described the President as "a mentally alert, robust man who ...


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Republicans had mixed fortunes in the United States national elections held on Nov. 6, 1984. The Republican Party (GOP) retained the White House with a landslide, but lost two important Senate seats and gained only 14 or 15 seats in the U.S. House of ...


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Soviet leader Yuri V. Andropov, 69, died on Feb. 9, 1984, after only 15 months in office. On February 13, Konstantin U. Chernenko succeeded Andropov in the top post of the Soviet Communist Party -- general secretary of the Central Committee. On April ...


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The Progressive Conservative Party, led by Premier Grant Devine, lost a seat in the Legislative Assembly in April 1984 when Bill Sveinson quit the party and crossed the floor to sit as a Liberal. The defection left the Conservatives with 55 seats, ...


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Saudi Arabia moved briefly into the front lines of regional conflict in 1984 through its direct involvement in the Iran-Iraq war. On March 27, a supply ship from the Arabian American Oil Company, a Saudi-owned oil company, was sunk by an Iraqi missile ...


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Professional soccer in the United States and Canada fought for survival in 1984. The year was one of continuing disappointment for the sport, which seemed on the verge of success in the late 1970's. ...


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The white-minority government of South Africa won significant concessions in 1984 from two of its black-ruled neighbors. On February 16, Angola agreed to prevent Namibian nationalist guerrillas who had been fighting South African rule in Namibia from ...


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Space shuttle missions launched by the United States in 1984 dramatically illustrated the triumphs and troubles involved in developing the first reusable space transportation system. Problems and progress began on February 3 with the perfect liftoff ...


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Commitment to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Spain's proposed entry into the European Community (EC or Common Market) dominated Spanish politics in 1984. Spain had joined NATO in May 1982 and had immediately started preparing to ...


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Sweden worried about whether Soviet submarines were patrolling Swedish waters during the first half of 1984. On February 27, the Swedish Navy hurled hand grenades and fired machine guns into the water inside the Karlskrona naval base near the southern ...


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Network television in the United States in 1984 was punctuated by events that take place only every four years -- the Olympic Games and the U.S. presidential election. Television coverage of both events drew some criticism and some raves. ...


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During 1984, Thailand found itself drawn into the continuing war in Kampuchea (formerly Cambodia), where a coalition of Communists and anti-Communists was fighting Vietnamese occupation forces and a puppet government installed by Vietnam. Thailand ...


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Prime Minister Turgut Ozal received firm public support in 1984, both for his political leadership and his programs designed to solve Turkey's long-time economic problems. The results of local elections held on March 25 for mayors and other municipal ...


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Vietnam forged closer ties with the Soviet Union in 1984. In mid-April, the Vietnamese and Soviets held their first-ever joint military exercises. The maneuvers apparently were stimulated by a Chinese attack along Vietnam's northern border earlier in ...


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The abnormal global weather of 1982-1983 gave way to normal conditions in 1984. Rainfall was abnormally low in most parts of Africa, however, worsening a drought that began in the early 1970's in some areas. Most other agricultural regions had good ...


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struggled with economic and political problems in 1984. On July 7, workers at an abrasive-materials factory in Kratovo, Macedonia, struck because they feared that a proposed merger with another business enterprise would lead to a loss of jobs. The ...


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After 10 years of negotiation, the Canadian federal government and Yukon Indian leaders agreed in principle on Indian land claims in January 1984, only to see the accord collapse at year's end. Under the agreement, the Indians were to receive $540 ...


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In the summer of 1984, zoologist Sydney Brenner, director of the Medical Research Council's Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Great Britain, reported on a 20-year research project investigating the complete embryological development of an animal. ...


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As the terrible drought continued in 1984, famine struck a number of African countries, with Ethiopia and Mozambique reaching a state of crisis. Civil wars persisted in Angola, Chad, Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Uganda, and only in Mozambique was there ...


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Newfoundland received a stunning blow on March 8, 1984, when the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the central government, not the province, owns and controls the rich Hibernia oil fields off Newfoundland's coast. However, the Progressive ...


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Yugoslavia struggled with economic and political problems in 1984. On July 7, workers at an abrasive-materials factory in Kratovo, Macedonia, struck because they feared that a proposed merger with another business enterprise would lead to a loss of ...


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Restoring Democracy. Three newly elected civilian presidents took office in Latin America in 1984-- in Ecuador, El Salvador, and Panama. A fourth, who will take office in 1985, was elected in Uruguay. In addition, the military regimes of Brazil and ...


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In 1984, China announced major changes in its economic system that would reduce government control over the economy. The changes, to be made gradually over the next five years, were intended to improve living standards and speed up modernization and ...


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The famine crisis, which spread in 1984 to more than one-third of the countries in Africa, moderated considerably in 1985 as rains came to many areas of the continent. The bloody civil disorders that erupted in South Africa in late 1984, however, ...


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Donald Ross Getty was sworn in as premier of this oil-rich province on Nov. 1, 1985. Getty, an oil industry executive and former provincial energy minister, became premier as a result of winning an election for leader of Alberta's Progressive ...


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Scientists from around the world gathered in Johannesburg, South Africa, from Jan. 27 to Feb. 4, 1985, for a conference celebrating the 60th anniversary of the discovery of the Taung skull. The Taung skull--found in 1924--was the first truly ancient ...


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In an article published in March 1985, archaeologist E. James Dixon of the University of Alaska in Fairbanks reviewed evidence challenging the long-held belief that the earliest Americans arrived in North America from Asia and then spread southward. ...


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Villanova University was the upset winner of the 1985 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship tournament. The Los Angeles Lakers, who had never defeated the Boston Celtics in a National Basketball Association (NBA) final, finally ...


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In October 1985, botanists said they had confirmed the long-held theory that roots of plants grow toward water--a response called hydrotropism . Previous attempts to prove the theory had always been hampered by the effects of gravity on plant roots. ...


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Premier William R. Bennett affirmed in 1985 that three years of reduced government spending by his Social Credit Party administration had succeeded in controlling the province's budget deficit. The 1985-1986 budget, introduced on March 14, called for ...


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Canadians in 1985 seemed hesitant to pass judgment on the performance of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and his Progressive Conservative Party (PC) government during its first year in office. With 211 of the 282 seats in the House of Commons filled ...


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Canadian literature enjoyed a productive year in 1985, highlighted by the publication of The Canadian Encyclopedia. This three-volume, 2,089-page reference work consisted of some 8,000 entries written by 2,500 contributors. Rich in detail. the work ...


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In September 1985, polymer scientist Ioannis V. Yannas of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) in Cambridge announced that he and his colleagues had regenerated nerves in mice--that is, they had caused severed nerves in mice to grow ...


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The military government of President Augusto Pinochet Ugarte responded to growing pressures at home and from abroad on June 16, 1985, by announcing an end to the state of siege that he imposed in November 1984. The military authorities, however, ...


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China made sweeping leadership changes in 1985. Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-p'ing in the traditional Wade-Giles spelling), China's dominant political figure, engineered the leadership changes. Deng wanted to replace the aging, poorly educated generation ...


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In 1985, the second year after the breakup of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), forecasters who had predicted turmoil in the United States market place were proved to be correct. Major regulatory changes throughout 1985 continued to ...


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The pace of technological advancement in the United States computer industry accelerated in 1985 as competition took on a more international look. The United States maintained its technological lead, but France, Great Britain, Japan, and West Germany ...


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Taking the deficit bull firmly by the horns, Congress on Dec. 11, 1985, passed a bill requiring that red ink in the federal budget be reduced in each coming fiscal year and that the budget be balanced by 1991. President Ronald Reagan, who had ...


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The United States House of Representatives approved a three-year extension of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 on July 29, 1985. The act gives legal protection to species listed as endangered. Environmentalists nevertheless claimed that the ...


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International terrorism in support of political objectives escalated during 1985. On June 14, Lebanese Shiite Muslim gunmen hijacked a Trans World Airlines jet carrying 153 people shortly after take-off from Athens, Greece. The terrorists murdered a ...


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The governments of Cuba and the United States exchanged angry words during 1985. The United States increased the volume of the exchange on May 20 by throwing the switch on Radio Marti, a broadcasting service operated by the Voice of America and aimed ...


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On May 22, 1985, Gustav Husak, 72, was reelected for his third five-year term as president of Czechoslovakia. On June 19, he stressed his regime's rejection of market-oriented economic reforms. In line with a drive for greater discipline in the Soviet ...


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Reeling after the landslide defeat of former United States Vice President Walter F. Mondale in the November 1984 presidential election, the Democratic Party spent much of 1985 trying to regroup. Democratic leaders also worked to spruce up the party's ...


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Denmark suffered from labor unrest and nationwide demonstrations during March and April 1985. Employers resisted union demands for a two-year wage agreement with a 4 per cent pay hike and a cut in the workweek from 40 to 38 hours. Danes fearing a ...


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Most elections held in the United States in 1985 resulted in a continuation of the status quo. Candidates of the party in power--new-comers as well as incumbents--won the vast majority of contests, which included two governorships and an array of ...


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Many European countries suffered set-backs and international embarrassments in 1985. The European Community (EC or Common Market) failed to solve its financial problems and to reduce its growing surpluses of grain, butter, and wine. ...


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A Soviet missile flew over Norway and crashed in Finland on Dec. 28, 1984, but its wreckage was not found until January 1985. The missile crashed in remote, frozen Lake Inari, about 115 miles (185 kilometers) west of Murmansk, Russia, a Soviet ...


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The Chicago Bears, professional football's dominant team in the early 1940's, returned to form in 1985, winning 15 of their 16 regular season games. In Super Bowl XX in New Orleans, the Bears defeated the New England Patriots. The University of ...


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Francen drew heavy criticism on Sept. 22, 1985, when Prime Minister Laurent Fabius admitted that French security forces had been involved in the sinking of a ship owned by an environmentalist organization on July 10. French agents sank the ship, ...


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On Nov. 13, 1985, a volcano in northern Colombia that had not erupted in nearly 400 years exploded, causing floods of water and mud that killed at least 25,000 people. Other major geologic events in 1985 included earthquakes in Mexico, more evidence ...


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Hopes grew in 1985 that Communist Party Secretary General and State Council Chairman Erich Honecker would schedule a visit to West Germany. He had canceled a 1984 visit at the insistence of the Soviet Union. On March 12, 1985, while in Moscow to ...


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The mood of the country appeared to be shifting against the ruling Conservative Party government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher during 1985. Thatcher's personal style was the subject of intense political debate among Tories--members of the ...


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Greece was stunned on March 9, 1985, when Socialist Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou withdrew his support for the reelection of President Constantine Karamanlis, a member of the conservative New Democracy Party, and backed Christos Sartzetakis, a ...


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The Edmonton Oilers and the Philadelphia Flyers dominated the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1984-1985 season. The Oilers won the Stanley Cup play-offs for the second consecutive year. ...


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Hungary continued to reform its economy but suffered some political strains in 1985. In March, delegates at the Communist Party congress reelected 73-year-old Janos Kadar as leader for another five years. The delegates also elected three individuals ...


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Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi moved in 1985 to solve some of India's long-standing problems. He sought solutions to complaints in Punjab and Assam states, initiated political reforms, and loosened government controls on the economy. ...


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Canada's Parliament on June 28, 1985, struck down provisions in the 114-year-old Indian Act that denied rights associated with native status to many Indians living in Canada. According to the provisions struck down, any Indian woman who married a ...


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Indonesia experienced political troubles and slower economic growth in 1985. In January, bombs damaged a magnificent Buddhist temple dating from the 800's at Borobudur in central Java, and fire ravaged a royal Javanese palace. These and other ...


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Local elections on June 22, 1985, indicated the unpopularity of the coalition government of the Labour Party and Fine Gael (Gaelic People), headed by Prime Minister Garret Fitz-Gerald. The opposition Fianna Fail (Soldiers of Destiny) won in many areas ...


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Israel completed the withdrawal of all of its forces from Lebanon on June 10, 1985, ending a three-year occupation. The operation had been undertaken to destroy Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) bases in Lebanon and help establish a Lebanese ...


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The hijacking of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro on Oct. 7, 1985, temporarily brought down the coalition government of Socialist Prime Minister Bettino Craxi. Four Palestinian terrorists seized the ship off the coast of Egypt and, on October 8, ...


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Japan faced increasing tension in its relations with its trading partners, especially the United States, during 1985. The tension was caused by Japan's huge trade surplus, which reached a record $44.2 billion in 1984. Efforts by other countries to ...


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Kampuchea Political changes occurred during 1985 on both sides in the continuing war in Kampuchea (formerly known as Cambodia). The prime minister of Kampuchea's Vietnamese-backed regime, Chan Si, died in late December 1984. On Jan. 14, 1985, the ...


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Communist North Korea developed closer relations with the Soviet Union during 1985. The Soviets had rejected North Korea's requests for new, improved armaments for more than a decade. But in April 1985, the Soviets delivered the first of an estimated ...


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Latin-American nations drew renewed attention during 1985 to their inability to make scheduled payments on an estimated $400 billion in foreign debts that had accumulated over the last 10 years. In the mid-1970's, world economic conditions had ...


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Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi continued to play the role of an agitator in Middle Eastern and international affairs in 1985. For example, in February, he spoke by satellite to a meeting of the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) in ...


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diversified its economy during 1985. The country had grown prosperous by Asian standards from its exports of petroleum, rubber, palm oil, and other commodities, but it sought to expand its manufacturing industries, particularly those that produced ...


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In a historic decision on June 13, 1985, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that almost all laws in Manitoba "are and always have been invalid and of no force or effect." The decision was based on the fact that the laws were written in English only and ...


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Use of the Jarvik-7 artificial heart continued during 1985, but enthusiasm for the device diminished because so many recipients suffered strokes and related complications following surgery. Nevertheless, some artificial-heart recipients survived. On ...


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Electroshock therapy, the most controversial treatment for mental illness, received a cautious endorsement on June 29, 1985, from a panel of experts appointed to evaluate the procedure by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Md. The ...


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A devastating earthquake, measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale, struck Mexico at 7:18 A.M. on Sept. 19, 1985, toppling buildings and wreaking havoc in Mexico City. A second quake, or aftershock, followed on September 20 and measured 7.3 on the Richter ...


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Conflict continued to plague the Middle East in 1985 with little hope of resolution. The five-year war between Iran and Iraq remained stalemated, despite a sharp escalation in the fighting. Talks aimed at a political settlement to end the struggle in ...


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The Dutch government agonized in 1985 over whether to install United States nuclear cruise missiles on its soil. In 1979, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) had decided to place 572 nuclear-armed Pershing 2 ballistic and cruise missiles in ...


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Premier Richard B. Hatfield, in power since 1970 and Canada's longest-serving premier, found himself at the center of a political, storm during 1985. On January 29, Hatfield was acquitted of a charge of drug possession. In 1984, the Royal Canadian ...


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On Feb. 11, 1985, Canada's Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and Newfoundland Premier Brian Peckford signed an agreement that gave the province control of offshore oil and natural gas resources jointly with the federal government. The agreement allows ...


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On Nov. 15, 1985, Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher of Great Britain and Garret FitzGerald of the Republic of Ireland signed an agreement giving the Irish republic an advisory role in the affairs of Northern Ireland. The agreement established an ...


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The controversy increased during 1985 over the proposed division of the Northwest Territories into two regions for administrative purposes. Canada's Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development David E. Crombie urged a division by 1987. In ...


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Prime Minister Kaare Willoch's Conservative-led coalition government held on by one seat in general elections on Sept. 8 and 9, 1985. The Labor Party increased its share of the vote by 4 per cent, a triumph for its leader, Gro Harlem Brundtland. Labor ...


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Nova Scotia felt the harsh effects of the Canadian government's cost-cutting measures in 1985. On May 23, federal budget cuts were announced. They included the immediate closing of two government-owned plants on Cape Breton Island that made heavy ...


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The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), a 10-year scientific research project, began its first expedition in January 1985. A new drill ship, the JOIDES Resolution (officially registered as Sedco/BP 471 ), will drill sites chosen by JOIDES ( J oint O ...


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The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) in 1985 won the United States television rights to the 1988 Summer Olympic Games to be held in Seoul, South Korea. In October 1985, NBC agreed to pay at least $300 million and up to $500 million to the Olympic ...


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Canada's most populous province saw dramatic political change in 1985. After almost 42 years of uninterrupted power, the Progressive Conservative (PC) Party was swept out of office by an alliance between the Liberal and New Democratic parties. David ...


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In October 1985, chemists from the University of Chicago reported that a vast fire storm ignited by the impact of a meteorite may have swept across Earth 65 million years ago, contributing to the mass extinction of dinosaurs and many other groups of ...


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On July 28, 1985, Alan Garcia Perez, the charismatic 36-year-old leader of the left-of-center American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, took office as president of Peru. At his inaugural, Garcia issued a challenge to the existing world economic system, ...


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Scientists who study the structure of solid substances attempted in 1985 to explain an astonishing discovery made in late 1984 by an international team of physicists at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) laboratory in Gaithersburg, Md. The NBS ...


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Communist Party First Secretary Wojciech Jaruzelski consolidated his position during 1985. The nation's financial situation remained shaky, however, and there was little sign that economic reforms promised by Jaruzelski would get underway soon. ...


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The United States popular music business prospered and grew in 1985. There were 46 per cent more platinum (million-seller) albums in the first half of 1985 than in the same period in 1984. Manufacturers of compact disks (CD's) and CD players rushed to ...


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Ronald Reagan, after four years of lambasting the Soviet Union as "the evil empire," made what he termed "a fresh start" in 1985 in dealings with Moscow. Reagan's year was capped, in the foreign policy area, by a November 19-20 summit in Geneva, ...


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The Progressive Conservative (PC) administration of this island province's Premier James M. Lee was shaken temporarily by the resignation of one of its supporters early in 1985. On February 7, Peter Pope, a representative from Summerside, the ...


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The idea that states of mind can affect health gained respect among scientists during 1985. A new discipline called psychoneuroimmu-nology or behavioral immunology emerged. Research in this discipline focused on links between mental states, hormones, ...


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Representatives of 33 North and South American nations on Aug. 9, 1985, urged the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization, both agencies of the United Nations, to support a massive effort to improve public health ...


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Disaster struck at 2:15 A.M. on Oct. 7, 1985, when a wall of mud and rock from surrounding hills buried Mameyes, a slum community just north of Ponce on Puerto Rico's south coast. Governor Rafael Hernandez Colon called it "the worst tragedy to ever ...


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The Liberal Party, led by Robert Bourassa, roundly defeated the Parti Quebecois (PQ), under Prime Minister Pierre Marc Johnson, in general elections on Dec. 2, 1985. Johnson had served as prime minister for only two months, having succeeded retiring ...


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The most unusual event on United States radio during 1985 may have taken place at noon on April 5. At that time, an estimated 8,000 U.S. radio stations simultaneously played "We Are the World," an anthemlike song that cried out against the famine ...


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The national leadership of the Republican Party (GOP) was kept intact in 1985, thanks largely to President Ronald Reagan, whose personal influence was high in the months following his 1984 landslide reelection. Meeting in Washington, D.C., on Jan. 18, ...


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Russia in 1985 changed its top leader for the third time in four years. The new government put new stress on economic efficiency and discipline. The Soviets became friendlier toward China, and chilly relations with the United States thawed enough to ...


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A special election was held on March 28, 1985, to fill the seat in Saskatchewan's Legislative Assembly made vacant by the expulsion in 1984 of Progressive Conservative Party (PC) politician Wilbert Colin Thatcher. Thatcher had been convicted of the ...


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King and Prime Minister Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Saud met with President Ronald Reagan in Washington, D.C., on Feb. 11 and 12, 1985, in the first U.S. visit by a Saudi leader in 14 years. Questions about United States efforts to mediate a Middle East ...


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Soccer had a disastrous year in 1985 in much of the world, especially in Europe and North America. Internationally, more than 100 soccer spectators were killed in riots and a fire. In the United States and Canada, the North American Soccer League ...


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South Africa in 1985 was shaken by angry and often bloody protests by blacks against the whiteimposed system of racial discrimination. South Africa's racial policies are summed up by the Afrikaans term apartheid, which literally means apartness. As ...


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The United States completed nine space shuttle missions in 1985. In the first flight, the shuttle Discovery rocketed aloft from Cape Canaveral, Fla., on January 24 on a military mission about which the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ...


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On June 12, 1985, Spain signed treaties to bring it into the European Community (EC or Common Market) on Jan. 1, 1986. Before signing the treaties, Spain had to reach a trade agreement with Portugal, which also was to join the EC in January 1986. ...


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Social Democrat Prime Minister Olof Palme won a hollow victory in a general election on Sept. 15, 1985, losing his three-seat majority over Sweden's three non-Socialist parties and forcing him to rely on Communist support to remain in power. The ...


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In business terms, 1985 was easily the most turbulent year in the history of United States television. All three major networks--American Broadcasting Companies (ABC), CBS Inc., and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC)--became the object of ...


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Before dawn on Sept. 9, 1985, some 500 soldiers seized the headquarters of Thailand's supreme military command and sent 22 tanks into downtown Bangkok, the capital, in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the government. It was Thailand's 16th coup ...


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Turkey in 1985 continued its steady progress toward the full restoration of civilian rule. In February, the founder and 23 leaders of the outlawed National Salvation Party, an Islamic fundamentalist party, were acquitted by a Turkish court of trying ...


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Vietnam tried to improve relations with the United States in 1985 by cooperating in the search for the more than 1,800 Americans missing since the Vietnam War, which ended in 1975. Contacts between the two countries from 1975 until mid-1985 had ...


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The coldest weather in the United States during 1985 occurred in the second half of January after an arctic high-pressure center developed near the northern fringe of North America. On January 20, Chicago recorded a record low of -27 o F. (-33 o C). ...


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Yugoslavia continued to struggle with economic and political problems in 1985. In 1984, Yugoslavia had begun to negotiate with Western banks to reschedule payments on $19.5 billion owed to the West. The negotiations ended in September 1985 with an ...


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Christopher Pearson, government leader and Progressive Conservative Party leader in the Yukon since 1978, retired in March 1985. Succeeding him in both posts was Willard Phelps, who had served as the Yukon's land claims negotiator. Phelps called ...


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In December 1985, only six wild California condors remained alive, the last survivors of a species that once ranged from Los Angeles to San Francisco. Urban development in southern California has destroyed vast tracts of land used by condors for ...


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For dramatic pennant races and an exciting World Series and for history making by some of the game's long-time stars, the 1985 baseball season ranked high. The Kansas City Royals provided much of the drama. They entered the final week of the regular ...


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Public health officials grew concerned in 1985 about an "epidemic of fear" surrounding acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a viral disease that cripples the body's disease-fighting immune system. Concern about AIDS intensified on July 25 when ...


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Asia made slow progress toward raising the living standards of its people during 1985 amid a number of setbacks and economic problems. Continuing wars left millions of people living in refugee camps, but some regional cooperation efforts were expanded....


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The Labor Party government of Australia's Prime Minister Robert Hawke maintained firm political control during 1985. The opposition Liberal Party elected John Howard party leader on September 5, replacing Andrew Peacock, who resigned the post. Howard, ...


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Airline crashes and safety issues dominated aviation news in 1985. The United States airline industry did well financially in spite of major strikes, and the number of passengers increased over 1984 levels. Passenger traffic for the first eight months ...


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In 1985, an unusually eventful year for the automobile industry, total United States sales of new cars and trucks rose to a record 15.6 million units. Cut-rate financing, generally good economic times, and a variety of new models contributed to the ...


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On Sept. 11, 1985, the International Cometary Explorer ( ICE ) flew through the tail of Comet Giacobini-Zinner, marking the first visit of a spacecraft to a comet. ICE , a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) spacecraft, passed 8,000 ...


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Increasingly violent opposition to the South African government's racial policies hastened efforts in 1986 to isolate South Africa from the rest of the world community. Elsewhere on the continent, famine continued to ease in most countries--the result ...


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Severe recessions in the province's oil and agriculture industries in 1986 disturbed Premier Donald Getty's first full year in office as head of a Progressive Conservative (PC) government. Plunging oil prices in the early months of 1986 brought ...


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The discovery of a nearly complete 2.5-million-year-old hominid cranium in northern Kenya, reported in August 1986, has challenged theories about the structure of the human evolutionary tree. (Hominids include human beings and our closest human and ...


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A rock shelter in a sandstone cliff in northeastern Brazil has provided evidence of the earliest known human presence in the Americas, according to a report by French scientists published in June 1986. In the lowest layer of sediment in the rock ...


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Three members of the military junta that led Argentina into the 1982 Falkland Islands war with Great Britain were found guilty on May 16, 1986, of negligence in conducting the war. Argentina lost the war, and ever since, public opinion has demanded ...


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Democratic elections were held in several Asian countries during 1986, while others remained under one-person or one-party rule. In the Philippines, a controversial election led to a change of presidents. Regional cooperation flourished in South and ...


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In 1986, astronomers received photographs from the first space probes to fly by the planet Uranus and Halley's Comet. They puzzled over a double quasar and wondered why galaxies seem to be located on giant bubbles in space. ...


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The troubled economy, plagued by continued deficits in overseas trade, a depressed currency, and a stubbornly high rate of inflation, was Australia's dominant news story of 1986. Despite the economic bad news, the Labor Party government of Prime ...


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The United States automobile industry continued to hold its own in 1986, the fourth consecutive year of prosperity. Most economic conditions in the United States during the year favored automakers. An important change in international currency values ...


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The big news in aviation in the United States in 1986 was a wave of airline mergers that eliminated most discount carriers and reduced the importance of discount fares to the industry. This prompted a round of fare increases in October. ...


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The New York Mets capped a superb 1986 season by defeating the Boston Red Sox in seven games to win the World Series. The World Series and the league championship play-offs were exciting, with dramatic come-from-behind victories in the late innings. ...


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The Boston Celtics, the best team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) during the 1985-1986 regular season, were the best in the play-offs, too, and won the league championship. The University of Louisville in Kentucky, ranked seventh at the ...


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Meeting in Washington, D.C., in September 1986, some of the leading botanists and conservationists in the United States called for worldwide action to slow the accelerating mass extinction of plant and animal species caused by the destruction of ...


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Leadership of the governing Social Credit (Socred) party changed hands during 1986. On May 22, William R. Bennett, premier of the province since 1975, unexpectedly announced his retirement. William N. Vander Zalm, a 52-year-old millionaire ...


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Canada's Progressive Conservative Party administration, led by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, reached the midpoint of its first term in 1986. Under Canadian electoral law, Mulroney must call an election by September 1989, five years after taking ...


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Canadian authors welcomed the formal establishment in 1986 of the Public Lending Right Commission to oversee the spending of an annual $3-million fund (Canadian dollars; $ 1 = U.S. 72 cents on Dec. 31, 1986) allocated by the federal government to pay ...


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Jeffrey R. Aldrich, an entomologist (insect specialist), revealed in September 1986 that he had used an artificial chemical mixture to assemble a powerful army of helpful bugs. Aldrich and his colleagues at the United States Department of Agriculture ...


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Chile's 70-year-old President Augusto Pinochet Ugarte was slightly wounded on Sept. 7, 1986, in an assassination attempt in which 5 of his bodyguards were killed and 11 wounded. The attack occurred in the Maipo canyon, 18 miles (29 kilometers) ...


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China during 1986 continued its slow movement away from the system of political and economic beliefs developed in the Soviet Union and adapted for China by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung in the traditional Wade-Giles spelling), China's leader from 1949 to ...


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The American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) continued to dominate the intercity long-distance telephone business in the United States in 1986, despite challenges from an old competitor -- MCI Communications Corporation -- and a new one -- US ...


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Computer sales in the United States were weak in 1986, but the computer industry made striking advances in technology and product development. Industry executives followed a strategy that had worked before in high-technology areas: Generate a wave of ...


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Before adjourning for the year on Oct. 18, 1986, Congress overcame its seeming paralysis and surprised even itself by achieving one of the most productive legislative sessions in recent history. ...


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Most United States citizens in 1986 were concerned about preserving the nation's natural environment and wildlife, shorelines, and habitats, according to a study prepared for the President's Commission on Americans Outdoors in February. The survey ...


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White-collar crimes set new records in the United States in 1986. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) brought its largest case ever against an investment banker and received its largest settlement in history from another convicted ...


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Tense relations continued between Cuba and the United States in 1986. Although Cuba's President Fidel Castro released a number of political prisoners during the year, the United States government took a hard line against Cuba's support for Third World ...


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Czechoslovakia in 1986 remained politically and economically the most hard-line Communist state in Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. This fact was evident in March, when Czechoslovakia's Communist Party held its congress--a national meeting that takes ...


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leaders hailed their party's recapture of the United States Senate in the 1986 midterm elections as evidence that Republican hopes of an enduring political realignment were without foundation. Ever since President Ronald Reagan's 1980 landslide ...


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Denmark put its membership in the European Community (EC or Common Market) to a referendum, or direct vote of the people, on Feb. 27, 1986, to resolve a crisis centering on EC procedures. The EC had been debating revisions known as the Luxembourg ...


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The Democratic Party claimed control of the United States Senate by a surprisingly wide margin in midterm elections on Nov. 4, 1986. But Republicans made a strong showing in gubernatorial races and virtually held their own in contests for the House of ...


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Three events dominated European affairs in 1986. The first was the United States air attack on Libya on April 15. The United States struck Libya because of what the U.S. called "irrefutable proof" of Libya's involvement in international terrorism. ...


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A series of strikes that began in March 1986 and lasted until the end of June threatened Finland's economy. On March 13, SAK, a federation of labor unions, struck all major factories in Finland, forcing them to close. This was the nation's first big ...


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The biggest winners in football in the United States in 1986 were the New York Giants and the Denver Broncos among the 28 professional teams in the National Football League (NFL) and Pennsylvania State University among the 105 colleges with major ...


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A narrow right wing victory in a national election on March 16, 1986, led to an unprecedented power-sharing arrangement known in France as cohabitation. For the first time since the founding of the Fifth Republic in 1958, France's president and prime ...


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A cloud of toxic gas released by Lake Nios in the central African country of Cameroon on Aug. 21, 1986, killed more than 1,700 people. Shortly after the accident, the United States Agency for International Development dispatched a team of scientists ...


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The East German Communist Party reelected Secretary General Erich Honecker to another five-year term at its party congress, held in East Berlin from April 17 to 21, 1986. Honecker's reelection meant that he also would serve for another five years as ...


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As 1986 began, the Conservative Party government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was already engulfed in a major political crisis that forced the resignation of two of her Cabinet ministers in January and weakened her chances for reelection. The ...


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Relations with the United States became strained in the spring of 1986 after Greece criticized the United States for bombing what the U.S. called "terrorist-related targets" in Libya on April 15. Greece called for an emergency meeting of European ...


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Haitians took to the streets in wild jubilation on Feb. 7, 1986, to celebrate the end of a father-son dictatorship that had lasted 29 years. That day, President Jean-Claude Duvalier flew into exile in France, following months of street protests and ...


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The National Hockey League (NHL) enjoyed a prosperous 1985-1986 season. Gate receipts and television income for the 21 teams exceeded $200 million, a record. Arenas were filled to 85 per cent of capacity. And the Stanley Cup play-offs produced one ...


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Hungary during 1986 maintained its efforts to reform its economy and raise the standard of living. But the nation experienced growing economic and financial difficulties. Hungary's net foreign debt rose by $2.4 billion, from $5 billion in 1985 to $7.4 ...


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India was disturbed by internal strife during 1986, and the country made slow economic progress while many of its people suffered hunger and poverty. The worst violence continued to arise from a militant minority of the Sikh religious community. They ...


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The United States Department of the Interior reported in December 1986 that the economic status of Indians living on reservations was poor and was expected to worsen. The report said that poverty and high levels of unemployment had been aggravated by ...


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Indonesia was plagued in 1986 by economic problems caused by a drop in world oil and gas prices. The two commodities provide 60 to 70 per cent of Indonesia's foreign earnings and 55 per cent of the government's tax revenues. ...


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The unpopular Labour Party and Fine Gael (Gaelic People) minority coalition, headed by Prime Minister Garret FitzGerald, narrowly averted defeat on a vote of confidence in Parliament on Oct. 23, 1986. A vote of confidence is usually called when ...


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Prime Minister Shimon Peres swapped jobs with Foreign Minister Yitzhak Shamir, leader of the opposition Likud bloc, on Oct. 20, 1986. Peres had completed his 25-month term under the power-sharing agreement that was reached between his Labor Party and ...


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The five-party coalition government of Socialist Prime Minister Bettino Craxi collapsed on June 27, 1986, one day after losing a key vote in the Chamber of Deputies, one of the two houses of Parliament. The Chamber of Deputies defeated a government ...


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Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone and his Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)--a conservative party despite its name--won an impressive victory in parliamentary elections on July 6, 1986. In the House of Representatives, the more powerful of the two houses ...


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Kampuchea Fighting for control of Kampuchea (formerly called Cambodia) continued in 1986. A three-party coalition of Communists and non-Communists opposing Kampuchea's Vietnamese-backed government met in Beijing (Peking), China, on March 17 and ...


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Communist North Korea strengthened its relations with the Soviet Union in 1986. The Soviet foreign minister visited North Korea in January, the first such visit since 1968. During his four-day visit, Eduard A. Shevardnadze emphasized "complete ...


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More than 400 million Latin Americans struggled with the problems of over-population and recession during 1986. Those who were born during the mid-1960's baby boom, when Latin-American women gave birth to an average of six children each, compared with ...


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A "war of nerves" between the regime of Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi and the United States over the issue of alleged Libyan support for international terrorism reached a flash point in 1986. On April 15, 33 U.S. warplanes from ...


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Parliamentary elections on Aug. 2 and 3, 1986, gave Malaysia's Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamed a strong new endorsement by voters. The 13-party National Front coalition won 148 of parliament's 177 seats. Of the 148 seats, Mahathir's United Malays ...


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Manitoba voters went to the polls on March 18, 1986, and the election was the closest in Manitoba's history. Premier Howard Pawley, 51, led the New Democratic Party (NDP) to a second victory over the Progressive Conservative (PC) Party. The NDP ...


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The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 4, 1986, approved the first commercial use of a drug manufactured with genetic engineering technology. The medication is alpha-interferon, a protein produced by the body to fight infections. ...


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Citing the difficulty in curing mental illness and its enormous economic impact on society in the United States, a national commission on May 5, 1986, recommended intensifying efforts to prevent mental and emotional disorders. ...


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Mexico made its peace with foreign bankers at meetings in September 1986 with the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF)--both agencies of the United Nations--in Washington, D.C. Under a new arrangement, Mexico was to receive $12 billion in ...


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Revelations that the United States had secretly provided arms to Iran--apparently in return for Iranian help in obtaining the release of American hostages held by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon--created a major foreign policy problem in the United ...


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Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers won a decisive victory in national elections on May 21, 1986. His centrist Christian Democrat Party won 34.6 per cent of the vote to increase its representation in the 150-seat Second Chamber of the States-General ...


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Speculation about whether the province's premier, Richard B. Hatfield, would resign or face re-election continued to intrigue New Brunswick politicians and voters in 1986. The 55-year-old Hatfield, Canada's longest-serving provincial premier and ...


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Premier Brian Peckford's Progressive Conservative administration faced a bitter strike by public employees on two occasions in 1986. On March 3, some 600 highway maintenance workers left their jobs--defying a court injunction restricting strikes by ...


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Members of the two Protestant unionist parties in 1986 launched a campaign of protest, some of it violent, in an effort to destroy the Anglo-Irish Agreement. The agreement, which was signed by Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland in November 1985,...


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Canada's North was dealt a staggering economic blow with the announcement on Aug. 25, 1986, that Gulf Canada Corporation would suspend its oil-drilling operations in the Beaufort Sea. Only weeks before, the company had disclosed plans to exploit a ...


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Prime Minister Kaare Willoch resigned on May 2, 1986, two days after losing a key vote in the Storting (parliament) on a proposal to hike gasoline taxes. Willoch lost by only 1 vote, 79 to 78. Willoch's center-right coalition had held on in the ...


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Premier John Buchanan and his Progressive Conservative administration faced a barrage of opposition party criticism in 1986, much of it related to the conduct of one of Buchanan's close colleagues, former Culture Minister W. J. (Billy Joe) MacLean. ...


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In the spring of 1986, scientists drilled the first samples of zero-age rock from an ocean ridge. The drilling was part of the Ocean Drilling Program, a 10-year scientific research project that began in January 1985. Scientists on board the drill ship ...


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The International Olympic Committee (IOC), meeting in Lausanne, Switzerland, during October 1986, established a new schedule for the Olympic Games, chose sites for the 1992 games, and made new rulings concerning professional participation and ...


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The new Liberal government of Ontario, in office since June 26, 1985, experienced a tumultuous first year in power. As a minority government, the Liberals depended on the support of the New Democratic Party (NDP) to keep the Progressive Conservative ...


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The discovery of what may be the largest animal fossil find in North America was reported in January 1986 by scientists at the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory in Palisades, N.Y., and Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. The scientists found ...


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Peru's President Alan Garcia Perez continued to defy the international financial community during 1986 by withholding payments on Peru's foreign debt. In Peru, he was credited with some success in slashing inflation, promoting a modest rise in the ...


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Corazon Aquino became president of the Philippines on Feb. 25, 1986, and former President Ferdinand E. Marcos fled to Hawaii. ...


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The theoretical physicist who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1967 for his work on nuclear reactions in the sun may have helped to solve a fundamental problem involving these reactions in 1986. The physicist, German-born Hans A. Bethe of Cornell ...


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The Polish United Workers' Party, Poland's Communist Party, reelected Wojciech Jaruzelski as its leader at its 1986 party congress, which ran from June 29 to July 3. Jaruzelski had come to power in 1981, during a crisis brought about by the rise of ...


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The United States popular music industry had a mixed year in 1986. Cassette and album sales dropped. Artistically, however, critics regarded much of the new music as high in quality, with especially good work by many female and black musicians. There ...


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Ronald Reagan was rocked by the backlash of a major foreign-policy controversy in 1986 as he neared the end of his sixth year in office. On November 25, Reagan announced that two of his key national security aides were leaving the White House ...


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Canada's smallest province returned to the Liberal Party fold on April 21, 1986, after seven years of Progressive Conservative (PC) rule. Joseph A. Ghiz led the Liberals to power and was chosen premier. ...


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A 1986 book by psychologist Robert J. Sternberg of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., proposed a new theory of intelligence that could change the way psychologists and educators measure intellectual ability. Sternberg's book, Intelligence Applied, ...


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On March 13, 1986, officials of the U.S. Public Health Service and one of its agencies, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, Ga., recommended that Americans who run the risk of contracting acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) ...


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A fire in the Dupont Plaza Hotel in San Juan on Dec. 31, 1986, killed 96 people. The fire began when an arsonist ignited furniture wrapped in plastic. On Jan. 13, 1987, police arrested a hotel maintenance man and charged him with 96 counts of murder. ...


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In his second term as prime minister of Quebec, Robert Bourassa moved in 1986 to erase some of the policies associated with the separatist administration of the Parti Quebecois (PQ) and Prime Minister Rene Levesque. The PQ and Levesque had worked to ...


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A proposed merger of two of radio's biggest--and oldest--broadcasters was abandoned near the end of 1986. The National Broadcasting Company (NBC), which owned eight radio stations, sought a merger with Westinghouse Broadcasting Company, owner of 13 ...


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Republican Party (GOP) fortunes sagged in the midterm elections of Nov. 4, 1986, as Democrats seized control of the United States Senate by a surprisingly large margin of 55 to 45. The GOP had held a preelection edge of 53 to 47 in the Senate and had ...


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Russia in 1986 continued to be preoccupied with its relationship with the United States, but the Soviets also tried to improve relations with China. At home, the government maintained its drive for greater efficiency and continued to fire corrupt and ...


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Premier Grant Devine led his Progressive Conservative (PC) government to victory in a general election on October 20. The PC's won 38 of the legislature's 64 seats, well short of the 55 seats they won when first voted into office in 1982. The New ...


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The government of King Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Saud was bedeviled during 1986 by two long-standing problems--falling oil revenues and the reluctance of the United States Congress to approve arms sales to the kingdom. ...


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The best soccer player in the world in 1986 was 25-year-old Diego Armando Maradona. The stocky but swift Maradona led Argentina to victory in the World Cup competition, the world's largest and most widely watched sports event, which is held every four ...


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South Africa in 1986 continued to suffer the escalating violence that began in September 1984. By some estimates, more than 4,000 people, nearly all of them blacks, had been killed by year's end. The hostility of the black majority to the government's ...


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Tragedy and failure thwarted the United States space program in 1986. An explosion that killed seven crew members grounded the space shuttle fleet, and the failure of several types of booster rockets curtailed the launching of other spacecraft and ...


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The Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) of President Felipe Gonzalez Marquez won national elections on June 22, 1986, capturing 184 of the 350 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Cortes (parliament). Finishing second with 105 seats ...


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Sweden was shocked on Feb. 28, 1986, when an unidentified man gunned down its popular prime minister, Olof Palme, on a Stockholm street. Palme had just seen a motion picture with his wife, Lisbet, and one of their sons. The prime minister and his wife ...


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The year 1986 was a transitional one for all three major television networks--the American Broadcasting Companies (ABC), CBS Inc., and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC)--all of which were under new management. As the "Big Three" faced financial ...


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Thailand held parliamentary elections on July 27, 1986, and a record 61.4 per cent of eligible voters participated. The coalition of political parties headed by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda won enough seats to remain in power. Prem himself ...


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Continued economic difficulties during 1986, plus the inevitable broadening of the political process following the restoration of civilian rule, brought a decrease in the popularity of the ruling Motherland Party headed by Prime Minister Turgut Ozal. ...


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Vietnam made sweeping leadership changes in 1986 after official admission of policy failures. On Dec. 18, 1986, the Vietnamese Communist Party named an economic reformer, Nguyen Van Linh, to the nation's top job, party general secretary. ...


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Warmer than normal temperatures occurred during the first three months of 1986 over most of the United States, including Alaska. The coastal city of Anchorage, Alaska, recorded the fourth warmest January in its history, and temperatures up to 15 o F. ...


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Yugoslavia suffered from an economic slump in 1986. In the first nine months of the year, Yugoslavia exported 3.4 per cent less than during the same period of 1985. Exports to the West were 1.1 per cent lower; exports to Communist countries, 6.6 per ...


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A new commissioner for Yukon Territory, J. Kenneth McKinnon, was appointed on March 3, 1986. Although the commissioner holds authority from the federal government to administer the territory, the day-to-day business of government is carried out by the ...


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Within the next few decades, between 25 and 50 per cent of the world's species of plants and animals may become extinct. Scientists speaking at a conference in Washington, D.C., sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian ...


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The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) predicted on June 12, 1986, that the number of cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States will reach "staggering" proportions by 1991. HHS estimated that ...


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For the third consecutive year in 1987, the rains returned to most parts of Africa, though Ethiopia was again afflicted with drought. Adebayo Adedeji, executive secretary of the United Nations (UN) Economic Commission for Africa, announced in January ...


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Savage tornadoes ripped through the suburbs of Edmonton on July 31, 1987, killing 26 people, injuring nearly 300 others, and leaving hundreds homeless. Many victims lived in a trailer park devastated by the storm. The Insurance Bureau of Canada ...


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A surprising discovery in Tanzania and research on ancient teeth, both reported in 1987, suggest that the earliest human ancestors were more primitive and apelike than anthropologists had believed. ...


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A 1,200-year-old cache of jade, flint, and shell artifacts was found on March 5, 1987, at the ancient Maya city of Copan in western Honduras. The cache was discovered beneath an altar at the foot of a temple-pyramid by archaeologist David Stuart, a ...


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President Raul Alfonsin of Argentina was credited with averting the threat of a military coup in April 1987. Alfonsin personally intervened to put down a rebellion begun by a military officer who had been summoned to stand trial for human rights ...


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Unusually bad weather afflicted Asia during 1987, increasing hardships for some of the world's poorest people. From India across Southeast Asia and up to northeastern China, droughts and floods reduced food crops and caused suffering and death. ...


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The first supernova visible to the unaided eye in 383 years topped the list of astronomical discoveries in 1987. Among the other discoveries were images of giant arcs and the existence of what may be planets around other stars. ...


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Australian voters reelected Robert Hawke, leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), to his third consecutive term as prime minister on July 11, 1987. The ALP won a majority in the House of Representatives, but the party once again failed to obtain a ...


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The mid-1980's sales boom of the United States automobile industry came to an end in 1987. Automakers looked ahead somewhat gloomily to a period of excess production capacity, intense price competition, and an increasingly crowded domestic car market. ...


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Flight delays, near-collisions, and other safety problems plagued the United States aviation industry in 1987. On July 8, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) in Washington, D.C., revealed that errors by air-traffic controllers increased 50 ...


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On the field, the Minnesota Twins overcame preseason odds of 150-1 and won the 1987 World Series, defeating the St. Louis Cardinals. Off the field, major league owners faced charges of conspiring against free agency and failing to hire enough black ...


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The national college basketball titles for the 1986-1987 season went to the Indiana University men and the University of Tennessee women. Among the professionals, the Los Angeles Lakers regained the National Basketball Association (NBA) title from the ...


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Plant pathologist Gary Strobel of Montana State University in Bozeman received widespread publicity and criticism in August 1987 for conducting an unauthorized experiment in which he injected elm trees with a genetically altered bacterium to protect ...


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Premier William N. Vander Zalm's Social Credit government followed a conservative economic agenda in 1987. His administration, elected in 1986, told the legislature that their major goal was to restrain the government from interfering with the private ...


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The Progressive Conservative government of Prime Minister M. Brian Mulroney, heir to the largest parliamentary majority in Canadian history in 1984, continued to fall in public favor during 1987. Opinion polls in September showed that only 27 per cent ...


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Canadian literature had a record year in 1987, with publication of nearly 2,300 books. Although many of the new books were cookbooks and other instructional guides such as sports and self-help publications, Canadian publishers issued some 600 books in ...


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The development of military aircraft that cannot be detected by radar took an unexpected turn in August 1987 when chemist Robert R. Birge of Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pa., reported the discovery of chemicals that absorb rather than ...


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A visit to Chile by Pope John Paul II in early April 1987 underscored the demands of many Chileans for democratic elections after 14 years of military rule. At a news conference before his visit, the pope criticized the military regime of President ...


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The ruling Chinese Communist Party elected new leaders on Nov. 2, 1987, after a year of political turmoil in which party conservatives challenged the modernization policies of China's most powerful figure, Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-p'ing in the ...


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Jan. 1, 1987, was a milestone in the reshaping of United States telecommunications -- the third anniversary of the breakup of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). In 1974, the Department of Justice filed an antitrust suit against AT&T. ...


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In 1987, manufacturers of computers saw bright signs of recovery from the sales slump of recent years. Although industry annual growth rates fell from 62 per cent in the early 1980's to 18 per cent in 1986, analysts predicted growth of 25 to 30 per ...


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With both the Senate and the House of Representatives firmly controlled by the Democrats in 1987, Congress and the Republican Administration of President Ronald Reagan engaged in a yearlong test of wills over the federal budget. The fiscal tug of war ...


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In January 1987, the United States Congress passed a $20-billion Clean Water Act that provided $18 billion for the construction of sewage-treatment plants and $2 billion for the cleaning of waterways. President Ronald Reagan, who vetoed an identical ...


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Tales of espionage in the United States Embassy in Moscow unfolded in 1987. Charges that U.S. Marine Corps guards stationed in Moscow and other European locations had for years engaged in forbidden relationships with Soviets rocked the Marines and ...


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Tit for tat reprisals marked the first four months of United States-Cuban relations in 1987. To protest a December 1986 flight of a U.S. spyplane over Cuban military maneuvers, Cuba barred U.S. diplomats on the island from using chartered planes to ...


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Czechoslovakia got a new leader on Dec. 17, 1987, when Gustav Husak resigned as Communist Party general secretary and was replaced by Milos Jakes (pronounced MEE lohsh YAH kehsh ). Jakes, 64, formerly the party's secretary for economic affairs, had ...


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Democratic Party leaders were stunned on Dec. 15, 1987, by the announcement that former Senator Gary Hart of Colorado was reentering the race for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination. Earlier in the year, Hart had been strongly favored in all ...


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A general election on Sept. 8, 1987, left Denmark in political chaos. The four parties that ruled the nation via a center-right minority coalition lost seats in the Folketing (parliament), finishing with 70 of that body's 179 seats. The Conservatives ...


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Three governorships were up for grabs in the United States in 1987, and the incumbent Democratic Party retained all three. In November 3 elections, millionaire political novice Wallace Wilkinson was elected governor of Kentucky by nearly a 2 to 1 ...


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Arms talks dominated European politics in 1987. In February, Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev offered to discuss the elimination from Europe of medium-range nuclear missiles known as intermediate nuclear forces (INF). In April, the Soviets submitted ...


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Nonsocialist parties led by the conservative National Coalition Party won a national election on March 15 and 16, 1987. Conservative leader Ilkka Suominen said the elections called for "fresh winds of change" after his party gained 9 seats in the ...


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A 24-day strike interrupted the National Football League's (NFL) 1987 season, wiping out games on the last weekend in September and leading to games among hastily assembled replacement teams on the next three weekends. But the regular players returned,...


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An unprecedented power-sharing arrangement, formed as a result of a national election in March 1986, faced a crisis in January 1987. According to the arrangement, France's top two leaders were members of opposing political parties for the first time ...


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An earthquake measuring 5.9 on the Richter scale struck the Los Angeles area on Oct. 1, 1987. (The Richter scale is a scale for indicating the magnitude of earthquakes on which quakes of 4.5 and above are potentially destructive.) The quake, which ...


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East Germany's Communist Party Secretary-General Erich Honecker made a historic visit to Bonn, the capital of West Germany, on Sept. 7 and 8, 1987. No East German head of state had ever visited West Germany before. Previous attempts to organize such a ...


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Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher ended a period of intense political speculation on May 11, 1987, by calling a general election for June 11. Her sense of timing was vindicated when her Conservative Party gained a landslide victory in the election. The ...


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Greece confronted Turkey over oil rights in the Aegean Sea in March 1987. Warships from both countries steamed toward three islands off the Turkish coast on March 27 after Turkey announced it had issued licenses for oil prospecting in the Aegean ...


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Haiti's scheduled presidential election was canceled on Nov. 29, 1987, after voting was disrupted by violent attacks on polling places that left more than 24 people dead. The provisional military government of National Council President Henri Namphy ...


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The Edmonton Oilers returned to the top of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 1986-1987 season. The team achieved the best regular-season record and then won the Stanley Cup play-offs. Its captain, Wayne Gretzky, was again the league's Most ...


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Hungary got two new leaders, a severe economic program, and two new forms of taxation in 1987. The economy continued to stagnate throughout the year. The growth rate was only 1 per cent, with agriculture lagging behind production targets. Hungary's ...


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Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi's government was troubled during 1987 by waning political support, continuing religious and separatist violence, the worst drought in 125 years, and other serious problems. ...


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Self-rule by native peoples continued to be an important issue in the United States and Canada in 1987. In January, the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) said that it planned to turn over responsibility for Indian schools to state governments or ...


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Indonesia held general elections on April 23, 1987. The preceding three-week campaign was the most peaceful in the country's history, and election day brought a 91 per cent voter turnout, one of the largest in Indonesia's history. ...


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Prime Minister Garret FitzGerald, leader of the Labour Party and Fine Gael (Gaelic People) minority coalition, called for a general election on Jan. 20, 1987, after the coalition collapsed over proposed welfare cuts. In a four-week campaign dominated ...


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The 20th anniversary of Israel's June 1967 victory over the armies of three Arab neighbors--Egypt, Jordan, and Syria--found Israelis bitterly divided and still searching for peace with their neighbors. Among the Arab countries, only Egypt by 1987 had ...


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A bitter political deadlock ended on July 29, 1987, when Giovanni Goria, a Christian Democrat, was sworn in as the head of Italy's 47th government since the end of World War II in 1945. At 43 years of age, Goria became Italy's youngest prime minister. ...


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Noboru Takeshita became Japan's 17th postwar prime minister on Nov. 6, 1987, by winning the confirmation of Japan's Diet (parliament) required by the Constitution. One of his rivals for the post, Takako Doi, head of the Japan Socialist Party, was ...


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Kampuchea Amid continuing warfare, key players in the struggle for control of Kampuchea (formerly called Cambodia) took part in intensive diplomatic maneuvers during 1987. Those involved included Kampuchea's Communist government; Vietnam, which ...


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On April 23, 1987, officials in Communist North Korea launched a seven-year economic development plan. The new plan emphasized using foreign trade to help achieve less ambitious goals than those proposed in earlier, relatively unsuccessful plans. ...


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The presidents of five Central American nations--Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua--signed a peace agreement on Aug. 7, 1987, in Guatemala City, Guatemala, bringing hope for an end to political violence in that troubled ...


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The military machine of Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi suffered a severe defeat in neighboring Chad in 1987, as Libyan forces were driven from that country after a 14-year occupation. In January, Chadian forces captured Fada, the ...


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Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamed defeated an unusual challenge to his leadership on April 24, 1987, when he was narrowly reelected president of the United Malays National Organization (UMNO). Because UMNO is the largest party in Malaysia's ruling ...


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The New Democratic Party administration of Premier Howard Pawley, helped by a bustling economy, enacted a vigorous legislative program in 1987. This program included the passage of a controversial amendment to Manitoba's Human Rights Code that ...


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On Sept. 5 and 6, 1987, in one of the rarest and most complicated operations ever performed, a 70-member surgical team at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore successfully separated 7-month-old Siamese twin boys joined at the back of the head. ...


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Scientists reported strong evidence in 1987 that some forms of mental illness are hereditary -- caused by defects in genes that can be passed from parents to their children. On February 26, three separate groups of researchers concluded that some ...


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On Oct. 4, 1987, Mexico's ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) named Carlos Salinas de Gortari, minister of budget and planning, as its presidential candidate in elections scheduled for July 1988. Salinas de Gortari's victory was considered ...


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United States involvement in the quagmire of Middle Eastern politics deepened in 1987. An Iraqi missile attack on a U.S. naval vessel, the frigate U.S.S. Stark, on May 17 killed 37 crew members and served as the catalyst for direct American ...


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The Netherlands introduced rules on April 15, 1987, to stem the flow of refugees seeking asylum in the country and to speed up the procedures for ruling on refugee cases. The influx of refugees had brought the Dutch immigration service to a standstill ...


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Canada's longest-serving provincial premier, Richard B. Hatfield, saw his hopes for a fifth term in office shattered as his Progressive Conservative (PC) party was routed in an election on October 13. Hatfield and his entire cabinet went down to ...


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Premier Brian Peckford, though heading a Progressive Conservative provincial administration, disregarded party loyalty in 1987 and unleashed a bitter attack on Canada's Progressive Conservative federal government. The federal government had signed a ...


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After months of protests in 1987, Northern Ireland's two Protestant unionist parties were forced to recognize that their campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement was a failure. The agreement, signed by the governments of Great Britain and the ...


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A plan to divide into two separate territories the vast Northwest Territories, which cover 1.3 million square miles (3.4 million square kilometers), failed to come to pass in 1987. The plan stalled because leaders of Native groups could not agree on ...


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The minority Labor government of Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland barely survived a vote of no confidence in the Storting (parliament) on June 12, 1987. The two members of the right wing Progress Party voted with the government, giving it a ...


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William J. (Billy Joe) MacLean, a former Nova Scotia cabinet minister who was expelled from the legislature in October 1986 after pleading guilty to falsifying expense accounts, recaptured a seat in a special election on Feb. 24, 1987. The government ...


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In early 1987, scientists on board the Ocean Drilling Program's research drill ship, the JOIDES Resolution, encountered the worst sailing weather since the research program began in January 1985. The JOIDES Resolution withstood gale-force winds and ...


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In 1987, North Korea continued to demand that it be allowed to co-host the 1988 Summer Olympic Games to be held in Seoul. South Korea. Plans proceeded smoothly for the 1988 Olympic Winter Games in Calgary, Canada. ...


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Ontario's voters gave resounding approval to the Liberal Party under Premier David Peterson in a provincial election held on Sept. 10, 1987--resulting in the first Liberal majority in Ontario in 50 years. Holding 51 seats in the Legislative Assembly ...


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A large collection of fossilized dinosaur nests with eggs containing unhatched dinosaurs was found in June 1987 in Alberta, Canada. The nests, which were discovered by scientists from the Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology in Drumheller, Alta., are only ...


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During 1987, Peruvian President Alan Garcia Perez tried to juggle demands from the military, the workers, and international creditors. Judging from a September opinion poll that showed his popularity declining to 47 per cent--from 78 per cent in ...


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Small groups of rebellious soldiers made three unsuccessful attempts to seize power from President Corazon Aquino during 1987. The largest effort occurred on August 28, when about 2,000 troops led by Colonel Gregorio Honasan attacked the presidential ...


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Headlines in 1987 announced developments concerning three superlatives: the discovery of a celestial object known as a supernova, the United States government's decision to build a gigantic atom smasher to be called the Superconducting Super Collider ...


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Poland attempted in 1987 to take a long and risky step down the path of economic and political reform. On November 29, the government held a referendum (vote of the people) on a drastic reorganization plan intended to: ...


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Technological advancement in audio and video recordings, record-breaking pop acts, and high profiles for heavy metal and new age music highlighted 1987. Business boomed as sales of compact disk (CD) players rose rapidly and record companies issued ...


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Ronald Reagan was beleaguered during much of 1987 as he tried to shake off the ill effects of the Iran-contra affair, a White House scandal--uncovered in 1986--involving arms sales to Iran and the funneling of profits from those sales to contra rebels ...


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Premier Joseph A. Ghiz and his Liberal government, elected in April 1986, carried out an active legislative program during 1987--their first full year in office. Seventy-seven bills were passed, compared with an annual average of 41 during the ...


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The link between psychological stress and physical health grew stronger in 1987. Researchers continued to find evidence that stress can weaken the body's disease-fighting immune system, leaving a person more susceptible to infection. In the May issue ...


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President Ronald Reagan on May 31, 1987, urged wider use of blood tests--including voluntary testing of marriage-license applicants--to prevent further spread of the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). AIDS is a disorder of ...


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King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sophia of Spain arrived in Puerto Rico for a two-day visit on May 24, 1987. Thousands of Puerto Ricans turned out to greet the king and queen. This was the first visit ever to the island by reigning monarchs of Spain, ...


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Robert Bourassa, Quebec's Liberal prime minister, won a significant personal victory in 1987 with the signing of a historic agreement that allowed Quebec to endorse the new Canadian constitution of 1982. Bourassa had worked with the federal government ...


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Modifying an earlier ruling, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)--which regulates radio and television stations in the United States--in November 1987 said that stations would be free to air "indecent" material between midnight and 6 A.M. ...


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Republican Party (GOP) leaders in January 1987 chose the Superdome in New Orleans as the site of the party's 1988 presidential nominating convention. At a meeting of the Republican National Committee (RNC) in Washington, D.C., the site selection ...


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Saskatchewan -- its economy weakened by falling prices for wheat, oil, potash (a fertilizer), and uranium -- faced a deficit three times higher than expected in 1987. Premier Grant Devine's Progressive Conservative government, reelected in 1986, ...


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Saudi Arabia's policy of avoiding direct confrontation with other Middle Eastern powers while using its vast wealth for political and economic leverage was severely tested in 1987 by a clash with Iran. The Saudis, who have consistently supported Iraq ...


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The Dallas Sidekicks, a team that was about to disband for financial reasons after the 1985-1986 season, won the 1986-1987 championship of the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL), North America's most important soccer league. ...


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Opposition of South Africa's black majority to the policy of apartheid (racial segregation) continued in 1987. The government of State President Pieter Willem Botha on June 10 extended for another year a state of emergency that gave the police ...


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The Soviet Union outpaced the United States in both manned space flight and launch capabilities in 1987. While United States astronauts remained grounded, a Soviet cosmonaut broke the record for consecutive days in space. Cosmonauts worked in--and ...


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Socialist Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez Marquez faced a wave of strikes and student demonstrations in 1987. The students demanded more money for universities, more scholarships, and an end to special entrance examinations. They also complained that ...


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Police arrested four members of the Kurdish Workers' Party on Jan. 20, 1987, in connection with the assassination of Prime Minister Olof Palme in 1986. The police said the Kurds were their principal suspects in the killing. Stockholm prosecutor Claes ...


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The three major television networks--the American Broadcasting Companies (ABC), CBS Inc., and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC)--continued to dominate viewer habits in 1987, but not as they had even a decade before. Half of the homes in the ...


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Thailand celebrated the 60th birthday of King Bhumibol Adulyadej on Dec. 5, 1987. The occasion was festive because, under the Buddhist traditions observed in Thailand, the completion of five 12-year periods of life is especially favorable. ...


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Triple by-pass heart surgery in February 1987 failed to slow Prime Minister Turgut Ozal as he moved to reinstate full democracy in Turkey. Ozal hoped that holding elections a year early for the Grand National Assembly, Turkey's parliament, would ...


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Communist Party General Secretary Mikhail S. Gorbachev emerged in 1987 as a resolute and energetic reformist pushing the Soviet Union toward what many political observers saw as a second Russian revolution. The year also marked the 70th anniversary of ...


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Vietnam elected a new National Assembly on April 19, 1987. Voters selected 496 Assembly members from a field of 829 candidates. In mid-June, the Assembly accepted the resignations of Council of State Chairman Truong Chinh and Council of Ministers ...


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The first half of 1987 was marked by persistently higher than normal temperatures over most of Canada and the Northern United States. Average temperatures were as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees (5.6 Celsius degrees) above normal, and record high ...


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Yugoslavia in 1987 plunged into its deepest economic recession since the end of World War II in 1945. Financial scandal also rocked the country's banking system and reached the highest levels of the ruling Communist Party. ...


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Yukon Territory enjoyed an economic boom during 1987, spurred by a reopened lead and zinc mine at Faro that returned to production in January 1986. During 1987, the mine shipped about 50,000 short tons (45,000 metric tons) of processed ore per month. ...


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After decades of domestic and international strife, Zaire in 1987 was realizing the full potential of its wealth in diamonds, tin, copper, cobalt, manganese, and other minerals. Minerals account for 90 per cent of Zaire's foreign trade. Even though ...


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A team of scientists reported in June 1987 that research findings indicate that people were directly and indirectly responsible for the extinction of two-thirds of the birds native to the Hawaiian islands. The extinctions occurred following the ...


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On May 6, French scientists reported that a second virus is capable of causing AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Researchers at the Pasteur Institute in Paris said the new virus, called human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), appeared ...


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The Organization of African Unity (OAU)--an association of 49 African nations--in 1988 celebrated the 25th anniversary of its founding. Ironically, the OAU era has been marked less by unity than by civil wars, prolonged armed struggles between nations,...


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The United States Department of Health and Human Services on May 26, 1988, began an unprecedented effort to inform the American public about AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). AIDS is a disorder that affects the body's disease-fighting immune ...


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The Winter Olympic Games were held at Calgary, Alberta, for 16 days in February 1988. More than 1,750 athletes from a record 57 countries took part. Some events were delayed because of high winds and warm chinook air currents, but the games were the ...


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The origin of modern-looking human beings, Homo sapiens sapiens, continued to be the focus of much discussion in 1988. In an article published in March, anthropologists Christopher B. Stringer and Peter Andrews of the British Museum (Natural History) ...


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The discovery in Peru of one of the richest unlooted tombs ever found in the Western Hemisphere was reported in September 1988. The tomb, which is about 1,500 years old, is that of a high-ranking Moche warrior-priest. The Moche Indians, a warlike ...


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Approaching the final year of his six-year term and ineligible to succeed himself, Argentine President Raul Alfonsin seized upon a minor rebellion in January 1988 to purge Argentina's armed forces of officers disloyal to democracy. But even so, ...


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Asia led the world in economic growth in 1988, and most Asian countries prospered. Farmers saw less prosperity than city dwellers did, but generally good weather and rising commodity prices helped them. A few countries were hit by flooding or severe ...


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Several exciting discoveries, including a remarkable pulsar and an Einstein ring, marked the year 1988 in astronomy. Astronomers also found rare light echoes from a supernova and learned that the planet Pluto has an atmosphere. ...


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In 1988, Australia celebrated the 200th anniversary of the arrival of the British in what is now the city of Sydney. Australians took the Australian Bicentennial Authority's slogan--"Let's Make It Great in 88"--to heart, planning hundreds of events to ...


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United States automakers entered 1988 with dread, fearing that the stock-market crash of Oct. 19, 1987, had signaled the start of a general decline in automotive sales. Instead, car and truck sales quickly regained strength in 1988, helping the ...


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Turmoil between labor and management at Eastern Airlines and a special federal investigation into the airline and its parent company, Texas Air Corporation, dominated aviation news in the United States in 1988. At the heart of the dispute between ...


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In 1986, the Los Angeles Dodgers finished 15 games under .500, and in 1987, they finished 16 games under. Then the team was rebuilt so well that it won the world championship in 1988. ...


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The University of Kansas unexpectedly won the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) 1988 championship tournament for men. Louisiana Tech won the NCAA women's championship. In professional basketball, the Los Angeles Lakers became the first ...


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Scientists in 1988 found several ways to turn mice into effective models for research on AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) and other human diseases. In September 1988, researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine in California ...


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Scientists made further breakthroughs in the genetic engineering of grain crops in 1988. Geneticists at Sandoz Crop Protection Corporation in Palo Alto, Calif., reported in April that they had successfully transferred a foreign gene into maize (corn) ...


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Premier William N. Vander Zalm, conservative and controversial leader of the Social Credit government, announced in February 1988 that his government would not provide public medical insurance for abortions unless the woman's life was in danger. The ...


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The long-suppressed hostility between Burundi's ruling Tutsi (also spelled Tusi ) caste group, which constitutes roughly 14 per cent of the population, and the subordinate Hutu majority erupted into violence on Aug. 14, 1988. The strife broke a peace ...


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Bush, George H. W., 43rd Vice President of the United States, was elected President on Nov. 8, 1988. Bush and his running mate, Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana, won a solid victory over the Democratic presidential ticket, headed by Governor Michael S. ...


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In a historic national election on Nov. 21, 1988, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservative (PC) Party won a decisive victory, taking 169 of the 295 seats in the House of Commons. The victory confirmed Canada's participation in the ...


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The largest Canadian publishing venture of 1988 was the second edition of The Canadian Encyclopedia, which was revised and expanded from three to four volumes. The 2,736-page revision included 1,700 new entries and 1,000 new charts, maps, chronologies,...


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Chemist Keith N. Slessor and his colleagues at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, Canada, reported in March 1988 that they had synthesized retinue pheromone, a group of five chemicals that control honey bee colonies. The queen bee transfers these ...


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On Oct. 5, 1988, Chile's voters rejected another eight-year term for President Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, the 72-year-old military dictator who has ruled the country since 1973. In a yes-or-no plebiscite, 54.7 per cent of the more than 7 million Chilean ...


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China struggled with economic problems during 1988. Plagued by inflation and government corruption, China's leaders curtailed an economic reform program that had permitted more free enterprise but led to shortages. Grain production remained inadequate,...


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The most controversial issues of 1988 in the United States telecommunications industry concerned two variations on regular telephone service. One was the so-called 976 services , such as "gab" lines on which many people can talk with one another at ...


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The year 1988 saw strong growth in the computer industry. Dataquest, Incorporated, a market-analysis firm located in San Jose, estimated that in 1988 more than 10 million personal computers, with a total value of $22.4 billion, were sold in the United ...


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In January 1988, a group of environmental organizations charged that oil drilling near Alaska's Prudhoe Bay had polluted the North Slope tundra, a fragile ecosystem, and destroyed large areas of wildlife habitat. Claiming that the oil industry had ...


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Efforts to stem the flow of illegal drugs into the United States took on global proportions in 1988. In February, federal grand juries in Tampa and Miami, Fla., indicted Panamanian leader General Manuel Antonio Noriega Morena on charges that he ...


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The signing of a pact at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City on Dec. 22, 1988, marked the success of negotiations designed to help end the civil war in Angola and to withdraw the Cuban and South African troops that have backed the ...


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Czechoslovakia continued in 1988 to drag its feet in carrying out Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev's policy of perestroika (restructuring) and made no political concessions to Gorbachev's policy of glasnost (openness in the flow of information). The ...


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The United States general election of Nov. 8, 1988, resulted in the third straight defeat of a Democratic presidential ticket. But the loss, coming after midsummer polls had indicated a likely Democratic victory, was made less painful by Democratic ...


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A general election on May 10, 1988, failed to resolve a political crisis involving Denmark's nuclear-arms policy and the country's membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Denmark had prohibited the presence of nuclear weapons in ...


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Republican George Bush, Vice President of the United States for eight years under President Ronald Reagan, was elected 41st President of the United States on Nov. 8, 1988. Bush scored a convincing victory over Democrat Michael S. Dukakis, the governor ...


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The European Community (EC or Common Market) cleared the way in 1988 for the elimination of all tariffs and other trade barriers between its 12 member nations by 1992. At summit meetings in February and June, EC leaders resolved long-standing crises ...


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Mauno Koivisto won a second six-year term as president in a national election on Jan. 31 and Feb. 1, 1988. He ran as the candidate of the Social Democratic Party and some smaller parties. Koivisto polled 47.9 per cent of the votes. Koivisto's good ...


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The major titles in 1988 football were won by the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL), the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL), and the University of Notre Dame among colleges. Continued crackdowns on ...


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President Francois Mitterrand won a second term of office in general elections in April and May 1988. His leading opponent was Prime Minister Jacques Chirac, with whom Mitterrand had established an unprecedented power-sharing arrangement in 1986. ...


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One of the most exciting geologic events of 1988 was a conference held in Snowbird, Utah, in October. More than 100 scientists gathered to discuss evidence for theories linking meteorite impacts with mass extinctions and geologic change. ...


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Germany, East East Germany's leader, Erich Honecker, made a historic visit to Paris from Jan. 7 to 9, 1988. No other East German head of state had ever visited France before. During his visit, Honecker met President Fran ois Mitterrand and Prime ...


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Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's political agenda dominated 1988. With a comfortable majority in the House of Commons, her Conservative Party government pressed ahead with major reforms. But as the year progressed, economic troubles grew. ...


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Greece and Turkey agreed in 1988 on a plan to cool their dispute over the ownership of the oil-rich floor of the Aegean Sea. In March 1987, this dispute had brought them to the brink of war. Greece's Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou and his Turkish ...


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Political turmoil held Haiti firmly in its grip during 1988. Military coups--one in June and a second in September--rocked the nation. Violent attacks on dissidents were followed by reprisals against those who carried out the attacks, and a breakdown ...


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The Edmonton Oilers, the National Hockey League's (NHL) best team in the 1980's, won the Stanley Cup play-offs in 1988. Edmonton center Wayne Gretzky, the best player in the 1980's, failed to win the Most Valuable Player award, however, for the first ...


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The Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, Hungary's Communist party, changed leaders and approved a package of Western-style political reforms at a national conference of the party on May 20 to 22, 1988. The changes apparently had the full approval of ...


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The return of normal amounts of rainfall after four years of drought was the biggest event in the lives of most Indians during 1988. Food reserves, which had been partially depleted during the drought, were expected to be replenished by 1988's 22 per ...


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Indians from the United States and Canada campaigned for independence for native populations on an international scale in 1988. At a press conference in Moscow in May during the summit meeting between President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail ...


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On March 10, 1988, the People's Consultative Assembly unanimously elected President Suharto to a fifth five-year term. Suharto, who turned 67 in 1988, has held the presidency since 1967. ...


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Ireland Ireland enjoyed a period of political stability in 1988. Prime Minister Charles Haughey was popular despite the painful economic measures he backed to help strengthen the country's weak economy. Opinion polls showed that his Fianna F il ...


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After seven weeks of feverish, often rancorous negotiations following an inconclusive national election, Israel's two major political parties agreed on Dec. 19, 1988, to form another coalition government. The Likud bloc and the Labor Party had formed ...


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Prime Minister Giovanni Goria resigned on March 11, 1988, because of a dispute over a partially built nuclear power plant. This was Goria's third resignation since taking office on July 29, 1987. The most recent had occurred on Feb. 10, 1988, but ...


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Emperor Hirohito--Japan's emperor since 1926--became critically ill on Sept. 19, 1988, when he suffered an attack of intestinal bleeding. The news media reported that he had cancer, though there was no official confirmation. One year earlier, Hirohito ...


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Kampuchea During 1988, a number of international meetings sought a way to end Vietnam's military occupation of Kampuchea (formerly called Cambodia) and transfer power from the Vietnamese-backed government to an opposition coalition led by Kampuchea's ...


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A woman arrested for the 1987 terrorist bombing of a South Korean airliner that killed 115 people confessed on Jan. 15, 1988, that she was a North Korean agent and that she helped plant the bomb. The woman, Kim Hyon Hui, said that the bombing was ...


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Latin America quietly whittled away at its foreign debts during 1988. Creative and competent finance ministers tested new approaches to the debt problem. On December 19, United States President-elect George Bush pledged his Administration to helping ...


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Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi reversed direction in both foreign and domestic policy in 1988. He improved Libya's ties with its neighbors in an attempt to enhance Libya's image abroad. In August, Qadhafi called for greater ...


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Malaysia experienced political turmoil in 1988 even as it became more prosperous due to industrial growth and a rise in world prices for its rubber and palm oil exports. Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamed's narrow 1987 reelection as president of the ...


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The governing New Democratic Party (NDP) suffered a dramatic defeat in the legislature on March 8, 1988, when it lost a vote of confidence on its budget. Premier Howard Pawley, Canada's only NDP provincial head, resigned the next day, saying that he ...


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The lack of progress in successfully developing an artificial human heart sparked a controversy in the United States in 1988. On May 12, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Md., announced a halt in funding for research to develop an ...


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The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Rockville, Md., on May 4, 1988, began an intensive nationwide campaign to inform the public about the symptoms and treatment of clinical depression. Psychiatrist Lewis L. Judd, director of the ...


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On Dec. 1, 1988, Carlos Salinas de Gortari was sworn in for a six-year term as Mexico's president, but the inaugural ceremony was marked by a walkout by more than 100 opposition lawmakers and by street demonstrations protesting vote fraud. ...


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The various conflicts that have kept tensions in the Middle East at a high level in recent years proved to be more susceptible to arbitration in 1988 than at any time since 1979, when Egypt became the first Arab state to recognize the existence of ...


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The Netherlands welcomed Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who arrived on July 2, 1988, for a two-day visit to mark the 300th anniversary of the accession of the Dutch Prince William of Orange to the English ...


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Following the overwhelming election victory of the Liberal Party in October 1987, New Brunswick entered 1988 as the only Canadian province to have a legislature consisting of only one party. The Liberals, under Premier Frank J. McKenna, held all 58 ...


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Newfoundland, Canada's federal government, and a consortium of five oil companies announced a tentative agreement on July 18, 1988, to develop the Hibernia oil field, located in the North Atlantic Ocean about 200 miles (320 kilometers) southeast of St....


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An escalation of violence between the outlawed Irish Republican Army (IRA) and British troops overshadowed all other events in Northern Ireland in 1988. On January 25, controversy erupted when the British government announced that eight Royal Ulster ...


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On Sept. 5, 1988, in a tiny Indian village on the shores of the Great Slave Lake, Canada's Prime Minister Brian Mulroney signed an agreement-in-principle that would make 13,000 Dene Indians and Metis (people of mixed Indian and white ancestry) the ...


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Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland shuffled her cabinet on June 13, 1988, appointing ministers who strongly favored Norway's joining the European Community (EC or Common Market). Norway had decided in a referendum (vote of the people) in 1972 not to ...


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Scandals plagued the Progressive Conservative (PC) administration of Premier John Buchanan in 1988. Cabinet member Edmund Morris resigned his post in January after he was convicted of violating the province's Freedom of Information Act. Gregory ...


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Scientists aboard the Ocean Drilling Program's research drill ship, the JOIDES Resolution, targeted the Kerguelen Plateau, one of the world's largest underwater geologic features, for several months of exploration in early 1988. ...


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Canada's 1988 economic boom was felt strongly in Ontario, the country's manufacturing and financial center. Economic growth outpaced Canada's national average, and the jobless rate of 5.1 per cent remained the lowest among Canada's provinces. ...


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A discovery in Montana in 1988 provided new details of the early life cycle of ancient reptiles. The unearthing of dinosaur eggs containing the fossilized skeletons of dinosaur embryos was reported in March 1988 by paleontologist John R. Horner of the ...


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Peruvian President Alan Garcia Perez imposed new austerity measures on Sept. 6, 1988--and still more belt-tightening on November 23--after a bitter debate within his own party, the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance. Citing a lack of cooperation ...


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President Corazon Aquino voiced hopes for an end to the 20-year-old Communist guerrilla movement in her state-of-the-nation address on July 25, 1988, saying that 1988 "may be remembered as the year the insurgency was broken." Her claim was partly ...


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Physics made big news in 1988 with the announcement of the site for the proposed Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), a particle accelerator that will be the largest scientific instrument ever built; and with increases in the temperature at which ...


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Poland suffered in 1988 from internal disorders that had been common since December 1981, when the government suppressed the independent labor union Solidarity. Strikes, government threats, the use of troops, arrests, and a state of near-total ...


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Sales rose for both compact discs (CD's) and CD players in 1988, and record companies began to phase out traditional vinyl albums after sales figures showed that most buyers preferred CD's or cassettes. Technological innovations included 3-inch (7....


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In a nonbinding popular vote on Jan. 18, 1988, the residents of Canada's smallest province voted in favor of the construction of an 8.7-mile (14-kilometer) link to mainland Canada by a bridge or a tunnel. Historically, only boats and aircraft provided ...


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A simple psychological test may predict whether a person is more likely to develop cancer or heart disease or remain unaffected by these conditions, according to research described by Hans J. Eysenck, a psychologist at the University of London's ...


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Surgeon General of the United States C. Everett Koop in 1988 warned that improper diet is a major health problem in the United States. In a 712-page report on nutrition and health released on July 27, he said that diseases associated with improper ...


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Puerto Ricans reaffirmed their desire to maintain their unique commonwealth status in voting for a new chairman of the dominant Democratic Party on March 20, 1988. (As a commonwealth, Puerto Rico receives assistance and protection from the United ...


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Prime Minister Robert Bourassa, leading a solid Liberal government, announced plans in March 1988 to build three more hydroelectric dams in the James Bay region of northern Quebec. The James Bay project, which Bourassa began in 1973 during his first ...


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Winning the presidency for the fifth time in the last six elections, the Republican Party (GOP) nevertheless faced a mixed outcome in the general election of Nov. 8, 1988. The GOP lost one seat in the Senate and surrendered one governorship. The GOP ...


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On Feb. 25, 1988, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Saskatchewan must either translate its laws into French or enact a new statute to confirm English as the only language of legislation. A largely ignored 1886 act, which predated the creation of ...


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Saudi Arabia broke off diplomatic relations with Iran in April 1988, following a dispute over Saudi attempts to restrict the number of Iranians entering Saudi Arabia in 1988 for the annual hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca, Islam's most sacred city. In March,...


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United States soccer experienced an unprecedented high and a perilous low in 1988. Appropriately, the high came on July 4 when the United States was selected to host the quadrennial World Cup competition--the world championship of soccer--in 1994. The ...


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The prospects for peace between Somalia and Ethiopia in 1988 were the brightest since 1977-1978, when the two countries fought a war over ownership of Ethiopia's Ogaden region. In March 1988, the two nations agreed to resume diplomatic relations, ...


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International efforts to isolate South Africa because of its policy of apartheid (racial segregation) lost momentum in 1988. The slowdown was due to several factors, including the difficulty of monitoring violations of economic sanctions (penalties) ...


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United States astronauts returned to space on Sept. 29, 1988, after a 32-month absence. The Discovery space shuttle blasted off from Cape Canaveral, Fla., following a series of test firings to evaluate redesigned booster rockets and seals. Seals of a ...


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The United States agreed on Jan. 15, 1988, to withdraw 72 F-16 fighter-bombers and some 3,500 troops from Spanish soil within three years. These planes and troops are stationed at Torrejon air base near Madrid, one of four United States bases in Spain....


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Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson's Social Democrats lost three seats in the Riksdag (parliament) in a general election held on Sept 18, 1988. The loss cut the Social Democrats' representation to 156 seats in the 349-seat Riksdag. The Communists, who ...


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Although the United States television audience might not have been fully aware of it, a strike by television writers greatly affected what they saw in 1988. For 22 weeks beginning on March 7, about 2,500 TV scriptwriters--members of the Writers Guild ...


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Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda gave up his post in 1988 after overseeing more than eight years of increasing prosperity and political stability in Thailand. He was succeeded on August 11 by Chatichai Choonhavan, the first civilian leader elected ...


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Prime Minister Turgut Ozal was wounded slightly in an assassination attempt on June 18, 1988, while addressing a convention of the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in Ankara. The gunman, an escaped convict, was member of the outlawed Gray Wolves, a ...


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When Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev set out in 1988 to implement perestroika, the economic and social restructuring of all branches of Soviet life, a tremendous problem emerged in an unexpected and unprecedented flare-up of ethnic conflict. The ...


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Vietnam suffered grave economic problems throughout 1988 that lowered the nation's already depressed living standards. Vietnam's leaders seemed unable to cope with the country's problems, which included runaway inflation, declining industrial ...


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The outstanding weather news in the United States in 1988 was the extreme heat and drought that prevailed over most of the northern part of the nation. Crop yields showed their largest yearly decline since record-keeping began. ...


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Yugoslavia in 1988 became more deeply mired in economic recession, with the strains of a huge foreign debt, an inflation rate that exceeded 100 per cent, and seemingly endless strikes amid widespread unemployment aggravating ethnic conflict. In fact, ...


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The Council of Yukon Indians, representing 5,500 Indians living in the Yukon Territory, accepted an agreement-in-principle for settling long-standing land claims in July 1988. The agreement will transfer about 16,000 square miles (41,500 square ...


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A debate raged in 1988 over the possible reclassification of chimpanzees from the status of threatened species to endangered species. A threatened species may be abundant in some areas, but its overall numbers worldwide are on the decline. An ...


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The Democratic-controlled 100th Congress of the United States adjourned on Oct. 22, 1988, after achieving an impressive election-year legislative record. The lawmakers got their work done in spite of partisan frictions between Democrats and ...


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The victory of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) in elections supervised by the United Nations (UN) in mid-November brought independence from South Africa one step closer for the people of Namibia. It signaled, moreover, the end of a ...


Description:
The drug AZT (zidovudine) showed new promise in 1989 as a treatment for AIDS. Researchers at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Md., reported in August that AZT may help many of the 1 1/2 million Americans who are infected with the ...


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Alberta's Progressive Conservative (PC) Party, in power since 1971, won its sixth consecutive majority in an election on March 20, 1989. The party captured 59 seats in the Legislative Assembly--only 2 fewer than it held before the election--but its ...


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Evidence that hominids lived in Europe about 2.5 million years ago, much earlier than most anthropologists believe, aroused spirited debate at a conference in Paris in April 1989. (Hominids are modern human beings and our closest human and prehuman ...


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Excavations at construction sites in London in 1989 uncovered the remains of two theaters considered to be the birthplace of English drama. In October, archaeologists from the Museum of London found the remains of two walls and several foundation ...


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Carlos Saul Menem, leader of the populist Justicialist Party, was sworn in for a six-year term as president of Argentina on July 8, 1989. It marked the first time in 61 years that one elected civilian president of Argentina transferred power to ...


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The two largest wars in Asia changed from international conflicts to bitter civil wars in 1989, and the sad plight of Asian refugees failed to improve. Nevertheless, most Asian nations enjoyed peace as well as economic progress, which slowly improved ...


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In a historic year for solar system exploration, the interplanetary probes Voyager 2 and Phobos 2 visited Neptune and Mars, respectively, in 1989. Observers on the ground unmasked a gigantic comet that had long passed for an asteroid. And exploring ...


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Prime Minister Robert Hawke and his Labor Party continued to dominate the political scene in 1989. The opposing National and Liberal parties, on the other hand, were in disarray for most of the year, thanks to changes in leadership. In May, both ...


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Falling sales and rising competition made 1989 a difficult year for the United States automobile industry. But car lovers enjoyed the introduction of some of the most appealing cars in decades. ...


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The United States airline industry was rocked in 1989 by a string of fatal accidents, continued fears about terrorism, and, on the financial side, a wave of take-over efforts. ...


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It was a sad year for baseball in 1989. First, Pete Rose, a revered hero, was accused of betting on games, including those of the Cincinnati Reds, the team he managed. In the end, he agreed on August 24 to be banned from baseball for life. Then, on ...


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The University of Michigan won the 1989 championship tournament of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the first team to take the title under an interim coach. The Detroit Pistons dethroned the Los Angeles Lakers in four straight ...


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Researchers made great strides in 1989 in locating genetic defects that cause diseases. Genes -- components of cells that carry the coded instructions for all inherited traits--can influence a person's vulnerability to certain diseases. ...


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Botanists have long known that some plants generate large amounts of heat from their flowers. On the day they bloom, these thermogenic flowers can warm themselves to as much as 25 o F. (14 o C) above air temperature. One known function of this hot ...


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The popularity of Premier William N. Vander Zalm showed a decline in 1989 when his Social Credit Party failed to win four seats in the Legislative Assembly in by-elections (special elections to fill vacant seats). The most serious defeat was on ...


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Cambodia plunged into civil war in September 1989 after Vietnam announced that it had withdrawn all its troops stationed there. (On April 30, the nation resumed use of the name Cambodia after calling itself Kampuchea for several years.) ...


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Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservative (PC) government, reelected in November 1988, saw only a slight reduction in its majority in the House of Commons during 1989. A judicial recount turned an Ontario seat over to the Liberals in ...


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Despite the almost 6,000 Canadian books published in 1989, fears persisted about foreign domination of the Canadian book industry. Most publishing firms operating in Canada were Canadian-controlled; only about 15 per cent were foreign-controlled firms....


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A chemical process that cleans the exhaust of coal-fired electric power plants and helps pay for itself at the same time seems almost too good to be true. But in September 1989, chemist Shih-Ger Chang of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) in Berkeley, ...


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Chileans thronged to the polls on Dec. 14, 1989, to choose a civilian leader in the first free presidential elections since 1970. The winner was Patricio Aylwin Azocar, 71, of the Christian Democratic Party, standardbearer of a coalition of 17 ...


Description:
China suffered from political turmoil and economic recession in 1989. A continuing struggle over political direction exploded on June 4, when government troops killed hundreds of student demonstrators calling for democratic reforms. This marked an ...


Description:
The United States communications industry assumed more of a global presence in 1989 than ever before, as the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) and regional holding companies (RHC's) looked for new opportunities to expand. (Seven RHC's, ...


Description:
Computer sales throughout the world increased by less than 10 per cent in 1989, compared with a hefty 17 per cent rise in 1988. Sales of the large, high-powered machines known as mainframe computers climbed in 1989 by only 4 per cent. Sales of ...


Description:
The 101st Congress, controlled by the Democrats, did little more than it had to in 1989. The Senate got off to its slowest start in years, and the House of Representatives endured months of uncertainty and upheaval as it wrestled with ethical ...


Description:
Conservationists from many countries in 1989 mounted what is probably the largest, most intensive campaign ever to preserve a single species -- the African elephant. In 1979, there were more than 1.2 million elephants, but in 1989, the population was ...


Description:
A number of crimes involving semiautomatic firearms in 1989 brought new calls in the United States for limits on the sale and possession of such weapons. A semiautomatic weapon such as an AK-47 assault rifle fires a round each time the trigger is ...


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It was a difficult and perplexing year for Cuban President Fidel Castro, who has ruled Cuba for 30 years, becoming Latin America's longest-ruling leader in 1989. Castro found himself out of step with the reforms taking place in the Soviet Union, ...


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Czechoslovakia set the stage for drastic political change in 1989. For the first 10 months of the year, the nation's Communist government resisted the wave of reform sweeping through Eastern Europe. Opponents of the regime held demonstrations in ...


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Ronald H. Brown, a lawyer and lobbyist known for his negotiating skills, was elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) on Feb. 10, 1989. Brown, who succeeded Paul G. Kirk, Jr., was the first black to become chairman of either major U....


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After decades of living with a rising international debt, Denmark moved in 1989 to recover its economic equilibrium, mainly by curbing public spending. Denmark is one of the most industrialized states in the world, but it had been falling into the ...


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Democrats scored big in the two statewide elections of Nov. 7, 1989, in New Jersey and Virginia. Black candidates recorded historic firsts in Virginia and in mayoral races from New York City to Seattle. ...


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in 1989 experienced its most dramatic changes since World War II (1939-1945) as former Soviet satellite nations tore down the Iron Curtain that had isolated them from the West for 40 years. Eastern Europe's aspirations for political and economic ...


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Structural changes in the economies of the Soviet Union and Western Europe gave Finland new opportunities--and new problems--in 1989. Finnish businesses scrambled for new markets to make up for a fall-off in trade with the Soviets, while Finnish ...


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The San Francisco 49ers won the National Football League (NFL) championship by defeating the Denver Broncos, 55-10, in Super Bowl XXIV on Jan. 28, 1990, in New Orleans. The 49ers became the first team to repeat as Super Bowl champions since the ...


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World attention focused on Paris on July 14, 1989, as France celebrated the 200th anniversary of a major event of the French Revolution--the storming of the Bastille, a fortress in Paris and a symbol of royal oppression--and as the city hosted the ...


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An earthquake of magnitude 7.1 on the Richter scale struck a large area in northern California on Oct. 17, 1989. (The Richter scale is a scale for indicating the strength of an earthquake. A quake of 7 or more can cause great damage and kill many ...


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What may have been the most dramatic political event since World War II (1939-1945) occurred on the night of Nov. 9, 1989, when East Germany suddenly and unexpectedly opened the Berlin Wall. The world was gripped by emotional pictures of East ...


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The year 1989 was a difficult one for Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Her Conservative government continued to push for controversial tax and health reforms. In public opinion polls, the Conservative Party's popularity dwindled, while support for ...


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The fall in June 1989 of Andreas Papandreou, the controversial and charismatic Socialist prime minister of Greece, confirmed the strength of that country's democracy but left Greece politically unsettled. After eight years in power, the Panhellenic ...


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The Calgary Flames, who achieved the best regular-season record in the National Hockey League (NHL) the previous season, did it again in the 1988-1989 season. This time, they also won the Stanley Cup. ...


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Hungary startled the world in 1989, becoming the first nation in the Soviet bloc to renounce Communism. Hungary also allowed tens of thousands of citizens of another Soviet-bloc state--East Germany-- to flee over its soil to the West during the year. ...


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India held parliamentary elections from Nov. 22 to 26, 1989, and, in general, voters turned against those in office. The election was marked by charges of fraud and by violence in which at least 120 people died. Southern states that were governed by ...


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American Indian leaders and officials of two leading archaeological collections settled long-standing disputes in 1989 over the skeletal remains of early Native Americans. Museums and universities regard these remains as scientific and historical ...


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President Suharto maintained a firm grip on political power during 1989 while alternately stimulating and discouraging speculation about the presidential succession. Suharto, who has led Indonesia with almost no challenge since 1966, began a new ...


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Prime Minister Charles Haughey surprised the country on May 25, 1989, by calling for a general election on June 15, three years before one was due. It was Haughey's fifth attempt to win enough seats in the Dail (parliament) to give his Fianna Fail ...


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Israel's Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, under international pressure to respond to peace overtures by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), in April 1989 proposed a peace plan for the Israelioccupied West Bank and Gaza Strip. Under the plan, ...


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Italy continued its politics of revolving-door government in 1989 and made no significant progress in improving public services or curbing a mounting budget deficit. An ineffective public sector remained Italy's major economic problem. Government ...


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Emperor Hirohito died of cancer on Jan. 7, 1989, ending a 62-year reign, the longest in Japanese history. He had been gravely ill for four months. ...


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Normally secretive and closed to almost all foreigners, North Korea opened its doors to 16,000 visitors from July 1 to 8, 1989. The occasion was the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students. Just before the festival, the North Korean government gave ...


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Drugs, debts, armed conflicts in Central America, and a United States invasion of Panama made headlines in Latin America in 1989. Hemisphere leaders met on October 27 and 28 in San Jose, Costa Rica, for the first time in more than 20 years. Sixteen ...


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in September 1989 celebrated with parades, speeches, and gymnastic displays the 20th anniversary of the military coup that brought Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi to power. Libya held the festivities in an atmosphere of ...


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On March 2, 1989, the nine hereditary rulers of state governments in Malaysia elected Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan Yusof Izzudin to be the nation's king. Azlan succeeded Mahmood Iskandar on April 26. Malaysia's office of head of state is rotated ...


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Summer 1989 brought the worst fires to the forests of northern Manitoba in the 80 years that records have been kept. A state of emergency was declared July 20, as more than 200 fires burned over rugged territory. Twenty-three mining towns, Indian ...


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A United States government study concluded on July 7, 1989, that more than one-third of American adults--about 64 million people--have dangerously high blood cholesterol levels. The study recommended that these people obtain medical help, such as ...


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At least 7.5 million children in the United States suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder, a major study concluded on June 7, 1989. But the study noted that of these children, only 2.5 million receive any treatment. ...


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Much of the Middle East remained in a holding pattern in 1989. The armed conflicts that had kept the region in turmoil for more than a decade still simmered in some areas, but the warring parties submitted to arbitration by outside forces. ...


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The Netherlands shifted slightly to the political left in 1989. Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers led his centrist Christian Democrat Party to victory in parliamentary elections on September 6. Lubbers' Party remained the biggest single party in the ...


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Long one of the disadvantaged provinces of Canada, New Brunswick attempted to improve its image in May 1989 by publishing an ambitious economic plan, Toward 2000. The 58-page prospectus outlined prospects for small business ventures in the province. ...


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Liberal Party leader Clyde K. Wells was sworn in as Newfoundland's fifth premier on May 5, 1989, ending 17 years of rule by the Progressive Conservatives (PC's). Wells's predecessor, Thomas Rideout, had served as premier only since March 22, when A. ...


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The outlawed Irish Republican Army (IRA) extended its campaign of violence outside Northern Ireland in 1989. On July 2, an IRA car bomb killed a British Army corporal in Hannover, West Germany. Following the attack, the British Army ordered that the ...


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The territorial government of the Northwest Territories gained three new departments in 1989: safety and public services (to enforce safety regulations at work sites); transportation; and energy, mines, and petroleum resources (to manage the energy ...


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Norway struggled in 1989 to recover from a 1986 collapse in the price of oil that plunged the nation into a deep recession. Voters rebelled on Sept. 10 and 11, 1989, against three years of austerity (a cutback in the standard of living to fuel the ...


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A seesaw contest for a legislative seat on Cape Breton Island reflected the narrowly divided state of Nova Scotia party politics in 1989. A by-election (a special election to fill a vacancy) on Aug. 22, 1989, resulted in a victory for the Progressive ...


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Scientists with the Ocean Drilling Program reported in July 1989 that they were able to record the geologic history of the Izu and Bonin islands near Japan. On board the research vessel JOIDES Resolution, the oceanographers took sample cores from the ...


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The International Olympic Committe (IOC), which expelled South Africa in 1970 because of that nation's restrictive racial policies, further isolated South Africa in 1989. The IOC voted that any athlete who competed there after August 31, the day the ...


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Public opinion polls showed that most voters continued to support Premier David Peterson's Liberal government despite embarrassments it faced in 1989. Most troubling were allegations of financial ties between government officials, party fund-raisers, ...


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What may be one of the biggest scandals in the history of paleontology erupted in April 1989. Paleontologist John A. Talent of Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, accused paleontologist Viswa Jit Gupta of Panjab University in Chandigarh, India, ...


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A Maoist guerrilla movement known as Shining Path, which has been in armed rebellion for nine years, in 1989 provided evidence of its ability to disrupt Peru's political life. In the first 10 months of 1989, the rebels, who number an estimated 4,000, ...


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President Corazon C. Aquino's government in December 1989 put down the fifth military uprising since she took office in 1986. An estimated 1,000 rebels seized several military bases and a government television station at about 1:30 a.m. on December 1. ...


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The world's two newest particle accelerators produced evidence in 1989 that all matter is composed of only three generations, or families, of elementary particles. The discovery of a few simple particles that serve as building blocks for all matter ...


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Poland saw a transformation of its domestic political scene in 1989, ending four decades of totalitarian Communist rule with the emergence of the independent labor union Solidarity as a political powerhouse. The August 24 confirmation of Solidarity ...


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Vinyl album sales continued their decline in 1989 as the compact disc (CD) format grew in popularity. Vinyl singles edged closer to extinction, as record stores shifted to the cassette single format, and the WEA record label family announced that in ...


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A proposal for a fixed link with mainland Canada was postponed indefinitely in January 1989 when the Canadian government decided to hold further hearings on the project's environmental impact. Federal officials remained committed to a proposed 9-mile ...


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Scientists in 1989 shed new light on why men tend to have better mathematical skills while women seem to have better verbal skills. Despite evidence that some of these differences result from social and environmental causes, such as boys being ...


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A major dietary study concluded on March 1, 1989, that people in the United States could substantially reduce their risk of heart disease, cancer, and many other chronic diseases by changing their eating habits. The study, conducted by the National ...


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In 1989, Puerto Ricans prepared for a possible plebiscite--a direct vote of the people--in 1991 to determine whether Puerto Rico will become the 51st state, an independent nation, or continue as a United States commonwealth but with more ...


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The Liberal government of Premier Robert Bourassa was reelected on Sept. 25, 1989, despite an uproar caused by massive strikes in the public sector and popular demonstrations against the dumping of toxic wastes. The Liberals won 92 seats in the ...


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Ronald W. Reagan, 40th President of the United States, turned over his office to President George Bush on Jan. 20, 1989. Immediately after Bush took the oath of office and gave his inaugural address, Reagan flew with his wife, Nancy, to California, ...


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Lee Atwater, campaign manager for President George Bush's successful 1988 presidential race, was elected chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC) on Jan. 18, 1989. He succeeded Frank J. Fahrenkopf, Jr. ...


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Premier Grant Devine's Progressive Conservative (PC) government announced early in 1989 that it planned to turn three province-owned corporations into private companies. Bitter debate met the announcement that the government would sell a potash mining ...


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Saudi Arabia in 1989 took the lead in granting diplomatic recognition to an independent Palestinian state proclaimed in 1988 by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). According to the PLO, the state would include the Israeli-occupied West Bank ...


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The United States national team qualified in 1989 for the 1990 World Cup, the first time since 1950 that the United States had won a place in this prestigious championship. The accomplishment was especially important because the United States will ...


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The African National Congress (ANC), the main black opposition group in South Africa, came closer in 1989 to receiving official recognition. Despite warnings from the government, a steady stream of white politicians, business people, lawyers, writers, ...


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The United States space probe Voyager 2 sent back dramatic photographs from Neptune in 1989, and astronauts launched spacecraft from Earth orbit to Venus and Jupiter. A Soviet probe paid a brief visit to Mars in March, and Soviet cosmonauts closed ...


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Spain held a national election on Oct. 29, 1989, its fifth since the death in 1975 of Francisco Franco, who ruled as dictator for 39 years. The Socialist Party of Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez Marquez appeared at first to have retained its majority ...


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Sweden received several doses of bad news in 1989: It became unlikely that the police would ever find the individual who assassinated Prime Minister Olof Palme in 1986, a scandal involving sales of Swedish arms erupted, a popular biotechnology ...


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Despite thousands of hours of entertainment programming, an earthquake in California and political upheaval in Eastern Europe provided the most memorable hours of television in the United States in 1989. On October 17, just moments after the American ...


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Thailand continued its impressive economic growth in 1989. The International Monetary Fund put Thailand on its list of nations that have progressed from being poor countries preoccupied with growing food to being manufacturers and exporters. ...


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Turkish Prime Minister Turgut Ozal's ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) suffered a major defeat in local and municipal elections on March 26, 1989. The centrist ANAP came in third, receiving only about 22 per cent of the popular vote. It trailed both the ...


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Communist Party General Secretary and Executive President Mikhail S. Gorbachev's reform policies underwent severe testing in 1989 as his "revolution from above" was overtaken--and in many ways surpassed--by a "revolution from below." Gorbachev's ...


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Officials struggled over political control and economic policy in 1989 as Vietnam withdrew its troops from Cambodia (formerly Kampuchea). Vietnam hoped that ending its 11-year military occupation of Cambodia--which had been internationally ...


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After a period of spectacular extremes -- drought and record-breaking hot and cold spells -- the weather over the United States had settled down by mid-1989 into a more normal pattern of rainfall and temperatures. Nevertheless, there were many unusual ...


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Yugoslavia, for decades the Communist world's front-runner in economic and political reform, lagged far behind Poland, Hungary, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia in that respect in 1989. Yugoslav leaders endlessly debated a turn to a free market ...


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Yukon Territory reelected Canada's only Socialist government on Feb. 20, 1989, when it returned the New Democratic Party (NDP) to power. Party leader Antony Penikett, a former mine union organizer who has been in power since 1985, named a five-member ...


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Zoologist Brian Barnes of the University of Alaska in Fairbanks reported in June that hibernating Arctic ground squirrels can survive in their dens with air temperatures well below freezing. Previously, it was thought that hibernating squirrels must ...


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South Africa continued to dominate the news from Africa in 1990, with the white-ruled republic producing an impact throughout the southern region of the continent and on the global stage as well. The lowering of the South African flag in Windhoek, ...


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The worldwide epidemic of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of AIDS, grew substantially worse during 1990. On July 31, the World Health Organization (WHO) raised its estimate of the number of HIV-infected people, reporting ...


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The Progressive Conservative government headed by Premier Donald R. Getty decided in 1990 to sell 60 per cent of province-owned Alberta Government Telephones, valued at $3 billion Canadian ($2.6 billion U.S.). An announcement on August 8 indicated ...


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A fossil skull found in Greece and believed to be from 9 million to 10 million years old may be the oldest known hominid skull. That conclusion was reported in June 1990 by a team led by paleontologist Louis de Bonis of the University of Poitiers in ...


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Native American tribes will be able to reclaim human remains and burial objects held by museums and other institutions under a law signed by United States President George Bush on Nov. 16, 1990. The measure is expected to end years of often-bitter ...


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For Argentine President Carlos Saul Menem, 1990 was a year of unrelieved economic crisis, showdowns with his labor supporters, and trouble with his wife. The last caused him both political and domestic grief. ...


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The rigid, often hostile relationships among Asia's nations began to change in 1990, as many of the countries improved their international ties. But old problems--such as the deluge of refugees from Vietnam--persisted, while a crisis in the Middle ...


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Two major telescopic satellites were launched in 1990. A space probe reached the planet Venus in August, and, in June, astronomers found two extremely hot regions on Mercury. ...


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Prime Minister Robert Hawke and his Labor Party government retained power for a fourth consecutive term when the country went to the polls on March 24, 1990. With his reelection, Hawke became the longest-serving Labor prime minister in Australia's ...


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The United States automobile industry settled slowly into a sales slump as 1990 drew to an end. The Big Three domestic automakers--General Motors Corporation (GM), Ford Motor Company, and Chrysler Corporation--announced layoffs, production cuts, and ...


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United States airlines hit hard financial times in 1990, as increases in jet fuel prices helped drive airline losses to record levels. Almost immediately after Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2, fuel prices soared from 57 cents a gallon (3.8 liters) to ...


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Many significant stories in baseball happened on the field in 1990. The Cincinnati Reds stunned the Oakland Athletics in four consecutive games and won the World Series. Nolan Ryan continued his pitching heroics, breaking his own major league record ...


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The University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) won its first National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's championship in 1990 with the most one-sided victory of the 52 tournament title games played. Stanford won its first NCAA women's title, and ...


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The first federally authorized human gene therapy was begun at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md., in September 1990. Researchers removed white blood cells from a 4-year-old girl with a rare genetic immune system disorder. This ...


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The discovery of ancient magnolia leaves preserved in fossil beds in Idaho was reported in April 1990 by botanist Edward M. Golenberg and his associates at the University of California at Riverside. Golenberg said the leaves, 17 million to 20 million ...


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Troubled by controversy and scandal, Premier William N. Vander Zalm addressed British Columbia residents by television on Jan. 17, 1990, blaming his lagging popularity on what he called "lies" by opponents inside and outside his party. Public opinion ...


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Bush, George Herbert Walker (1924- ), 41st President of the United States, rode a popularity roller coaster in 1990 as he moved the nation close to war in the Middle East, became an outspoken supporter of Soviet President Mikhail S. Gorbachev, and ...


