# Flag File

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Progress in setting up regular flying-boat services across oceans marked the most significant development during 1937. Huge flying boats carrying 40 passengers were under construction at the end of the year, with plans being made for still larger ...


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An unusual conference of anthropologists gathered in Philadelphia in March, 1937, to review the data as to the age of man, especially his first appearance in America. There were several specialists from Europe, Africa, and Asia, but most of the ...


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H. G. Wells, speaking at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, made a plea for the teaching of archaeology in all schools, in order that everyone might acquire a general knowledge of the origin and history of ...


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In June, Roberto M. Ortiz, former Minister of Finance, announced his intention of running for the presidency as the candidate of President Justo and his government as well as of the Conservative Liberal groups. His platform was a "new deal" in ...


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The outstanding astronomical event of 1937 was the total solar eclipse, with its path across the Pacific Ocean. ...


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The year 1937 was one of steady if not spectacular progress in Australia. The outstanding features were sound government, balanced budgets, prosperity of primary and secondary industries, establishment of new factories, and greatly increased ...


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At the beginning of 1937, the stage was set for an all-time record in motor vehicle production. It was only partially attained. Automobile production fell nearly three quarters of a million vehicles below that in 1929. Records were made, however, in ...


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In 1937 a new record was set for patents for the invention of plant varieties: fifty-five grants were made. Ralph H. McKee of Columbia University ranked first with thirteen patents, all related to new varieties of poplar trees. Important items in the ...


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On the whole, the Dominion came through 1937 very satisfactorily. The industrial developments and domestic and foreign trades, as well as relations with other countries, compared favorably with those of 1936. ...


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The 1937 Nobel prize in chemistry was shared by Paul Karrer, University of Zurich, and W. N. Hayworth, Birmingham University. ...


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The Nazi movement in Chile has been gaining strength in recent years. In April the Government announced its intention to curb the movement by banning all mass meetings and the wearing of uniforms, badges, and insignia. On May 21, an alleged Nazi threw ...


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The year 1937 marks a significant turning point in Chinese history. The first six months was characterized by a general optimism that expressed itself in political unification, economic reconstruction, and cultural rejuvenation; the last six months ...


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Throughout the year President Laredo Bru remained in office while Colonel Batista continued as head of the army and the power behind the Government. ...


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On September 14 occurred the death of Thomas G. Masaryk, who resigned as President on December 18, 1935. ...


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On May 15, 1937, Christian X, the nineteenth of the Oldenburg dynasty, completed his twenty-fifth year as king. The occasion was celebrated throughout the kingdom. On September 26, he commemorated his sixty-seventh birthday by officiating at the ...


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Kyosti Kallio, four times Prime Minister and member of Parliament since 1904, was elected President on February 15. He began his six-year term in March with a coalition cabinet headed by Prime Minister Aimo K. Cajander. At his inauguration the ...


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In the midst of the unrelaxed tension, France remained amazingly fresh and vital in spirit. Her people, old and young, continued to tackle their problems fiercely and militantly, with much bickering and strife, but with a courage tempered by realism ...


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Work with powerful microscopes, studies of high pressures, investigations of melting spots deep in the earth, and other explorations made 1937 important to geology. ...


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During 1937, the fifth year of Adolf Hitler's dictatorship, Germany was rapidly pushing forward her land, naval, and air armaments--but at a heavy cost in money and in the material well-being of her people. As Chancellor of the Third Reich, and as ...


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An event of absorbing interest to the citizens of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth was the coronation of King George VI and his consort, Queen Elizabeth, in Westminster Abbey on May 12. The king was anointed and crowned by Archbishop of ...


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The conditions established in August and October, 1936, whereby Premier General John Metaxas controlled the Government as a type of dictator, with King George II quiet in the background, continued with little change during 1937. From time to time the ...


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In October, rumors became more and more frequent that a large number of Haitian settlers in the western part of the Dominican Republic had been massacred by Dominican soldiers trying to evict them. Similar episodes had occurred in past years, but the ...


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Extreme tension between the Fascist and democratic factions gave vent to strikes, activities against Jews, and National Socialist intrigues. ...


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India in 1937 entered on the largest experiment in democracy the world has ever known. In the spring, some 35,000,000 voters out of a total population of over 300,000,000 were asked to carry out the new constitution. There were some 6,000,000 women ...


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To what extent Indians shall adopt the ways of the white men or retain something of their own life and culture, continues to be a major concern of Indian leaders themselves, as well as of government officials and others engaged in Indian work. ...


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The most significant event in Irish history in the year 1937 was the adoption of a new constitution. This document, long in preparation, was laid before the Dail of the Free State on May 28. After three weeks of debate, it was approved in a slightly ...


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In a speech before the Black Shirts on the eighteenth anniversary of the foundation of the first Fascist group, Mussolini said in referring to sanctions that the idea that the Italian people easily forgot was "one of the many mistakes which the ...


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The year 1937 witnessed the resumption of the "undeclared war" between Japan and China, followed by the transition of the economic system from the so-called Pre-pare-for-War Economy to a complete mobilization of industry for the prosecution of the ...


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In 1937, a new method of treating dementia praecox or adolescent insanity was developed. Metrazol was used to produce convulsions which are like those of epilepsy. Already many patients with dementia praecox have recovered and been returned to their ...


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In meteorological annals, 1937 probably will be remembered as the year of the great Ohio and Mississippi floods. There have been many disastrous floods in the past, but none so damaging to property. ...


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The highlight in the political arena of Mexico in 1937 was the abortive crisis of the rumored revolt of General Saturnino Cedillo, of San Luis Potosi, in August. The various discontented elements, mainly disappointed property owners, resentful ...


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Princess Juliana, heir to the throne, was married to Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biensterfeld, of Berlin, on January 7. The people were particularly happy because the choice of a husband was Juliana's own -- not one for state reasons. ...


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In Norway nearly all classes have reason to regard 1937 as the most satisfactory year in a decade. The news that a son had been born (February 21) to Crown Prince Olaf and Crown Princess Marta was received with joy, as it secured the succession to the ...


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The paleontology of our early ancestors, which has become more and more fruitful recently, was given added impetus in 1937 by a number of important finds, and by a stimulating International Symposium on Early Man held in Philadelphia in celebration of ...


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As the cottager sets a window candle to guide the storm-tossed traveler home, the World Court through a dark and troubled year kept alight the once bright vision of insuring international accord through the peaceful settlement of disputes. ...


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Peru entered the year with sounder finances than at any time since 1930, and with better general industrial conditions than for several years. A boom period seemed to have begun, especially in cotton production with about 94 per cent being exported. ...


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In April, Paul V. McNutt, a former governor of Indiana, arrived in Manila to assume his duties as United States High Commissioner. ...


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The 1937 Nobel prize in physics was shared by C. J. Davisson of the Bell Telephone Laboratories and G. P. Thomson of the Imperial College, London, for their work on electrons. ...


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Domestic political troubles divided the country into two widely divergent factions--one demanding the return to a parliamentary democracy, the other working toward a totalitarian military dictatorship. The first movement rallied to the leadership of ...


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The year opened badly from a health point of view, with an unusually high prevalence of influenza. However, conditions soon improved, and the health record was finally better than had been expected. ...


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When members of the Nationalist party, which desires independence from the United States, staged a forbidden parade at Ponce on March 22, several persons were killed by the police. This group of Nationalists contains the so-called "Cadets of the ...


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A thorough analysis of radio on all fronts was made by the Federal Communications Commission in 1937, resulting in the erection of a number of important signposts as guides to progress. It was pointed out that in "public interest, convenience, and ...


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The United States Bureau of Reclamation in 1937 had 33 irrigation projects under construction in 13 Western states, and investigation of 23 projects was in progress. Twenty-one dams were under construction, of which Pine View in Utah, Unity in Oregon, ...


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The cabinet and Regency Council resigned in August following charges that lands belonging to eleven-year-old King Ananda had been sold to enrich politicians. Colonel Phya Phahol Pholphayuha was reappointed Premier, and after four days' debate the ...


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The civil war dragged on into its second year with the outcome still problematical. Despite the fact that the Insurgents were on the offensive during most of 1937, and were able to subdue the isolated northern provinces of the Basques and Asturians, ...


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Prosperity continued unabated in Sweden during 1937. The coalition Farmer-Labor Government under Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson, had a majority in both chambers of the Riksdag. The Government concentrated on enlarging and extending its social ...


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Developments during 1937 may be divided into (1) laboratory research and field tests in the United States and (2) a broadening public television service abroad. ...


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The most conspicuous event of the year was the replacement in October as Premier of General Ismet Inoenu by Jelal Bayar. Ismet had been at the right hand of President Ataturk for over fifteen years; he had been Premier continuously since 1925. In ...


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Unlike the problems of most other countries, those of South Africa are racial and political rather than economic. The United South African party which accepts the leadership of Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog and his associate Jan Christian Smuts, ...


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The year 1937 was a particularly difficult one for the Soviet sixth of the land area of our planet. What went on in the Soviet Union was rather mystifying, and for many was the basis for grave doubt and even bitter disappointment. Although the ...


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The Government weathered another year of turbulent internal politics. ...


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The following items were news in 1937: ...


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On May 25, after the Supreme Electoral Court had ruled against the constitutionality of President Vargas to succeed himself in the presidency, the Government announced that it would support Jose Americo de Almeida, a former cabinet member, for ...


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Big Six Conference, Kansas and Nebraska (tie). Eastern Intercollegiate League, Pennsylvania. Eastern Intercollegiate Conference, Pittsburgh. National A.A.U., Denver Safeways. National A.A.U., Girls, Little Rock (Ark.) Flyers. Missouri Valley ...


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Big Six Conference, Nebraska. Big Three, Harvard. Missouri Valley Conference, Tulsa. National Professional League, Washington Redskins. Pacific Coast Conference, California. Rocky Mountain Conference, Colorado U. Southeastern Conference, Alabama. ...


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The following are soccer champions of the year: American League, Scots-American, Newark, N. J. National Challenge Cup, New York Americans. ...


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The Fusion administration of New York faced its first test at the polls on November 2, and came through with flying colors. Fiorella H. LaGuardia was re-elected mayor--the first reform mayor to be so honored. Thomas E. Dewey, the Governor's Special ...


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Yet many critical analysts suggest that the President, by self-delusion or by unfortunate advice, mistook the personal adulation he received for a mandate toward social and economic revolution. ...


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Plans for increasing the size of the air forces on a scale unprecedented in times of peace formed the most significant development in American aviation during 1938. Terrific destruction by raiding planes in both Spain and China had convinced military ...


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The ideal in the study of living primitive people is to gather more and more data about their manners and customs. The regions of the earth concerning which such information is still scanty are New Guinea, parts of the Amazon country, part of the ...


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Archaeology specializes in human history, taking up its problems where documented history leaves off. In recent years the methods of archaeology have been used to verify and enrich documented history; for example, excavations at the site of the first ...


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President Roberto M. Ortiz was inaugurated on February 20. In honor of the occasion the United States Government sent six "flying fortresses" to Buenos Aires. The fliers carried a good-will message from President Roosevelt to the new Argentine ...


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The year 1938 was marked by the discovery of the largest star known and of two additional moons for Jupiter. ...


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Opening on January 26 and continuing through April, Australia celebrated the 150th anniversary of its founding. ...


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In 1938 the automotive industry was among the first to feel the effect of the recession. Motor vehicle production fell to a value only 53 per cent of that for 1937. ...


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Among the important developments in the field of botany were the following: ...


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The year 1938 was one of exceptional significance to Canada, in both its external and its domestic relations. ...


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The year 1938 was prolific in the number of new chemicals having a wide variety of uses, particularly as wetting agents, detergents, solvents, chemicals for textile and other large-consuming fields, specialties, insecticides, intermediate chemicals, ...


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Political affairs in Chile were marked by considerable excitement during the year. On May 21, President Allesandri delivered his last message to Congress. This was the occasion for Nazi and Leftist demonstrations, and a bomb was exploded in the ...


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During the year China underwent and survived the most severe national crisis in its long history. Never before had it suffered such a toll of life and such a great destruction of property as in 1938; yet never before had it been such a consolidated ...


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On January 15, a law became effect which provided for the distribution of certain land to native farmers who are heads of families. Each family receives thirty acres, and settlers are encouraged to form co-operatives. The Treasury Department supplies ...


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No country in the world suffered greater change during 1938 than did Czecho-Slovakia, whose new name, replacing Czechoslovakia, typifies vast internal transformation. Under overwhelming pressure from Germany, deserted by all its allies, it surrendered ...


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In 1788 a Danish diet abolished villenage, thus releasing peasants from the bondage of landlords. On June 17, 1938, in Copenhagen, a ten-day National Agricultural Exhibition celebrated the 150th anniversary of Denmark's new farm era. ...


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International developments during the year forced attention in the Baltic Sea area upon the strategic Aland Islands. Under Finnish sovereignty since 1921, the Islands retain local autonomy. Conferences looking toward defenses sufficient to maintain ...


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The most significant developments in France during the year 1938 were (1) in the field of foreign relations, the utter collapse of the entire system of postwar alliances in Central and Eastern Europe and (2) in internal politics, the simultaneous ...


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In 1938 geophysical methods, as applied to geology and its problems, were of great importance. ...


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The year 1938, the sixth of National Socialist rule in the Third Reich, was the year of decision. Twice a test of nerves and bluffing ability took place between Adolf Hitler's totalitarian state and the western democracies of France and England. In ...


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Foreign affairs and rearmament dominated British history during 1938 to the exclusion of almost everything else. ...


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During 1938, Greece was strongly under the influence of Germany. ...


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On January 23, the Government opened a national museum containing historical relics at Port-au-Prince. By decree urban education was placed under the Bureau of Urban Education instead of under the Department of Public Instruction. Rural education was ...


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On January 1, 1938, Hungary had an area of 35,875 square miles with an estimated population of 9,000,000. On January 1, 1939 the area of the nation had increased by 4,787 square miles to a total of 40,662 square miles and the population was estimated ...


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Between war and threats of new wars in Europe and bitter fighting in the Far East, India had a quiet but most momentous year. The new constitution (the result of more than ten years of conferences, giving India provincial autonomy and partial dominion ...


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An unusually optimistic view of the future of the Indian is expressed in a report just issued by an independent, unofficial committee on Indian welfare. Following a careful inquiry into the attempts of the United States Government in recent years to ...


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Those who went to sleep in the Irish Free State on the night of December 28, 1937, awoke next morning in Eire (the native name for Ireland) and breakfasted under a new constitution which established the country's position as an independent republic. ...


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In his middle fifties, Mussolini pilots his own airplane, drives his own car, and sets an example for his troops by running ahead of them. However, youthful as his physical actions may be, he behaves as though he must hurry because the time ahead of ...


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In the second year of the "undeclared war" on China and the eighth year after the invasion of Manchuria, Japan bent all national energies to extend her military conquest on the Asiatic continent. ...


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The factor in the diet which controls pellagra was shown in 1938 to be nicotinic acid, a derivative of vitamin B. This same factor will control a condition in dogs called black tongue, also resulting from a deficient diet. In certain forms of ...


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The year 1938 probably will be known in New England as the time of the great hurricane, generally believed to be the most destructive ever to strike the United States. ...


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The rumblings of the approaching presidential campaign with its political strife, violent clashes between conflicting labor organizations, the oil expropriation with its international complications, the embezzlement of university funds, the Cedillo ...


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Hollanders had cause for widespread rejoicing on two occasions during 1938, both of them concerning the royal family. ...


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Following the trend of the times, Parliament unanimously voted, on May 31, to reserve the country's right to maintain complete neutrality in a war caused by any League of Nations action not approved by Norway. Foreign Minister Halvdan Koht, supporting ...


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In 1938, work connected with the discovery of skeletons of ancient man progressed apace. ...


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The following were important peace activities in 1938. ...


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On June 1 it was alleged that Peruvian soldiers, guarding the disputed boundary with Ecuador, had killed an Ecuadoran soldier. Peru sent additional troops into the region to prevent what seemed to be a threatened invasion from Ecuador. By June 13 a ...


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The question of complete independence, not as a politician's tool but as a vital issue, loomed largest in the Commonwealth during 1938. ...


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Among interesting 1938 advances were the following: ...


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The year 1938 brought significant developments in Poland's relations with her neighbors. ...


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The year 1938 was probably the most important in more than a generation for the development of public health in the United States. It is notable not so much for new inventions or discoveries in the laboratory or clinic as for the beginning of a ...


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On January 10, eight members of the Nationalist group went on trial, charged with an attempt on the life of United States District Judge Robert A. Cooper on June 8, 1937. On January 14 the condemned Nationalists began serving their sentences (from 2 ...


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From its research laboratories, radio contributed several new safety instruments to aviation, while that branch of communication known as broadcasting, abetted by powerful transmitters and directional aerials became more international in scope. ...


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The United States Bureau of Reclamation's major program of construction was continued in 1938 when 14 dams were completed and work was in progress on 12 others. At the year's end, the Bureau had completed 155 dams and 21 additional structures were ...


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Persistent rumors of favoritism towards Japan were met by firm but patient denials. These were supported by restatements of Siam's foreign policy as one of friendship with all nations, and defense of its neutrality. As further proof, Foreign Minister ...


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On the field of battle it was a disastrous year for the Republicans, who, although enjoying a superiority in man power, with an army of about 600,000 men, were not able to cope with the offensive thrusts of the highly mechanized Rebel army of 400,000 ...


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Prosperity continued through 1938. The January budget was balanced at about $250,050,000. Despite items of $34,500,000 for the social pension fund, an increase of $20,000,000 in the salary budget, and an expenditure of about $5,000,000 for air raid ...


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Continued field tests during 1938, conducted with receivers scattered throughout the metropolitan area and a transmitter in the Empire State Building in New York City, convinced Radio Corporation of America engineers that enough has been learned about ...


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During the first part of the year, commercial negotiations were carried on with Britain and Germany, which resulted in the establishment of extensive credits. In November occurred the death of President Ataturk and the election of President Ismet ...


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South Africa continued to benefit from the high price of gold, and to debate the old problem--the relations between the British and the Dutch, between whites and natives, and between the Union and the British Commonwealth. ...


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The Soviet system, produced by the social revolution of October, 1917, in war-disrupted Russia, celebrated its twenty-first anniversary in 1938. Under ordinary circumstances this attainment of age would be a proper occasion to assess the experiment in ...


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Caught in the backwash of Germany's ship of state, the Yugoslavian Government was faced with external as well as internal issues, precipitated by the disposal of the Czech-Sudeten problem. ...


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Interesting 1938 developments include the following: ...


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On April 19, President Vargas signed a decree banning all Nazi activities in the country. ...


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Big Six Conference, Oklahoma and Kansas (tie). Eastern Intercollegiate League, Dartmouth. Eastern Intercollegiate Conference, Temple. National A. A. U., Kansas City Healeys. National A. A. U., Girls, Galveston Anicos. Missouri Valley Conference, ...


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Big Six Conference, Oklahoma. Big Three, Harvard. Missouri Valley Conference, Tulsa. National Professional League, New York Giants. Pacific Coast Conference, U. S. C. and California (tie). Rocky Mountain Conference, Utah. Southeastern Conference, ...


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American League, New York Yankees. National League, Chicago Cubs. World's champions, New York Yankees. American Association, St. Paul. International League, Newark. Eastern Intercollegiate League, Dartmouth. Western Conference, Iowa and Indiana (tie). ...


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The following are hockey champions of the year: National Hockey League, Toronto Maple Leafs. World's professional (Stanley Cup), Chicago Black Hawks. ...


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Supported by the Administration, Senator Claude Pepper scored a victory in Florida. Other Administration-backed successful senators were Elmer Thomas of Oklahoma; Alben W. Barkley of Kentucky; Robert J. Bulkley of Ohio (defeated, however, by ...


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Despite these setbacks and the temporary rebellion in the third and final session of the Seventy-fifth Congress, Roosevelt emerged from 1938 still the leader of his party and of the people. Reviewing his five-year record on March 5, he asserted ...


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Out of the manifold mysteries arising from rigid censorships imposed by the war in Europe and the rearmament program in the United States, these vital facts about aviation emerged in 1939. England and France had rearmed themselves in the air so that ...


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The search for the early forms of man still is the leading lure in anthropological science. While no great discoveries were made during 1939, new information resulted from the study of the human fossil bones so far collected. The human skeletons ...


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In 1939, there was considerable archaeological activity in Egypt. At Amarah, the Egypt Exploration Society dug deep, finding many New Kingdom inscriptions. As a result of excavation at Edfu, a large portion of the city of Apollinopolis Magna was ...


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Late in March, the Government and people of Argentina were stirred by an alleged German document which seemed to indicate a desire to obtain Patagonia as a place to settle Germans from the overcrowded homeland. The Argentine Government began an ...


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McDonald Observatory Dedicated. On May 5, at Mount Locke, Tex., 6,800 feet above the sea, was dedicated the completed McDonald Observatory of the University of Texas. With its 82-inch reflecting telescope, it is exceeded in size only by the 100-inch ...


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When 1939 opened, Australia was wrestling with the problems of national security and social security. By June, plans for spending $300,000,000 on land, sea, and air defenses had been adopted, but were far from complete when war came. At the same time ...


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The latter part of the year 1939 found the pace of automobile manufacture quickening, in spite of considerable difficulty from strikes and the scarcity of some essential materials. The production was some 40 per cent greater than 1938--and the motor ...


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Important developments in the field of botany in 1939 included the following: ...


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The year 1939 will have in Canadian history the same grim significance as 1914. No one can safely predict what the outcome will be, but the close of 1939 at any rate found Canadians determined to do their full share in the second great struggle of the ...


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Among significant developments in the field of pure and applied chemistry in 1939, the following are important: ...


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January was a momentous month for Chile. President Pedro Aguirre Cerda began the year by reducing the price of food, especially bread and milk. He said that he desired cheaper nitrates and fertilizers, more schools, cleaner jails, vacations for miners ...


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Throughout the year 1939, China pursued two policies--(1) to fight with firm determination against the invader until the freedom and independence of the nation was won, and (2) to develop the interior provinces politically and economically as the new ...


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Colonel Batista and President Laredo Bru worked during 1939 to better economic and social conditions in the island, as well as to improve relations with neighboring countries. Colonel Batista made a good will tour to Mexico in February. ...


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After the Munich settlement, Czecho-Slovakia limped along, reduced in area, mutilated economically, deprived of her fortifications and defenses, abandoned by trusted allies, and more and more at the mercy of surrounding despoilers. The government of ...


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German pressure from without and Nazi penetration from within caused Denmark's Government to steer a tedious diplomatic course during the year, since the country is exceedingly vulnerable to attack by Germany. ...


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On March 21, 1939, Poland was warned that there must be a German-Polish "settlement" this was renewal of a demand made by Hitler on October 24, 1938, three weeks after the Munich Agreement, and repeated twice in January, 1939. The demands were: (1) ...


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Finland's successful defiance of the Russian bear ranks with the most dramatic incidents of 1939. Whatever the future may hold for the little Sparta of the North (land area, 150,986 square miles; population, 3,658,125), the courage of its people and ...


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The year 1939 was one of momentous developments for France. It saw the gradual giving up of the "appeasement" policy, the outbreak of the war with Nazi Germany, and the adoption of totalitarian governmental controls over the whole of individual ...


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Earthquakes of 1939, because of their unusual destructiveness, were of major importance to mankind. ...


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On January 30, 1939, the sixth anniversary of National Socialist accession to power, Adolf Hitler made one of his most effective speeches. Before him were the 855 members of the Reichstag of the new "Greater Germany," including Austrian and Sudeten ...


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Great Britain entered 1939 hoping for the best, but increasingly conscious of the need for making preparations against the worst. Prime Minister Chamberlain was disappointed by the absence of any sign that Germany and Italy were willing to contribute ...


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Troubled course of European events led Greece and her governing group during 1939 away from close association with Germany toward the political and economic protection of England and France. Early in the year, Nazi activities were very great, through ...


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President Stenio Vincent arrived in Washington, D. C., on December 6 in order to consult with the Department of State and with President Roosevelt, hoping to obtain funds from the Export-Import Bank for the construction of drainage and irrigation ...


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Factional strife at home, due in part to the policies of Premier Bela Imredy, tool of Hitler and rabid anti-Semite, threatened revolution in January. In the nick of time, Imredy "discovered" his maternal great-grandfather was a Jew and in February ...


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As India is a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations, but at the same time a member not in full standing and yet anxious to be fully self-governing, passing events in that country have more than local significance. The mere fact that the ...


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The number of Indians in the United States continues to increase, in contrast with a former period when they actually seemed to be dying out. Official figures for 1939 showed that the Indian population is increasing annually at a rate twice that of ...


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The Anglo-Irish agreement of April, 1938, did not end the partition of the country into two parts--the republican south and Northern Ireland. Premier de Valera asserted that this injustice must eventually be redressed; but only by peaceful means, ...


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International Affairs. On the occasion of the celebration in 1939 of the twentieth anniversary of the birth of the Fascist movement, Mussolini said, "What is most fundamental and positive is: We must arm. The word of command is this: More guns, more ...


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The third year of the "undeclared war" on China and ninth year of the invasion of Manchuria was devoted by Japan to the development of the New Order in Eastern Asia, calling for the ejection of all Western influences in the Far East. ...


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In 1939, the chief developments concerned vitamins, glands, and sulfanilamide derivatives. Sickness and death rates were the lowest ever recorded in this country, including a great reduction in maternal mortality. ...


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During the winter the weather was generally warm with precipitation above normal. In the spring it was still abnormally warm, and the western half of the country suffered from lack of moisture. During the summer, drought and warm weather prevailed ...


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The petroleum controversy continued to excite public opinion, the Mexican peso fluctuated dizzily, strikes hampered industry, serious railroad accidents brought criticism on the National Railways Administration, and school legislation created deep ...


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For the Kingdom of the Netherlands, 1939 was a year of fear. ...


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In common with the rest of Scandinavia, Norway took steps to maintain and protect its neutrality. A nonaggression treaty proffered by Germany and guarantees for its integrity from the British were rejected early in the year on the basis that "Alliance ...


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During 1939, a few more of the gaps in the story of ancient man were filled in, and Asia again has been an important site of discovery. The skeleton of an eight-year-old Neanderthal boy was unearthed near Tashkent, Turkestan, and seven skeletons of ...


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On February 19, a revolution broke out against the government of President Oscar R. Benavides, who at the time was absent from Lima. The leader of the revolt was General Antonio Rodriguez, Chief of Police and Minister of the Interior, who with a small ...


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United States authority shifted in midyear from military to civilian status with the transfer of control from the Department of War to the Department of the Interior, by virtue of Roosevelt's Reorganization Order Number II. Francis B. Sayre was sworn ...


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Otto Hahn and F. Strassmann of the Kaiser Wilhelm Research Institute, basing their investigations on the earlier work of Hahn with Lise Meitner and of Enrico Fermi of the University of Rome, succeeded in splitting the uranium atom by bombardment with ...


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Poland at the opening of 1939 was in a difficult situation. Wage levels, although they had risen slightly in recent years, were more than 20 per cent below those of 1929; the unemployed numbered more than 400,000; and particularly in the Ukrainian ...


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Washington continued to hold the limelight in the public health affairs of the year. The most important events were not new discoveries or startling changes in health conditions, but discussions of a national health program. ...


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The island of Puerto Rico assumed an increasingly important place in the minds of Federal officials in the United States. On March 12, a convention of seventy-two business, civic, and cultural organizations adopted a resolution calling for a ...


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Radio broadcasting splits into two general classifications of public service: entertainment and information. The bulk of broadcast reception is domestic. Short waves, however, add an international tinge that becomes stronger with the years through ...


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During 1939, construction work was in progress by the United States Bureau of Reclamation on 30 irrigation projects in 13 states. Twenty-one dams were being built and 5 were completed. The Bureau had completed 160 dams, with 24 additional structures ...


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The longest and bloodiest civil war in modern Spanish history ended in an Insurgent victory in the last days of March, 1939. The London "nonintervention" agreement, which tolerated German and Italian support of the Rebels, but prohibited assistance by ...


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In 1939, Sweden was engaged in preparing itself for the arduous role of a neutral in the European War, and, as the year closed, for the not impossible and far more tragic role of a combatant. ...


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April 30, 1939, marked the beginning of scheduled television service in the United States. Field tests of transmitters and receivers had resulted in technical improvements in equipment that enabled the National Broadcasting Company to offer ...


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Thailand became the official name of the country on National Day, June 24, 1939. Thai is Siamese for "free" literally, the name means "land of the free." ...


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The quiet, effective control with which President Inonu began his term of office in November, 1938, was maintained throughout the year 1939. ...


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South Africa was making very leisurely preparations for defense when war came. Her politics were more concerned with such domestic matters as the relations between the Dutch and British elements, the position of Asiatics, the native problem, and ...


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The increasing tension in international relations and the outbreak of war, first in eastern and then in central Europe, brought the Soviet Union back to Europe, from which the Munich settlement of 1938 tried to isolate it. Also in the Far East its ...


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The outstanding event of 1939 in Yugoslavia was the final accord on the twenty-year-old dispute over Croat independence. Negotiations were hastened by international tension, as well as by Vladimir Matchek, Croat leader. He threatened secession or ...


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"Extinct" Fish Found. An important zoological event was the discovery in ocean waters east of South Africa of a huge fish belonging to a group thought to be extinct. Its scientific name is Latimeria chalumnae. J. L. B. Smith of the Rhodes University ...


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Donald R. Richberg, of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, but representing all expropriated British and American companies, began activities early in February in an effort to bring about an advantageous settlement. ...


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Big Six Conference, Missouri and Oklahoma (tie). Eastern Intercollegiate League, Dartmouth. Eastern Intercollegiate Conference, Carnegie and Georgetown (tie). National A. A. U., Denver Nuggets. National A. A. U., Girls, Galveston Anicos. Missouri ...


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Big Six Conference, Missouri. Big Three, Princeton. Missouri Valley Conference, Washington (St. Louis). National Professional League, Green Bay Packers. Pacific Coast Conference, Southern California. Rocky Mountain Big Seven Conference, Colorado. ...


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American League, New York Yankees. National League, Cincinnati Reds. World's champions, New York Yankees. American Association, Kansas City. International League, Jersey City. Eastern Intercollegiate League, Harvard and Cornell (tie). Western ...


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The following are hockey champions of the year: National Hockey League, Boston Bruins. World's professional (Stanley Cup), Boston Bruins. ...


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The following are soccer champions of the year: American League, Scots-Americans, Kearny, N. J. National Challenge Cup, St. Mary's Celtics, Brooklyn. ...


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In this budget message, President Roosevelt abandoned apology for an unbalanced budget and a growing national debt, and entered upon a defense of both. The theme of his argument was that the total volume of debt, private and public, represents credit ...


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Lightning, devastating warfare made aviation one of the most terrifying, yet most fascinating subjects of 1940. The world shuddered at the word "bomber" the German Luftwaffe (literal translation: Air Arm) saw to that. Newspaper readers thrilled at the ...


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No outstanding discoveries in anthropology were reported for 1940. The specialists in early man devoted their time to a study of the materials on hand. DeTerra, American geologist, having studied the sites in Java from which came the best-known ...


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For several reasons there can be little doubt that the most important archaeological work during 1940 was done at Ezion-geber, Solomon's seaport at the north end of the Gulf of Aqabah in Trans-Jordan. Here the American School of Oriental Research in ...


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Argentina was considerably affected by World War II. After the collapse of Holland and Belgium in May the people of Argentina became increasingly suspicious of fifth column activities within the country. This was especially true concerning news papers ...


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A Bright Comet On September 15, L. E. Cunningham, of the Harvard College Observatory, discovered a comet on a photographic plate which had been taken there a week previously. Later photographs revealed the developing tail, which in some pictures ...


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Australia in 1940 played a useful part in the European and African conflict, but increasingly realized that it had a job to do in the Pacific as well. In February a contingent of 30,000 Australian troops reached Egypt, to join the Anglo-French forces ...


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During 1940 an increasing number of the automobile industry's personnel turned to the problems of mass production of motorized military units of all types, while still maintaining production of passenger cars and trucks. The total production of ...


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A little calcium chloride causes canned tomatoes to retain their shape, according to a report of Z. I. Kertesz of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. The chemical reacts with pectic acids to form a gel which supports the cell structure ...


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War overshadowed Canada and the Canadian people, as it did so much of the civilized world. Throughout 1940 the life of the Dominion was geared to the war machine to a rapidly increasing extent. Directly or indirectly, practically every Canadian took ...


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Research on derivatives of sulfanilamide was intensified in 1940. Some 1,500 derivatives had been made and tried by that time, but only a few showed improvement over the original product. Sulfathiazole for pneumonia, sulfanilylguanidine as a promising ...


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Relations with the United States were cordial during the year. In May the United States Export-Import Bank increased its loan to Chile from $5,000,000 to $12,000,000. The following month a group of military advisers went to Chile to help that country ...


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The country appeared more determined in 1940 than in 1938 and 1939 to continue its war of resistance and to carry out the program of reconstruction, to the end that it might become a free and independent nation. There were discouraging events and ...


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During the first part of the year, the people of Cuba were concerned with the presidential election, first scheduled for February. The chief candidate was Colonel Fulgencio Batista, who had been in charge of the Cuban army, and who had been the chief ...


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Nonaggression pacts, scrupulous neutrality, and Danish good faith to the contrary, the country was invaded by Germany on April 9. Occupation was well established by nightfall. ...


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At the beginning of 1940 Finland was involved in war against the Soviet Union, fighting an overwhelmingly powerful adversary under odds of fifty to one. For three and one-half months the war went on, the Finnish Army keeping up its resistance. Owing ...


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Perhaps never in history has a great nation collapsed with the tragic suddenness of the Third French Republic. That a highly civilized nation, rich in resources, defended by a large and well-trained army of several million men, with one of the best ...


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Many imaginative theories have been advanced to account for the fact that the lands are crowded into the northern hemisphere and the oceans expand south of the equator, but during 1940 C. D. Perrine of the Argentine National Observatory at Cordoba ...


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The population of the Greater Reich, according to the census of May, 1939, including Austria and the Sudetenland, annexed respectively on March 15 and September 30, 1938, totaled 79,375,281. By including Memelland and the so-called Protectorate of ...


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During the first three months of the year, Great Britain was party to a war so devoid of action that it was derisively termed a "phoney war." During the next three months there was an overabundance of staggeringly unexpected and melodramatic action, ...


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The Italian-Greek War. At three o'clock in the morning on October 28, 1940, the Greek Government received an ultimatum from the Italian Government demanding within three hours permission to occupy airfields and ports. Before six o'clock Italian troops ...


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Nazi domination, for all practical purposes, was completed during 1940. This was evidenced by Hungary's joining the Rome-Berlin-Tokio alliance (in November), by a Nazi controlled press (which had been strongly anti-Fascist although the Government had ...


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Naturally, as in all other parts of the British Empire, the war was in the foreground in 1940. Indian troops were with the British Army in France, and serving in the defense of the Empire in the East and Near East, from Hongkong to Africa, giving a ...


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There were 361,816 Indians under the jurisdiction of the United States Government in 1940, an increase of 9,938 over 1939. This did not include scattered groups in various parts of the country; the total Indian population of the United States of ...


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Eire was more surely than ever a divided house during 1940. Northern Ireland (Ulster) was a belligerent part of the British Commonwealth of Nations, but Eire was a neutral member of that Commonwealth. After May it stood with Portugal as the only two ...


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The year began with extravagant claims on the part of Mussolini and his associates as to Italy's prowess and imperialistic future, but it ended with lame excuses for the disasters which Italian arms were meeting everywhere. ...


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The fourth year of the undeclared war on China and the tenth year of the invasion of Manchuria witnessed a closer alliance between Japan and the dictators of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. At the same time the militarist rulers of Japan ordered ...


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Outstanding discoveries of the year related to chemotherapy, vitamins, and glands. The sulfonamide group held first place. Sulfanilylguanidine was used successfully in intestinal infections. The spraying of sulfanilamide on war wounds was recommended. ...


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Like many of its predecessors, 1940 was a year of so-called unusual weather, although its mean temperature of 48.6 o F., was not far from the normal of 49.1 o F. The year started cold and sunny, January having the most sun of any January since 1924. ...


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The presidential campaign brought constant cries of "Wolf! Wolf!" But the much talked-of revolution, the accusations of Fascist-Nazi-Communist help to the opposing candidates, the attempts to arouse public opinion in the United States against the ...


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In early 1940, Hollanders' faith in their armed neutrality, and a few months later their grim determination "not to become another Denmark," hardly presaged the plight that befell them in May. On the morning of the ninth, Hitler's legions started ...


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Like other small neutrals that seemed to impede Hitler's progress toward his goal of ultimate world domination, on April 9 Norway fell victim to his notorious tactics. The invasion was accompanied by the usual verbal broadsides and preceded by the ...


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Who were the first Americans? During 1940 new light was thrown on this intriguing question by Frank C. Hibben of the University of New Mexico. He found evidence of Americans apparently even older than the famous Folsom Man who probably hunted in the ...


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The year began with the new administration of President Manuel Prado, who took office on December 8, 1939, for a term ending July 28, 1945. In the following months Peru enjoyed internal peace and general prosperity, being affected less by the war than ...


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Looming largest in 1940 was the question of defense. The program for self-protection was practically abandoned. This was evidenced by drastic cuts in military appropriations and by the authorized statement that responsibility for defense remained with ...


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The interest excited in 1939 by splitting the uranium atom with the release of 200,000,000 electron volts of energy carried over into 1940. There are three forms of uranium, known as 234, 235, and 238, these numbers indicating atomic weights. When a ...


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The year 1940 was for the people of Poland one of the most tragic in their history. During 1939-1940 some 3,000,000 or more Poles perished in the subjugation of their land, at least 1,700,000 young Polish men and women were deported to do compulsory ...


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Problems arising from the defense program were the main interest in health affairs of the year. Protection of civilian health had to be carried on with the protection of the health of men in the expanding army, navy, and defense industries. ...


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In 1940 radio functioned as the sound track of Europe's daily motion picture war and world chaos. Bombers and battle fleets, soldiers and submarines cast the lengthening shadow of war on American broadcasting throughout the year. It could not be ...


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During 1940, construction was started by the United States Bureau of Reclamation on the first of the so-called Great Plains or Small Water Conservation and Utilization Projects. This was the Buford-Trenton project, near Williston, N. Dak. These ...


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Those who hold that war is futile find in Spain the perfect object-lesson. Exhausted and penniless, with none of the problems which caused the civil war definitively settled, with a large percentage of its man power either under arms or in ...


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As the international storm clouds darkened over Sweden early in the year, Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson asked for and obtained a coalition cabinet in which all parties except the Communists were represented. At the same time, Rickard Sandler, ...


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Commercialization of television transmission was promised for 1940 but, because no agreement on standards could be reached, the Federal Communications Commission refused to grant the necessary licenses. Television progress, therefore, remained in ...


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The political outlines of Thailand became more clearly visible in the lenses of world telescopes during 1940. Repercussions of the fall of France and of Japan's ambitions in the Pacific area were fused in Siamese demands for return of sections of ...


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Early in 1940, Eastern Turkey was struck by an earthquake of great destructiveness. Many gifts for relief came from abroad, especially from England, Syria, and Greece. ...


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Throughout 1940 General Jan C. Smuts remained Prime Minister, pledged to active participation in the war. Subsequently, South African aviators operated in East Africa against Italy. ...


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In a year of spreading war, the Soviet Union in 1940 terminated its conflict with Finland, but absorbed without resort to force Bessarabia, North Bucovina, and the three Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The Soviet leaders continued to ...


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The European War of 1939 became in 1940 the second world war, involving as it did in one way or another practically every country on the globe. ...


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Fear gripped the nation during the entire year because of the constant Nazi menace. The foreign policy continued to stress neutrality and independence, but long before the twelve-month ended Germany definitely was in the ascendancy. ...


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Test Monkeys. Normally about 15,000 monkeys of the family Macaca Rhesus are imported for the laboratory tests which are required before the compounds can be used clinically on human beings. The active development of new drugs and the war caused a ...


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Politics. On January 10 Cardenas declared that all parties would enjoy the fullest protection. The attack on a group of Almazan supporters in Pachuca four days later, in which two were killed; the rampant accusations of conspiracy hurled against the ...


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Bix Six Conference, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Kansas (tie). Eastern Intercollegiate League, Dartmouth. National A. A. U., Bartlesville (Okla.) Phillips. National A. A. U., Girls, Little Rock (Ark.) Flyers. Missouri Valley Conference, Oklahoma A. & M. ...


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Big Six Conference, Nebraska. Missouri Valley Conference, Tulsa. National Professional League, Chicago Bears. Pacific Coast Conference, Stanford. Rocky Mountain Big Seven Conference, Utah University. Southeastern Conference, Tennessee. Southern ...


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American League, Detroit Tigers. National League, Cincinnati Reds. World's champions, Cincinnati Reds. American Association, Kansas City. International League, Rochester. Eastern Intercollegiate League, Cornell. Western Conference, Northwestern and ...


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The following are hockey champions of the year: National Hockey League, Boston Bruins. World's professional (Stanley Cup), Newark Rangers. ...


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ASIA and World War II. On September 27, 1940, Japan further cemented ties with Nazi Germany by signing the Tripartite Pact (Rome-Berlin-Tokyo) aimed mainly as a warning to the United States to keep hands off in the Far East. ...


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The following are soccer champions of the year: American League, Scots-Americans, Kearny, N. J. National League, Swedish F. C., Brooklyn. ...


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The Republican National Convention opened in Philadelphia on June 28; after the first few ballots there emerged a partly spontaneous, partly skillfully organized gallery demand for Willkie; and, indeed, whatever the origin of the demand, Willkie ...


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He began the year with a burst of activity. After his message to Congress, his budget address, and his Jackson Day speech, he authorized Works Projects Administration construction of private hangars for LaGuardia Field, New York City's mammoth airport ...


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A world at war made increasing demands upon aircraft in 1941. This was evidenced everywhere, from production lines to fighting fronts. ...


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A record discovery, the finding of two dwarf skeletons ( Chondrodystrophic dwarfs), in a pre-Columbian burying ground in Alabama was made in 1941; prior to this, only one other dwarf skeleton had been known. The fact that but three examples are to be ...


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Some obviously true footprints belonging to early geological periods were found in Nicaragua in 1941. They were made in mud, thrown out by a volcanic eruption one thousand or more years ago, which quickly hardened to the consistency of stone. One need ...


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The Government and people of Argentina became much concerned with fifth-column activities of Axis agents. ...


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Great Auroral Display. On the night of September 18, a brilliant display of auroral lights was visible in southern Canada and all parts of the United States, even as far south as Florida. It was accompanied by a great magnetic storm which affected ...


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The war became very grim to Australia during 1941. The number of volunteers under arms rose to nearly 450,000, or one quarter of the total eligible man-power between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. Contingents sent to the Near East took part in ...


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Preparation for all-out production of war equipment by the automotive industries gradually got under way during 1941. While this change was going on, a record was made in motor truck production, and the passenger car production of the banner year 1929 ...


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During the year a number of important discoveries were made affecting diseases and growth of plants. ...


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Radio's instantaneous reports from the Pacific and the eyewitness coverage of the war in Europe and the Far East as the microphone switched from continent to continent, from island to island, demonstrated as never before the flexibility with which ...


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The end of 1941 found Canada more deeply than ever engaged in war. Early in December Hungary, Rumania, and Finland were added to its list of enemies, and on Sunday evening, December 7, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King announced that, as a ...


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Most important during the year was the progress made in production of synthetic rubber. ...


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Problems relating to the world war were uppermost in the minds of the people of Chile during the year. Early in January the United States arranged to purchase 300,000 short tons of nitrate of soda for defense at $18.00 per ton, if delivered before ...


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The Chinese people celebrated the beginning of the year 1941 by a new national pledge to fight the invader to the end. At the close of the year, they found themselves an ally of the democratic nations in a global war against the Axis tyrannies. ...


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At noon on January 3, the Seventy-sixth Congress came to an end, and the Seventy-seventh opened its two-year term. Membership included: ...


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Croatia, a province of Yugoslavia, was declared an independent state on April 10 after the Nazis attacked the country, and made a kingdom on May 19. It includes the ethnical unit of Croatian elements in Yugoslavia, comprising the old Croatia-Slavonia, ...


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President Fulgencio Batista, on February 3, was faced with a revolt led by Jose Pedraza, Army Chief of Staff, and by others who demanded the abdication of the executive. The movement, however, failed, and the leaders fled to Miami, Fla. Thereupon, ...


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The effects of German occupation became increasingly evident during 1941. The country was heavily in debt and continued to accumulate unusable German credits. Living standards were lowered as supplies of all kinds dwindled and substitutes, especially ...


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For the third successive year, war interfered with Finland's development. Despite immense difficulties, the work of getting the nation on an even keel again yielded gratifying results, but in June, this work was interrupted by a new war with Russia. ...


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When the year 1941 closed, some hope was held that the tenacious old Chief of State at Vichy, Marshal Henri Philippe Petain, was neither too weak nor unwilling to resist German demands for full military collaboration against Great Britain. ...


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Fundamental researches in geology showed something of a decline in 1941, due to the fact that many of the scientists were engaged in direct war efforts. ...


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History may perhaps look back upon 1941 as the year which marked the turning of the tide in Hitler's successes. He had not succeeded in invading England, as his followers had been encouraged to believe he would do. The Battle of the Atlantic for the ...


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It is a truism of any European war that if Great Britain is to be defeated, a conquest of the British Isles must be accomplished. To Hitler there were three possible ways of achieving this result: (1) by pounding Britain into submission from the air; ...


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At the close of 1940 Greece was at war with Italy, but holding its own against sixfold odds in the mountains of Albania. By the end of 1941, the country was wholly enslaved in German and Italian occupation, its trade dead, and the people starving. ...


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Although it was unconstitutional, in March the Chamber of Deputies unanimously voted to President Stenio Vincent a third term of office (for five years, beginning on May 15). This honor, however, was declined and on April 15 the congress selected Elie ...


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As one of Germany's satellites, Hungary took part in the Balkan Campaign. For such aid by its armed forces Hungary was permitted to annex additional territory lost in World War I. This area included the so-called Baranga Triangle (between the Danube ...


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The gradual disappearance of politics and tacit obstruction of war efforts was the single largest achievement during the past year. America's entry into the war brought the last doubter of the wisdom of the war to enthusiastic support of the cause of ...


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War affected the 400,000 American Indians somewhat differently from other people. ...


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Ulster (Northern Ireland) continued to experience the trials of war, while the rest of the country (Eire) suffered the less deadly but quite grievous consequences of a neutrality which it could not hope to maintain if either belligerent decided to ...


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Most competent observers saw in the year's events in Italy an end to Italian independence, at least for the duration of the war. ...


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Throughout the year the Japanese people made increased sacrifices to support the war policy of the militarist masters of Nippon. Japan became a full-fledged belligerent in the war of the dictatorships against the democracies on December 7, 1941, when ...


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Nazi subversive activities, favored by several circumstances, were especially pronounced in Latin America in 1941. ...


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MALAYA was invaded by the Japanese in December in their drive to capture Allied possessions in the Pacific. On December 10, after seizing the British airdrome at Kota Bharu at the northeastern tip of British Malaya, the Japanese were soon able to ...


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Investigations in 1941 were stimulated by the military emergency, advances in fields related to chemistry, the glands, vitamins, diseases caused by viruses, and in surgery. ...


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In meteorological work the chief concern was for national defense, causing scientists to postpone many pressing research problems. The average meteorologist was training field observers for the army and navy, and instructing aviators in those phases ...


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Under the leadership of President Manuel Avila Camacho, the Government concentrated upon the serious task of restoring confidence, of developing the natural resources, and of rectifying the excesses of the previous administration. ...


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Active as well as passive resistance to the Nazis remained a cardinal principle of behavior among many loyal Hollanders. There were, of course, the resultant executions, imprisonments, and heavy city fines. Queen Wilhelmina on November 28, in a ...


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Anti-Nazi and anti-Quisling activities kept up a running barrage against all efforts to crush the stubborn resistance of Norwegians under the German yoke. Sabotage ran rife in the country (especially outside the heavily guarded capital, Oslo), death ...


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The pace of paleontological discovery was somewhat diminished in 1941, due to world war conditions. Nevertheless, a number of interesting finds were made, especially by members of state and Federal geological surveys. ...


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Late in March, the Peruvian Government notified the German Lufthansa that its contract to fly in Peru would be terminated in June. But in April the Government took over the German planes and ground property and confiscated the company's funds. These ...


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The Commonwealth proved to be a classic example of too little and too late in matters of defense. The long-discussed but wishfully improbable attack by Japan materialized on December 9, two days after the action at Pearl Harbor. ...


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The war has called particularly upon physics and its several applications in industry for the new materials which characterize it. Much of the best physical thought was called to arms in this sense during 1941. ...


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During 1941, in the Warthegau that Germany had annexed, there was substituted a comprehensive program of Germanization for an earlier program that replaced Poles with Germans. And, in the General Government of central Poland that had gained millions ...


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Defense activities in 1941 created many new problems, but also started new efforts for protection against sickness and premature death, because manpower is essential to the nation s strength in war. ...


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News flash from the Pacific on December 7, 1941, [when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor] shifted operations in all phases of radio, especially radio broadcasting, from a program of national defense to all-out for victory. ...


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Because of defense and war needs, those features essential to the production of hydroelectric power on reclamation projects were being rushed to completion. ...


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In spite of the overwhelming pressure of work in a defense and war year, the President Roosevelt D. Franklin found time in 1941 for civil appearances and speeches and for the many duties of a busy private life. ...


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The country continued its struggle under the combined difficulties of civil-war ruin and world hostilities. Economically, conditions went from bad to worse. Starvation was everywhere. Alexis Carrel reported much of the population existing on a diet ...


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Although Sweden was necessarily within the control of the Axis Powers on account of its geographical position, defense preparations were staunchly continued during 1941. A new half-billion-crown loan for defense was floated early in the year. Total ...


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National defense activities during 1941 bore down heavily on the radio industry in general and television suffered in proportion. ...


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Japan's long-feared influence in Thailand developed into complete control in 1941. After several months' mediation of the border war between Indo-China and Thailand, the Japanese announced that a peace pact had been signed by Thailand and France on ...


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During the entire year, Turkey remained stubbornly neutral, though often under pressure from both sides in the enlarging war. Rumors were frequent of the massing of troops on the Bulgarian frontier, and of requests to permit Axis war vessels to pass ...


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Industrially and commercially, South Africa benefited by the turn in war events. Troopships and merchantmen bound from Britain and America had to go round the Cape of Good Hope, instead of through the Mediterranean, on their way to the Near, Middle, ...


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At the end of the year, after six months of the severest fighting, the Red Army had inflicted a serious military setback on the invading Nazi war machine. Also the Soviet Union joined with the United Nations in the declaration drawn up in Washington ...


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Five main changes characterized the development of World War II during 1941. ...


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Yugoslavia as such, ceased to exist in 1941. Beginning in February, German diplomatic pressure toward full alliance was increasingly intensified. To comply meant economic and political vassalage. The Government repeatedly attempted to compromise, but ...


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As scientists continued their researches in various phases of zoology, public interest easily kept pace. Improvements in zoological gardens, particularly the installation of pits and other devices avoiding bars, continued to be developed; much ...


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Four main changes characterized the development of World War II in Europe during 1941. ...


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Big Six Conference, Kansas and Iowa State (tie). Eastern Intercollegiate League, Dartmouth. National A. A. U., Hollywood Twentieth Century. National A. A. U., Girls, Little Rock (Ark.) Flyers. Missouri Valley Conference, Creighton. Pacific Coast ...


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Big Six Conference, Missouri. Missouri Valley Conference, Tulsa. National Football League, Chicago Bears (Western Division); New York Giants (Eastern Division). Pacific Coast Conference, Oregon State. Rocky Mountain Big Seven Conference, Utah ...


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American League, New York Yankees. National League, Brooklyn Dodgers. World's champions, New York Yankees. American Association, Columbus. International League, Newark. Eastern Intercollegiate League, Princeton. Western Conference, Michigan. Leading ...


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The story of the Axis conquest of Africa and the Middle East is a complicated one, ending the year 1941 in bitter defeat. ...


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Japan's Aggressions. By 1941, the undeclared war which the Nipponese call the China Incident, seemed to have bogged down as the forces of the Chinese Nationalist Government under General Chiang Kai-shek offered more persistent resistance. ...


Description:
The following are soccer champions of the year: American League, Scots-Americans, Kearney, N.J. National League, Healy F. C., White Plains, N.Y. ...


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By the end of 1942, both military and civil aircraft had become so important to the conduct of the war that the withdrawal of fighting and transport planes from any fighting force would almost surely spell defeat. ...


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Where war conditions permitted, anthropologists were patiently filling in gaps in the recorded knowledge of surviving primitive peoples. Even in the United States and Canada, whose surviving Indian tribes are rapidly becoming Americanized, ...


Description:
No important discoveries were reported from the Old World in 1942. In North America, the most ambitious undertaking was that which sought traces of man on the route of the Alaska Highway. Indications were, however, that no important archaeological ...


Description:
During the year the Argentine Government continued to deal in its own way with World War II and the belligerents, without much concern for what the other American governments did. Partly, the Argentinian attitude was due to the fact that President ...


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On February 17, Mexico dedicated a new astro-physical observatory at Tonanzintla in the state of Puebla, about eighty miles west of Mexico City. The principal instrument is a Schmidt photographic reflector of 31 inches aperture, which was largely ...


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When Japanese bombs rained down on Darwin on February 19, Australia experienced its first attack since the white man settled there in 1788. Australian fighters had tasted victory in Libya but bitter disaster in Crete and Greece, while over 21,000 of ...


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Production of automobiles was stopped in early February, but sales were resumed on a rationed basis in March. The greatest industry in the United States, which has produced 5,000,000 cars and trucks in a year, set its man power and inventive genius to ...


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The war absorbed more and more of the thought and energies of the Canadian people during 1942. The policy of the Government continued to be to reduce production and consumption of peacetime commodities to the absolute minimum needed for health and ...


Description:
Much of the advance in chemistry during the year had to do with problems caused by the war. Chemists endeavored especially to produce substitutes for scarce war materials. ...


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During the year,the Chilean Government and people struggled with the question as to whether they should join with all the other American nations, except Argentina, and either break off diplomatic relations with the Axis or declare war upon those ...


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In 1942, China emerged as one of the four major powers in the United Nations, the other three being the United States, Great Britain, and Russia. Internally, the country achieved great political unity and stability, although facing serious economic ...


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The seventy-seventh Congress met for its year-long second session on January 3. It repeatedly asserted itself in the conduct of the war, partly on the theory that the direction of the war was the legitimate concern of Congress and partly on the theory ...


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As a belligerent in World War II, Cuba took active steps to contribute to the war effort. On January 3, the Government announced the levying of the first income tax in the island's history, together with a list of other taxes to be used in financing ...


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In addition to experiencing an unexpected setback at the polls in November, the Democratic Party in 1942 suffered from an acute case of internal dissension. From time to time, conservative Democrats voiced the opinion that they ought to join with ...


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In 1942, Denmark continued to be the best-fed nation under Nazi domination. However, as the year progressed, relations with Germany reached a breaking point and complete occupation came closer. ...


Description:
By 1942, collaboration with the Axis had reduced the Finnish people to semi-starvation. German-Finnish economic pacts had brought promises but no supplies. Home production was far under normal because all available manpower was needed on the Russian ...


Description:
The year 1942 will be remembered in France as one of deepest despair. Marshal Petain steadily surrendered all effective power into the hands of the pro-Nazi Pierre Laval, who emerged as the real leader of the Vichy government. French economic and ...


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Most of the new discoveries in geology for 1942 cannot be reported specifically because they have direct bearing on the war effort with which almost all American geologists were concerned in one way or another. The geologists of the greatly augmented ...


Description:
Although in December, 1942, Hitler dominated more than 240,000,000 people, not including the millions in the conquered parts of Russia, his power was beginning to wane. His war production was now outmatched by that of Britain and the United States. ...


Description:
As 1942 dawned, the sky was darker than at any time since Dunkirk. A series of spectacular disasters made the year even blacker as the months went on. Not until November and December did the Russian counteroffensive, the rout of Rommel in Africa, the ...


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Internal Conditions. A proverb says: "Happy is the nation that has no history." But Greece had in 1942 less history than in any previous year, and more unhappiness. The terrible circumstances of brutal foreign occupation, merciless acts of terrorism ...


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Haiti under President Stenio Vincent, as a belligerent closely collaborated with the United States in its war effort. On April 13, the two countries signed an agreement in which the United States promised to assist Haiti to defend its territory, to ...


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For playing the Nazi game, Hungary had been well rewarded in 1940 and 1941, but the tide began to turn in 1942. Its armies were cut to pieces on the Russian Front, Hungarian laborers were shipped to Germany, and Rumania pressed demands for boundary ...


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Following the Japanese conquest of Malaya, Singapore, and Burma early in 1942, India was in imminent danger of invasion. Calcutta, Ceylon, and other places were bombed and, for many months, the Japanese fleet had control of the India Ocean. To meet ...


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Exodus of Indians from their reservations into the military forces and into industry was the most significant feature of Indian life in 1942. By December, 11,000 Indians were in the armed forces, a larger proportion than of any other population group. ...


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On January 26, the first contingent of American troops landed in Ulster, and went to bases already prepared for them, by American construction crews. In May and later months, further and larger contingents arrived. Ulster welcomed them with open arms, ...


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In a speech in April before ninety-eight prefects, Mussolini said that Italy's difficulties were the result of the natural increase in population, the food requirements of the army, the help granted to peoples in occupied territories, the difficulty ...


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The first year of Japanese participation in World War II brought exultation to Nippon. Believing that American and British designs to exploit Asia had forced the war upon Japan, and devoted to Japan's role of leadership in the Greater Asia Sphere of ...


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Outstanding advances for 1942, in which medicine served many war needs, included: ...


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With weather and climate playing such important roles in conquest and defense, it is not surprising that weather statistics are not now common property. It can be said, however, that the winter of 1941-1942 was one of the warmest in recent years in ...


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Personal considerations, minor interests, and personal differences were subordinated to a single issue in 1942: the early victory of the democracies. On January 1, President Manuel Avila Camacho in a radio address appealed for unity and the increase ...


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Despite messages broadcast by the Government-in-Exile in London to "await with confidence and wise patience the call to take an active part in the destruction of the tyrant," acts of sabotage grew in number and violence during the year. The ...


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Sabotage and open violence broke out in many parts of the country following the appointment of Major Vidkun Quisling, Norse Nazi leader, as Premier of Norway on February 1, 1942. Violent sabotage, particularly in the Trondheim area, brought forth a "...


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Despite the curtailment of paleontological expeditions on account of wartime restrictions, a number of important discoveries of relics of ancient life were made in 1942. ...


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January was an important month for Peru. With other American states, it sent delegates to the Conference of Foreign Ministers at Rio de Janeiro. These men carried with them the problem of future relations with the Axis powers, and that of the boundary ...


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Under attack since December 9, 1941, United States and Filipino forces heroically resisted the Japanese invaders, knowing all the while that reinforcements could not possibly reach them. After organized resistance had been overcome by the armies of ...


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An important development in physics was the creation of portable electron microscopes. Heretofore these instruments had been unwieldy, expensive, and time-consuming to build. In 1942, several manufacturers made portable, comparatively inexpensive ...


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Throughout 1942, the Nazis in Poland waged a ceaseless struggle to Germanize the land and to eliminate through terrorist means the underground and guerilla activities, sabotage, and slow-down work of the Poles. The Nazis employed "fire, gas, and ...


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The health of the American people was good in 1942, in spite of all the changes and adjustments required by the war. There were no severe epidemics, either in the army or among civilians. Wartime prosperity contributed to health. Shortages caused by ...


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In every phase of its activity, from research to engineering, production to communications, was geared in 1942 to the all-out war effort. Traveling at lightning speed and with ability not only to encircle the globe but to take to the air from anywhere,...


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The reclamation program was severely restricted by the shortage of materials for construction, but despite this difficulty its contribution to the production of wartime essentials was substantial. Most important from the standpoint of new facilities ...


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In 1942, the Republicans gained strength externally but were still troubled by internal disunity. Typical of the pulling and hauling within the party's ranks was the election in December of Harrison E. Spangler as chairman of the Republican National ...


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President Roosevelt, in 1942, due to the pressure of events, became even more the national leader of a nation at war. Although he remained a master politician, he simply did not have time to devote himself to purely political affairs, because the ...


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Although the Spanish dictator, General Francisco Franco, was still cheering for Fascism in 1942, the Government of Spain steered a neutral course. In December, an Iberian solidarity bloc was created with Portugal to further insure peace for the two ...


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A new five-year defense plan, calling for annual expenditures of 755,000,000 kronen, was laid before the Riksdag on April 9 by Defense Minister Per Edvin Skold. The bill supersedes one calling for a yearly expenditure of 147,000,000 kronen under a ...


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Although Thailand is supposed to have been richly rewarded for collaborating with Japan, the populace soon tired of military domination. The war has ruined the commerce of the country and Japanese officials control such important departments as ...


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Like other countries of the Near (or Middle) East, Turkey was able during 1942 to remain neutral, with external and internal conditions relatively stable. Fear of Axis invasion followed the German thrust toward Stalingrad and the Caucasus, but at the ...


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During the year, there was continued expansion of agricultural and industrial production, a large output of gold, and heavy traffic in the ports as United Nations vessels called on their way to or from the Red Sea. In August, Prime Minister General ...


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By its epic struggle against the invading Nazi hordes in 1942, the Soviet Union greatly weakened the military machine which had become the common enemy of "independence-loving" peoples. The cost in lives, equipment, and territory borne by the Russians ...


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As a result of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, followed by the German and Italian declarations of war on the United States, World War II soon became a truly global war. In Europe only five states remained neutral throughout 1942--Portugal, Spain, ...


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The exemplifying courage of Yugoslav soldiers to continue a large-scale guerrilla warfare against the Axis invaders, was greatly dimmed in 1942 when civil war broke out in various sections of the country. Although many political, religious, and social ...


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War Effort. The Mexican delegation to the Rio de Janeiro Conference, headed by Secretary of State Ezequiel Padilla, gave its undivided support to the appeal for united action against the Axis Powers. "We are here to discuss the future of the Americas ....


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American League, New York Yankees. National League, St. Louis Cardinals. World's champions, St. Louis Cardinals. American Association, Kansas City. International League, Newark. Eastern Intercollegiate League, Princeton. Western Conference, Iowa and ...


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Big Six Conference, Missouri. Missouri Valley Conference, Tulsa. National Football League, Chicago Bears (Western Division); Washington Redskins (Eastern Division). Pacific Coast Conference, University of California at Los Angeles. Rocky Mountain Big ...


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Rommel's Advance and Retreat. In the vast Libyan desert, where tanks and motorized units can maneuver over great areas of sand like ships over the sea, the tide of battle had several times moved backward and forward for hundreds of miles. On Jan. 22, ...


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The following are hockey champions of the year: National Hockey League, New York Rangers. World's professional (Stanley Cup), Toronto Maple Leafs. ...


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As a result of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, followed by the German and Italian declarations of war on the United States, World War II in 1942 became a truly global war. Japan's Advance in Asia and the Pacific Initial Allied ...


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The following are soccer champions of the year: American League, Philadelphia Americans. United States Open, Gallatin, Pa. ...


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In 1943, Allied air power was on the offensive in every theater of war. It was a year of ever-increasing aircraft production; of ever-mounting bombing of the German heartland to destroy war industry, disrupt communications, and prepare the way for a ...


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World War II drew so heavily on the time of anthropologists for information concerning the languages and ways of living among native peoples in combat zones, that there was little opportunity for research in 1943. For example, small pocket handbooks ...


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An English geologist, Barnes, seeking a method by which crudely man-chipped flints could be distinguished from those produced by natural pressure in the earth, reports the discovery that the angles of fracture in fragments of flint differ, when ...


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The people of Argentina began the year under President Ramon Castillo, who ruled the country under a "state of siege" (martial law). It was therefore apparent to most observers that Argentina was ripe for a revolution. This occurred on June 4 when ...


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In 1943, astronomers continued their studies, aiding in the war whenever possible and being aided by the war in turn. ...


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When the year opened, Australia was still in grave danger of invasion. At various times during early 1943, Japan seemed to be mustering forces for another southward thrust, and June arrived before Prime Minister Curtin could declare that "the time has ...


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From the time that new passenger-car rationing went into effect on March 2, 1942, until the Office of Price Administration took its inventory on June 30, 1943, about 390,000 cars were released for civilian use. This left to dealers some 131,000 cars ...


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Shortly after the Great Fire swept London in 1666, a new plant sprang up on the ruins, which was given the name of London Rocket. It was about two feet high and had a flower of four petals. Scientists in Great Britain are wondering whether it will ...


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The outstanding event of 1943, so far as Canada is concerned, was the Quebec Conference. This meeting, at which the political leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and Canada were accompanied by both their civil and war chiefs, made important ...


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There were three major reportable chemical events during 1943. They were important not only as prime scientific events, but also from the standpoint of production. The three milestones involved the opening of synthetic rubber, aviation gasoline, and ...


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On January 20, the Chilean Government finally broke off diplomatic relations with Germany, Italy, and Japan, and cast in its lot with the United Nations. Immediately, Axis diplomats and nationals were interned, and steps were taken to suppress Axis ...


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China went through the seventh year of the war against Japan, scathed, wounded, but unbeaten. The dual program of "resistance and reconstruction" was carried on with a greater determination and a greater promise of success than ever before. ...


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The first session of the seventy-eighth Congress, wishing to be known as the "Victory Congress," convened on January 6. Membership included: ...


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The rate of major crimes by adults for every 100,000 in the general population of the United States was the lowest in five years, at the beginning of 1943. There had been a steady decline since 1938 in the totals of "defendants disposed of." It ranged ...


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On February 1, Cuba and the United States signed a supplementary agreement to an original one of September 7, 1942, regarding military and naval co-operation, which would intensify their joint war efforts against the Axis. Details of the agreement ...


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Results of 1943 state and city elections indicated that the Democratic party was losing ground in some sections of the country. Disagreements over the question of abolishing the poll-tax qualification for voting in the southern states, and also ...


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Curtains were dropped on Denmark on August 28, 1943, after three years as "the show window of the blessings of Nazism." King Christian and his cabinet were set aside when they refused to approve the German demands that all Danish saboteurs be tried in ...


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The 1943 off-year elections of November were followed with great interest, because they were expected to reveal trends to the all-important 1944 presidential elections. Three governorships were involved. ...


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Throughout 1943 the Finnish Government, while trying desperately to find a graceful way out of World War II, maintained its international policy of "stick with the Germans but do little fighting against Russia." In explanation of its paradoxical ...


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Throughout 1943, the whole of continental France was occupied by the green-gray troops of the German Reichswehr. Thus all direct means of communication with the United States and the other nations at war with Germany were cut off; the little news ...


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Geologists can and do perform many essential, if unspectacular, tasks in war as well as in peace. During World War II, they have played an outstanding behind-the-scenes role in providing the metals, minerals, and fuels without which the war could ...


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In 1940, Hitler had sowed the wind by attempting to bomb Britain into surrender. In 1943, he reaped the whirlwind when British and American bombers subjected German cities and industrial areas to a far more intense and destructive devastation. This ...


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For the British people, the outstanding fact of 1943 was the changing of a fervent faith into a justifiable conviction that victory was certain. The completion of the North African campaign was celebrated on May 16 by ringing the church bells which ...


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The occupation by Axis forces continued throughout 1943. The upset in Italy, followed by Italian surrender to the United Nations, led to the disappearance of Italian occupational forces, and also to an increase in the number of German troops and in ...


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In February, a favorable report was made of the eighteen months' activities of the Societe Haitiano-Americaine de Developpement Agricole ("Shada") which was a joint venture, begun in the summer of 1941, by Haiti and the United States to develop sisal, ...


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The first to climb upon Hitler's band wagon in the hopes of establishing its pre-1918 borders, Hungary, by 1943, was convinced that Germany would lose the war, and began to play the role of a helpless victim of Nazism. New ties with such neutrals as ...


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India in 1943 passed through a period of preparation and transition. Only twice did it make front-page headlines. The one was economic and political, the very recent severe famine in Bengal; the other was Mahatma Gandhi's fast, with its accompanying ...


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Today, Indians live much longer than they used to, and as the birth rate for Indian children is greater than that for white children, the Indians are increasing more rapidly in number than any other group of people in the United States. There are ...


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Northern Ireland continued to serve as the base for American troops going to the British Isles. Politically, it was disturbed when, in January, the Chief of Staff of the outlawed Irish Republican Army escaped from a Belfast jail, later made a speech ...


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Mussolini's downfall on July 25 was one of the most significant political events of the year. Fascism, the movement that was to make Italy strong and great, left the country instead weak and undefended, the prey of Allied bombings and Nazi vengeance. ...


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The second year of Japan's participation in Word War II brought few military victories and several defeats, increased taxation, a greater regimentation of Japanese economic life, higher prices, less food for the common man, and a sobering expectation ...


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The chief developments in Latin America during 1943 were related to the course of internal events as affected by World War II (1939-1945). Inasmuch as the area called "Latin America" covers 20 separate nations with over 125,000,000 people, the pattern ...


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More than 50,000 doctors left their practice during the year, to engage in service with the armed forces. This left approximately one doctor for every 1,500 people in the United States. About 400 areas were without any physician. Congress passed an ...


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The dangers of invasion and of enemy raids on the United States were so reduced by Allied successes in 1943 that weather forecasting by radio and through the press was resumed. On account of the war, however, little detained meteorological information ...


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Keyed to total war, Mexico did its part toward victory by supplying the democracies with much-needed supplies. From its mines came strategic metals; other products included fibers, oil seeds, foodstuffs, livestock, drugs, industrial alcohol, and the ...


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In 1943, Nazi oppression in the Netherlands reached a peak. Continuing Axis reverses in North Africa, Russia, and Italy, as well as the heavy bombings of German cities, caused the Germans to issue a warning that Holland would be reduced to a shambles ...


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On the home front, Norwegians carried on a "war of nerves" against their German taskmasters. Nine months of winter and suffering, followed by intense summer heat and hordes of mosquitoes, also helped to lower soldier morale. Sabotage and underground ...


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Discoveries of major importance were relatively rare in 1943, owing to the fact that most paleontologists, having had geological training, were pressed into the search for strategic mineral resources. Nevertheless, some paleontologic finds, throwing ...


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During the year the Peruvian Government attempted, with the aid of United States rubber experts, to organize some 15,000 native rubber gatherers to work in the Amazon region of the country. Iquitos, 2,300 miles up the Amazon River, was made the center ...


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Since the occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese forces early in 1942, the Filipino people have not ceased to resist the so-called "New Order." Whether in the mountain fastnesses or in enemy-garrisoned cities, resistance is going on either ...


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A new radio static eliminator was reported during the year. Full details were not available, as it was being used in national defense. Enough information was released, however, so that the operating principles were understood. The method is to dampen ...


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During the year, Nazi oppression was developed apace in Poland. Large quotas of young Poles were recruited for war work in Germany; Germans exploited decidedly the natural resources; and, aiming to Nazify the land, they placed Polish children in ...


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The American people enjoyed moderately good health in 1943, despite the increasing strains of war. ...


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In 1943, scientists and military experts of the Army Signal Corps and Naval Communications revealed that they had achieved great success in adapting radio's invisible waves of communication to new and sensational uses--to detecting, ranging, ...


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Despite the greatly restricted government reclamation program, several important pieces of work were completed during 1943, and invaluable support was given to both agriculture and industry. With the installation of a new 108,000-kilowatt unit at ...


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The Republican party chalked up gains in several off-year state and city elections. The party claimed twenty-six states with an electoral vote of 339, compared with a total of eighteen Republican states having an electoral vote of 187 in 1939. The ...


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Self-Rule to Dependencies. The President recommended, on October 6, immediate legal independence for the Philippines "as a separate and self-governing nation." ...


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In the light of Allied successes in North Africa (the United States and Great Britain promptly guaranteed Spanish neutrality) and various other world developments in 1943, Spain changed from "nonbelligerency" to "vigilant neutrality." Improved trade ...


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At the opening of the Riksdag on January 12, the Swedish budget for 1943 was presented, and it was found that a little more than 48 per cent of the entire budget was to be spent on defense alone. With a total of 4,131,000,000 kronor called for in the ...


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Predictions were revived for postwar home-television. The pictures, it is estimated, will be about 18 by 24 inches and the associated sound will be carried by FM (frequency modulation) as already featured by the video station WNBT, New York. As ...


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Under Japanese occupation, Thailanders have taken no interest in the new agricultural methods, Japanese vocational schools, or high market prices paid for their rice and pigs. Taskmaster Luang Pibul Songgram said his subjects were "stubborn" and did ...


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As a neutral nation, centrally located in the Old World, and possessing territory and resources important to both sides in World War II, Turkey continued to receive much diplomatic and newswriting attention. In Ankara the German Ambassador continued ...


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For the Union, 1943 was full of achievement. When the Axis forces were cleared out of Africa, Parliament resolved (February) that the army of over 200,000 whites who had volunteered for service "anywhere in Africa" could now be allowed to take part in ...


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The policy of "trading space for time" followed by the Red Army in 1941-1942 paid dividends in 1943. In eighteen months of masterly retreat the German invader, the Red Army had inflicted heavy losses on the German Wehrmacht. Meanwhile, time was gained ...


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The year 1943 was characterized by the fact that in every theater of war the Allies had built up sufficient strength in men and materiel to pass from the defensive to the offensive. The Axis Powers were definitely checked in their advance, and were ...


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Divided into at least nine separate occupied areas, Yugoslavia, with various armies and guerrillas, continued to fight some of the bloodiest European battles of 1943 against Axis armies. Although General Draja Mikhailovitch was retained as Minister of ...


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American League, New York Yankees. National League, St. Louis Cardinals. World's champions, New York Yankees. American Association, Milwaukee. International League, Toronto. Eastern Intercollegiate League, Penn and Cornell (tie). Western Conference, ...


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Eastern Intercollegiate League, Dartmouth. National A.A.U., Phillips 66 Oilers. National A.A.U., Girls, Davenport, Ia., A.I.C. Missouri Valley, Conference, Creighton. Pacific Coast Conference, Washington. Southeastern Conference, Tennessee. Southern ...


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The War in AFRICA Tunisian Campaign. By the end of January, 1943, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel succeeded in reaching the strong Mareth Line of forts which the French in Tunisia had once built to guard their protectorate against the Italians in ...


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Allied Advance in New Guinea. Rabaul at the northern end of New Britain, and the chain reefs of Truk 800 miles to the north, are Japan's two most important naval bases on the inside of its 7,000-mile outer ring of defenses stretching from the Aleutian ...


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The following are soccer champions of the year: American League, Brooklyn Hispano. United States Open, Brooklyn Hispano. ...


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The aviation industry reached new peaks in 1944. Production was at an all-time high; air warfare increased in scope and intensity; domestic airlines established new records of passengers and goods carried. American air warfare was truly global. United ...


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The contributions of anthropologists to winning the war continued to occupy the time of research anthropologists. A memoir on The Skull of Sinanthropus Pekinensis by Franz Weidenreich, is an outstanding contribution on the early forms of man. While it ...


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The war continued to prevent active field work in archaeology. The most important events of the year were the publications of reports on previous excavations. Among the most conspicuous was a brief statement concerning the chronology of cultures in ...


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Events during the year attracted world-wide attention. ...


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During the year, many astronomers remained engaged in activities directly or indirectly connected with the war. There were, nevertheless, a number of interesting developments. ...


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As the Pacific war retreated further from Australian shores, some of the strain imposed by the threat of invasion was relaxed, yet the contribution to the common war effort was intensified. By late October the great bulk of American forces had left ...


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A new plant that eats insects, a mold that lives in the soil, was uncovered by Dr. Charles Drechsler, of the United States Department of Agriculture. The fine threads of the mold, crisscrossed into a fused network, send up little oozy, stubby, ...


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Toward the end of 1944, a problem arose which for the time being overshadowed all other Canadian problems, domestics or external. To most people outside the Dominion, it had the puzzling appearance of a tempest in a teapot. Late in November the ...


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Synthesis held the spotlight in chemistry during the year 1944. The biggest event, as far as pure chemistry was concerned, was the total synthesis of quinine by Robert B. Woodward of Harvard University and William E. Doering of Columbia University. ...


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The people of Chile were concerned less with the war than with their own political and economic affairs, which were complicated by friction between the powerful Radical and Conservative parties and by the fact that President Rios seemed largely ...


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In 1944, China suffered a serious military crisis--a crisis aggravated by political and economic difficulties. At the close of the year, however, the military problem was somewhat lessened, political conditions were greatly improved, and economic ills ...


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When the Seventy-eighth Congress reconvened in January, 1944, the Democrats found themselves with a membership of 217 in the House of Representatives, as against 208 Republicans and 4 minor party members--a very slim majority, indeed. In the Senate ...


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Crime showed the effects of wartime conditions during the year, chiefly in a decline among adults and increase among youth. ...


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In anticipation of the presidential election to be held on June 1, several candidates appeared in the field early in the year. The government candidate, backed by President Fulgencio Batista, was Carlos Saladrigas, a pro-United States lawyer who had ...


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From the 1942 elections on, the Democratic party in Congress had a struggle to maintain control. As 1944 wore along, resignations and deaths further impaired the Democratic majority in the House; both there and in the Senate there was a tendency ...


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The one-time model of a Hitler-blessed country, was under Nazi martial law by 1944. Occupation forces were harassed day and night by patriot bomb explosions and other acts of sabotage. Allied invasion fears also mounted as the year wore on. The ...


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As plans for D-Day matured, United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull asked Dublin to break diplomatic relations with Berlin, and send the German ambassador home, thus preventing him from gathering information concerning Allied preparations. Prime ...


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Nearly 48,000,000 people flocked to the polls on November 7 to prove, by the third wartime presidential election in the history of the United States, that democracy in this country functions in war as in peace. The two other occasions were in 1864 ...


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Hating the Germans but fearing the Russians more, tried in Stockholm and then in Moscow from February through August, for acceptable peace terms. In the meantime, Germany continued to enslave the Finnish population and plunder the country for all its ...


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The year 1944 will probably be recorded in the future annals of France as one of the great dates in the history of that nation, for when it opened the entire country was under the sway of the German army, and when it closed there were relatively few ...


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In 1944, as in 1943, practically all geologists, regardless of their specialties, were engaged in war work, either in connection with the discovery of new supplies of petroleum or new sources of minerals and metals, or in various tasks grouped under ...


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In 1944 the decisive fact for Germany was that on every front--in Russia, the Balkans, Italy, and France--the German armies were being defeated and forced to retreat. Instead of dominating "Fortress Europe," Germany was now being driven back to a ...


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To countless Americans, the main fact about Britain in 1944 was that the country ceased to be their temporary home when the hour of D-Day struck. The first five months were filled with the mounting accumulation of men and supplies, with ceaseless ...


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Unhappy Greece had strange vicissitudes in 1944. At the year's beginning, it was occupied by merciless Nazi enemies, who nevertheless managed local government largely through "Quisling" Greeks. The back country contained bands of "resistance" ...


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Continued to co-operate in the war effort, and to maintain its peaceful internal development. By decree of January 13, the National Law School was reorganized and renamed the Faculty of Law of Port-au-Prince. A set of detailed regulations was given it ...


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The one-time willing slave and in 1944 last vassal state of Germany, was forced to continue its alliance with the Reich. Regent Admiral Nicholas Horthy and his ministers were summoned to Berchtesgaden for one of the notorious Hitler conferences. ...


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What took place in India in 1944 and during the preceding war years can make the country easily one of the foremost nations of the world, or one of the world's most unfortunate and a threat to world peace. A revolution, beneficent or malevolent, got ...


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During 1944, considerable attention was centered on the steps being taken by the Department of the Interior to guarantee the land ownership of the natives of Alaska, who form about half the total population of the territory. There are about 32,000 ...


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Another unhappy year for this most unfortunate country was 1944. As the Allies moved northward and took successively Rome, Florence, and other key points on the peninsula, they found a country ravaged as a result of Fascist mismanagement, Nazi ...


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The third year of Japan's participation in World War II brought a few land victories in China, but also a series of defeats in the Pacific Ocean as the army, navy, and air forces of the United States and its Allies drove the soldiers of the Emperor ...


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In 1944, more than 5,000,000 Americans donated blood to the American Red Cross blood procurement program, which is to be continued in the postwar period. Gamma globulin, one of the by-products of blood, was found to be of great value in the prevention ...


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During 1944 the United States Army abolished or greatly curtailed enrollment in the various units of its once elaborate program of training meteorologists for service with the armed forces. Nevertheless, the men who had taken part in the program, ...


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Despite grave internal problems which were accentuated by world war conditions, Mexico took an increasingly important position as a member of the United Nations and as a leading Latin-American power during 1944. ...


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The year 1944 brought both liberation and unparalleled disaster to the Netherlands. The expected Allied invasion of the European mainland induced the German authorities to expedite the completion of their fortifications. All coastal areas were ...


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Oppressed but unconquered, Norway withstood a fourth year of Nazi domination. Despite continued privation, deportation, and executions, Norwegian morale mounted as invasion news reached the country. Underground leaders appeared in London and planned ...


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Most paleontologists in 1944 were engaged in commercial work for the oil industry, or pressed into service in the search for other natural resources. As a consequence, although numerous routine discoveries were made, few significant finds were ...


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The year opened with the discovery of a pro-Nazi plot which was antigovernment and anti-Semitic, but it was immediately suppressed by President Prado's forces. On January 23, the Government announced that it had decreed the liquidation of all ...


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The most outstanding event of the year was the return to the Philippines of the American forces under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, and the re-establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth on Philippine soil. President Sergio Osmena of the ...


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Peter Debye, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Chemistry at Cornell University, stated during the year that although the world's low temperature record is now within one thousandth of a degree of the unattainable absolute cold, there is hope ...


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During the fifth year of German occupation, Poland had become the scene of important political and military developments. The German terror continued unabated, and it was estimated that Poland had lost 18 per cent of its prewar population of 35,000,...


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Compared with previous years, 1944 was a healthy year for the civilian population of the United States, although somewhat below the high health level of 1941-1942. ...


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In 1944 played a major role in clinching final victory for the Allied Nations. Throughout the year of attack, radio and radionic weapons spearheaded the advance on every beachhead, every battle on land and sea, and every bombing mission. The mightiest ...


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Throughout 1944, the United States Bureau of Reclamation, an agency of the Department of Interior, continued to concentrate its efforts on the utilization of water for the production of food and of electrical power for war purposes. At the same time ...


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Greatly strengthened by the Congressional and gubernatorial elections of 1942, the Republican party went into the 1944 national election with higher hopes than it had entertained since the beginning of its sojourn in the wilderness in 1933. However, ...


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For, the President, the year 1944 brought a great decision. Should he rest on his laurels of twelve years as the only thrice-elected President of the United States, and, secure of his niche in the Hall of Fame, step down and leave the conclusion of ...


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The Franco Government, widely recognized protege of Adolf Hitler, was gradually forced from the side of the arch dictator by the United Nations military successes and increased power. The liberation of France in 1944 also placed a geographic wedge ...


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Swedes went to the polls on September 17 to vote for members of the Second Chamber of the Riksdag. A total of 3,019,336 votes were cast, representing 70.1 per cent of the entire electorate. The Social-Democrats, whose leader is Prime Minister Per ...


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Like all other countries in the Near or Middle East, Turkey suffered during 1944 from the scarcity of many articles and from general inflation. A large proportion of the able-bodied men were under arms, and the resultant expenses pressed heavily on ...


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The most populous state of the Soviet Socialist Republics, occupies the southwestern section of Russia. Bordered by Germany, Hungary, and Rumania, its great wheat belt, industrial areas, Donets mineral deposits, and water reserves (Dnieper, Bug, and ...


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South Africa's war effort continued to be made chiefly in the Mediterranean campaign and in the waters around Africa. The triumph of General Smuts in the 1943 election gave the government freedom to pursue its policies without hindrance, and schemes ...


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In March, 1944, the Red Army finally drove back the German invaders across the frontiers of the U.S.S.R. on the Prut River. In October, the Red Army, on its drive toward Berlin, actually entered German territory in East Prussia. A year of victory ...


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Ancient capital and cultural center of Poland, occupied by the Germans since September, 1939, when the entire country was overrun by Nazi forces, became the scene of a fierce sixty-three-day battle in 1944. With guns of the Red Army within hearing ...


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At the beginning of 1944, Germany and Japan were fighting far from their own home frontiers. In Europe, not a single Allied soldier stood north of the Naples area or west of the Pripet Marshes. In the Pacific the Allies had taken only a few points in ...


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Yugoslavia continued to be a battlefield throughout 1944. However, the German offensive was reversed in many sectors of the country by trick tactics of the National Liberation Army under Marshal Tito. Partisan divisions often retreated before Nazi ...


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A rare event in zoology took place at the Washington National Park in 1944 when a Surinam toad, a rare South American species, produced a batch of eggs. ...


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Government Breaks with Axis. On January 26, the Argentine Government finally severed diplomatic relations with Germany and Japan and on July 12, the last German officials left the country for Portugal. It was charged that Axis nationals had violated ...


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American League, St. Louis Browns. National League, St. Louis Cardinals. World's champions, St. Louis Cardinals. American Association, Milwaukee. International League, Baltimore. Eastern Intercollegiate League, Columbia. Western Conference, Michigan. ...


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Eastern Intercollegiate League, Dartmouth. National A.A.U., Bartlesville (Okla.) Phillips. National A.A.U., Girls, Nashville (Tenn.) Vultees. Missouri Valley Conference, Oklahoma A. and M. Pacific Coast Conference, Washington. Southeastern Conference, ...


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Big Six Conference, Oklahoma. National League, Green Bay Packers. Eastern Division, New York Giants. Western Division, Green Bay Packers. Southwest Conference, Texas Christian. Southern Conference, Duke. Western Conference, Ohio State. ...


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The following are hockey champions of the year: National League, Montreal Canadians. World Professional (Stanley Cup), Montreal Canadiens. ...


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Here the chief event in 1944 was General MacArthur's return to the Philippines, fulfilling the pledge made when he left them in 1942. This was achieved by his skillful strategy of leapfrogging over islands and establishing bases to the rear of ...


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The following are soccer champions of the year: American League, Philadelphia Americans. National (U.S.F.A. Cup), Brooklyn Hispanos. ...


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Aviation played a triple role in 1945. Its part in winning the war grew increasingly evident as intelligence reports were gathered and interpreted. Private flying activities reached an all-time peak as wartime restrictions were lifted and new planes ...


Description:
A new study and reconstruction of a fossil fragmentary apelike skull, found in Africa by Robert Broom, was made by W. K. Gregory and Milo Hellman of New York. Broom named the fossil Plesianthropus. This new study claims that the living creature was a ...


Description:
On November 1, important discoveries were announced at Hasuna, Iraq, indicating the earliest civilization known, a people who used brick, made pottery, cultivated grain, and domesticated cattle, about 6000 B.C. This would indicate that man was ...


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The year 1945 was an exceedingly critical one in Argentine politics, as well as in economic affairs. The United States Department of State considered Argentina the "bad boy" of the Hemisphere. This attitude had important consequences in Argentine ...


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War work continued to occupy many astronomers, but some important advances were made in astronomical knowledge and in closely related fields. ...


Description:
Australia's tasks in the last stages of the war were (1) cleaning up strong Japanese forces in the Solomons, Bougainville, and New Guinea; (2) the invasion of Borneo, which began in May; (3) preparation of one division for a share in the landing on ...


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At the end of 1945, automobile manufacturers were busily getting under way for a record 1946 production. Although the war had ended, reconversion was not complete and probably would not be for months to come. It was not probable, either, that all ...


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Botanists made a number of discoveries during the year. ...


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Of all the year's developments, perhaps Canada's part in the development of the atomic bomb is most important. The National Research Council in Ottawa set up committees to co-ordinate scientific research in connection with the war, and the most ...


Description:
The dominant event in 1945 science was the discovery of the atomic bomb and the stupefying power within man's reach. ...


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Political affairs in Chile continued as previously along democratic lines, with numerous cabinet changes. Foreign relations proved more interesting. On April 5, the Chilean government unanimously declared war on Japan. On September 28, President Juan ...


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Japan's sudden collapse in 1945 and immediate acceptance to the Allied terms of surrender laid down in the Potsdam Proclamation of July 26 sealed the fate of the last aggressor and brought wild jubilation to the Chinese and all the peace-loving ...


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The 79th Congress began its 1945 legislative session in bitter controversy with President Roosevelt over his nomination of Henry A. Wallace as Secretary of Commerce. It ended the year in controversy with President Truman, whose succession had been ...


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Official reports indicate that there was an increase in crime during the first half of 1945 in 392 cities in the United States. Inclusive of all crimes reported, it amounted to 8.4 per cent over the corresponding period of 1944. The murder rate was up ...


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On January 3, the Cuban Government accused Commander Jose Aguila Ruiz, Chief of the Cuban Navy, of misappropriating $500,000 of insurance money from the sinking of a Cuban vessel. At the same time it was announced that two Cuban naval officers had ...


Description:
Overrun and dismembered by the Germans six years ago (1938-1939), Czechoslovakia began gathering up the pieces in 1945. During the World War II, Czechoslovak leaders, headed by Dr. Eduard Benes, former president, established a government-in-exile in ...


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The ancient and cherished capital of Saxony, Germany, was erased from the face of Europe by British and American bombers early in 1945. During massive air raids made on the night of February 14-15, fire spread over the city, killing many of its 1,000,...


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Denmark was the only country occupied by the Germans which was not looted and wrecked. Although it had to export ever-increasing quantities of agricultural products to the Reich, its population was still allowed ample supplies. Danish underground ...


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Peace freed Eire from the strain of maintaining neutrality, but accentuated the problem of inflation. To the funds sent home by tens of thousands of Irishmen working in British munitions plants or serving in British forces was now added the money ...


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Finland made a formal declaration of war against Germany on Mar. 3, 1945. A new Finnish Diet was elected later in the month, in which the conservative group retained a majority of the 200 seats. The government set about to re-establish friendly ...


Description:
The year 1945 was memorable for the continued restoration of republican institutions and practices, great material hardship but gradual economic recovery, and the government's insistence that the ultimate peace settlement with Germany provide for ...


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During 1945, many geologists continued their war work, which ranged from teaching soldiers to searching for petroleum, mineral deposits, and new supplies of water. Others engaged in military studies, including the preparation of reports on regions ...


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In the spring of 1945 suffered a greater military defeat and a more catastrophic political collapse than ever befell a great nation in modern times. Successful resistance was hopeless against superior armies invading on three fronts--Stalin's Red ...


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On Aug. 14, 1945, Japan surrendered. The next day King George VI opened the newly elected Parliament. The war just ended had absorbed an ever-increasing share of Britain's energies for two weeks short of six years. Great Britain's share in the peace ...


Description:
Near the end of 1945 Greece was called "Europe's most frightened country." The Greek people were hardly happier than during any year of the German occupation. Although the "civil" war which began in December, 1944, was soon ended formally by a truce ...


Description:
On August 7, two Haitians were executed by the Government for attempting the assassination of President elie Lescot. During the year friction along the common border continued with the Dominican Republic, the Haitians complaining that their citizens ...


Description:
Squeezed between the invading Russian army and the Nazi hordes, Hungary saw bitter fighting in early 1945. On January 20, representatives of the Provisional Government of Premier Miklos signed an armistice agreement with the United States, Great ...


Description:
The year 1945 brought victory to India but not happiness. The year closed with melancholy riots in Calcutta and Bombay, and student parades in Delhi, in protest against the trial for treason of officers in an Indian army raised by Subhas Chandra Bose, ...


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The latest reports for 1945 indicate that during the period of the war, 121 American Indians served in the Coast Guard, 723 in the Marines, 1,910 in the Navy, and 21,767 in the Army. This does not include those who received officers' ratings, or the ...


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The year brought an end to Mussolini, German occupation, and divided control of the hapless country, but it did not end the black market, hunger, inflation, lack of shelter, coal shortage, and lack of transport. Nor did it furnish the needed raw ...


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The fourth year of Japan's participation in World War II brought the defeat of its proud land, sea, and air forces; the ignominious surrender of the military regime; the occupation of Yamata by the victorious Allies; the complete disarmament of Japan; ...


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New antibiotics (destroyers) like penicillin, streptomycin, and subtilin held the center of medical interest during 1945. Research with new methods of surgical technic gave new hope against cancer. The atomic bomb focused attention on radioactivity as ...


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For the first time in history, meteorologists possess world-wide facts about the weather as a basis for their forecasts. This development, made possible by regular exchange of information with Russian and Japan, promises to increase the accuracy of ...


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On January 29, 1945, the Joint Mexican-American Economic Commission announced a plan whereby Mexico would spend $383,000,000 by 1948 for internal industrial improvements, using private and public funds from the United States and Mexico, and equipment ...


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For the Netherlands, 1945 was a year of climactic trials, and triumphs. On May 4, General Dwight D. Eisenhower announced the unconditional surrender of all German forces in the nonliberated part of Holland. The surrender was signed on May 5 in ...


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Norway was freed of German occupation forces on May 7, 1945. King Haakon, who escaped to England when the Nazis came in 1940, returned to Oslo on June 7. It was Norway's national Flag Day and the fortieth anniversary of its separation from Sweden. ...


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As in 1944, many paleontologists were engaged in war work or in the search for petroleum and mineral deposits. In spite of this, however, many important studies of fossils were made and reported upon. ...


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Political affairs chiefly occupied the minds of the people of Peru during the year. On March 18 a brief revolt occurred when a group of "Apristas" seized Air Minister General Fernando Melgar at the Ancon air base. However, the government prevented any ...


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The year 1945 is most significant in Philippine history, mainly for four reasons. First, it saw the final liberation of the Philippines after over three years under Japanese occupation, and the subsequent end of World War II. Second, it witnessed the ...


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The proximity fuse proved to be one of the major developments in physics announced during the year. The fuse, also called the VT (variable time) fuse, was rated the number two secret weapon of the United States. Placed in the nose of antiaircraft ...


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During the first months of the year, the Polish Home Army as well as the Polish armed forces abroad, in close co-operation with the Allies, helped to win the war. The Home Army, fighting in the rear of the Germans, disrupting communications and ...


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In spite of the war, 1945 was a healthy year for the civilian population of the United States. The health of the armed forces also continued at a very high level. ...


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Radio in 1945 demonstrated its might and magic as never before. The role radio played in winning the war was made clear with the lifting of the veil of secrecy that covered many wartime developments. Radio waves ferreted out enemy planes, ships, ...


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The United States Bureau of Reclamation concentrated its efforts in 1945 on conservation and use of western water resources for the production of essential agricultural products and hydroelectric energy. As mighty rivers harnessed by Reclamation's ...


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Just eighty-three days after he had taken office as President for the fourth time, on Apr. 12, 1945, President Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage in the Little White House at Warm Springs, Ga. Within four hours Harry S. Truman became the ...


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The only independent country in Southeast Asia, Siam was officially named Thailand in 1939. In 1945, the name was changed back to Siam for all foreign languages. However, the traditional term of Thai will continue to be used within the country. The ...


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During the year, the United States and particularly Great Britain decided to abandon their cautious attitude toward Spain. They began to pursue publicly an aggressive policy designed to weaken and discredit the Franco regime, especially after the ...


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After the first year of the war, Sweden had until 1945 a coalition government, composed of members of the four major parties, Social-Democratic, Conservative, Farmer, and Liberal. The Prime Minister was Per Albin Hansson who, with one brief ...


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The Federal Communications Commission announced a television allocation plan that would for some 400 commercial stations. The stations would operate in 13 channels spaced between 44 and 216 megacycles. Under the plan New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles ...


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In 1945 Turkey reaped some advantages from a policy of prolonged neutrality. The declaration of war in February against Germany and Japan was purely a gesture to obtain entrance to the United Nations and participation in the San Francisco Conference. ...


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The year 1945 brought the long-awaited victory against Nazi Germany. Although this victory had been won only through the combined efforts to Britain, the United States, and Soviet Russia, nevertheless the Russians tended to exaggerate the part of the ...


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Wolrd War II came to a welcome finish before the year ended. In January, 1945, the Allies were clearly in sight of final victory over the Axis "forces of evil." General Mark W. Clark's army was about to descend from the northern Apennines to liberate ...


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Yugoslavia was under the iron fist of Marshal Tito in 1945. At the turn of the year, negotiations were going on in Belgrade for the formation of an all-party federal government for Yugoslavia, which would obviate the civil disturbances and foreign ...


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On January 8, the Governing Board of the Pan American Union rejected the Argentine Government's request for a meeting of U. S. Government representatives to hear its plea for diplomatic recognition. On the same day the U. S. Department of State ...


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American League: Detroit Tigers. National League: Chicago Cubs. World's Championship: Detroit Tigers. American Association: Milwaukee. International League: Montreal. Pacific Coast League: Portland. National Semi-Pro: Enid, Okla. Army Air Base. Most ...


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National A.A.U., Men: Phillips Oilers, Bartlesville, Okla. National A.A.U., Women: Nashville, Tenn. Vultee-Bomberettes. National Collegiate A.A.: Oklahoma A. & M. Eastern Intercollegiate: Pennsylvania. Big Six Conference: Iowa State College. Missouri ...


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National Football League: Cleveland Rams. Eastern Division: Washington Redskins. Western Division: Cleveland Rams. Big Six Conference: Missouri. Southeastern Conference: Alabama. Southern Conference: Duke. Southwest Conference: Texas. Western ...


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World War II came to a welcome finish before 1945 ended. In the Far East the Allies were pushing their net of fire and steel closer to the shores of Japan itself and cutting off the island empire from its conquests in southeast Asia and The ...


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For anthropology of the New World, the outstanding event of 1946 was the publication of the first two volumes of the Handbook of South American Indians, edited by Julian Steward, and issued by the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D.C. Like ...


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The leading candidate for the presidency, Colonel Juan Peron, made international news in 1946. On January 13, Argentine firms and business organizations began a three-day period of protest against a government decree of December 20, 1945. It was ...


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With the ending of World War II, astronomical work was resumed energetically. Techniques and instruments developed during the war proved of great value. ...


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AUSTRALIA took a leading part in foreign affairs in 1946, as the champion of the rights of small nations. The Australian representatives protested against the influence of the big powers at the Paris Peace Conference in the summer and in the United ...


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For the automobile industry, 1946 was the first full year of peacetime production. As a whole, the industry produced 2,140,000 passenger cars, which was 43 per cent less than the 1941 output, and 930,000 trucks. ...


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The first full year of peace was a period of sharp readjustment for American aviation. At year's end many aviation authorities took a gloomy view about the immediate future of aircraft manufacturing and air commerce. But there were amazing ...


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A new artificial method of turning roosters into capons was developed in 1946. It may mean a large increase in the capon supply. The male chicken is placed on a diet which contains a small quantity of a synthetic female hormone. Results are noticeable ...


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After nearly seven years of active warfare, peace was officially declared with the Axis Powers in January. During the war Canada had grown to be the fourth most potent fighting power among the United Nations. The nation had the third largest and ...


Description:
Discovery of a new chemical compound 4,000 times as sweet as cane sugar, which promises far-reaching economies in the food, candy, and beverage industries, and may help end the world-wide sugar shortage, was revealed during the year. ...


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Chile enjoyed increasing prosperity during the year, largely because of demands in Europe and China for nitrate. ...


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China in 1946 was a land of high hopes and severe disappointments for China. The country wobbled between a brightened horizon of lasting peace and the dark abyss of unending war, in a tortuous march toward unity and stability. The strife between the ...


Description:
The seventy-ninth Congress met for its second and final session on January 14. It lasted about six and one-half months. The Congress was more strongly controlled than the 77th and 78th Congresses by its alliance of conservative Republicans and ...


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According to the Federal Department of Justice, there has been an increase of 13 per cent over the preceding half year in crimes known to the police during the first half of 1946. The corresponding period of 1945 showed an increase over the preceding ...


Description:
Early in March it was announced that Cuba would sell 620,000 tons of its 1946 sugar crop to the United States, at 3.675 cents per pound, and that 650,000 tons of the 1947 crop would be sold at the same figure. In return, the United States agreed to ...


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Karl Frank, former Nazi Governor of Bohemia, was hung on May 21. On May 26, the general election for a Constituent Assembly gave 93 seats to Czech Communists, 65 to the National Socialists, 47 to the People's party, 43 to the Slovak Democrats, 36 to ...


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Although President Truman asked for "party unity and responsibility" at the Democrats' traditional Jackson Day dinner on March 23, divisions among party elements which the late Franklin D. Roosevelt skillfully kept cemented together began to show ...


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Denmark, the land of plenty during the war years, had become a poor country by 1946. This happened in spite of the fact that it had few battle scars and was almost completely intact when liberated. Hotels are unheated, department store stocks are low, ...


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After the end of World War II, Eire found that the underground extremist movement known as the Irish Republican Army was showing marked signs of activity all over the country. A few hundred members of the organization who had been in prison or ...


Description:
Public interest in politics was unusually high for an "off-year" or mid-term campaign. This was reflected in a record mid-term vote of more than 36,000,000 at the November 5 election. The result was a Republican landslide, wherein the party gained 12 ...


Description:
Twenty Finnish delegates to the Paris Peace Conference failed to get reductions in the $300,000,000 war reparations imposed by Russia. Finland was given eight years in which to pay this war debt in cellulose, paper, timber, machines, and ships. About ...


Description:
The year 1946 was notable for the drafting and acceptance of a constitution for the Fourth Republic; for continued economic recovery, together with the danger of runaway inflation; and for the defeat of the French effort to separate the Ruhr and the ...


Description:
Both the United States Army and the Navy continued to support geologic work in 1946. Several states announced expanded programs, and many companies engaged geologists. ...


Description:
Little progress was made toward a self-sufficient nation in occupied Germany during 1946. An acute scarcity of food, little means for industrial production, and the problems of military government under the four Allied conquerors made the life of the ...


Description:
The United Kingdom continued to nationalize industry in 1946. There were disputes and delays, but the majority of the people had voted for the plan in 1945, and were determined to see it put through. Abroad, there was skepticism from many; both from ...


Description:
In 1946, Greece occupied more space in American newspapers than did many a larger country. The Greek people lived in circumstances just short of active civil war. In spite of an election supervised and approved by Western observers, and a plebiscite ...


Description:
On January 11, President Elie Lescot was overthrown in a military coup which set up an executive committee of three to govern the state until presidential elections could be held. Lescot, who fled first to the United States and then to Canada, was ...


Description:
The most phenomenal and disastrous inflation in the world's history took place in Hungary during 1946. By April, the pengo had dropped to twenty-two million to the dollar on the black market. The official rate was about one million to the dollar. In ...


Description:
This has been a dramatic year in India, full of promise and warning. India is making the crossing from wardship to mature independence. The experiment was planned in January, 1946. In March, representatives of the British Government visited India to ...


Description:
The mistakes which were made in early days when land was taken without paying the Indians, or when there were errors in setting the boundaries of the Indian reservations, have resulted in serious disagreements. Before an Indian tribe can sue the ...


Description:
INDO-CHINA INDO-CHINA, one of France's richest overseas possessions, has been a center of seething revolt since World War II ended. British troops liberated this area from the Japanese in 1945, and some months later the French returned to take over ...


Description:
In spite of the fact that economic conditions have been slowly improving in Italy, the country faced a food crisis when U.N.R.R.A. went out of business at the end of the year. The nation's heavy industry had risen to nearly 80 per cent of capacity, ...


Description:
The second year of the Allied occupation of Japan saw great progress in constitutional and education reforms, and considerable progress in economic reconstruction. The country continued under military government. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur ...


Description:
Divided under two military governments and lacking national unity, the Hermit Nation in 1946 remained one of the unsolved problems of World War Il. ...


Description:
New uses for new antibiotic drugs were among the outstanding discoveries in medicine in 1946. Streptomycin was found to be almost specific in the treatment of tularemia. Extensive investigations were being made to determine its effectiveness against ...


Description:
During 1946, meteorologists continued to apply advances made during the war. The United States Weather Bureau established stations in Arctic America to supplement information from Russia, and thereby to improve forecasting in the United Stats and ...


Description:
Much of the attention of the people of Mexico during the year was concentrated upon the election of a new president. ...


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Although one of the European countries most hard-hit by the war and one of the last to be liberated, the Netherlands made much progress toward normalcy in economic and political affairs during 1946. ...


Description:
In 1946, Norway needed both money and materials to put its ships back on the seas. It had the fourth largest merchant fleet in the world before World War II. Norwegian ships fought with the Allies and by the time hostilities ceased there was only a ...


Description:
With the defeat of Germany and the capture of most of the top war criminals guilty of starting an aggressive war and of waging it in an inhumane manner, the question arose of what to do with them. At least four courses were open to the Allies: (1) ...


Description:
Fossils are studied for information about living things of the past, their changes, and their distribution on earth. Fossils also are used to date events in earth history, to give the relative ages of rock formations, and to aid in finding materials ...


Description:
Early in January, the Peruvian senate approved a United States loan of $30,000,000, and agreed to renew the interest payments on an $81,000,000 debt in default since 1931. Later in the year, Peru announced a five-year plan for building schools so that ...


Description:
On July 4, 1946, the Commonwealth of the Philippines became a republic. Its people celebrated little more than political independence, because the war had robbed them of all the gains they had made since 1898 when the United States took possession of ...


Description:
Physics showed advances in many fields during the year. ...


Description:
Poland's reconversion to peacetime conditions made hardly any progress in 1946. A growing opposition of the masses and an ill-planned and lost referendum (June) clearly indicate that the Provisional Government remains in power only because of a ...


Description:
The year started with an epidemic of respiratory diseases (especially influenza and pneumonia) that had begun in November, 1945. It caused many deaths in the first two months of the year. After that, health conditions showed almost steady improvement ...


Description:
America has moved into an era of great expansion in broadcasting since the end of the war. On V-J Day the nation had 936 standard broadcasting stations, 40 FM (frequency modulation) stations, and seven television licensees. At the end of 1946, 1,051 ...


Description:
The United States Bureau of Reclamation in 1946 resumed building after the war years. Construction of seven big dams was begun. In addition, contracts were awarded during the year for the construction of three other dams, and preconstruction work was ...


Description:
It was a year of resurgence for the Republican party, both in popular support at the polls and in party organization. One of the G.O.P.'s more striking victories was that it carried New York City for the first time in many years. In Chicago, also ...


Description:
Thailand (Siam) was the scene of a great domestic tragedy in 1946. Its twenty-year-old king, Ananda Mahidol, was found dead with a bullet wound in his forehead on June 9. He had returned from Switzerland in late 1945 to assume full monarchial duties. ...


Description:
Franco's regime profited from the growing anti-Communist feelings and the inability of the Allies to agree on the desirability of overthrowing his rule. This was demonstrated by Franco's speech in February at Segovia. He declared that his continuation ...


Description:
The death of Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson, the succession of Tage Erlander as Premier and head of the Social Democratic party, and the birth of a prince provided important news in Sweden during 1946. In domestic affairs, important developments ...


Description:
At the beginning of 1946, seven companies were on the air with television stations and the Federal Communications Commission had before its applications from 142 others. At year's end, seven stations were on the air; 39 construction permits had been ...


Description:
During 1946 President Harry S. Truman was in the midst of complex events in a nation and world changing over from wartime conditions to the inevitable unsettlements of the first years of peace. He put virtually all the conduct of deliberations with ...


Description:
Relations with Russia continued to be the chief international problem for Turkey through 1946. The government of the United States showed increasingly active interest in the question of the Straits by sending warships to Turkish waters and notes to ...


Description:
South African affairs had more foreign attention in 1946 than for many years. The United Nations, meeting in New York in November and December, discussed South Africa's proposal to annex its mandate of South West Africa, and the Indian complaints ...


Description:
The year 1946 witnessed great progress in the reconstruction of the ravaged lands and factories of Soviet Russia. A new Five Year Plan was launched. Russia's control over the satellite countries on its borders was consolidated. But there was growing ...


Description:
Tightening his grip on Yugoslavia, Marshal Tito caused the first major shooting incident after World War II, the first ultimatum, and the first wild rumors of forthcoming war. Yugoslavia's Quisling, General Nedich, committed suicide on February 6 ...


Description:
The chief political opponent of Colonel Peron was Jose Tamborini, the candidate of the Democratic Union party and supported by a coalition of Radicals (or Centralists), Socialists, Progressive-Democrats, and Communists. Because, during his speaking ...


Description:
American League: Boston Red Sox. National League: St. Louis Cardinals. World's Championship: St. Louis Cardinals. American Association: Louisville. International League: Montreal. Pacific Coast League: San Francisco. National Semi-Pro: St. Joseph, ...


Description:
National A.A.U.: Men: Phillips 66 Oilers, Bartlesville, Okla. National A.A.U.: Women: Nashville, Tenn., Goldblums. National Collegiate A.A.: Oklahoma A. & M. Eastern Intercollegiate: Dartmouth. Big Six Conference: Kansas. Missouri Valley Conference: ...


Description:
All-America Conference: Cleveland Browns. Eastern: New York Yankees. Western: Cleveland Bears. National Football League: Chicago Bears. Eastern Division: New York Giants. Western Division: Chicago Bears. Big Six Conference: Kansas and Oklahoma tied. ...


Description:
The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer -- an "electronic brain" -- works out complicated mathematical problems thousands of times faster than the most expert mathematician, saving months of time. The machine occupies a large room, uses 18,...


Description:
Archaeologists from the United States have begun systematic exploration in the Andean highlands. Among their discoveries this year is a pre-Inca city, called Chanchau, which promises to be the largest city known in the ancient world. To support its ...


Description:
Indo-china, one of France's richest overseas possessions, has been a center of seething revolt since World War II ended. British troops liberated this area from the Japanese in 1945, and some months later the French returned to take over control again....


Description:
The most important oil strike in ten years was made at Leduc, south of Edmonton, early in 1947. In ten months, twenty-eight of thirty-three wells which had been completed were successful. Experts predicted that the new area would surpass the great ...


Description:
Important discoveries and announcements relating to prehistoric man were made in 1947. In part they were due to intentional search, in part to accidental discoveries associated with digging in connection with buildings or dams. ...


Description:
Better relations with other nations of the Americas, particularly the United States, marked the foreign policy of the Argentine Government during 1947. Most important was the final agreement of Argentine delegates to provisions of the Treaty of Rio de ...


Description:
New instruments and new methods of observation were conspicuous in the advancement of astronomy during 1947, and gave promise of important developments in the future. ...


Description:
showed the big powers that it did not intend to be left out of world affairs in 1947. The truce in Indonesia was inspired by Australia. Its delegates persuaded the United Nations Security Council to give the "cease fire" order that stopped the ...


Description:
A number of new records were set in 1947 by the automobile industry, in spite of continuing steel shortages that kept output well below capacity. ...


Description:
In practically every phase but one, 1947 was year of tremendous progress in aviation. Air commerce, manufacturing, and private flying operated at record peacetime levels. The one big problem was that both air-transportation companies and manufacturers ...


Description:
The most important research in the field of biology during 1947 was with radioisotopes. No single accomplishment in this research stood out, but there was a general advance of knowledge over much of the biological field. An illustration of one type of ...


Description:
Canada's western-most province had a banner year in 1947. Wages, salaries, and dividends passed all previous records. The total value of production from lumbering, agriculture, mining, and fishing was estimated at $475,000,000. The output of the ...


Description:
For Canada, the year 1947 was a record-breaking one in almost every respect. The Dominion Bureau of Statistics estimated that on June 1 the country's population was 12,582,000. This was a gain of 275,000 over the previous year, and the greatest annual ...


Description:
Radioisotopes, the short word for radioactive isotopes, held the spotlight in the field of chemistry during 1947. It was the job of chemists to identify the many radioactive particles of various chemical elements which the physicist produced by ...


Description:
Strikes and Communist activities troubled the Chilean Government during 1947. Late in August, President Gabriel Gonzalez Vidala dismissed from office several Communists accused of fomenting strikes in Chile. At the same time, the National Congress ...


Description:
China suffered another year of civil strike in 1947. The economic condition of the country turned from bad to worse as full-fledged war broke out between the government troops and Chinese Communist forces. ...


Description:
Science, research, and industry blazed new trails in communication during 1947. The electron tube was further developed to perform new tasks tending toward shrinking the globe and bringing all people closer together. ...


Description:
The year was one of intense activity for the 80th Congress of the United States. Congress met in its first regular session from January 3 to July 27, and in a special session from November 17 to December 19. The regular session was the first to be ...


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Wind and water have destroyed about 282,000,000 acres of formerly productive farm land in the United States, conservation agencies estimated during 1947. There are another 46,000,000 acres which should no longer be cultivated. If turned into pasture ...


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Crime in 1947 continued to follow the rising curve that history always records for the years immediately after a great war. But there was an interesting difference in the crime rate for cities and for rural areas. In cities, the frequency of crime ...


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The Government for President Grau San Martin maintained general peace and prosperity during the year. The problem of the sale of sugar was the leading economic and political question. In July the Government announced the Great Britain purchased 112,...


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Czechoslovakia became a rather unwilling partner of the Soviet Union during 1947. Czechoslovakia was on the list of nations invited to the international conference on European economic recovery in July. Immediately Communist Premier Klement Gottwald ...


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Some measure of recovery from its bitter year of 1946 was noticeable in the Democratic party's activities and prospects, but 1947 was nonetheless a time of uneven fortunes for the party. ...


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Denmark mourned the death of King Christian X in 1947. He had ruled since 1912. The seventy-six-year-old monarch suffered a heart attack in early April. Pneumonia aggravated the condition and Christian died on April 20. His elder son, Crown Prince ...


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The year was hard for Eire. First, the bad weather hurt industries. Eire could not get the usual coal supplies from England, for that country was critically short of fuel. By the middle of March no passenger trains were running on the main lines, and ...


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Municipal elections were the principal activity at the nation's polls in 1947. Kentucky elected a Democratic Governor, Earle C. Clements, cutting the number of states under Republican administrations from 25 to 24. ...


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Europe's serious economic difficulties continued during 1947. They were lack of food, raw materials, industrial equipment, and transportation facilities, all resulting from the destructive effects of the war. The conditions of privation and distress ...


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Finland proved again in 1947 that it pays its debts. September 9 was the deadline this year. Communist-inspired railway strikes nearly prevented the delivery of goods to Russia. But the Soviet Union gave a time extension of six hours and the last ...


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The French Government showed unexpected strength in fighting off Communist attempts to take over the country in 1947. The Communists were ousted from the Government, General de Gaulle staged a remarkable comeback in the municipal elections, and the ...


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Reports based on wartime investigations of the United States Army and Navy dwindled in 1947, but those based on geologic studies for dams increased in number and added much to our knowledge of ancient formations found in many parts of the United ...


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During 1947 Germany continued to suffer from most of the same unfortunate conditions as in 1946. There was the disunity caused by the division of the country into four separate military zones. There was the problem of insufficient food. There were ...


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The year 1947 was one of the hardest Great Britain has ever gone through in peacetime. By December there was even less to eat and wear than there was during the war. ...


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Starvation and violence continued in Greece during 1947, in spite of foreign aid to the extent of more than a million dollars a day. The country was the scene of a struggle for power between Great Britain and the United States on the one hand and the ...


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Early in May a group of representatives of the United Nations Economic and Social Council visited the Marbial section of Haiti to aid in stamping out tuberculosis, malaria, and many other diseases by teaching the fundamentals of hygiene, flood control,...


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Communists in Hungary took over complete control in 1947. The process, begun over two years ago, was climaxed by the seizure of the premiership on May 31. Ferenc Nagy, while on vacation in Switzerland, was replaced by Lajos Dinnyes. Soviet authorities ...


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On August 15, 1947, Great Britain gave up its power in India. The former British colony was divided into two free nations, the Hindu-controlled Dominion of India and the Moslem-controlled Dominion of Pakistan. Patriotic Indians celebrated the event ...


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Great trouble came to the Navaho in 1947. The Navaho make up the largest Indian tribe in the United States. There are about 62,000 of them, and they live on land in northern Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Utah. The reservation is as big as the ...


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INDO-CHINA The undeclared war between the French Colonial Government and the Viet Nam Republic continued through 1947. Marius Moutet, the French Colonial Minister, after investigating the Indo-China situation, declared that France had no choice but to ...


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In 1947, the most important events in the Netherlands Indies were those looking forward to the setting up of the United States of Indonesia. This was assured by the Linggadjati agreement, formally signed in March, but drafter four months earlier in ...


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During 1947 Italy adopted a new Constitution of the Italian Republic, the peace treaty went into effect, and Allied troops were withdrawn. A government was formed without the Communists, and the general elections were postponed. Strikes and riots ...


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The third year of the Allied occupation of Japan witnessed further progress toward democracy. By March, 1947, this progress appeared so promising that General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, declared that the time was ...


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Remained divided into two zones during 1947. In the American Zone south of the 38th parallel, 19,000,000 Koreans were represented in a legislature and enjoyed their first lawmaking experience in forty years. In the Russian Zone, north of the parallel, ...


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Libya, the largest of Italy's former possessions in Africa, continued to be governed by British and French occupation forces in 1947. The country's future, if not decided by the Council of Foreign Ministers by September of 1948, will be taken up by ...


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During 1947, Manitoba undertook its most ambitious road-building program in fifteen years. The major project was a new all-weather highway from Winnipeg to the international border. It was to cost $4,000,000 when completed. Building construction was ...


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As in 1946, new uses for the antibiotics (streptomycin, penicillin, and chloromycetin) were among the most conspicuous advances in medicine during 1947. Outstanding achievements also included new uses for the sulfonamides and the radioactive isotopes. ...


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Late in January, President Miguel Aleman established a National Institute of Fine Arts and Literature with the conductor-composer Carlos Chavez as director, assisted by leading artists, actors, and authors. The new Institute administers the Palace of ...


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During 1947, the Government and the people of the Netherlands made steady social and economic progress toward reconstruction of the tiny kingdom. ...


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Like the rest of Canada, New Brunswick could boast that its provincial finances were in a very healthy condition. For the eight successive year, the Provincial Treasurer reported a surplus. The 1947 surplus of $5,000,000 was the largest on record. ...


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Representatives of Canada and Newfoundland met at Ottawa from June 25 to September 29. They established terms for confederation in a 350-page document. The items released to the public included: ...


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In January, the Soviet Government reopened discussions with the Norwegian Government concerning the establishment of Soviet military bases on Spitzbergen. Norway announced that it was willing to revise the Svalberg Treaty of 1920, which demilitarized ...


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Nova Scotia acquired a new Lieutenant Governor during the year. He was John Alexander Douglas McCurdy, who succeeded H. E. Kendall. ...


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Ontario showed a population gain of 88,000 for the year ending June 1, 1947. This was the largest increase in any Canadian province. But population growth still lagged behind the demands for labor, especially in heavy industries, in the woods, and on ...


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During the year the cost of living in Peru was kept at a lower level than in any other South American country. Strikes, however, caused some concern. On September 2, President Jose Luis Bustamante suspended constitutional guarantees when a five-day ...


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This former islands possession of the United States marked its first anniversary as a free republic on July 4, 1947, and continued through the year with marked progress in industrial and domestic affairs. The income of government enterprises was much ...


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Atom-smashing continued to be the big news in physics during 1947. The first shipment of radioactive isotopes to a foreign country was made on September 5, 1947. Throughout the previous year more than a thousand such shipments had been made in our own ...


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Made considerable economic progress during 1947. Low coal output in England and Western Germany gave Poland, now Europe's largest coal producer, a chance for favorable exchange. The return of the country's agriculture to relative normalcy improved its ...


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The order of succession to the presidency of the United States was revised in 1947. On July 18, President Truman, who had no Vice-President, signed a law which gives the office to the Speaker of the House of Representatives in case death or incapacity ...


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Canada's smallest province was the only one to hold a provincial election during 1947. On December 11 the voters returned to power, for the fourth consecutive time, the Liberal administration headed by Premier J. Walter Jones. The ...


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World War II emphasized psychiatric disturbances as a cause for the rejection of young men from the armed forces to an extent which made it a subject of major interest in medicine during 1947. Many physicians even believe it is being overemphasized. ...


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This was a healthy year in the United States. Death rates were nearly at record low levels. There were no large epidemics. Health departments had adjusted to peacetime needs. ...


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In August, the people of Puerto Rico gained the right to elect their own chief executive. Action by the Congress of the United States granted Puerto Ricans this privilege. No other possession of the United States had ever been given such a right. ...


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By the death of Cardinal Villeneuve January 17, Canada lost its most distinguished Roman Catholic church leader. The late Cardinal was succeeded as Archbishop of Quebec by Bishop Maurice Roy of Three Rivers. The new archbishop served as a chaplain in ...


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Broadcasting stations in the United States continued to soar in number throughout 1947. Authorized standard, FM, and television stations totaled 2,779 at year's end as compared with 1,701 in 1946. This was an increase of about 60 per cent. There were ...


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"Success in 1948" was the theme of Republican Lincoln Day rallies across the nation on February 12, 1947. Throughout the year the most conspicuous activity within the party came from aspirants to the nomination the President of the United States. ...


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Workers from Saskatchewan made a valuable contribution to the harvesting of 1947 crops on both sides of the Canadian-United States border. Before the crops were ready in Saskatchewan, six hundred combines, with crews of more than two thousand men, ...


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The government of Premier Luang Dhamrong Nawasuawat was overthrown by a bloodless military coup on November 9, 1947. Field Marshal Luang Pibul Songgram, wartime puppet premier under the Japanese, led the revolt. Charges of widespread corruption, ...


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Francisco Franco's regime continued in power in Spain during 1947, despite increasing opposition and growing internal unrest. Hoping to gain the sympathy of the moderate wing of the opposition, Franco presented the nation with a bill proclaiming Spain ...


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In sharp contrast to most of Europe lying to the south, enjoyed a politically peaceful and generally progressive year during 1947. ...


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Television, "just around the corner" for years, turned that corner finally during 1947, in the opinion of most video authorities. ...


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On March 12, 1947, President Truman presented to Congress a plan to halt the advance of Communism in Turkey and Greece. This was to be done by taking up the military and economic assistance which Great Britain was forced to drop because of lack of ...


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The visit of the British royal family to South Africa meant holidays and pageants for South Africans of many nationalities. The greetings were warm, and the South African minorities who had said they would boycott the visit decided not to. Great ...


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Throughout the year 1947, the Soviet Union continued to repair the damage caused by the Nazi invaders in World War II, and to expand its industrial and agricultural production in order to meet the goals set for the second year of a new Five Year Plan. ...


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In 1947, weather was unpredictable and unusual. Rain, cold, heat, drought, and snow all reached record or near-record volume. The year was unprecedented for freakish weather. ...


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The past year saw the further strengthening of Marshal Tito's one-party dictatorship in Yugoslavia, and at the same time a considerable improvement in the country's economic situation. ...


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The strongest blow was that delivered on May 7 by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, Brazil's counterpart of the Supreme Court. The tribunal outlawed the Communist party. It ruled 3 to 2 for the government on a suit charging the Communists with an ...


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World Series. The New York Yankees of the American League won their eleventh world championship at Yankee Stadium on October 6. The Yankees defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers, champions of the National League, by a score of 5 to 2 in the last of a ...


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Basketball continued to gain favor as a winter sport in colleges, high schools, and as a professional sport in the larger cities during 1947. Winners of important league and conference championships during the year included: ...


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The Rose Bowl Game at Pasadena, Calif., on January 1, 1948, provided another upset in the history of this New Year's Day football festival. The University of Illinois defeated the University of California at Los Angeles by a score of 45 to 14. ...


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The Toronto Mapleleafs were Stanley Cup champions of ice hockey for 1947. Standings in the principal hockey leagues were as follows: ...


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Atlantic. On July 15, the National Geographic Society, Columbia University, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution sent out an expedition to explore the great mountain range in the Atlantic Ocean. The expedition spent two months on a 1,200-mile ...


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The undeclared war between the French Colonial Government and the Viet Nam Republic continued through 1947. Marius Moutet, the French Colonial Minister, after investigating the Indo-China situation, declared that France had no choice but to fight for ...


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An important new oil field was discovered in Alberta in 1948. It was the Redwater field, near Edmonton and near the Leduc field discovered in 1946. By the end of the year there were more than 200 producing wells in Alberta. The flow of each well was ...


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Anthropology saw much progress in 1948, the twenty-fifth anniversary year of the discovery of King Tut's tomb. The most mechanized fossil-hunting expedition in history explored Africa from the Cape to Cairo, under the sponsorship of the University of ...


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Argentina was concerned chiefly with moves toward economic security during 1948. On January 7 the Government announced a trade agreement with Great Britain to replace that of October, 1946. The new agreement enables Argentina to buy about 17,400 miles ...


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The year 1948 saw Asia more closely involved in world politics than ever before. Asiatic states played an important role in the United Nations during the year. Of the fifty-eight U. N. member states, seventeen belonged to the Asiatic and the Pacific ...


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Important advances were made during 1948 in all branches of astronomy, but especially in our knowledge of the planets. ...


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The people of Australia were prosperous in 1948, but they had several disappointments. They were looking forward to a visit from King George, Queen Elizabeth, and Princess Margaret in April, 1949, but in November the King became too ill to make the ...


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In 1948, for the second time in history, more than five million new cars, trucks, and buses were produced in the United States. This was the result of the steady expansion of auto production capacity since World War II. ...


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Most branches of aviation showed progress in 1948. Aircraft manufacturing in the United States reached a higher level. Air commerce showed signs of recovering from its postwar difficulties. The year was especially important for the production of a new ...


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A new vitamin made the headlines in 1948. The discovery of vitamin B-12 was announced in April by scientists of the research laboratory of Merck & Company. Inc. The discovery marked a climax in twenty-two years of looking for a near-miraculous ...


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British Columbia experienced the worst flood of its history in 1948. From May 24 to June 29, dangerous conditions existed along sections of the Columbia River and in the lower Fraser River valley. About 75,000 acres of farm land were flooded. Premier ...


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From Ontario's busy factories to the teeming fisheries of British Columbia and Nova Scotia, the Land of the Maple Leaf hummed with activity during 1948. ...


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New discoveries that make use of the radioactive isotopes excited the world in 1948. Isotopes are different atoms of the same element, the difference being primarily one of weight. Radioactive isotopes are ones which give off rays, much as radium does....


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Chile, like Brazil, was concerned with problems caused by Communism during 1948. Chile purged its so-called Communists. On March 12 the Chilean Government formally accused the Soviet Union with threatening the peace of the world by taking over ...


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China took steps along the road to democratic and liberal government in 1948. The first National Assembly which the people had elected met on March 29. It elected China's first constitutional President and Vice-President. The new Legislative Yuan met ...


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The 80th Congress of the United States spent much of its second and final year of life in combat. One old battle, with President Truman, continued with vigor and vetoes. In addition to the normal strife between Democrats and Republicans, Republican ...


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Crime in the United States during 1948 increased nearly 4 per cent in rural areas and dropped about 2 per cent in the cities, compared with 1947. Murders declined in the cities and increased in the country. Rural burglaries decreased, and city ...


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On June 1, the people of Cuba elected Carlos Prio Socarras to succeed Grau San Martin as president. Prio's candidacy was supported by the Government. Former President Fulgencio Batista, an exile in Florida, ran for the Cuban Senate and was elected. He ...


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It took Nazi Germany six active years of political and military force to take Czechoslovakia in 1939. But the Soviet Union gobbled it up in just six days in 1948. On February 19, 1948, Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Zorin came to Praha on a pretense ...


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In terms of political power, 1948 brought the Democratic Party from rags to riches. ...


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The main events of 1948 in Denmark were the American aid received under the Marshall Plan (ERP) and the signing of a trade agreement with Great Britain on September 15. Under the trade pact, Denmark will export to the United Kingdom 90 per cent of its ...


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In 1948, Eire left the British Commonwealth of Nations. In December the Parliament of Eire passed a law creating the Republic of Ireland. It repealed the External Relations Act, which meant that the British King would no longer sign the papers of ...


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Citizens of the United States cast a total of 49,363,798 votes in the November 2 national, state county, and municipal elections. Of these, 48,680,416 were marked for President. ...


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Notable developments in Europe during 1948 included the sharpening of the conflict between the Soviet Union and the Western democracies, and movements for closer co-operation in the West for defense against the Soviet. Communism seemed to grow weaker, ...


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Signed a treaty of alliance with the Soviet Union, upon Soviet demand on April 6. But the treaty was much more limited than any other "defense alliance" the Soviet has with any country in Eastern Europe, and did not reduce Finland to the status of a ...


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Most of the students of fossils, or paleontologists, who engaged in economic geology during World War II had gone back to teaching and research on fossils by 1948. Field work and publications of 1948 dealt with subjects ranging from invertebrate ...


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The French people were uneasy during 1948. Their cabinet was shaky, currency was devalued, and coal and rail workers went on strike. The national budget presented problems, the cost of living soared, and foreign policy was in dispute. French democracy ...


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The demand for geologists, already great, has been increased by the need for teachers to instruct college and university classes that have increased as much as four times over prewar levels. The year 1948 saw field work, laboratory research, and ...


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During 1948 several important changes took place in Germany. Western Germany took steps toward economic and political self-government. Berlin was gradually split into tow parts. The Iron Curtain was tightened at the Elbe River, which divides the ...


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A new prince and an old industry completed with the dollar shortage for the British people's attention in 1948. The new Prince Charles was in line to inherit the British throne, and the steel industry was to be bought from its private owners and ...


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Greece was an extremely unhappy country during 1948. About one out of every four Greeks was barely able to keep alive, in spite of shipments of relief supplies from the United States. But a tight censorship could not conceal the fact that some Greeks ...


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At the end of January, the Government discharged from public office all Communists. On February 11, the Chamber of Deputies passed a resolution asking that the Communist party be outlawed. ...


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Public health was good in the United States during 1948. Death rates stayed at record low levels. There were no large epidemics, except for infantile paralysis in some parts of the country. Health departments made great progress in adjusting to ...


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Slowly and carefully the Communists remodeled Hungary into a Communist dictatorship in 1948. They moved slowly because they had failed once before, in 1919, by acting hastily. This time, the average Hungarian could hardly tell the difference at first. ...


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In early 1948, the world was shocked by the death of Mohandas K. Gandhi, from the beginning the leader of India's struggle for freedom. He was assassinated by one of his own people during a prayer service on the evening of January 30. The new Indian ...


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The Navaho and Hopi Indians were given much attention in 1948. These Indians live in an area of northern Arizona and New Mexico which is bigger than the state of West Virginia. There are about 3,000 Hopi and more than 50,000 Navaho. Their reservations ...


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INDO-CHINA French troops and the leaders of the Viet Nam Republic continued to fight during 1948. Several French convoys were almost wiped out. The scorched-earth policy of the Viet Nam armies destroyed rice fields, corn land, rubber plantations, coal ...


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At midnight on May 14, 1948, the Jews in Palestine proclaimed the new state of Israel. The new nation began its life with territory whose boundaries were hotly disputed. The Jewish part of its population--or Israeli--increased in numbers with every ...


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The big news of the year in Italy was the Communists' failure to win the national elections. Premier Alcide de Gasperi, leader of the Christian Democrats, continued in power. ...


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Made new progress toward democratic government in its fourth year of Allied occupation. The country also made a gain in economic recovery. ...


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In South Korea, the American Military Government was withdrawn on August 15, 1948. On the same day, the independence of South Korea was proclaimed in ceremonies at Seoul, the capital. In North Korea, north of the 38th parallel of latitude, a ...


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Unrest swept Latin America during 1948, as it did many other countries of the world. Presidential elections always give an opportunity for a certain type of Latin-American politician to try to start an uprising, and elections were held in Costa Rica, ...


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A new Federation of Malaya was established on February 1, 1948. It included the four Malay states which had been federated before, as well as the five unfederated states. The nine States were given local self-government. Great Britain kept control of ...


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Manitoba had its most prosperous year in history in 1948. Agricultural products reached the value of $321,000,000. The average profit per farm was $5,000. Mineral production was increased 50 per cent over 1947 and amounted to $24,500,000. Forest ...


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Outstanding progress was made during 1948 in research on the antibiotic drugs, including penicillin, streptomycin, and aureomycin. Advances also were made in other drugs, in the use of the radioactive isotopes, and in surgery. ...


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Much work was done on the upper air, at heights of more than fifteen miles, to get information needed for rocket flights and to improve long-range forecasting of weather. The United States Army sent balloons bearing instruments to heights of 26.5 ...


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The government of President Miguel Aleman was largely concerned with economic problems during the year. Early in February, machinery was installed in one of the largest canesugar mills in the world, in the state of Vera Cruz. It will use 5,000 tons of ...


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Marshall Plan aid, extended to the Netherlands in April, started the country on its way to economic recovery in 1948. Production began to increase and more consumer goods appeared on the market. Expansion was planned for all the country's industries. ...


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New Brunswick greatly expanded its pulp and paper industry. A new $65,000,000 pulp and paper mill was planned at Lepreau. Production of industrial chemicals was also increased. A search was undertaken for new oil and mineral resources. In February, ...


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Newfoundland voted in 1948 to become the tenth province of the Dominion of Canada. Newfoundland itself had been a dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations from 1855 to 1934. But it had been compelled to become a colony again because of its poor ...


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The beginning of aid from the Marshall Plan helped Norway along the road to recovery in 1948. There was full employment during the year. The tension in world politics brought about a Norwegian preparedness grant of 100 million kroner ($20,000,000) and ...


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Nova Scotia turned its attention to more efficient production in 1948. The Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation hoped to increase the production of coal by using more machinery in the mines. As in the other Maritime Provinces, a loan board was set up ...


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Bob Mathias, a 17-year-old schoolboy from Tulare, Calif., and Fanny Blankers-Koen, Dutch housewife and mother of two children, were the standout individual performers in the 1948 Olympic games in London. ...


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Ontario had a dangerous shortage of hydroelectric power in 1948. The shortage was caused by a lack of rain and by increased use of power. ...


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In January the Pan American Labor Conference met at Lima. There, on January 13, a new Inter-American Federation of Labor was organized to replace the Latin American Labor Confederation. The new Federation had headquarters at Santiago, Chile. ...


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In 1948, the Philippine Republic made sound progress in the work of recovering from the ruin of world War II. It also kept peace and order within its territory in spite of a few clashes between government forces and a small group of rebels known as ...


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The tiny atomic particles called mesons were created artificially for the first time in 1948. This was regarded as the most important advance in atomic science since the discovery of atomic fission. Mesons, also named mesotrons, like electrons are ...


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Made considerable progress toward recovery from war destruction in 1948. The city of Warsaw was rapidly being rebuilt. But the political lot of the Poles was an unhappy one. The many arrests and trials of members of anti-Communist underground ...


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Prince Edward Island took steps to increase tourist traffic in 1948. The province government voted to spend $945,000 for highway construction and $140,000 for bridges during the year. ...


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The difficult problem in the field of psychiatry in 1948 was still the shortage of trained investigators, including psychiatrists, psychologist, psychiatric social workers, and others. The organize mental diseases were better controlled than ever ...


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An island possession of the United States for fifty years, elected its own governor for the first time in 1948. Puerto Rico was the first United States possession to enjoy this privilege. Luis Munoz Marin, founder of the Popular Democratic party and ...


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An extensive program for hydroelectric development was drawn up in Quebec in 1948. The Quebec Hydroelectric Commission began work on a $40,000,000 project which would add 600,000 horsepower to the Beauharnois development. Other developments were ...


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Broadcasting in 1948 rode the wave of postwar expansion. The total of standard (AM) stations in the United States rose to 1,839 from 1,522 in 1947. There were 682 FM stations operating compared with 376 a year earlier. Permits for new AM stations ...


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Reclamation. The United States Bureau of Reclamation reported greater food supplies from irrigated farm lands in the seventeen Far Western States during 1948. Farmers on United States reclamation projects produced a total of almost 14,000,000 tons of ...


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Almost until midnight of election day, Republican victory was taken for granted in the Presidential race, and in most Congressional and state contests. A reflection of this attitude was the keen rivalry for the Republican nomination for President. As ...


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Saskatchewan, the only Canadian province to experiment with Socialism, returned its Socialist government to power in June. But by year's end it was apparent that the cost of supporting government-sponsored social services was creating too great a ...


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Field Marshal Luang Pibul Songgram, who seized control of Thailand (Siam) in 1947, remained in power throughout 1948. He became premier in February. Songgram collaborated with the Japanese during World War II, but has since maintained good relations ...


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This country's strategic significance in European defense plans and its valuable ores influenced some democratic countries to change their hostile attitude towards Franco's dictatorship in 1948. France renewed communications with Spain and the two ...


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All Sweden joined in wishing its King Gustaf V a happy ninetieth birthday on June 16. The monarch was in good health and went through the jubilee program with no signs of fatigue. He is the world's oldest king. ...


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A forest of odd-looking antennas was sprouting on the rooftops of major United States cities. The word video, meaning I see in Latin, came to be a synonym for television. Baby sitters were easy to find if the family had a television set. All these ...


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Program and Policies. In his annual State of the Union message to Congress on January 7, Truman set out five goals for the United States in the next ten years: ...


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Life in Turkey during 1948 was more tranquil than in the Balkan States to the west or the Arab states to the south. Most Turks felt sympathy for the Arab states in the struggle against Israel, but no active measures were taken to help the Arabs. ...


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In 1948, the third year of the postwar Five Year Plan, the Soviet Union made progress in the expansion of industry. But the standard of living of the workingmen--even those outside forced labor camps--went down rather than up. ...


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Under its dictator, Marshal Tito, made headlines in 1948. It became the first Soviet satellite state to oppose its masters in Moscow. Deep-rooted Southern Slav feelings for freedom and independence played a significant role in Yugoslavia's refusal to ...


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The Bermuda Deep-Sea Expedition of the Chicago Natural History Museum gave zoologists huge quantities of new materials to work with in 1948. Scientists from several universities accompanied the expedition. About three months were spent in exploring ...


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South Africa's distinguished Prime Minister, Jan C. Smuts, was forced to give up his post in 1948. The United party, to which he belonged, lost the election of May 26 to the Nationalist party, led by Daniel F. Malan. The Governor-General then asked ...


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The Cleveland Indians won the greatest share of the other sports headlines in 1948. The Indians shattered all attendance records and capped the season by defeating the National League Boston Braves in the World Series, four games to two. Cleveland's ...


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The Minneapolis Lakers, after winning the National League title, jumped to the Basketball Association of America, thereby strengthening the younger professional league. The Baltimore Bullets captured the B. A. A. championship. ...


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The professional football season produced play as brilliant as any in history. It opened when the Chicago Cardinals, defending National Professional League champions, defeated the College All-Stars 28 to 0 in Chicago in August before 101,220 ...


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Toronto's Maple Leafs won the national Hockey League regular season championship and then retained the Stanley Cup in the postseason playoffs. ...


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Ocean Exploration centered largely on rumors of the lost continent of Atlantis in the mid-Atlantic. Egerton Sykes, former secretary of the British Embassy at Warsaw, attempted to gather together an expedition in London to find the sunken continent of ...


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New hybrid seeds helped make big crops in 1948. Hybrid corn has helped increase corn production for several years. New and better hybrids were used for the 1948 crop. Results were greater than ever. New varieties of other grains also helped increase ...


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The biggest archaeological story of the year was about the Kensington Rune Stone. Scientists had disputed for fifty years over whether the Norsemen had left it in Minnesota, or it was a fake. The stone was finally accepted by the Smithsonian ...


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French troops and the leaders of the Viet Nam Republic continued to fight during 1948. Several French convoys were almost wiped out. The scorched-earth policy of the Viet Nam armies destroyed rice fields, corn land, rubber plantations, coal mines, and ...


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New oil discoveries made in Alberta in 1949 increased the government's revenue from the lease of oil lands and royalties. Oil production reached 10,974,000 barrels, nearly double that of 1948. ...


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Politics and disputes highlighted a year marked by progress in the study of man and his history in many fields. The political note was sounded when Soviet scientists denounced the early September hunt for the remains of Noah's Ark as "spying" against ...


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On March 11, a constituent assembly approved a new constitution for Argentina which permitted the President to succeed himself. Five days later President Juan Peron took an oath of office to uphold the constitution, amid a country-wide celebration. ...


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Throughout 1949 Asia continued to be an area of great political change and economic upset. The victory of the Communist armies over the Kuomintang Government in China aroused fears of Communist conquest in border countries. It also compelled other ...


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There was great activity in astronomy throughout 1949, and several unusual discoveries were made. ...


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The Labor party, which had governed Australia since 1941, lost power in the general election of December 10, 1949. The victory went to a coalition of the Liberal party and the Country party. An unusual interest was shown in the election because New ...


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The fifty-three automobile manufacturers in the United States set a new production record in 1949. About 6,250,000 cars, trucks, and buses were turned out in the country's 110 final assembly plants. The previous high in American automobile production ...


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All things considered, United States aviation during 1949 had the best peacetime year in its history. Air lines operated at record levels. Aircraft manufacturing was at an exceptionally high volume. Military aviation, though much lower than ...


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During 1949, cortisone and ACTH made headlines as new treatments for arthritis. Cortisone and ACTH are hormones. Hormones are secretions of certain types of glands in the body. Details of the action of hormones are unknown. But they probably act much ...


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British Columbia became the third province of Canada in 1949 in terms of wealth and estimated population. ...


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Canada was still the world's third greatest trading nation in 1949. It ranked first in the production of newsprint, nickel, and asbestos. It stood second in wheat, aluminum, and zinc, and third in copper, gold, and silver. The sub-Arctic Eldorado Mine ...


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Official names were chosen for fourteen chemical elements in 1949. A chemical element is one of the 96 simple substances which go to make up everything in the world. The elements were named by official action of the International Union in Chemistry, ...


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January, 1949, was an important month in Chile. On January 2, it was announced that the U.S. Export-Import Bank had approved a $20,000,000 loan for a steel mill to be erected at Concepcion. On January 19, an international payments agreement with ...


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The close of 1949 witnessed the near-completion of one of the greatest political overturns of modern times--the conquest of vast China by the Communists. At the beginning of the year 1949 the Nationalist Government, headed by General Chiang Kai-shek, ...


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More than 180,000,000 calls a day were handled during 1949 by the telephones in service in the United States. More than 2,000,000 new phones were added during the year, bringing the total number to well over 33,000,000. Some 350,000 of these new ...


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During 1949 the Eighty-first Congress wrestled with many issues of long-range importance both to the United States and to the world. As a result its first session was among the longest in peacetime. Congress convened on January 3 and remained in ...


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In 1949 the Department of the Interior observed its one hundredth anniversary and a "Century of Conservation" by embarking on the most extensive conservation program in its history. ...


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Long-range crime prevention programs made important progress in 1949. The University of Southern California's law enforcement training program came into full swing after two years of experimenting. It reaches, 2,900 police officers in Los Angeles, ...


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Cuba was host of two international gatherings during the year. On March 17 fourteen nations, not including the United States, met at Havana to consider the future relations between European powers and their remaining colonies in the Western Hemisphere....


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In January, 1949, Communist-dominated Czechoslovakia became a member of the Moscow-inspired Council for Economic Assistance established to counteract the Marshall Plan. The Czechs received from the Soviet Union a $23,000,000 commodity credit on which ...


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It was a full year for the Democratic party. The voters treated the party kindly at the polls. The strategy of its national leaders, including President Harry S. Truman, seemed to be proceeding successfully in winning the continuing support of farmers ...


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The most important event of 1949 for Denmark was its signing of the North Atlantic Pact. Denmark departed from its traditional policy of neutrality to obtain security from Soviet expansion. ...


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Ireland celebrated Easter Monday, April 18, 1949, as the day on which it became the fully independent Republic of Ireland. This was the thirty-third anniversary of the Easter revolt against the British in 1916. Religious services and military parades ...


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State and municipal elections were the principal events at the nation's polling places in 1949. Two of the special elections held to fill vacancies in Congress captured national attention. ...


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The cold war between East and West continued to trouble Europe during 1949. The struggle between the western democracies and the Soviet Union for influence over Germany remained one of the chief factors in this cold war. Communist loss of prestige and ...


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The year's most important event in Finland was a Communist-inspired wave of strikes during the summer months. These strikes threatened the magnificent recovery achieved by Finland since the war. The issue was wages in the lumber and pulp industry in ...


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An enormous variety of plants and animals lived during past ages and left fossils in beds of rock. The year brought forth descriptions of several newly-found species and subspecies, ranging from the simplest plants and protozoans to highly developed ...


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French economic recovery advanced steadily during the year in spite of many uncertainties. In the absence of prolonged strikes, production passed the previous peak attained in 1929. Progress was made in reducing the dollar shortage, but unbalanced ...


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In 1949, an astronomer and a chemist presented the science of geology with new theories of the earth's beginning. Gerard Kuiper suggested that our planet came from a ball of dust that once revolved around the sun. In time the ball spread out into a ...


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The unfortunate division of Germany was further sharpened during 1949. The year witnessed the establishment in the three Western Zones of a genuinely democratic Federal Government and in the Soviet Zone of a puppet so-called German Democratic Republic....


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Paying for imports of foreign food and industrial materials became more difficult than ever for the British in 1949. This new dollar crisis was a surprise, for the news in the first three months of the year was good. ...


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Greece remained an unhappy country in 1949, in spite of the crushing of the guerrillas by the army of the Government. It was a poverty-stricken land, as it had been for a long time. The $50,000,000 which the United States Congress voted for ...


Description:
On February 23, Haiti and its neighbor, the Dominican Republic, accepted a resolution of the Organization of American States (Pan American Union) urging them to establish mutual good relations. This action was taken as a result of charges of "moral ...


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Public health was generally good and on the upgrade in the United States during 1949. Death rates fell to a new record low. The only large epidemic was caused by infantile paralysis. There were encouraging signs of progress against chronic diseases, ...


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The history of Hungary in 1949 is the story of a country forced by hook or by crook into submission to a Soviet-type police state. The behavior of the government proved once more that those ruling such a state are frightened men who, in order to ...


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India in 1949 continued to make progress towards becoming an independent republic. In April, at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in London, India announced its decision to continue membership in the Commonwealth of Nations, even though it ...


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Talk about the needs of the Navaho and Hopi Indians in the newspapers and in Congress brought about two kinds of action in 1949. ...


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INDO-CHINA Guerrilla warfare continued during the year between the French forces, numbering about 11,000, and the forces of Communist Ho Chi Minh, totaling about 80,000. The French held the main centers of population. But the advances of the Chinese ...


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The former Netherlands Indies, now the sovereign Republic of the United States of Indonesia, underwent a profound change for the better in 1949. At the beginning of the year, Dutch forces still held key positions in the islands. Many Republican ...


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Just before New Year's Day, 1949, the Second Battle of the Negeb ended with the routing of the Egyptian army by the Israelis. The Israelis chased the Egyptians into Egypt's territory. The unexpected thrust caused anxiety in all the world capitals ...


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Italy continued to recover from the ravages of war during 1949, but it found some of its long-range problems troublesome. The country was still plagued by poverty, illiteracy, ignorance, lawlessness, overpopulation, and unemployment. But Marshall Plan ...


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After four and a half years of military occupation, the Japanese people remained friendly to the United States. Instead of living off the land, the Allied occupation army had imported its own supplies. More than this, the United States had saved the ...


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Because of Soviet defiance of the United Nations, the "Hermit Nation" continued to be divided into South Korea and North Korea during 1949. In the meanwhile, Communist violence disturbed the peace in South Korea throughout the entire year 1949. ...


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In tune with much of the rest of the world, there was considerable unrest and some violence in Latin America in 1949. Many of the plots, counter-plots, and outbreaks stemmed from the difficult readjustment to postwar economic realities. Politically, ...


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A former Italian colony in North Africa, Libya was made a United Nations trust territory in December, 1949. Adrian Pelt of the Netherlands, until recently United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Conference and General Services, was appointed ...


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Premier D. L. Campbell's coalition government, made up of Liberal Progressives and Progressive Conservatives, won 44 of the 57 seats in the Manitoba House in the November 10 election. The election revealed that the Socialist C.C.F. had lost some ...


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Many great advances in American medicine were made during 1949. The most startling of these was the control of rheumatoid arthritis by the use of an extract from the adrenal gland called compound E, or Cortisone, and by the use of an active principle ...


Description:
Radar was widely used to study the weather during 1949. By this means, E. J. Workman found that thunderstorms develop vertically, with temperatures that range from freezing to 70 degrees below zero. Lightning begins when the thundercloud reaches its ...


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On January 6, 1949, the World Bank granted Mexico two loans totaling $34,100,000 for electrical development, about half of which was for the Mexico City area. It was announced on March 5 that the Government had signed an oil-drilling contract with a ...


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Political interest in the Netherlands centered on the Indonesian question during 1949. Under strong pressure from the United Nations the Netherlands finally agreed to a round table conference with Indonesian leaders. Its outcome was The Hague Statue ...


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The development of iron-ore resources in the Ungava region of Quebec and in Labrador helped to focus attention on the desirability of constructing a canal across the Chignecto Isthmus between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Such a canal would give ...


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After the province entered the Canadian Confederation on April 1, an interim cabinet was set up under Premier Joseph Smallwood. The first provincial election was held in May. In it the Liberals, led by Smallwood, won twenty-two of the twenty-eight ...


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Norway signed the North Atlantic Pact on April 4, 1949, after intense public discussion. Later, Norway joined with its new allies in setting up an Atlantic council and discussing joint defense of the Atlantic region. As a result of these discussions, ...


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In the June election, the Liberal Government of Angus Macdonald was returned with 28 seats out of 37 in the House of Assembly. The Liberals have held office since 1933 and have been returned five times. ...


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Rich mineral finds and expansion of manufacturing gave Ontario's prosperity a boost in 1949. Iron ore was discovered at Steep Rock Lane, 40 miles west of Port Arthur, gold at Campbell Red Lake Mines in northwestern Ontario, and asbestos near Mathewson ...


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On April 24 the governing military junta, headed by Manuel Odria, announced that it had crushed a revolt by the outlawed Apra party. The leader of this party was Raul Haya de la Torre, who throughout the year remained a refugee in the Colombian ...


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During 1949, the Philippines, with a steadily growing population of more than 19,000,000 people, continued to make outstanding progress toward recovery from the havoc of war. Not only were almost all public structures destroyed by World War II ...


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Television during 1949 continued to expand even more rapidly than had been predicted. The biggest news came in September with the announcement that television in color had finally become practical for general broadcasting. Two companies made the ...


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In 1949 Poland attained the goals of its three-year plan for rebuilding the war-devastated country. Rationing was abolished on January 1, 1949. The standard of living became markedly improved. Consumer goods were of better quality than they had been ...


Description:
The year 1949 in the popular music field followed pretty closely the pattern of the past several years. The public responded to the "sweet corn" variety of melody, even to some of the old songs that were revived. New personalities rose to topple over ...


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An old plan of a regional consultative legislative body, representing the three Maritime provinces and Newfoundland, was revived in 1949 after Newfoundland's entry into Confederation. The plan was given some support by Premier J. Walter Jones. ...


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Most important in the advancement of psychiatry in 1949 was a discovery that may have bearing on various forms of depressive mental disturbance and in schizophrenia. This discovery is the possibility that failure of the adrenal gland to respond to ...


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Puerto Rico began the year with the inauguration of Luis Munoz Marin, its first elected Governor, on January 2. The inauguration was accompanied by one of the biggest celebrations the island had ever seen. The Puerto Rican recovery program, called "...


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Further plans were made during the year for the development of Quebec's and Labrador's iron ore deposits, now expected to yield 300,000,000 tons. The rich mining region of Chibougamau in northern Quebec was linked by road with the Lake St. John and ...


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The phenomenal growth of television in 1949 tended somewhat to obscure the fact that radio broadcasting not only held its own against video, but actually continued to grow. In fact, radio added more new stations and more sets in the year than the ...


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Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio was still a strong possibility as a Republican candidate for President in 1952. So was Harold E. Stassen, president of the University of Pennsylvania and former Governor of Minnesota. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, ...


Description:
By March, 1949, the Government had granted exploration rights to oil companies on 21,000,000 acres of crown lands in Saskatchewan. Lloydminster continued to produce large quantities of oil, and plans were under way for the building of refineries in ...


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Fear of Communist aggression spread throughout Thailand in 1949. Communist victories in China greatly changed the attitude of Thailand's Chinese minority. Shop-keepers in Bangkok displayed pictures of the Chinese Communist leader Mao Tse-tung. The ...


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The economic situation of Spain remained extremely critical throughout the year. Toward the end of 1949, a commercial conflict with Argentina developed because Spain was lagging behind in payments for good imported from Argentina. ...


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Before the end of 1949, rationing of all goods except coffee was abolished by the Swedish Government. ...


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Television in 1949 became a national institution in the United States. From clusters of TV stations in a few metropolitan areas along the eastern seaboard, in the Middle West, in the Far West, and in a few spots sprinkled elsewhere, television spread ...


Description:
"Fair Deal" and "Point Four." On January 5, Truman had warned, in the yearly State of the Union message to Congress, against an economy of "boom and bust." He had outlined what was to be called his "Fair Deal" program. He asked Congress to make it ...


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The high cost of living caused the downfall of the Hasan cabinet in Turkey in 1949. Shemsettin Gunultay became Prime Minister on January 16. The economic situation remained difficult, however. According to a report by President Truman, $153,000,000 in ...


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The year 1949 was difficult for South Africa. Familiar problems at home made trouble, and foreign trade shortages appeared. ...


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In 1949, Soviet Russia continued its leadership of the Communist dictatorships in the cold war against the Western democracies. The struggle brought small advantage to the Russian people. Soviet production of food and manufactures increased during the ...


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In 1949 Yugoslavia was the most talked-about European country. The whole world was eager to find out whether or not Marshal Tito could survive the wrath of the Kremlin. ...


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Experimental giant rats unlike any others on earth were produced at the University of California at Berkeley in 1949. The rats were fed a purified growth hormone. They had a normal shape except for smaller paws and somewhat bulging jaws. ...


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The Yankees' successful season was completed in storybook fashion. The team started out under a new manager, Casey Stengel, who in his playing and previous managing days had been renowned as a jester who liked to get laughs from the fans. Few ...


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The year brought about the merger of the National Basketball League and the Basketball Association of America, after the Anderson Packers had won the N.B.L. title and the Minneapolis Lakers had taken B.A.A. honors. ...


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Besides Frank Leahy's Notre Dame eleven, other standout college football teams included Oklahoma, Army, Rice, California, Ohio State, and Michigan. Army was voted Eastern champion. Oklahoma took the Big Seven crown. Rice gained the Southwest ...


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The Toronto Maple Leafs, who finished only fourth in the National Hockey League race, won the Stanley Cup for the third straight year. The Detroit Red Wings took the league title in regular season play. Roy Conacher of the Chicago Blackhawks was the ...


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The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts carried on several different kinds of sea exploration during the year. Its research vessel Caryn brought in about 2,000 specimens of fish collected at depths of 1,500 to 5,000 feet. Models of ...


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Guerrilla warfare continued during the year between the French forces, numbering about 11,000, and the forces of Communist Ho Chi Minh, totaling about 80,000. The French held the main centers of population. But the advances of the Chinese Communists ...


Description:
New oil discoveries and the completion of the $90,000,000 interprovincial pipe line from the Redwater-Edmonton field to the head of the Great Lakes contributed to increased prosperity in Alberta. In the first eight and a half months, the Government ...


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Workers in physical anthropology and archaeology continued experiments with the use of such new methods of inquiry as the determination of the blood groups of fossil man by chemical tests on pulverized bone, and the more precise dating of ...


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President Peron, in December, 1949, proclaimed 1950 as the "Year of the Liberator San Martin." Special homage was to be paid to this national hero and all newspapers were to print on their mastheads such a statement. If they refused they were closed, ...


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Throughout the year, political and economic revolution continued to fill the continent of Asia with violence and fear.British and Dutch imperialism had all but disappeared from the Eastern world. French imperialism was on the wane. But the conquests ...


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Noteworthy advances in astronomy were about equally divided between the solar system and the greater universe outside it. ...


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The new Government fought Communism at home all through 1950. The Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, said in the election campaign in 1949: "Communism in Australia is an alien and destructive pest. If elected, we shall outlaw it." His side (a Liberal ...


Description:
A total of 8,015,750 cars, trucks, and buses were built by the U.S. automobile industry in 1950, for the highest production record in history. The total was 28 per cent more than those made in 1949. ...


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In aviation, as in most other American industries, the big news of 1950 was the Korean war, with its promise of a prolonged period of stepped-up armament. ...


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Throughout 1950, the antibiotic drug aureomycin showed constantly increasing value for fighting infectious diseases. This golden-colored drug was found to be particularly effective against such diseases as virus pneumonia, whooping cough, Rocky ...


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British Columbia celebrated in 1950 the centenary of the establishment of British government in the Pacific Northwest. When the legislature met in the spring, the first Indian to become a member took his seat, and the Indians expressed their ...


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Canada suffered from the loss of sterling markets and felt the effects of the American recession of 1949 during the early months of 1950. But the outbreak of the Korean war resulted in an expansion of the Canadian economy. ...


Description:
Two new chemical elements were announced during 1950. These elements bring to 98 the total number discovered. Both elements 97 and 98 were created artificially. Neither of these elements is found in nature. The element was actually discovered in ...


Description:
On April 20, President Gonzalez Videla arrived in Washington, D.C., as the guest of President Truman. He also visited New York City, New Orleans, Houston, the TVA region, and other places. ...


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History records show few such rapid and total changes of role by any nation as those which have characterized the international status of China within the last five years. In 1945 China was ranked as one of the staunch allies of the United States and ...


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It was a long, hard, complicated year for the Eighty-first Congress of the United States. The national legislature was faced with a defense emergency of unprecedented seriousness. Congress returned to Washington after the November elections for work ...


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All previous records for progress in water resource development in the western half of the United States were shattered by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1950. The various projects were designed to help meet demands for irrigation, industrial and ...


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Organized crime came under intensive investigation in the United States during 1950. A Special Senate Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce was appointed in May. Senator Estes Kefauver, Democrat from Tennessee who introduced ...


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In mid-January, the United States ambassadors to the Caribbean countries met at Havana to discuss problems of the region with special reference to President Truman's Point Four program. A regional center for UNESCO was opened in Havana on February 24, ...


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The 1949 purge of the Communist party was continued in 1950. Foreign Minister Vladimir Clementis was relieved of his office "on his own request," as the official announcement had it. He then conveniently disappeared. Clementis became Foreign Minister ...


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In state as well as national elections, the Democratic party lost ground in 1950. But it was a financially prosperous year for the national party organization. William M. Boyle, Jr., of Kansas City, the national chairman, reported that the party spent ...


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Denmark had a difficult year economically in 1950. The previous year's currency devaluation resulted in higher prices for the chief important raw materials, while the prices of Denmark's principal exports, tied down in long-term contracts, remained ...


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EIRE or the Republic of Ireland, had the new duties of an independent country in 1950. This was the nation's first full year as a republic outside the British Commonwealth of Nations. A treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation was signed with ...


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The Republican party made substantial gains in Congress and in state and local governments in the fall elections. ...


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Economic conditions in Western Europe continued to improve during the year. Responsible were Marshall Plan aid, better planning and greater efforts of the Europeans themselves, and good harvests, except in Yugoslavia. But political relations between ...


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On March 15, 79-year-old President Juho Paasikivi was re-elected for the next six years with 171 votes out of 300, against 67 for the Communist and 62 for the Agrarian candidate Kekkonen. Re-election had been assured by outcome of the election for the ...


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The year was noteworthy for worldwide exploration of sedimentary beds of rock that contain fossil animals and plants. ...


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The French parliamentary system continued to pass from one crisis to another during 1950. The year gave added proof that the Constitution of the Fourth Republic had not provided for a strong democratic government. Premier Bidault had to reorganize his ...


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FRENCH INDO-CHINA The political status of Indo-China remained confused during the year. The French National Assembly in January ratified the accords giving the Bao Dai government limited powers. It was not until late in the year that the French ...


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Research on radiocarbon (carbon 14) by chemists W.F. Libby and J.R. Arnold, working in co-operation with geologists and archaeologists, presents an opportunity of determining the actual age of carbon-bearing materials less than about 35,000 years old. ...


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The West German Federal Republic became more closely linked with other Western European countries during 1950, and made progress toward recovering equality of position among the great powers. The Republic's destinies were guided by President Theodore ...


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British foreign trade was so healthy in 1950 that Marshall Plan aid was suspended in December. This was a year and a half sooner than was planned. The British people were proud to be the first country to become financially independent of the United ...


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Parliament was dissolved early in January, 1950. Elections took place on March 4. Their outcome was hailed as a victory for democracy. But Greece remained a country plagued by the instability of its cabinets. There followed, in quick succession, the ...


Description:
At the beginning of January 1950, the Haitian government invoked the Rio Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance against the Dominican Republic in a statement to the Organization of American States. The note accused President Trujillo of "effective ...


Description:
Public health was at record high levels in the United States during 1950, and was still improving. Birth rates were high. Death Pates were at a new low. Influenza and infantile paralysis caused the only large epidemics of the year. ...


Description:
On January 3, the United States ordered Hungary to close its consulates in New York and Cleveland. The demand was caused by Hungary's frequent violations of American consular rights, and especially by the detention in Hungary of the American ...


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On January 26 India inaugurated a constitution which makes the nation a sovereign republic, though still a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. It is governed by an elected president, a cabinet, and a parliament. For the first time every man ...


Description:
In the speed with which the pioneers moved west, Indian lands were sometimes taken without consulting the Indians, or paying for the land. As the country became stabilized, Congress gave many of these tribes permission to sue the Government to settle ...


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The Republic of Indonesia, created on December 27, 1949, was confronted with the difficult task of reconstructing a country disrupted by four years of war and revolution. For this purpose Indonesia received a $100,000,000 loan from the U.S. ...


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The main problem for Israel remained one of how to digest the many immigrants flocking to the new state. ...


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Premier de Gasperi, leader of the Christian Democrats, continued in power during the year, although he was compelled to resign and form a new cabinet in January. The Liberals withdrew their support because of opposition to proposed election laws which ...


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By the end of 1950, the military occupation of Japan had continued for five years and four months. The requirements of the Potsdam Declaration for curbing the military power and reforming the government of Japan had been more than fulfilled. As early ...


Description:
Korea suffered the misfortune of serving as the first battlefield in the "fighting war," the struggle between East and West. Due to the defiance of the United Nations by Soviet Russia, the year 1950 found Korea still a divided country. South of the ...


Description:
Latin America during 1950 succeeded in improving its balance of trade, so that at year's end the United States was buying more in Latin America than it was selling here. This situation represented a return to the trade conditions existing before 1938 ...


Description:
Libya was proclaimed a free and independent country on November 25, 1950. Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and the Fezzan, once a part of Italy's North African Empire, make up the new federal state. Sayed Mohammed Idris el Senussi, Emir of Cyrenaica, was ...


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MALAYA waged rigorous operations in 1950 against Communist bands which have harassed the country for nearly two years. More than 420,000 civilians were enlisted to defend towns and cities while army and police forces hunted down Communists in the ...


Description:
Manitoba suffered a serious disaster in May when the Red River and its tributaries in southern Manitoba flooded 540 square miles of land. When a special session of the legislature was called in November, it was estimated that the flood bill would be ...


Description:
The antibiotics, antihistaminics, anticoagulants, and ACTH and Cortisone were of chief interest during 1950. Research continued with ACTH, a hormone substance derived from the pituitary gland, and Cortisone, a hormone from the adrenal gland. The ...


Description:
The debate on the possibility of making rain by seeding clouds with dry ice or silver iodide again made first page news. A bill to appropriate $50,000,000 for research on rainmaking was proposed in Congress. At the same time, officials of the United ...


Description:
Mexico City taxi drivers, 5,000 strong, went on strike January 3 as a protest against increased gasoline costs and government licensing of 327 additional cab drivers. When riots resulted, the Government jailed 800 strikers and the strike collapsed. ...


Description:
Economic recovery in the Netherlands was so great that on April 21 the Dutch Government asked for cancellation of $6,200,000 of the $15,000,000 loan given by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development in July, 1949. ...


Description:
New Brunswick pushed forward its plans for hydroelectric expansion during the year. The New Brunswick Electric Power Company began work on a $5,600,000 hydroelectric plant on Tobique River to produce 20,000 horsepower. This will mean a total ...


Description:
Newfoundland began to take stock of its resources during the year. An aerial survey was made for minerals, and the province's five great rivers were surveyed to determined their potential water power. The fishing industry was developed along new lines,...


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The economic and political situation of Norway during 1950 was affected by the attempt to streamline Norway's defense preparations, in accordance with the country's obligations as co-signer of the North Atlantic Treaty. On September 21, the parliament ...


Description:
Nova Scotia took steps during the year to place its economic life on a sounder footing. Conversion was begun in the fishing industry to supply the fresh-frozen fish market instead of the declining salt-fish, market. Trees producing more marketable ...


Description:
Ontario experienced a mining boom in 1950. Interest in mineral exploration was stimulated by the development of the great asbestos deposit near Matheson and of the iron-ore deposit at Steep Rock, 120 miles west of Port Arthur. The potential iron ore ...


Description:
Early in January the Democratic party nominated Manuel Odria, President of the governing military Junta, as its presidential candidate in the July 2 election. This party is a coalition of the Liberal, National, Progressive, Constitutional, Reformed ...


Description:
Serious economic problems continued to confront the Philippine Republic. President Elpidio Quirino of the Republic conferred with President Truman in the United States in February. As a result of the conferences, Truman sent a United States Economic ...


Description:
August saw the start of the sixth atomic furnace now operating in the United States. It is located at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N. Y. The new furnace is by far the most powerful in operation. It is a large pile of graphite and uranium. ...


Description:
Poland made progress toward economic recovery from the ravages of World War II. Production was up, and the Polish merchant fleet was larger than before 1939. ...


Description:
The popular music industry in general had an eventful year. The big squabble that arose over record speeds was ironed out. All the recording companies began to give the public all three speeds--78, 33 1/3, and 45 revolutions per minute. ...


Description:
The nearness of Prince Edward Island to the Labrador iron-ore development area increased the demand for the island's agricultural products during the year. Farmers cut the acreage planted in potatoes to grow more stock grain, so as to supply the needs ...


Description:
Puerto Rico was given the opportunity during the year to form a government of its own choosing. President Truman signed a bill on July 3 granting Puerto Ricans the right to draft their own constitution. The law was to be submitted to the voters for ...


Description:
Quebec went ahead with plans to develop its Ungava iron ore resources during the year. In a $200,000,000 program, mining facilities will be increased; a 360-mile railway will be built from Burnt Lake in the center of the discoveries to Seven Islands ...


Description:
held its leading position as a medium of mass information and entertainment during 1950, in spite of TV's sweep in popularity across the nation. This fact was highlighted by the sharp increase in radio listening after the Korean crisis, indicating ...


Description:
Substantial gains in strength came to the Republican party in 1950 in almost every part of the United States, including some inroads into traditionally Democratic Southern areas. ...


Description:
An extensive search for oil and uranium was carried out in Saskatchewan in 1950. Some $7,000,000 was spent in searching for oil. A new discovery of oil was made in the Maidstone area. Northern Saskatchewan was found to be rich in pitch-blende. A ...


Description:
The year was a memorable one for Thailand. King Phumiphon returned after four years in Switzerland and formally ascended the throne. But first came the cremation ceremony for his brother, the late King Ananda Mahidol, whose death in 1946 remained a ...


Description:
In August, the U.S. Congress authorized a $62,500,000 loan to Spain. The loan was granted on November 15 after the General Assembly of the United Nations voted 38-12 (with 12 abstentions) to take Spain off the United Nations blacklist. In view of the ...


Description:
The new national budget was presented at the opening of the Riksdag on January 11. It showed an increase in expenditures of 272,000,000 kronor, from 4,395,000,000 to 4,667,000,000. Revenues were estimated at 5,139,000,000 kronor an increase of 65,000,...


Description:
Television continued its amazing rate of growth during 1950, taking tremendous strides in public acceptance and as an industry. ...


Description:
TRUMAN, HARRY S. As late as June 1, the President of the United States asserted that the world was "closer to peace" than it had been in five years. Twenty-six days later he ordered U.S. naval and air forces to help repel a North Korean armed attack ...


Description:
The Parliament was dissolved on March 24 because it refused to adopt a bill freeing political prisoners. ...


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The Nationalist Government went ahead with its policy of separating racial groups, called apartheid, in 1950. In June, Parliament passed the Group Areas Act, which forced people for different racial strains to live in separate districts. The four ...


Description:
Throughout the year the Soviet Union continued its progress in industrial expansion. At the same time, the Russian Politburo intensified its diplomatic campaign against the democratic countries. As part of its grand strategy the Soviet Union also ...


Description:
In a speech on May 31, Marshal Tito said that Yugoslavia "is the only country that has no obligation toward East and West." That is, in a nutshell, the odd situation of present-day Yugoslavia and of Tito himself. It helps to explain the apparent ...


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Among the census takers who made news in 1950 were three white game rangers and 75 African natives who counted all the white rhinoceroses in Zululand. The white rhinoceros is no whiter than the black rhinoceros but has a squarer mouth. It is one of ...


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Dick Sisler's home run in the tenth inning on the last day of the season against Brooklyn gave Philadelphia's Phillies the National League championship. But the world's title again fell to the New York Yankees, whose experience and greater power ended ...


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Football was rocked by the defeat of Notre Dame on October 7, when an inspired Purdue team ended Notre Dame's string of 39 games without a defeat (37 victories and 2 ties) by scoring a stunning 28 to 14 upset. Purdue won only one other game, against ...


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A long-range research program was begun by the National Geographic Society and the University of Miami to study the oceans' floating fields of microscopic vegetable and animal organisms called plankton. Under the directorship of F. G. Walton Smith, ...


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Archaeological work was begun at the village of Peine in the Atacama Desert of Chile, by a number of co-operating Chilean institutions. Russian archaeologists, led by the continuing researches of S. Tolstov in the ancient kingdom of Khorazm, turned up ...


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The political status of Indo-China remained confused during the year. The French National Assembly in January ratified the accords giving the Bao Dai government limited powers. It was not until late in the year that the French extended these powers to ...


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Alberta oil filled about one-third of Canada's needs in 1951. It was expected that Canada would soon be self-sufficient in oil. The biggest oil discovery of the year was at Wizard Lake, south of Edmonton. Other discoveries were made at Acheson field, ...


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Continuing the flourishing development of postwar Alaskan archaeology, the Bering Strait Expedition turned up evidence relating to the most likely route of the early migrations from Asia. ...


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On August 22, some 250,000 followers of President Peron assembled in Buenos Aires in huge rally which was organized to nominate Peron for the presidency and his wife Evita for the vice-presidency. President Peron accepted the nomination, but Evita ...


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This vast continent remained throughout the year 1951 the scene of violent revolution and the victim of ruthless Communist imperialism. ...


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Except for discovery of a satellite of Jupiter, the major advances in astronomy during the year concerned stars and galaxies. ...


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The year 1951 was "Jubilee Year" for Australia. The country celebrated its birth as a Commonwealth, or federation of states, in 1901. The days emphasized were January 1, the 50th anniversary of the Royal Proclamation of the Australian Constitution in ...


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Production dropped sharply in the automobile industry during the last half of 1951. This was a result of government steps to shift more critical materials to national defense production. The downward trend was expected to continue until at least late ...


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in 1951 was geared to war in Korea. The sky south of the Yalu River became a proving ground for both United Nations and Communist aircraft. In the United States, increasing production orders showed defense mobilization was gradually moving into high ...


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During 1951 the use of aureomycin in animal feed to increase rate of growth was greatly expanded. Other antibiotics were also being used. These include penicillin, terramycin, bacitracin, and streptomycin. The antibiotic may be used alone, or may be ...


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Industrial projects completed and planned during the year promised great things for booming British Columbia. The Celanese Corporation of America brought into production its new $27,000,000 cellulose pulp mill at Prince Rupert. Its operations will be ...


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Canada continued to develop rapidly in 1951. Gross national production was well over the $20,000,000,000 mark. This was over $2,000,000,000 more than in 1950, and almost four times greater than the figures of $5,500,000,000 for 1939. Most of the ...


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The greatest event of the year in chemistry was the seventy-fifth anniversary of the American Chemical Society, largest scientific society in the world. History-making meetings were held in New York City for a week in September. The week following was ...


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Economic events held the limelight in Chile during 1951. Early in January a $27,500,000 trade agreement was made with West Germany to exchange grains, fruits, foodstuffs, saltpeter, copper, manganese, lead, wool, and lumber for German agricultural and ...


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Since Communist China engaged actively in the Korean war in November, 1950, that country has withdrawn farther behind the bamboo curtain of censorship and secrecy than ever before. All official sources of news on the Chinese mainland, except for the ...


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Lawmaking seemed to be almost a minor interest of the first session of the Eighty-second Congress of the United States. Preparations for national defense and a wide variety of investigations commanded a heavy share of the attention of the national ...


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The Bureau of Reclamation reached an all-time high in crop production and irrigation service in the Western States during 1951. It provided irrigation water for over a third of a million settlers on 100,000 farms which total almost 6,000,000 acres of ...


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The Senate Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, headed by Estes Kefauver and popularly known as the Kefauver Committee, completed an eleven-month tour of United States cities in March, 1951. Some of the Committee's hearings ...


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In mid-March, former president Grau San Martin was indicted for "principal responsibility" in the theft and misappropriation of more than $40,000,000 during his administration in the Ministry of Education. In this he was accused of collaboration with ...


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Before it fell prey to Communist rule in 1948, Czechoslovakia was one of the most democratic and progressive countries of Europe. That is why in Kremlin encountered more difficulties there than in any other satellite country. ...


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In national campaign strategy, the Democratic party had its back to the wall in 1951. Disclosures of scandals in several branches of Government reacted against the party. Allegations of influence exerted on the granting of Reconstruction Finance ...


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On March 14, the Danish Government introduced a stern program of austerity measures to fight inflation, and to remedy the desperate foreign exchange deficit, estimated at 800,000,000 kroner for 1951. The measures aim to prevent further rise in living ...


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The Republic of Ireland, had a general election in May, 1951. Eamon de Valera became Prime Minister again. He had lost in 1948 to John A. Costello. ...


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During 1951, Europe still suffered from the antagonism between the Soviet-controlled countries and the Western democracies. But the fear of a Russian invasion of Europe was slightly relaxed. This resulted from the rapid development of armaments in the ...


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In spite of their unlimited funds, the Communists were defeated by the Socialists in the Trade Union elections in April. The main issue was the harm done to the workers' standard of living by prolonged inflation which the Government, a coalition of ...


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The trend toward linking together the fields of fossil study, or paleontology, and zoology continued at a faster rate during 1951. Such books as Horses by George G. Simpson and Time's Arrow and Evolution by Harold F. Blum illustrate the great variety ...


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The general parliamentary elections held in June failed to make French cabinets more stable. In February the Pleven cabinet fell, when the Catholic Popular Republicans refused to support the Government's proposals for electoral reform. ...


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FRENCH INDOCHINA Fighting continued during the year between the rebel, Communist-led Viet-Minh forces and the French and Viet-Namese forces. Military aid from the United States and the dynamic leadership of the French High-Commissioner and ...


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In an attempt to obtain evidence on climates of the geologic past, Nobel prize-winning atomic physicist Harold C. Urey and his associates have developed a method for the measurement of ancient temperatures, or paleotemperatures. The method is based on ...


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In the Federal Republic of Western Germany, internal and foreign policies were effected in 1951 by the opposition between two strong personalities at the head of the two strongest political parties. ...


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The Labor Government ended in 1951. It had been in power since 1945. Churchill's Conservative party won a general election on October 25. It then held 321 of the 625 seats in the House of Commons, a very small majority. It also won fewer total votes ...


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For the first time in seventeen years, municipal elections were held in Greece, and women voted for the first time in Greek history. The Communists suffered a heavy defeat. ...


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On April 23, the Export-Import Bank announced an additional credit to the Haitian Government of $10,000,000 for the development of the Artibonite Valley, making a total of $14,000,000. The undertaking includes flood control, irrigation, and ...


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Public health was at a high level in the United States during 1951, nearly equalling the record high level of 1950. The birth rate continued to rise. Death rates were unchanged. Epidemics were small and localized. But respiratory disease in February ...


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Hungary released the American businessman Robert A. Vogeler on April 22. He then told how the Communists use mental tortures to make prisoners "confess." On November 19, Hungary arrested four U.S. aviators who were lost on a flight from Germany to ...


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The basic difficulties of India consisted in having too many people on too little land. This problem increased daily as population figures skyrocketed. Adding to the troubles of India were outdated agricultural methods. The Government in 1951 was ...


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Indians under the jurisdiction of the Office of Indian Affairs in 1951 numbered 400,000 in the continental United States, with an additional 35,000 -- Indians, Eskimo, and Aleuts -- in Alaska. The year 1951 was a period of preparation for more ...


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In the second year of Indonesian independence from The Netherlands, the Indonesians and the Dutch were beginning to learn to work together. About 100,000 Dutch still live in Indonesia. Most of them are in business or in Indonesia government jobs. ...


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Women were granted equal rights with men by Act of Parliament of July 17. ...


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Premier de Gasperi continued in power after resigning and reshuffling his cabinet in July. His stature as a statesman continued to grow, but he found it increasingly difficult to maintain a coalition government and to keep harmony in his own party, ...


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The signing of the Japanese peace treaty on September 8 gave promise of the long-awaited end of the military occupation and the restoration of Japan as a respected member of the family of nations. By the end of 1951, the occupation had continued for ...


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By the end of the year 1951 the Korean war had raged for eighteen months. Sixteen member states of the United Nations were still assisting the Republic of Korea against the Communist invaders. The armies of Red China had actively engaged in the war, ...


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Latin America began building up its merchant marine fleets after World War II, and by 1951 had made considerable progress. The National Federation of American Shipping reported that eleven Latin-American countries were operating 8,729,000 tons of ...


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A former Italian colony made up of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica in North Africa was officially proclaimed the United Kingdom of Libya on December 24, 1951. Sayed Mohammed Idris el Senussi ascended the throne as King Idris I. He delivered the ...


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MALAYA entered the third year of its war against Communist rebels in June, 1951. British and Malayan troops and police were aided by thousands of civilian auxiliaries. Communist guerrillas, operating in small groups, darted out of the jungles to ...


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Manitoba ranked in 1951 as Canada's fourth industrial province. But its further industrial development depended on the expansion of hydroelectric power, for which the Government allotted millions of dollars of aid during the year. ...


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The antibiotics, ACTH and cortisone, certain enzyme substances, and radioactive isotopes continued to be subjects of interest during 1951. One disturbing element was the discovery that increasing numbers of infections of man -- staphylococcic and a ...


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Beginning on January 1, Mexico and the United States increased tariff duties on a long list of products, ranging from toys to oil. Thus was ended, by mutual consent, the reciprocal trade agreement signed in 1943. At the beginning of the year also it ...


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The Netherlands went through two political crises in 1951. The first one arose when General Kruls, Chief of the General Staff, resigned because he wanted the country to rearm faster than the government though it should. The second crisis came when the ...


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A number of new industries were started in New Brunswick in 1951. A paper pulp mill costing $20,000,000 was built at Fairville, a semi-chemical pulp mill at Bathurst, and a $5,000,000 cement plant near Havelock. A new printing and publishing firm was ...


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The greatest industrial development in Newfoundland's long history took place in 1951. New industrial plants made their appearance, mineral projects were expanded, the fishing industry was revived, and timber reserves were exploited. ...


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Remarkable postwar recovery in Norway was highlighted by the industrial production index for February, 1951, which reached an all-time high of 165 points, as compared with 155 points for 1950 and 100 points for 1938. Exports in the same month also ...


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Nova Scotia's economy was expanded in 1951 by further improvements in its steel industry, new hydroelectric developments, and expansion of fisheries. The Dominion Steel and Coal Company at Sydney had a $44,000,000 improvement program which will add ...


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The Korean war led to a boom in Ontario's steel, chemical, and nickel industries, and stimulated its aircraft and electrical industries. The demand for strategic war materials resulted in the spending of over $600,000,000 in plant expansion building. ...


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In mid-January the Food and Agricultural Organization announced that it would advise the Peruvian Government on nutrition. About the same time the United States announced a $1,091,250 Point Four program for the country. The U.S. Export-Import Bank ...


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The Philippines made some progress in getting its economic reconstruction program under way in 1951. A United States mission to the islands had recommended that certain basic reforms be made in order for the republic to receive $250,000,000 in U.S. ...


Description:
General judgment of experts is that color television still needs a lot of improvement in order to be called good. Among their criticisms are these: colors are not true; and the same color is likely to appear as several different hues on the TV screen. ...


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In 1951, Poland, like the other Soviet satellite countries, showed a spectacle of purges, arrests, trials for alleged treason, deportations, and the ever-tightening grip of the Kremlin. About twenty Poles succeeded in escaping to Sweden. Among them ...


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In 1951, record companies tried echo chamber effects, harpsichord novelties, and other unusual uses of sound. In record making, the use of varied speeds resulted in multi-sounds from one instrument or an entirely different phrasing due to slow or ...


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Premier Jones' Liberal government was returned in the elections held on April 26. The Liberals won 25 out of the 30 seats in the house, one more than they had in 1947. The Progressive Conservatives won the other 5 seats. ...


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At a referendum on June 4, 1951, Puerto Ricans approved a law which gave them the right to draft their own constitution. An assembly to write the constitution was elected on August 27. The completed document was to be submitted to the voters and also ...


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Considerable progress was made on the $200,000,000 Ungava iron ore project during 1951. The 360-mile railroad north of Seven Islands on the Quebec north shore was under construction, and about one third of its right of way was cleared. Further ...


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Radio broadcasting maintained its leadership as a medium of mass communication in 1951, in spite of the continued inroads of television on its audience. But it was obviously dividing honors with television as an entertainer, especially in the evening. ...


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The Republican nomination for President of the United States looked like a most desirable thing to have in 1951. ...


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Development work continued in 1951 at the uranium fields of Goldfields and Black Lake in the Lake Athabaska district, and at Lac La Rouge. Beaverlodge Lake in northwestern Saskatchewan was almost ready to produce uranium. The Saskatchewan Government ...


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Under the terms of a new contract with the Arabian-American Oil Company, King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia shares in company profits on a fifty-fifty basis. He is believed to have received about $100,000,000 from oil production in 1951. Of this sum, $30,...


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Thailand was the scene of two military revolts in 1951. In late June, navy rebels kidnaped Premier Pibul Songgram. The army, air force, and police remained loyal and put down the revolt after two days' fighting. Sixty-eight persons were killed and 1,...


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On March 12 a one-day strike broke out at Barcelona, all but paralyzing the city. People from all walks of life took part in the defiance of the Franco regime. It was the first time such an event had happened under the dictatorship. The strikers won a ...


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The Swedish Air Force observed the 25th anniversary of its founding in 1951. National budget estimates for the 1951-1952 fiscal year showed a total income of 5,709,000,000 kronor, and expenditures totaling 5,367,000,000. The budget was the highest in ...


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Television continued its rapid growth in popular esteem in 1951. TV set ownership went up about 5,000,000 sets to reach a national total estimated at 15,000,000. ...


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It was a stormy year for the President of the United States. Congress was decidedly unfriendly. Scandals came to light in major divisions of the Government and involved several high officials. Truman's removal of General Douglas MacArthur as supreme ...


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Turkey was admitted to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1951. On November 12 the Government rejected a Soviet protest against Turkey's joining the N.A.T.O. ...


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South Africa had trouble at home and abroad in 1951 because of its treatment of non-white peoples. On March 30 the Group Areas Act of 1950 went into effect in Cape Province, Transvaal, and Natal. The Minister of the Interior could not segregate ...


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Throughout the year the Soviet Union continued to increase its industrial production. In all parts of the globe, the Communist party promoted Russian imperialism as well as the world revolution. ...


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During 1951, nature went on the rampage. It produced the most severe ice storm on record in the South, a prolonged drought in the Southwest, the nation's first billion-dollar flood, a prolonged heat wave in Texas, and abnormally heavy snowfall in the ...


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There were frequent border incidents between Yugoslavia and its Soviet-dominated neighbors. The United States shipped war supplies worth $29,000,000 to Yugoslavia and received in exchange copper, lead, and other strategic materials. ...


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Scientists of Jackson Memorial Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Me., announced some interesting experiments in training mice. It was shown that the mice could be trained either to get along peacefully with others or to fight or run away; if mice can be so ...


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The New York Yankees won their third straight American League pennant, then beat the New York Giants, 4 games to 2, to win their third consecutive World Series. ...


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Professional basketball had a trying season financially. The National Basketball Association title was won by the Rochester Royals. The Stewart Chevrolets of San Francisco took the Amateur Athletic Union crown. ...


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The football season opened when the National Football League champions, the Cleveland Browns, beat the College All-Stars, coached by Yale's Herman Hickman, 33 to 0, in Soldiers' Field, Chicago. The Browns subsequently yielded the professional title, ...


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The Detroit Red Wings captured the National Hockey League title, but in the league playoffs the Toronto Maple Leafs won the Stanley Cup. ...


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Outstanding among the electronic developments of 1951 is the improvement of a device that will eventually bring about a revolution in electronics, radio, and television. The long reign of the vacuum tube is about to end. Soon a pea-sized piece of the ...


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Columbia University geologists in the summer discovered an undersea mountain about 200 miles east-southeast of Cape Cod. They named it Atlantis. It is five miles square and more than a mile high. Its peak is over a mile and a half below the ocean ...


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One notable discovery was that of a large stone tablet, inscribed on both faces with the events of 16 years of the reign of Shalmaneser III, an ancient king of Iraq. Turned up at Qal'at Shirgat, in that country, the tablet has more details than any ...


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Fighting continued during the year between the rebel, Communist-led Viet-Minh forces and the French and Viet-Namese forces. Military aid from the United States and the dynamic leadership of the French High-Commissioner and Commander-in-Chief, General ...


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The twenty-second amendment was intended to be a safeguard against the establishment of a presidential dictatorship in the United States. Fear of such a dictatorship had arisen from observation of the rise of dictatorships in democratic countries in ...


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Has been the scene of rapid economic development in recent years. With it has come a great upsurge of nationalism and race hatred, which flamed into violent outbreaks in 1952. Africans turned on their European masters, and waged campaigns of terror to ...


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Alberta's Social Credit government was returned to office for the fifth time in August. Its success was partly due to wise management of leases of oil lands in the province. ...


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The interests of the American people became more and more affected by happenings in places once considered remote and unimportant. Knowledge about far-off places and their peoples becomes of greater interest both to the Government and to private ...


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In 1952 was the scene of the remarkable last days, death, and funeral of a dictator's wife. She was Eva Peron, the wife of President Juan Peron. On November 6, 1951, Senora Peron had had an operation which many persons thought was for cancer. On ...


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In 1932 the huge continent of Asia was plagued by Communist aggressions, nationalist revolutions, war, famine, and locusts. Soviet imperialism moved to bring the entire continent under the control of the Politburo (replaced by the Presidium in October,...


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Important advances were made in knowledge of our galaxy, the Milky Way star system. In this and other work, newly developed methods of "radio astronomy" were especially helpful. ...


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Field Marshal Sir William Slim, an Englishman, was appointed Governor General of Australia. The retiring Governor General, Sir William J. McKell, was an Australian. McKell was Australia's second experiment with an Australian-born representative of the ...


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The number of motor vehicles on United States roads and streets keeps rising each year. In 1952, the total reached 53,363,000. This included 43,894,000 passenger cars and 9,469,000 trucks and buses. For the first time in history, motor vehicle travel ...


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A record year for commercial flying, and the beginning of the 50th anniversary year of powered flight characterized aviation in America in 1952. ...


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The search for valuable deposits of uranium and vanadium was given a boost from an unlikely source, when botanists found that plants can be used as clues to where these elements may be found. A study revealed that certain plants in the western part of ...


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British Columbia's coalition government collapsed in the early spring, and Premier Byron Johnson called an election in June. Its outcome was a surprise to most people. The Social Credit movement, which up to this time had been of minor importance, ...


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Canada celebrated its eighty-fifth birthday in a year of unprecedented prosperity. The third largest trading nation in the world, Canada was first in the production of nickel, newsprint, asbestos, and platinum. It was second in gold, aluminum, wood ...


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The Governor-General's awards in 1952 went to Morley Callaghan for The Loved and the Lost, fiction; to Josephine Phelan, The Ardent Exile, The Life and Times of D'Arcy McGee, creative nonfiction, and to Charles Bruce for The Mulgrave Road, poetry. ...


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In 1952 the remarkable efficiency of a new chemical, Pyrimethamine, brought hope that the world might finally rid itself of malaria. The U.S. Public Health Service reported that this drug, called Daraprim by its manufacturers, is the most powerful ...


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Chile held presidential elections on September 4, and, for the first time, women were allowed to vote. The winner was former President General Carlos Ibanez del Campo, 75 years old, who had the backing of President Juan Peron of Argentina. Ibanez was ...


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Two governments continued to exist in China in 1952. The Nationalist government, under the leadership of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, with its capital at Taipei, was properly called the Republic of China. This government, although reduced to Formosa,...


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The hope that television may some day span distances as great as those now covered by radio was bolstered in 1952. Edward M. Purcell of Harvard University directed a group of scientists in experiments that demonstrated that all ultra-high frequency ...


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The 82d Congress of the United States began its second, and concluding, session at noon on January 8. ...


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The Natural Resources Council of America in 1952 adopted a "Policy for Renewable Natural Resources" which it recommended to the people of the United States. This council is made up of representatives of The American Forestry Association, American ...


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Executives of local crime commission from 15 major cities met in New York City in November, 1952, and organized the National Association of Crime Commissions. The new organization will provide a clearinghouse of information about gangsters and on ...


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Just as everyone was beginning to believe that the June presidential election would be an orderly one, former President Batista, one of the three candidates, seized the Government on March 10. He removed President Prio, who fled to Mexico. Only two ...


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In Czechoslovakia, the most spectacular event of the year was the trial of fourteen of the highest-ranking Czech Communists. Among them were Vladimir Clementis, former Foreign Minister; Rudolf Slansky, former Secretary of the Czech Communist party; ...


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The Democratic party was roundly defeated by the voters in the national election, and in most state elections. It gave up its domination of the Government for the first time in 20 years. ...


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The Danish Parliament ratified the Government's plans for letting NATO forces use air-bases in Denmark in time of peace, in spite of strong Soviet protests and warnings. ...


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EIRE, or the Republic of Ireland, was trying to learn how to live within its means in 1952. When the foreign trade figures for 1951 came out in January, they proved that the country was buying more abroad than it could afford. Eire was buying more ...


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Sixty per cent of the eligible voters of the United States went to the polls on November 4 to cast 61,547,861 votes, the largest number ever cast in any American election. ...


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The fear of war between the Soviet Union and the Western democracies became less acute in Europe during 1952. The reasons for this relaxation of tension were mainly two-fold: The West's increased defense activities, and Stalin's less menacing attitude....


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On September 20, Finland paid to the Soviet Union the last installment of its war reparations debt, which in 1944 it had feared would wreck its economy. Payments was made in products specified by the Russians, such as generators, power plants, ...


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Museums improved exhibits of fossils with greater emphasis upon the story they have to tell. A new hall devoted to invertebrate life of the past was opened at the Chicago Natural History Museum. It far surpasses in beauty and educational value ...


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Began and ended the year 1952 in cabinet crises growing out of the country's poor economic condition, and political institutions. However, from March through most of December, a coalition cabinet formed by Premier Antoine Pinay managed to survive many ...


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In 1952 the U.S. Geological Survey marked its twelfth year of technical assistance to foreign countries. The program includes work in Latin-American countries, the Philippines, Asia, the Near East, and non-colonial Africa. More than 150 reports have ...


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The East-West cold war in Europe focused on Germany in 1952. The Soviet Union and the Western Allies bid for German support both through propaganda and diplomatic maneuvers. The Allied Powers and the West German Government opposed attempts by the ...


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With the death of George VI and the accession of Elizabeth II to the throne in February, many Britons hoped for the start of a new Elizabethan Age. Prime Minister Winston Churchill expressed their feelings when he broadcast after the King's death: ...


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The Greek national elections of November 16, 1952, resulted in a landslide for Field Marshal Alexander Papagos' Greek Rally. Of 1,580,934 valid votes, 779,982 were cast for the Greek Rally. This party won 238 seats out of 300 in the one-chamber ...


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Public health was generally good in the United States in 1952. Prosperous conditions, with a minimum of unemployment, contributed to good health. ...


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Matyas Rakosi, the head of Hungary's Communist party, became Premier on August 14, 1952. He had been the actual boss of the country since 1947. His sixtieth birthday in 1952 was officially celebrated with pomp befitting a despot. ...


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Rajendra Prasad was chosen in May, 1952, as the first President under the electoral college system according to the Republican Constitution. He received the votes of 2,896 electors; 561 voted for the Communist-backed Independent, K. T. Shah. Sir ...


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INDOCHINA The civil war continued in see-saw fashion during 1952. French and Viet-Nam victories were offset by some Communist-led Viet-Minh successes. Increased arms from Communist China for the Communist rebels were matched by larger shipments of ...


Description:
With its enormous treasures of rubber, oil, sugar, minerals, coffee, tea, and tobacco, could be one of the wealthiest countries on earth. But inadequate distribution of individual income and lack of food for the densely populated country of 80 million ...


Description:
President Chaim Weizmann died in November. On December 8, the Knesset (Parliament) elected Itzhak Ben-Zvi as his successor. The new 68-year-old President is a scholar, a statesman, and a soldier. He founded the Jewish Legion during World War I. He ...


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Premier de Gasperi's coalition of middle parties weathered many political storms while keeping control of the Government. Local elections in May set back his followers, the Christian Democrats. As compared with the 1948 general election, they lost ...


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In 1952, the Japanese peace treaty went into effect. Japan rejoined the family of nations as an independent state. This event not only lifted the morale of the Japanese people but also stimulated national enterprise in all fields. Its effect was seen ...


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The fifth year of the independence of the Republic of Korea, and the third year of the Korean war, left the Korean people and their land in desperate condition. Cities and villages had been destroyed and factories and markets burned to the ground, ...


Description:
The third year of the Korean war began on June 25, 1952. Six months later, the end of the calender year brought no visible progress toward ending the war. A stalemate had been reached on the firing line, running east and west across the Korean ...


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Business was very active throughout much of Latin America in 1952. The National Federation of American Shipping reported that Latin-American nations had 9,771,200 tons of merchant ships afloat or being built. This was almost three times as much as the ...


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In 1952, Libya began its first year as an independent nation. Elections on February 19 were accompanied by minor rioting in Tripoli. Two days later, Beshir Bey Sadawi, leader of the anti-Western Congress party, was expelled from the country for ...


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MALAYA Under the firm hand of its new British High Commissioner, made substantial gains in its war against Communist banditry during 1952. General Sir Gerald Templar, a former director of British military intelligence, arrived in Malaya in February. ...


Description:
Manufacturing industry contributed more than agriculture to Manitoba's production during the year, but mining developments also attracted a great deal of attention. Production was scheduled to start in 1953 at the $35,000,000 nickel-copper Lynn Lake ...


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During 1952, medicine slowly continued its conquest of infectious diseases and made progress against the degenerative diseases of the older age groups. ...


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A new president, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, took office on December 1. As a candidate of the ruling Party of International Revolutionary (P.R.I.) the 61-year-old Ruiz Cortines received 74 per cent of the total vote in the national election in July. The new ...


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Elections for the 100-member Lower Chamber of Parliament were held on June 25. There were 5,335,064 votes cast. The Labor party made large gains. The Chamber now has 30 Labor representatives and 30 for the Catholic party. The other seats are occupied ...


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After 17 years in office, the Liberal government of Premier J.B. McNair was turned out of office in October, and a new Conservative ministry led by Hugh John Fleming was elected. Considerable significance was attached to the Liberal defeat. Although ...


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Canada's youngest province was being transformed during 1952. The Government advanced loans to attract European concerns, and Premier Joseph Smallwood visited England, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy to interest foreign industrialists. New projects ...


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Parliament approved a record 1952 budget of 3,700,000,000 kroner (about $500,000,000). About one fourth of this was earmarked to build a defense force to protect Norway from any possible invasion. ...


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Construction began on a $22,000,000 causeway to join Cape Breton Island and the mainland over the Strait of Canso, and also on an $8,000,000 bridge to join Halifax and Dartmouth. A new $3,000,000 pier was opened at Halifax. ...


Description:
The United States won the unofficial team championship at the 15th modern Olympiad in Helsinki. The Soviet Union, which returned to the Olympics for the first time since 1912, placed second on the basis of unofficial point standings. Olympic games ...


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Ontario benefited during 1952 from the building of an oil pipeline from the Redwater oil field to Superior, Wis. A new $23,000,000 refinery was opened at Sarnia to process 10 per cent of Alberta's crude oil. In December, plans were announced for a $90,...


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A new law went into effect for Peru's oil deposits. The law provides for the Peruvian Government to share oil profits 50-50 with any foreign investor. Peruvian oil production has ben only about 15,000,000 barrels a year, little more than the country ...


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President Elpidio Quirino and Congress frequently disagreed on national problems. The budget, taxes, and ratification of the Japanese Peace Treaty were all subjects of bitter debates. The President had to call an extra session of Congress in an effort ...


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In 1952 the average man's interest, as far as physics was concerned, ranged from "flying saucers" to hydrogen bomb tests at Eniwetok. Research in physics resulted in the discovery that atoms are more complicated than previously had been known. A new ...


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A new Polish Constitution modeled after that of the Soviet Union was published in January. The Polish educational system was also changed to follow Soviet lines. The one-party, Communist Sejm (Parliament) named Prime Minister Boleslaw Bierut as ...


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A freckle-faced twelve-year-old boy by the name of Jimmy Boyd, of Van Nuys, Calif., became one of the top popular singing stars in 1952. Jimmy, who has been in show business since he was six, struck it rich with a song called I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa ...


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Puerto Rico, a United States territory since 1898, was declared a commonwealth on July 25, 1952. The island now has its own constitution, which gives its elected legislature power to make all local laws. The elected governor administers the local laws,...


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The Union Nationale government of Premier Maurice Duplessis was returned in the July election, although its strength in the legislature was somewhat reduced. It was a stormy campaign, marked by violence on election day. ...


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Broadcasters competed with television during 1952 by reducing the time rates in the choice evening hours and by lower-budgeted programs on the major networks. The radio networks, however, were having a problem to build shows able to attract an evening ...


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Some people thought the Republican party was dead or dying, but, before midnight on election night, November 4, the returns showed that the party was full of life and promise. The Republicans came back to power after twenty years of Democratic ...


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In June, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (C.C.F.) government, the only Socialist government in Canada, was returned to office after a provincial election. ...


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The vast oil riches beneath Saudi Arabia's desert sands have made King Ibn Saud fabulously wealthy. Oil is being produced at a rate of 850,000 barrels a day, and the king collects an estimated $150,000,000 a year in oil royalties from the ...


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For hundreds of years, men have dreamed of flying away from the earth to the moon or other planets. during 1952, the science of space travel made striking advances both in theoretical research and in public acceptance of the idea. During the ...


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Negotiations for granting the use of Spanish naval bases to the United States went on through 1952. By a joint declaration with Portugal on April 15, Spain announced that both countries would carry out a policy for defense within the framework of ...


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Entered the second stage of its amazing growth in 1952. New television stations were licensed once more, and the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band was opened for telecasting. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued an order on April 11 that ...


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The President of the United State saw his party swept out of power for the first time in 20 years. He removed his name from consideration for re-election, and he stepped down from public life apparently firm in the conviction that he had done a good ...


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Turkey was admitted to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1952. A visit of the Turkish President to Greece and a return visit of King Paul to Turkey symbolized Turko-Greek reconciliation. This officially ended the age-old enmity of the two ...


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The country had distressing race riots in 1952. The cause was the 1950 Group Areas Act that zoned South African cities into separate areas for whites, blacks, Asians, and mixed ("colored") people. ...


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Throughout the year 1952, the Soviet Union exerted its world leadership of the Communist conspiracy to destroy constitutional government in all democratic countries. Within Soviet Russia, renewed efforts were made to promote both industry and ...


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The year produced deep snows in the Northern Plains and Rocky Mountains, major floods along the Upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers, a series of disastrous tornadoes, and a nation-wide drought. ...


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Yugoslavia and the United States signed an economic aid agreement in January, 1952, running until June, 1955. Under its terms Yugoslavia promised efficient use of American aid, and continued delivery of strategically important materials to the United ...


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Locust plagues, which often destroy entire crops in many countries, have been controlled for the first time in history by the co-operation of Near-East nations and the United States. Concerted attacks on these damaging insects were organized under the ...


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The New York's Yankees, weakened by the retirement of Joe DiMaggio and the call to military service of star second baseman Gerry Coleman, managed nevertheless to win their fourth American League pennant in a row. Brooklyn captured the National League ...


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The University of Kansas' basketball team won the 1952 National Collegiate Athletic Association championship. ...


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Michigan State's undefeated Spartans were the nation's No. 1 football team in 1952. They won over Notre Dame, which defeated the champions of four conferences and the best team in the East, Navy. ...


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Detroit's Red Wings kept the world's hockey championship. They won the National League pennant by 11 games and defeated the Montreal Canadiens in four consecutive games, 3-1, 2-1, 3-0, and 3-0, in the Stanley Cup finals. ...


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Scientists found many ways to put electronic devices to new uses in 1952. The ground-work was laid for long-range weather forecasting using electronic "brains" or computers, into which numerical data have been fed. In the past the human mind and hand ...


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The traditional Seven Seas (the North and South Pacific, the North and South Atlantic, the Indian, the Arctic, and Antarctic Oceans) have been reduced to six. The National Geographic Society announced that "the Antarctic as an ocean has been made ...


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At Nippur, the religious center of the ancient land first called Sumer and later Babylonia, tablets of stone with carved writing were discovered fifty years ago. In 1952, further digging at this site added 10 per cent more tablets. The mound from ...


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The civil war continued in see-saw fashion during 1952. French and Viet-Nam victories were offset by some Communist-led Viet-Minh successes. Increased arms from Communist China for the Communist rebels were matched by larger shipments of planes and ...


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Throughout the vast continent of Africa, several powerful world forces produced dramatic results during 1953. These forces, which affected the affairs of all the Western World's underdeveloped present and former colonial possessions, arose out of the ...


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Alberta was the envy of the other Canadian provinces as it ended its fiscal year in February, 1953, with a surplus of nearly $20,000,000. Free from debt for the first time since its founding in 1905, the province had come a long way since 1935, when ...


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History and legend came to life again in 1953 in the diggings of archaeologists. A team of scientific excavators from the National Museum of Naples, Italy, cleared away 1,500 years of dirt and rubble from the ancient town of Baiae, north of modern ...


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The administration of Juan Peron had its full share of political difficulties during 1953, and some political triumphs. In February, President Peron visited Chile. Before leaving Argentina, Peron not only discussed an economic union with Chile but ...


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The largest and most populous of the continents, remained throughout 1953 a political trouble spot. There was a sharp division between Free Asia and Communist Asia. Each country in Asia was torn not only by the stress and strain of the cold war but ...


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For may years the Cepheid variable stars have been the astronomer's yardstick. As regularly as a flashing neon sign, this type of star alternately brightens and dims its light. The hotter and brighter the star is, the shorter is the time it takes to ...


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Britain had the co-operation of Australian scientists in making atomic tests at Woomera, in the central Australian desert region, in 1953. The first atomic blast was touched off on October 15. Other explosions followed, and on October 27 the final ...


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The automobile business often is called the yardstick of American prosperity. This is because the manufacturers of automobiles, trucks, and motor-vehicle accessories (tires, seat covers, light, and other equipment) use more than half the nation's ...


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During 1953, a year-long celebration of Fifty Years of Powered Flight was held. The Wright Memorial Dinner, held in Washington, D.C., on December 17, climaxed this 50th anniversary celebration of the first airplane flight by the Wright brothers. ...


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The New York Yankees, champions of the American League, won their fifth consecutive World Series in 1953. They defeated the National League pennant-winners, the Brooklyn Dodgers, four games to two. ...


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The nation's collegiate and amateur basketball teams, using swift offensive tactics, played more high-scoring games in 1953 than ever before. Where heretofore it was a rarity, during the 1952-1953 season many teams registered 100 points or more in ...


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It was an exciting year in politics in British Columbia. The Social Credit government of Premier W.A.C. Bennett, elected with a majority of one in 1952, was defeated in March, and an election was called for June 9. In this second election in less than ...


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Canadians will long remember 1953 as the year of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II and as the most prosperous in the country's history. Crowds of officials and citizens traveled to London for the coronation festivities. Every city, town, and ...


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The Governor-General's literary awards in 1953 for fiction went to David Walker for The Pillar, an account of life in a Nazi prison camp; for poetry to E. J. Pratt for Towards the Last Spike, an epic poem on the building on the Canadian Pacific ...


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Chemists will recall 1953 as the year when synthetic cane sugar was first made. This achievement, the work of two young chemists of the National Research Council of Canada, will have no effect on the grocery business. It was not meant to, but it ...


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The year began with the Chilean Congress voting President Ibanez del Campo wide powers to meet economic problems by executive decree. The first woman Senator ever to be elected in Chile, Maria de la Cruz, was elected in January. Her career was short. ...


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Two separate governments continued to rule China in 1953. The original Republic of China, the Nationalist Government under the presidency of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, still maintained its independence on the island of Formosa. Continental China ...


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The session of the 83rd, Congress convened at noon on January 3, 1953, with the first Republican administration in 20 years in control by a narrow margin. Out of 10,695 measures introduced in 1953, Congress enacted 515 laws. ...


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Widespread prosperity and high employment failed to prevent crime from steadily increasing in the United States in 1953. ...


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In January, President Fulgencio Batista announced he would be a candidate for the presidency in elections scheduled for November, 1953. At the same time he launched his new political party, the Progressive Action Party. Later the Government postponed ...


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Klement Gottwald, Communist President of Czechoslovakia, went to Moscow for the funeral of his old friend Stalin, caught pneumonia, and died on March 14, a few days after his return to Prague. The Central Committee of the Czech Communist party at once ...


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Although the Democrats lost the fight for the Presidency in 1952, the defeated Democratic Presidential candidate, Adlai Stevenson, was still a powerful figure, and Democratic Congressional strength was formidable. Stevenson went on a five-month ...


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In the general election of September 22, 1953, Premier Erik Eriksen's Agrarian-Liberal-Conservative coalition won 72 seats. The Socialists won 74 seats and remained the largest single party. However, not wishing to accept the responsibility of ...


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During his first year in the White House, President Eisenhower studied the foreign and domestic situations and laid plans for a new policy at home and overseas. He and administration were faced with the problems that arose from the end of the Korean ...


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Two states elected governors in 1953. New York City and scores of other cities chose mayors. Three elections to fill vacant seats in the U.S. House of Representatives attracted national interest as indications of the strength of the major political ...


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Businessmen began taking greater interest in 1953 in electronic "brains," or computers, which would one day, they hoped, handle almost all the bookkeeping work that goes on in a modern office. The International Business Machines Corporation was quick ...


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Europe ade slow progress in 1953 toward co-operation and union for peace, prosperity, and mutual defense through various organizations set up since World War II. The only large European country conspicuous by its absence from the organizations was ...


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Finland suffered during 1953 from dwindling national income, rising unemployment, high production costs, shortage of foreign exchange, and a budget deficit. These economic difficulties, unusual for a stout-hearted, hard-working people like the Finns, ...


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The college football season of 1953 was a most interesting one, because the rule makers had outlawed the platoon system of play. Previously, teams could bolster their lineups with free substitution as often as desired. In 1953 they could not. The ...


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Two of the big fossil finds of 1953 were made by amateurs. Alonzo E. Hancock, a 70-year-old retired postman, exhibited a 450-pound skull with two large tusks attached, which he had dug from a bed of sand-stone in eastern Oregon. George Gaylord Smith, ...


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Premier Rene Mayer formed a new cabinet on Jan. 6, 1953, which lasted until May 21. It was the 17th French cabinet since 1944, each lasting an average six months. This political instability continued to weaken France's prestige, and prevented it from ...


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What happened to all that mud? That was the question that scientists of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography asked each other when they returned to La Jolla, Calif., after a 40,000-mile cruise of the South Pacific Ocean. ...


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The West German Federal Republic continued in 1953 the remarkable economic recovery that began with its currency reform of June, 1948. In mid-summer, however, the upswing showed signs of beginning to level off. Taking 100 as the index figure for 1948, ...


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The United Kingdom saw its Queen crowned as Elizabeth on June 2. The news that a British team had succeeded in climbing Mount Everest, the world's highest mountain, on May 29 hurried to the Queen as a coronation tribute. The death of the Queen's ...


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Greece signed a 5-year treaty of friendship and collaboration with its former enemies, Turkey and Yugoslavia, on Feb. 28, 1953. This was amplified in November by a military pact for mutual defense against aggression. ...


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President Paul Magloire's government started work in February on the $21,000,000 Artibonite Valley Project, to co-ordinate program of drainage, flood control, and rural rehabilitation. Rubber production, begun during World War II, was increasing. Work ...


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Officials reported during 1953 that about 40,000,000 persons in the United States did not have effective local public health protection. ...


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The top prize in professional ice hockey, the Stanley Cup, was won by the Montreal Canadiens, at Montreal, on April 16. The Canadiens defeated the Boston Bruins 1 to 0. ...


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In July, Matyas Rakosi, a Jew, lost his office as Premier of Communist Hungary. His successor was the former Minister of Agriculture, 57-year-old Imre Nagy. Impressed by the popular uprising against Communist rule in East Berlin two weeks earlier, ...


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Although plagued by famine, cholera, riots, economic backwardness, Communist conspiracies, and fear of Red aggression, India remained the most influential country in Free Asia in 1953. ...


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Congress in 1953 passed two important laws affecting Indians. One removed Federal restrictions against the sale of liquor to Indians. The other gave civil and criminal jurisdiction over Indians on reservations to the states. ...


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INDOCHINA In July, after the truce in Korea was signed, Indochina became the No. 1 target of Communist military aggression. The fighting dragged into its eighth year between the Communist guerrilla armies supported by the Soviet Union and Red China, ...


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During the fourth year of its independence, Indonesia struggled with internal disturbances and the serious problem of too little food for a dense population of over 79,000,000 persons. ...


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Prime Minister Eamon de Valera's government kept its leadership in the Republic of Ireland by only a small margin in 1953. Two local elections were lost in June. A margin of only two votes and left. If the Government had not kept the seat contested in ...


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On April 20, 1953, Israel celebrated its fifth anniversary. In these five years, the young state had doubled its population and won the friendship of the West and the anger of its Near East neighbors. In human terms, by doubling its population, Israel ...


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Italy suffered a serious loss in the overthrow of Premier Alcide de Gasperi after the elections of June 7-8. As leader of the moderate, conservative Christian Democratic party, he had headed eight successive cabinets and given the country a strong and ...


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During the second year of complete independence from Allied occupation, Japan strengthened the democratic institutions which were adopted under the guidance of General Douglas MacArthur. ...


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The truce in the Korean War brought little comfort in 1953 to the Government and people of South Korea. The truce left Korea divided. South Korea was governed by the Republic of Korea (ROK), a constitutional democracy. North Korea was governed by the ...


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A truce was signed on July 27, 1953, three years and one month after the outbreak of the Korean War. The armistice halted the fighting but did not guarantee a permanent peace. Peace depended on the possibility of reaching an agreement in a peace ...


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There were both disappointing and hopeful developments in the relations between the United States and the Latin-American republics in 1953. Mexicans were upset about the failure to agree on some program concerning the illegal entry of "wetbacks" into ...


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Libya, a one-year-old independent kingdom, continued to develop with the help of the United Nations and United States Point Four assistance. A team of 20 experts of the U.N. Food and Agricultural Organization was sent to the country during 1953 to ...


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In the Federation of Malaya, the energetic British High Commissioner, Sir Gerald Templer, continued the military campaign to halt the aggressions of the Communist-led guerrillas, called the Malayan Races Liberation Army (MRLA). These Communist ...


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The Liberal-Progressive party which has dominated provincial politics for 30 years was re-elected. Under the leadership of Premier Douglas L. Campbell, the party won 31 seats out of 57 in an election on June 8. Manitoba had the lowest per-capita ...


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Antibiotics became even more important in 1953 as the main weapon against infectious diseases. Several new antibiotics were made commercially available for prescription use by physicians. These included fumagillin, used in cases of amebic dysentery, ...


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The new administration of President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines determined in 1953 to establish and enforce a policy of honesty and morality in the public services of the nation. Under new legislation, all government officials and civil servants must, on ...


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Early in February a violent hurricane, accompanied by high tides, brought the Dutch the worst flood disaster in centuries. The raging waters swept away dikes and poured over the low-lying land for as much as 40 miles inland in some areas. About a ...


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The important new find of zinc, lead, silver and pyrite deposits near Bathurst focused attention on New Brunswick during 1953. The ore body was thought to be as rich as that of Noranda and Flin Flon, and a great rush to stake properties commenced in ...


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Newfoundland expanded its economy in 1953. In March, an Anglo-Canadian syndicate leased 60,000 square miles in Newfoundland and Labrador to develop mineral, timber, and hydroelectric-power resources. German capital was again available for ...


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Norway took a long step away from free enterprise and toward a planned economy in June, 1953. After a debate lasting several days and nights, Parliament passed a price-regulation law. This empowers the Government to control methods of calculating ...


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Electors returned the Liberal government of Premier Angus Macdonald in May. The Government lost 5 seats, but retained 22 out of 37. ...


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Mining developments in Ontario attracted great attention during the year, but manufacturing still contributed most of the wealth. With a third of Canada's population, and with great automobile, aircraft, chemical, and other industries, Ontario does 39 ...


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The long-standing border dispute with Ecuador disturbed relations between the two countries in 1953. In May it was hoped that the matter could be settled by arbitration before a commission composed of representatives of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and ...


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Held a presidential election on Nov. 10, 1953. The Liberal party had renominated Elpidio Quirino for the presidency. The Nationalist party nominated Ramon Magsaysay who, as former defense minister, had made a reputation for his vigorous suppression of ...


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Albert Einstein, the world-famous physicist and father of the theory of relativity, had astonished his fellow physicists in 1950 with a new and highly mathematical "unified field" theory. With four equations, he hoped to explain how the force of ...


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High prices, low wages, and constant spying censorship, and arrests by the Communist secret police became so intolerable to freedom-loving and self-respecting Poles that they sought and received political asylum abroad. Some escaped to Sweden by boat, ...


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One of the big arguments of the year was that between Helen Traubel of the Metropolitan Opera Company and Rudolph Bing, its manager, over the fact that Miss Traubel was singing at the Chez Paree, a night club in Chicago. Miss Traubel said that she ...


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Prince Edward Island got a new premier in May, Alexander W. Matheson, former Minister of Health and Welfare. He succeeded Premier John Walter Jones, who was made a Senator. ...


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Educators, public-health physicians, and psychiatrists held a three-day discussion on "mental health in the classroom" at the 1953 National Conference on Physicians and Schools in Highland Park, III. The discussion centered around how teachers could ...


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More than 350 papers presented at the 1953 Convention of the American Psychological Association held many conclusions of general interest. These ranged from the reasons paratroopers are anxious before they make a parachute jump to the part memory ...


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Puerto Rico celebrated its first anniversary as a self-governing commonwealth of the United States on July 25. ...


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Great hydroelectric and mining developments were under way in Quebec in 1953. New refineries and chemical industries sprang up, the aircraft and shipbuilding industries were trying to fill back orders, and the shoe and textile factories were busy. ...


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As was the case in the past two years, radio in 1953 engaged in a holding operation, the success of which, in certain directions, surprised even the most optimistic. Sales of radio receivers continued, and the total number in use remained high. There ...


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The year 1953 was an off year for politics, with the Republican Presidential election victory one year past and the 1954 congressional election plans barely under way. ...


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The search for oil and uranium continued in Saskatchewan during 1953. About $145,000,000 was spent in oil exploration and $8,000,000 was invested in uranium mines. In southern Saskatchewan, 85 miles southeast of Regina, there was a prospect of ...


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King Ibn Saud, who won a desert kingdom with his sword, died on November 9. This colorful, one-eyed monarch was one of the richest men in the world. He had been making Saudi Arabia into one of the leading Near Eastern nations by plowing back into his ...


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Franklin and Marshall College of the Middle Atlantic States Conference was chosen as the most outstanding college soccer team in the nation in 1953 by the National Soccer Coaches Association. Franklin and Marshal won nine straight games, scoring 33 ...


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At present managed by Italy as a U.N. Trust Territory, Somaliland is scheduled for complete independence by 1960. Poor in natural resources, plagued by droughts and inter-tribal conflicts, the country was working in 1953 toward the kind of economic ...


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Space flight is flight above the earth's atmosphere. Unmanned rockets are now sent hundreds of miles above the surface of the earth. Such missiles pierce the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding the earth and, for a brief time, are in the realm of ...


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Because of its Fascist government, Spain had not been invited to join NATO or any of the other organizations looking toward a closer union of Europe. But on September 26, after long negotiations, General Francisco Franco signed a treaty giving the ...


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Sweden presents a curious contrast. It is by tradition pacifist and neutral, has fought no war since 1814, and refused to join the NATO military alliance for fear of compromising its neutrality and offending the Soviet Union. On the other hand, ...


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The New Jersey Bell Telephone Company unveiled its Translator in 1953. This device makes possible the automatic dialing of long-distance calls. To use the Translator, a caller dials three numbers to get a connection to the city he wants, then dials ...


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The biggest news of the years in television dealt with the future. It was the approval by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in December of industry standards for the production of color television. The system approved by the FCC represented ...


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Thailand was the most stable country in Southeast Asia during 1953. Under King Phumiphon Aduldet, the growth of democratic institutions in this state of nearly 20,000,000 people was slow and far from revolutionary. It was more in keeping with Asiatic ...


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The only stable major country in the Near East, Turkey's international position was strengthened by the continued support of the West. On Feb. 28, 1953, Turkey, Greece, and Yugoslavia signed a five-year treaty of "friendship and collaboration" with ...


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In this self-governing dominion of the British Commonwealth, race relations are considered the worst in all Africa. The Boer whites who control the government are determined to keep the Negroes in inferior positions. The general election held in April,...


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The year 1953 was memorable in the U.S.S.R. for the death of the dictator Joseph Stalin and for the continuance of the Soviet dictatorship under Georgi M. Malenkov and his colleagues, without serious interruption. ...


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It was still hard for the scientifically-minded American to tell whether man could or could not make rain fall. Scientific experiments by Irving Langmuir and Vincent Schaeffer of the General Electric Company had been convincing. But in the United ...


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Water Supply. The country is now consuming more water than it is receiving by rainfall. Funds have been provided for research on converting sea water into fresh drinking water and on purifying inland waters for irrigation, industrial, or domestic ...


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Yugoslavia maintained a balance between the Soviet Union and the West, in both foreign and domestic politics, under the leadership of Marshal Tito. ...


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For many years, zoologists had been debating how to classify the hyrax, a small animal referred to in the Bible as the coney. This little beast, which lives in the Near East and neighboring parts of Africa, looks much like a guinea pig, but it climbs ...


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A slender and elderly man, accompanied by his son, boarded a strange ship called a bathyscaphe on Sep. 30, 1953. Together they sank to the bottom of the Tyrrhenian Sea, north of Sicily. When their craft, which resembled a submarine, settled on the ...


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In July, after the truce in Korea was signed, Indochina became the No. 1 target of Communist military aggression. The fighting dragged into its eighth year between the Communist guerrilla armies supported by the Soviet Union and Red China, and the ...


Description:
The rising tide of freedom proved the most powerful influence on this continent in 1954. Other factors shaping events during the year were racial problems and continued industrial expansion. ...


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Alberta developed a more balanced economy in 1954. The Alberta Government's approval of the proposal to export natural gas opened the way for building $300,000,000 worth of pipe lines across Canada. Output from new chemical plants began to make itself ...


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There were good diggings for archaeologists in many of the countries of the world in 1954. The most spectacular find was made in Egypt. A young architect, Kamal el-Malakh, peered into a hole he had chiseled in a 15-ton limestone block and saw a rich ...


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Argentina (pop. 15,893,827) was relatively calm and fairly prosperous during 1954. Dictator-President Juan D. Peron governed with little opposition. Relations with the rest of the world were calm, while foreign trade showed a general improvement. ...


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Throughout 1954 was a critical area in the cold war between the Soviet Union and the free world. An uneasy truce was maintained in Korea. The Indochina War ended in an armistice, but the settlement gave the Communist nations big gains in territory and ...


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"Flying saucers" failed to hit the news as often in 1954 as in the year before. But two mysterious objects were sighted during along far above the earth. They brought even the U.S. Air Force to the alert. Lincoln La Paz, Head of the Extra-Terrestrial ...


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(pop. 8,538,734) World attention centered on Australia in April when Vladimir M. Petrov, an official in the Soviet Embassy, asked for Australian protection after revealing operations of a Soviet spy ring. Petrov was granted asylum by Australia, but ...


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The automobile industry in 1954 lived through its most fiercely competitive year since before World War II. Many dealers--financially weak or neglectful of good sales practices--were forced out of business. More important, the tough competitive ...


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Took big strides forward during 1954. A United States Air Force pilot set a new altitude record. Regular air-line service began across the Arctic between Copenhagen, Denmark, and Los Angeles. The United States Navy tested its convertiplane, nicknamed "...


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The new York Giants, shrewdly managed by Leo Durocher, surprised the baseball world by winning the National League pennant and then sweeping four straight games from the Cleveland Indians in the World Series. The New York Yankees fell to second place ...


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Frank Selvy of Furman broke practically all major-college basketball scoring records during the 1953-54 season. The 6-foot, 3-inch all American scored 1,209 points for the season, averaging 41.7 points a game. Top scorer among major-college players in ...


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(Pop. 11,870,651). The treatment, opportunities, and standards of living of the native Africans in the Belgian Congo have long been better than in most parts of Africa. In 1954, the Belgian Government extended its policy of limited self-rule for towns ...


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If man ever learns how green plants make food, he can free himself from the fear of famine. The green plant uses water and carbon dioxide as its raw materials and the sun as its power plant to make sugar. If scientists can learn to do what the plant ...


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British Columbia thrived in 1954, although there was some unemployment after completion of the Aluminum Company of Canada's huge Kitimat project. In Vancouver, a new bridge opened and a 25,000-seat stadium was ready for the British Empire Games in ...


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The agreement of the United States to join in the Saint Lawrence Seaway project was the most dramatic single event in 1954. But the continued growth of Canada's dynamic economy, the visits of the Duke of Edinburgh and Queen Mother Elizabeth, and the ...


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David Walker, a Scottish-Canadian, again won the Governor-General's literary award for the novel Digby. Walker also won the award in 1953. The creative nonfiction award went to Norman J. Berrill, a professor of zoology at McGill University whose ...


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In September, 1954, President Eisenhower appointed Willard F. Libby, a professor of chemistry at the University of Chicago, to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (A.E.C.). A week later, Libby reported to the annual meeting of the American Chemical ...


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(Pop. 5,930,809). Strikes, inflation, and Communist conspiracies were threatening Chile's whole economy in September, so President Carlos Ibanez del Campo placed Chile under a state of siege for six months. A state of siege is similar to martial law. ...


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In the General Assembly of the United Nations, the Soviet Union and India tried to oust the representative of the Republic of China and to seat a delegate from Red China. This proposal was defeated September 21 by a vote of 43 to 11. Land, sea, and ...


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The second session of the 83rd Congress convened on January 6, 1954, and remained in session 227 days. In all, 1,310 bills were sent to the President. He signed 1,268 and vetoed 42. Actually, the second session turned out more than twice as many laws ...


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J. Edgar Hoover, director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, has announced that crime costs the United States an average of $495 a year for each family in the nation. The cost of crime represents $1.82 for each $1 spent on education, and $10 for ...


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(Pop. 5,832,851). General Fulgencio Batista, military dictator of Cuba since 1952, was elected President in November by a 6 to 1 majority. Technically, the general had no opposition, for his opponent, Ramon Grau San Martin, withdrew shortly before the ...


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Czechoslovakia (pop. 12,167,474), a satellite of the Soviet Union, remained hostile toward the West in 1954. Premier Viliam Siroky branded the Paris agreements on West German rearmament "nothing but a conspiracy of war-thirsty military cliques in West ...


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Victory in the mid-term elections of 1954 gave the Democrats a slim margin of control in the 84th Congress. Adlai Stevenson, defeated candidate for the Presidency in 1952, took the lead in the 1954 campaign, starting with a speech at the Illinois ...


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(Pop. 4,347,613). Denmark was troubled by a decline in foreign trade and an excess of government expenditures over revenues in 1954. To deal with these and other difficult problems, Parliament was called in special session early in September. The ...


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President Eisenhower was less successful when he asked Congress to amend the Taft-Hartley Act, liberalize Federal housing provisions, provide for health reinsurance, and extend the reciprocal trade legislation for three years. But, by and large, the ...


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When they went to the polls on November 2, the American people were passing popular judgment on the record of a Republican regime for the first time in 22 years. At stake were 435 seats in the House of Representatives, 37 in the Senate, and ...


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So-called "mechanical brains" held the center of the electronics stage during 1954. Univac, the electronic computer used to predict the election returns, became almost a household word as TV and radio announcers reported its latest on election night. ...


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There was some relaxation in international tension in Europe during 1954. The rulers in the Soviet Union, after the death of Stalin, showed a somewhat less rigid and aggressive spirit, except as concerned Germany. The Western Allies drew closer ...


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(Pop. 4,065,027). In the elections on March 8 to fill the 200 seats of the National Parliament, Urho K. Kekkonen's Agrarians won 53 seats; the Socialists, 51; and the Communists (who go by the name of "People's Democrats"), 43. The remaining seats ...


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Many observers viewed the great number of upsets as the outstanding feature of the 1954 football season. Others felt that the leading trend was the use of widely-varied types of offensive play, largely variations of the T-formation. Opinion was ...


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Remains of an ancient creature that was not quite reptile and not quite mammal, but something of both, were found in the Western Hemisphere in 1954 for the first time. These primitive mammals, called Tritylodontoids, lived some 165,000,000 years ago, ...


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Weary of the Indochina War and bogged down by economic problems, France went through another cabinet crisis in 1954. This time a brilliant new leader came to the front. He was Pierre Mendes-France, a 47-year-old economist. ...


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The earth's climate has changed many times. Palm trees grow where great icecaps once existed, and miners dig coal containing fossils of ancient palm trees in regions far too cold to support such tropical life now. The reasons for these changes in ...


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(pop. 70,000,000) The West German Federal Republic in 1954 was given strong hopes of soon becoming a sovereign nation. The Paris Agreements of October 23 would restore West Germany's sovereignty, permit the country to rearm, and admit it to the North ...


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British royalty was on tour in 1954. Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh ended their six-month round-the-world visit to Commonwealth countries in May. Londoners gave the Queen and her husband a rousing welcome when they returned. The Duke ...


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(Pop. 7,631,124). The treaty of friendship signed at Ankara on February 28, 1953, by Greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia, was supplemented by an important military defense treaty signed by the three powers at Bled in Yugoslavia on August 9, 1954. It ...


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(Pop. 3,097,220). In January, 1954, Haiti celebrated the 150th anniversary of its independence. The small republic won freedom from France in 1804. ...


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The federal Government acted in 1954 to clear up some of the fog about the effects of smog. Congress authorized $175,000 for a survey to find out the effect on health of air breathed by residents of big-city areas. The survey called for a thorough ...


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The Detroit Red Wings won the National Hockey League Stanley Cup, the most highly-prized award in professional ice hockey. Detroit captured the 1954 trophy by defeating the Montreal Canadiens, four games to three, in the April play-offs. A Detroit ...


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Noel Field, an American newspaper man, and his wife, Herta, were released from prison in Budapest on November 16. Field had disappeared behind the Iron Curtain in the summer of 1949. In spite of repeated inquires by the American State Department, ...


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India improved its economic situation in 1954. Political conditions appeared stable. At the same time, fears of aggression by the Soviet Union and Communist China led the New Delhi Government to pursue a policy of neutralism in the cold war between ...


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Congress acted in 1954 to get the Federal Government out of Indian affairs. Laws were enacted with the plan to end Federal control over the tribes. Federal supervision will end in two years for sixty tribes in Oregon, four Paiute tribes in Utah, and ...


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INDOCHINA Eight years of war between the French forces in Indochina and Communist guerrilla armies under Soviet-trained Ho Chi Minh ended on July 21, 1954, in an armistice signed at Geneva, Switzerland, France, Britain, the Soviet Union, Red China, ...


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The Republic of Indonesia served all connection with The Netherlands on Aug. 10, 1954. By protocols signed at The Hague, the five-year-old Netherlands-Indonesia Union was terminated, thus canceling Indonesia's 1949 agreement to recognize the Dutch ...


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John A. Costello was named Prime Minister after he defeated Eamon de Valera in the May elections. De Valera and his Fianna Fail (Party of Destiny) fell from power after an election campaign in which the high cost of living was a main issue. Hatred of ...


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Israel came under the control of a new coalition government in 1954. Prime Minister Moshe Sharett formed the government through an agreement with his own Mapai (Socialist) party, the General Zionists (right-of-center), the orthodox Hapoel Hamizrachi ...


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The Italian Government was in the hands of short-lived cabinets under Giuseppe Pella and Amintore Fanfani at the start of 1954, but on February 10 a stable cabinet was established by Mario Scelba. Premier Scelba continued the land reform program begun ...


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Ichiro Hatoyama, 71, leader of the newly formed Japan Democratic party, was elected Premier of Japan Dec. 9, 1954. He was elected by the Japanese Diet (lower house of Parliament) to succeed Shigeru Yoshida, who had been premier since 1946, except for ...


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During the second year following the Korean Armistice, Korea remained a divided nation. The Communist dictatorships continued to violate their promise made in the Armistice to establish a united Korea by negotiation in a "political conference" to be ...


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Revolutions are an old story to Latin-American countries. But the Guatemala uprising in June, 1954, was something more than an internal squabble. This time the revolt was important internationally because the rebels overthrew a pro-Communist regime. ...


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(Pop. 1,150,000). The first parliament of this independent kingdom met during 1954. In April, Mustafa Halim took over as Premier and selected his cabinet. Several members of the Libyan royal family were exiled in October, following the slaying of ...


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MALAYA, FEDERATION OF (pop. 4,905,999). British and native troops in the Federation of Malaya in 1954 continued the seven-year-old battle with Soviet-inspired Communist guerrilla armies. The guerrillas, recruited from the Chinese population rather ...


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The $45,000,000 Lynn Lake nickel-copper concentrator plant began production in northern Manitoba in September. A whole new business in the manufacture of by-products, particularly of fertilizers, sulfate of ammonia, and ammonia gas, was made possible ...


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Results from treatment with antibiotics continued to provide much of the encouraging news in 1954 in the fight against disease. A new antibiotic released for use was synnematin. Doctors reported that this drug checked an outbreak of typhoid fever ...


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Toward the end of 1954, there were signs of improving prosperity in Mexico. Devaluation of the peso by 31 per cent helped to attract investments, because it meant that Americans could get more pesos for their dollars. It also encouraged exports, ...


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(Pop. 10,103,000). In the elections for provincial councils on April 21, Catholics won 31.5 per cent of the votes; Socialists, 29.4 per cent; Calvinists, 20 per cent; Liberals, 8.8 per cent; and Communists, 5.3 per cent. It was a gain for the ...


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The great mineral rush which followed the discovery of the Bathurst field in 1953 continued in 1954. As the search for copper, zinc, and uranium went on, plans advance for bringing mines into production and for building concentrators. Eventual ...


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The conviction for fraud of the man who directed Newfoundland's great economic development from 1950 to 1953 caused a sensation in 1954. Alfred Valdmanis, a former finance minister of Latvia, pleaded guilty of defrauding the Newfoundland Government of ...


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(Pop. 3,310,821). Norway did business with both the East and West in 1954. Fish exports and a shipping trade brought money into the country. Norway was able to extend its health insurance and other welfare services. ...


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Premier Angus L. Macdonald died in April. He had been in office since 1945. Health Minister Harold J. Connolly succeeded him until a Liberal party convention named a new leader. The convention met in September, and chose Education Minister Henry D. ...


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United States, British, and German investments pushed expansion in Ontario, Canada's industrial heartland, during 1954. The province expected spending on new projects to top the record figure of $2,000,000,000 in 1953, and to bring the total of new ...


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(Pop. 8,132,700). The celebrated case of Victor Raul Haya de la Torre was concluded on April 6, 1954, when the Aprista (political party) leader was permitted to leave the Colombia Embassy at Lima and proceed to Mexico. He was first granted asylum in ...


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The Philippines made notable progress in winning peace and prosperity at home in 1954. Ramon Magsaysay, elected president in 1953, greatly extended his personal reputation as a national and international statesman. At the Manila Conference in ...


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Scientists, in order to explain some atomic energy facts, have been forced to invent something that may turn out to be as unreal as "celestial ether" was in the 1800's. When an atom breaks apart to produce atomic energy, the amount of energy created ...


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Hermann Field, a Cleveland, Ohio, architect, was released from a Warsaw prison on October 25. He had gone behind the Iron Curtain in 1949 to search for his brother, Noel Field, who was freed from a Hungarian prison in November. Hermann was thrown into ...


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Popular music got some help from Hollywood during 1954. The theme song from the movie Three Coins in the Fountain was one of the year's popular hits. Other songs, such as "The High and the Mighty," boosted the popularity of the movies they came from. ...


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The Government offered low-interest loans in an effort to encourage the processing of agricultural and fish products. This was part of an attempt to give the island a more varied economy. The opening of a new plant to make evaporated and powdered milk ...


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One of the most promising treatment approaches developed in the field of psychiatry in 1954 was the use of an extract of a drug known as Rauwolfia serpentine. This drug is derived from a flowering plant found in southeast Asia. It has been known for ...


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The American Psychological Association took steps in 1954 to certify qualified professional psychologists. Dr. Fillmore H. Sanford, the Association's executive secretary, announced that the Association had authorized establishment of the American ...


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The Nationalist party of Puerto Rico has only 500 members, but it accounted for a big share of the island's headlines in 1954. On March 1, four party members fired bullets in the United States House of Representatives in Washington, D.C. Five ...


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The biggest development in Quebec in 1954 was the completion of the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway. This line, connecting Seven Islands and Schefferville in the Labrador-Ungava iron-ore field, began shipment of ore from Seven Islands. The ...


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On a local-station basis showed remarkable staying power against the inroads of television in 1954. ...


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Celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1954. Republicans at Ripon, Wis., contend the party was formed there in 1854. They celebrated the anniversary on March 20. However, citizens of Jackson, Mich., argued the party was organized in Jackson. They ...


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Wheat farmers, after three years of bumper crops, had lower yields of poorer quality in 1954. The provincial government's revenues dropped, but the province still expected to end the fiscal year with a small surplus. ...


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Saudi Arabia tangled with Great Britain in 1954 over the Baraimi Oasis, an oil-rich area on the Arabian peninsula. Both countries claimed possession of the oasis. In July, they agreed to submit the dispute to an arbitration tribunal. The tribunal ...


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Germany won the world's soccer championship in 1954 in Switzerland. Hungary finished second, and Austria was third. The New York Americans took the United States National Challenge Cup. The Beadling Soccer Club of Western Pennsylvania won the National ...


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(Pop. 972,000). The Territorial Council of the Italian Trusteeship of Somaliland in 1954 stepped up its campaign to attract foreign capital for development. The Council promised that investments will be protected and will get treatment equal to ...


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Rocket travel above the earth's atmosphere is only a matter of time and money, space experts said at the fifth annual congress of the International Astronautical Federation. Among the possibilities discussed at the Innsbruck, Austria, sessions was a ...


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Spain (pop. 28,039,112) has not liked the foreign occupation of Gibraltar ever since the British seized it in 1704. It has made constant efforts to recover possession. In January, anti-British Spanish students demonstrated against the British embassy ...


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(Pop. 7,150,606). In October, the Government adopted a comprehensive health-insurance plan which went into effect of Jan. 1, 1955. The plan is compulsory, but it may be supplemented by voluntary health insurance. It is jointly financed by the insured ...


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American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT & T) took a major step toward introducing automatic dial telephoning between all cities in the United States and Canada. In November, it unveiled a multimillion-dollar automatic switching center for ...


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The way in which the Army-McCarthy hearings caught the public interest furnished new proof, if any was necessary, of the impact of television. Many a housewife neglected her chores, and many a coffee break lengthened as the nation watched the ...


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Thailand (pop. 17,442,689) defied the Soviet and Chinese Communist regimes in 1954. Meanwhile, the country strengthened its military defense. In April, as French forces were retreating before the Communist guerrilla armies in Vietnam, Thailand was the ...


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Turkey (pop. 20,934,670) completed two important international agreements in 1954. In June, the Grand National Assembly ratified the Turkish-Pakistani Treaty. Turkey and Pakistan agreed to help each other defend themselves in case of attack. In August,...


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The racial problem in South Africa continued in 1954 to overshadow other issues. ...


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The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (pop. 210,000,000) increased the production of consumers' goods in 1954. The Government followed a cold-war policy of extending Soviet imperialism. ...


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Drought, floods, snow, smog, and wind plagued the United States during 1954. In Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming, Missouri, and western Kansas, the bone-dry soil was lifted into the air in dust storms during the long spring drought. Great areas which ...


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Water shortages became a serious problem in many areas of the United States in 1954. A report prepared by the United States Geological Survey indicated that these shortages were caused by cities outgrowing their water-supply systems as a result of ...


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President Tito, in 1954, restored full diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and its Satellite countries of Rumania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Albania. Soviet Deputy Premier Maxim Saburov, speaking November 7 on the 37th anniversary of the Soviet ...


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A five-year survey in Tennessee disclosed that robins, mockingbirds, and other birds that live in cities were increasing in number, while the population of such field birds as meadow larks and field sparrows had been cut almost in half. ...


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Down to the Depths. Two French naval engineers established a new diving record in February, 1954. They plunged 13,287 feet (2 1/2 miles) into the Atlantic Ocean about 120 miles west of Dakar, French West Africa. The descent was made in a new ...


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Eight years of war between the French forces in Indochina and Communist guerrilla armies under Soviet-trained Ho Chi Minh ended on July 21, 1954, in an armistice signed at Geneva, Switzerland. France, Britain, the Soviet Union, Red China, Vietnam, ...


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Political, economic, and social advances brightened 1955 for some parts of Africa. In other regions, revolt against colonial rule reached a higher pitch of violence than in 1954. ...


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Premier Ernest C. Manning called a special election in June, 1955, because of corruption charges against members of his Social Credit government. Manning's party won re-election, but by a smaller majority than in the previous election. A royal ...


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Tests in 1955 revealed that bones of prehistoric animals found in Nevada, mixed with charcoal from ancient campfires were at least 23,800 years old. This date was the oldest yet established for human habitation in the United States. The tests were ...


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Argentina (pop.15,893,827) cast off tyranny and turned to democracy in 1955. A year of ups and downs ended in the overthrow of Dictator-President Juan D. Peron, the general who had ruled the country for nearly twelve years. Peron's regime collapsed on ...


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Remained a vast battlefield of psychological warfare between the free world and Communism during 1955. The distinctions between Asia's Communist countries, anti-Communist states, and neutral nations became sharper than ever. Soviet Russia and its ...


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A total eclipse, lasting longer than any in more than 1,200 years, blotted out the sun on June 20, 1955. Scientists from throughout the world gathered in Ceylon. Conditions there seemed best for observations of the eclipse, which lasted more then ...


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A Royal Commission on Soviet Espionage reported in September, 1955, that Russian spies in Australia had endangered "the whole Western world." The Government created the commission after Vladimir Petrov, an official of the Soviet embassy, exposed the ...


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The automobile industry had the biggest year in its history in 1955. It turned out more cars and trucks than ever before. It offered its workers more economic security than they had ever enjoyed when it granted a modified guaranteed annual wage. And ...


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Chalked up many new accomplishments in 1955 as the dramatic possibilities of the jet age continued to unfold. Colonel Horace A. Hanes broke the world jet (nonrocket) speed record for level flight. His North American F-100C Super Sabre hurtled through ...


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For the Brooklyn Dodgers, "next year" finally came in October, 1955. The Dodgers won their first World Series by defeating their old tormentors, the New York Yankees, four games to three. Seven times Brooklyn had won the National League pennant, only ...


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The University of San Francisco Dons won the vote of most experts as the outstanding college basketball team of 1955. The Dons, led by Bill Russell, 6 feet 10 inches tall, won the National Collegiate Athletic Association (N.C.A.A.) championship at ...


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Belgian Congo (pop. 12,000,000) gave an enthusiastic reception to Belgian King Baudouin when he visited the colony in the spring of 1955. Newly-painted buildings, thousands of Belgian flags, and massed troops added color to the visit. Band music and ...


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Scientists made it easier in 1955 to use atomic energy to develop better flowers and vegetables. Until a few years ago, men had been forced to depend upon nature for the mutations (sudden changes in genetic structure) that produced radically different ...


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Industrial expansion and construction sparked a burst of optimism in British Columbia during 1955. The Government predicted that the population of the province would almost triple in twenty years as a result of the business boom. ...


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Cambodia (pop. 3,800,000) became an independent country in 1955. Communist Vietminh and French forces left Cambodia in October. ...


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Canada enjoyed the prosperity of a giant uranium boom during 1955. Canadians celebrated their country's 88th birthday with an income tax cut. Gross national production jumped $2,250,000 over 1954, and employment soared to an all-time high. ...


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Canadian literature in 1955 featured two studies in Canadian history. Donald Creightons's The Old Chieftain traced the life of Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada's first premier, from confederation in 1867 to his death his 1891. Many critics hailed it as ...


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The adrenal glands produce a number of chemicals called hormones. These hormones regulate body processes and are necessary to life. ...


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(Pop. 5,930,809). A wave of strikes crippled Chile's industrial life in 1955. Miners, steelmen, transport workers, government employees, and communications workers went on strike at various times during the year. Workers sought higher pay to balance ...


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Two separate governments continued to claim sovereignity over all China. The Republic of China, under President Chiang Kai-shek, actually governed only the large island of Formosa. The Communist dictatorship, under Mao Tse-tung, controlled the 18 ...


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President Eisenhower faced a Democrat-controlled Eighty-fourth Congress when it convened on Jan. 5, 1955. Many observers feared that Democratic Congressmen, for political reasons, would oppose the President's program, and that the resulting conflict ...


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Major crimes decreased slightly in the United States during 1955. J. Edgar Hoover, director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.), reported the first fall in the crime rate since 1948. However, someone committed a major crime every fourteen ...


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(Pop. 5,850,000). Political developments in Cuba in 1955 indicated a return to a more constitutional government. President Fulgencio Batista had promised a return to "normalcy" after the 1954 elections. Batista, who had ruled as military dictator ...


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Czechoslovakia (pop. 12,167,474) sold heavy military equipment to Egypt in 1955. The sale prepared the way for possible further Communist infiltration into the Near East, which long has been courted both by the Western Powers and the Soviet Union. ...


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Democratic hopes for recapturing the Presidency in 1956 soared when President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in September, 1955. Democratic leaders recognized Eisenhower's great popularity, and felt that their party had received an unexpected ...


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(Pop. 4,347,613). Prime Minister Hans Hedtoft, 51, died of a heart attack in January. He had headed the Socialist party for fifteen years. Hans Christian Hansen succeeded Hedtoft. The new Socialist leader continued Hedtoft's policies of cooperating ...


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(Pop. 28,039,112). General Francisco Franco, 62, holds a tight dictatorial rein on Spain. But the Spanish chief of state realizes that he cannot live forever. An event in 1955 indicated he might be thinking about restoring the monarchy. ...


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(Pop. 7,150,606). Since 1815, Sweden has followed a policy of neutrality. In accordance with this policy, Sweden has refused to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). But in December, 1955, the Swedish Government took a step away from its ...


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Engineers unreeled the first transoceanic telephone cable across the Atlantic in 1955. The cable stretches from Clarenville, Newfoundland, to Oban, Scotland. A second cable, scheduled for completion in 1956, must be laid before two-way conversations ...


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Television in 1955 entrenched itself even more firmly as a part of the American way of life. More than 32,000,000 families in the United States owned TV sets. Almost no part of the country was out of range of television signals. Vermont became the ...


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Thailand (pop. 17,442,689) urged in 1955 that the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) establish a mobile army to repel any Communist aggression in Southeast Asia. At the Bandung Conference in April, Thailand joined four other South Asian ...


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Turkey signed a treaty with Iraq in February, 1955, and joined the Baghdad Pact Near East defense plan. One outcome of the new alliance was strained relations with Syria, Turkey's southern neighbor. There were threats along the border but no major ...


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At the end of 1955, South Africa seemed to be a one-party country. The Government, under the leadership of Prime Minister Johannes G. Strydom, increased the size of the senate from forty-eight to eighty-nine members. It also changed their method of ...


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The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (pop. 210,000,000) maintained its high tempo of industrialization in 1955. The Kremlin made several shifts of strategy in its foreign policy, but the moves gained little for the Communist world movement. ...


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Free South Vietnam achieved independence after French troops withdrew in accord with the 1954 Geneva Agreement. A national referendum in October, 1955, named Premier Ngo Dinh Diem to succeed Bao Dai as Chief of State. On October 26, Diem proclaimed ...


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The weather in 1955 gave the Pacific Northwest its coldest, wettest summer in years, and brought the Northeast States their most devastating floods. But other areas in the United States sweltered through their hottest summer in history. Chicago ...


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Water. The United States has an abundant water supply. American cities use only one eighth of the total water in the country's streams and waterways. But many cities, because of their location or lack of sufficient reservoirs, have the problem of how ...


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President Tito increased his own prestige and that of his country in 1955 by diplomatic dealings with important visitors, and by efforts at peaceful conciliation between the Communist bloc and the free world. ...


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The outlawed Irish Republican Army (I.R.A.) stirred up more trouble in 1955 with raids in England and Northern Ireland. Three captured terrorists receive life terms in prison for their part in an August raid on a British army depot. The Government of ...


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In the first anxious days, after the President was taken to Fitzsimons Army Hospital in Denver, most Americans were concerned only for the well-being of the man they affectionately called "Ike." The White House Press Secretary, James Hagerty, ...


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There was a sound basis for hope and optimism in Europe during the early part of 1955. In February, Nikolai A. Bulganin succeeded Georgi M. Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. With this Soviet switch, the Kremlin's attitude toward Western Europe ...


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Finland (pop. 4,065,027) was admitted to the United Nations in 1955. Backed by the western Powers, Finland won U.N. membership in December, along with fifteen other nations. The General Assembly accepted the countries in a "package deal" between the ...


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Michigan State's 17-14 victory over U.C.L.A., with a field goal in the last seven seconds of the Rose Bowl game (Jan. 2, 1956), climaxed a football season ruled by perennial powerhouse but sprinkled with major upsets. ...


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The most important fossil discovery of the year may have been that of a dozen or more skulls and several almost complete skeletons of an extinct animal called a tritylodont. Fossil hunters found the skulls and skeletons in Monument Valley, Arizona. ...


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Elections on Jan. 2, 1956, plunged France into one of its worst political crises. Neither the party headed by Premier Edgar A. Faure nor the one led by former Premier Pierre Mendes-France won enough seats in the new National Assembly to control the ...


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Scientists in 1955 developed a new method of determining the age of rocks through radioactive dating. An older method is based on the presence of uranium or lead in a rock formation. But few rocks contain uranium or lead. The new system is based on ...


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The West German Federal Republic became a sovereign state in 1955. In May, the Western Powers granted the Bonn Republic its independence, and admitted it to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Germany's new position as an ally of the ...


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An old warrior, his successor, and a pretty princess shared the spotlight in Great Britain in 1955. ...


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Greece (pop. 7,631,124) ran into new trouble over Cyprus in 1955. The Island of Cyprus, once part of the Turkish Empire but annexed by Great Britain in 1914, has a mixed population of about 400,000 Greeks, 90,000 Turks, and 10,000 persons of other ...


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Haiti suffered widespread starvation and illness in 1955 as a result of Hurricane Hazel, which devastated the Caribbean republic late in 1954. A severe spring drought added to the country's troubles. Other Caribbean countries and the United States ...


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A report made in 1955 indicated a close relationship between some human respiratory diseases and distemper viruses in animals. A trial of a new vaccine, developed by the same virus-growing technique as that used with the Salk antipolio vaccine, ...


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The Detroit Red Wings won their second straight Stanley Cup in 1955, again defeating the Montreal Canadiens for the National Hockey League's top prize. The Wings also won their seventh consecutive regular season championship. ...


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Imre Nagy was ousted as Communist Premier of Hungary in April, 1955. He had held the premiership since 1953. Nagy was accused of having neglected heavy industry and of paying too little attention to farm collectivization. ...


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India made economic and social advances during 1955. The nation remained the leader of the neutralist bloc of Asiatic states, but the friendliness of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru toward the U.S.S.R. hurt India's prestige among the free nations. ...


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Two events of great importance in Indian affairs took place on July 1, 1955. One was the transfer of the Indian health program from the Bureau of Indian Affairs of the Department of the Interior to the Public Health Service of the Department of Health,...


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Although Indonesia had been an independent country for six years, it was not until 1955 that it held its first general election. In the election of the first parliament on September 29, more than 190 parties competed for 260 seats under the ...


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Clashes with its Arab neighbors kept this young nation stirred up in 1955. Former Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion returned to public life when he was named Minister of Defense in February. Ten days later, Israeli troops raided Egyptian military ...


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At the expiration of President Luigi Einaudi's seven-year term, Giovanni Gronchi was elected third President of the Italian Republic in April, 1955. The President of Italy is elected by members of the Senate, members of the Chamber of Deputies, and ...


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Japan stabilized its internal politics and made economic gains in 1955. ...


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During the third year of the Korean armistice, Korea remained a divided nation. North of the armistice line, the Communist Government continued to be subservient to Communist China. South of the armistice line, the Republic of Korea, under President ...


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The overthrow of Dictator Juan Peron in Argentina won the biggest headlines in Latin America in 1955. But, in most Latin-American countries, political and economic stability grew as heads of governments exchanged friendly visits and various ...


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Libya (pop. 1,175,000) became a member of the United Nations in December. King Idris strengthened Libya's ties with Egypt in June, when he married a Bedouin chief's daughter. France and Egypt signed a treaty of friendship in August. The pact called ...


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Voters chose members of the Federation of Malaya's Legislative Council for the first time in 1955. Fifty-one of the fifty-two elective seats in the Legislative Council of ninety-eight seats went to an alliance of the three political parties, the ...


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Manitoba enjoyed a building boom in Winnipeg, the capital, during 1955. Construction included a $2,000,000 bridge across the Assiniboine River and a $2,000,000 arena. The city's new $20,000,000 chemical industry began producing nitrogen fertilizer for ...


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Medicine scored a major breakthrough in 1955 when test results showed the Salk vaccine was effective in curbing poliomyelitis. ...


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The economy of Mexico boomed in 1955. For the first time since the 1920's, annual income grew faster than the population. Petroleum output went up 20 per cent, and a large oil refinery opened in Salamanca. Mexico's largest steel mill expanded. It is ...


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(Pop. 10,103,000). Premier Willem Drees' coalition government of Socialists and Catholics lost a vote of confidence in May in a showdown on a tax and rent bill. The bill lost by two votes, and the Drees cabinet resigned. After a ten-day crisis, each ...


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The Bathurst mining area made news again in 1955 with the discovery of lead, zinc, and silver deposits. Prospectors also searched for uranium and oil in the mineral-rich region. Demand for coal resulted in increased production at Minto. ...


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Premier Joseph Smallwood told a royal commission in October, 1955, that Newfoundland needed federal aid in developing its natural resources. Canada's newest province suffered a further slump in fishing income. Fishing once provided 90 per cent of ...


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(Pop. 3,310,821). In 1955, Norway celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its independence, and of the rule of King Haakon VII. Norway's peaceful separation from Sweden took place in 1905. Norway has prospered during the half century, despite two world ...


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The opening of the $22,000,000 Canso Causeway attracted increased numbers of tourists to Cape Breton Island during 1955. The causeway links the island with the Nova Scotia mainland. Completion of the Halifax-Dartmouth bridge led to plans for a large ...


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The discovery of rich uranium deposits during 1955 spurred Ontario's booming economy. Premier Leslie Frost's record $517,000,000 budget included $92,400,000 for education, more than the total budget for any year before World War II. The budget also ...


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(Pop. 9,035,000). Industrial and agricultural projects made Peru's economy hum in 1955. The nation received a loan from French bankers to complete construction of the Chimbote steel works. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ...


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President Ramon Magsaysay expanded social and economic reforms in the Philippine Islands during 1955. Having suppressed Communist-led guerrillas who had terrorized the countryside for five years, he determined to discourage Communism through land ...


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Scientists at the University of California achieved a long-sought goal in 1955. They created an anti-proton (a proton with a negative electrical charge). Theoretical physicists long had believed that anti-protons exist, but they had never captured one....


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The most important event in Poland in 1955 was the Warsaw Conference of the Soviet satellite states, held in May. The satellites, under Soviet direction, agreed to the formation of an eastern military organization to offset the North Atlantic Treaty ...


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Davy Crockett, one of the heroes of American frontier life, was also the subject of the most popular song of 1955. For months, in all parts of the United States, children and their parents could be heard singing, or listening to, "The Ballad of Davy ...


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Prince Edward Island enjoyed increasing prosperity during 1955. New processing plants boosted farm production and revenue, and a geological survey indicated mineral wealth that would balance the province's economy. Rural electrification, sponsored by ...


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Promising news in the field of psychiatry in 1955 came with the formation of a Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, by the American Psychiatric Association and the Council on Mental Health of the American Medical Association. About twenty ...


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Perhaps as a relief to many successful people, psychologists in 1955 decided that an I.Q. (intelligence) rating does not necessarily indicate how much a person knows or what he can do. Tests designed to predict achievement at the grade-school level ...


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Governor Luis Munoz Marin's vigorous "Operation Bootstrap" program of diversifying the economy of the Commonwealth made definite progress in 1955. Sugar now accounts for less than 20 per cent of the island's income. Many new industrial plants opened ...


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Quebec played an important part in Canada's mining boom of 1955. Construction of a $12,000,000 smelter started at Sorel following the discovery of titanium ore at Allard, 400 miles north of Quebec City. Strikes of lithium near Oka and in Lacorne ...


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Made an amazing comeback in 1955, after taking severe punishment from television. Radio station operators changed the basic pattern of their programs, made many economies, and reduced costs to advertisers. Many stations returned to the local personal ...


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President Eisenhower's heart attack gave the Republican party extra problems for the 1956 presidential election year. The party lost ground in many 1955 local elections. If Eisenhower declined to run for a second term, the G.O.P. would have to find a ...


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Saskatchewan celebrated Golden Jubilee Year in 1955. Communities throughout the region observed Saskatchewan's fiftieth year as a province. ...


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Two major disputes in Saudi Arabi in 1955 caused headaches for international peacemakers. The first argument was with the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco) over a contract which Saudi Arabia had signed with the A.S. Onassis tanker company for ...


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The Eintracht team of New York City won soccer's 1955 National Challenge Cup. The National Amateur Cup went to the Heidelberg (Pa.) Tornadoes. Gottschee of New York City and Schwaben of Chicago tied for the National Junior Cup. ...


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The United States in 1955 revealed plans to launch the first man-made, earth-circling satellite during 1957 or 1958. The unmanned satellite, called MOUSE for Minimum Orbital Unmanned Satellite of the Earth, is expected to be somewhat larger than a ...


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Field zoologists made some unusual discoveries in 1955. In fact, their findings overshadowed the more sober research of zoologists in their laboratories. Shrimp on a desert lake, worms in Alaska, and strange frogs in Brazil caught the attention of the ...


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Electronic computers made an even greater impact on business and industry in 1955 than in 1954. To meet the flood of paper work, more and more industries installed data-processing equipment to handle routine clerical tasks. Factories geared their ...


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As election-year maneuvering began, Stevenson appeared to be the favorite for the nomination. In his unsuccessful bid for the Presidency in 1952, he received more votes than any other Presidential candidate except Eisenhower and Franklin D. Roosevelt....


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Struggled through a year of unrest and war in 1956. the Union of South Africa mapped rigid segregation policies, aimed at moving nonwhite residents into separate ares. France poured troops into Algeria in an unsuccessful drive to wipe out rebel bands. ...


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Oil discoveries boosted Alberta's economy in 1956. Average daily oil production in Alberta and British Columbia reached 450,000 barrels, and experts predicted that the output would rise to 1,000,000 barrels a day by 1965. The oil strikes were made in ...


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United States scientists in 1956 discovered the ancient Holy Land city of Gibeon. The city lay under the present village of el-Jib in Jordan, three miles from Israel. Ancient Hebrew inscriptions described it as the place where, according to the Old ...


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(Pop. 18,916,000). President Pedro E. Aramburu pushed his program to stamp out Peronism, and the country moved toward constitutional government in 1956 despite sabotage, plots, and revolutionary attempts. Army elements rebelled on June 9 in central ...


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The struggle for power between the Communist countries and the free world caused divisions and suspicions throughout Asia in 1956. Many Asian nations hoped to keep out of this competition and stay neutral. Throughout Asia, nations tried to improve ...


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Mars made its most neighborly approach since 1924 when it came within 35,000,000 miles of the earth on Sep. 7, 1956. The mysterious red planet will not come that close again until Aug. 6, 1971. Mars is nearly 250,000,000 miles from the earth at its ...


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Played host to the 1956 Olympic Games in November and December. The Government build an Olympic Village on the outskirts of Melbourne to house the 6,000 athletes and officials. The village contained 841 housing units, 22 dining halls, and a shopping ...


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The automobile industry, staggered by a severe sales slump early in 1956, recovered quickly when 1957 models went on sale late in the year. The new models were longer, lower, and more powerful. Sales jumped in November and December. The industry sold ...


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Air travel, aircraft production, and employment in the aviation industry increased in 1956. Air-line travel rose about 15 per cent, and air-cargo shipments also were larger. Aircraft-industry employment rose to more than 800,000, nearly 100,000 more ...


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Don Larsen of the New york Yankees pitched the first perfect no-hit, no-run game in World Series history on Oct. 8, 1956. The Yankees went on to whip the Brooklyn Dodgers, four games to three. It was Casey Stengel's sixth world championship in eight ...


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San Francisco gained rank in the 1955-1956 season as probably the greatest college basketball team of all time. The Dons won all their 29 games, to extend their unbeaten streak to 55. Illinois finally broke the string at 60 straight games on December ...


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Belgian Congo (pop. 12,300,000) completed one of its busiest years of economic and social change in 1956. The Government announced that industrialization had doubled since a 10-year plan was launched in 1950. The program also improved the standard of ...


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Scientists discovered in 1956 that trees, grass, crops, and other plants take radioactive particles from the atmosphere. They tried to find out how much of this radioactive material ends up on our dinner tables. The botanists hoped to learn, for ...


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Premier W. A. C. Bennett and the Social Credit Government won a landslide election victory in September, 1956. Social Credit representation in the provincial legislature rose from 28 to 39 of the 52 seats. ...


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Cambodia rejected membership in the South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1956, and signed a $22,400,000 two-year economic aid agreement with Communist China. Chou En-lai, premier of Communist China, visited the country in November. The ...


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Canada enjoyed its most prosperous year in 1956, and played an important role as an international peacemaker. Capital poured in from the United States, Great Britain, and other countries. Capital investments rose 21 per cent to about $7,500,000,000. ...


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Canadian literature in 1956 featured two more volumes of the official World War II history of the Canadian Army. The first volume of Six Years of War, written by Colonel C. P. Stacey and published in 1955, revealed Canada's unpreparedness of war, and ...


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Chemistry linked itself more closely than ever in 1956 with other sciences, agriculture, and technology. ...


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(Pop. 6,510,000). An all-out campaign to halt inflation spearheaded developments in Chile during 1956. Inflation had plagued the economy for years. A New York financial firm, hired to suggest economic reforms, recommended "freeing" the Chilean peso. ...


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During 1956, China remained divided into two areas under separate governments: the Communist People's Republic of China, governing the mainland and Hainan Island; and the Nationalist Republic of China, governing Formosa. However, both governments ...


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The 85th Congress opened its first session on Jan. 3, 1957. The Democrats controlled both houses, despite President Eisenhower's landslide victory on Nov. 6, 1956. It marked the first time since 1848 that a President failed to carry at least one house ...


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Crime rose to the highest level in United States history in 1956. The Federal Bureau of Investigation estimated that 2,500,000 major crimes were committed, about 245,000 more than in 1955. ...


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(Pop. 5,980,000). Outbreaks of political violence rocked Cuba during 1956. About 12 persons died in Matanzas during an uprising in April against the Government of General Fulgencio Batista. Colonel Antonio Blanco Rico, chief of military intelligence, ...


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Czechoslovakia joined the anti-Stalin wave that swept the Communist world in 1956. The Government forced Alexei Cepicka, first deputy premier, to resign in April. It described Cepicka as a "purge specialist," "hatchet man," and "a pillar of Stalinism."...


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The Democratic Party began searching for a new leader after Adlai E. Stevenson was buried under the Eisenhower landslide of Nov. 6, 1956. The party found some consolation in retaining control of Congress despite President Eisenhower's re-election. ...


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(Pop. 4,422,000). Premier H. C. Hansen signed a new trade treaty with the Soviet Union in Moscow in March, 1956. The pact renewed trade relations that had been broken off in 1954. Denmark agreed to deliver two fast dry-cargo 10,000-ton ships to the U....


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The outlawed Irish Republican Army (IRA) launched a series of attacks against British barracks and customs posts in Northern Ireland in December, 1956. The Government of Ireland joined with Northern Ireland to stop the violence. Soldiers and police ...


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His Health. Eisenhower's great popularity swept aside any doubts the American voters had about his health. The President was stricken June 8 by an attack of ileitis, an inflammation of the small intestine. He underwent surgery at Walter Reed Army ...


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President Dwight D. Eisenhower won re-election on November 6, 1956, in a landslide that proved the American people "like Ike." He topped his performance in the 1952 election by receiving 35,584,135 votes and carrying 41 states. ...


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Revolts in Poland and Hungary and the British-French-Israeli attack on Egypt rocked Europe in 1956. Political tension had relaxed during the first half of the year, largely because of Nikita S. Khrushchev's speech at the Soviet Party Congress in ...


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Finland (pop. 4,216,000) elected Urho K. Kekkonen as its eighth president on Feb. 16, 1956. Kekkonen said he would continue the policies of his predecessor, Juho Paasikivi. Paasikivi died on December 14. A former Olympic sprinting champion, Kekkonen ...


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The Oklahoma Sooners swept through their third straight perfect season in 1956, and again reigned as national college champions. Oklahoma ran its winning streak to 40 games, breaking the mark of 39 set by Washington between 1908 and 1915. ...


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The world's oldest insects were found 150 miles north of the Arctic Circle in Alaska in 1956 by an expedition sponsored by the Arctic Institute of North America. The discoveries were not mere impressions, but actual specimens embedded in amber 60,000,...


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French troops fought rebels in Algeria throughout 1956, and joined British forces in an attack on Egypt on October 31. France sent more than 400,000 men into Algeria in an unsuccessful effort to end the uprising there. This weakened the country's ...


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From the time of the earliest philosophers up until the present day, men have been curious about the size of the world on which they live. As the centuries passed, their estimates and their actual measurements became more and more accurate. Today, ...


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Opposition by the Socialist party and other groups forced Chancellor Konrad Adenauer to slow down West German rearmament in 1956. Adenauer had hoped to raise an army of 500,000 when Germany was admitted to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ...


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The United Kingdom in 1956 joined France in an attack on Egypt that rocked the British people and shocked the nation's allies. The short-lived invasion heaped new problems on the shaky government of Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden. Finding themselves ...


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Fighting on the island of Cyprus strained the relations of Greece with Turkey and Great Britain in 1956. Cyprus residents of Greek ancestry wanted union with Greece. But Turkey declared on March 20 that it would not agree to Greek or Greek-Cypriote ...


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(Pop. 3,300,000). Paul E. Magloire resigned as President at the end of his second term on Dec. 6, 1956, but declared himself provisional chief of state and commander in chief of the army. A general strike followed, and forced Magloire out on December ...


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The Montreal Canadiens in 1956 decisively ended the Detroit Red Wings' seven-year reign as National Hockey League champions. First, the Canadiens won the League title. Then, paced by Maurice "Rocket" Richard, Jean Beliveau, and Bernie "Boom Boom" ...


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The Hungarian people made a bold bid for freedom when they revolted against the Soviet Union in October, 1956. The Hungarians battled bravely against the troops and tanks that the Soviets poured into their country. Soviet military might, helped by ...


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Tried to play the role of world neutralist leader in 1956. During the Suez Canal crisis, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru criticized the Western powers for "colonialism," and offered India's services as mediator. His suggestion for a "summit meeting" ...


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The Wyandot Indians regained two acres of land in downtown Kansas City, Kan., in 1956. The Oklahoma tribe planned to sell the tract back to Kansas City businessmen for $1,500,000. The land was once an Indian burial ground. ...


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Broke its last political ties with The Netherlands in 1956, and canceled all special privileges of Dutch citizens in the country. The Dutch and Indonesians disagreed over Dutch economic privileges in Indonesia, and over the disputed territory of West ...


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Stunned the world by invading Egypt on Oct. 29, 1956. Israeli forces drove to within 18 miles of the Suez Canal, and occupied the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula before the fighting stopped on November 6. Great Britain and France joined the attack ...


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A coalition of pro-Western parties gained strength in local elections on May 27. More than nine of every 10 qualified voters went to the polls in the first test of party strength since 1953. The moderate parties received more than half the votes. ...


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Japan worked to settle its World War II debts in 1956 so it could expand trading markets. The Government signed a peace treaty with the Soviet Union in October, and established diplomatic relations with the U.S.S.R. The treaty provided that the Soviet ...


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The Republic of Korea re-elected 81-year-old President Syngman Rhee to his third term in May, 1956. Rhee's opponent and main critic, P. H. Shinicky, died during the campaign. His death touched off riots in Seoul and Pusan until doctors assured the ...


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The heads of 18 Latin-American nations and the United States met in the city of Panama in July, 1956. They resolved to forge the Organization of American States (OAS) into a more effective international tool, and use it to raise living standards ...


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Libya (pop. 1,100,000) became embroiled in the cold war in 1956 when Egypt sent teachers and technicians into the country. But Libyan Premier Ben Halim rejected the Soviet Union's offer of a generous loan for economic development. He acted after Great ...


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MALAYA (pop. 5,980,000) and Great Britain agreed in 1956 that Malaya would become an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations in August, 1957. Malaya was scheduled to take control of internal defense, finance, commerce, and industry. Great ...


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Manitoba developed its economy during 1956, as small communities benefited from a new electrification program. Oil production almost doubled, and the prospects of obtaining natural gas from the Trans-Canada pipe line grew brighter. The search ...


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A Chicago woman made medical history in April, 1956, when she gave birth to a baby and underwent major surgery with only hypnosis to kill the pain. "It was wonderful," Mrs. Gloria Dillenbeck, 28, said later. Mrs. Dillenbeck had borne two sons ...


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Achieved new levels of prosperity in 1956. The Government reported the largest treasury surplus in its history, 676,000,000 pesos (about $55,000,000). Government income rose 37 per cent, compared to a 30 per-cent rise in government spending. Mexico ...


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The split between the Western powers and the Arab states widened in 1956. The Soviet Union fanned the flames of Arab nationalism to draw these countries away from the West. The Arabs reacted violently against the attack by Great Britain and France on ...


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The Netherlands (pop. 10,670,000) suffered its greatest cabinet crisis in history during 1956. After a 118-day stalemate, Willem Drees formed a four-party coalition on October 12. Drees, a Socialist, resumed the premiership he had held for eight years....


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Voters re-elected the Progressive-Conservative Government of Premier Hugh John Flemming in June, 1956. Citizens brought the problems of the Maritime area before the Royal Commission investigating Canada's economic prospects, and published a new ...


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Newfoundland re-elected its Liberal Government in October, 1956. The party won 32 of the 36 seats in the provincial legislature. Premier Joseph Smallwood campaigned on three issues: (1) the Government's record of building 633 miles of new roads to ...


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(Pop. 3,408,000). In January and February, 1956, Norway showed that it could not be intimidated by the Soviet Union. Norwegian naval units captured 16 Soviet vessels that were fishing within the 4-mile limit that marks Norwegian waters. Norway ...


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The Progressive-Conservative party, under the leadership of Robert L. Stanfield, ousted the Liberal government in 1956 elections. The Progressive-Conservatives won 23 seats in the 43-seat legislature, and received almost half the votes. ...


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The Soviet Union won the unofficial championship in the 1956 Olympic Games at Melbourne, Australia, in November. Soviet athletes scored 722 points. The United States finished second with 593 points. Team points are unofficial because athletes compete ...


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Ontario bustled with activity in 1956. The population of Toronto jumped to an estimated 1,347,905, more than one-fifth higher than in 1951. Experts estimated that Ontario's population increased by 10,000 a month during the five-year period. ...


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(Pop. 9,300,000). Peru elected 67-year-old Manuel Prado y Ugarteche president in June, 1956. Prado had served as president from 1939 to 1945. Prado immediately welcomed back to Peru members of the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana party (APRA), ...


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The Philippines signed a reparations agreement with Japan in 1956. Japan agreed to give the Philippines $550,000,000 in goods to pay for World War II damage. Japan also agreed to lend the Philippines $250,000,000 over a 20-year period. ...


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Scientists and industrial researchers showed increasing interest in solid-state physics in 1956. They hoped to achieve new discoveries in metals and crystals. Their research could also lead to further progress in electronics. ...


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Riots broke out in the city of Poznan in June, 1956, in opposition to Soviet oppression. In marked contrast to their brutal treatment of the Hungarian revolt in October, Soviet leaders accepted a new Polish government. The U.S.S.R. made further ...


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Popular music stirred up controversy in 1956, largely because of rock 'n' roll, a type of music previously known as rhythm-and-blues. Many educators and churchmen criticized rock 'n' roll lyrics, music, and performers. Some parents blamed rock 'n' ...


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Prince Edward Island provided more money during 1956 to assist farming and fishing, and expanded its road program. The province also asked the Canadian Government for help in building an eight-mile road to connect Port Borden on the island with Cape ...


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Special "task forces" worked on projects for the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health in 1956. The Commission was established by the American Medical Association and the American Psychiatric Association. ...


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The retiring president of the American Psychological Association in 1956 challenged the theory that women are more fickle than men. E. Lowell Kelly of the University of Michigan also disputed the ideas that "opposites attract" in marriage, and that a ...


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Puerto Rico reelected Governor Luis Munoz Marin to his third four-year term in November 1956. Munoz Marin said that the Government's main objective of the next four years would be to boost agriculture to a level with Puerto Rican industry. ...


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Voters gave the Union Nationale party of Premier Maurice L. Duplessis its third straight election victory in June, 1956. French-Canadian nationalists, businessmen, and farmers backed the Union Nationale. ...


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Fought back in 1956 against the competition of television. The industry cut operating costs, improved programs, and widened its audiences. Local stations concentrated more on community activities and personalities. Networks directed greater appeal to ...


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President Eisenhower solved the Republican party's biggest problem when he announced in February, 1956, that he would run for re-election. But his sweeping victory in November gave the G.O.P. new worries. Other Republican candidates for office ran far ...


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Voters re-elected Premier T. C. Douglas and Canada's only C.C.F. (Socialist) government in June, 1956. It was Douglas' fourth victory. ...


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Saudi Arabia broke off relations with Great Britain and France on Nov. 7, 1956, after those nations attacked Egypt. Saudi Arabia also cut off oil supplies to British and French tankers, stopping the flow of oil through the Saudi Arabian pipeline. The ...


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The Harmarville (Pa.) Hurricanes split their two-match series with the Chicago Schwabens but won the 1956 National Open Cup on total goals, 3 to 2. A 2-to-1 edge in total goals also had given Harmarville the Eastern playoffs, after dividing two games ...


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Space exploration moved steadily toward reality in 1956. Government scientists reported they were "on schedule" in Project Vanguard, the development of an artificial earth satellite. The man-made moon will be thrust into space sometime during the ...


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Spain (pop. 28,850,000) gave up its protectorate over northern Morocco on April 7, 1956, and recognized that country's unity and independence. Unlike France, Spain remained friendly with the Arab world. But student unrest and a strike of about 35,000 ...


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(Pop. 7,235,000). The Social Democrats won the national elections on Sep. 16, 1956, but failed to win a majority of seats in Parliament. The Agrarian party agreed to continue a coalition government. The Social Democrats introduced a new farm-loan ...


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Americans began two-way telephone conversations by cable with Europeans in September, 1956. A $42,000,000 underseas cable, free from the effects of static and magnetic storms, increased calls between the United States and the Continent by 75 per cent. ...


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Carried political conventions and election returns into more than 32,000,000 homes in 1956. Programs such as Meet the Press, Face the Nation, and College Press Conference paraded the candidates before the voters. Three of every four homes in the ...


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(Pop. 20,125,000). Premier Pibul Songgram, Police Chief Phao Sriyanond, and General Sarit Thannarat, chief of the Army, struggled for control of the Thai Government in 1956. Pibul was greeted by riots when he returned from a visit to Burma in January. ...


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Premier Adnan Menderes moved to strengthen his Government's position in 1956 by passing stiff laws banning public meetings and controlling the press. Criticism of his policies increased, and some former Democrat party deputies formed a new opposition ...


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The Government of South Africa moved closer in 1956 toward its goal of apartheid, or complete racial segregation. Prime Minister Johannes G. Strydom planned to move 12,000,000 members of the Bantu tribal groups into seven areas to be set aside as "...


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The downgrading of Joseph Stalin by Communist leaders, followed by revolts in Hungary and Poland, made 1956 an unpleasant year for Soviet Union (pop.200,000,000). The "collective leadership" that replaced Stalin's one-man rule kept firm control of the ...


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Vietnam (pop. 26,000,000) remained split between the free and Communist worlds in 1956. Both sectors struggled for political unity and economic stability. South Vietnam held its first elections in March, electing a pro-Western majority to the National ...


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Scientists in 1956 began charting every zig and zag of hurricanes. They intensified their tracking of the swirling tropical storms that in recent years have ripped a path of destruction up the east coast of the United States. ...


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Water. Water consumption in the United States for combined household, industrial, and agricultural uses topped 1,000 gallons daily for every person in 1956. Municipal water systems alone supplied about 150 gallons for each person everyday. ...


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President Tito boosted his prestige in 1956 by serving as a bridge between the free world and the Communist nations. The Soviet Union's surprising anti-Stalin program seemed to confirm Tito's defiance of Stalin in 1948. Tito exchanged visits with ...


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A gorilla, a drug-resistant animal, and sea-cow noises made zoological news in 1956. ...


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Several new "electronic brains" began working for industry in 1956. Computers filled a wide variety of jobs. Some directed traffic, others sold postage stamps, and another helped bake bread. A machine at Harvard University could compose music and ...


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Ocean Depths Explored. An expedition sponsored by the Paris Museum of Natural History and the National Geographic Society displayed what were described as the deepest underwater photographs ever made. The pictures were taken in the Romanche Trench, ...


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Became the center of a tug of war between communism and democracy in 1957. Both the United States and the Soviet Union tried to strengthen their positions there. The U.S. offered more economic and technical assistance to African countries. ...


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Revenues rose to a record $285,000,000, and allowed the government to pay a dividend of $22 to each of about 500,000 residents in 1957. Oil played an important part in Alberta's prosperity, but a decrease in demand lowered production about 160,000 ...


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A Smithsonian Institution expedition in 1957 found the crushed skeleton and broken skull of a Neanderthal man about 60,000 years old in the Zagros Mountains of northern Iraq. The man apparently had been crushed by a rock fall. The skeleton was found ...


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(Pop. 15,893,827). President Pedro E. Aramburu battled inflation, subversion, and internal discord in 1957, in his attempt to lead Argentina to a new constitutional democracy. Organized labor, followers of former dictator Juan D. Peron, and those ...


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The nations of Asia worked hard in 1957 to strengthen their economies and to settle problems among themselves. Japan reduced its trade barriers with Communist China and moved to recapture its Asian trade leadership. Japanese Premier Nobusuke Kishi ...


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Astronomers revealed in 1957 that the universe is much larger than they had believed. The National Geographic Society-Palomar (Calif.) Observatory Sky Survey, completed early in the year, found 50,000 galaxies, or large clusters of stars, in a section ...


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Australia (pop. 9,037,000) played host to the annual South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) meeting and agreed to exchange atomic information with the United States in 1957. Australia also agreed to standardized its planes and guns with those of ...


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Production of 6,117,000 cars made 1957 the fourth best year in U.S. automobile history. Foreign car sales totaled about 200,000, up sharply from the 91,042 units sold in 1956. But the strong year still did not measure up to early hopes for a 6,500,...


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Air travel increased during 1957, but major aircraft manufacturers ran into trouble late in the year when the government cut back aircraft orders to concentrate on the guided missile program. By the end of the year, aircraft industry employment had ...


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New York City lost the world's championship and two of its major league baseball clubs in 1957. The Milwaukee Braves won their first National League pennant since shifting from Boston in 1953, and then whipped the New York Yankees in the World Series, ...


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North Carolina nosed out Kansas, 54 to 53, in a triple overtime at Kansas City, Mo., in March, to take the 1957 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) title. The victory climaxed an undefeated season for th Tarheels, who won 32 straight games....


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Belgian Congo (pop 11,870,651) made moderate demands for self-government during 1957. Most of the demands called for independence within 30 years. Leon A. M. Petillon was reappointed Governor-General of the Congo for two years. Congo newspapers ...


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Researchers discovered two new enzymes in 1957 that play a large part in photosynthesis, the process by which plants use the sun's energy to create food. Dr. Anthony San Pietro, Jr., a Johns Hopkins University biologist, discovered the first enzyme. ...


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British Columbia had a $50,000,000 surplus in its $274,000,000 budget in 1957, and gave a $28 tax refund to every homeowner in the province. Axel Wenner-Gren, a Swedish financier, began a survey of 40,000 square miles in northern British Columbia to ...


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Cambodia tried seven cabinets between January and July, 1957, in a search for good government. Premier San Yun resigned in March after losing a vote of confidence. His finance minister, Huot Sam Ath, and his trade minister, Koch San, had been accused ...


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Canadians elected a conservative government for the first time in 22 years in 1957. In the June elections, the Progressive Conservative party won 110 of the 265 seats in the House of Commons. The Liberal party captured 104. Another election appeared ...


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Canadian literature in 1957 featured biography, autobiography, history, and poetry, and placed less emphasis on fiction. W. L. Morton's Manitoba: A History ranks as one of the best histories of a Canadian province ever written. D. C. Corbett wrote ...


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Experts in 1957 created flames almost as hot as the surface of the sun. The flames, valuable tools in research on high-temperature materials, reached temperatures of 8,500 o F. The temperature of the sun's surface is about 11,000 o F. Chemists made ...


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Chile (pop. 5,930,809) criticized President Carlos Ibanez del Campo and impeached the ministers of foreign affairs and justice in 1957, for allowing Guillermo Patricio Kelly of Argentina to escape from the Santiago jail. Kelly and five other top ...


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China helped the Soviet Union pull its balking satellite states back into line in 1957, and played a leading role in affairs of the communist world. Premier Chou En-lai acted as peacemaker between the U.S.S.R. and satellite governments in Poland and ...


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The second session of the 85th Congress opened on Jan. 7, 1958. It faced budget and tax problems caused by the sharp increases proposed for defense spending. Soviet satellite and missile victories sparked a Senate subcommittee investigation of defense ...


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Crime increased again in 1957. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimated that 2,756,000 major crimes occurred during the year. J. Edgar Hoover, director of the FBI, reported 1,399,670 major crimes occurred during the first half of the year, ...


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Cuba (pop. 5,829,029), despite its prosperity, bristled with opposition to President Fulgencio Batista in 1957. Rebel Fidel Castro directed bombings, sabotage, and raids on army posts. In March, 30 young university students charged into the ...


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Czechoslovakia ranked as the most prosperous of the Soviet satellites in 1957. It also was the only one where Soviet citizens were still fairly popular. Sales of large supplies of arms to Arab nations and underdeveloped countries in Asia boosted the ...


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The Democrats scored 1957 political victories in Michigan in April, in Wisconsin in August, and throughout the U.S. in November. President Dwight Eisenhower's popularity waned, and signs pointed to further Democratic victories in 1958 and 1960. But ...


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(Pop. 4,387,967). Premier H. C. Hansen quit his post briefly in May when his coalition government lost its majority in the single-chamber Folketing, or parliament. It won only 84 of 175 seats. Erik Erikson's Opposition group also won 84 seats. But ...


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Voters gave Eamon de Valera's Fianna Fail party 78 of the 147 seats in the Dail Eireann, or lower house of parliament, in the national elections on March 5. Outgoing Prime Minister John Costello's Fine Gael party won only 40 seats. The 74-year-old De ...


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His Health worried the nation. A cold and cough affected his hearing in March, but a six-day, 700-mile cruise to Bermuda and a 10-day golfing vacation in April cured him. A "mild stomach upset" in June sent the President to bed, but he returned to his ...


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United States voters showed their displeasure with the Republican administration at the polls on November 5. The elections were local, and issues were less important than personalities. But the Democrats won easily in three important elections. ...


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Europe moved a step closer to economic union in 1957 in an attempt to solve its financial problems. Six nations, encouraged by the success of their European Coal and Steel Community, formed a Common Market to promote trade. They also established an ...


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(Pop. 4,065,027). Rainer von Fieandt became Finland's third premier of the year in November, to end a 43-day cabinet crisis. President Urho Kekkonen appointed von Fieandt to head a nonpolitical business cabinet after political parties had failed to ...


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Notre Dame ended two historic streaks and pulled the biggest upset of 1957 when it beat Oklahoma, 7 to 0, on November 16. The defeat ended the Sooners' two-year reign as national collegiate champions and stopped their winning streak at 47 straight ...


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A rare fossil egg, laid about 120,000,000 years ago by a sauropod, a kind of dinosaur, was presented to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City by the Museum of Natural History at Aix, France, in 1957. It is believed to have been laid ...


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France wavered on the brink of disaster in 1957. Three governments tried to lead the nation out of difficulty. But bickering among a dozen political parties, a staggering debt, and the Algerian rebellion plagued France. Felix Gaillard, the third ...


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The Rev. Daniel Linehan, S.J., a United States seismologist attached to Operation Deep Freeze Three, late in December solved the mystery of what lies underneath the deep snow and ice that covers the South Pole. He set off explosions of TNT and ...


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Chancellor Konrad Adenauer won a smashing victory in the national election on September 15, 1957. His Christian Democratic Union took 267 of the 494 seats in the West German Bundestag. ...


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Greece (pop. 7,631,124) strengthened its position as a leading maritime nation in 1957. It had enough ships in operation and on order to move it to second in world shipping by 1960, just behind the United States. Money sent home by Greek sailors ...


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During 1957, Haiti (pop. 3,097,220) struggled with revolt, anarchy, and general strikes, as well as its customary poverty. The overthrow of President Paul E. Magloire in December, 1956, left the republic in a state of confusion. Six governments rose ...


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The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup playoffs in April, 1957 for the second straight year. The Canadiens beat the Boston Bruins four games to one the final series. The Detroit Red Wings won the National Hockey League's regular-season title for ...


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Communist boss Janos Kadar tightened the government grip on the Hungarian people during 1957. Kadar returned from a visit to Moscow in March and said Soviet troops would stay in Hungary "as long as necessary." A decree issued in January ordered death ...


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The largest democratic electorate in the world cast more than 121,000,000 votes for Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's Congress party in 1957. The election, held in February and March, gave Nehru's party 365 of the 488 seats in parliament. The ...


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Increasing oil and gas leases and important mineral developments boosted the economy of American Indians in 1957. They had 5,903,975 acres of land under oil and gas leases that brought them $72,616,644 during the year. The had only 2,021,822 acres ...


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Indonesia drifted toward communism and wiped out its last ties with The Netherlands in 1957. The Indonesian government took over Dutch businesses and ordered Dutch residents out of the country in December. Dutch property and business holdings in the ...


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Israel withdrew the last of its troops from the Gaza Strip and Gulf of Aqaba areas in March, 1957, and then concentrated the rest of the year on economic development. Israel completed an oil pipeline that runs from Elath to Beersheba in March, ...


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Premier Antonio Segni's four-party Christian Democratic coalition resigned on May 6 after 22 months in power, when it lost right-wing Socialist support. Adone Zoli formed a new Christian Democrat coalition. It did not have a stable majority, but ...


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Japan moved back into the ranks of the world's leading nations in 1957. Japan flooded the markets of America and Asia with its manufactured goods, and it became the leading shipbuilding country in the world. Japan gained a stronger voice in world ...


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Korea spent another year split at the 38th parallel, despite U.S. and United Nations efforts to unify the country. The UN General Assembly political committee in January adopted a U.S. resolution calling for free elections in North and South Korea. ...


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Direct investment by United States business in Latin America reached a new high of over $7,000,000,000 in 1957. This more than doubled the total of all loans and credits received from all foreign governments. Trade was expected to hit a new high in ...


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Libya (pop. 1,150,000) maintained friendly relations with Great Britain and the United States in 1957, despite its support of the Arab League and its sympathy for the rebels fighting against France in Algeria. Premier Mustafa ben Halim spoke at a ...


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MALAYA, (pop. 4,905,999), Became the 10th member of the British Commonwealth, on August 31. The nine Malay states and the former British colonies of Malacca and Penang formed the United Federation of Malaya. Tengku Abdul Rahman became the first prime ...


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Manitoba pinned its economic hopes in 1957 on mining, and tried to reduce its dependence on agriculture. The International Nickel Company planned to develop two new nickel mines in the Moak Lake-Mystery Lake district of Manitoba, 400 miles north of ...


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Research on sulfa drugs provided the biggest surprise of 1957 in the medical field, and promised relief for many diabetics. Researchers knew that sulfanilamide, originally developed to combat such infections as scarlet fever, had many chemical ...


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Researchers manufactured symptoms to intensify their studies in 1957. They used such drugs as lysergic acid to produce such forms of behavior as hallucinations and anxiety. The researchers could study a controlled reaction more successfully because ...


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Mexico displayed impressive economic strength in 1957. Tourist earnings reached new records, private capital flowed in, and industrial, livestock, and food production increased. But the nation still had to import corn, many of its school children ...


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Seethed with crisis and conflict during 1957. The area became an important pivot point in the power struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. The U.S. offered economic and arms aid to Middle East nations. But the U.S.S.R. also increased ...


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The Netherlands (pop. 10,550,737) struck oil in Wassenaar, a suburb of The Hague, and began drilling in 1957. Experts predicted the new field would enable the Dutch to produce 30 per cent of their oil needs. They now produce slightly more than 20 per ...


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New Brunswick made plans in 1957 to expand its mining industry by building a $25,000,000 mill and smelter at Bathurst, the center of the new lead-zinc-producing area. Miners estimated that there were more than 50,000,000 tons of ore in the Bathurst ...


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In 1957, Newfoundland asked the federal government for an increase of at least $15,000,000 a year in its federal grant. The province said that it had spent more than $56,000,000 in improving public services since it became Canada's 10th province in ...


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(Pop. 3,310,821). King Haakon VII died on September 21, 1957, after a 52-year reign. He was 85 years of age. Haakon had served as king of Norway since it gained independence from Sweden in 1905. He was an inspiring force behind Norwegian resistance to ...


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Twenty-two top scientists from 10 nations met at Pugwash in July to discuss the dangers to world health from atomic weapons tests. Delegates from Australia, Austria, Canada, Communist China, France, Great Britain, Japan, Poland, the Soviet Union, and ...


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Ontario, Canada's leading metal producer, officially opened the Consolidated Denison uranium mine at Elliot Lake in September. The mine, which actually began operation in May, ranks as the world's largest single producer of uranium. By the end of the ...


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(Pop. 8,132,700). Peru suffered from debts, drought, and declining prices in 1957. Former President Manuel Odria left Peru with a $47,000,000 national debt. In the altiplano region in southern Peru, a two-year-old drought threatened the food supply of ...


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President Ramon Magsaysay died in a plane crash on Cebu Island on March 17. The disaster also killed 25 others, including the Philippine Air Force leader and Magsaysay's secretary of education. Vice-President Carlos P. Garcia succeeded Magsaysay, and ...


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New vistas in the understanding of matter opened in 1957 after the disproving of a 30-year-old "natural law" of nuclear physics. Physicists in New York City and Chicago confirmed the work of two Chinese-born American physicists, who had discovered ...


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(pop. 27,423,000) held national elections on January 20, three months after its October revolt against Soviet policies. Jozef Cyrankiewicz was re-elected as premier. The 459 seats in the Polish Sejm, or Parliament, were filled with 237 Communists, 118 ...


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Rock 'n' roll music dominated the popular music field for the second straight year in 1957. Rock 'n' roll musicians moved into the television and motion-picture fields. ...


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Prince Edward Island increased its potato production to 11,000,000 pounds in 1957, and stable prices brought a good cash return to the island's farmers. The fishing industry prospered. Lobsters accounted for about 70 per cent of its cash receipts. New ...


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Puerto Rico hit an all-time high in construction activity in 1957. Projects worth $165,000,000 were under construction. In the 1956-1957 fiscal year, net income rose 5 per cent, and per capita income increased by 6 per cent. ...


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Quebec developed its mining and industrial facilities in 1957. New nickel and copper discoveries in Ungava sent 32 companies scurrying in a search for new mine sites. They will spend $10,000,000 in their three-year search. A new gas well at Batiscan ...


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Radio moved farther along the comeback trail in 1957 in its struggle against television. Stations cut their operating staffs and other expenses and went after more sponsors sales. Sales volume mounted, largely because of television programing problems ...


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Leaders early in 1957 began looking ahead to the 1960 elections. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, ineligible for re-election because of the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution, announced that he would not run again even if the amendment were repealed. ...


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Saskatchewan became the first province to complete its share of the new Trans-Canada Highway in August. The segment stretches 406 miles across southern Saskatchewan. The agricultural province reduced its wheat production by 144,000,000 bushels, ...


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Saudi Arabia straddled a diplomatic fence between the Arab and Western worlds in 1957. King Saud tried to keep his place in the Arab bloc, with its "antiwestern neutrality," while cooperating with the United States in its Middle East program. ...


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Canada and Mexico beat the United States soccer team in World Cup play in 1957. The U.S. squad dropped two matches to each of these nations. Mexico won the right to represent North America in 1958 World Cup play. ...


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Space travel became a reality late in 1957. The Soviet Union launched the first earth satellite on October 4, and followed by launching a bigger one on November 3. The latter carried the first space traveler in history, a dog named Laika. The two ...


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Spain (pop. 28,039,112) agreed in October to turn over a part of its southern Morocco territory along the Atlantic Coast to the Kingdom of Morocco. But as King Mohammed V of Morocco visited the U.S. in November, his son, crown Prince Moulay Hussan, ...


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(Pop. 7,150,606). Prime Minister Tage Erlander resigned in October when the Agrarian party withdrew it support from his coalition government. But he continued with a minority cabinet, at the request of King Gustaf Adolf, when it appeared that no one ...


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"Number, please," greeted fewer United States telephone subscribers in 1957. The number of dial-operated telephones grew to about 87 per cent of all United States telephones. Direct long-distance dialing, introduced in 1951, had spread to more than 5,...


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Television dropped its experimentation in 1957 and became more of a business than an art. Production costs and the price of television time soared. It presented some important events, such as the Senate labor racketeering hearings and the Little Rock, ...


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Thailand (pop. 17,442,689) elected Pibul Songgram premier in the nation's first elections, in February, 1957. But an army revolt in September ousted him. Marshal Sarit Thanarat took control of the government, and the National Assembly appointed Nai ...


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Turkey (pop. 20,934,670) and Syria became involved in a border dispute in 1957 that eventually carried to the United Nations. The United States supported Turkey in the dispute, and the Soviet Union backed Syria. But, despite the tension the dispute ...


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South Africa pushed its apartheid, or racial segregation, policy further in 1957 under the direction of Prime Minister Johannes G. Strydom and his Nationalist party. It forced Negroes, Indians, and persons of mixed color to move from areas which were ...


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The Soviet Union (pop. 200,000,000) astonished the world in 1957 by successfully launching the first earth satellites. The first Soviet sputnik, or earth satellite, started circling the earth 560 miles out in space on October 4. The second carried a ...


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President Ho Chi-minh of North Vietnam tightened the communist grip on his people in 1957, and President Ngo-dinh-Diem of South Vietnam moved to strengthen his pro-Western government. Ho Chi-minh met with Soviet President Kliment E. Voroshilov in May. ...


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A tragic hurricane, an unseasonable blizzard, and continued drought clouded the nation's 1957 weather picture. Their effects were distributed across most of the United States, hitting the South, the Great Plains, the Southwest, and the East. ...


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Water. Secretary of the Interior Fred M. Seaton predicted in 1957 that salt water may be converted to meet U.S. fresh water demands in 15 years. He said the government was ready to build pilot plants to test and refine the results of five years of ...


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Yugoslavia harvested a record grain crop in 1957. The record yield resulted from an increased use of fertilizers and farm machinery and the replacement of collectivized farms by cooperative societies. President Tito firmly held to his middle position ...


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The family tree of man's best friend, the dog, added length to its taproot in 1957. Dr. Edwin H. Colbert of the American Museum of Natural History published a report early in the year saying that the dog's ancestry could be traced back about 40,000,...


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New Electronic "Brains" made their appearance. The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) built BIZMAC, the world's largest electronic "brain," to work for the U.S. Army. The $4,100,000 electronic data-processing system reduced months of paper work to ...


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Columbia University scientists carried out deep-sea explorations at record depths off the coast of West Africa. They brought up hundreds of organisms onto their three-masted schooner, the Vema, in one of the greatest hauls in marine biology. Two ...


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Workmen building a new road at Sperlonga, Italy, found pieces of a statute in an old cave. Italian archaeologists identified the statue as Laocoon sculpture, illustrating a Greek legend. It shows a bearded father who had offended Apollo, the god of ...


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The United Kingdom took daring strides to improve its trade, mended its relations with the United States, trimmed its military forces, and resumed use of the Suez Canal in 1957. British leaders proposed a Free Trade Area for 17 European nations, and ...


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Struggled with warfare, racial problems, and increasing demands for independence in 1958. French forces and Algerian rebels fought scattered engagements throughout the year. There were heavy casualties, and claims of brutality and torture against both ...


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Its economy resting mainly on the oil industry, Alberta faced marketing problems in 1958 created by new United States oil-import controls. The controls dropped the province's oil income below the $356,000,000 level of the previous year. ...


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Archaeologists from Cornell and Harvard universities uncovered part of the ancient capital of King Croesus in Turkey in 1958. They located the ruins of Sardis, the capital of Lydia, about 65 miles inland from the Turkish port of Izmir in August, ...


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Argentina (pop. 15,893,827) held its first free elections in 12 years in February, 1958. It chose Radical Leftist Arturo Frondizi as its new president for a six-year term. Frondizi took over the government from provisional president Pedro E. Aramburu ...


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Underwent many political, economic, and military changes in 1958, most of them related to the struggle with communism. China, the major communist country in Asia, revised its entire economy, and assumed a much more important role in the communist ...


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Two noted astonomers announced in 1958 that other planets may sustain life as intelligent as, or more intelligent than, ours. Harlow Shapley, retired director of the Harvard College Observatory, called new discoveries about life, matter, and space "...


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Australia (pop. 9,037,000) elected Robert Gordon Menzies prime minister for the fourth time, in the November, 1958, general elections. He served his ninth year in the post, the longest term of any prime minister in Australia's history. Menzies' ...


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Production and sales dropped far below their expected volume in 1958. The growing sales of smaller automobiles pointed to the need for a major revision in the big-car industry. United States automobile makers turned out 4,600,000 units, the smallest ...


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Ushered in the jet passenger age in October, 1958, starting daily commercial jet service between the United States and Europe. The British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) started jet passenger flights on October 4, cutting conventional air-travel ...


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The New York Yankees made the greatest comeback in 33 years to win the 1958 World Series from the Milwaukee Braves, four games to three. Milwaukee battered the Yankees to win three of the first four games. But the Yankess fought back grimly to win the ...


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The Kentucky Wildcats staged an uphill battle to upset Seattle, 84 to 72, at Louisville in March, to win their fourth National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) title. Elgin Baylor, Seattle's All-American, was named the tournament's most valuable ...


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Belgian Congo (pop. 11,870,651) received a $40,000,000 loan from the World Bank in 1958 to improve roads. One new highway will connect the capital, Leopoldville, with the Atlantic Ocean. Another road will link the Congo River with the East African ...


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A biologist placed man in the category with brown seaweeds in 1958. Lawrence S. Dillon, a Texas Agricultural and Mechanical (A&M) College biologist, presented the thesis that "all life belongs to one kingdom, which in all honesty must be recognized as ...


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British Columbia celebrated its 100th anniversary with a year-long calendar of special events in 1958. The visit of Princess Margaret of Great Britain high-lighted the celebration. She spent two weeks in the province in July, during her month-long ...


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Prince Norodom Sihanouk dominated Cambodia's policy in 1958, although he held no actual government office during the first half of the year. In July, he became Prime Minister, a post he had held several times before. ...


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Canadian voters gave Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker and his Progressive-Conservative party a smashing victory in the general elections of March, 1958. The greatest political landslide in Canadian history put Progressive Conservatives in 208 of the ...


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Canadian literature in 1958 honored British Columbia, which celebrated its 100th anniversary. Reginald Watters edited a sparkling volume, British Columbia; A Centennial Anthology. Margaret Ormsby compiled a new history of the province. Margaret ...


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Researchers in 1958 produced aldosterone, the vital hormone that controls the salt balance of the human body, directly from coal-tar products. A University of Wisconsin research team reported in April that in had used the coal-tar chemical 1,...


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(Pop. 5,930,809). Conservative-Liberal candidate Jorge Alessandri became president of Chile on Nov. 4, 1958. His election represented a swing to the conservative side caused by the failure of recent leftist governments to solve Chile's economic ...


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Attack on Quemoy. Communist China gradually withdrew its "volunteer" troops from North Korea during the year. By summer, it built up a force estimated at more than 300,000 men on the coast of Fukien province near Amoy. New airfields were opened on the ...


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The first session of the 86th Congress opened on Jan. 7, 1959, with an almost 2 to 1 Democratic majority in both houses. A sweeping Democratic victory in the fall elections gave the Democrats 283 of the 436 House seats and 64 of the 98 Senate posts. ...


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The U.S. Department of Justice announced in April, 1958, that it had launched a national drive "to combat the overlords of organized crime operating on an interstate basis." Attorney General William P. Rogers said "the 100 top hoodlums" were the focus ...


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Cuba (pop. 5,829,029) Ousted Dictator Fulgencio Batista on Jan. 1, 1959, after a two-year revolt against his government. In December, rebel troops led by Fidel Castro launched a concentrated assault on Santiago in eastern Oriente province and Santa ...


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Czechoslovakia (pop. 12,167,474) ranked among the most prosperous Soviet satellites in 1958. Industrial production during the first nine months rose 11 per cent above the same period in the previous year. The nation exported steel products and ...


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The Democratic Party captured 26 to 34 state governor's races and won control of both houses of Congress in a landslide victory in the 1958 elections. A Democratic sweep in the Alaska elections on November 25 repeated Democratic successes throughout ...


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(Pop. 4,387,967). Danes celebrated Princess Margrethe's coming of age in 1958. She celebrated her 18th birthday in April, and can now take part in political affairs and preside over meetings of the Royal Council (cabinet) when her father, King ...


