Alcohol and tobacco are completely legal yet do much more harm, statistically speaking, than illegal drug use.144 It is also generally recognized that alcohol, at least when used to excess, can cause aggressive, anti-social behavior.145 The current prohibitionist laws against marijuana, generally considered an ``a-motivational;SPMquot; drug, and other so-called ``soft drugs;SPMquot; have the effect of influencing some people to choose alcohol over these ``soft drugs.;SPMquot; Peter Reuter, an economist at the Rand Corporation, concludes that ``If marijuana is a substitute for alcohol ..., alcohol is, by definition, a substitute for marijuana. Thus tough marijuana enforcement must increase drinking.;SPMquot;146 Similarly, Frank Chaloupka, an economist at the University of Illinois, found through statistical analysis ``that states without criminal sanctions against marijuana possession suffered fewer auto fatalities.;SPMquot;147 Finally, Karen Model, a Ph.D. candidate at Harvard, found that ``states decriminalizing marijuana reported lower overall rates of drug- and alcohol-related emergencies.;SPMquot;148 To the extent that users are choosing alcohol rather than marijuana or other ``soft drugs,;SPMquot; the overall public health effects are probably worse than they would be otherwise.