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$Unique_ID{BRK03421}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Acrodermatitis Enteropathica}
$Subject{Acrodermatitis Enteropathica Brandt Syndrome Danbolt-Cross Syndrome
Zinc Deficiency, Congenital Celiac Sprue (Gluten Enteropathy) AE}
$Volume{}
$Log{}
Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
511:
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Acrodermatitis
Enteropathica) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS
listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions
covered by this article.
Synonyms
Brandt Syndrome
Danbolt-Cross Syndrome
Zinc Deficiency, Congenital
AE
Information on the following disorder may be found in the Related
Disorders section of this report:
Celiac Sprue (Gluten Enteropathy)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
section of this report.
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica occurs in two forms; an inborn (congenital)
form and an acquired form. The inborn form of AE is a rare genetic disorder
characterized by intestinal abnormalities. Skin inflammation with pimples
(pustular dermatitis) occurs around the mouth and/or anus, the nails
(paronychial), and eyes. In the acute phase, irritability and emotional
disturbances are evident due to wasting (atrophy) of the brain cortex.
Similar symptoms can be caused by special intravenous nutritional
programs, for patients who cannot eat, which are almost always devoid of
zinc. This is sometimes referred to as an acquired form of AE.
Symptoms
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica is characterized by chronic diarrhea which may
be mild or severe, and the presence of fatty substances in the feces
(steatorrhea). In the congenital form symptoms start gradually, frequently
at the time of weaning of an infant. The skin around body openings such as
the mouth, anus, and eyes; and the skin on elbows, knees, hands, and feet
becomes inflamed. Skin lesions are usually blistered (vesicobullous) and
after drying out become psoriasis-like. The skin around the nails may also
be inflamed and the nail may be abnormal due to malnourished tissue. Hair
loss on the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows, and inflammation of the membrane
that lines the eyelid (conjunctivitis), usually also occur.
The blood zinc level in people with the congenital form of this disorder
is abnormally low. A zinc-binding factor produced by the pancreas may be
lacking. Breast-fed infants of women with Acrodermatitis Enteropathica may
also develop lowered blood levels of zinc with other symptoms of this
disorder, because the milk is deficient in the proper amount of the zinc-
binding factor.
In the acute phase of AE, brain cortex atrophy may cause irritability and
mental disturbances. With treatment, patients with Acrodermatitis
Enteropathica can lead a normal life.
Frequently, long remissions may occur, usually starting during puberty.
However, in rare cases during pregnancy, women may have a recurrence of the
disorder.
Causes
The congenital form of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica is an autosomal recessive
genetic disorder in which the enzyme alkaline phosphatase is deficient in the
blood serum. This, in combination with the possible deficiency of a zinc-
binding factor, causes malabsorption of zinc in the section of the small
intestine called the "jejunum". (Human traits including the classic genetic
diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition,
one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive
disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same
defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one
gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but
usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the
children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is
twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but
healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will
receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically
normal.)
Some scientists theorize that another form of Acrodermatitis
Enteropathica may be an autoimmune disorder, caused when the body's natural
defenses (antibodies) against invading organisms, for unknown reasons,
suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue.
Affected Population
The congenital form of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica is a rare disorder
beginning during infancy. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Healthy breast-fed infants of female patients with the disorder can also
become affected. The acquired form of AE is extremely rare because in recent
years zinc supplements have been added to the parenteral nutrition regimen.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Acrodermatitis
Enteropathica. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Celiac Sprue (Gluten Enteropathy) is a chronic, hereditary, intestinal
malabsorption disorder caused by intolerance to dietary gluten. The illness
is characterized by a flat mucous lining of the jejunum (part of the small
intestine). Symptoms include weight loss, chronic diarrhea, abdominal
cramping and bloating, intestinal gas, and muscle wasting. Clinical and/or
histologic improvement of symptoms follow withdrawal of dietary gluten. (For
more information on this disorder, choose "Celiac Sprue" as your search term
in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica is treated with zinc supplements in the form of
zinc sulfate. These supplements should be given as soon as diagnosis of the
disorder is made and they have to be continued for life. The drug Diodoquin
(iodoquinol) is another treatment that usually clears up symptoms within a
week. If the disorder is caused by intravenous feeding, adding zinc
supplements to the nutritional regimen can prevent and/or clear up
manifestations of AE.
Genetic counseling is recommended for families of patients with the
congenital form of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Acrodermatitis Enteropathica, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
This report in the Rare Disease Database is based on outlines prepared by
medical and dental students (1984-1986) at the Medical College of Virginia
for their course in human genetics, and on the following articles:
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 797-798.
ABNORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSES DURING HYPOZINCAEMIA IN ACRODERMATITIS
ENTEROPATHICA: P.H. Anttila, et al.; Acta Paediatr Scand (November 1986:
issue 75(6)). Pp. 988-992.
OCULAR HISTOPATHOLOGY OF ACRODERMATITIS ENTEROPATHICA: J.D. Cameron, et
al.; British Journal Ophthalmol (September 1986: issue 70(9)). Pp. 662-667.