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$Unique_ID{BRK03468}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Anencephaly}
$Subject{Anencephaly Spina Bifida}
$Volume{}
$Log{}
Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare
Disorders, Inc.
596:
Anencephaly
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Anencephaly) is not
the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate
names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related
Disorders section of this report:
Spina Bifida
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section
of this report.
Anencephaly is characterized by the absence of the two hemispheres of the
brain. The absent brain tissue is sometimes replaced by abnormal cystic
nerve tissue, which may be either exposed or covered with skin.
Additionally, varying portions of the brainstem and spinal cord may be
missing or malformed.
Symptoms
In infants with Anencephaly basic functions such as movement are not possible
because of the absence of brain tissue.
Causes
Anencephaly can be transmitted through autosomal recessive genes. (Human
traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the
interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and
one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear
unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each
parent. If a person receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease,
he or she will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no
symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple,
both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is 25 percent. Fifty
percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above.
Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one
from each parent and will be genetically normal.) In other cases the cause
is unknown.
Affected Population
Anencephaly affects males and females in equal numbers. The disorder starts
during prenatal development of an affected baby.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Anencephaly.
Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
"Spina Bifida" is a term meaning "open (or nonfused) spine". Different
forms of the disorder vary in severity, ranging from mild to severe. In
Spina Bifida, one or more of the individual bones of the spine (vertebra)
fail to close completely, leaving a cleft or defect in the spinal canal.
Through such an abnormal opening, part of the contents of the spinal canal
can protrude or herniate. This produces a sac filled with nerve tissue
(meningocele or meningomyelocele). Children with Spina Bifida can often be
helped by surgery, and mental functioning is not usually affected. (For more
information, choose "Spina Bifida " as your search term in the Rare Disease
Database.)
Therapies: Standard
The U.S. Public Health Service advises women of childbearing age to take 0.4
mg of Folic Acid daily, either through diet or low dose supplements. Women
are urged not to take more than 1.0 mg of folic acid daily unless advised by
a physician because high doses of folic acid can mask other vitamin
deficiencies.
Treatment for Anencephaly consists in surgically closing any opening of
the sac that normally encloses the brain. Usually children with this
disorder do not survive more than a few days or weeks. Diagnosis can often
be made before birth with the use of ultrasound examination. Other treatment
is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
December 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Anencephaly, please contact;
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Fighters for Encephaly Support
3032 Brereton Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
(412) 687-6437
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1986. P. 830.
WHEN IS TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY DURING THE THIRD TRIMESTER MORALLY
JUSTIFIABLE?: F.A. Chervenak, et al.; New England Journal Med (February 23,
1984: issue 310(8)). Pp. 501-504.
DIAGNOSTIC EFFECTIVENESS OF ULTRASOUND IN DETECTION OF NEURAL TUBE
DEFECT. THE SOUTH WALES EXPERIENCE OF 2509 SCANS (1977-1982) IN HIGH-RISK
MOTHERS: C.J. Roberts, et al.; Lancet (November 5, 1983: issue 2(8358)).
Pp. 1068-1069.
NEURAL TUBE DEFECT-SPECIFIC ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE: ITS PROPERTIES AND
QUANTITATION IN THE DETECTION OF ANENCEPHALY AND SPINA BIFIDA: J.R. Bonham,
et al.; Clin Chim Acta (November 30, 1987: issue 170(1)). Pp. 69-77.
LUNG GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN ANENCEPHALY AND HYDRANENCEPHALY: T.P.
Cooney, et al.; Am Rev Respir Dis (September 1985: issue 132(3)). Pp.596-
601.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, September 11, 1991; 41: Suppl RR
14:1-7.