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$Unique_ID{BRK03561}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Carcinoid Syndrome}
$Subject{Carcinoid Syndrome Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome Metastatic Carcinoid
Tumor Carcinoid Tumor Endocrine Tumors Pancreatic Cholera, VIPoma Syndrome
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Cushing Syndrome}
$Volume{}
$Log{}
Copyright (C) 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
677:
Carcinoid Syndrome
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Carcinoid Syndrome) is
not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
Metastatic Carcinoid Tumor
Carcinoid Tumor
Endocrine Tumors
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
Disorders section of this report:
Pancreatic Cholera, VIPoma Syndrome
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Cushing Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
section of this report.
Carcinoid Syndrome is a rare, malignant disease affecting the small
bowel, stomach and/or pancreas. Slow growing tumors can spread (metastasize)
to the liver, lungs and ovary. Major symptoms include flushing, diarrhea and
wheezing.
Symptoms
Initially there are no symptoms with Carcinoid Syndrome. Onset of symptoms
usually occurs after the tumors have been growing for years. When Carcinoid
Syndrome does become symptomatic it is characterized by flushing, wheezing,
and diarrhea. In later stages, Carcinoid Syndrome may result in congestive
heart failure associated with right-sided valvular heart disease. The
flushing, diarrhea and wheezing can become extremely debilitating. The
diarrhea may be so severe that it causes an extreme loss of vital nutrients
in the body such as potassium and water. This results in life threatening
dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. The syndrome may also be accompanied
by stomach pain, blockage of arteries in the liver, heart palpitations and
excessive peptide excretion in the urine. In extremely rare cases an event
called "Carcinoid Crisis" may occur. This involves life threatening low
blood pressure (hypotension).
Causes
The exact cause of Carcinoid Syndrome is not known. It has been suggested
that these tumors develop from embryonic cells that become part of the
intestines, thyroid, lungs or pancreas.
Affected Population
Carcinoid Tumors occur in approximately eight out of every one hundred
thousand persons. It affects males and females of all ages in equal numbers.
However, these tumors may be more prevalent than suspected because they are
not ordinarily diagnosed properly, and some patients may not exhibit all
three of the hallmark symptoms of flushing, wheezing, and diarrhea.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Carcinoid
Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Pancreatic Cholera or VIPoma is characterized by watery diarrhea, the
loss of potassium through the urine (hypokalemia) and acidosis. In most
cases this disorder is due to a non-B-islet-cell tumor of the pancreas that
secretes vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine
isoleucine. The episodes of diarrhea in association with profound loss of
potassium, hypochlorhydria, and metabolic acidosis can be a life-threatening
situation due to the excessive fluid and electrolyte loss.
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is an unusual condition characterized by small
tumors (usually of the pancreas) which secrete a hormone that produces excess
amounts of stomach (gastric) juices and resultant peptic ulcers. These
tumors can also appear in the lower stomach wall, spleen or lymph nodes close
to the stomach. Large amounts of gastric acid can be found in lower stomach
areas where ulcers can form. Pain from these persistent ulcers may be
severe. Diarrhea and excretion of fat in the feces (steatorrhea) commonly
occurs. This can result in a decrease of potassium levels in the blood.
(For more information on this disorder, choose "Zollinger" as your search
term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cushing Syndrome consists of a group of symptoms attributable to an
excess of cortisol and other hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland.
Cushing Syndrome patients may have a chronically flushed face, high blood
pressure (hypertension), edema, kidney stones, and severe metabolic
disturbances. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cushing" as
your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Carcinoid Syndrome may involve the use of drugs such as
Doxorubicin, 5-Fluorouracil, Dacarbazine, Dactinomycin or Cisplatin. It may
also involve a combination of chemotherapy drugs for malignant carcinoid
tumors such as: streptofozin + 5-fluoracil (STZ + 5-FU), STZ +
cyclophosphamide, and STZ + 5-FU. Other drug therapy may include
Parachlorophenylalanine, Cyproheptadine, Tamoxifen, and Interferon. Surgery
to remove the tumors, or liver artery ligation or occlusion, has proven
successful in treating some patients with Carcinoid Syndrome.
A Somatostatin analogue (Sandostatin) has proven very effective in
blocking the flushing and relieving the diarrhea and wheezing symptoms of
Carcinoid Syndrome. The symptoms usually improve within the first few days
of treatment. This drug has also been very successful as a preventative
measure for Carcinoid Crisis, and for those who are undergoing surgery or
starting chemotherapy.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials are underway to study functional and non-functional
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic axis. Interested persons
may wish to contact:
Dr. Eugene A. Woltering
OHSU-L224A
3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd.
Portland, OR 97201
(503) 494-5499
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Carcinoid Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a
computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and
families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of
information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To
gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
References
THE CARCINOID SYNDROME: A TREATABLE MALIGNANT DISEASE. L. Kvols, Oncology
(February, 1988, issue 2 (2)). Pp. 33-39.
CARCINOID CRISIS DURING ANESTHESIA: SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT WITH A
SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUE. H.M. Marsh, et al.; Anesthesiology, (January, 1987,
issue 66 (1)). Pp. 89-91.
TREATMENT OF THE MALIGNANT CARCINOID SYNDROME. L. Kvols, et al.; N Eng J
Med. (September 11, 1986, issue 315 (11)). Pp. 663-666.
ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT METHODS IN CARCINOIDS. B. Hyde, Res.
Resources Rept. (January, 1989, issue 13 (1)). Pp. 1-4.
VIPOMA SYNDROME: EFFECT OF A SYNTHETIC SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUE. W.C.
Santangelo, et al.; Scand J Gastroenterol (1986, issue 21 (119)). Pp. 187-
190.
EFFECT OF A LONG-ACTING SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUE IN A PATIENT WITH
PANCREATIC CHOLERA. P. N. Maton, et al.; New Engl J of Med (January, 3, 1985,
issue 312). Pp. 17-21.
EFFECT OF SOMATOSTATIN ANALOG ON WATER AND ELECTROLYTE TRANSPORT AND
TRANSIT TIME IN HUMAN SMALL BOWEL. M. Dueno, et al.; Digestive Disease and
Sciences (October, 1987, issue 32 (10)). Pp. 1092-1096.
VIPOMA SYNDROME. H. S. Mekhuian, et al.; Seminars in Oncology,
(September, 1987, issue 14 (3)). Pp. 282-289.