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$Unique_ID{BRK03743}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Filariasis}
$Subject{Filariasis Wuchereriasis Filarial Elephantiasis Bancroftian
Filariasis Filariasis Malayi Filariasis not caused by Wuchereria Bancrofti or
Brugia Malayi Tropical Eosinphilia}
$Volume{}
$Log{}
Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
116:
Filariasis
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Filariasis) is not the
name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate
names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Wuchereriasis
Filarial Elephantiasis
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Bancroftian Filariasis
Filariasis Malayi
Filariasis not caused by Wuchereria Bancrofti or Brugia Malayi
Tropical Eosinphilia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
section.
Filariasis usually refers to disease caused by either the Wuchereria
Bancrofti or Brugia Malayi worms and marked by features of lymphadenopathy
including inflammation, swelling, and, if untreated and repeatedly reinfected
over a long period of time, elephantiasis, especially in the legs and genital
regions.
Filariasis is common in the Asian and Polynesian tropics. In North
America, filariasis is very rare, occurring only in people who have travelled
or lived in these areas. The infection is transmitted by several tropical
mosquito species, which ingest the larval parasite from one host and
subsequently bite and inoculate a new host with it. The larvae, known as
microfilariae, make their way to the lymphatics, where they reach their adult
stage and begin producing more microfilariae. Disease is primarily a
reaction to adult worms, not to the microfilariae. Some cases of filarial
infection are asymptomatic. The prognosis is good.
Symptoms
Symptoms and signs of Filariasis vary with the severity of the infection.
The adult worms, lodged in the lymphatics, together with the surrounding
inflammation and fibrosis, cause progressive obstruction of the lymph
vessels. Symptoms, when present, may include fatigue, a sense of heaviness,
general malaise, chills, vertigo, headache, photophobia, vomiting, and limb
pain.
Other clinical manifestations include swelling and redness of the limbs,
inflammation of lymph nodes and vessels, testicles, spermatic cord, and
epididymus, varicose lymph vessels, edema, hypertrophy of skin and
subcutaneous tissues, the presence of chyle in the urine, and fever. As the
obstruction of the lymphatics progresses, edema becomes chronic, and there
may be marked enlargement of the scrotum, vulva, legs, and breasts, i.e.,
elephantiasis. Abscesses or calcifications surrounding adult worms which
have died and lost their immunologic "disguise" may develop, particularly in
the pelvis, kidneys, or inguinal lymph nodes.
Microfilariae can be detected in the tissues, including the skin, which
is useful for diagnostic purposes. They also usually are found in the blood.
There is moderate eosinophilia.
Tropical eosinophilia is a variant of filariasis in which there are
hypereosinophilia, high antifilarial antibody titres, and microfilariae in
the tissues but not in the blood. Clinical manifestations of this form of
filariasis comprise enlargement of the lymph nodes and spleen, and sometimes,
chest infiltrates, cough, and bronchospasm.
Causes
The pathogenic worms which cause Filariasis are Wuchereria Bancrofti in
Polynesia, and Brugia Malayi in Asia, including east of the Indian
subcontinent. As described previously, mosquitos vector the disease.
Symptoms result primarily from inflammatory reactions to the adult worms;
possibly, hypersensitive reactions to the microfilaria also develop.
Related Disorders
The term "filariasis" in this article has been used in its narrower sense. In
its broad sense, filariasis refers to a group of parasitic diseases caused by
various species of filarial nematodes. Examples of these diseases include
acanthocheilonemiasis, mumu, loiasis (Calabar swellings), dirofilariasis
(human infection by dog heartworm), and onchocerciasis (river blindness). All
of these except dirofilariasis can be acquired only in the tropics, where
they are common, but are extremely rare in temperate climates.
Therapies: Standard
In the tropics, mosquito control is an important part of treatment and
prophylaxis. Generally, Filariasis is self limited unless reinfections
occur. Thus some cases, especially those imported to temperate regions, where
there is no danger of spreading the disease due to the absence of suitable
vector mosquitos, may be left untreated. In severe cases, however, treatment
may be directed at the elimination of the microfilariae and adult worms.
Diethylcarbamazine, the most effective drug in use, removes microfilariae and
kills or impairs the reproductive capacity of the adult worms. A somewhat
less effective drug, levamisole, has also been investigated. The elimination
of adult worms must be undertaken with care because they can provoke
dangerous allergic reactions and cause abscess formation when they are dead.
These side effects can be controlled by antihistamines or corticosteroids.
Adult worms, their remains, or calcifications developing around them, may
be removed surgically if necessary.
Surgery alleviates elephantiasis of certain structures such as the
scrotum. Treatment of elephantiasis of the legs usually consists of elevation
and support from elastic stockings.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Filariasis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
International Filariasis Association
Department of Helminthology
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Heppel Street
London WC1 E 7HT
England
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
Brown, KR, Phillips, SM. Tropical diseases of importance to the traveler.
ADV INTERN MED (1984) 29:59-84.
Campbell, WC. Efficacy of the vermectins against filarial parasites: a
short review. VET RES COMMUN (1982 May) 5(3):251-62.
Goodwin, LG. Recent advances in research on filariasis. Chemotherapy.
TRANS R SOC TROP MED HYG (1984) 78 suppl:1-8.
Hawking, F. Diethylcarbamazine and new compounds for the treatment of
filariasis. ADV PHARMACOL CHEMOTHER (1979) 16:129-94.
Miller, M.J. Use of levamisole in parasitic infections. DRUGS (1980 Aug)
20(2):122-30.
Spry, CJ, Kumaraswami, V. Tropical eosinophilia. SEMIN HEMATOL (1982
Apr) 19(2):107-15.