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$Unique_ID{BRK03816}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Hepatorenal Syndrome}
$Subject{Hepatorenal Syndrome Hepato-renal Syndrome HRS }
$Volume{}
$Log{}
Copyright (C) 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
664:
Hepatorenal Syndrome
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hepatorenal Syndrome)
is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hepato-renal Syndrome
HRS
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
section of this report.
Hepatorenal Syndrome is a progressive type of kidney (renal) failure
which occurs as a result of severe LIVER disease. It is characterized by
acute kidney (renal) failure that is NOT caused by primary KIDNEY
dysfunction. Symptoms such as yellowing of the skin (jaundice) and urination
problems occur in the two types of this liver disease.
Symptoms
The blood circulation of Hepatorenal Syndrome patients has unique features.
The amount of blood the heart circulates to the rest of the body (cardiac
output) is above normal. The arteries that circulate oxygenated blood from
the lungs to the rest of the body (systemic circulation) widen. The arteries
of the kidney narrow (increase in kidney vascular resistance) causing a
decrease in the blood flow through the kidney.
There appear to be two types of Hepatorenal Syndrome. Acute kidney
failure and yellowing of the skin (jaundice) are common to both. Acute
kidney failure is characterized by a rapid onset, decreased urination
(oliguria), and possibly proteins or red blood cells in the urine and excess
nitrogenous bodies in the blood (azotemia). Jaundice may be accompanied by
dark urine, and an enlarged and tender liver. Loss of appetite, fever,
tiredness, and weakness may also occur.
One type of Hepatorenal Syndrome is characterized by excess watery fluid
in the spaces between the tissues and organs in the abdomen causing swelling
(ascites), yellowed skin (jaundice), and rapidly advancing renal failure.
The brain may be affected (hepatic or portal-systemic encephalopathy)
possibly causing slight changes in judgement and other intellectual
processes, personality changes, inappropriate behavior, depression, and sleep
disturbances.
The other type of Hepatorenal Syndrome is characterized by less jaundice,
slower progressive kidney failure, and no hepatic encephalopathy.
Causes
Kidney failure in Hepatorenal Syndrome is caused primarily by liver disease.
It is NOT due to a primary abnormality or dysfunction of the kidney.
Hepatitis, advanced cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice, liver cancer, and tumors
of the bile ducts have also been reported to cause Hepatorenal Syndrome.
In many patients, an infection or gastrointestinal bleeding can be
identified as a precipitating factor that brought about the Hepatorenal
Syndrome. However, a precipitating factor cannot be found in the rest of the
cases.
Affected Population
Hepatorenal Syndrome occurs equally in males and females with severe liver
disease.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hepatorenal
Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
There are many causes of acute kidney failure: abnormalities of the
blood vessels of or leading to the kidney; abnormalities of the glomeruli of
the kidneys due to infections or diseases such as Goodpasture's Syndrome,
Polycystic Kidney Disease, or Wegener's Granulomatosis; acute interstitial
nephritis (inflammation of the kidney) commonly related to drugs or
infections; intratubular obstruction; or acute tubular necrosis. An
underlying problem in the kidney distinguishes these disorders from the
Hepatorenal Syndrome. (For more information on these disorders, choose
"Goodpasture", "Polycystic Kidney", or "Wegener" as your search terms in the
Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
It is important to distinguish the Hepatorenal Syndrome from the many other
causes of acute kidney failure since the causes and therapies differ.
Treatment of Hepatorenal Syndrome is primarily aimed at correcting the
unusual features of the blood circulation. Three methods have been used:
Head-Out Water Immersion, Paracentesis, and Peritoneovenous (PV) Shunting.
Head-Out Water Immersion involves immersing the patient in water, leaving the
head out. This redistributes the blood from the arms and legs to the trunk.
Paracentesis is a surgical procedure to remove the excess fluid in the
abdomen (ascites). Under carefully controlled conditions, this procedure may
benefit some patients. Peritoneovenous (PV) Shunting involves surgically
placing a tube (a catheter) in the abdominal cavity that drains the ascitic
fluid into the blood circulation.
Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Liver transplants have been used to treat Hepatorenal patients who do not
respond to other therapies.
Researchers are investigating the effectiveness of introducing fresh
frozen plasma into the patient's vein to treat Hepatorenal Syndrome.
There is extensive ongoing research in determining the roles of drugs
such as atrial natriuretic peptide, calcium channel blockers, prostacyclin,
vasodilatory prostaglandins, the liver hormone glomerulopressin, and the
surgical procedure lumbar sympathectomy in the treatment of acute kidney
failure and the Hepatorenal Syndrome.
Current research on liver diseases will hopefully shed more light on the
understanding of Hepatorenal Syndrome.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hepatorenal Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Liver Foundation
1425 Pompton Ave.
Cedar Grove, N.J. 07009
(201) 857-2626
(800) 223-0179
Children's Liver Foundation
14245 Ventura Blvd.
Sherman Oaks, CA 91423
(818) 906-3021
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NKUDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and
Co., 1987. Pp. 187-194, 197, 757.
THE HEPATORENAL SYNDROME: P.S. Kellerman & S.L. Linas; AKF Nephrology
Letter (November, 1988: issue 5(4)). Pp. 47-54.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEPATORENAL SYNDROME AND POTENTIAL FOR THERAPY:
M. Levy; Am J Cardiol (December 14, 1987: issue 60(17)). Pp. 66I-72I.