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$Unique_ID{BRK03874}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Ichthyosis, Sjogren Larsson Syndrome}
$Subject{Ichthyosis, Sjogren Larsson Syndrome DOC 10 (Sjogren-Larsson Type)
Disorder of Cornification 10 (Sjogren-Larsson Type) Ichthyosis, Spastic
Neurologic Disorder, Oligophrenia SLS Ichthyosis Ichthyosis Congenita X-Linked
Ichthyosis }
$Volume{}
$Log{}
Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare
Disorders, Inc.
555:
Ichthyosis, Sjogren Larsson Syndrome
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome)
is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next
page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
article.
Synonyms
DOC 10 (Sjogren-Larsson Type)
Disorder of Cornification 10 (Sjogren-Larsson Type)
Ichthyosis, Spastic Neurologic Disorder, Oligophrenia
SLS
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related
Disorders section:
Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis Congenita
X-Linked Ichthyosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
section of this report.
Sjogren Larsson Syndrome is an inherited disorder characterized by
scaling skin (ichthyosis), mental retardation, speech abnormalities, and
spasticity. Affected infants develop various degrees of reddened skin, and
fine scaling skin. Additionally, larger plate-like thick scales
(hyperkeratosis) usually develop in the outer skin layer (hyperkeratosis).
After infancy, skin on the arms, legs and the abdomen often displays dark
scales and absence of redness. Speech abnormalities and seizures may
accompany skin symptoms. Approximately half of the children affected with
this disorder will have degeneration of the pigment in the retina of the
eyes.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Sjogren Larsson Syndrome usually begin during infancy. This
disorder is characterized by fine scales on the skin with varying degrees of
redness. In time, larger thick platelike scales may appear on the skin
surface. After infancy, one (the flexural) side of the arms and legs are
affected by dark scaly areas without redness. Speech abnormalities, mental
retardation and seizures usually occur during the first 2 or 3 years of life.
Glistening spots in the back portion of the inside of the eyeball (ocular
fundus) may be an early sign of the disorder.
Causes
Sjogren Larsson Syndrome is a hereditary disorder transmitted through
autosomal recessive genes. It was first described by doctors Sjogren and
Larsson who were Swedish physicians. (Human traits including the classic
genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that
condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In
recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits
the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene
and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease,
but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to
the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder,
is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers,
but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will
receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically
normal.)
Affected Population
Sjogren Larsson Syndrome is a rare inherited disorder occurring in
approximately 8.3 out of 100,000 persons in northern Sweden. It is less
prevalent in the U.S. The disorder affects males and females in equal
numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Sjogren
Larsson Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
"Ichthyoses" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing
a group of scaly skin disorders. These skin disorders are characterized by
an abnormal accumulation of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the
skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into
squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of the
skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these
cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the
mortar holding these cells together. (For more information, choose
"Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform
Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin
disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough
skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops.
Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick.
(For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in
the Rare Disease Database.)
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder caused by a deficiency
in the enzyme steroid sulfatase, which affects males. This enzyme deficiency
leads to biochemical alterations in steroid hormone metabolism. Cholesterol
sulfate may accumulate in the blood and skin. (For more information, choose
"X-Linked Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Netherton Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix,
Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann
Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, and Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis.
(Search under each name for more information on that disorder in the Rare
Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Sjogren Larsson Syndrome can be diagnosed before birth by taking a tiny skin
sample from the fetus and examining this for abnormal cells.
The disorder is treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments,
preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after
bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another
particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an
airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can
also be an effective treatment for the dermatologic symptoms of this
disorder.
Anti-convulsant medications may control seizures. Speech therapy and
special education services may be helpful. Other treatment is symptomatic
and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and
etretinate are often effective against symptoms of Sjogren Larsson Syndrome,
but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic
derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can
cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not
yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of
Ichthyosis. Clinical improvement has been reported following limitation of
dietary fat to medium-chain triglycerides.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is
looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate
in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder.
Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of
Sjogren Larsson Syndrome. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue
5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF
ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp.
1253-1258.
TREATMENT OF THE ICHTHYOSIS OF THE SJOGREN-LARSSON SYNDROME WITH
ETRETINATE (TIGASON): S. Jagell, et al.; Acta Derm Venereol (Stockholm)
(1983: issue 63(1)). Pp. 89-91.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 1249.