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$Unique_ID{BRK03889}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Joubert Syndrome}
$Subject{Joubert Syndrome Cerebellarparenchymal Disorder IV Cerebellar Vermis
Aplasia Cerebellar Vermis Agenesis-Neurological Abnormalities Cerebellar
Vermis Aplasia Cerebelloparenchymal Disorder IV Familial Chorireninal
Coloboma-Joubert Syndrome Hyperpnea, Episodic-Abnormal Eye
Movement-Ataxia-Retardation Joubert-Bolthauser Syndrome Kidneys,
Cystic-Retinal Aplasia Joubert Syndrome Vermis Cerebellar Agenesis
Polydactyly-Joubert Syndrome Retinal Aplastic-Cystic Kidneys-Joubert Syndrome
Vermis Aplasia Vermis Cerebellar Agenesis Dandy Walker Syndrome Leber's
Congenital Amaurosis Hydrocephalus }
$Volume{}
$Log{}
Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare
Disorders, Inc.
20:
Joubert Syndrome
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Joubert Syndrome) is
not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the
alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cerebellarparenchymal Disorder IV
Cerebellar Vermis Aplasia
Cerebellar Vermis Agenesis-Neurological Abnormalities
Cerebellar Vermis Aplasia
Cerebelloparenchymal Disorder IV Familial
Chorireninal Coloboma-Joubert Syndrome
Hyperpnea, Episodic-Abnormal Eye Movement-Ataxia-Retardation
Joubert-Bolthauser Syndrome
Kidneys, Cystic-Retinal Aplasia Joubert Syndrome
Vermis Cerebellar Agenesis
Polydactyly-Joubert Syndrome
Retinal Aplastic-Cystic Kidneys-Joubert Syndrome
Vermis Aplasia
Vermis Cerebellar Agenesis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
Disorders section of this report:
Dandy Walker Syndrome
Leber's Congenital Amaurosis
Hydrocephalus
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
section of this report.
Joubert Syndrome is a very rare neurological disorder involving a
malformation of the area of the brain that controls balance and coordination.
Generally motor activity is slowed (psychomotor retardation) and there are
abnormal eye movements. Respiratory irregularities, including rapid panting,
may occur during infancy.
Symptoms
Joubert Syndrome is characterized by periods of cessation of breathing during
sleep (sleep apnea). Periods of deep, abnormal breathing are common in
infants and may be triggered by emotional stimulation such as crying.
Unusually deep inhalations also occur. These respiratory irregularities
generally decrease as the infant gets older.
Abnormal eye movements such as irregular jerking, eye rolling or crossing
of the eyes may be present. Impaired coordination of movement and walking
(ataxia), and difficulty in controlling the range of voluntary movement
(dysmetria) are characteristic of Joubert Syndrome. Tremors may also be
observed. Muscle weakness may be accompanied by clumsy or rapid alternating
movements. Mental retardation may also occur.
Causes
The exact cause of Joubert Syndrome is not known. This disorder may be
inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the
classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes,
one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive
disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same
defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one
normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for
the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting
the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a
recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children
will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of
their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will
be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Joubert Syndrome is extremely rare and generally appears during infancy. It
is estimated that only 10 cases occur each year in the United States. Both
males and females can be affected, and the disorder can occur more than once
in the same family.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Joubert
Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Dandy-Walker Syndrome is a rare inherited disorder that is characterized
by congenital hydrocephalus that is an accumulation of fluid in the brain and
an increase of pressure within the skull. This swelling of the head is
generally accompanied by headaches, visual disturbances that come and go and
swelling of the eyes (papilledema). (For more information, choose "Dandy
Walker" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Leber's Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) is a rare inherited disorder that
affects the eyes. Infants are born without the cells that gather light in
the retina of the eye. It is characterized by blindness at birth, roving eye
movements and pupils that react poorly to light and dilate widely in
darkness. Often the eyes are deeply set and the infant will rub the eyes to
stimulate the retina to produce light (oculodigital stimulation). This
disorder is frequently associated with a family history of loss of eye muscle
coordination. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Leber's
Congenital Amaurosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which enlarged (dilated) cerebral
ventricles in the brain restrict the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF). The cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the skull and puts pressure on
the brain tissue. The characteristic features in children include an
enlarged head, a bulging forehead, a thin transparent scalp and a downward
gaze. Other symptoms may include convulsions, abnormal reflexes, a slowed
heartbeat and respiratory rate, headache and visual problems. (For more
information on this disorder, choose "Hydrocephalus" as your search term in
the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
The treatment for Joubert Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Special
education services and physical therapy may be of benefit to children with
this disorder. When hydrocephalus occurs, a shunt may be recommended to
facilitate the drainage of fluid from the brain.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for Joubert Syndrome families.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National
Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project that is
aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes
malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and
treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Joubert Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Joubert's Syndrome Parents in Touch Network
12348 Summer Meadow Road
Rock, MI 49880
(906) 359-4707
Joubert Syndrome
5636 Secor Rd, #11
Toledo, OH 43627
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Children's Brain Diseases Foundation for Research
350 Parnassus, Suite 900
San Francisco, CA 94117
(415) 566-5402
(415) 565-6259
David B. Flannery, M.D., Director
Division of Medical Genetics
Department of Pediatrics
BG-121
Medical College of Georgia
Augusta, GA 30912
(404) 721-2809
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1487.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief;
Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 995-996.
JOUBERT'S SYNDROME WITH RETINAL DYSPLASIA: NEONATAL TACHYPNOEA AS THE
CLUE TO A GENETIC BRAIN-EYE MALFORMATION, M.D. King et al.; Arch Dis Child
(August 1984; 59(8)): Pp. 709-718.
DYSMORPHIC FEATURES OF JOUBERT SYNDROME, L.A. Squires et al.; Dysmorphol
Clin Genet (May 1991; 5): Pp. 77-79.
JOUBERT'S SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH CONGENITAL FIBROSIS AND HISTIDINEMA,
R.E. Appleton et al.; Arch Neurol (May 1989; 46(5)): Pp. 579-582.