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$Unique_ID{BRK04144}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency}
$Subject{Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency Succinylcholine Sensitivity Apnea
Malignant Hyperthermia}
$Volume{}
$Log{}
Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
830:
Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pseudocholinesterase
Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing
to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
article.
Synonyms
Succinylcholine Sensitivity
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related
Disorders section of this report:
Apnea
Malignant Hyperthermia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
section of this report.
Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency is a rare genetic disorder. Individuals
with this disorder have a deficiency or absence of the plasma enzyme
pseudocholinesterase, which can cause respiratory difficulty during surgery
if the muscle-relaxing drug succinylcholine is used.
Symptoms
Individuals with Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency have a shortage or absence
of the enzyme pseudocholinesterase. The only apparent effect of this
deficiency appears when the drug succinylcholine is given during surgery.
Succinylcholine (also called suxamethonium, or anectine) is a muscle-relaxing
drug generally used intravenously during surgery. The patient's body has
difficulty stopping the activity of this drug due to his/her deficiency of
pseudocholinesterase. This can cause paralysis of respiratory muscles which
may cause the patient to stop breathing for an extended period of time.
Artificial respiration (mechanical ventilation) may be necessary until the
succinylcholine is eliminated from the body and the patient is able to resume
breathing. If the patient is not exposed to succinylcholine, he/she may
never know that he/she has a deficiency of the enzyme pseudocholinesterase.
Causes
Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the
interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the
mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a
person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent.
If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will
be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of
transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are
carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of
their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five
percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each
parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency is present at birth and occurs in
approximately 1 out of every 2500 people in the United States. It seems to
affect white Americans, Alaskan Eskimos, Greeks, Yugoslavs, and East Indians
more often than other populations. In white Americans it seems to affect
males almost twice as often as females.
Related Disorders
Apnea is the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. Infantile Apnea
refers to pauses in breathing during an infant's sleep. Apnea is called
Central Apnea or Diaphragmatic Apnea when there are no chest movements during
the pauses in breathing. When there are chest movements but no passage of
air through the mouth or nostrils, the disorder is known as Obstructive Apnea
or Upper Airway Apnea. Central Apnea followed by or intermixed with an
Obstructive Apnea is called Mixed Apnea. (For more information choose
"apnea" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Malignant Hyperthermia is a rare disorder caused by a genetically
determined abnormal response to certain anesthetic drugs. Manifestations
include the sudden development of exceptionally high fever during or
following general anesthesia. The symptoms do not occur in the absence of
general anesthesia. Although the patient may have had no previous adverse
reactions to general anesthesia in the past, the subsequent administration of
an anesthetic drug such as halothane or cyclopropane - either with or without
the administration of a muscle relaxant such as succinylcholine, may trigger
the onset of Malignant Hyperthermia in a genetically susceptible individual.
It is a serious condition which requires prompt recognition and expert
medical treatment.
Occasionally, those afflicted with the disorder have revealed a past
history of weakness or muscle cramps, or a history of relatives who had a
negative reaction to anesthesia.
Therapies: Standard
Testing can be done to determine the presence of Pseudocholinesterase
Deficiency before surgery is performed. When the enzyme deficiency is
identified the muscle-relaxing drug succinylcholine is not prescribed and
other muscle relaxants can be used instead. If testing for
Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency has not been done beforehand, and the patient
stops breathing for a prolonged period of time during surgery, artificial
respiration (mechanical ventilation) can be administered until the patient is
able to resume normal breathing.
People with Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency should warn their relatives
to be tested before surgery since this is a genetic disorder. People who
have relatives who have died for unknown reasons during surgery should be
screened for Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency prior to undergoing surgery.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
January 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-7301
Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States
P.O. Box 3231
Darien, CT 06820
(203) 655-3007
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1986. Pp. 814-815.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief;
Merck, Sharp, and Dohme Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 2454.
AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF SUCCINYLDICHOLINE-INDUCED
APNOEA. M. Panteghini, et al.; J Clin Chem Biochem (Feb 1988; issue 26 (2)).
Pp. 85-90.
PLASMA CHOLINESTERASE GENETIC VARIANTS PHENOTYPED USING A COBAS-FARA
CENTRIFUGAL ANALYSER. A. Brock; J Clin Chem Biochem (Dec 1988; issue 26
(12)). Pp. 873-875.
TRANSIENT RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION OF THE NEWBORN. ITS OCCURRENCE AFTER
SUCCINYLCHOLINE ADMINISTRATION TO THE MOTHER. D. Hoefnagel, et al.; Am J Dis
Child (Aug 1979; issue 133 (8)). Pp. 825-826.
PROLONGED APNEA OF AN ORAL SURGERY PATIENT AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF
SUCCINYLCHOLINE. T. Gerosky, et al.; J Oral Surg (Jun 1979; issue 37 (6)).
Pp. 428-431.
Shoemaker, et al.; Textbook of Critical Care, 2nd Ed.; W.B. Saunders,
1989. Pp. 109-114.
AMA Drug Evaluation, 6th Ed., 1986. P. 321.