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1994-01-17
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$Unique_ID{BRK04156}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Purpura, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic}
$Subject{Purpura Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Hemorrhagica Werlhof
disease ITP}
$Volume{}
$Log{}
Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare
Disorders, Inc.
258:
Purpura, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic
Purpura) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to
find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Purpura Hemorrhagica
Werlhof disease
ITP
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or
treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this
disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed
in the "Resources" section of this report.
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is characterized by a lack of a
certain type of blood cell, called platelets (thrombocytopenia) without a
readily apparent cause or underlying disease. The disorder is characterized
by abnormal bleeding into the skin. Bleeding from mucous membranes also
occurs, and may subsequently result in anemia.
Symptoms
ITP is characterized by a lack of platelets (thrombocytes) which causes
bleeding into the skin. The typical symptoms appear as red spots the size of
pinpoints (petechiae) or small hemorrhagic spots (ecchymoses). Bleeding from
the mucous membranes also occurs, including nosebleeds (epistaxis),
gastrointestinal and genitourinary bleeding, and vaginal bleeding. Bleeding
into the Central Nervous System is an uncommon symptom as is bleeding into
joints (hemarthrosis). As a result of excessive bleeding, anemia may
develop, producing weakness, fatigue or signs of congestive heart failure.
Fever and slight enlargement of the spleen may also occur.
Causes
Although no specific cause for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura has been
identified, an acute viral infection occasionally precedes the symptoms.
Current evidence supports an immunologic basis, since most patients have
antiplatelet antibodies that are identifiable. Bone marrow samples acquired
by aspiration reveal abundant giant cells which produce platelets
(megakaryocytes) that often appear inactive or nonproductive.
Affected Population
ITP occurs most frequently in children and young adults, and more frequently
in females than in males. Pregnant women with lupus are especially
susceptible to ITP.
Related Disorders
Thrombocytopenia is a general term referring to a decreased amount of
platelets (thrombocytes) which may be due to a failure of platelet production
in the blood. ITP is only one form of thrombocytopenia.
Purpura is the most common symptom of a vascular bleeding disorder,
manifested by increased bruising and vascular fragility.
Allergic Purpura is an acute or chronic inflammation of the blood vessels
(vasculitis) primarily affecting the skin, the joints, the gastrointestinal
and kidney (renal) systems. Purpura (red/purple color of the skin) results
from the effusion of blood and plasma into surfaces under the skin, mucous
membranes and under serous membranes.
Therapies: Standard
About 15% of patients with ITP respond well to corticosteroids
(hydrocortisone, or its equivalent, prednisone). Removal of the spleen
(splenectomy) can achieve a remission in 50 to 60% of those who fail to
respond to steroids or who fail to maintain a remission when steroids are
discontinued. Treatment with immunosuppressor drugs such as cyclophosphamide
and azathioprine, has been used effectively in some cases that did not
respond to steroids and splenectomy. Vincristine can sometimes be
therapeutic. Platelet concentrates can be administered for control of
bleeding until more specific therapy takes effect. The short survival of
platelets in this disorder, however, limits the usefulness of platelet
transfusions.
A new form of gammaglobulin (immunoglobulin) has been approved by the FDA
for intravenous treatment of ITP. The drug may be used for short periods of
time in patients (particularly children) who have the acute form of the
disorder. The chronic form of ITP may require ongoing treatment with
immunoglobulin, usually through monthly intravenous infusions.
Therapies: Investigational
Defibrotide is an investigational orphan drug being tested for treatment of
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. It is available on an experimental
basis from Crinos International in Italy. In addition, patients risk
development of an immune reaction to repeated platelet transfusions.
Anti-D immune globulin has shown good response as a treatment in children
with ITP. The product is less expensive and has fewer side effects than
other treatments. More testing is needed to determine the long-term safety
and effectiveness of the product.
Recent studies have shown that combination chemotherapy is beneficial in
some affected individuals in whom ITP is refractory to therapy such as
corticosteroids and splenectomy.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1050-1.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme
Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1159.
COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY IN REFRACTORY IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA.
M. Figueroa, et al.; The New England Journal of Medicine (April 29, 1993,
issue 328 (17)). Pp. 1226-29.