Adenoma-benign tumor made up of glandular elements
Antioxidant-lessens the effects of poisons or other substances that are harmful to humans and animals
Asymptomatic-without symptoms
Anemia-a condition where the blood is lacking in red blood cells and possibly other essential parts Barium-an alkaline element found in the earth Biopsy-microscopic examination of a small piece of tissue from the body; the only sure way to know whether a growth is a cancer
Benign-noncancerous
Clinical trials-using humans in medical tests Colonoscope-a small, flexible, lighted, long, fiberoptic instrument used to examine the entire colon Digestive tract-area of the body which digests foods
Fiberoptic-technique for transmitting light and optical images along flexible coated glass or plastic fibers
Lymph-a transparent, slightly yellow, alkaline liquid found in the lymphatic vessels and derived from fluids in the body's tissues
Malignant-cancerous
Metastasize-spread of a disease from one organ or part of the body to another not directly connected with it
National Institutes of Health-part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Node-a small mass of tissue in the form of a swelling, knot or protuberance, either normal or diseased Outpatient-not a patient in a hospital Precancerous-a physical condition that tends eventually to become malignant
Preclinical-before a medicine is used in humans
Polyp-a growth sometimes like a wart) within the body
Radical surgery-surgery designed to remove all areas of an extensive disease as well as the nearby lymph nodes
Tumors-swelling, new growth of tissue
Scans-mechanical examinations of various parts of the body
Sigmoidoscopy-an examination of the sigmoid portion of the colon
Stool-feces
Ulcerative colitis-chronic, recurring ulceration of the colon
Ulcerative-a localized "sore" on the surface of a tissue or organ
When reading about cholesterol and nutrition, you may run across some
words that are important to understand if you are trying to fully grasp the meaning of the articles you are studying. This glossary may be used to help clarify the meaning and use of important words used in material on the subject of cholesterol.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS: Essentially a type of hardening of the arteries; it's a condition in which the walls of the arteries become less flexible because of the buildup of cholesterol, fat and other blood components within them. Arteries to the heart may narrow due to atherosclerosis and become incapable of carrying enough oxygen-rich blood to the muscles of the heart.
CARBOHYDRATE: One of the three types of nutrients (along with fat and protein) that provide energy to the body. There are four calories in each gram of carbohydrate, an essential ingredient for normal body function. There are two basic types of carbohydrates: "simple" carbohydrates (sugars), and "complex" carbohydrate (starches and fiber).
Complex carbohydrate: Starch and fiber, usually found in plants or vegetables. When complex carbohydrates are substituted for saturated fats in the diet, the saturated fat reduction lowers blood cholesterol. High amounts of starch may be found in breads, pasta, rice, cereals, dried beans and peas, corn and lima beans.
Fiber: The body is unable to digest or absorb this type of complex carbohydrate, so high-fiber foods are low in calories. Large amounts of fiber are found in whole-grain cereals, oat and barley brans, some fruits such as apples and oranges, as well as dried beans.
CHOLESTEROL: A soft, waxy substance that is important for normal body function and is produced in sufficient quantity by the body. It is involved in the production of certain hormones, bile acid and Vitamin D. It may be found in tissues in all parts of the body, including the nervous system, muscle, skin, heart, intestines and liver.
Blood Cholesterol: May be from both cholesterol absorbed from food and cholesterol produced in the liver, it is distributed to tissues throughout the body by the blood. A high level of blood cholesterol precedes the development of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.
Dietary Cholesterol: The amounts of cholesterol contained in the foods you consume. It is present only in foods derived from animals, and is not contained in foods that are of plant origin.
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: A disease of the arteries of the heart. The arteries become narrower due to the effects of arteriosclerosis, and fail to provide sufficient amounts of oxygen and nutrient-carrying blood to the tissues (muscles) of the heart, leading to chest pain, heart attack and death.
FAT: One of the three types of nutrients, fat provides nine calories per gram, more than twice the amount contained in an equal quantity of either carbohydrates or proteins. Fats help in the absorption of certain vitamins and, in small amounts, are necessary for normal body function.
Total Fat: The total of all types of fats (saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated) contained in food. In general, a mixture of all three is found in most foods.
Saturated Fat: This type of fat is found in the largest amounts in foods derived from animals, including meat, poultry, and dairy products made from milk, such as cream, cheese, ice cream and butter. However, some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel and other palm oils, also contain large amounts of saturated fats. Blood cholesterol increases more from saturated fats than any other food element in the diet.
Unsaturated Fat: This type of fat remains in a liquid state at refrigerator temperatures. Both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are in this classification.
Monounsaturated Fat: This is a type of fat that is slightly unsaturated and is contained in foods made from plants, including olive oil and canola (rapeseed oil). When these types of fats are substituted for saturated fats in the diet, blood cholesterol is reduced.
Polyunsaturated Fat: Considered highly unsaturated, this type of fat is found in oils made from safflower, sunflower, corn and soybean. It also acts to reduce the amount of blood cholesterol when substituted for saturated fats in the diet.
GRAM: A unit of weight. One ounce equals about 28 grams (g). Most diets measure the various contents of food products using this unit of weight.
HYDROGENATION: A chemical process that changes liquid vegetable oils that are made of unsaturated fats, into a solid form that contains saturated fats. While this process makes it possible to keep these products on supermarket shelves for longer periods of time, it also increases the content of undesirable saturated fats.
LIPIDS: These are fatty substances that are present in the blood and body issues, and includes cholesterol and triglycerides.
LIPOPROTEINS: Used to describe the protein-coated "packages" or particles that carry fats (such as cholesterol) through the blood. Lipoproteins are classified according to their density.
High Density Lipoproteins (HDL): This form of lipoprotein contains a small amount of cholesterol and carries cholesterol away from the body cells and tissues to the liver for excretion from the body. Thus, the higher the level of HDL the better, and so this substance is known as the "good" cholesterol.
Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL): These are the lipoproteins in the blood that carry the largest amounts of cholesterol. Because LDL is responsible for depositing cholesterol in the walls of arteries, high levels are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease. This is the substance referred to as "bad" cholesterol.
MILLIGRAM: A unit of weight equal to one-thousandth of a gram. One ounce equals 28,350 milligrams (mg).
MILLIGRAMS/DECILITER (mg/dl): This unit is used to express the concentration of a given weight of a substance dissolved in a quantity of liquid. The amount of cholesterol in the blood is measured in this manner, indicating the weight of cholesterol (mg) in a deciliter of blood. A deciliter is about one-tenth of a quart.
PROTEIN: One of the three types of nutrients. One gram or protein supplies four calories, less than half the amount contained in one gram of fat. Protein is an essential building block of many parts of the body, including muscle, bone, skin and blood.
RISK FACTOR: A habit, trait or condition in a person that is associated with an increased chance of developing a particular disease. These factors are established by studying the results of many clinical investigations that develop the statistics needed to discover the relationships.
TRIGLYCERIDES: A type of lipid (fat-like substance) carried in the bloodstream to the tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in this form, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained from the fat in the diet.
VASCULAR DISEASE: A disease or ailment of the blood vessels, frequently caused by atherosclerosis. Vascular disease may be seen in arteries to the brain, heart and in the leg.
Adult-onset diabetes--Former name for non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Angiopathy--A disease of the blood vessels
Atherosclerosis--A condition in which fat and clotted blood builds up in the large-and medium-sized arteries
Beta cells--The cells of the pancreas that produce insulin
Blood-glucose monitoring--A method of checking how much blood sugar (glucose) is in the blood
Carbohydrate--One of the three main classes of food and a source of energy
Cholesterol--A fatlike substance that is found in food and is made by the body
Circulation--The flow of blood within the body
Diabetes mellitus--A disease that occurs when the body is not able to use sugar for energy as it should Fats--One of the three main classes of foods; can be either saturated, monunsaturated or polyunsaturated
Gestational diabetes mellitus--A type of diabetic mellitus that occurs when a woman is pregnant
Glucagon--A hormone that raises blood-sugar levels, sometimes used to treat insulin reactions
Glucose--A simple sugar found in the blood, serving as the body's main source of energy
Hormone--A chemical within the body that acts as a messenger, telling cells what to do
Hyperglycemia-- High blood-sugar levels
Hypoglycemia--Low blood-sugar levels
Insulin--The hormone the body uses to regulate blood sugar and allow it into the cells
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus--Chronic condition where the pancreas does not make enough insulin
Insulin reaction--Effects of too much insulin, causing very low blood-sugar levels
lslets of Langerhans--The groups of cells within the pancreas that contain the beta cells that make insulin
Ketoacidosis--The buildup of ketones in the blood due to poorly controlled diabetes; can lead to coma and death
Lancet--Sharp instrument used for pricking skin
Maturity-onset diabetes--Former name for non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Nephropathy--Disease or damage of the kidneys
Neuropathy--Disease or damage of the nervous system
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus--A form of diabetes where the body is resistant to insulin
Oral hypoglycemic agents--Medications used to control blood-sugar levels
Pancreas--The organ that makes insulin; it is found behind and under the stomach
Pre-eclampsia--A condition during pregnancy marked by high blood pressure and water retention
Protein--One of the three main classes of foods
Retina--The inside layer of the back of the eyeball that senses light
Retinopathy--Disease or damage to the retina
Sugar--A type of simple carbohydrate that tastes sweet
Sulfonylureas--Oral hypoglycemic agents
Type I diabetes--Insulin-dependent diabetes
Type 11 diabetes--Non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Urine testing--Checking urine for glucose and ketones as a way of monitoring blood-glucose levels
Vitrectomy--Removal of the clear jellylike fluid from the eye after it has become clouded due to bleeding
ADRDA: Alzheimer's Disease & Related Disorders Association,
1-800-621-0379 (in Illinois, 1-800-572-6037).
AAFP: American Academy of Family Practice has a "Help Yourself to Health" series. Contact Dr. Herb Young, AAFP, 1740 W. 92nd St., Kansas City, Mo. 64114, or call 1-800-821-2512.
AARP: American Association of Retired Persons, 1909 K St., N.W., Washington, D.C. Membership costs $5 a year. This association has many benefits for people over age 50 (retired or not), including non-profit pharmacy service, free publications on health, housing, consumer fights, and more.
American Association of Homes for the Aging 1129 20th St., N.W., Suite 400, Washington, D.C. 20036. A free packet of care-giving brochures is available by sending a self-addressed, legal-size, stamped envelope (39 cents) to the address above.
ACS: American Cancer Society, 90 Park Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016.,
ADA: American Diabetes Association Inc., 600 5th Ave. New York, N.Y. 10020i
American Foundation for the Blind Inc., 15 W. 16th St., New York, N.Y. 10011.
ARA: American Heart Association, 7320 Greenville, Dallas, Texas 75231.
American Lung Association, 1740 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10019. American Podiatric Medical Association, Chevy Chase Circle, Western Ave., Washington, D.C. 20015, or call (202) 537-4900.
American Red Cross, 18th & E St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20096.
Arthritis Foundation, 1413 Spring St., N.W., Atlanta, Ga. 30309.
Association for Hearing and Speech Action 814 Thayer Ave., Silver Spring, Md. 20910. (Same address for the National Association of the Deaf.)
CAPS: Children of Aging Parents, 2761 Trenton Rd., Levittown, Penn. 19056. A list of support groups (especially for Alzheimer's disease), a long-distance directory of case-management workers, and care-giving booklets are available from the address above.
Lifeline Program: 1-800-451-0525 (in Massachusetts, 1-800-441-4014). This is a personal emergency response system provided in communities. Write to Lifeline Systems Inc., One Arsenal Marketplace, Watertown, Mass., or call (617) 923-4141.
National Association of Area Agencies on Aging, 600 Maryland Ave., S.W., Suite 208, Washington, D.C. 20024. This organization can give information about local county aging services that plan, coordinate and advocate programs and services for county residents over the age of 60: senior activity centers, meals on wheels, transportation, outreach programs, health screening centers, foster grandparents, volunteer opportunities, home services alternatives to nursing homes, senior employment programs, chore services, legal services, senior companion programs, etc. These programs are funded by the Older Americans Act, which is a federal law providing grants to states for these community services.
National Association for Home Care, 519 C St., Stanton Park, Washington, D.C. 20002. NAHC is a national clearinghouse of information regarding home-care agencies.
National Clearinghouse on Aging, SCAN Social Gerontology Resource Center, P.O. Box 231, Silver Spring, Md. 20907. Provides lists of publications on nit topics, such as family support groups, self-help and day care for the elderly.
National Council on Aging Inc.: A national directory of care-giver support groups ($6.50) and guides on topics such as avoiding home accidents, and long-distance caregiving ($5.50 each) are available by writing to NCOA Publications, P.O. Box 7227, Ben Franklin Station, Washington, D.C. 20044.
National Hospice Organization, 1901 N. Fort Myer Dr., Suite 307, Arlington, Va. 22209, or call (703) 243-5900.
National Institute on Aging Information Center: Educational brochures on a variety of topics can be obtained by writing to 2209 Distribution Circle, Silver Springs, Md. 20910, or calling (301) 495-3455.
National Library Service for the Blind & Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, 1291 Taylor St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20542. Telephone number is (202) 287-5100.
National Parkinson's Foundation. 1-800-327-4545 (in Florida, call 1-800-433-7022; in Miami, call 305-547-6666). Parkinson's Disease Foundation, 640 W. 168th St., New York, N.Y. 10032.
National Patient Education Library, 2900 Baltimore Medical Building, Suite 400, Kansas City, Mo. 64108. Telephone number is 1-800-821-6671.
National Rehabilitation Information Center, 4407 8th St., N.E., Washington, D.C. 20017. Provides information and fact sheets on research, products and resources related to the care of patients with physical limitations. Telephone number is 1-800-34-NARIC, or (202) 653-5826.
National Society for the Prevention of Blindness Inc., 70 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. Telephone number is (212) 684-3505.
Tele-Consumer Hotline: Gives information about telephone services by providing fact sheets on problems and a resource directory of devices for people with impaired hearing, speech or vision. Telephone number is 1-800-332-1124.
Other potential resources: United Way Agencies, hospice organizations within a community, local hospitals (which might be able to provide weekend or respite care), religious organizations within a community, university gerontologic programs or geriatric education centers.
Creative Multimedia Corporation (CMC) warrants that CMC's software and the media on which it is recorded will work substantially in accordance with CMC's operating instructions, when used on equipment meeting CMC's specifications. CMC gives this warranty to the first consumer owner only. If you have problems within the first 90 days after you buy it, return the software to us, postage prepaid, with your purchase receipt, to:
Warranty Department
Creative Multimedia Corporation
514 N.W. 11th Ave., Suite 203
Portland, Oregon 97209
and if we find it to be defective, we will replace it with one that works on equipment meeting our specifications.
YOU MUST RETURN YOUR REGISTRATION CARD TO BE ELIGIBLE FOR THIS REMEDY. If you lose your card, let us know; we'll send you another.
YOUR REMEDIES ARE LIMITED TO THOSE DESCRIBED ABOVE, CMC WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, LOSS OF DATA OR LOSS OF USE, OR ANY OTHER FORM OF DAMAGE, EXCEPT AS ENCOMPASSED IN THE REPLACE OR REFUND REMEDY DESCRIBED ABOVE. Some States do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you.
This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state....
pageTitle
User Warranty
User Warranty
00002.txt
pageTitle
CREATIVE MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE LICENSE
"U"Copyright (c) 1993 Creative Multimedia
SOFTWARE LICENSE
_________________________
PLEASE READ THIS LICENSE CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THE SOFTWARE. BY USING THE SOFTWARE YOU ARE AGREEING TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE, PROMPTLY RETURN THE UNUSED SOFTWARE TO THE PLACE WHERE YOU OBTAINED IT AND YOUR MONEY WILL BE REFUNDED.
1. License. The application, demonstration, system and other software accompanying this License, whether on a Disk, in read only memory, or on any other media (the "Software") and related documentation are licensed to you by Creative Multimedia Corporation ("CMC"). You own the disk on which the Software is recorded but CMC and/or CMC's Licensors retain title to the Software and related documentation. This License allows you to use the Software on a single computer. You may also transfer all your license rights in the Software, the backup copy of the Software, the related documentation and a copy of this License to another party, provided the other party reads and agrees to accept the terms and conditions of this License.
2. Restrictions. The Software contains copyrighted material, trade secrets
and other proprietary material and in order to protect them you may not decompile, reverse engineer, disassemble or otherwise reduce the Software to a human-perceivable form. You may not modify, network, rent, lease, loan, distribute or create derivative works based upon the Software in whole or in part. You may not electronically transmit the Software from one computer to another or over a network.
3. Termination. This License is effective until terminated. You may terminate this License at any time by destroying the Software and related documentation and all copies thereof. This License will terminate immediately without notice from CMC if you fail to comply with any provision of this License. Upon termination you must destroy the Software and related documentation and all copies thereof.
4. Export Law Assurances. You agree and certify that neither the Software nor any other technical data received from CMC, nor the direct product thereof, will be exported outside the United States except as authorized and as permitted by the laws and regulations of the United States.
5. Government End Users. If you are acquiring the Software on behalf of any
unit or agency of the United States Government, the following provisions apply. The Government agrees:
(i) if the Software is supplied to the Department of Defense (DoD), the Software is classified as "Commercial Computer Software", and the Government is acquiring only "restricted rights" in the Software and its documentation as that term is defined in Clause 252.227-7013(c)(1) of the DFARS; and
(ii) if the Software is supplied to any unit or agency of the United States
Government other than DoD, the Government's rights in the Software and its documentation will be as defined in Clause 52.227-19(c)(2) of the FAR or, in the case of NASA, in Clause 18-52.227-86(d) of the NASA Supplement to the FAR.
6. Limited Warranty on Media. CMC warrants the discs on which the Software is recorded to be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of purchase as evidenced by a copy of the receipt. CMC's entire liability and your exclusive remedy will be replacement of the disk not meeting CMC's limited warranty and which is returned to CMC or a CMC authorized representative with a copy of the receipt. CMC will have no responsibility to replace a disc damaged by accident, abuse or misapplication. ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES ON THE DISCS, INCLUDING THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE LIMITED IN DURATION TO NINETY (90) DAYS FROM THE DATE OF DELIVERY. THIS WARRANTY GIVES YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS, AND YOU MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS WHICH VARY FROM JURISDICTION TO JURISDICTION.
7. Disclaimer of Warranty on Software. You expressly acknowledge and agree that use of the Software is at your sole risk. The Software and related documentation are provided "AS IS" and without warranty of an kind and CMC and CMC's Licensor(s) (for the purposes of provisions 7 and 8, CMC and CMC's Licensor(s) shall be collectively referred to as "CMC") EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. CMC DOES NOT WARRANT THAT THE FUNCTIONS CONTAINED IN THE SOFTWARE WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS, OR THAT THE OPERATION OF THE SOFTWARE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE, OR THAT DEFECTS IN THE SOFTWARE WILL BE CORRECTED. FURTHERMORE, CMC DOES NOT WARRANT OR MAKE ANY REPRESENTATIONS REGARDING THE USE OR THE RESULTS OF THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE OR RELATED DOCUMENTATION IN TERMS OF THEIR CORRECTNESS, ACCURACY, RELIABILITY, OR OTHERWISE. NO ORAL OR WRITTEN INFORMATION OR ADVICE GIVEN BY CMC OR A CMC AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE SHALL CREATE A WARRANTY OR IN ANY WAY INCREASE THE SCOPE OF THIS WARRANTY. SHOULD THE SOFTWARE PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU (AND NOT CMC OR A CMC AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE) ASSUME THE ENTIRE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR
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EVEN IF CMC OR A CMC AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
In no event shall CMC's total liability to you for all damages, losses, and
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LIKE) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE SOFTWARE EVEN IF CMC's LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. BECAUSE SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO
YOU. CMC's Licensor's liability to you for actual damages from any cause whatsoever, and regardless of the form of the action (whether in contract, tort (including negligence), product liability or otherwise), will be limited to $50." be limited to $50.""""""""""""""""""""""""""
CREATIVE MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE LICENSEO TH
00003.txt
pageTitle
The Family Doctor, 3rd Edition Credits and Copyright
Credits and Copyright
_________________________
The Family Doctor Team:
Author & Editor: Allan H. Bruckheim, M.D., FAAFP
Development: David Bleckmann, Collin Bremner, Gene Ragan
Production: Mark Johnson, John Williamson, Theresa Inman,
Linda Wolffe, Kelly Clarke
Quality Assurance: Janise McMenamin
Executive Producer: Chen-Chi Yuan
Technical Writer: Steve Munger
Publisher: Judith D. Grillo
Executive Publisher: Eric Pozzo
Copyright Notice:
The video introduction in The Family Doctor was written and recorded by Dr. Allan H. Bruckheim who also serves as editor, author and advisor of the
CD-ROM title.
The Questions and Answers are based upon "The Family Doctor", a nationally syndicated copyrighted column by Tribune Media Services, Inc. Portions Copyright (c) 1991-1993, 1994 by Allan H. Bruckheim, M.D. and Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved.
The 900+ files of information on rare diseases used with permission from the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc., 100 Route 37, P.O. Box 8923, New Fairfield, CT. 06812-1783. Copyright (c) 1984-1993, 1994 by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
The New Prescription Drug Reference Guide by the Editors of Consumer Guide (R) reprinted with permission from Publications International, Ltd. Copyright (c) 1993 by Publications International, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Basic First Aid animations developed by Dash Digital, 1631 SW Columbia, Portland, OR 97201. Copyright (c) 1993, 1994 by Creative Multimedia Corporation.
The Resources Section includes Associations & Foundations, Educational Resources and Support Groups and Health Update Booklets. These Resources were written, compiled and edited by Dr. Allan H. Bruckheim. Copyright (c) 1991-93, 1994 by Allan H. Bruckheim, M.D.
The Patient Education Illustrations reprinted with permission from Resident and Staff Physician. Copyright (c) 1991-93, 1994 by Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Anatomy of the Human Body illustrations were designed and developed by Collin Bremner and Bill Fiesterman. Audio recording courtesy of Alyssa Bremner. Copyright (c) 1992-93, 1994 by Creative Multimedia Corporation. Video licensed courtesy of "The Living Body Series", from the Altschul Group Corporation. Copyright (c) 1993, 1994 by Creative Multimedia Corporation.
Audio for Basic First Aid, the Introduction to the Anatomy of the Human Body and the video of the Anatomy of the Human Body was recorded by Richard Moore, Northwest VideoWorks, Inc. 1631 SW Columbia, Portland, OR 97201.
Interface Design developed by Collin Bremner and Andrew Davies. Copyright (c) 1992-93, 1994 Creative Multimedia Corporation.
Copyright (c) 1991-93, 1994 Creative Multimedia Corporation. QuickTime for Windows(TM), Copyright (c) 1992, Apple Computer, Inc. ToolBook(R) 1.53, Copyright 1992, Asymetrix(R) Corporation. A portion of this product was developed using MacroMind Director, version 3.1, copyright (c) 1992, Macromedia(TM), Inc. Other words, images and sounds copyright of respective owners. Windows is a registered trademark of MicroSoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Made in U.S.A.....tion. All rights reserved. Made in U.S.A.Made in U.S.A...
The Family Doctor, 3rd Edition Credits and Copyright
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0002700.tid
pageTitle
Cholesterol
A Medical Times Patient Education Chart
(C) Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc.
___________________________
Cholesterol
Good and Bad Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a white, waxy substance your body needs to form cell membranes and many hormones. Enough cholesterol is produced by the body to meet all its needs. Eating foods rich in cholesterol and saturated fat can cause high levels of cholesterol to accumulate in the blood.
Cholesterol is transported in the blood by lipoproteins. Most of the cholesterol is carried by low-density lipoprotein (LDL). This is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol because together with fat and other particles, it can cause a thick coating of plaque to form on the walls of the arteries. This condition, known as atherosclerosis, is a major health risk.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is often called the "good" cholesterol because it transports the cholesterol back to the liver, where it is processed for removal through the bile.
High and Low Levels
Cholesterol is measured by the number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dl) of blood. The numbers will fall into one of three ranges, as designated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and listed on the front of this chart. If your total blood cholesterol level is high, your doctor will probably want to obtain a measurement of your LDL levels. LDL levels greater than 130 mg/dl are considered a health risk.
Cholesterol testing involves taking a sample of blood either from your finger or arm and should be done by a health professional in a hygienic medical setting. The sample should then be sent to a competent and experienced laboratory for analysis.
How to Lower Cholesterol
If you have high blood cholesterol, your doctor will advise you to change your diet so that you eat fewer foods that are high in cholesterol and saturated fats. Cholesterol is found only in animal products. Animal products are also the primary source of saturated fats, although a few vegetable oils--coconut, palm, and palm kernel--do contain saturated fats.
It is generally recommended that you consume no more than 300 mg of cholesterol each day and that no more than 30% of your total calories come from fats, with no more than one-third of that (10% of total calories) coming from saturated fats.
If dietary changes do not lower cholesterol sufficiently, your doctor may prescribe medication. Maintaining a desirable weight can also help lower LDL and exercise may help raise the level of HDL, the "good" cholesterol.
Cholesterol and Saturated Fat Levels of Some Common Foods
A colonoscope is a slender and flexible tube that can be used to examine the entire colon. The procedure, known as a colonoscopy, is not a routine examination, but may be recommended by your doctor to determine a source of bleeding or to diagnose polyps, cancer, and other conditions.
Colonoscopy is particularly useful in diagnosing disease that is beyond the reach of a proctosigmoidoscope. A proctosigmoidoscope is shorter and more rigid and is used to examine the rectum and lower colon only. It can help find colon and rectal cancers early, and it is recommended that men and women over the age of 50 have a "procto" every one to five years, depending on the individual and the test results. If the results are not normal, your physician may recommend more extensive tests, including colonoscopy.
Why is Colonoscopy Useful?
The development of an instrument that can be used to view the entire colon has greatly improved the diagnosis and treatment of polyps, small projecting growths. Polyps, even tiny ones, can be located much more easily than with other methods. A wire loop can be passed through the scope and hooked around the base of a polyp. A current is applied and polyp is nipped off.
Colonoscopy is also useful in determining the cause of bleeding, either bleeding from the rectum or hidden (also known as "occult") bleeding that has been detected by a stool blood slide test. The bleeding can be stopped with an electrical current, a heat probe, or a laser passed through the colonoscope.
If other tests, such as the "procto" and stool blood slide test (mentioned above) or the barium enema, indicate problems may be present, colonoscopy may be used to look for other signs of bowel disease and possible cancerous growths. If an unusual growth is noted, the physician can take a sample of cells for later examination under a microscope, a procedure known as a biopsy. If cancer is diagnosed, colonoscopy can be used before surgery to determine the extent of the disease, and as a follow-up procedure to see if the growths in the colon have been completely removed and later, if they return.
The Examination
Your doctor may advise you to follow a liquid diet the day before the test and to not consume anything after midnight. Your doctor may also want you to have an enema the morning of the procedure. This will cleanse the bowel and permit better viewing of the walls of the colon. You may receive a mild sedative to relax you prior to the examination. For the examination, you lie on your left side, with a sheet draped over your lower body. Your doctor will gently insert the scope through the anus and rectum and into the colon. You may feel cramps, but these can be relieved by your doctor manipulating the scope and, if needed, by additional medication.
Colonoscopy
0003100.tid
pageTitle
Cataracts
A Medical Times Patient Education Chart
(C) Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc.
___________________________
Cataracts
A cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye which blocks light from entering the eyeball, causing blurred vision. You could compare it to a camera--when something blocks the light from the lens, you get a blurred picture.
Cataracts are most common in elderly people although they can occur at any age. The cause is unknown and there are no drugs to treat the condition. When the cataract reaches the point that it interferes with normal activities, it should be removed surgically if the patient is in generally good health. The operation is not serious and the success rate is very high. There are several accepted methods of removal: - Extraction (most common)--The eyeball is opened and the diseased lens is lifted out with a freezing probe. - Needling--This method is usually used in children. The lens is opened and fluid from the eyeball enters the lens and dissolves the cataract. - Phaco-emulsification--A high-speed instrument is inserted into the lens through a small incision that breaks up the cataract and draws it out. Use of the smaller incision in this method makes healing time faster and hospital stay considerably shorter. This method has been mistakenly referred to by the mass media as the "Laser Method." In reality lasers are not used, but rather an ultrasonic beam. It is used in younger patients.
After the operation, normal vision is restored with the use of specially ground eyeglasses, contact lenses, or occasionally implanted lenses in older patients who cannot handle a contact lens.
Cataracts
0003400.tid
pageTitle
Facts About Fat
A Medical Times Patient Education Chart
(C) Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc.
___________________________
Facts About Fat
If you have a weight problem--controlled or uncontrolled--you are not alone. There are about 15 million Americans who are at least 20% overweight, and that's borderline obesity. The more your weight goes up, the more problems you'll encounter in maintaining health and achieving longevity. "The longer the waistline, the shorter the lifeline" is an all too familiar adage. But sadly, it doesn't really sink in for many people until the insidious growth of girth creates a crisis. This chart shows what happens inside your body as you progress from being slightly overweight to being obese. We're not stressing the cosmetic disabilities caused by excess weight--or the psychological problems. We are presenting the gut problem.
Shortness of breath may be a first sign of pulmonary distress and heart strain caused by overweight. The chart shows you how and why obesity increases the heart's workload and contributes to premature death: fat enlarges the capillary bed (tiny connective blood vessels in an area or organ of your body) which increases the amount of tissue to be nourished by the blood and through which the blood must be pumped by your heart.
In addition, the fat accumulated has to go someplace. You can see what's happening on the outside of you--now let's take a look at the inside. Fat infiltrates the liver and other organs. It's a squeeze process, an invasion. Fat compresses the heart, decreases the blood supply to the intestines, etc. (See figures above.) Some very fat people can't sit, because if they do, there's no space for their lungs to operate in, as the fat invades the chest. These people have to stand up or lie down all the time. They have disabled themselves. Along with all this, extra heavy people--and even moderately overweight persons--are putting an extra burden on their backs and legs (the weight bearing joints), which causes or increases arthritic problems.
Complications following surgery occur more frequently in fat people vs. thin. Wounds don't heal as well or as fast. And again a breathing problem--heavyweights can't take anesthesia as well as people of normal weight.
The final point to remember is that weight will always be with you--as long as you're alive. To control your weight, you have to control the number of calories you eat. Your doctor knows you inside and out better than any far-removed author of reducing plans that please the palate. Your doctor will prescribe a highly individualized diet--just for you--to help you beat the battle of the bulge, which this chart should show you goes on inside as well as out.
Facts About Fat
0003500.tid
pageTitle
Fractures
A Medical Times Patient Education Chart
(C) Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc.
___________________________
Fractures
A fracture is a break in a bone, and may occur in any bone including the skull. Fractures are usually caused by traumatic injuries but they may also occur without injury in bone that has been weakened by disease. The various kinds of fractures have the following designations:
- Complete--The bone is broken all the way across.
- Incomplete--The break goes only partly through the bone; they occur very rarely and almost always in children (see greenstick fracture).
- Greenstick--An incomplete fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent. This fracture most often occurs in the bones of young children which, like green sticks, are quite flexible.
- Buckle--An incomplete fracture in which the bone is compressed or buckled. Like the greenstick, this fracture usually occurs only in the pliable bones of children.
- Simple or closed--The skin surrounding the fracture has not been injured.
- Compound or open--Bone fragments have pierced the skin resulting in an open wound.
- Comminuted--The bone is fractured into more than two pieces.
- Pathologic--A fracture which occurs from a mild stress in an area of bone that has been weakened by disease.
As people age, their bones lose mineral substance and become more fragile. Because of this weakening, fractures may occur more easily in the bones of older people.
The treatment of fractures will vary greatly depending upon the age of the patient, which bone is fractured, and the severity of the injury. Some fractures may require no treatment. Some require only an external plaster cast. More serious fractures may require that the bones be pulled into alignment and held with traction, and some may require direct repair with metal pins, nails, screws, or plates. In extreme cases, a portion of the bone may have to be replaced with an artificial section made out of plastic or metal.
Fractures
0005200.tid
pageTitle
Lyme Disease
A Medical Times Patient Education Chart
(C) Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc.
___________________________
Lyme Disease
Starts with a Tick Bite
Lyme disease is transmitted by ticks that feed on deer and small rodents, such as field mice. The ticks can also attach themselves to humans and pierce the skin for a blood meal. As the ticks feed, they infect humans with spirochetes (spiral bacteria) that spread outwardly, causing the red, circular, and expanding rash characteristic of many but not all cases of early Lyme disease.
Widespread in the U.S.
Lyme disease is so named because the term was first used to refer to an arthritic condition affecting children in Old Lyme, Connecticut. It was later learned that the arthritis was a complication of a tick bite and that the disease was not limited to that region. Lyme disease has now been diagnosed in the Northeast (Massachusetts to New Jersey) and upper Midwest (Wisconsin and Minnesota), where it is primarily caused by the tick known as Ixodes dammini, and on the Pacific Coast (California and Oregon), where it is transmitted by Ixodes pacificus. (See illustrations on front of chart.) Lyme disease usually occurs between April and October, with most cases originating in June and July. Although 1,500 cases are reported in this country each year, the true Lyme disease rate is probably four to five times higher.
Red Rash and Other Signs
The ticks are very small, only about the size of a poppy seed, and the bites often go unnoticed. Even when fully engorged with human blood, ticks are difficult to see. If you do notice a tick on your body, remove it by grasping it firmly with tweezers. Kill it by dousing in alcohol or bleach, and save the specimen to show to your doctor. If you cannot remove the tick or only get part of it out, see your doctor.
The characteristic rash usually appears within 3 to 32 days of the tick bite, although 20% to 40% of infected individuals may never develop the rash. If you do develop the initial rash, you may later have smaller rashes elsewhere. As the spirochetes spread throughout the body, they may cause fever, flu-like symptoms, headaches, swollen lymph glands, and fatigue.
If the heart becomes affected, you may experience dizziness, weakness, and irregular heart beats. If the spirochetes invade the nervous system, you may have trouble with concentration and muscle coordination. You may also develop Bell's Palsy (facial paralysis) on one or both sides of the face or similar conditions involving the nerves. Joints may become swollen and painful; the knee being the most frequently affected. If the disease is left untreated, chronic arthritis may develop.
Pregnant women should be particularly watchful for tick bites and evidence of Lyme disease, since the disease could be transmitted to the fetus. In the vast majority of cases, however, pregnancies among women with Lyme disease have normal outcomes.
Controlling Lyme Disease
Oral antibiotics are usually effective in treating Lyme disease and preventing the long-term complications. The specific drug and how it is to be administered will vary according to individual and the extent of the disease. For example, although oral tetracycline is recommended for most adults, penicillin is usually advised for pregnant women and young children. You will need to make follow-up appointments with your doctor so your recovery can be checked.
Most importantly, try to prevent Lyme disease by avoiding exposure to ticks. In wooded areas, and especially during the summer months, use tick repellant containing the chemical DEET. Wear a hat, long sleeves and pants, and tuck pant legs into socks or secure them around your ankles with a rubber band. Wearing light colors will make it easier to see ticks on your clothing.
Lyme Diseaseto a
0005400.tid
pageTitle
Myocardial Infarction
A Medical Times Patient Education Chart
(C) Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc.
___________________________
Myocardial Infarction-I
What is a Myocardial Infarction? The word infarct means an area of tissue necrosis (death) due to significant interference with blood flow, nearly always the result of occlusion (blockage) of the supplying artery.
Myocardium is the name for the muscular tissue of the heart. It is the contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the myocardium that comprises the heart beat.
Thus a myocardial infarction means the death of a portion of the muscle tissue of the heart.
If the blood supply is blocked in a large vessel, a large area of muscle can be affected (a so-called "massive heart attack"). If a small artery is blocked, the area affected will be small, and thus the attack will be a minor "heart attack." (The arterial system of the heart is illustrated below.)
Blockage of the artery usually is due to arteriosclerosis (narrowing of the vessel by the buildup of plaque--see inset). This is similar to the narrowing of a water pipe from mineral deposits. The narrowing is not, however, uniform throughout the artery.
See the following page for the areas of infarction produced by blockage of various arteries.
Myocardial Infarction
007400.tid
pageTitle
Tonsillitis
A Medical Times Patient Education Chart
(C) Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc.
___________________________
Tonsillitis
What Are Tonsils?
Tonsils are gland-like structures that are located along the sides and back of the throat. They are made up of lymph tissue and are covered by mucous membranes.
There are three types of tonsils. The pharyngeal tonsils (also known as adenoids, particularly when they are swollen), are embedded in the upper back wall of the mouth, behind the nose. The lingual tonsil is located in the back of the mouth, near where the tongue is anchored. The paired palatine tonsils are on either side of the tongue, under the arches of the mouth. Tonsillitis generally refers to inflammation of the palatine tonsils.
One of the functions of the lymphatic system is to develop immune responses to ward off infection and disease. As part of that system, the palatine tonsils filter out and defend the body against disease-causing organisms entering through the nose and mouth. Being on the first line of defense, however, means that the tonsils are continually exposed to these harmful organisms. If the tonsils become infected, tonsillitis results. Most cases of tonsillitis occur in children under eight years old, although some adults continue to develop tonsillitis.
Symptoms of Tonsillitis
Infection causes the tonsils to become inflamed and bright red. Other signs of tonsillitis are sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, and sometimes pain extending up to the ear. Tonsillitis may also cause fever, headaches, and vomiting.
Determining the Cause
Your doctor will examine your throat and, if the tonsils appear inflamed, do a throat culture to determine the cause of the problem. Other members of your household should also have throat cultures and receive any necessary treatment to avoid passing the illness back and forth.
If a virus caused the tonsillitis, treatment will include an analgesic and rest. If the streptococcus bacteria is the cause, penicillin is usually given for ten days. The throat culture may later be repeated to see if the treatment was effective.
Must the Tonsils Be Removed?
Years ago, the tonsils were often surgically removed even if only minor infections occurred, or sometimes even before any problems had arisen. Nowadays, surgery is performed only if tonsillitis occurs several times a year, or if the condition continues and the tonsils become so enlarged that swallowing and breathing become increasingly difficult.
Children undergoing the procedure, known as tonsillectomy, receive general anesthesia. Following the operation, the child will still have a sore throat and difficulty in swallowing. Both conditions should clear up in a week or so. A possible postoperative complication is bleeding and spitting up of blood. This should receive prompt medical attention. An adult can have a tonsillectomy with only a local anesthesia. The operation may cause more postoperative pain for adults and require longer hospitalization and recovery time than it does for children.
Tonsillitis
0008600.tid
pageTitle
Hysterectomy
A Medical Times Patient Education Chart
(C) Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc.
___________________________
Hysterectomy
Hysterectomy means the removal of the uterus. The ovaries and fallopian tubes may be removed at the time a hysterectomy is performed, but this is not always the case. If one or both of the ovaries are left in place, the change of life will not necessarily follow the operation. Menstruation, however, will cease with the removal of the uterus.
The operation is usually performed through a four to six inch incision in the lower abdomen. In some cases, however, the uterus can be removed through the vagina. The surgery itself takes about an hour or two to perform, and is generally done under spinal or general anesthesia. Most patients can get out of bed the day after surgery and can leave the hospital in about five to ten days.
The hysterectomy will have no effect on the patient's sexual urges or activity, and she may resume sexual relations in six weeks. She can resume all of her normal activities in about ten weeks.
Hysterectomy to
0009200.tid
pageTitle
Anemia
A Medical Times Patient Education Chart
(C) Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc.
___________________________
Anemia
Common Signs and Symptoms of Anemia
Feeling tired and "run-down" may be the only signs of anemia, although some people may become pale and short of breath. In more serious cases, anemia may also cause headaches, ringing of the ears, dizziness, drowsiness, and irritability.
What Causes Anemia?
Anemia is the shortage of red blood cells or of hemoglobin, the part of the blood that gives those cells their color and carries oxygen to other cells. There are three major causes: - Blood Does Not Form Properly. The most common reason for this and the most common cause of anemia is an insufficient amount of iron. Iron deficiency anemia could be caused by not eating enough iron-rich foods or by the body's failure to absorb and use iron correctly. Other diet-related causes of anemia include deficiencies in vitamins B12 and C. Other reasons the blood may not form properly are disorders of the bone marrow, where red blood cells are made, and of the kidneys, which produce the hormone that stimulates formation of red blood cells. - Blood Loss. A shortage of red blood cells can occur as a result of long-term, but steady (chronic) bleeding from ulcers or hemorrhoids, or from short-term, but heavy (acute) bleeding from serious injury. - Blood Cell Destruction. Certain conditions cause red blood cells to be destroyed faster than they can be replaced. The spleen normally disposes of worn-out blood cells, but when it is damaged and enlarged, it may remove these cells too soon. Disorders of the immune system, infections, and weakness of the cell's outer layer or membrane, can also cause premature blood cell destruction. Two inherited types of anemia give rise to abnormal hemoglobin and fragile red blood cells. Persons with Cooley's anemia, also known as thalassemia major, cannot manufacture enough hemoglobin, and the red blood cells are almost empty. The disease is most common among people of Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, or Asian descent. In sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin, once it releases its oxygen, tends to clump together and causes the red blood cells to take on a sickle or crescent shape. These cells can cause pain as they try to squeeze through small blood vessels. In the U.S., sickle cell anemia occurs most commonly, but not exclusively, among blacks.
Diagnosis and Treatment
If anemia is suspected, your doctor will run one or more series of blood tests to measure the volume of red blood cells and hemoglobin and to check for changes specific for different types of anemia. Your doctor will also try to determine the source of possible internal bleeding or rule it out as a cause.
Iron deficiency anemia can be cured by eating iron-rich foods, such as beef, liver, chicken, spinach, eggs, cheese, and milk. Iron supplements should only be taken under a doctor's guidance, since excess iron can harm the heart and liver. Deficiencies in vitamin B12 may be corrected by eating more meats, peas, and beans. Citrus fruits are especially high in vitamin C. Many of the foods that can correct dietary deficiencies are high in fat and cholesterol, so check with your doctor before altering your diet, and choose wisely.
Both Cooley's anemia and sickle cell anemia are incurable, but treatable. Patients with Cooley's anemia receive regular blood transfusions and a drug to remove the excess iron that remains behind as the transfused cells are broken down over their natural lifespans. Treatment for sickle cell anemia primarily involves pain killers, with blood transfusions reserved for more serious cases. Younger children are likely to develop infections that could be life-threatening and so receive preventive doses of penicillin. Current research promises to find ways of treating the red blood cells directly.
Anemiad th
0009700.tid
pageTitle
Cirrhosis of the Liver
A Medical Times Patient Education Chart
(C) Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc.
___________________________
Cirrhosis of the Liver
The Indispensable Liver
The liver is the body's largest organ and has many vital functions involving the use of food for energy. These include the production of bile to help digest fat, of proteins for cell growth and repair, and of enzymes needed to trigger internal reactions. Serving as the body's "detoxification" center, the liver bears the brunt of harmful chemicals, drugs, and alcohol. Even a few days of heavy drinking can cause a buildup of fat and water, a reversible condition known as fatty liver. Although the liver can repair limited damage from abuse and injury, continued assaults on the liver cause the formation of scar tissue.
The Causes of Cirrhosis of the Liver
More than 27,000 Americans die from cirrhosis of the liver each year. It is this country's third leading cause of death among those aged 25 to 59. Most, but by no means all, cases of cirrhosis are caused by alcohol abuse. Even so, most alcoholics do not develop cirrhosis, and cirrhosis can occur in people who are only moderate drinkers and among young children who have never had an alcoholic drink. These children usually lack a properly functioning duct to transport bile from the liver to the digestive tract.
Bile duct obstruction can also lead to cirrhosis among adults. Other causes include exposure to potent insecticides and chemicals in the workplace, reactions to medications and other drugs, some forms of viral hepatitis and other diseases, and the inability of the body to properly process iron, copper, or sugar.
Signs and Symptoms
In most cases, there are no early signs of cirrhosis, and the disease may go undetected until it is in the advanced stages or is diagnosed in the course of treating another illness. As the disease establishes itself, some patients may experience weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, and weight loss. Later symptoms may include abdominal pain and distension due to fluid build-up, itching, a foul-smelling "liver breath," jaundice or yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes as the liver is unable to remove bile pigments, vomiting of blood, loss of hair, and nervous system disorders that could possibly lead to coma.
Blood and urine samples may indicate liver function problems, but these tests can also produce normal results when cirrhosis is present. Liver scans may show abnormal uptake of test materials. The most useful tool for definitively establishing a diagnosis of cirrhosis and determining stage of disease is a needle biopsy. In this procedure, a slender needle is inserted into the liver and a tissue sample withdrawn for inspection under a microscope.
The Treatment of Cirrhosis of the Liver
If cirrhosis is determined to be caused by alcohol or another identifiable substance, the patient will of course be advised to avoid the cause. Those with alcoholic cirrhosis may also be advised to follow a healthy diet. Although viral hepatitis is not curable, experimental drugs may be prescribed to enhance the body's immune system and control the disease. Distension may be controlled by restricting salt intake and taking diuretics to help rid the body of excess water. Patients with cirrhosis are often less able to fight infection and more likely to suffer kidney problems, stomach ulcers, gallstones, a form of diabetes, and liver cancer.
A drug used to treat gout is showing promise in improving survival rates of patients with cirrhosis. In controlled studies, patients receiving the drug, colchicine, had five-year survival rates of 75%, compared to 34% in the untreated group. After ten years, the rates were 56% and 20%.
Cirrhosis of the Liverways
0015300.tid
pageTitle
Otitis Externa
A Medical Times Patient Education Chart
(C) Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc.
___________________________
Otitis Externa
Water Gets Trapped in the Ear
Otitis externa is brought on by too much moisture in the external auditory canal. This passageway leading from the outer ear opening to the eardrum is approximately one inch long. The lingering moisture softens and wears away the skin lining the outer ear canal, making it more susceptible to infection, usually by bacteria and occasionally by a fungus.
Often the excess moisture is the result of water entering the ear during diving or swimming, giving the condition its common name of "swimmer's ear." Otitis externa can also be caused by hair spray or hair dye, or by aggressive cleaning of the ear with a cotton swab. Dead cells from the skin lining the ear are naturally edged outward, taking with them other accumulated debris, but inserting a cotton swab pushes these substances back into the ear. The debris and cerumen (commonly called earwax) can trap water or other sources of moisture in the canal.
Otitis externa can also be caused by a furuncle, a boil resulting from an abscess of a hair follicle in the ear. If you have allergies or skin conditions, such as eczema or psoriasis, you may be more likely to develop otitis externa.
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of otitis externa include itching, burning, and pain. Furuncles can be particularly painful. The skin lining the external auditory canal may appear red and swollen and the canal may become filled with pus, causing a bad-smelling discharge and temporary loss of hearing.
Ear Drops and Analgesics
Because of the possibility of pushing the pus and debris farther into the ear, removal of accumulated material should be left to your doctor, who may remove it with irrigation, suction, or dry wipes. Ear drops may then be instilled. These drops may be an acetic acid and water solution (acetic acid is the principal acid in vinegar) or a combination of cortisone-like drugs to reduce the swelling and antibiotics to destroy the bacteria. Codeine or other analgesics may be needed for pain relief. Oral antibiotics may be needed, especially if there is spreading cellulitis, a bacterial infection that can penetrate deep into the skin and have more widespread effects on other parts of the body.
Due to the severe pain associated with furuncles, analgesics are almost always prescribed. Furuncles should be allowed to drain naturally and while draining will discharge a bloody pus. They should not be pierced to produce drainage, since this could cause a spreading inflammation. Applying drops is not effective for furuncles.
Otitis Externa hel
0016300.tid
pageTitle
Appendicitis
A Medical Times Patient Education Chart
(C) Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc.
___________________________
Appendicitis
Appendicitis begins when the appendix becomes blocked or kinked. The obstruction may be followed by bacterial infection. Typically, the first symptom of appendicitis is pain around the navel. Loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting may follow. After several hours, the pain usually shifts to the lower right abdomen; but because the appendix moves around quite a bit within the abdomen, the pain may be anywhere. The point of extreme tenderness, which usually marks the approximate location of the base of the appendix, is called McBurney's point.
If the infected appendix is not removed surgically, it may burst, spreading the infection throughout the abdominal cavity. If the appendix does burst and is left untreated, peritonitis (which is an inflammation of the lining of the abdomen) may result with or without formation of an abscess (a collection of pus). This is a serious complication which may lead to death.
An appendectomy (the surgical removal of the appendix) is a common, safe operation with almost uniformly good results. The average case--if caught before the appendix ruptures--requires a hospital stay of only about a week.
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Human Anatomy
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--Save incase we need
resurect
--Play associated audio on
4wavPath,
--
waveFile
--
tbkMCIchk("play" &&
!,"")
--
~(" ",
fname
& ".
--
io on
4idxPath, aDlgView, aDlgCategory, cdRomDrive
~(" ",
& ".wav"
--Construct
Display dialog box
the PeelAway Man
displayDialog(
4 --hour glass comes up
(so let's force
key,
ontrol
isControl
4lastDir
menus
"Print Article"
"Character"
"Copy"
"SelectAll"
dependentMenus()
4midVisM, maxVisM
= "msb"
Check
state
radio buttons
change
needed.
FALSE
= "mgb"
--
"muscle"
--
Enter
rightButtonDown
keydown
buttonUp
keyup
enterBackground
mouseEnter
enterPage
mouseEnter
navIn
navOut
Sound
actViewName
actInName
actOutName
actAudName
buttonUp
actInName
actOutName
isCtrl
isShift
location
rightButtonDown
Sound
active,checked
tbkMCIchk
tbkMCIchk
displayDialog
fname
waveFile
idxPath
aDlgView
aDlgCategory
cdRomDrive
wavPath
actViewName
actAudName
keydown
previous
actOutName
isControl
isShift
keyup
actInName
isControl
isShift
enterBackground
Print Article
Character
SelectAll
dependentMenus
lastDir
enterPage
muscle
midVisM
maxVisM
firstaid
--Processes DiscPassage
files
processFileList()
--This function will
O listed
4 gmemHeader, gmemTitle, gmemUnique, gmemLog
4 lpHeader, lpTitle, lpUnique, lpLog
("Insert
fileList
--allocate Text buffers,
routine fails
completely
textBuffers()
"no such
--Copy
additional materials
clipboard
/"textSkeleton"
"logField"
--loop through
readInFileNames(
fname
addTextPage(
dpTextFile(
--cleanUp
ourselves
freeTextBuffers()
--convert ref.
names
pageToPageIds()
template
"textTemplate"
"AOK"
--addTextpage()
need
H"ReadDPText" DLL
) - 8)
retrieve a
section
its two parts,
body.
-- Put
article
(non BRS content)
= "ERROR"
"dir"
xNULL
-- Paste
docType
title
-- Set
property used
feature
creation
mapfile
pageTitle
q seen
-- Use toolbook
overflow
modify
necessary
O- 2)
"..."
begin
processing
Zeat reaches
linkDLL "c:\dlls\
STRING
,POINTER,
global memory
brsHeader, brsTitle, brsUnique, brsLog
tbkGlobalAlloc(0,6000)
tbkGlobalLock(
= -1
= -1
tbkGlobalFree(
"Error: can
HEADER
globalLock(
= -1
= -1
ITLE
tbkglobalAlloc(0,30)
= -1
= -1
UNIQUE
2450)
= -1
= -1
le,
allocated
unlinkDLL "
.dll"
--Get
/"hierarchical Menus"
menuPages
Start stepping
--
-- Show status on screen
convertToIds(
--Convert
references
Find length
dirLen
"TXT"
--
-- Replace
buttonUp
dpTextFile
processFileList
readInFileNames
textBuffers
freeTextBuffers
addTextPage
pageToPageIds
convertToIds
buttonUp
processFileList
processFileList
Insert name of the File List
cancel
author
textBuffers
no such file
textSkeleton
logField
readInFileNames
addTextPage
dpTextFile
freeTextBuffers
pageToPageIds
textTemplate
fname
fileList
lpHeader
lpTitle
lpUnique
lpLog
gmemHeader
gmemTitle
gmemUnique
gmemLog
addTextPage
textSkeleton
y5newPage
fname
dpTextFile
ReadDPText
ERROR
ERROR
paste
pageTitle
pageTitle
pageTitle
pageTitle
pageTitle
pageTitle
overflow
title
docType
lpHeader
lpTitle
lpUnique
lpLog
fname
readInFileNames
fname
textBuffers
c:\dlls\text.dll
ReadDPText
tbkGlobalAlloc
tbkGlobalLock
tbkGlobalFree
Error: can not allocate HEADER buffer
tbkGlobalAlloc
globalLock
tbkGlobalFree
tbkGlobalFree
Error: can not allocate TITLE buffer
tbkglobalAlloc
globalLock
tbkGlobalFree
tbkGlobalFree
tbkGlobalFree
Error: can not allocate UNIQUE buffer
globalAlloc
globalLock
tbkGlobalFree
tbkGlobalFree
tbkGlobalFree
tbkGlobalFree
Error: can not allocate LOG buffer
lpHeader
lpTitle
lpUnique
lpLog
gmemHeader
gmemTitle
gmemUnique
gmemLog
freeTextBuffers
tbkGlobalFree
tbkGlobalFree
tbkGlobalFree
tbkGlobalFree
text.dll
gmemHeader
gmemTitle
gmemUnique
gmemLog
pageToPageIds
hierarchical Menus
hierarchical Menus
convertToIds
menuPages
convertToIds
dirLen
menuPage
FirstAid
playPage
buttonUp
buttonUp
cplayPage
nextPage
buttonUp
buttonUp
jnextPage
prevPage
buttonUp
buttonUp
iprevPage
Title
Subtitle
exitFirstAid
buttonUp
buttonUp
N%exitFirstAid
4hQTW,moviePath
B"*MovieStart"
--Get coordinates
x,y,width,height
wRect
clientFromPage(
,sysMagnification, \
"*MovieRect"
-- caculate the difference
vs Bruk's
180w X 130h
xdif
(x2-x1-180)
ydif
(y2-y1-130)
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow(
& "musskel.mov",
, sysClientHandle, x1+
}/2, y1+
q/2, 0, 0)
<1, y1, x2, y2)
tbkQTWShow(
laying
tbkQTWClose(
moviePlaying
tbkQTWMovieDone hqtwMovie
tbkQTWPause(
tbkQTWSeek(
terPage
leavePage
enterPage
tbkQTWMovieDone
enterPage
*MovieStart
*MovieRect
clientFromPage
musskel.mov
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow
musskel.mov
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow
tbkQTWShow
wRect
moviePath
leavePage
tbkQTWClose
moviePlaying
tbkQTWMovieDone
tbkQTWPause
tbkQTWSeek
*MovieStart
moviePlaying
hqtwMovie
FirstAid1
"Text1"
"Text2"
"Text3"
enterPage
leavePage
enterPage
leavePage
Text1
Text2
Text3
Text1
Text2
Text3
4hQTW,moviePath
B"*MovieStart"
--Get coordinates
x,y,width,height
wRect
clientFromPage(
,sysMagnification, \
"*MovieRect"
-- caculate the difference
vs Bruk's
180w X 130h
xdif
(x2-x1-180)
ydif
(y2-y1-130)
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow(
& "digestiv.mov",
, sysClientHandle, x1+
~/2, y1+
r/2, 0, 0)
<1, y1, x2, y2)
tbkQTWShow(
laying
tbkQTWClose(
moviePlaying
tbkQTWMovieDone hqtwMovie
tbkQTWPause(
tbkQTWSeek(
terPage
leavePage
enterPage
tbkQTWMovieDone
enterPage
*MovieStart
*MovieRect
clientFromPage
digestiv.mov
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow
digestiv.mov
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow
tbkQTWShow
wRect
moviePath
leavePage
tbkQTWClose
moviePlaying
tbkQTWMovieDone
tbkQTWPause
tbkQTWSeek
*MovieStart
moviePlaying
hqtwMovie
4actViewName, actInName, actOutName, actAudName
objectFromPoint(
x"*"
"view"
navIn
navOut
Sound
xNULL
down
}location, isShift, isCtrl
False
TRUE
--Save incase we need
resurect
--Play associated audio on
4wavPath,
--
waveFile
--
tbkMCIchk("play" &&
!,"")
--
~(" ",
fname
& ".
--
io on
4idxPath, aDlgView, aDlgCategory, cdRomDrive
~(" ",
& ".wav"
--Construct
Display dialog box
the PeelAway Man
displayDialog(
4 --hour glass comes up
(so let's force
key,
ontrol
isControl
4lastDir
menus
"Print Article"
"Character"
"Copy"
"SelectAll"
dependentMenus()
4midVisR, maxVisR
= "rsb"
Check
state
radio buttons
change
needed.
FALSE
= "rgb"
--
"circ"
--
Enter
rightButtonDown
keydown
buttonUp
keyup
enterBackground
mouseEnter
enterPage
mouseEnter
navIn
navOut
Sound
actViewName
actInName
actOutName
actAudName
buttonUp
actInName
actOutName
isCtrl
isShift
location
rightButtonDown
Sound
active,checked
tbkMCIchk
tbkMCIchk
displayDialog
fname
waveFile
idxPath
aDlgView
aDlgCategory
cdRomDrive
wavPath
actViewName
actAudName
keydown
previous
actOutName
isControl
isShift
keyup
actInName
enterBackground
Print Article
Character
SelectAll
dependentMenus
lastDir
enterPage
midVisR
maxVisR
4actViewName, actInName, actOutName, actAudName
objectFromPoint(
x"*"
"view"
navIn
navOut
Sound
xNULL
down
}location, isShift, isCtrl
False
TRUE
--Save incase we need
resurect
--Play associated audio on
4wavPath,
--
waveFile
--
tbkMCIchk("play" &&
!,"")
--
~(" ",
fname
& ".
--
io on
4idxPath, aDlgView, aDlgCategory, cdRomDrive
~(" ",
& ".wav"
--Construct
Display dialog box
the PeelAway Man
displayDialog(
4 --hour glass comes up
(so let's force
key,
ontrol
isControl
4lastDir
menus
"Print Article"
"Character"
"Copy"
"SelectAll"
dependentMenus()
4maxVisD
= "dsb"
Check
state
radio buttons
change
needed.
FALSE
"dgb1f"
--
"digestive"
--
Enter
rightButtonDown
keydown
buttonUp
keyup
enterBackground
mouseEnter
enterPage
mouseEnter
navIn
navOut
Sound
actViewName
actInName
actOutName
actAudName
buttonUp
actInName
actOutName
isCtrl
isShift
location
rightButtonDown
Sound
active,checked
tbkMCIchk
tbkMCIchk
displayDialog
fname
waveFile
idxPath
aDlgView
aDlgCategory
cdRomDrive
wavPath
actViewName
actAudName
keydown
previous
actOutName
isControl
isShift
keyup
actInName
enterBackground
Print Article
Character
SelectAll
dependentMenus
lastDir
enterPage
dgb1f
digestive
maxVisD
reprodMovie
*MovieStart
4moviePlaying, hQTW
NULL
tbkQTWPlay(
"Stop"
-- stop
tbkQTWPause(
tbkQTWSeek(
s, 0)
buttonUp
buttonUp
tbkQTWPlay
tbkQTWPause
tbkQTWSeek
moviePlaying
:PHYSSIZE
*MovieRect
nervousMovie
*MovieStart
4moviePlaying, hQTW
NULL
tbkQTWPlay(
"Stop"
-- stop
tbkQTWPause(
tbkQTWSeek(
s, 0)
buttonUp
buttonUp
tbkQTWPlay
tbkQTWPause
tbkQTWSeek
moviePlaying
:PHYSSIZE
*MovieRect
4hQTW,moviePath
B"*MovieStart"
--Get coordinates
x,y,width,height
wRect
clientFromPage(
,sysMagnification, \
"*MovieRect"
-- caculate the difference
vs Bruk's
180w X 130h
xdif
(x2-x1-180)
ydif
(y2-y1-130)
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow(
& "cardpul.mov",
, sysClientHandle, x1+
}/2, y1+
q/2, 0, 0)
<1, y1, x2, y2)
tbkQTWShow(
laying
tbkQTWClose(
moviePlaying
tbkQTWMovieDone hqtwMovie
tbkQTWPause(
tbkQTWSeek(
terPage
leavePage
enterPage
tbkQTWMovieDone
enterPage
*MovieStart
*MovieRect
clientFromPage
cardpul.mov
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow
cardpul.mov
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow
tbkQTWShow
wRect
moviePath
leavePage
tbkQTWClose
moviePlaying
tbkQTWMovieDone
tbkQTWPause
tbkQTWSeek
*MovieStart
moviePlaying
hqtwMovie
4hQTW,moviePath
B"*MovieStart"
--Get coordinates
x,y,width,height
wRect
clientFromPage(
,sysMagnification, \
"*MovieRect"
-- caculate the difference
vs Bruk's
180w X 130h
xdif
(x2-x1-180)
ydif
(y2-y1-130)
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow(
& "reprod.mov",
, sysClientHandle, x1+
|/2, y1+
p/2, 0, 0)
<1, y1, x2, y2)
tbkQTWShow(
laying
tbkQTWClose(
moviePlaying
tbkQTWMovieDone hqtwMovie
tbkQTWPause(
tbkQTWSeek(
terPage
leavePage
enterPage
tbkQTWMovieDone
enterPage
*MovieStart
*MovieRect
clientFromPage
reprod.mov
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow
reprod.mov
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow
tbkQTWShow
wRect
moviePath
leavePage
tbkQTWClose
moviePlaying
tbkQTWMovieDone
tbkQTWPause
tbkQTWSeek
*MovieStart
moviePlaying
hqtwMovie
*flem
pageTitle
The Family Doctor, 3rd Edition Credits and Copyright
Credits and Copyright
_________________________
The Family Doctor Team:
Author & Editor: Allan H. Bruckheim, M.D., FAAFP
Development: David Bleckmann, Collin Bremner, Gene Ragan
Production: Mark Johnson, John Williamson, Theresa Inman,
Linda Wolffe, Kelly Clarke
Quality Assurance: Janise McMenamin
Executive Producer: Chen-Chi Yuan
Technical Writer: Steve Munger
Publisher: Judith D. Grillo
Executive Publisher: Eric Pozzo
Copyright Notice:
The video introduction in The Family Doctor was written and recorded by Dr. Allan H. Bruckheim who also serves as editor, author and advisor of the
CD-ROM title.
The Questions and Answers are based upon "The Family Doctor", a nationally syndicated copyrighted column by Tribune Media Services, Inc. Portions Copyright (c) 1991-1993, 1994 by Allan H. Bruckheim, M.D. and Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved.
The 900+ files of information on rare diseases used with permission from the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc., 100 Route 37, P.O. Box 8923, New Fairfield, CT. 06812-1783. Copyright (c) 1984-1993, 1994 by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
The New Prescription Drug Reference Guide by the Editors of Consumer Guide (R) reprinted with permission from Publications International, Ltd. Copyright (c) 1993 by Publications International, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Basic First Aid animations developed by Dash Digital, 1631 SW Columbia, Portland, OR 97201. Copyright (c) 1993, 1994 by Creative Multimedia Corporation.
The Resources Section includes Associations & Foundations, Educational Resources and Support Groups and Health Update Booklets. These Resources were written, compiled and edited by Dr. Allan H. Bruckheim. Copyright (c) 1991-93, 1994 by Allan H. Bruckheim, M.D.
The Patient Education Illustrations reprinted with permission from Resident and Staff Physician. Copyright (c) 1991-93, 1994 by Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Anatomy of the Human Body illustrations were designed and developed by Collin Bremner and Bill Fiesterman. Audio recording courtesy of Alyssa Bremner. Copyright (c) 1992-93, 1994 by Creative Multimedia Corporation. Video licensed courtesy of "The Living Body Series", from the Altschul Group Corporation. Copyright (c) 1993, 1994 by Creative Multimedia Corporation.
Audio for Basic First Aid, the Introduction to the Anatomy of the Human Body and the video of the Anatomy of the Human Body was recorded by Richard Moore, Northwest VideoWorks, Inc. 1631 SW Columbia, Portland, OR 97201.
Interface Design developed by Collin Bremner and Andrew Davies. Copyright (c) 1992-93, 1994 Creative Multimedia Corporation.
Copyright (c) 1991-93, 1994 Creative Multimedia Corporation. QuickTime for Windows(TM), Copyright (c) 1992, Apple Computer, Inc. ToolBook(R) 1.53, Copyright 1992, Asymetrix(R) Corporation. A portion of this product was developed using MacroMind Director, version 3.1, copyright (c) 1992, Macromedia(TM), Inc. Other words, images and sounds copyright of respective owners. Windows is a registered trademark of MicroSoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Made in U.S.A.....
The Family Doctor, 3rd Edition Credits and Copyright
4wavPath
tbkMCIchk("play" &&
& "koskesi.
+","")
buttonDoubleClick
buttonDoubleClick
koskesi.wav
tbkMCIchk
wavPath
:PHYSSIZE
4firstaidFile,firstaidAlias,faImageFile,faPath
xNULL
-- Open QT slide
0 (which should be blank)
"TBKFAAlias"
tbkMCI("close " &
tbkMCIchk("
& ".mov style child
" & sysClientHandle & \
" alias " &
"", 1)
]seek " &
& "
0", "", 1)
-- Now
correct location
hWin
status " &
& "
","",1,1)
wRect
clientFromPage(
sysMagnification,
"SlideWindow"
--Break coordinates up
x,y,width,height
nWidth
nHeight
nthe
MoveWindow(
,x,y,
e" &
& " state
", "", 1) -- comment out
realize " &
& "
w", "", 1)
e" &
& "
", "")
"Text1"
"Text2"
"Text3"
enterPage
leavePage
enterPage
TBKFAAlias
close
tbkMCI
open
.mov style child parent
alias
tbkMCIchk
seek
to 0
tbkMCIchk
status
window handle
tbkMCIchk
SlideWindow
clientFromPage
MoveWindow
window
state show
tbkMCIchk
realize
normal
tbkMCIchk
nHeight
nWidth
wRect
firstaidFile
firstaidAlias
faImageFile
faPath
leavePage
window
state hide
tbkMCIchk
close
tbkMCIchk
Text1
Text2
Text3
firstaidAlias
faImageFile
4hQTW,moviePath
B"*MovieStart"
--Get coordinates
x,y,width,height
wRect
clientFromPage(
,sysMagnification, \
"*MovieRect"
-- caculate the difference
vs Bruk's
180w X 130h
xdif
(x2-x1-180)
ydif
(y2-y1-130)
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow(
& "nervous.mov",
, sysClientHandle, x1+
}/2, y1+
q/2, 0, 0)
<1, y1, x2, y2)
tbkQTWShow(
laying
tbkQTWClose(
moviePlaying
tbkQTWMovieDone hqtwMovie
tbkQTWPause(
tbkQTWSeek(
terPage
leavePage
enterPage
tbkQTWMovieDone
enterPage
*MovieStart
*MovieRect
clientFromPage
nervous.mov
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow
nervous.mov
tbkQTWOpenAsChildWindow
tbkQTWShow
wRect
moviePath
leavePage
tbkQTWClose
moviePlaying
tbkQTWMovieDone
tbkQTWPause
tbkQTWSeek
*MovieStart
moviePlaying
hqtwMovie
05016.TXT
pagetitle
First Aid Kit
Copyright (c) 1993 Creative Multimedia
First Aid Kit
_________________________
A First Aid Kit is intended to be used during minor emergencies, but if properly stocked, can help you to deal with serious emergencies until professional medical help arrives. Having the right supplies nearby during an emergency can make a big difference in your ability to promptly respond.
The Kit should be large enough for you to clearly see and find anything you need quickly. The location of the kit should always be the same so you can find it immediately, but out of the reach of young children. Keep it apart from other medicines and supplies, and check it frequently to be sure to replace used and expired supplies.
The basic contents of your home First Aid Kit should include:
Dressings:
Adhesive Bandages, assorted sizes
Adhesive Tape and Thin Adhesive Strips
Cotton-tipped Swabs
Elastic Bandages
Gauze Bandages, assorted rolled sizes
Sterile Absorbent Cotton
Sterile Gauze Pads, assorted sizes
Equipment:
Bulb Syringe
Eye Cup
Hot water bottle
Ice pack
Oral and Rectal Thermometers
Safety Pins
Scissors
Tweezers
Medications:
Acetaminophen
Antihistamine
Antiseptic Ointment
Aspirin
Calamine Lotion
Hydrogen Peroxide
Ibuprofen
Salt Tablets
Sterile Eye Wash
Syrup of Ipecac
Toothache Gel
Miscellaneous:
Bar of unscented soap
Disposable gloves
Tissues
Add any special items, for example, an allergy kit, that may be needed by you or your family.
In an emergency there are a number of everyday items around the home that can also be useful. Try to keep the following in mind, or keep a copy of this list with your First Aid Kit:
Diapers, Sanitary Napkins, Towels and Linens for use as a compress, for bandages, or padding a splint.
Blankets to keep the victim warm.
Magazines, Newspapers, Umbrella, Cane, Pillow, Broomstick to use as splints.
Door, Table Leaf to use as a stretcher.
Scarf, Handkerchief, Cloth Table Napkin to use as bandage or sling.
_______________
This Section has been prepared as a quick-reference, but should in no way substitute for the extensive and professional training you should receive to be fully prepared for an emergency. We recommend you contact your local hospital or American Red Cross for comprehensive First Aid training and certification.
First Aid Kit
4lastDir
"Save Article"
(DEEEMED NOT NECESSARY)
"Print
"Select All"
"Character"
"Copy"
"Paste" (N/N)
dependentMenus()
dependentButtons()
"statusfield"
--SearchStatus()
--This function initiates the
routines:
RetrieveHits(),
RetrieveMatches(), DisplayHits()
DisplayMatches().
4shandle
(i+1)
"SearchLineFlags"
DisplayResults("hitList", "hits",0)
$matchList", "cMatch",1)
--Clear hidden fields
keep old
results
being display
"searchLineFlags"
makes
call
, lastSuccess
"index" &
idxField
convertIdxLetter(
idxFile
"buttonSelect" &
tempbutton
tempName
searchTerm
FALSE
"boolean" &
x"boolean0"
CMCSearch(
x"ERROR"
starts
operations on
lines that follow.
NOTE:
2 could effect
succeeding
--'i' determines which
begSearchLine
tempSuccess
" & i
RetrieveBoolean(
retrieves
operator
searchLine1, searchLine2
tempname
<> ""
booleanOp
+ 1)
"Error
" --better error handling needs
be done
"Please
asure each
preceded
handles displaying
are determined
(parameter) passed
targetField, targetColumn, startLine
-- real cludgy
; & 0
tempColumn
"Hits0"
v & i
B(i+1)
sets up
fully qualified path
file
idxLetter
4cdRomDrive, idxPath
"Words"
& & "
"Subjects"
Q & "subjects.
"Titles"
& "titles.
"Index
a value
[W|S|T]" --bogus user
4 --bail
4, no damage
--Beginning
chandlers
--ShowBooleans()
selecting a
" Pop-up
; booleanName
Zmenulist
--setup
popup
popMenu
"AND," & \
"OR," & \
"NOT," & \
"OFF"
,sysMagnification, \
SetBooleans(
,"OR")
will
's choice
booleanField,
B"checkboolean"
--ShowIndexes()
-- Author indexes have been removed. Family Doctor doesn't
"Authors"
y indexName
--Setup
," & \
," & \
SetIndexes(
main purpose
yes,
should be
--It also
flag
types
-- changed.
indexField, indexOp
B"checkindex"
+ 1)
+ 1)
--End
--Beggining
interface
--fillCard()
--Fill
ftheir corresponding global values (taking advantage
Please make sure each active search line is preceded by a boolean operator
booleanOp
tempName
shandle
searchLine2
searchLine1
DisplayResults
cMatch
Hits0
tempColumn
startLine
targetColumn
targetField
convertIdxLetter
Words
words.idx
Subjects
subjects.idx
Titles
titles.idx
Index field needs a value of [W|S|T]
idxFile
cdRomDrive
idxPath
idxLetter
ShowBooleans
popMenu
SetBooleans
SetBooleans
SetBooleans
SetBooleans
menulist
booleanName
SetBooleans
checkboolean
boolean
tempName
booleanOp
booleanField
ShowIndexes
Words,
Subjects,
Titles
popMenu
Words
SetIndexes
Subjects
SetIndexes
Titles
SetIndexes
menulist
indexName
SetIndexes
checkindex
index
searchLineFlags
searchLineFlags
tempName
indexOp
indexField
fillCard
checkboolean
checkboolean
checkindex
checkindex
titleList
searchTemplet
searchTitles
chkbooln
chkindx
fsearchLine
fhitList
fmatchList
fillVar
checkboolean
checkindex
searchTemplet
searchTitles
chkbooln
chkindx
fsearchLine
fhitList
fmatchList
showStatusInfo
Select which source to search from
statusField
Search by Words, Subject, or Title
statusField
Set all entries to the same search type
statusField
Clear search entries and results
statusField
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pageTitle
Complete Blood Count
A Medical Times Patient Education Chart
(C) Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc.
___________________________
What Can the Blood Tests Tell?
The tests done as part of a complete blood count (CBC) are useful in diagnosing some illnesses. The major ones are anemia (which is a shortage of red blood cells or of hemoglobin, the blood protein that carries oxygen) and leukemia (which is a type of cancer that causes abnormal increases in white blood cells). CBCs can also help track progress in treating diseases.
The blood sample is usually taken from a vein in the arm, but may be drawn from the foot, finger, or ear. Your doctor will use the blood test results along with the results of your physical exam to diagnose a disease or assess your health.
Test results will vary even in healthy people because of personal differences such as age and sex. The normal ranges given here are for adults. Although the measurement terms may be unfamiliar, they are used here so you can compare them with your own test results.
The Red Blood Cell Count
The number of red blood cells (RBCs) within the normal range varies from 3.6 to 5.4 million per cubic millimeter. The average for females is 4.5 million and for males 5 million. Too many RBCs might be a sign of lung disease or congestive heart failure, the inability of the heart to pump blood efficiently. Too few RBCs, a condition known as anemia, can be caused by bleeding, leukemia, kidney disease, hormone problems, and other chronic diseases. Radiation and drugs used to treat cancer and other conditions may damage the bone marrow, where RBCs are formed, and so prevent the formation of enough new RBCS.
Hemoglobin: The Oxygen Carrier
Hemoglobin is the red pigment in RBCs that binds with oxygen, so the amount of hemoglobin is a measure of how much oxygen the RBCs are capable of carrying to other cells. The normal levels range from 12 to 16 grams per deciliter for women and 13.5 to 18 for men. Low levels can result from inherited anemias, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, or from anemias due to iron and vitamin deficiencies.
The Hematocrit: Ratio of Red Blood Cells
The hematocrit measures the percentage of blood volume made up of RBCs. The nominal ranges are 37% to 47% for women and 40% to 54% for men. Anemia, leukemia, blood loss, and kidney failure cause lower levels. Lung disease and loss of body fluids, such as that which occurs with severe burns, surgery, and shock, could result in higher percentages of RBCs.
White Blood Cells: The Defense Team
In normal adults, the total number of white blood cells ranges from 4,000 to 10,000 per cubic millimeter. Higher levels could be caused by infection, leukemia, acute bleeding, stress, and conditions that cause damage to the cells, such as heart attacks. Radiation, viral illness, and a weakened immune system are some of the causes of a decreased number of WBCs.
Each of the five different types of white blood cells performs a special job in defending the body against bacteria and other harmful matter. The percentage of each type of WBC in the blood is measured by the differential count or "diff." (See front of chart for WBC types and normal ranges.) Neutrophils and monocytes are the cells most active against bacterial infections. Lymphocytes help produce antibodies that can inactivate harmful substances entering the body, including infectious agents. Eosinophils and basophils are involved in allergies.
The Red Blood Cell Indices
Three measurements, known as the red cell indices, can help your doctor identify the specific types of anemia. Knowing the type of anemia and its possible cause makes it possible to treat the disease appropriately.
Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
363: Zellweger Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Zellweger Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cerebrohepatorenal Syndrome
Bowen Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Benign Congenital Hypotonia
Nemaline Myopathy
Infantile Muscular Atrophy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Zellweger Syndrome is a rare hereditary disorder affecting infants. It is characterized by reduction or absence peroxisomes in the cells of the liver, kidneys and brain. Unusual problems in prenatal development, an enlarged liver, high levels of iron and copper in the blood, and vision disturbances are among the major manifestations of Zellweger Syndrome.
Symptoms
Infants with Zellweger Syndrome often exhibit prenatal growth failure in spite of a normal period of gestation. This syndrome can often be recognized at birth due to profound lack of muscle tone; some infants may be unable to move. Other symptoms may include unusual facial characteristics, mental retardation, the inability to suck and/or swallow, and liver enlargement. Vision problems and congenital heart lesions occur less commonly. Jaundice and/or gastrointestinal bleeding due to deficiency of a coagulation factor in the blood can also occur. Pneumonia or respiratory distress may develop if infections are not prevented or controlled.
Causes
Zellweger Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. A deficiency or absence of microbodies known as peroxisomes cause the symptoms of this disorder. The exact cause of the lack of these peroxisomes in the tissue of the brain, liver and kidney is not yet known.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Zellweger Syndrome is present at birth. One Australian study indicated that it occurs once in 100,000 live births. However, more cases may have occurred but gone undiagnosed.
Related Disorders
Benign Congenital Hypotonia is a nonprogressive neuromuscular disorder which occurs at birth. This condition is characterized by decreased muscle tone that is manifested as muscle weakness or "floppiness". The condition can occur as a disorder of unknown cause, or as a symptom of other neuromuscular diseases. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Benign Congenital Hypotonia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Nemaline Myopathy is a hereditary muscular disease characterized by weakness and "floppiness" of skeletal muscles. The disease derives its name from the presence of very fine threads called "nemaline rods" in the microscopic muscle fibers. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Nemaline Myopathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Infantile Muscular Atrophy is a severe and usually progressive neuromuscular disorder in infants. It is characterized by a generalized weakness of the muscles in the trunk and extremities. This disorder results from degenerative changes in the central horn cells of the spinal cord. The weakness, also referred to as "amyotonia congenital syndrome", can also be found as a symptom of other neuromuscular disorders.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Zellweger Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling can be of benefit to families of patients with this disorder. Infections should be guarded against carefully to delay complications.
Therapies: Investigational
Treatment of Zellweger Syndrome using an antihyperlipidemic agent known as Clofibrate has been tried. However, Clofibrate has not yet proven to be an effective treatment for Zellweger Syndrome. Further research is ongoing into the role of peroxisomes in producing this disease.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Zellweger Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
United Leukodystrophy Foundation
2304 Highland Drive
Sycamore, IL 60178
(815) 896-3211
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3300 E. Sunrise Dr.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Association Europeenne contre les Leucodystrophies
7 Rue Pasteur
54000 NANCY
France
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
ZELLWEGER SYNDROME: DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS, SYNDROME DELINEATION, AND POTENTIAL
THERAPY: G.N. Wilson, et. al.; Am J Med Genet (May 1986, issue 24(1)). Pp. 69-82.
UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO INDUCE PEROXISOMES IN TWO CASES OF ZELLWEGER
DISEASE BY TREATMENT WITH CLOFIBRATE: I. Bjorkhem, et. al.; Pediatr Res (June 1985, issue 19(6)). Pp. 590-593.
Zellweger Syndrome!
pagetitle
363: Zellweger Syndrome
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`"]"Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
360: Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pancreatic Ulcerogenic Tumor Syndrome
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, Type I
Partial Multiple Endocrine Adenomatosis
Z-E Syndrome
Gastrinoma
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Cushing Syndrome
Duodenal Ulcers
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is an unusual ulcerative condition characterized by small tumors (usually of the pancreas) which secrete a hormone that produces excess amounts of stomach (gastric) juices. These tumors can also appear in the lower stomach wall, spleen or lymph nodes close to the stomach. Large amounts of gastric acid can be found in lower stomach areas where ulcers can form. Ulcers can appear suddenly even in areas where they are rarely found, may persist following treatment, and can be accompanied by diarrhea. Prompt medical treatment of these ulcers is necessary to prevent complications such as bleeding and perforation.
Symptoms
Tumors which characterize Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome secrete a hormone which produces excess amounts of stomach acid which can cause ulcers in the stomach, duodenum and jejunum, and in the esophagus due to a backward flow of gastric acid from the stomach. Pain from these persistent ulcers may be severe. Diarrhea and excretion of fat in the feces (steatorrhea) commonly occurs. Ulcers may persist for years despite medical or surgical treatment. This can result in a decrease of potassium levels in the blood. Complications, including holes in the organ walls where ulcers occur (perforations), bleeding or obstruction of the stomach where it empties into the intestines, may be serious and require prompt treatment.
Causes
Two common forms of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome were identified in 1982. One form begins sporadically, usually during late adulthood, and is usually malignant. The other form is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and occurs as a symptom of Multiple Endocrine Adenomatosis. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) Other forms of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome may also exist. The mechanism that causes the tumors to grow is unknown.
Affected Population
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome can begin in childhood, but it is usually diagnosed between twenty to seventy years of age. This disorder seems to affect males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome may be associated with endocrine disorders such as increased activity of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism) and benign tissue cell growth of the adrenal or pituitary glands (adenomas).
Cushing Syndrome consists of a group of symptoms attributable to an excess of cortisol and other hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland. It is usually caused by hormone secreting tumors of the adrenal or pituitary glands; sometimes a hyperfunctioning pituitary gland can be the cause. Hormone secreting tumors may also develop in other organs. Cushing syndrome occurs more frequently in females than in males, particularly women in their thirties following a pregnancy. The prognosis is good if the causative tumors can be removed and/or drug therapy suppresses production of the hormone. (For more information, choose "Cushing" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Duodenal ulcers are very common. A possible genetic predisposition to the disorder is possible. Steroid drugs can be one cause of these ulcers. Other possible causes include emotional stress, complications of cirrhosis of the liver, chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, or pulmonary emphysema.
Approximately ten percent of the United States population may be affected by duodenal ulcers at some time. The highest incidence occurs in Americans between twenty and fifty years of age, although duodenal ulcers can occur in children. The prognosis is generally favorable with standard treatments. However, without treatment duodenal ulcers can be serious due to possible bleeding (hemorrhage), low red blood cell count (anemia), or formation of small holes in the wall of organs where the ulcers occur (perforations).
Therapies: Standard
Patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome are treated to control or reduce gastric acid production. In the past the most serious cases were treated by removal of the stomach (gastrectomy). This has been replaced (excluding the most serious cases) by use of currently available antacids and drugs such as cimetidine or ranitidine. These drugs (with or without an anticholinergic agent) control excess gastric acid in most patients. Many patients with Z-E Syndrome require higher doses than those used routinely to treat ulcers.
Imaging procedures now in use to locate the tumors are improving the success rate of treatment. These procedures include ultrasound, CT scan, and selective angiograms. Abdominal surgery to remove tumors may be indicated and anti-tumor chemotherapy may be of benefit in some cases. Genetic counseling can be useful to families of patients with Z-E Syndrome.
In March 1989 the FDA approved a new drug, Losec, for the treatment of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome and other serious gastric disorders. Losec is manufactured by Merck & Company.
Therapies: Investigational
New tests are being developed for the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome such as transhepatic pancreatic vein catheterization supplemented by determination of local hormone gradients. This may permit preoperative location of even the smallest tumors. At present, the success rate of tumor surgery is approximately twenty percent.
Surgery on the tenth cranial (vagus) nerve is being tried experimentally. Severing this nerve interrupts impulses to the acid-secreting glands of the stomach. Those who require very high doses of drugs such as cimetidine or ranitidine may be candidates for this surgery which is recommended only for the most serious cases.
Newer more potent drugs being developed for treatment of Z-E Syndrome include omeprazole. This drug is still experimental in the United States.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CURRENT MANAGEMENT OF ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME: R.T. Jensen, et. al.; Drugs (August 1986, issue 32(2)). Pp. 188-196.
DIAGNOSIS AND CURATIVE THERAPY IN ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME: W.H.
Hacki; Schweiz Med Wochenschr (April 27, 1985, issue 115(17). Pp. 575-581.
ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME: H.D. Becker; Wien Klin Wochenschr (February 17, 1984, issue 96(4)). Pp. 138-144.
Zollinger-Ellison Syndromei#
l#pagetitle
360: Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
04349.TXT
@&2&Copyright (C) 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
940: Afibrinogenemia, Congenital
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Congenital Afibrinogenemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Congenital Afibrinogenemia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Factor IX Deficiency
Factor XIII Deficiency
Hageman Factor Deficiency
Hemophilia
Von Willebrand Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Congenital Afibrinogenemia is a rare disorder in which the patient is born with little or no fibrinogen. Fibrinogen is a protein necessary in the blood clotting process. As a result, the blood does not coagulate causing the patient to bleed uncontrollably. Many patients may experience severe hemorrhaging during childhood while others may have very little trouble with bleeding. Congenital Afibrinogenemia is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait.
Symptoms
Congenital Afibrinogenemia is a very rare blood disorder in which the patient is born with little or no fibrinogen in the circulating blood. Fibrinogen is a protein that is needed to form blood clots. When this protein is absent, the blood does not coagulate which can cause the patient to hemorrhage.
Two thirds of the patients with Congenital Afibrinogenemia have bleeding problems from infancy on. The severity and frequency of bleeding from surgery or trauma can vary from mild to severe.
Infants may have severe hemorrhaging during the first few days of life. Typically the hemorrhaging can be noticed from the umbilical cord, in the stools, when vomiting, after circumcision, from the use of forceps during delivery and/or in collections of blood that become trapped in the skin tissue (hematomas).
Other symptoms of Congenital Afibrinogenemia may be severe bleeding after minor trauma, the loss of baby teeth, or during the extraction of teeth. Patients may also bruise easily and hemorrhage from the gums.
Some patients with Congenital Afibrinogenemia also experience hemorrhaging into a joint (hemarthrosis); nosebleeds; gastrointestinal bleeding; heavy bleeding during menstruation; bleeding in the chest cavity and/or a ruptured spleen.
Causes
Congenital Afibrinogenemia is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Congenital Afibrinogenemia is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. Approximately one hundred and thirty cases have been recorded in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following blood clotting disorders can be similar to those of Congenital Afibrinogenemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Factor IX Deficiency is a severe genetic bleeding disorder that resembles classic Hemophilia A. Factor IX is a component of the blood clotting substance thromboplastin. It is deficient at birth in patients with this disorder. Factor IX Deficiency varies in severity between families and occurs most often among males. In rare instances, female carriers have been known to exhibit this deficiency in a mild form. Symptoms include prolonged bleeding episodes, and in very severe cases, joint pain and bone deformities. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Factor IX Deficiency" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Factor XIII Deficiency is a very rare inherited disorder that prevents the blood from clotting normally. The lack of clotting factor XIII can cause slow, oozing internal bleeding which may begin several days after even a mild trauma, such as a bump or bruise. The bleeding may persist so that large cysts form in the tissue spaces, destroying the surrounding bone and causing peripheral nerve damage. This typically occurs in the thigh and buttocks area. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Factor XIII Deficiency" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hageman Factor Deficiency is a rare genetic blood disorder. It is caused by a lack in activity of the Hageman factor in blood plasma, a single-chain glycoprotein which is also called Factor XII. This factor is needed for blood clotting. However, when it is deficient, other blood clotting factors tend to compensate for Factor XII. This disorder usually presents no symptoms and is only accidentally discovered through pre-operative blood tests that are required by hospitals. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hageman Factor Deficiency" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hemophilia is a hereditary blood clotting disorder which affects males almost exclusively. Hemophilia is caused by the inactivity of one of the blood proteins necessary (usually Factor VIII) for clotting and can be classified by its level of severity; mild, moderate, and severe. Severity is determined by the percentage of active clotting factor in the blood. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hemophilia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Von Willebrand Disease is a hereditary blood clotting disorder characterized by prolonged bleeding. Blood clotting is slow due to a deficiency of the Von Willebrand factor protein and factor VIII protein (the factor VIII complex). Also, platelets do not stick normally causing excessively slow clotting time. Increased risk of excessive bleeding following surgery, dental procedures or injury occurs in patients with this disorder. With proper treatment and appropriate precautions, few patients become seriously handicapped by Von Willebrand Disease. The tendency to prolonged bleeding usually decreases with age. (For more information on this disorder choose "Von Willebrand" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database)
Therapies: Standard
Patients with Congenital Afibrinogenemia may be treated with infusions of cryoprecipitate concentrates. This is prescribed to raise the fibrogen level in the blood permitting clots to form.
Fibrogen concentrates may be given but there is a risk of contracting an infectious disorder. Cryoprecipitate is the preferred treatment.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Congenital Afibrinogenemia:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Hemophilia Foundation
110 Greene St., Suite 303
New York, NY 10012
(212) 563-0211
NIH/National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10505
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1199-1200.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. P. 1073.
HEMATOLOGY, 4TH Ed,: William J. Williams, et al,: Editors; McGraw-Hill, Inc. Pp. 1474-5.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 62-3.
PROPHYLACTIC CRYOPRECIPITATE IN CONGENITAL AFIBRINOGENEMIA: R.C.
Rodriguez, et al.; Clin Pediatr (November, 1988, issue 27(11)). Pp. 543-5.
f'pagetitle
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital
cle c'
940: Afibrinogenemia, Congenital
04350.TXT
Copyright (C) 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
946: Chandler's Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Chandler's Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Dystrophia Endothelialis Cornea
Iris Atrophy with Corneal Edema and Glaucoma
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Essential Iris Atrophy
Cogan-Reese Syndrome
Glaucoma, Primary
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Chandler's Syndrome is a very rare eye disorder that effects women more often that men. It usually becomes apparent during middle age and can cause increased development in the cells lining the cornea, drying up of the iris, corneal swelling, and unusually high pressure in the eye (glaucoma). The disorder may result in vision loss.
Symptoms
Chandler's Syndrome is characterized by proliferation of the cells lining the cornea, swelling of the cornea, iris destruction with development of scar tissue, and glaucoma (high pressure) within the eye.
The disorder may cause blurred vision, pain and swelling in the eyes with eventual loss of vision. Usually only one eye is affected; however, the other eye may become involved later.
Causes
The exact cause of Chandler's Syndrome is not known. Some researchers suspect that inflammation or chronic infection may be the cause of the disease. The thickness, shape, and size of the cornea are changed by the disease.
Affected Population
Chandler's Syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects females more often than it does males. The disorder usually appears during the middle aged years.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Chandler's Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Essential Iris Atrophy is a very similar disorder to Chandler's Syndrome and their symptoms may even overlap. Essential Iris Atrophy is characterized by the movement of the pupil into an unusual location within the eye and the development of holes in the iris. This condition also causes increased pressure and swelling within the eye. If left untreated vision loss may occur.
Cogan-Reese Syndrome is characterized by loss of iris tissue and the development of small wart-like growths on the iris. Increased pressure within the eye and corneal swelling are also evident. This disorder differs from Cogan Corneal Dystrophy which is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder.
Glaucoma occurs as a secondary characteristic of Chandler's Syndrome. When it occurs as a primary disease in individuals it is characterized by increased pressure within the eye. If left untreated the increased pressure may affect the lens and the optic nerve, resulting in eventual blindness. Glaucoma usually occurs for unknown reasons, however, it is more prevalent in diabetics. Some symptoms for persons to be aware of are: blurred vision, rainbow colored halos around lights, and loss of side vision resulting in "tunnel vision". A simple test can measure the pressure in a persons eye and this testing is recommended annually for persons over age forty. Treatment may consist of medicated eye drops and if these are unsuccessful surgery may be necessary.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Chandler's Syndrome usually involves the use of drops in the eyes to control the glaucoma and swelling (edema). Pilocarpine and Timoptic are drugs used for this purpose. If these methods are unsuccessful surgery may be indicated. Keratoplasty, iridectomy, and trabeculectomy are three types of surgical methods used to treat Chandler's Syndrome. Laser surgery is a fourth type of treatment; it is often used to control the secondary glaucoma.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Chandler's Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute (NEI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
National Society to Prevent Blindness
79 Madison Ave
New York, NY 10016
(212) 684-3505
Eye Research Institute of the Retina Foundation
20 Staniford St.
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 742-3140
References
CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, 2nd Ed.; Jack J. Kanski, Editor; Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990. P. 222.
OPHTHALMOLOGY PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS, 7th Ed.; Frank W. Newell, Mosby Year Book, 1992, Pp. 275-276.
PATHOGENESIS OF CHANDLER'S SYNDROME, ESSENTIAL IRIS ATROPHY AND THE
COGAN-REESE SYNDROME. I. ALTERATIONS OF THE CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM., J.A.
Alvarado, et al.; Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, June, 1986, (issue 27 (6)). Pp. 853-872.
PATHOGENESIS OF CHANDLER'S SYNDROME, ESSENTIAL IRIS ATROPHY AND COGAN-
REESE SYNDROME. II. ESTIMATED AGE AT DISEASE ONSET., J.A. Alvarado, et al.; Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, June, 1986, (27 (6)). Pp. 873-882.
Chandler's Syndrome
ycog'
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946: Chandler's Syndrome
04331.TXT
Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
298: Williams Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Williams Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Beuren's syndrome
Early Hypercalcemia syndrome
Elfin Face
Hypercalcemia-Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis
Hypercalcemic Face
Infantile Hypercalcemia syndrome, Idiopathic
Williams-Beuren syndrome
Information can be found on the following disorders in the Related Disorders section of this report.
Noonan Syndrome
Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia
Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Williams Syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by distinctive elfin facial features, extraordinarily sensitive hearing, developmental delays, short stature, and an impulsive, outgoing personality. Other symptoms, which may appear in some cases, include a star-like pattern in the iris of the eye, low birth weight, heart disorders, elevated calcium levels in the blood, hernias, learning disabilities, and/or possible mild mental retardation.
Symptoms
Children born with Williams syndrome may exhibit the following symptoms:
1. Facial characteristics resemble an "elfin face", with a broad forehead, upturned nose, wide mouth, full lips, widely spaced teeth, small chin, puffiness around the eyes, a small head and depressed nasal bridge.
2. Hearing is apparently oversensitive. Patients with Williams syndrome can overreact to loud and high-pitched sounds.
3. Motor development such as sitting, walking, language, gross and fine motor skills may be delayed.
4. Personality is friendly and talkative. Children with Williams syndrome seem unafraid of strangers. They have some attention problems and are sometimes described as impulsive.
5. Children with blue or green eyes may have a star-like pattern in the iris. Brown-eyed children with Williams syndrome usually don't display this pattern.
6. Some children with Williams syndrome have a low birth weight and may not thrive. Vomiting, gagging, diarrhea or constipation are common in infancy.
7. Heart disorders may occur, ranging from slight murmurs to narrowing (stenosis) of the aorta or the pulmonary veins.
8. The calcium level in the blood may be elevated. When this symptoms occurs, it appears only during the first two months of life, then disappears.
9. Hernias at the navel (umbilical) or in the groin (inguinal) may occur.
10. Mild mental retardation may occur, but some children have average intelligence with severe learning disabilities. They exhibit attention-deficit behaviors, but generally have good long-term memory.
11. Premature puberty occurs in many of these children.
Causes
The exact cause of Williams Syndrome is unknown although in some cases it is thought to be an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Williams syndrome may affect infants of both sexes, and it occurs in all races. This disorder occurs in about 1 in 20,000 births.
Related Disorders
Noonan Syndrome is an inherited disorder with widely variable symptoms whereas Williams Syndrome may or may not be inherited. Patients may exhibit distinctive facial characteristics at birth similar to those of Williams Syndrome. Short stature and heart disease mark some cases in both disorders. It is much less prevalent among Noonan patients. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Noonan" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia without any other symptoms is an elevated calcium level in the blood, without a known cause. This occurs during infancy.
Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis is the narrowing of the aorta occurring above the aortic valve. This may occur alone, or in conjunction with other disorders.
Therapies: Standard
When elevated calcium levels in the blood of affected infants occurs, excessive Vitamin D in the diet should be avoided and calcium should be restricted to 25 to 100 milligrams per day. For severe hypercalcemia, hydrocortisone analog therapy may be considered on a temporary basis. An endocrinologist should be consulted. After a child is a few months old, calcium levels will return to normal even in untreated patients.
For the physical and mental developmental deficiencies, centers for developmentally disabled children and special education services in schools may be beneficial. Medical help from heart specialists and other physicians, speech and language therapy, occupational and physical therapy, and vocational training can all help children with Williams Syndrome to cope with their handicaps.
Therapies: Investigational
The University of Nevada School of Medicine, The Indiana University School of Medicine, and The Utah School of Medicine are studying blood samples in DNA in a collaborative effort to locate the genes responsible for Williams Syndrome and Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis. It is thought that these two disorders may be closely linked. Researchers are collecting DNA from children with Williams Syndrome and their parents. Interested families may contact:
Dr. Colleen A. Morris
2040 W. Charleston Blvd., Suite 401
Las Vegas, NV 89102
(702) 385-5011
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Williams Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Williams Syndrome Association
P.O. Box 3297
Ballwin, MO 63022-3297
Infantile Hypercalcaemia Foundation Ltd.
37 Mulberry Green
Old Harlow, Essex CM17 OE4
England
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
FACTS ABOUT WILLIAMS SYNDROME: Williams Syndrome Association, 1984.
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed: Daniel Bergsma, ed; March of Dimes, 1979.
THE WILLIAMS SYNDROME ASSOCIATION NATIONAL NEWSLETTER, Volume 9, #1, Spring 1992.
Williams Syndrome
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298: Williams Syndrome
04332.TXT
$h$Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
343: Wilms' Tumor
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Wilms' Tumor) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Nephroblastoma
Embryoma Kidney
Embryonal Carcinosarcoma Kidney
Embryonal Mixed Tumor Kidney
Embryonal Adenomyosarcoma Kidney
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Wilms' Tumor is the most common form of kidney cancer in children, accounting for six to eight percent of all childhood cancers. The exact cause is not known, although it is thought to be inherited in some cases. An abdominal swelling is the most common symptom usually leading to early detection of the disease. Wilms' Tumor can often be treated successfully depending on the stage of the tumor at detection and the age and general health of the child. Approximately eighty percent of children with this disease can be cured with appropriate treatment.
Symptoms
In the early stages, Wilms' Tumor usually has no apparent symptoms. Later signs may include blood in the urine, low-grade fever, loss of appetite, paleness, weight loss, lethargy, and a swelling of the abdomen. In the later stages, pain may be intermittent and slight, or sudden and sharp. These symptoms could be due to a variety of other disorders, but parents who observe such symptoms should consult a doctor promptly.
Developmental anomalies may also be apparent in patients with Wilms' Tumor. These may include absence of the colored portion of the eye or iris (Aniridia) which occurs in approximately ten percent of patients, an abnormal enlargement of a part of the body (hemihypertrophy) which occurs in about three percent, and various genitourinary defects in about five percent of cases.
Causes
The exact causes of Wilms' Tumor are not known at this time. Scientists believe that there are both hereditary and nonhereditary forms of the disease.
The hereditary type of Wilms' Tumor may arise at an earlier age and is likely to affect both kidneys or several sites in one kidney. Scientists suspect that a genetic abnormality causes a defect in the fetal kidney, and genetic studies have tentatively identified the location of this chromosome. When the disorder is inherited it is usually transferred through a recessive trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Wilms' Tumor accounts for six to eight percent of all childhood cancers. The disorder affects one child in about 10,000 in the United States. The onset of Wilms' Tumor occurs mainly in children under the age of seven, with most cases developing between the ages of one and four years of age. Boys and girls are affected equally.
Related Disorders
Renal Cell Carcinoma, the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, arises in the lining of the kidney (renal) tubules. Also known as renal adenocarcinoma, hypernephroma, and Grawitz' Tumor, it accounts for more than eighty-five percent of all adult kidney cancers.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the renal pelvis is the next most common form of adult kidney cancer. The symptoms of this disorder resemble bladder cancer in many ways.
Therapies: Standard
In general, treatment of Wilms' Tumor is usually successful. Treatment programs that combine modern surgical techniques (including kidney removal), radiation therapy, and chemotherapy (Actinomycin D and vincristine can reduce the size of Wilms' Tumors), have brought dramatic progress in treating this disease.
Children treated for Wilms' Tumor are usually considered cured if they survive for two years without any sign that the disease has returned. The small number of children with aggressive cell types, or with widespread disease at the time of diagnosis have a poorer outlook, but many of these patients are curable with intensive therapy.
Treatment centers have adopted a modern team approach in caring for Wilms' Tumor patients. With pediatric surgeons, radiation therapists and doctors who specialize in treatment of tumors (oncologists) working together, these centers have consistently reported overall two-year survival rates of seventy to eighty percent in children treated for Wilms' Tumor.
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause undesirable side effects such as nausea and vomiting. A more serious short-term side effect is the suppression of bone marrow. In killing cancer cells, chemotherapy and radiation therapy can also destroy some normal cells in the bone marrow. If the white cells, red cells, and platelets fall too low, patients can become susceptible to bleeding and infection. Such side effects are usually temporary. Supportive care, such as antibiotic therapy, often helps to protect patients from complications during their treatment.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers have reported that there may be a link between tumor growth in the patients with Wilms' Tumor and a deletion of the p13 section of chromosome 11. Further research may indicate the site of the gene that controls the cancer cell growth and enable the scientist to suppress the cells' ability to form tumors.
The National Wilms' Tumor Study (NWTS), was conducted by a national consortium of hospitals and clinics, with funding from the National Cancer Institute for the purpose of carrying out controlled clinical trials of new treatments for Wilms' Tumor. Findings of this study are the basis for treatment standards for Wilms' Tumor patients in the United States. Researchers are now considering ways to improve the care of patients with spreading cancer or those with cell types shown at high risk by previous research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Wilms Tumor, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Kidney Foundation
2 Park Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 889-2210
(800) 622-9010
American Kidney Fund
6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010
Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 881-3052
(800) 638-8299
(800) 492-8361 (MD)
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
ADULT KIDNEY CANCER AND WILMS' TUMOR: RESEARCH REPORT. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health.
Wilms' Tumor{%
~%pagetitle
343: Wilms' Tumor
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8Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
26: Wilson's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Wilson 's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
Lenticular Degeneration, Progressive
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Chorea, Sydenham's
Cirrhosis, Primary Biliary
Heavy Metal Poisoning
Levine-Critchley Syndrome
Huntington's Disease
Tourette Syndrome
Cerebral Palsy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Wilson's Disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by excess copper stored in various body tissues, particularly the liver, brain, and corneas of the eyes. Later developments include liver (hepatic) disease and central nervous system dysfunction. Early diagnosis and treatment may prevent serious long-term disability.
Symptoms
Wilson's Disease usually begins with hepatic (liver) or neurologic disturbances, or both. Symptoms of liver dysfunction usually appear after 6 years of age. Jaundice causes a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes and the sclera of the eyes (membranes that line the eye). Vomiting may also occur. Neurologic symptoms are usually first seen between the ages of 12 and 32 years and are characterized by drooling, difficulty speaking and poorly articulated words (dysarthria). Other neurological symptoms may include difficulty when swallowing (dysphagia), lack of coordination, tremor, spasticity, muscle rigidity and double vision.
Other symptoms of Wilson's Disease may include kidney stones, joint disorders and abnormalities of the heart (cardiomyopathy). It is believed that a sudden release of copper from the liver may cause an acute crisis in some patients due to the sudden rapid breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis).
The Kayser-Fleischer ring is an important symptom that eventually appears in the eyes of patients with Wilson's Disease, and especially in patients with neurologic involvement. This ring is a rusty-brown deposit in the corneas of the eyes that may not be present until the later stages of Wilson's disease.
Neurological signs and symptoms that may appear in the late stages of Wilson's Disease include decreased cognitive abilities and behavioral disturbances. Joint and bone involvement may include a thinning of the bones (osteoporosis) and the appearance of bony outgrowths (osteophytes) at large joints. There may be reduced spinal and extremity joint spaces. Kidney involvement may include renal tubular damage.
The psychiatric manifestations of Wilson's Disease vary widely from patient to patient. These symptoms may be confused with other psychiatric disorders, ranging from depression to schizophrenia. Accurate diagnosis is essential as medications that are commonly given for such disturbances (phenothiazines) can aggravate the neurologic and psychiatric symptoms of Wilson's Disease. The side effects of these drugs may appear similar to symptoms of Wilson's Disease. Most patients with the psychiatric symptoms of Wilson's Disease also have neurologic symptoms and Kayser-Fleischer rings in the corneas of their eyes.
In adolescent females, menstruation may not begin until the disease is treated. This is due to the general disturbances in metabolism caused by Wilson's Disease.
Causes
Wilson's Disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. The defective gene that prevents the liver from adequately excreting copper in the bile has been located on chromosome 13 at position q14. Symptoms develop due to the gradual over-accumulation of copper in the body.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Wilson's Disease is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. The disease is found in all races and ethnic groups. Wilson's Disease occurs in approximately 1 in 100,000 people worldwide. There are about 2,000 diagnosed cases in the United States. Many cases are misdiagnosed, however, usually as mental illness, and the true incidence may be higher.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Wilson's Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Sydenham's Chorea is an acute, usually self-limited disorder that occurs after about 5 to 10 percent of cases of rheumatic fever. The disorder typically begins with jerky, uncontrollable, non-repetitive muscle movements on one or both sides of the body. Patients develop rapid, involuntary movements that can affect the manner or style of walking, arm movements and speech. Clumsiness and facial grimacing are common. (For more information on this disorder choose "Sydenham's Chorea" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease of the liver thought to be related to abnormalities in the immune system. The initial symptoms of this disorder usually include persistent, generalized itching, dark urine, pale stools and jaundice. Eventually, excessive amounts of copper accumulate in the liver and fibrous or granular hardening occurs in the soft tissue of the liver. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Primary Biliary Cirrhosis " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Heavy Metal Poisoning is generally caused by industrial exposure to a variety of toxins such as copper, aluminum, arsenic or mercury. Depending of the type and duration of exposure, the injury may occur in the lungs, nervous system, the skin or digestive system. The symptoms of the poisoning vary according to the type of metal that was involved in the overexposure. These include headache, nausea, dizziness, painful joints and muscles, delirium, seizures and a wide range of other symptoms. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Heavy Metal Poisoning " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Levine-Critchley Syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder of the neuromuscular and blood systems. Abnormal blood cells (acanthocytosis) are produced and there is a wasting away (atrophy) of muscles. The major symptom of this disorder is uncontrolled rapid muscular movements (amyotrophic chorea). Initially there are subtle involuntary movements (tics) of the face, mouth, and tongue. These slowly progress to severe, uncontrolled, rapid motions (chorea) of the trunk and limbs. Approximately 50 percent of people with Levine-Critchley Syndrome have seizures. (For more information on this disorder, please choose "Levine-Critchley" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Huntington's Disease (Huntington's Chorea) is an inherited, progressively degenerative neurological disorder. Initially there are personality changes and rapid jerky muscle movements that are involuntary. In time speech and memory become impaired and involuntary muscle movements become more frequent and pronounced. As Huntington's Disease progresses there is a further loss of cognitive abilities and dementia. The symptoms of this disorder usually begin during adulthood generally after the age of forty. (For more information on this disorder choose "Huntington" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Tourette Syndrome is a neurologic movement disorder that is characterized by repetitive motor and vocal tics. The first symptoms during childhood are usually rapid eye blinking or facial grimaces. Symptoms may also include involuntary movements of the extremities, shoulders, face and voluntary muscles. Some people with Tourette Syndrome may vocalize involuntarily; these may be inarticulate sounds or words. Tourette Syndrome is not a progressive or degenerative disorder; symptoms tend to be variable and follow a chronic waxing and waning course. Onset is usually begin before the age of 16. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tourette" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Cerebral Palsy is a neuromuscular disorder that is the result of an injury to the brain during early development or at birth. The major symptom of this disorder is a lack of muscle control and coordination. Cerebral Palsy is not a progressive disorder. Generally infants may exhibit developmental delays during the first or second year and may have muscle weakness and abnormal muscle tone. The coordination and speech difficulties associated with Wilson's Disease can resemble the symptoms of Cerebral Palsy. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cerebral Palsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Wilson's Disease is routinely treated with the drug D-Penicillamine. This drug causes the excretion of copper into the urine. Pyrimidine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) is usually prescribed to counteract a side effect of penicillamine that can make the patient deficient in Vitamin B6. Treatment must be continued throughout life to avoid abnormal accumulation of copper. However, some patients cannot tolerate long-term therapy with penicillamine.
The orphan drug Trien (brand name Cuprid) was approved by the FDA for treatment of Wilson's Disease in 1985. The drug is manufactured by Merck, Sharp and Dohme. Cuprid is an effective therapy for those Wilson's Disease patients who cannot tolerate penicillamine.
Physical therapy and speech therapy can be helpful for Wilson's Disease patients with neurological involvement. Liver transplants have been successful in cases of severe liver damage. A low copper diet is often advised. Chocolate, nuts and shell fish are usually high in copper and should not be eaten in excess. Diet information can be obtained from the Wilson's Disease Association.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
The orphan drug Zinc Acetate is being tested as a maintenance therapy to treat Wilson's Disease. Zinc acetate is a common nutritional substance; however, it must be taken in certain doses at specific times during the day to affect copper metabolism. Therefore, careful monitoring by a physician is necessary to assure effectiveness on Wilson's Disease patients. Zinc acetate is manufactured by Lemmon Co., 650 Catarhill Road, Sellersville, PA 18960. For more information, please contact:
George J. Brewer, M.D.
University of Michigan Medical School
Medical Science #MU708
Box 0618
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0618
Investigational studies are underway to determine the effectiveness of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate as a possible treatment for Wilson's Disease. This agent is being used for initial rapid "decoppering" of patients with this disorder. Further studies are necessary to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of this treatment.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Wilson's Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Wilson's Disease Association
P.O. Box 75324
Washington, DC 20013
(703) 636-3014
American Liver Foundation
998 Pompton Ave.
Cedar Grove, N.J. 07009
(201) 857-2626
The United Liver Foundation
11646 West Pico Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90064
(213) 445-4204
(213) 445-4200
Children's Liver Foundation
14245 Ventura Blvd.
Sherman Oaks, CA 91423
(818) 906-3021
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th Ed., Scriver, Beaudet, Sly, and Valle; McGraw-Hill; 1989. Pp. 1416-1421.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1756-1757.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1132-1133.
WILSON'S DISEASE, S.E. Woods; Am Family Physician (July 1989; 40(1)): Pp. 171-178.
WILSON'S DISEASE: CURRENT STATUS, J.C. Yarse et al.; Am J Med (June 1992; 92(6)): Pp. 643-654.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF WILSON'S DISEASE, R.M. Tankanow; Clin Pharm (Nov 1991; 10(11)): Pp. 839-849.
Wilson's Disease
9pagetitle
26: Wilson's Disease
04334.TXT
Copyright (C) 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
937: Winchester Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Winchester Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Winchester-Grossman Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Juvenile Arthritis
Mucopolysaccharidosis
General Discussion
**REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Winchester Syndrome is a very rare disorder believed by some scientists to be closely related to the mucopolysaccharidoses which is a group of hereditary lysosomal storage disorders. Major symptoms of Winchester syndrome may include short stature, arthritis-like symptoms, eye and skin problems.
Symptoms
Winchester Syndrome is characterized by clouding of the cornea of the eyes, dwarfism, arthritis-like symptoms in the joints, thickening of the skin and the growth of abnormal amounts of hair on the thickened skin.
The syndrome becomes apparent usually around the age of two years. The child's joints become stiffened and painful with swelling and redness. The areas affected most often are the fingers, elbows, knees and feet. The skin may become very thick and leathery with excessive amounts of hair growing in these areas along with a darker skin coloring. The lips and gums are thickened causing coarse facial features. As the child grows dwarfism becomes apparent. During later childhood or adulthood bones in the ankles and feet may weaken due to loss of calcium. The eyes may develop corneal opacities (a cloudy covering over the cornea) causing vision problems. The disorder leads to severe joint contractures but mental functioning is not affected.
Causes
Winchester Syndrome is a very rare disorder thought to be caused by autosomal recessive genes. Some scientists believe it is a very rare type of Mucopolysaccharidosis, because a form of carbohydrate, oligosaccharide, is lost in the urine of some Winchester patients. However, tests to prove this theory are not conclusive.
The Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of Lysosomal storage disorders. These illnesses are characterized by loss of saccharids in the urine and storage of these in some of the body's tissues such as the lips, gums, bones and skin.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Winchester Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. The medical literature has reported less than 10 people identified with Winchester Syndrome. They are of Mexican, Indian, Puerto Rican and Iranian decent. Other patients may be undiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Winchester Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Juvenile Arthritis is a relatively rare childhood disorder characterized by pain and deformity of the joints. Major symptoms may include swollen and painful joints, fever, skin rash, swollen lymph glands, an enlarged spleen and liver. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Juvenile Arthritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of rare hereditary diseases of lysosomal storage. They are characterized by deposits of mucopolysaccharides in the arteries, skeleton, eyes, joints, ears, skin and teeth. Accumulation is especially noticed in the cartilage and bone tissue. The child may appear normal at birth and around the age of one begin to show signs of both growth and mental retardation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Mucopolysaccharidoses" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Winchester Syndrome consists of physical therapy to help promote use of the affected limbs. The use of mobility devices may be required. Orthopedic procedures to decrease contractures may be of benefit. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Winchester Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812
(203) 746-6518
Juvenile Arthritis Foundation
1314 Spring St., NW
Atlanta, GA 30309
(404) 872-7100
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1758
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1781
THE SKIN IN THE WINCHESTER SYNDROME., A.H. Cohen, et al.; Arch Dermatol, February, 1975, (issue 111(2)). Pp. 230-236.
TWO CASES OF WINCHESTER SYNDROME: WITH INCREASED URINARY OLIGOSACCHARIDE
EXCRETION., D.B. Dunger, et al.; Eur J Pediatr, November, 1987, (issue 146 (6). Pp. 615-619.
WINCHESTER SYNDROME: REPORT OF A CASE FROM IRAN. H. Nabai, et al.; J Cutan Pathol, October, 1977, (issue 4 (5)). Pp. 281-285.
Winchester Syndrome
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76: Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
?Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
76: Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
WAS
Immunodeficiency with Thrombocytopenia and Eczema
Aldrich syndrome
Eczema-Thrombocytopenia-Infection Syndrome
Immunodeficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich Type
Immunodeficiency-2
IMD-2
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome is a rare inherited disorder (X-linked) characterized by an immune deficiency primarily affecting B lymphocytes, scaly red skin rashes (eczema), and abnormally low levels of circulating blood platelets (thrombocytopenia). The B lymphocytes are specialized white blood cells of the immune system that search out and attack bacteria, viruses, or other foreign substances in the body. The symptoms of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome may vary greatly among patients. Children with this disorder can face life-threatening complications of thrombocytopenia and immunodeficiency prior to adulthood.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome generally begin during infancy. Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) from circumcision or minor trauma is common in infants with this disorder. Bleeding may occur from the intestines and hemorrhaging may be severe. The skin may have small red spots (petechiae) and/or purplish discolorations due to the leakage of blood under the skin (thrombocytopenic purpura). In addition, infants with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome may have chronic red, scaly rashes on the skin (eczema).
Male children with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome have defects in their resistance to infections. These defects occur because of the inability of T lymphocytes to properly resist infectious disease (cell-mediated immunity). T lymphocytes, also known as "killer cells," assist B lymphocytes to respond to infection and other foreign agents that invade the body. Defects also occur in the development and the continuing presence of circulating antibodies in the blood (humoral immunity).
The most outstanding immune defect in infants with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome is the inability to produce antibodies to certain complex carbohydrates (polysaccharide antigens). Children with this disorder are highly susceptible to infections with particular organisms that have coverings or are "encapsulated," since these coverings contain polysaccharides. These encapsulated organisms include pneumococcus and Hemophilus influenzae. Children with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome commonly experience infections of the middle ear (otitis media), acute inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia), inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (meningitis), and systemic infection with bacteria present in the blood stream (sepsis).
Cell-mediated immunity and T cell function become progressively worse as a child with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome ages. Fungal and viral infections can become serious problems late in the course of the disorder. Pneumocystis carinii (a bacteria that causes pneumonia) and herpes virus infections are also common.
Other symptoms of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome include an abnormally enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) and anemia. People with this disorder have a 10 percent chance of developing malignancies, particularly leukemia and lymphoma. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Anemia," "Leukemia," and "Lymphoma" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
People with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome have normal levels of total antibodies in their blood; however, the proportions of different antibodies are abnormal. Cells that later produce platelets (precursors) appear normal under a microscope, but platelets circulating in the blood stream have both structural and functional abnormalities.
Causes
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive X-linked genetic trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
The defective gene that causes Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome is located on the short arm of the X chromosome (p11.4-p11.21). Males get the more severe form of the disorder.
Affected Population
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome is a rare disorder that affects more males than females. Females can get a milder form of the disorder, or be a carrier with no symptoms.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Primary Agammaglobulinemias (X-linked Immunodeficiency) are a group of inherited immune deficiencies characterized by insufficient antibodies. The most frequent symptoms of these disorders are usually repeated bacterial infections. Bacteria infections are a frequent cause of chronic inflammation of the intestines and diarrhea. Repeated infections of the middle ear and respiratory tract may also occur. Areas of patchy, reddish skin may appear around the eyes, fingers, knees, and ankles. Some children with Primary Agammaglobulinemias experience joint swelling and pain. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Primary Agammaglobulinemias" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a group of rare, congenital disorders characterized by little or no immune response. A person with this disorder is susceptible to recurring infections with bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other infectious agents. If untreated, this disorder may result in frequent, severe infections, growth retardation, and can be life-threatening. Other symptoms of this disorder may include weight loss, weakness, infections of the middle ear, and skin infections. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Severe Combined Immunodeficiency" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
DiGeorge Syndrome is a very rare immune deficiency that results from developmental defects in the thymus and parathyroid glands. This disorder is characterized by seizures during the first few days of life due to the abnormal function of the parathyroid gland. Inability to fight off frequent infections from viruses, fungi, and other bacteria is characteristic of this disorder. Children with DiGeorge Syndrome frequently have chronic nasal infections, diarrhea, oral candidiasis, and Pneumocystis pneumonia. (For more information on this disorder, choose "DiGeorge" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Nezelof Syndrome is a rare immune deficiency disorder characterized by the impairment of cellular immunity against infections. Symptoms of this disorder may include frequent and severe infections from birth including oral candidiasis, diarrhea, skin infections, septicemia, urinary tract infections, measles, pulmonary infections, and vaccinia. Typically a child with this disorder may be mentally retarded and have a progressive loss of muscle tissue. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Nezelof" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ataxia Telangiectasia is a severe, rare, inherited neurological disorder characterized by the progressive loss of motor coordination in the arms, legs, and head (cerebellar ataxia). Some cases of this disorder are associated with immunodeficiencies (IgA or IgE). Mental development may be normal in the early stages of the disease, but progressive dementia may occur. This disease usually begins in infancy but may not be apparent until the child is school age. Classic red spots or telangiectasia appear in the eyes, and later on the face and roof of the mouth. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ataxia Telangiectasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Children with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome are treated regularly with transfer factor, a substance derived from lymphocytes. About 50 percent of patients experience a restoration of the proper function of blood cells and the immune system. This factor also improves the itchy red rashes (eczema) associated with this disorder.
Researchers are studying bone marrow transplantation from a compatible donor (allogenic) as a possible treatment for some cases of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. Patients treated with this procedure receive high doses of chemotherapy, followed by radiation therapy. Then donor bone marrow cells are given intravenously to the patient. It is hoped that this procedure may lead to the improvement of the blood abnormalities and immune deficiencies associated with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. A complication of this procedure may be Graft versus Host Disease, has also been used with some success in a few patients. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Graft versus Host" as your search in the Rare Disease Database.)
Children with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome who do not respond well to transfer factor, are given antibodies intravenously and antibiotics that may help reduce susceptibility to infectious disease. Excessive abnormal bleeding, a complication of thrombocytopenia, may be managed by administering carefully purified platelet concentrates or the surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy). While effective in reducing the risk of bleeding, splenectomy further increases the risk of serious infection with a variety of organisms. Most of the patients will require continued intravenous antibiotic and/or gammaglobulin treatment to prevent infections. Platelet transfusions are not without problems, since repeated transfusions are likely to stimulate the formation of platelet antibodies. The standard drugs for thrombocytopenia, corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, have no role in the treatment of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome since these drugs cause a further decrease in immune function.
Vincristine may be a useful drug in the treatment of cancer associated with this disorder, since it has anti-tumor activity and helps improve platelet function. Vincristine does not suppress the immune system.
Infectious disease in children with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome requires vigorous therapy with antifungal, antibiotic, and supportive measures. Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii can be particularly difficult to treat; the 2 drugs usually used are trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pentamidine isethionate. (For more information on treatment of P. carinii pneumonia, choose "AIDS" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Cytomegalovirus and generalized herpes simplex infections may be treated with acyclovir, ganciclovir (DHPG), idoxuridine, floxuridine, or cytarabine. Severe Candida and related fungal infections usually respond well to amphotericin B therapy. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cytomegalovirus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Prevention of infection is extremely important. Every attempt should be made to protect people with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome from infectious disease. Immunization with live virus vaccines should probably be avoided.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are studying the role and functions of genes through the National Institutes of Health's Human Genome Project. It is hoped that they may identify the protein that is defective in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome so that a treatment may be developed to correct the genetic abnormality that causes this disorder.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Immune Deficiency Foundation
3565 Ellicott Mill Drive, Unit B2
Ellicott City, MD 21043
(800) 296-4433
(410) 461-3127
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
NIH/National Cancer Institute (NCI)
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
(800) 4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other types of cancer. To access this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1781-83.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1451-52, 1578.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 16th Ed.: Robert Berkow Ed.; Merck Research Laboratories, 1992. Pp. 305, 315.
HEMATOLOGY, 4th Ed,: William J. Williams, et al,; Editors; McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1990. Pp. 964-969.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 963-64.
NELSON TEXTBOOK OF PEDIATRICS, 14th Ed.; Richard E. Behrman et al; W.B. Saunders Co., 1992. Pp. 555, 1280.
IMMUNODEFICIENCY. Buckley, R.H. J Allergy Clin Immunol Dec 1983; 72(6):627-641.
WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME: NEW MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL INSIGHTS. M.
Peacocke; J Am Acad Dermatol (Oct 1992; 27(4)). Pp. 507-19.
EVIDENCE FOR DEFECTIVE TRANSMEMBRANE SIGNALING IN B CELLS FROM PATIENTS
WITH WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME. H.U. Simon; J Clin Invest (Oct 1992; 90(4)). Pp. 1396-405.
EARLY BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION IN AN INFANT WITH WISKOTT-ALDRICH
SYNDROME. L.J. Beard; Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol (Fall 1992; 13(3)). Pp. 310-14.
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FOR GENETIC DISORDERS. J.A. Brochstein; Oncology (March 1992; 6(3)). Pp. 51-58, 63-66.
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome iss
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Copyright (C) 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
622: Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
WHS
Wolf Syndrome
Wolf-Hirschhorn Chromosome Region (WHCR)
Four-p (4p) Syndrome
Chromosome Number 4 Short Arm Deletion Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Cri-du-Chat Syndrome
Down Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by a partial deletion of chromosome 4. Major symptoms may include extremely wide-set eyes (ocular hypertelorism) with a broad or beaked nose, a small head (microcephaly), low-set malformed ears, mental and growth deficiency, heart (cardiac) defects, and seizures.
Symptoms
Wolf-Hirschhorn patients may have the following symptoms: low birth weight, growth retardation and deficiency, delayed bone age, unusually small head (microcephaly), and undescended testicles (cryptorchidism). Failure to thrive, reduced muscle tension (hypotonicity), mental and psychomotor retardation, seizures, and precocious puberty may also occur.
Children with this syndrome have protruding wide-set eyes and one eye may be angled either inward or outward (strabismus). Droopy eyelids (ptosis), eye defects (coloboma), iris deformity, slanted eyelid slits (oblique palpebral fissures), excess skin over the inner corner of the eyes (epicanthic folds), and defects of the middle half of the eyebrow may also occur. There may be an unusual bump on the forehead above the nose (prominent glabella), and a broad or beaked nose.
Cleft lip, cleft palate, a short groove in the midline above the upper lip (philtrum), short upper lip, and downturned 'fish-like' mouth may occur. Small jaws (micrognathia) and low-set ears with a dimple may also be present. Underdeveloped 'fingerprints' (dermal ridges), a double loop on thumb, creases across the palms (simian creases), and highly curved upward (hyperconvex) fingernails may occur. WHS patients may have permanently flexed soles so that walking is done on the toes. There may be heart (cardiac) and kidney (renal) defects, and susceptibility to lung (pulmonary) infections. The urethra (the tube leading from the bladder) may open underneath the penis (hypospadias) or the urethra may open into the vagina. The pubic bone (part of the pelvis) may be underdeveloped.
Causes
Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome is caused by a partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. The missing part of this chromosome may be as little as 20 percent. The chromosomes of a parent may show a translocation (an exchange of parts between chromosomes) that may have precipitated the deletion in their offspring.
Affected Population
Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome is a rare disorder that is present at birth. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Syndromes involving deletions of other chromosomes may be similar to Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Cri-du-Chat Syndrome is a congenital chromosomal disorder that involves a partial deletion of chromosome 5. It is similar to the Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome, with additional features such as a high, shrill cry. Patients may also have defects in the urinary and reproductive organs (urogenital tract), curvature of the spine (scoliosis), shortened bones in the feet, premature graying, and severe breathing (respiratory) and feeding problems. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cri du Chat" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Chromosomal disorders that involve extra chromosomes (trisomy) may also be similar to Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Trisomy," "Trisomy 13," and "Trisomy 18" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Down Syndrome is a congenital chromosomal disorder involving three copies of chromosome 21. Hypotonia, small stature with awkward gait, and mental deficiency are major symptoms. There also may be inner epicanthic folds around the eyes, iris deformities, small ears with no lobes, and tooth defects. A small nose, flat face, short neck, small hands and fingers, and simian creases of the hands may also occur. Heart defects, dry skin, sparse hair, small penis, and infertility are common symptoms. Seizures, protruding eyes, low placement of ears, and undescended testicles are less frequent symptoms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Down" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Wolf-Hirschhorn patients may benefit from reconstructive surgery for cleft lip and palate. Special education, physical therapy, and vocational services may be of benefit for the patient. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for families of children with Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
A study is being undertaken to study genes associsted with Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome people. For more information, interested care-givers may wish to contact:
Gilbert N. Jones, III or Susan A. Guckenberger
Southern Illinois University School of Medicine
Dept. of Pediatrics
Genetics and Metabolism
P.O. Box 19230
Springfield, IL 62794-9230
(217) 782-8460
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Wolf-Hirschorn Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Parent Support Group for Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome
3200 Rivanna Ct.
Woodbridge, VA 22192
(703) 491-0309
Chromosome Deletion Outreach
P.O. Box 164
Holtsville, NY 11742
(516) 736-6754
National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 770.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth L. Jones; W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 38-39.
Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome
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`%N%Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
644: Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
WPW Syndrome
Preexcitation Syndrome
Accessory Atrioventricular Pathways
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome
Sinus Tachycardia
Sick Sinus Syndrome
Atrial Ectopic Tachycardia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WPW) is a genetic disorder involving irregularities in the heartbeat (cardiac arrhythmia). Wolff-Parkinson-White patients have an extra conduction pathway in the heart, called the Bundle of Kent, which excessively stimulates the ventricles. Palpitations (sensation of rapid or irregular beating of the heart), weakness, and shortness of breath may occur.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Wolff-Parkinson-White patients are caused by the Bundle of Kent causing abnormal heartbeats such as atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. In atrial flutter, atriums of the heart contract (tachycardia) more than the ventricles; atrial fibrillation is a 'twitching' of the atriums instead of regular contractions. This in turn causes the ventricles to respond irregularly. Symptoms that can occur from atrial flutter and fibrillation may include irregular pulse, palpitations (rapid heartbeat), lack of normal skin color (pallor), nausea, weakness, faintness (syncope), and fatigue. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is a condition in which the heart rate suddenly increases to 100 to 200 beats per minute. A sudden, rapid, regular fluttering sensation and tightness in the chest may occur. Patients may also experience weakness, faintness, palpitations, frequent urination (polyuria), and shortness of breath. Attacks of chest pain (angina) may occur in older patients.
Causes
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
The normal heart has one conduction pathway (the Bundle of His) that transmits electrical impulses from the small chambers of the heart (the atriums or atria) to the large chambers of the heart (the ventricles). These electrical impulses cause the atriums then the ventricles to contract and relax, pumping blood throughout the body. Wolff-Parkinson-White patients have an additional conduction pathway, the Bundle of Kent, which sends extra electrical impulses from the atriums to the ventricles. These extra electrical impulses disrupt the normal beating of the heart to cause atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
Affected Population
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome is a rare disorder that is present at birth (congenital). It affects males and females in equal numbers, and symptoms can occur at any age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following heart disorders can be similar to those of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Lown-Ganong-Levine (LGL) Syndrome is a genetic disorder involving irregularities in the heartbeat (cardiac arrhythmia) that are slightly different from Wolff-Parkinson-White. The ventricles receive part or all of their electrical impulses from an irregular conduction pathway instead of from the Bundle of His. If LGL patients have atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, or paroxysmal atrial arrhythmias, then palpitations, faintness, weakness, and nausea may occur as they do in Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome.
Sinus Tachycardia is a cardiac arrhythmia that causes the heartbeat to gradually increase to over 100 beats per minute. Sinus Tachycardia may be caused by emotional stress, exercise, infection, and certain drugs.
Sick Sinus Syndrome is a cardiac arrhythmia characterized by irregular atrium activity. Excessively slow heart beat (bradycardia) and rapid heart beat (tachycardia) usually occur. Gradual supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, and atrial fibrillation may also occur. Palpitations, weakness, faintness, and nausea are common symptoms.
Atrial Ectopic Tachycardia is rapid beating of the heart that usually occurs gradually. It is the result of premature electrical impulses located within the middle layer of the atrium (atrial myocardium). Rapid, regular fluttering sensations and tightness in the chest may occur. Palpitations, weakness, faintness, shortness of breath, and polyuria (increased urination) may also occur.
Therapies: Standard
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic test for Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. This machine records the changes of electrical impulses that cross the heart. The ECG in Wolff-Parkinson-White patients shows particular abnormalities. Diagnosis may also be made with His Bundle Electrocardiography.
Drug therapy, surgical treatment, and external electric shock (DC conversion) may be effective in treating the irregularities in the heart beat of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome.
Quinidine and procainamide are antiarrhthymic drugs that may help control atrial flutter, fibrillation, and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). PSVT's may also be controlled by cardiac drugs such as digoxin and disopyramide, or by the sympathetic agents metaraminol and phenylephrine.
Surgical implantation of a cardiac pacemaker may control the rapid heartbeat in PSVT's.
Application of external electric shock (DC conversion) to the body may convert atrial flutter and fibrillation and PSVT's into regular heartbeats.
Emergency treatment of PSVT's may also involve lying down, stimulation of gagging or vomiting, Valsalva's maneuver, or carotid sinus massage.
Any treatment should be used with extreme caution since it may increase rather than decrease the irregularities in the heartbeat. Radiofrequency current (a less powerful type) is also being used to eliminate tachycardia in Wolff-Parkinson-White patients.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
The drug Edrophonium, may be helpful in treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) in Wolff-Parkinson-White patients, but it has not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Researchers are investigating propranolol, a noradrenaline blocking drug, that may be useful in preventing atrial flutter, fibrillation, and PSVT's. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a natural molecule in the body used to store energy, is being investigated as a treatment for PSVT's and to prevent extra stimulation of the ventricles by the Bundle of Kent.
Flecainide, an antiarrhythmic drug, is also being studied to treat PSVT's in Wolff-Parkinson-White patients.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Avenue
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
NIH/National Heart, Blood & Lung Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 771.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 375-394.
COMPARATIVE QUANTITATIVE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE ON THE SINUS NODE AND ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE: A.D. Sharma & G.J. Klein; Am J Cardiol (February 1, 1988: issue 61(4)). Pp. 330-335.
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndromem&
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HCopyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
850: Wolfram Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Wolfram Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Pernicious Anemia
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis
Vitamin B-12 Deficiency
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Wolfram Syndrome is a rare, congenital, multi-system disorder caused by an abnormality of thiamine (a form of vitamin B) metabolism. Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, vision and hearing defects are the main symptoms associated with this syndrome. Disorders of the urinary tract are also often present. Wolfram Syndrome affects males and females equally and is inherited as a autosomal recessive trait.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Wolfram Syndrome are:
1. Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus usually occurs as the first symptom of Wolfram Syndrome. This type of diabetes generally starts during childhood or adolescence. The starches and sugars (carbohydrates) in the foods we eat are normally processed by digestive juices into glucose. The glucose circulates in the blood as a major energy source for body functions. A hormone produced by the pancreas (insulin) regulates the body's use of glucose. In Diabetes Mellitus the pancreas does not manufacture the correct amount of insulin needed to metabolize sugar. As a result, the patient needs daily injections of insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus may be frequent urination, extreme thirst, constant hunger, weight loss, itching of the skin, changes in vision, slow healing of cuts and bruises, and in children there is a failure to grow and develop normally. (For more information on this disorder choose "Diabetes Mellitus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
2. Primary Optic Atrophy is vision failure caused by wasting away of the nerves that conduct visual stimuli to the brain (optic nerve). The part of the eye devoid of light receptors has sharp edges, a saucer shaped cavity and appears white or grayish to an eye doctor. Patients with Wolfram Syndrome may develop primary optic atrophy at any age.
3. Diabetes Insipidus is not related to diabetes or insulin. The only thing it has in common with diabetes is the symptoms of excessive thirst and urination. In Diabetes Insipidus there is an abnormality of anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin or ADH) in the pituitary gland. The effect of this abnormal hormone on the kidney causes excessive excretion of large quantities of very dilute urine. Excessive thirst is the major symptom of this disorder. Patients tend to drink enormous quantities of fluid, and they urinate very often. Other symptoms may be dehydration, weakness, dryness of the mouth and skin, and constipation may develop rapidly if the loss of fluid is not continuously replaced. (For more information on this disorder choose "Diabetes Insipidus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
4. Deafness is the fourth major symptom of Wolfram Syndrome. The hearing loss may occur at any time, and may be partial or complete. In some patients the hearing loss may be due to a loss of sense perception transmitted by nerves (sensorineural). Other symptoms may be severe hearing loss, loss of sound intensity or pitch, or loss of the ability to hear high tones.
Some (but not all) of the following additional symptoms may be present in patients with Wolfram Syndrome:
5. Dilatation (widening) of the urinary tract.
6. Megaloblastic Anemia is a blood disorder in which there are large, abnormal, immature red blood cells (megaloblasts). The main symptoms of this disorder are diarrhea, vomiting, lack of appetite (anorexia), and weight loss. Lesions in the gastrointestinal tract may cause difficulty with the absorption of food. Enlargement of the liver and spleen may also occur along with yellow discoloration of the skin (jaundice). (For more information on this disorder choose "Megaloblastic Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
7. Sideroblastic Anemia refers to a group of blood disorders that are characterized by an impaired ability of the bone marrow to produce normal red blood cells. Abnormal red blood cells called sideroblasts can be found in the blood. The main symptoms of this disorder are weakness, fatigue and difficulty breathing. (For more information on this disorder choose "Sideroblastic Anemia" as your search tern in the Rare Disease Database).
8. Neutropenia may also be present in Wolfram Syndrome. Neutropenia is a blood disorder in which the bone marrow does not produce white blood cells containing granules called "neutrophils". This disorder often makes the patient more susceptible to infections from fungus and bacteria. Fever, infection and an enlarged spleen may be present. (For more information on this disorder choose "Neutropenia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
9. Thrombocytopenia is a disorder in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets in the circulating blood. These platelets are the part of the blood that helps in clotting. Major symptoms of Thrombocytopenia may be excessive bleeding in the skin or mucous membranes, sudden nosebleeds and easy bruising. (For more information on this disorder choose "Essential Thrombocytopenia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
10. Diabetic Retinopathy is a disorder of the light sensitive tissue of the eye (retina) caused by diabetes. Unchecked it may lead to visual impairment or blindness. (For more information on this disorder choose "Diabetic Retinopathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
11. Other symptoms of Wolfram Syndrome may be severe depression, and impulsive verbal and physical aggression.
Causes
Wolfram Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
The inherited abnormality of thiamine metabolism is responsible for the symptoms of Wolfram Syndrome. Thiamine is a vitamin of the B complex that is found in tissue and is essential for conversion of carbohydrates to fat, as well as nervous system functioning. When there is an abnormally low amount of thiamine in the body, fat metabolism (which produces and maintains changes in cells and provides the body with energy) does not function properly.
Affected Population
Wolfram Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. The symptoms of this disorder may appear at any age from infancy to early adulthood.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can occur as part of Wolfram Syndrome or be similar to symptoms of Wolfram Syndrome:
Pernicious Anemia (Vitamin B-12 Deficiency Anemia) is a blood disorder resulting from an impaired absorption of vitamin B-12. This vitamin is used in the production of red blood cells. Healthy individuals absorb sufficient amounts of vitamin B-12 in their normal diet with the help of a substance secreted by the stomach called intrinsic factor. Patients with Pernicious Anemia generally lack intrinsic factor and cannot absorb sufficient amounts of vitamin B-12. Symptoms of vitamin B-12 Deficiency usually appear years after absorption of the vitamin ceases because B-12 is stored in large quantities in the liver. (For more information on this disorder choose "Pernicious Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Chronic Granulomatous Disease is a rare blood disorder which affects certain white blood cells called lymphocytes. This disorder is characterized by an inability to resist infection and widespread growth of tumor-like lesions. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Chronic Granulomatosis " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis is a disorder characterized by proliferation of fibrous tissue in the bone marrow causing anemia, weakness and fatigue due to low levels of red blood cells. Severe pain in the bones and joints may occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Myelofibrosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Wolfram Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. When treated with thiamine (a vitamin of the B complex), patients with Wolfram Syndrome usually decrease their requirements for insulin, and blood findings such as anemia can return to normal.
Diabetes Mellitus may be controlled with a daily routine of insulin injections, controlled diet, exercise to burn off glucose, and frequent testing for blood sugar levels. Urine testing for glucose spillage has been a standard recommendation in past years, but has now been replaced with self blood glucose testing. Self monitoring of blood glucose levels uses a single drop of blood which is obtained with a finger stick, and placed on a chemically treated pad on a plastic strip; the color change of the chemically treated pad is compared to a color chart or read by a battery operated portable meter.
Hormone therapy may be beneficial to Wolfram Syndrome patients with Diabetes Insipidus. If a lesion is found it may be eradicated in some cases. Otherwise, effective control of Diabetes Insipidus may be obtained with several prescription medications of the vasopressin hormone (ADH) which are commercially available. These include Lypressin (a synthetic vasopressin as a nasal spray) and Desmopressin Acetate (a longer acting synthetic ADH substitute). Both of these drugs may be inhaled or blown high into the nasal passages with a machine known as an insufflator. In some patients nasal irritation may be a limiting factor with this form of treatment.
Two types of drugs have been found useful in reducing excessive urination due to Diabetes Insipidus. These include various diuretics (primarily thiazides), and the ADH releasing drugs (including chlorpropamide, carbamazepine and colfibrate). These drugs reduce urine volume by reducing extra cellular fluid volume while increasing use of the natural vasopressin hormone. These drugs may reduce or eliminate the need for vasopressin in some patients.
Hypoglycemia may be a significant adverse reaction to Chlorpropamide therapy. If this occurs, partial or total substitution with Clofibrate or Carbamazepine is sometimes suggested. Because the effects of these three drugs differ from those of the thiazides, the use of one of these agents with a diuretic may show additive effects and be of benefit to some patients.
Desmopressin Acetate (DDAVP) nasal spray was approved by the FDA as a treatment for Diabetes Insipidus in 1989. This drug appears to offer enhanced antidiuretic activity with minimal adverse effects on the vascular system or smooth muscles of Diabetes Insipidus patients. This drug is also available in injectable form.
To remove excess iron from the body of persons with Sideroblastic Anemia, the drug desferrioxamine (D.F.) is infused under the skin or injected into a muscle, often with good results. A combination of desferrioxamine with ascorbate has been even more effective in removing excess iron from the body in many cases.
Some forms of Sideroblastic Anemia may respond well to treatment with pyridoxine, while other types do not respond at all.
For patients with Chronic Neutropenia, the infections associated with this disorder are usually managed with antibiotics. Some patients may benefit from glucocorticoids, a group of anti-inflammatory drugs that suppress the immune system. Intravenous immunoglobulin, the protein part of the blood that is rich in antibodies, is usually prescribed to control this disorder.
The orphan drug Neupogen was approved by the FDA in 1991 for use in the treatment of Chronic Neutropenia. It is manufactured by:
Amgem, Inc.
1840 Dehavilland Drive
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1789
Thrombocytopenia is treated by transfusions of normal blood platelets to control bleeding. Intravenous immunoglobulin may be given to increase platelet production. In rare cases Thrombocytopenia may necessitate the removal of the spleen.
For patients with Diabetic Retinopathy, normalization of glucose levels in diabetic patients can help reverse changes in the small blood vessels of the eye. If normal glucose levels can be maintained, this complication of diabetes can be avoided.
Treatment with a laser can reduce the risk of visual loss from Diabetic Retinopathy in many cases. During this treatment, called photocoagulation, powerful beams of light from a laser are aimed at many spots on the diseased retina. In most cases, this treatment can interrupt the disease process and prevent the development of additional retinal abnormalities. Some patients may experience unwanted side effects such as decreased central and side vision.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for Wolfram Syndrome patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
In recent years research supported by the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), and other components of the National Institutes of Health, and non-profit agencies (see resources) that fund scientific research on diabetes has yielded new and exciting information on the possible causes and improved management of diabetes and its complications. Scientists have now identified genetic factors that appear to make a person vulnerable to Diabetes- a finding that could lead to methods of prevention of the disorder in genetically susceptible persons. In related studies, the discovery that the insulin-producing beta cells can be infected and destroyed by common viruses could eventually result in the development of a vaccine to prevent diabetes.
For patients with Neutropenia, colony-stimulating factor therapy (a type of drug that stimulates the production of blood cells that enhance the function of mature leukocytes) is being tested. Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a protein derived from bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells. It is being developed by Schering Plough and Sandoz Pharmaceuticals under the brand name Leucomax.
Plasmapheresis can be of benefit in some cases of Neutropenia. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patients plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. This therapy is still under investigation to analyze long-term effectiveness. More research is needed before plasmapheresis can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of Neutropenia.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on this disorder, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
203-746-6518
Diabetes Insipidus & Related Disorders Network
RT #2, Box 198
Creston, IA 50801
(515) 782-7838
American Diabetes Association, National Service Center
1660 Duke Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 549-1000
(800) 232-3472
Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International
60 Madison Avenue, 4th Floor
New York, NY 10010
(212) 889-7575
National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5583
National Association for the Visually Handicapped
305 East 24th Street, Room 17-C
New York, NY 10010
(212) 889-3141
Vision Foundation, Inc.
818 Mt. Auburn Street
Watertown, MA 02172
(617) 926-4232
(800) 852-3029 (within Massachusetts
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
914-428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1140.
THIAMINE-RESPONSIVE ANEMIA IN DIDMOAD SYNDROME. B. Pignatti, et al.; J Pediatr (March, 1989, issue 114(3)). Pp. 405-10.
DIDMOAD SYNDROME WITH MEGACYSTIS AND MEGAURETER. P. Chu, et al.; Postgrad Med J (Sept, 1986, issue 62(731)). Pp. 859-63.
Wolfram Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
588: Wyburn-Mason Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Wyburn-Mason Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cerebroretinal Arteriovenous Aneurysm
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Bonnet-Dechance-Blanc Syndrome
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Wyburn-Mason Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that usually affects the brain, eyes and skin. Major symptoms may include discolored patches on the skin, and ballooned areas in the arteries (aneurysms) of the brain and eyes.
Symptoms
Wyburn-Mason Syndrome is usually present at birth but does not become apparent until one reaches the thirties. The onset can be either sudden or gradual. Usually vision is lost in one eye. This may be accompanied by severe headache, vomiting, and the sudden bulging of the affected eye. If an aneurysm occurs in the midbrain it may result in a stiff neck, symptoms of meningitis, loss of consciousness, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), deafness, loss of speech (aphasia) and other signs of neurologic deterioration. There are usually areas of discolored skin (nevi) around the affected eye.
Causes
The exact cause of Wyburn-Mason Syndrome is not known. It may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Wyburn-Mason Syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects males more often than females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Wyburn-Mason Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Bonnet-Dechance-Blanc Syndrome is characterized by congenital nonmalignant bulges in the veins (aneurysms) of the retina, thalamus, and midbrain. It occurs in early childhood and is often accompanied by mental deterioration.
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease usually begins during young adulthood but may appear as early as the age of eight. It is characterized by headaches, dizziness and failure of muscular coordination (ataxia). Unreasonable behavior may also occur. Enlarged and twisted blood vessels may occur in the retina. Bulges in the blood vessels (aneurysms) may develop. Tumors of the adrenal glands may be present as well. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Von Hippel-Lindau" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Sturge-Weber Syndrome is a hereditary disorder in which a port wine colored stain (angioma) on the face and intracranial abnormalities are present at birth. Generalized seizures and additional neurological symptoms usually occur between 1-2 years of age. Vascular lesions in the brain usually involve the occipital or parieto-occipital regions. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sturge-Weber" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Wyburn-Mason is symptomatic and supportive. Surgery may be recommended to repair aneurysms of the brain or eye. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Wyburn-Mason Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
WYBURN-MASON SYNDROME SUBCUTANEOUS ANGIOMA EXTIRPATION AFTER PRELIMINARY
EMBOLISATION, R.J. de Keizer, et al, Doc Ophthalmod ( March 20, 1981, issue 50 (2)). Pp. 263-273.
COMBINED PHAKOMATOSES; A CASE REPORT OF STURGE-WEBER AND WYBURN-MASON
SYNDROME OCCURRING IN THE SAME INDIVIDUAL. J.B. Ward, et al.; Ann Ophthalmol (December, 1983, issue 15 (12)). Pp. 1112-1116.
Wyburn-Mason Syndrome
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${$Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
797: X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
RS
Juvenile Retinoschisis
X-linked Retinoschisis
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Familial Foveal Retinoschisis
Macular Degeneration
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis (RS) is a genetic disorder affecting males. Major symptoms may include poor eyesight and degeneration of the retina. The retina consists of membrane layers in the eye that receive visual images after passing through the lens. It is composed of supportive and protective structures, nervous system components and layers including "rods" and "cones". RS is due to splitting of the retina which in turn causes slow, progressive loss of parts of the fields of vision corresponding to the areas of the retina which have become split. Often, RS is associated with the development of cysts (sac-like blisters) in the retina.
Symptoms
Symptoms of X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis (RS) may include poor eyesight, detachment of all or part of the retina from the rest of the eye, and eventually complete retinal atrophy (wasting away) with hardening of the choroid (the membrane between the white part of the eye and the retina).
The patient may develop cysts in the macula (an oval area of the retina) and other areas of the retina. The cysts lead to splits within the retina. The cystic manifestations may also appear in other family members. Bleeding within the eye may occur.
Problems with vision are usually mild up until the age of 40 or 50, after which the condition may slowly worsen.
Causes
X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis (RS) is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Affected Population
X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis (RS) is a rare disorder present at birth. The disorder affects males. Men of Finnish heritage are affected more often than those of other heritages. Until the age of 40 or 50, visual handicap is usually mild.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis (RS).
Familial Foveal Retinoschisis is another type of Juvenile Retinoschisis which involves splitting of tissue within the fovea (the center of the macula and the area of clearest vision) of the retina. It is very similar to X-linked Juvenile RS, but the changes in the retina are not as severe. A completely blind area (scotoma), with a sharp edge in the area where splitting occurs, is evident in the patient's visual field. Foveal RS can also occur in patients with X-linked Juvenile RS. (For more information on this disorder, choose "retinoschisis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Macular Degeneration (MD) is characterized by a gradual decrease of vision. It is inherited as a dominant trait. MD can be a static condition for many years, but then becomes slowly progressive with age. Central vision is impaired or absent in MD while peripheral vision remains normal. A vision disturbance in which shapes seem distorted or changing (metamorphopsia) can occur. An area of depressed vision within the visual field surrounded by an area of normal vision (central scotoma) is also symptomatic of this disorder.
Polymorphic Macular Degeneration (PMD) is a dominant hereditary vision disorder which includes Best Disease and Sorsby Disease. PMD usually affects the macular region in both eyes. In Sorsby Disease swelling (edema), hemorrhage, and cyst formation are noted. The cysts may vary in size and appearance. The cystic manifestations may also appear in other family members. In advanced stages considerable atrophy occurs. In Best Disease, changes in the macular region, as well as other areas of the eye, may be noted before visual impairment occurs. The macular area may show a yellow mass resembling the yolk of an egg. This lesion may possibly be present at birth. Deep irregular pigmentation inside the eye may develop later. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Macular Degeneration" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis (RS) can be made by an ophthalmologist through various tests:
Measuring visual acuity with the Snellen chart, the patient is asked to look through a pinhole to determine where on the retina a lesion may exist.
Ultrasonography or ultrasound may show abnormalities when a hemorrhage has occurred in the eye.
A recording of the electrical impulses emitted by the retina in response to light stimulus (electroretinogram; ERG) can be made. ERG's can indicate abnormalities of the retina.
A Visual Evoked Response (VER) measures slow electric potentials from the brain cortex in response to light stimulation. The VER depends on the integrity of the entire visual system from the cornea to the occipital part of the brain's cortex. The VER can detect a malfunction of the macular portion of the retina which controls central vision.
A photographic picture made with an ophthalmoscope of the back portion of the inside of the eyeball (fundus) is another way to gather information about the retina.
When bleeding occurs within the eyeball, keeping the eye still helps to reduce damage. Later, treatment with laser or cold (cryotherapy) can be applied to close off the damaged area of the retina. It is imperative to avoid jarring the head or inflicting injury to the eye to slow down the degenerative process of RS.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients with X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Sulfur Hexafluoride is an experimental medical device for treatment of patients with detached retinas. For information about clinical trials being conducted, please contact:
Airco Welding Products
575 Mountain Ave.
Murray Hill, NY 07974
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on X-Linked Juvenile Retinoschisis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
Association for Macular Disease, Inc.
210 East 64th Street
New York, NY 10021
(212) 605-3719
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1173, 1373, 1375.
AUTOSOMAL JUVENILE RETINOSCHISIS WITHOUT FOVEAL RETINOSCHISIS. S. Hara and K. Yamaguchi; Br J Ophthalmol (June 1989; issue 73 (6)). Pp. 470-473.
LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS AND GENE ORDER AROUND THE LOCUS FOR X-LINKED
RETINOSCHISIS. T. Alitalo, et al.; Am J Hum Genet (Oct 1988; issue 43 (4)). Pp. 476-483.
USE OF LINKED DNA PROBES FOR CARRIER DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF X-LINKED
JUVENILE RETINOSCHISIS. N. Dahl and U. Pettersson; Arch Ophthalmol (Oct 1988; issue 106 (10)). Pp. 1414-1416.
X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis
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729: X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Infectious Mononucleosis
Malignant Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's
Hypogammaglobulinemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
X-linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome is a very rare life-threatening genetic disease of the immune system that affects only males, making them vulnerable to death from the Epstein-Barr Virus which causes mononucleosis.
Symptoms
X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (XLP) is a rare inherited immune deficiency. Most people are exposed to the Epstein Barr virus during childhood or adolescence, and they recover from infectious mononucleosis without long lasting effects. However, mononucleosis in males with the XLP defect can be life-threatening. Additionally, these males are susceptible to other life-threatening diseases such as lymphomas and hypogammaglobulinemia.
There are usually no symptoms of XLP until the patient contracts the Epstein-Barr virus. When this happens the person becomes extremely ill with infectious mononucleosis, or non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma, or hypogammaglobulinemia (an insufficient level of gammaglobulin in the body which is needed to fight off common infections). The disease can be fatal in 60 to 75% of these male patients.
Causes
The cause of X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome is thought to be a rare recessive genetic defect located on the X chromosome. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Scientists are still working to find the exact location of the defective gene that causes X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome.
Affected Population
X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome affects only males who carry the defective gene and who become infected by the Epstein-Barr virus. The great majority of adults in the U.S. have been exposed to the E-B virus by the time they reach adulthood. In many cases mononucleosis is very mild during childhood and is misdiagnosed as a sore throat or nonspecific viral infection. Immunity lasts throughout life once a person has been infected.
Related Disorders
The following disorders may have symptoms that are similar to mononucleosis. However, people with XLP have more intense life threatening symptoms:
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is characterized by severe fatigue that lasts for weeks or months and is severe enough to significantly limit daily activities. Symptoms include mild fever, sore throat, painful lymph nodes in the neck or armpits, generalized weakness of muscles with pain or discomfort, headaches, joint pains that come and go, vision problems, or sleep disturbances. Symptoms often begin following a flu-like illness. The intense fatigue can mimic weakness associated with mononucleosis, but the Epstein Barr virus is not related to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Chronic Fatigue" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Infectious Mononucleosis is a common infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus that is also known as the "kissing disease" or "Glandular Fever." Symptoms include fever, severe fatigue, swollen lymph glands, and an abnormally large number of white blood cells in the blood. These white blood cells can look like certain leukemia cells that sometimes tests are needed to determine exactly which disease the patient has. In mild cases the disorder may not be diagnosed because it appears like a mild viral infection. In more severe cases it may take 6 to 8 weeks or longer for recovery which usually occurs without treatment.
Malignant Lymphoma is a type of cancer that appears most often in the lymph nodes, spleen, or other normal sites of lymphoreticular cells. It may invade the blood and manifest itself as leukemia. It can be located in almost any part of the body. There are many different types of Lymphoma that are classified by cell type, degrees of differentiation, and nodular pattern.
Hypogammaglobulinemia is a disorder of antibody production and/or function which cannot be attributed to some other underlying illness. Low levels of gammaglobulin leads to insufficient antibodies that are needed to resist and overcome common infections. People with this disorder are susceptible to infections that can become life-threatening due to their impaired immune system. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Agammaglobulinemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. In cases of hypogammaglobulinemia, gammaglobulin can be prescribed to boost the immune system. Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are studying the chromosomes of X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome patients through DNA probes. It is hoped that the gene defect which causes this syndrome will be identified in the near future.
The drug recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is being tested as a possible treatment for XLP. More studies are necessary to determine safety and effectiveness of this treatment.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on X-linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Physicians may refer patients with XLP who wish to participate in genetic studies to:
Dr. James Skare
Boston University School of Medicine
Center for Human Genetics
Boston, MA 02118
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1329.
MARKERS MAPPED FOR LIFE-THREATENING DISORDER, James Skare, Research Resources Reporter, National Institutes of Health (June, 1989, issue XIII (6)). Pp. 6-7.
MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA IN THE X-LINKED LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE SYNDROME. D.S.
Harrington, et al.; Cancer, (April 15, 1987, issue 59 (8)). Pp. 1419-1429.
EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS IN MALES WITH THE X-LINKED
LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE SYNDROME, H. Grierson, et al.; Ann Intern Med, (April, 1987, issue 106 (4)). Pp. 538-545.
X-LINKED LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE: A KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS, A. Harris, et al.; Cytogenet Cell Genet, (1988, issue 47 (1-2)). Pp. 92-94.
INTERFERON-GAMMA IN A FAMILY WITH X-LINKED LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE SYNDROME
WITH ACUTE EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTION. M. Okano, et al.; J Clin Immunol (January, 1989, issue 9 (1)). Pp. 48-54.
X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
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339: Xeroderma Pigmentosum
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Xeroderma Pigmentosum) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Atrophoderma Pigmentosum
Kaposi Disease
Melanosis Lenticularis Progressiva
XP
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Xeroderma Pigmentosum is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary disorder of the skin which begins during early childhood. It is characterized by a defect in the ability of certain connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) to repair skin damaged by ultraviolet rays. The skin of people with Xeroderma Pigmentosum is markedly hypersensitive to sunlight.
Symptoms
The first sign of Xeroderma Pigmentosum is usually freckling on parts of the skin that have been exposed to sunlight. Linear or star-shaped vascular lesions (telangiectasias) may appear next. Tumors made up of small blood vessels (capillary angiomas) may occur on ear margins, the tip of the nose, and on areas where mucous tissue joins skin such as the mouth. Weakened, degenerated (atrophic) areas of the skin appear smooth, dry, and light brown.
Malignancies of the skin in people with this disorder may occur before age 5 through early adulthood. The face and skin of these children may resemble those of much older individuals. Growth retardation, dwarfism and mental retardation are also possible.
Ocular symptoms may include abnormal intolerance to light (photophobia), excessive tears in the eyes (lacrimation), inflammation of the cornea (keratitis), clouding of the lens of the eye (opacities), and tumors of the eyelid or the cornea.
Causes
Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder. A deficit in the ability to repair the building blocks of genes (DNA), and the inability of certain types of connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) to repair damaged skin, cause the symptoms of this disorder.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
People with XP are markedly hypersensitive to the ultraviolet rays of sunlight which causes damage to DNA. Exposure to cancer causing agents (carcinogens) in the environment may also damage DNA. Indirectly, these agents may exacerbate XP in people who are genetically susceptible.
Affected Population
Xeroderma Pigmentosum may affect children of both sexes as early as the first year of life. Skin malignancies may appear before age 5. The disorder is more common in Japan and Egypt than in Europe and America. The disorder affects approximately 250,000 in the United States. Xeroderma Pigmentosum affects approximately one in one million people.
Related Disorders
There are many types of skin cancers, some of which are quite common.
Malignant Melanoma of the skin is a malignant tumor of melanocyte origin. These tumors may appear in different sizes, shapes, and shades of color (mostly pigmented). The tumors have a variable ability for spreading to adjacent parts of the body, or through the blood and lymph circulation to other organs.
Basal Cell Carcinomas (Rodent Ulcer) may appear as small, shiny, firm nodules; ulcerated, crusted lesions; flat, scar-like hardened plaques; or lesions difficult to differentiate from psoriasis or localized dermatitis.
Squamous Cell Carcinomas are a common form of skin cancer that usually appears on sun-exposed areas of the skin, but may occur anywhere on the body. The lesions begin as a small red elevation or plaque with a scaly or crusted surface. They may then become nodular, sometimes with a warty surface.
Therapies: Standard
Total protection of the skin from sunlight in children with Xeroderma Pigmentosum can prevent additional lesions of the skin.
Surgery, either extensive or limited, may be performed with limited success.
Other treatment of Xeroderma Pigmentosum is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Application of an experimental cream containing catalase appears to hold promise for prevention of tumors in some children with Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Ointments containing vitamin A derivatives are also being investigated. Isotretinoin (Accutane) has been known to reduce the recurrence of tumors in people with Xeroderma Pigmentosum. However, the drug is very toxic and many people cannot tolerate side effects.
T4 Endonuclease V.B. Liposome Encapsulated (T4N5) is a new orphan drug being used in the prevention of skin cancers and other skin abnormalities associated with patients diagnosed with xerodermas pigmentosum (XP). It is manufactured by Applied Genetics, Inc. 205 Buffalo Ave., Freeport, NY 11520.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Xeroderma Pigmentosum, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Xeroderma Pigmentosum Registry
c/o Department of Pathology
Room 520, Medical Science Bldg.
UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School
100 Bergen Street
Newark, NJ 07103
(201) 456-6255
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
The Skin Cancer Foundation
475 Park Avenue South
New York, NY 10016
(212) 725-5176
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM, DEFECTIVE DNA REPAIR--AND SCHISTOSOMIASIS?: J.
German; Annales de Genetique - Paris (1980: issue 23,2). Pp. 69-72.
MICROINJECTION OF HUMAN CELL EXTRACTS CORRECTS XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM DEFECT:
A. J. de Jonge, et al.; EMBO Journal (1983: issue 2,5). Pp. 637-641.
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
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812: XYY Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (XYY Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
47,XYY Syndrome
47,XYY Karyotype
Polysomy Y
Diplo-Y Syndrome
YY Syndrome
XYY Chromosome Pattern
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Klinefelter Syndrome
Sotos Syndrome
Marfan Syndrome
Antisocial Personality Disorder
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
XYY Syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder which affects males. It is caused by the presence of an extra Y chromosome. Healthy males have one X and one Y chromosome. Men with XYY Syndrome are usually very tall and thin. Many have severe acne during adolescence. Other symptoms may include lower than average intelligence and antisocial or behavioral problems.
Symptoms
Characteristics of XYY Syndrome are often subtle and do not indicate a serious chromosomal disorder. Thus, males with this condition are often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Major symptoms may include tall or very tall height (usually becoming apparent after the age of 5 or 6), and severe cystic acne during adolescence. (For more information on cystic acne, choose "acne" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Lower than average intelligence, and/or behavioral problems (such as an explosive temper, aggressive or defiant actions, or sometimes antisocial behavior) are other symptoms. Some individuals with this disorder may have language difficulties or psychosexual problems. XYY Syndrome is often undiagnosed until tests for other medical reasons are performed. Other than being exceptionally tall and/or having behavioral problems, in many instances these boys or men appear normal.
Physical characteristics of XYY Syndrome may include an unusually long head with a slightly protrusive forehead, long hands and feet, long ears, mild indentation in the lower area of the breastbone (pectus excavatum), and/or large teeth. Poor chest and shoulder muscle development (pectoral and shoulder girdle musculature) is also common. Even though males with this syndrome are large, they tend to be weak and uncoordinated. Some may have a fine intentional tremor (e.g. their hands may shake when they try to drink a glass of water).
Occasionally, a bony formation across the joints in the two bones of the forearm resulting in stiffening of the affected joints (radioulnar synostosis) may occur. Other occasional symptoms are undescended testicles (cryptorchidism), a small penis, or an opening located on the underside of the penis (hypospadias).
For a long time it was believed that XYY Syndrome individuals had aggressive tendencies often associated with criminal behavior due to the extra Y chromosome. Epidemiological studies suggest that one out of every 35 institutionalized male juvenile delinquents has XYY Syndrome. However, it is now believed by some researchers that this behavior is not due to the extra Y chromosome, but rather to the lower than average intelligence and education levels of these men. More research is needed to understand the role of this chromosomal abnormality on behavior.
Causes
XYY Syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra Y chromosome. Normal males have 46 chromosomes including one X and one Y chromosome. Men with XYY Syndrome have 47 chromosomes, two of which are Y chromosomes. Why the extra Y chromosome occurs is not known. In very rare instances, the syndrome has been passed from father to son, but in most cases heredity cannot be established.
Affected Population
XYY Syndrome is a chromosomal disorder present at birth that affects only males. It is estimated to occur in approximately 1 of 1000 live births.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of XYY Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Klinefelter Syndrome is characterized by the presence of one or more extra x-chromosomes. It affects only males. Individuals with this syndrome tend to be tall and slim in childhood. A striking lack of muscular development, and a small penis and testicles may also occur. Lower than average intelligence, language difficulties, intention tremor, and behavioral problems may be other symptoms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Klinefelter" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Sotos Syndrome is a rare, hereditary disorder characterized by excessive growth during the first 4 to 5 years of life. Other symptoms may include an unusual aggressiveness or irritability, clumsiness and an awkward way of walking. People with this disorder have abnormal patterns of the ridges on the skin of the fingers, palms, toes and soles (dermatoglyphics). Patients have a disproportionately large and long head, with a slightly protrusive forehead, large hands and feet. Mild mental retardation may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Soto" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Marfan Syndrome is an inherited disorder of the connective tissues. People with this disorder tend to be unusually tall and thin with large hands and feet. The face may appear long, and the breastbone may be protruding or indented. They may walk with an irregular or unsteady gait. People with Marfan Syndrome have normal intelligence, and they do not have any behavioral symptoms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Marfan" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Antisocial Personality Disorder is a mental illness characterized in early childhood by behavior such as lying, stealing, fighting, truancy and resisting authority. During adolescence, there may be excessive drinking, use of illicit drugs and aggressive sexual behavior. The behavioral difficulties usually last throughout adult life. In many cases disrespect for authority leads to problems with the law. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Antisocial Personality Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of XYY Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Counseling for behavioral or sexual problems may be of benefit. Treatment of acne may help the patient's self-image.
Therapies: Investigational
Anyone who had a prenatal diagnosis of XYY Syndrome and is between the ages of five and twenty may wish to participate in a study being conducted to determine mental and behavioral outcomes connected with this syndrome. Interested persons may wish to contact Dr. John M. Graham of the UCLA School of Medicine, c/o KS and Associates, P.O. Box 119, Roseville, CA, 95661-0119.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on XYY Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Mental Health Association
1021 Prince St.
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 684-7722
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
1901 N. Fort Meyer Dr., Suite 500
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 524-7600
National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse
311 S. Juniper St., Rm. 902
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 735-2481
NIH/National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
(301) 443-4515 or (301) 496-1752
(800) 421-4211 (24 hrs.)
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 167.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1989.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp, and Dohme Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 2150.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 64-66.
EFFECTS OF THE Y CHROMOSOME ON QUANTITATIVE GROWTH: AN ANTHROPOMETRIC
STUDY OF 47,XYY MALES. J. Varrela and L. Alvesalo; Am J Phys Anthropol; (Oct 1985; issue 68 (2)). Pp. 239-245.
SEX CHROMOSOME ANOMALIES, HORMONES, AND SEXUALITY. R. C. Schiavi, et al.; Arch Gen Psychiatry; (Jan 1988; issue 45 (1)). Pp. 19-24.
SEX CHROMOSOME VARIATIONS IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN. F. L. Cohen and J.D. Durham; J Sch Health; (Mar 1985; issue 55 (3)). Pp. 99-102.
SPERM CHROMOSOME COMPLEMENTS IN A 47,XYY MAN. J. Benet and R. H. Martin; Hum Genet; (Apr 1988; issue 78 (4)). Pp. 313-315.
XYY Syndrome;(
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132: Yaws
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Yaws) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Breda's Disease
Charlouis' Disease
Frambesia
Pian (note: pian is not the same as pian bois or hemorrhagic pian: pian bois is a synonym for forest yaws, a form of leischmaniasis; hemorrhagic pian is the same as verruga peruana, one of the manifestations of bartonellosis)
Parangi
Bouba
Note: "forest yaws" is not a form of yaws; it is a form of leischmaniasis - see note with "pian")
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Gangosa (also known as Ogo and Rhinopharyngitis Mutilans)
Goundou (also known as Henpue or Henpuye, Gundo, and Anakhre)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Yaws is a usually nonvenereal infectious disease caused by an organism related to syphilis. Skin, and later, bone lesions characterize the disease. It is common among children in the humid tropics of Africa, South and Central America, the West Indies, and the Far East, but is rare in the United States. Antimicrobial therapy can cure the disease, although scars are permanent.
Symptoms
Yaws occurs in three stages. In the first, which occurs in young children, a tumor-like growth appears where the infectious organism is implanted, usually on the lower leg or foot. The lesion grows, develops a crust, and disappears over a period of several weeks, leaving a scar.
The second stage follows several weeks or months later. New, smaller but more numerous growths appear on the face, legs and arms, and around the anus and genitals. These lesions heal slowly, sometimes with relapses. On the soles of the feet, they may become keratotic (thickened and hard), and develop painful cracks and ulcerations, a condition called "crab yaws".
The third or tertiary stage of yaws occurs only in some cases. Several years after the appearance of the lesions characteristic of the second stage, destructive lesions of the skin and bone may develop. Skin lesions are soft and tumor-like, or ulcerative, and can cause disfigurement of the face. Bone lesions develop from inflammation of the sheath covering the bones (periostitis), and cause pain and deterioration of the bone, especially of the tibia (one of the shin bones). Painful and destructive nodules may appear around the joints.
Goundou is a painless but marked symmetrical swelling at the sides of the nose due to benign growth of bone and cartilage due to periostitis. It is accompanied by headache and nasal discharge. It is a manifestation of tertiary yaws.
Gangosa, also a common manifestation of tertiary yaws and related diseases, consists of destruction of the nose, the nasal part of the pharynx, and the hard palate.
Causes
Yaws is caused by a spirochete (a microorganism) called Treponema pertenue. This organism is related to and visually indistinguishable from those responsible for venereal syphilis, bejel (endemic syphilis), and pinta. (For more information, please see articles in the database on these related diseases.) The infection is usually transmitted by direct contact with open lesions. In some areas, certain species of flies may transmit the disease. In rare cases, individuals acquire the disease through sexual contact.
Affected Population
Yaws occurs primarily among children in the humid tropics of South and Central America, Africa, East Asia, and the West Indies.
Related Disorders
The treponematoses (yaws, bejel (endemic syphilis), pinta, and venereal syphilis) are all caused by identical looking spirochetal microorganisms known as treponemas. They differ in distribution, mode of transmission, and clinical characteristics and course. (For more information on the above disorders, choose the following words as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database: bejel, pinta, and syphilis.)
Therapies: Standard
Therapy for Yaws includes antimicrobial drugs such as benzathine penicillin G usually heal lesions and eliminate Treponema pertenue. Such drugs can also be used preventively in family members and others in frequent contact with patients. Disfigurement and scars are permanent, however.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Yaws, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 1723.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 132.
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721: Yellow Fever
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Yellow Fever) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Bunyavirus Infection
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Dengue Fever
Viral Encephalitis
Malaria
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Yellow Fever is a viral infection which causes damage to the liver, kidney, heart and gastrointestinal tract. Major symptoms may include sudden onset of fever, yellowing of the skin (jaundice) and hemorrhage. It occurs predominately in South America, the Caribbean Islands and Africa. The disease is spread through bites of infected mosquitos. Incidence of the disease tends to increase in the summer as the mosquito population increases, and it occurs year round in tropical climates.
Yellow Fever has two cycles: the sylvan cycle in which mosquitos primarily spread the disease among forest-dwelling primates, and the urban cycle in which the infection is spread from human to human.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Yellow Fever are the sudden onset of fever and chills along with headache, backache, generalized pain, nausea, vomiting, flushed face and infection of the inner eyelid. The fever usually disappears after three days, reappearing several days later with new symptoms of jaundice, bleeding gums, soft palate hemorrhages, and the vomiting of blood (black vomit). The patient may go into shock during this phase.
Yellow Fever may also appear in a mild form with symptoms resembling influenza, malaria, dengue fever or typhoid. In this case, the fever usually lasts less than one week.
Causes
Yellow Fever is caused by a virus spread by the bite by an infected mosquito. Initially, a mosquito acquires the disease by ingesting the blood of an infected host. The mosquito then transmits the infection to its next bite victim.
Affected Population
Yellow Fever affects males and females equally. People living in semitropical or tropical climates are at risk unless they are vaccinated against this infection. People in southern areas of the United States, living near marshes and swamps may be at risk during the summer months.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Yellow Fever. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Dengue Fever is a disease also transmitted by a mosquito bite and characterized by a skin rash and a high fever with severe pain in the head and muscles. There is a sudden onset of symptoms with pain also occuring in the lower back, legs and joints. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Dengue Fever" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Viral Encephalitis is a disease characterized by fever, headache, vomiting, rigidity of the neck, lethargy and convulsions. Generalized muscular weakness and paralysis may also occur.
Malaria is a communicable disorder also spread through the bite of a mosquito. Symptoms include chills and fever, although not every case follows the same pattern. Symptoms may begin a week after exposure to the mosquito or months later. (For more information of this disorder, choose "Malaria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
The treatment of Yellow Fever is symptomatic. Preventative measures consist of mosquito control and vaccination which prevents infection.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Yellow Fever, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1594-1599.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in chief; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1982. Pp. 120.
YELLOW FEVER: A MEDICALLY NEGLECTED DISEASE. REPORT ON A SEMINAR. T.P.
Monath; REV INFECT DIS 1987 Jan-Feb; 9(1):165-75.
STUDIES ON YELLOW FEVER VACCINE. I. QUALITY CONTROL PARAMETERS. O. de Souza Lopes et al; J BIOL STAND 1987 Oct; 15940:323-9.
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Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
834: Yellow Nail Syndrome
_________________________
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Yellow Nail Syndrome is characterized by yellow, thickened and curved nails with almost complete stoppage of nail growth. A loss of cuticles may also be associated with this syndrome. Loosening of the nails (onycholysis) may cause loss of some of the nails. Yellow Nail Syndrome is often associated with respiratory diseases and edema (fluid in the tissue causing swelling).
Symptoms
Yellow Nail Syndrome is characterized by slow growing, yellow, thickened nails with a loss of cuticles. The nails may become convex and loose. This condition is usually associated with plural effusion (fluid filled lungs) or lymphedema (fluid filled lymphatic vessels) of the extremities. Edema (swelling) of the legs as well as facial edema may also be present.
Respiratory diseases such as bronchiectasis (chronic inflammation or degenerative condition of the bronchi and bronchioles), bronchitis (chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes) and sinusitis (inflammation of the membrane lining the sinus) may also occur with Yellow Nail Syndrome.
Causes
The exact cause of Yellow Nail Syndrome is not known, but it is often associated with respiratory infections which indicates that the immune system may be involved.
Affected Population
Women may be afflicted with this syndrome more often than men and the onset varies from birth to the eighties.
Therapies: Standard
There is no known treatment for Yellow Nail Syndrome, but the nails may improve when the related disorder is treated.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Yellow Nail Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
NIH/National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute (NHBLI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2347.
PULMONARY DISEASES and DISORDERS, 2nd Ed. Vol. 1: Alfred P. Fishman, M.D.; McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988. Pp. 374.
CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY, 2nd Ed.: Thomas P. Habif, M.D.; The C.V. Mosby Co., 1990. Pp. 632.
PLURAL EFFUSION ASSOCIATED WITH PRIMARY LYMPHEDEMA: A PERSPECTIVE ON THE
YELLOW NAIL SYNDROME: D.J. Beer, et al.; Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. (March, 1978, issue 117 (3). Pp. 595-599.
YELLOW NAIL SYNDROME: G.P. Pavvlidakey, et al.; J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. (September, 1984, issue 11 (3)). Pp. 509-12.
Yellow Nail Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
243: Vitiligo
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Vitiligo) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Leukoderma
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Vitiligo is a dermatological condition which is characterized by an absence of melanocytes (pigment-producing cells), causing decreased pigmentation in the skin. These symptoms can vary from one or two spots to generalized depigmentation of the entire body.
Symptoms
Vitiligo is characterized by spots on the skin with decreased pigmentation. These lesions are usually sharply demarcated with increased coloring (hyperpigmentation) on the borders, and are often symmetrical in shape. These areas most often appear on the face, neck, hands, abdomen, and thighs although they can occur on all parts of the skin. The hair in vitiliginous areas is usually white and the skin lesions appear white under a Wood's light. The lesions are prone to sunburn and should be protected from sunlight.
Causes
Vitiligo is sometimes familial, but the exact mode of heredity is not yet understood. This disorder may follow unusual trauma, especially to the head. Vitiligo has been associated with Addison's disease, diabetes mellitus, pernicious anemia, and abnormal thyroid function. An immunologic and neurochemical base to the disorder has been postulated. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Addison" and "Pernicious Anemia" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Recent scientific research at the National Institutes of Health indicates that Vitiligo is 10 to 15 times more common in patients with other diseases in which the body breaks down its own tissue (autoimmune diseases) such as pigment cell cancer (melanoma). This disorder has not previously been considered an autoimmune disease. While organ-specific antibodies have recently been detected in patients with the disease, the evidence that its destruction of pigment cells (melanocytes) has an immune basis had not been clear in prior research.
Affected Population
Onset of Vitiligo is usually before age 20 years.
Therapies: Standard
Small lesions of Vitiligo may be camouflaged with cosmetic creams. Para-aminobenzoic acid solution or gel gives protection against sunburn.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Vitiligo, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Frontier's International Vitiligo Foundation
4 Rozina Ct.
Owings Mills, MD 21117
National Foundation for Vitiligo & Pigment Disorders
9032 South Normandy Dr.
Centerville, OH 45459
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 2299.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2344-5.
Vitiligo
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)|)Copyright (C) 1987, 1990, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
393: Von Gierke Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Von Gierke Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Glycogen Storage Disease I
Glycogenosis Type I
Hepatorenal Glycogenosis
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Glycogenosis Type IA, also known as Glucose-6-Phosphatase Deficiency
Glycogenosis Type IB, also known as Glucose-6-Phosphate Translocase
Deficiency, and Glucose-6-Phosphate Transport Defect
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Forbes Disease
Andersen Disease
Hers Disease
Glycogen Storage Disease VIII
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Von Gierke Disease is a glycogen storage disease. This hereditary metabolic disorder is caused by an inborn lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase. This enzyme is needed to convert the main carbohydrate storage material (glycogen) into sugar (glucose) which the body uses for its energy needs. A deficiency causes deposits of excess glycogen in the liver and kidney cells.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Von Gierke Disease usually begin during the first year of life. The disorder is characterized by persistent hunger, fatigue and irritability. These symptoms are especially noticeable in infants. Other symptoms include marked enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly), weight loss and a slow growth rate. If food is withheld, a low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia) and an abnormally high level of acetone, aceto-acetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid (also called ketones) may develop in the blood and body tissues. This is called ketosis. If the hypoglycemia is severe, patients may experience seizures.
Children with Von Gierke Disease may bruise easily and may experience frequent nosebleeds. An increased level of cholesterol and fatty acids in the blood (lipidemia) may lead to yellow lipid deposits under the skin (xanthoma) in the joint areas of the arms and legs. Small spaces (vacuoles) filled with the main carbohydrate storage material (glycogen) may be seen microscopically in liver cells and throughout the kidneys. An excess of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia) may also occur. The course of the disorder can be severe at times. However, the symptoms tend to improve gradually with age.
Causes
Von Gierke Disease is inherited through autosomal recessive genes. This disorder is caused by a lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase. A deficiency causes excess amounts of glycogen to be stored in the body's tissues. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Von Gierke Disease and other glycogen storage disorders together affect about 1 in 40,000 persons in the United States. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Glycogen Storage Diseases are caused by inborn errors of metabolism in which the balance between stored energy (glycogen) and available energy (sugar or glucose) is disturbed. Too much glycogen tends to be stored in the liver and muscles and too little sugar is available in the blood.
The following diseases are similar to Von Gierke Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Forbes Disease (Glycogenosis III; Cori Disease) is another genetic glycogen storage disease. This disorder is caused by a lack of a debrancher (dextrin-1-6-glucosidase) enzyme. This enzyme deficiency causes excess amounts of glycogen to be deposited in the liver and muscles. The nerves in the back of the legs and on the sides of the heel and foot (sural nerves) also accumulate excess glycogen. The heart may be involved in some cases.
Andersen Disease is a glycogen storage disease inherited through recessive genes. Symptoms of this disorder are caused by a lack of a brancher enzyme amylo transglucosidase. The lack of this enzyme causes an abnormality in the structure of the main carbohydrate storage material (glycogen). Andersen Disease is characterized by scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) which may lead to liver failure.
Hers Disease is a mild genetic form of glycogen storage disease. The disorder is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme liver phosphorylase. Hers Disease is characterized by enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly), moderately low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), elevated levels of acetone and other ketone bodies in the blood (ketosis), and moderate growth retardation. Symptoms are not always evident during childhood. Children may be able to lead normal lives. In other cases, severe symptoms may be present.
Glycogen Storage Disease VIII is a sex-linked genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme liver phosphorylase kinase. The disorder is characterized by slightly low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Excess amounts of glycogen (the stored form of energy that comes from carbohydrates) are deposited in the liver, causing enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly).
For more information on the above disorders, choose "Forbes," "Anderson," "Hers," and "Glycogen Storage Disease VIII" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Von Gierke Disease may be confirmed by tests that measure the body's reaction to sugar when it is added to the blood stream (glucose test), a test that measures the body's reaction to glucagon (glucagon tolerance test).
Treatment of Von Gierke Disease is aimed at prevention of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and ketosis through a carefully controlled diet. Frequent small servings of carbohydrates and a high protein diet during the day must be maintained throughout life. At night continuous tube feeding of food solutions such as Vivonex may be administered to promote normal childhood growth. The uric acid concentration in the blood must be carefully monitored to prevent gouty arthritis during adolescence or adulthood. Allopurinol, a drug capable of reducing the level of uric acid in the blood, may be useful to control the symptoms of gout-like arthritis during the adolescent years.
Recently the use of cornstarch as an overnight feeding, one cup of cornstarch before bed, has shown great promise. Not only does this procedure eliminate other forms of feeding throught the night, but it has improved blood levels of glucose and lowered amino acid asnd phosphate loss. It has been documented that this treatment has shown an increased growth of some patients and a decrease in damage to the kidney's proximal tubules.
Genetic counseling can be helpful for families of children with Von Gierke Disease and other Glycogen Storage Diseases. Although the disorder is not curable it is treatable with appropriate medication, diet control and monitoring to prevent complications.
Therapies: Investigational
Dr. Yuan-Tsong Chen, M.D., Ph.D. of Duke University, Durham, NC, was awarded a grant in 1988 by the Orphan Products Division for his work using cornstarch as a treatment for Von Gierke Disease (Type I Glycogen Storage Disease).
Dr. Y.T. Chen at Duke University Medical Center, at the request of the Glycogen Storage Disease Association, is collecting DNA from patients with Glycogen Storage Disease Type I to form a DNA bank for GSDI. Interested patients may contact the Glycogen Storage Diseases Association for further information. The address and phone number of the organization are listed in the Resources section of this report.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Von Gierke Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Association for Glycogen Storage Diseases
Box 896
Durant, IA 52747
(319) 785-6038
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
OPTIMAL RATE OF ENTERAL GLUCOSE ADMINISTRATION IN CHILDREN WITH GLYCOGEN
STORAGE DISEASE TYPE I: W.F. Schwenk, et al.; New England Journal of Medicine (March 13, 1986: issue 314,11). Pp. 682-685.
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE I. RESULTS OF TREATMENT WITH FREQUENT
DAYTIME FEEDING, COMBINED WITH NOCTURNAL INTRAGASTRIC FEEDING AND WITH
ADMINISTRATION OF AN ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR: H. Grube, et al.; European Journal of Pediatrics (April 1983: issue 140,2). Pp. 102-104.
Von Gierke Disease
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'Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
181: Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (von Hippel-Lindau Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the synonym list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lindau's Disease
Hippel's Disease
Retinocerebral Angiomatosis
Cerebelloretinal Hemangioblastomatosis
Angiomatosis Retina
Angiophakomatosis Retinae et Cerebelli
Hippel-Lindau Disease
Cerebellum, Hemangioblastoma
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's Disease)
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Tuberous Sclerosis
Pheochromocytoma
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease a hereditary disorder characterized by multiple focal tissue malformations called hamartomas. These growths may be found in the retina, brain (occasionally extending to the spinal cord), kidneys, adrenal glands, and other organs. Symptoms may include headaches, dizziness and failure of muscular coordination (ataxia). Chronic high blood pressure may also be present. This disorder tends to run in families, and symptoms may vary.
Symptoms
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease usually begins during young adulthood but may appear as early as the age of eight. The disorder is characterized by headaches, dizziness and failure of muscular coordination (ataxia). Unreasonable behavior may also occur. Eye examinations reveal enlarged and twisted blood vessels in the retina. Bulges in the blood vessels (aneurysms) may develop in these retinal vessels which may form a tumor (angioma) that resembles a balloon. Benign tumors (pheochromocytomas) of the adrenal glands may be present as well, causing chronic high blood pressure, pounding heartbeat, headache, cold hands and feet, and excessive sweating. After a certain age, the high blood pressure may return to normal. Subretinal yellow spots as well as star-shaped material may be seen on the retina when examined with an ophthalmoscope. Blood tests may show an increase of red cell mass (polycythemia).
Neurological (Brain) changes, detachment of the retina, glaucoma (high pressure in the eyes) blindness and kidney problems may also occur.
Causes
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder with various forms. Scientists believe they have located the gene that causes Von-Hippel Lindau Disease on chromosome number 3. Thus affected people may have a mild, moderate, or severe form of the disease depending upon the degree to which the gene affects the patient.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Tumors of the retina may be associated with benign, slowly growing tumors of the brain (hemangioblastomas) usually in the cerebellum. Other parts of the central nervous system such as the medulla, brain stem or the spinal cord are rarely affected.
Affected Population
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of von Hippel-Lindau Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen Disease) is a genetic disorder with highly variable manifestations which can affect many body systems. The disease is characterized by multiple nerve tumors under the skin which can result in disfigurement, and other complications. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Neurofibromatosis " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Sturge-Weber Syndrome is an inherited disorder in which a port-wine colored stain (angioma) on the face and intracranial abnormalities are present at birth. Generalized seizures usually occur between one and two years of age, with additional neurologic symptoms. Glaucoma of the eye on the affected side and defective vision may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sturge-Weber Syndrome " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Tuberous Sclerosis is a disorder associated with benign tumors of the brain, skin lesions and occasionally involvement of other internal organs. It is most often characterized by two neurologic symptoms-epileptic seizures and varying degrees of mental retardation. (For more information on this disorder, Choose "Tuberous Sclerosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The following disorder may be associated with von Hippel-Lindau Disease as a secondary characteristic. It is not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Pheochromocytoma is a tumor usually found in the marrow (medulla) of the adrenal gland. The tumor secretes hormones, which may cause high blood pressure. Attacks of pounding heartbeat and severe headache can occur, or the blood pressure may be chronically elevated. Cooler than normal hands and feet, unusual facial paleness, and excessive sweating also occur. Patients usually experience marked anxiety, severe nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, and chest or abdominal pain. Unusual sensations (paresthesias) or seizures can also occur. The tumors affect males and females equally, and they are usually benign. Early detection is important, and surgical removal of the tumor usually halts the symptoms of Pheochromocytoma.
The National Institutes of Health has a clinical screening for persons from families with von Hippel-Lindau Disease. There is no cost to the patients for examination or travel. For further information, please contact:
Dr. Berton Zbar
Laboratory of Immunobiology
Bldg. 560, Rm. 12-17
National Cancer Institute
Frederick, MD 21701
Therapies: Standard
There are two different ways to treat von Hippel-Lindau Disease: Vascular lesions in the retina can be destroyed by an intense light beam (laser) and cryotherapy (the use of cold in treatment). These therapies all appear to be effective in lesions smaller than 2.5cc. Larger lesions respond best to cryotherapy.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Drs. Gary Skuse and Peter Rowley of the Division of Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, are analyzing the role of oncogenes in tumors from people with von Hippel-Lindau Disease. They request that they be notified of surgery for tumors in this condition as soon as it is scheduled so that arrangements can be made to receive tissue samples. Please call Dr. Rowley, Dr. Skuse, or Barbara Kosciolek at (716) 275-3461.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on von Hippel-Lindau Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome Foundation
P.O. Box 733
Toms River, NJ 08754-0733
(908) 244-7635
VHL Family Forum
171 Clinton Rd.
Brookline, MA 02146
(617) 232-5946
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
NIH/National Eye Institute (NEI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5583
Gary R. Skuse, Ph.D.
University of Rochester Medical Center
Division of Genetics
601 Elwood Center, Box 4641
Rochester, NY 14641
Eye Research Institute
20 Staniford St.
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 742-3140
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
FAMILIAL PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA, HYPERCALCEMIA, AND VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE, A
TEN YEAR STUDY OF A LARGE FAMILY, N. O. Atuk, et al.; Dept. of Internal Med. U. of VA, Medicine (vol. 58 (3) ). Pp. 209-218.
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
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-Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
375: Von Willebrand Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Von Willebrand Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Angiohemophilia
Vascular Hemophilia
Minot-Von Willebrand Disease
Pseudohemophilia
Constitutional Thrombopathy
Willebrand-Juergens Disease
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hemophilia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Von Willebrand Disease is a hereditary blood clotting disorder characterized by prolonged bleeding. Blood clotting is slowed due to a deficiency of the Von Willebrand factor protein and factor VIII protein (the factor VIII complex). Also, platelets do not stick normally causing excessively slow clotting time. Increased risk of excessive bleeding following surgery, dental procedures or injury occurs in patients with this disorder. With proper treatment and appropriate precautions, few patients become seriously handicapped by Von Willebrand Disease. The tendency to prolonged bleeding usually decreases with age.
Symptoms
Patients with Von Willebrand Disease tend to experience prolonged bleeding, usually of the gastrointestinal tract or nosebleeds (epistaxis). People with this disorder tend to bruise easily and bleed excessively following injuries, surgery, menstruation and/or childbirth. Very rarely, internal bleeding into joints may also occur.
Causes
Von Willebrand Disease is usually inherited as a dominant trait. Decreased production of the Von Willebrand factor protein and blood factor VIII (the factor VIII complex), combined with a blood platelet abnormality does not allow the blood to coagulate properly, causing excessive bleeding. A severe form of Von Willebrand Disease has recently been identified; this type of the disorder can be inherited as either a recessive or a dominant trait.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
A disorder similar to Von Willebrand Disease which may be acquired during later adult life has also been recently identified. This disorder is caused by over-production of an antibody that destroys the Von Willebrand factor protein. Von Willebrand Disease can also be acquired in association with other diseases including certain kidney diseases, a type of Leukemia, or congenital heart disease involving an abnormal heart valve.
Von Willebrand Disease differs from the better known bleeding disorder Hemophilia because it affects both sexes. Persons with Hemophilia have deficiencies of the factor VIII protein with normal amounts of the Von Willebrand factor protein. No platelet abnormality is found in Hemophilia patients.
Affected Population
Von Willebrand Disease usually begins in infancy or early childhood. This disorder seems to affect females more than males, although both can be affected. Some forms can be acquired during adulthood due to non-genetic causes.
Related Disorders
Hemophilia is a blood clotting disorder inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. Symptoms are caused by deficiencies of blood clotting factor VIII protein. Hemophilia affects males exclusively and the degree of severity is determined by the percentage of normal active clotting factor in the blood. Persons with severe hemophilia usually have less than 1% of the normal levels of active clotting factor present in their blood. The general term "Hemophilia" includes Hemophilia A (Classical Hemophilia, Factor VIII deficiency), and Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease, Factor IX deficiency). (For more information on this disorder, choose "hemophilia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Hemophilia and Von Willebrand Disease are inherited through different modes of transmission; Hemophilia is caused by an x-linked recessive gene whereas Von Willebrand is usually caused by one dominant gene.
Other rare blood clotting disorders may have similar symptoms but may not be classified as types of hemophilia due to different modes of inheritance, transmission and different blood clotting factors involved.
Therapies: Standard
Patients with Von Willebrand Disease should take special precautions before any surgical procedure, after an accident or unexplained bleeding. Blood or blood plasma transfusions before surgery or childbirth can reduce the risk of hemorrhage. Transfusions of intravenous (frozen or stored) blood plasma can elevate factor VIII protein and the Von Willebrand factor protein thus allowing blood to clot properly. Transfusions of whole blood can also raise the level of these factors and improve clotting ability.
Some patients with mild cases of Von Willebrand Disease have undergone surgical procedures with daily dosages of the drug Desmopressin Acetate (DDAVP). This is a synthetic agent which can be used as a substitute for blood products. It can stimulate the release of the factor VIII complex molecules from cells lining blood vessels thereby shortening clotting time. In some cases, additional treatment with cryoprecipitates (frozen blood products) may be required to control excess bleeding. Careful monitoring of dosages is recommended to avoid other complications.
An injectable form of DDAVP, an antidiuretic peptide, is manufactured by Rorer Pharmaceutical, Corp., Ft. Washington, PA.
Cryoprecipitates (frozen blood products) remain the best way to replace the factor VIII complex especially in severe cases of Von Willebrand Disease. Careful medical supervision of dosages is also necessary with this treatment.
The antifibrinolytic drug, aminocaproic acid (amicar) can aid in reducing bleeding.
Individuals with Von Willebrand Disease should wear some type of identification such as the Medic-Alert bracelet. Emergency information should include directions to treat bleeding with Desmopressin Acetate (DDAVP) or cryoprecipitates.
People affected by this disorder should avoid aspirin and drugs that prolong bleeding. Activities that are likely to be associated with injuries should be avoided. Genetic counseling can be helpful to families and patients.
Therapies: Investigational
The FDA has approved the following orphan drug for testing as treatment for Von Willebrand patients:
Antihemophilic Factor, Human (Humate P)
Manufactured by:
Behringwerke Aktiengesellschaft
500 Arcola Rd.
P.O. Box 1200
Collegeville, PA 19426-0107
A form of Desmopressin Acetate (DDAVP) administered through the nose (intranasally) is being studied as a possible treatment for Von Willebrand Disease.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has awarded a research grant to Marjorie Read, Ph.D., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, for studies on coagglutinin as a treatment for von Willebrand Disease. The orphan drug was approved for testing by the FDA and is manufactured by Rorer Pharmaceutical Corp., Ft. Washington, PA.
The FDA has approved the following drug for testing as treatment for Von Willebrand Disease patients:
The orphan drug NovoSeven (factor VIIa) (recombinant DNA origin)) is being tested for treatment of patients without antibodies against factor VIII/IX by Novo-Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.
For information on additional therapies that have been designated as Orphan Drugs in the last few months, please return to the main menu of NORD Services and access the Orphan Drug Database.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Von Willebrand Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
Although Von Willebrand Disease is not a form of Hemophilia, National Health Agencies providing information, referrals and support groups for Von Willebrand Disease are organizations that are primarily concerned with Hemophilia:
National Hemophilia Foundation
19 W. 34th Street
New York, NY 10001
(212) 563-0211
(Supplies lists of Hemophilia centers throughout the country).
Canadian Hemophilia Society, National Office
100 King Street West, Suite 210
Hamilton, Ontario L8P 1A2
Canada
(416) 523-6414
World Federation of Hemophilia
Suite 1517
1155 Dorchester Blvd. West
Montreal, Quebec H3B 2L3
Canada
(514) 866-0442
The Haemophilia Society
P.O. Box 9
16 Trinity Street
London SE1 1DE
England
01-407-1010
For more information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
A HUMAN MYELOMA-PRODUCED MONOCLONAL PROTEIN DIRECTED AGAINST THE ACTIVE
SUBPOPULATION OF VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR: E.G. Bovill, et al.; Am J Clin Pathol (Jan. 1986, issue 85(1)). Pp. 115-123.
VON WILLEBRAND'S DISEASE AND PREGNANCY: MANAGEMENT DURING DELIVERY AND
OUTCOME OF OFFSPRING: J.R. Chediak, et. al.; Am J Obstet Gynecol (Sept. 1986, issue 155(3)). Pp. 618-624.
VON WILLEBRAND SYNDROME: I. Scharrer; Behring Inst Mitt (Feb. 1986, issue 79). Pp. 12-23.
NASAL SPRAY DESMOPRESSIN (DDAVP) FOR MILD HEMOPHILIA A AND VON
WILLEBRAND DISEASE, E.H. Rose, et al., Ann Intern Med, (April 1, 1991, issue 114). Pp. 563-568.
Von Willebrand Disease
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@)-)Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
761: Vulvovaginitis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Vulvovaginitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Vaginitis
Nonspecific Vaginitis
Vaginitis, Garderella Vaginalis
Vaginitis, Haemophilus Vaginalis
Trichomoniasis
Genital Candidiasis
Yeast Infection
Bacterial Vaginitis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Chlamydia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Vulvovaginitis is a common bacterial infection characterized by the simultaneous inflammation of the external parts of the female genital organs (vulva) and the canal that leads from the uterus to the external opening (vagina). It is one of the most frequent causes of genital symptoms in women. When only the vagina is inflamed, the disorder is called vaginitis. The symptoms and treatments of Vulvovaginitis depend on the specific bacteria that caused the disorder.
The most common types of vulvovaginitis are Genital Candidiasis (also called Yeast Infection), Trichomoniasis, and Nonspecific Vaginitis (also called Haemophilus Vaginalis Vaginitis, Bacterial Vaginitis or Garderella Vaginalis Vaginitis). Some types of vulvovaginitis are rarer than others.
Vulvovaginitis occurs when the normal acid/alkaline balance of the vagina is disturbed. Yeast, fungi and other harmful organisms which are normally present may grow in excessive amounts causing infection of the vaginal walls.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Genital Candidiasis may include moderate to severe itching (pruritus) or burning of the vaginal area, difficult or painful urination (dysuria) and a thick discharge which may resemble cottage cheese. More rarely, there is a thin, watery discharge. Symptoms usually increase during the week before the menstrual period. Approximately 10% of the male sexual partners of infected women may develop symptoms such as abnormal redness and itching of the penis. (For more information, choose "Candidiasis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Symptoms of Trichomoniasis type of Vulvovaginitis may include severe itching and a thin, frothy, offensive smelling discharge. There is usually inflammation of the vulva, and painful, difficult urination. Symptoms usually begin or become worse during or immediately after the menstrual period. Some women do not show symptoms for six months after infection has begun. Trichomoniasis bacteria can be isolated in 30% to 70% of the male sexual partners of infected women. Most men show no symptoms, but should be treated to stop transmission to their female sexual partners.
Women with Nonspecific Vaginitis usually have a light discharge which may contain bubbles and have a "fishy" odor. Initially, there is little inflammation of the vulva and three-quarters of infected women will show no symptoms. Symptoms of Nonspecific Vaginitis are not related to the stages of the menstrual cycle. Later symptoms may include inflammation of the vulva, itching or burning of the vaginal area, and painful or difficult sexual intercourse (dyspareunia).
Causes
Vulvovaginitis may occur as a result of a disturbance in the normal balance of acidity and alkalinity in the vagina. This allows bacteria, yeast or other harmful organisms to grow. Factors which may increase susceptibility to these infections are birth control pills, pregnancy, poor diet, antibiotics, frequent douching with chemical products, deodorant sprays, laundry soaps, fabric softeners and bath water additives. Tight, nonporous, nonabsorbent underclothing which does not provide adequate ventilation to the area, along with poor hygiene may increase the growth of bacteria and fungi. Sensitivity to spermicides, sexual lubricants or latex on a diaphragm or condom may also cause irritation and disturb the natural balance.
Certain forms of Vulvovaginitis may be transmitted sexually. More rarely, vaginal infection may be the result of foreign bodies, a viral infection such as herpes, pinworm or tumors of the reproductive tract.
Genital Candidiasis (Yeast Infection) is caused by the fungus Candida. Antibiotics taken for infection elsewhere in the body may reduce the normal bacterial content of the vagina, allowing yeasts to overgrow. Women on oral contraceptives are more susceptible to vaginal infections since hormonal changes may also upset the natural balance between bacteria and yeast in the vagina. Genital Candidiasis is rarely transmitted by sexual relations. (For more information on this disorder, choose the term "Candidiasis" for your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Trichomoniasis is caused by the parasitic protozoa Trichomonas Vaginalis, and is usually transmitted by sexual intercourse. Occasionally Trichomoniasis may be transmitted nonsexually since Trichomonas can survive for several hours on wet surfaces. Contact with infected moist objects such as towels, bathing suits, underwear, washcloths, toilet seats and locker room benches may result in this type of Vulvovaginitis.
Nonspecific Vaginitis can be caused by the bacteria Haemophilus Vaginalis or Garderella Vaginalis. Nonspecific Vaginitis is commonly transmitted by sexual intercourse.
Affected Population
Vulvovaginitis occurs most commonly in women during their reproductive years. Genital Candidiasis occurs frequently in pregnant and diabetic women. Certain types of Vulvovaginitis may be contracted through sexual intercourse and in turn spread to sexual partners.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Vulvovaginitis. A comparison may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection which results in inflammation of the tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body (urethra). It is characterized by vaginal discharge and pain on urination. Chlamydial Infection is also common in men who get it from their sexual partners. (For more information of this disorder, choose "Chlamydia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Women with Genital Candidiasis are usually successfully treated with a local antifungal imidazole drugs, (e.g., miconazole). Polyene drugs (i.e., nystatin) are also commonly prescribed. Treatment may be in the form of vaginal suppositories, creams or powders. Recurrence is frequently a problem, and those who suffer from repeated infections may need to avoid the use of antibiotics. Switching to a lower dosage oral contraceptive may also be helpful to these individuals. Eating yogurt may help in prevention of yeast infections since it contains harmless bacteria which may help restore the acid/alkaline balance in the vagina. Men with Candidiasis infection may be treated by a topical anticandidal medication. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Candidiasis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The Trichomoniasis type of Vulvovaginitis is usually treated orally with the drug Metronidazole. Clotrimazole may also be prescribed for intravaginal use. Douching with an acidic preparation may be recommended by some physicians. Infected individuals of both sexes are usually advised to abstain from sexual intercourse until the infection is cured.
Nonspecific Vaginitis is also treated with the drug Metronidazole. Vaginal suppositories and propionic acid jelly are also commonly prescribed. Pregnant women are occasionally treated with Ampicillin. Approximately 25% of infected individuals will have recurrences requiring treatment. Initial treatment of infected women need not involve treatment of their sexual partners. However simultaneous treatment of their sexual partners is usually encouraged for women with recurrent infections. Sexual intercourse is usually not recommended until the infection clears.
There are numerous precautions suggested to avoid vaginal infections. Women should be reminded to keep the external genitalia clean, and dry the area carefully after bathing; avoid irritating sprays and soaps; wear cotton instead of polyester underwear; avoid pants that are tight in the crotch and thighs; change tampons frequently; and make sure that sexual partners are free of infections and receive proper therapy when indicated.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Vulvovaginitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Social Health Network
100 Capitola Dr., Suite 200
Research Triangle Park, NC 27713
(919) 361-8400
National Sexually Transmitted Diseases Hotline
(800) 227-8922
Council for Sex Information and Education
444 Lincoln Blvd., Suite 107
Venice, CA 90291
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1528-1529.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 1705-1708.
ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF NIRIDAZOLE ON GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS. R.M.
Bannatyne et al.; INFECTION (Mar-Apr 1987; 15(2):128).
THE ROLE OF BENZYDAMINE IN THE TOPICAL TREATMENT OF THE SO-CALLED NON-
SPECIFIC VAGINITIS. E.M. Magliano et al.; INT J TISSUE REACT (1987; 9(2):151-6).
Vulvovaginitis=*
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$Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1989, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
430: Waardenburg Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Waardenburg Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Klein-Waardenburg Syndrome
Mende Syndrome
Ptosis-Epicanthus Syndrome
Van der Hoeve-Halbertsma-Waardenburg-Gualdi Syndrome
Waardenburg-Klein Syndrome
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Waardenburg Syndrome Type I
Waardenburg Syndrome Type II
The following disorders may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Cutaneous Albinism and Deafness
Cutaneous Albinism without Deafness
Harada Syndrome
Vogt-Koyanagi Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources section of this report.
Waardenburg Syndrome is a hereditary disorder characterized by facial abnormalities. The inner folds of the eyelids or the tear duct may be displaced, congenital nerve deafness may occur, and often abnormal pigmentation of the iris of the eye, the skin, and/or the hair may be present.
Type I of this disorder is characterized by displacement of the fold of the eyelid, while type II does not include this feature. However, the frequency of deafness is higher in type II of the disorder.
Symptoms
Common symptoms of Waardenburg Syndrome include displacement of the inner folds of the eyelids, prominence of the nose, and overdevelopment of the eyebrows. The patient may have two different colored eyes or two colors in one iris. Congenital nerve deafness may also occur. A white forelock or early graying of the hair characterizes this disorder. The white forelock may disappear by age 3 months and return later in childhood.
Other clinical findings include a thin nose with flaring nostrils, a "cupid bow" configuration of the lips, wide-set eyes, inflammation of the tear sac (dacryocystitis), and drooping of the upper eyelid (ptosis), lack of an indent between the nose and the forehead, a prominent lower jaw, a cleft or high-arched palate, patches of skin without pigment (vitiligo), and minor skeletal abnormalities may also occur. Marked degeneration of the nerve cells and blood vessels within the cochlea of the middle ear (in the so-called organ of Corti) may cause nerve deafness. (For more information, choose "Vitiligo" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Causes
Waardenburg Syndrome is a disorder inherited through dominant genes with variable penetrance. Within a family, all degrees of severity, from mild to severe, may be encountered. Alterations in PAX3, a gene found on chromosome 2, are responsible for the disorder.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Variable penetrance means that manifestations of a particular disease may not be present in all those who inherit the defective gene.
Affected Population
Waardenburg Syndrome occurs in 1 out of 4,000 live births. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
The following disorders have symptoms similar to those of Waardenburg Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Albinism (Congenital Achromia; Hypopigmentation) is a group of syndromes characterized by the congenital absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes, associated with other eye abnormalities. Usually eye pigmentation is affected without other facial abnormalities, although in some cases deafness may occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Albinism" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Vogt-Koyanagi Syndrome (Uveo-oto-cutaneous Syndrome) is a disorder characterized by symmetric white streaks in the hair. Streaks of no pigment may also appear on the hands, face, neck, and trunk (vitiligo). Premature graying of the hair, baldness, hearing impairment and tinnitus, bilateral inflammation of the iris and the lens (uveitis), and inflammation of the retina (retinitis) may occur.
The Harada Syndrome is similar to the Vogt-Koyanagi Syndrome, except for a possible absence of the skin and hair symptoms. The Harada Syndrome and the Vogt-Koyanagi Syndrome affect mostly persons of Oriental heritage. Hair and skin lesions may disappear with time, and hearing and vision may recover spontaneously (partially) in the Harada Syndrome.
Vitiligo is a dermatological condition characterized by an absence of melanocytes (pigment-producing cells), causing decreased pigmentation in the skin. These symptoms can vary from one or two spots to generalized depigmentation of the entire body. (For more information on this disorder, choose "vitiligo" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Waardenburg Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. A hearing aid, learning sign language and lip-reading techniques, and special schooling may be helpful. Surgical repair of cleft palate may also be necessary. Genetic counseling may be helpful to families of children with Waardenburg Syndrome.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Waardenburg Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle St., Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
1-800-535-3643
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
Chattanooga, TN 37404
(615) 266-1632
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4261
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
Craniofacial Family Association
170 Elizabeth Street, Suite 650
Toronto, Ontario
M5G1X8 Canada
Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf
3417 Volta Place, NW
Washington, DC 20007
(202) 337-5220
National Crisis Center for the Deaf
University of Virginia Medical Center
Charlottesville, VA 22908
(800) 466-9876
(Voice/TDD)
Self-Help for Hard of Hearing People, Inc. (SHHH)
7800 Wisconsin Avenue
Bethesda, MD 20814
(301) 657-2248
National Information Center on Deafness
Gallaudet College
Kendall Green
Washington, DC 20002
(Voice & TDD) (202) 651-5109
National Association of the Deaf
814 Thayer Avenue
Silver Spring, MD 20910
(301) 587-1788
Eye Research Institute of Retina Foundation
20 Staniford St.
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 742-3140
National Federation of the Blind
1800 Johnson Street
Baltimore, MD 21230
(301) 659-9314
American Council of the Blind (ACB)
1211 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Suite 506
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 833-1251
(800) 424-8666
National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (NOAH)
919 Walnut Street, Room 400
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 545-2322
National Vitiligo Foundation
P.O. Box 6337
Tyler, TX 75711
(214) 561-4700
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
WAARDENBURG SYNDROME IN SOUTH AFRICA. PART I. AN EVALUATION OF THE CLINICAL
FINDINGS IN 11 FAMILIES: M. de Saxe, et al.; South African Med J (August 18, 1984: issue 66,7). Pp. 256-261.
WAARDENBURG SYNDROME IN SOUTH AFRICA. PART II: IS THERE FOUNDER EFFECT
FOR TYPE I?: M. de Saxe, et al.; South African Med J (August 25, 1984: issue 66,8). Pp. 291-293.
POSSIBLE WAARDENBURG SYNDROME WITH GASTROINTESTINAL ANOMALIES: J.
Nutman, et al.; Journal Med Genet (April 1986: issue 23,2). Pp. 175-178.
Waardenburg Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
513: Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Waldenstroem's Macroglobulinemia
Hyperglobulinemic Purpura
Macroglobulinemia
Waldenstrom's Syndrome
Waldenstrom's Purpura
Information on the following disorder can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Lymphocytic Leukemia, Chronic
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia is a malignant lymph and blood cell disorder. Large quantities of homogeneous immunoglobulin-M (IgM) protein molecules are present in the blood. The disorder tends to run in families, occurring mainly among older males. An enlarged spleen and liver with abnormalities of the peripheral lymph glands are the most frequent symptoms. Weakness, anemia, fatigue and excessive bleeding, especially from the nose and mouth, also occur.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia usually begin gradually. The disorder is characterized by anemia, weakness, fatigue, and excessive bleeding from the nose and mouth. Lack of appetite (anorexia) may also occur. Paleness, mild enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) and liver (hepatomegaly), and abnormalities of the peripheral lymph glands are the most frequent features of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia. Lesions of the retina, accompanied by localized bleeding, fluid oozing from retinal blood vessels (exudation), and blockage of these veins may be the most noticeable features. Blurring or other vision impairment affects approximately one third of persons with this disorder.
Disturbances in the peripheral nervous system may be the initial symptoms which usually involve both sensory and motor nerves (which stimulate muscle contractions). Sudden hearing loss, progressive spinal muscle wasting (atrophy), and multifocal disease of the white brain matter (leukoencephalopathy) may occur in some cases of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia. Diffuse infiltrates or isolated masses of lymph cells may occur in the lungs, or fluid may appear in the space between the lungs and their surrounding membrane resulting in breathing difficulty.
A mild to moderate increase of urea in the blood (azotemia) occurs in approximately 20% of cases. This is often associated with "thickening" (dehydration and/or hyperviscosity) of the blood. Kidney failure may occur in rare cases. The accumulation of amyloid, an abnormal glycoprotein, in almost any organ system (systemic amyloidosis) may cause dysfunction in some cases.
Causes
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia is an autosomal dominant disorder. Symptoms are caused by an abnormal condition of the blood and lymph cells responsible for synthesis of gamma M macroglobulins. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia is a rare disorder more common among males than females. Symptoms usually begin between 60 and 70 years of age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia is the most common type of Leukemia in people over 50 years of age. It is characterized by fatigue, weight loss, repeated infections and enlarged lymph nodes. Small, well-separated, movable, hard nodes usually occur. The number of lymph cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow is chronically elevated. In the advanced stages of the disease, bone marrow failure is common, resulting in an abnormally low red blood cell count (anemia) and lack of blood platelets (thrombocytopenia).
Therapies: Standard
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia is treated with the cytotoxic alkylating drug chlorambucil which is directed against the abnormal proliferation of lymph and plasma cells. The dosage of this drug must be flexible, depending on white blood cell and blood platelet counts. Cyclophosphamide or a combination of alkylating drugs may also be beneficial. Careful monitoring by a physician experienced in their use is recommended.
Therapies: Investigational
If the blood of patients with Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia is "too thick" (hyperviscous), plasmapheresis has been used as an experimental treatment. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. This therapy is still under investigation to analyze side effects and effectiveness. More research is needed before plasmapheresis can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P.472.
POLYNEUROPATHY IN WALDENSTROM'S MACROGLOBULINAEMIA: REDUCTION OF
ENDONEURIAL IgM-DEPOSITS AFTER TREATMENT WITH CHLORAMBUCIL AND PLASMAPHERESIS: C. Meier, et al.; Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) (1984: issue 64(4)). Pp. 297-307.
ALLEVIATION OF OCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPERVISCOSITY SYNDROME IN
WALDENSTROM'S MACROGLOBULINEMIA USING PLASMA EXCHANGE: F. Malecaze, et al.; Journal Fr Ophtalmol (1986: issue 9(5)). Pp. 367-371.
PLASMA EXCHANGE AND MODERATE DOSE OF CYTOSTATICS IN ADVANCED MACRO(CRYO)-
GLOBULINEMIA: P. Pihlstedt; Acta Med Scand (1982: issue 212(3)). Pp. 187-190.
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91: Waldmann Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Waldmann Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hypoproteinemia, Idiopathic
Intestinal Lymphangiectasia
Intestinal Lymphangiectasis
Primary Intestinal Lymphangiectasia
Primary Intestinal Lymphangiectasis
Familial Hypoproteinemia with Lymphangiectatic Enteropathy
Lymphangiectatic Protein-Losing Enteropathy
Hypercatabolic Protein-Losing Enteropathy
Neonatal Lymphedema due to Exudative Enteropathy
Familial Dysproteinemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Waldmann Disease may be a congenital or an acquired digestive disorder. It is characterized by dilatation of the intestinal lymphatic system, particularly the lymph vessels in the intestinal villi (lacteals) that transport milky-white, protein-rich lymph (chyle).
Symptoms
Waldmann Disease is characterized by a widening (dilatation) of the lymphatic vessels in the wall of the small intestine. When these vessels rupture, milky white, protein rich lymph (chyle) leaks through the intestinal wall into the bowel lumen. The chyle may also accumulate in the cavity around the intestines (peritoneal cavity), and it may also leak into the cavity around the lungs (pleural cavity).
Swelling of the extremities (edema) also may occur. This usually begins at birth or shortly thereafter. An excessive amount of fat in the feces (steatorrhea), decreased protein in the blood (hypoproteinemia), reduced blood calcium (hypocalcemia), and a reduced number of lymphocytes in the blood (lymphocytopenia) may also occur.
In cases where Waldmann Disease is genetic, it is inherited as a dominant genetic trait.
Causes
Waldmann Disease may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) It may also be acquired as a consequence of an infection in the major lymphatic ducts. Additionally, it may be caused by an abnormal growth (neoplasm).
Affected Population
Waldmann Disease may affect children and young adults of both sexes.
Related Disorders
Crohn's Disease, also known as Regional Enteritis, is a form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by severe, often granulomatous, chronic inflammation of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. In most cases, some part of the intestinal segment between the beginning of the ileum and the rectum is affected. (For more information, choose "Crohn" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Whipple's Disease (Intestinal Lipodystrophy) is an uncommon disorder of unknown origin. This disorder affects the lining of the small intestine, resulting in malabsorption of nutrients. The disorder may also affect other organs such as the heart, lung, brain, joints, eye, and gastrointestinal tract. (For more information, choose "Whipple" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (Gasser Syndrome, or HUS) is a hereditary disorder characterized by hemolytic anemia, decrease in blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) and renal failure. These symptoms are associated with infection and gastroenteritis. HUS occurs most commonly in women with complications of pregnancy, and in children under 5 years of age.
Therapies: Standard
Some patients with Waldmann Disease improve on a low-fat diet, containing whole whey protein and maltodextrin, with supplements of medium-chain fats (triglycerides) and a small amount of long-chain triglycerides to supply essential fatty acids. Occasionally surgical removal of the involved part of the intestine, if the lesion is localized, may be beneficial.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Waldmann Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Lymphatic and Venous Diseases Association
Cambridge Medical Supply
218 Monsignor O'Brien Highway
Cambridge, MA 02141
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
DIETARY MANAGEMENT OF INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIA COMPLICATED BY SHORT GUT
SYNDROME: J.M. Thompson, A. Brett, and S.J. Rose; Human Nutrition and Applied Nutrition (April, 1986: issue 40:2). Pp. 136-140.
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,Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
817: Weaver Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Weaver Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Weaver-Smith Syndrome
WSS
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Marshall-Smith Syndrome
Gigantism
Sotos Syndrome
McCune-Albright Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Weaver Syndrome is characterized by rapid growth. Usually starting before birth (prenatal onset), physical growth and bone development (maturation) can occur more quickly than average. Other symptoms can include increased muscle tone (hypertonia) with exaggerated reflexes (spasticity), slow development of voluntary movements (psychomotor retardation), specific physical characteristics, and/or foot deformities. Babies with this syndrome have a hoarse low-pitched cry.
Symptoms
In patients with Weaver Syndrome growth and bone development (maturation) occur faster than normal, with normal to above normal weight in relation to the patient's height. Some bones may be wider than average. In a small number of patients, this faster than normal rate of growth may not occur, or does not begin until the baby is a few months old. Hypertonia, increased muscle tone with exaggerated reflexes (spasticity) which is progressive, and/or slow development of voluntary movements (psychomotor retardation) may occur. Babies with this syndrome have a hoarse low-pitched cry.
Individuals with Weaver Syndrome may have extremely wide-set eyes (hypertelorism), sometimes with excess skin over the inner corner of the eyes (epicanthal folds), or other eyelid abnormalities (downslanting palpebral fissures). The back part of the head (occiput) may be flat, the forehead broad, and the ears unusually large. The natural groove located above the upper lip and below the nose (philtrum) may be longer than average. The jaw may appear somewhat smaller than normal (micrognathia). Other physical characteristics can include thin hair, inverted nipples and skin which appears somewhat loose.
Thumbs of people with Weaver Syndrome are usually broad. One or more fingers may be permanently bent (camptodactyly). Nails can be deep-set and thin. The pads of the fingertips are usually prominent. Malformed toes (clinodactyly), an abnormally high arch (pes cavus), a clubfoot with the sole of the foot turned inward and upward either in the direction of the heel (talipes equinovarus) or of the toes (talipes calcaneovalgus), or a twisted foot (metatarsus adductus) may be present. Individuals may not be able to extend their elbows or knees out very far.
In some patients, hernias in the abdomen (inguinal or umbilical hernias) may develop. Occasionally, one of the long bones in the foot (fourth metatarsal) is shorter than average. Brain abnormalities such as enlarged vessels and too many blood vessels (hypervascularization), atrophy (cerebral atrophy), or a cyst in a certain area of the brain (septum pellucidum) may occur in some patients.
Causes
The exact cause of Weaver Syndrome is unknown. Some researchers think, because there have been some cases of mildly affected mothers having sons who are more severely affected, that Weaver Syndrome may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with a gender-limited expression of symptoms, or an X-linked recessive trait. Others think that it may be an autosomal recessive trait. In some cases there are no signs of heredity in a family and the cause is unknown.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Weaver Syndrome is a rare disorder affecting males three times more often than females. The syndrome is usually present before birth (prenatal onset).
Related Disorders
Marshall-Smith Syndrome is similar to Weaver Syndrome in that growth and bone maturation occur faster than normal. However, patients with Marshall-Smith Syndrome are underweight in relation to their height whereas patients with Weaver Syndrome have normal to above normal weight in relation to their height. Marshall-Smith Syndrome patients also have respiratory difficulties, different physical characteristics and other symptoms that patients with Weaver Syndrome do not have. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Marshall-Smith" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Gigantism occurs before puberty and is caused by oversecretion of growth hormone. It is characterized by excessive growth during childhood with relatively normal body proportions and sexual development. Height sometimes reaches 7 or 8 feet. Soft tissues are also enlarged. In extreme cases, disease of muscle tissue (myopathy) and abnormalities of nerves distant from the brain and spinal cord (peripheral neuropathy) may occur. Certain hereditary syndromes such as Klinefelter Syndrome, Marfan Syndrome, Soto's Syndrome and some of the lipodystrophies, may include unusually tall height among their symptoms. (For more information on disorders involving gigantism, choose "gigantism or "giant" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database. For more information, choose "peripheral neuropathy," "Marfan," and "Klinefelter" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Soto's Syndrome is a rare, hereditary disorder characterized by excessive growth (over the 90th percentile) during the first 4 to 5 years of life. Abnormalities of the nervous system, including aggressiveness, irritability, clumsiness, an awkward gait, and mental retardation sometimes also occur. Physical characteristics also include eyes which appear to be abnormally far apart (hypertelorism) and slanted. (For more information, choose "Soto" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
McCune-Albright Syndrome (Osteitis Fibrosa Disseminata) is characterized by an early (precocious) sexual development, a change in bone integrity which produces pain, increasing deformity and disability, and possible changes in skin pigmentation. This syndrome involves the endocrine, muscle and bone systems. Excessive secretion of growth hormone as well as other hormones occurs in some cases. Children with McCune-Albright Syndrome are excessively tall during childhood, but their growth stops early and they usually don't reach normal height during adulthood. (For more information, choose "McCune-Albright Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Weaver Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. An orthopedist can be consulted for correction of foot deformities. Genetic counseling may be of benefit to patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Weaver Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 130-135.
A GIRL WITH THE WEAVER SYNDROME. E. M. Thompson; J Med Genet (Apr 1987; issue 24 (4)). Pp. 232-234.
A NEW AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDER RESEMBLING WEAVER SYNDROME. A. S.
Teebi, et al.; Am J Med Genet (Aug 1989; issue 33 (4)). Pp. 479-482.
FURTHER DELINEATION OF WEAVER SYNDROME. H. H. Ardinger, et al.; J Pediatr (Feb 1986; issue 108 (2)). Pp. 228-235.
THE SYNDROMES OF MARSHALL AND WEAVER. N. Fitch; J Med Genet (Jun 1980; issue 17 (3)). Pp. 174-178.
WEAVER-SMITH SYNDROME. A CASE STUDY WITH LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP. N. Amir, et al.; Am J Dis Child (Dec 1984; issue 138 (12)). Pp. 1113-1117.
WEAVER SYNDROME: THE CHANGING PHENOTYPE IN AN ADULT. F. Greenberg, et al.; Am J Med Genet (May 1989; issue 33 (1)). Pp. 127-129.
WEAVER SYNDROME WITH PES CAVUS. S. A. Farrell and H. E. Hughes; Am J Med Genet (Aug 1985; issue 21 (4)). Pp. 737-739.
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
297: Weber-Christian Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Weber-Christian disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Weber-Christian disease is characterized by fever and the formation of crops of nodules in the fatty tissue under the skin (subcutaneous tissue).
Symptoms
Weber-Christian disease usually begins gradually. Bluish-red (erythematous) nodules appear in the fatty layer under the skin of arms, legs, thighs, buttocks and abdomen. The overlying skin usually appears red. Enlargement of the spleen and lymph nodes is possible. Fever also occurs. Other symptoms may include malaise, a sore throat, chills, nausea, anemia, pain in the joints, muscles and possibly the abdomen. These symptoms may subside after a few days or weeks, and may recur weeks, months or years later.
Causes
The cause of Weber-Christian disease is generally unknown. Sometimes the cause may be identified as an allergy, or possibly a predisposition of fatty tissue to a granulomatous reaction.
Occasionally Weber-Christian disease can be associated with diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, subacute bacterial endocarditis, tuberculosis, iodide and bromide therapy, withdrawal from large doses of corticosteroids, or pancreatitis.
Affected Population
Weber-Christian disease most often affects adult women, usually between the ages of 20 and 40 years.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Weber-Christian disease is symptomatic and supportive. If the disorder is associated with a secondary condition, treatment of that disorder can alleviate the symptoms of Weber-Christian disease.
Therapies: Investigational
Treatment of Weber-Christian disease with oral cyclophosphamide (a cytostatic drug), has shown some promise in preliminary clinical trials.
The orphan drug thalidomide is being tested as a treatment for Weber-Christian Disease. This drug should not be taken by pregnant women because it can cause severe birth defects. Physicians wishing to test thalidomide as a treatment for this disorder may contact:
Pediatric Pharmaceutical
379 Thornall St.
Edison, NJ 08837
Thalidomide is available in England under special license from Penn Pharmaceuticals of Tredegar, South Wales.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Weber-Christian Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
Cyclophosphamide-Induced Remission in Weber-Christian Panniculitis; W. Kirch et al.: Rheumatol. Int. 1985; 5(5): pp. 239-240.
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
388: Weil Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Weil Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Fiedler Disease
Icterohemorrhagic Leptospirosis
Infectious Jaundice
Lancereaux-Mathieu-Weil Spirochetosis
Leptospiral Jaundice
Spirochetal Jaundice
Weil Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report.
Meningitis
Leptospirosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Weil Syndrome is a severe form of bacterial infection caused by Leptospira bacteria (Leptospirosis). This type of infection causes dysfunction of the liver and kidneys.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Weil Syndrome usually start abruptly, with headache, disturbances in consciousness, pain in muscles and abdomen, a stiff neck, lack of appetite (anorexia), chills, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Prostration, coughing, expectoration of blood-stained sputum (hemoptysis), and nosebleed (epistaxis) may also occur. Yellowing of the skin (jaundice), bleeding in muscles, gastrointestinal tract, and visceral organs may be widespread. Small purplish-red spots (petechiae) may appear, caused by hemorrhages in the skin. Enlarged lymph nodes, and continued fever may occur for several days. Respiratory distress syndrome which includes great difficulty breathing and dangerously low levels of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia) may sometimes develop in Weil Syndrome.
Signs of liver and kidney dysfunction usually appear from the 3rd to the 6th day. Kidney abnormalities may include the appearance of protein (proteinuria), pus (pyuria), or blood in the urine (hematuria), and an excess of urea in the blood (azotemia). The kidney is often enlarged, and its capsule is tense. Bleeding in many places throughout the body may occur due to injury of tiny blood vessels (capillaries). A low number of blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) may also occur. Damage to the liver is usually minimal and complete healing almost always occurs. Fever usually abates on the 7th day, but it may be recurrent for weeks. After age 50 the prognosis for Weil Disease is less optimistic than for younger people.
Causes
Weil Disease is caused by an infection from the bacteria Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae or other related types of this bacteria (such as L canicola, or L pomona). The infection is usually transferred to humans through urine or tissue of an infected domestic or wild animal. The infection enters through a skin abrasion or the mucous membranes.
Affected Population
Weil Syndrome may occur in people of all ages. At least 75% of persons infected with this disorder are male. It can be an occupational disorder striking farmers, veterinarians, or sewer and abattoir workers, but most patients are exposed incidentally during recreational activities.
Related Disorders
Many types of bacterial infections may affect the liver, kidneys and respiratory organs, causing symptoms similar to those of Weil Syndrome.
Leptospirosis is an inclusive term for all bacterial infections caused by any Leptospira bacteria, regardless of the type. (For more information, choose "Leptospirosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Meningitis is an infection of the membrane lining the skull or the spinal cavity (meninges) by either bacteria or viruses.
Therapies: Standard
Antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin, the tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin may be effective if used before the 4th day after onset of symptoms of Weil Syndrome. Peritoneal dialysis in combination with antibiotics has been used successfully in many patients.
Therapies: Investigational
Studies are underway to determine the role of antigens and antibodies in treating Weil Syndrome infections, including Weil Syndrome. However, treatments have not been established as yet.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Weil Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME IN LEPTOSPIRA ICTEROHAEMORRHAGIAE
INFECTION: H.D. Chee, et al.; Intensive Care Medicine (1985: issue 11,5). Pp. 254-256.
CURRENT CLINICAL ASPECTS OF LEPTOSPIROSIS: F. Suter, et al.; Minerva Medica (May 12, 1983: issue 74,20). Pp. 1179-1186. (Published in Italian.)
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`$R$Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
893: Weill-Marchesani Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Weill-Marchesani Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ectopia Lentis
Kniest Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Weill-Marchesani Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The major features of this disorder are short stature and a congenital vision defect in which the lens of the eye is unusually rounded and may dislocate.
Symptoms
People with Weill-Marchesani Syndrome have a stocky build, tend to become heavy, and have limbs that are short and round. The face is full, with a wide skull, short neck, depressed nasal bridge, and pug nose. The orbit that contains the eyeball is shallow, the lens in the eye is small and tends to dislocate, and nearsightedness occurs.
Other symptoms found in some people with Weill-Marchesani Syndrome may be: joint stiffness with limited extension; an abnormal condition of high pressure within the eye causing eye pain, blurred vision, and a wide-open pupil (acute glaucoma); a condition in which the lens is dislocated (ectopia lentis); mild underdevelopment of the jaw bone; a narrow roof of the mouth (palate); teeth that do not form properly or do not conform to the dental arch; and/or a sensation of numbness, tingling, burning, or pain in the hand or wrist caused by compressing of peripheral nerves (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome). (For more information on this disorder choose "Carpal Tunnel" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database). Blindness has occurred in some people with Weill-Marchesani Syndrome.
Causes
Weill-Marchesani Syndrome is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with partial expression in the heterozygote. Dominant inheritance has also been suggested.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Heterozygous is a condition in which a person has two different genes at the same place on matched chromosomes. An individual who is heterozygous for a particular trait has inherited a gene for that trait from one parent and the alternative gene from the other parent. A person heterozygous for a genetic disease caused by a dominant gene will show the disease. An individual heterozygous for a hereditary disorder produced by a recessive gene will not show the disease or will have a milder form of it. The offspring of a heterozygous carrier of a genetic disorder will have a fifty percent chance of inheriting the gene dominant for the trait.
Affected Population
Weill-Marchesani Syndrome is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. This disorder has been found worldwide and affects approximately one out of every one hundred thousand people. The average age for detection of Weill-Marchesani Syndrome is seven, even though symptoms of the disorder are usually apparent earlier in life.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Weill-Marchesani Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Ectopia Lentis is a congenital displacement of the lens of the eye. This disorder may occur alone or as a part of other disorders. When Ectopia Lentis occurs alone it is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The dislocation of the lens of the eye may be present at birth or occur later. Some people with Ectopia Lentis have no symptoms at all while others may have poor vision and/or double vision.
Kniest Syndrome is a rare type of dwarfism that is characterized by unusually short arms and legs, a round face with hollow or depressed areas, swelling and stiffness of the joints, and a stiff drawing up (contractures) of the fingers. A cleft palate, curvature of the spine (scoliosis), vision and hearing problems may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Kniest Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment with drugs or eye drops may help to reduce the pressure within the eyeball of people with Weill-Marchesani Syndrome.
Surgery may be performed to create a new outflow channel for the fluid causing pressure behind the eye or the lens may be removed when glaucoma is present.
Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome may be treated with steroidal and non-steroidal medications when the symptoms are mild. Splinting to immobilize the wrist is often recommended. When the symptoms are severe and conservative measures fail, surgical decompression of the carpal canal in the wrist can be performed. If pressure on the median nerve has persisted for a prolonged period of time, recovery may be incomplete.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients with Weill-Marchesani Syndrome and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Weill-Marshall Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
Little People of America
P.O. Box 633
San Bruno, CA 94066
(415) 589-0695
American Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Association
P.O. Box 514
Santa Rosa, CA 95402-0514
(707) 571-0397
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1532.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., Editor; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 397.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1575.
THE WEILL-MARCHESANI SYNDROME: REPORT OF TWO CASES AND A REVIEW: G.M.
Haik Sr, et al.; J La State Med Soc (December, 1990, issue 142(12)). Pp. 25-8, 30-2.
Weill-Marchesani Syndrome
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)z)Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
36: Werdnig-Hoffman Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Werdnig-Hoffman) Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Infantile Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Werdnig-Hoffman Paralysis
Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type I
SMA I
SMA, Infantile Acute Form
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Muscular Dystrophy, Batten Turner
Leukodystrophy, Canavan
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy (OPCA)
Benign Congenital Hypotonia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease is a rare inherited neuromuscular disorder of children. It is characterized by degenerative changes in the spinal cord (the ventral horn cells). This results in generalized muscle weakness and the progressive wasting away (atrophy) of the muscles of the trunk and extremities.
Symptoms
Werdnig-Hoffman Disease is a rare disorder that may begin in the developing fetus (in utero) or before 2 years of age. The earlier the onset, the more serious the outcome usually is. The early signs include a generalized muscle weakness (hypotonia) and hypermobility of joints; absent tendon reflexes; twitching (fasciculations) of the tongue; and a frog-like position with the hips moved apart (abducted) and knees bent or flexed. Mental development is usually normal. Typically, the child does not gain head control, cannot turn over and is unable to sit or stand.
The rate of progression of Werdnig-Hoffman Disease varies. In the form that begins in utero, generalized muscle atrophy and weakness tend to progress rapidly. Within a few months, breathing (respiratory) and excretory difficulties may develop. The infant may be unable to swallow. Respiratory failure may occur or food inhaled into the lungs (aspiration) may cause choking.
The form of Werdnig-Hoffman Disease that begins during the first few months of life may have a more slowly progressive course, even extending into adult life. In rare cases, the disease may become arrested.
Causes
Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease is a rare disorder usually inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. In rare instances this disorder may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
The gene that causes the most common recessive form of Werdnig-Hoffman Disease has been located on the long arm of chromosome 5.
Affected Population
Werdnig-Hoffman Disease is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. There may be no known family history of the disease, since the genetic defect is recessive in most cases. This disorder occurs in an estimated 1 in 1,000,000 live births per year.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Werdnig-Hoffman Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy is a form of muscular dystrophy that is present at birth. The initial symptoms of this disorder in the infant may be a generalized "floppiness" and lack of muscle tone (hypotonia). Later muscular weakness may make the child prone to falling and stumbling. Early motor development and milestone achievements may be minimally delayed. As a rule, walking becomes normal later in life, but physical activities may be hampered. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Canavan Leukodystrophy is a rare inherited disorder that is characterized by the progressive degeneration of the central nervous system. The early symptoms of this disorder include a general lack of energy, floppiness, and the loss of previously acquired motor skills. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Canavan Leukodystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy (OPCA) is a rare neurological disorder that is characterized by the degeneration of the cerebellar cortex. This disorder usually affects adults but it may occur in infants. In cases affecting children the disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Symptoms include floppiness (severe hypotonia) and generalized muscle weakness, the lack of deep reflexes and a general failure to thrive. There may also be an enlargement of the heart, respiratory complications and dislocation of the hips. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Benign Congenital Hypotonia is a nonprogressive neuromuscular disorder which occurs at birth. The disorder is characterized by a generalized muscle weakness or "floppiness" (hypotonia). Infants with Benign Congenital Hypotonia also appear weak and listless. In many cases the symptoms improve as the child ages and the central nervous system matures. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Benign Congenital Hypotonia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
For more information on disorders that cause muscle weakness, type "neuromuscular" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Werdnig-Hoffman Disease is symptomatic and supportive. Physical therapy, respiratory care, and aggressive treatment of respiratory infections are used. Orthopedic devices may be helpful when the condition is relatively stable.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists have been investigating the possibility that nerve cells contain nourishing (trophic) substances essential to the maintenance of health in the muscle cells that they stimulate. Researchers are trying to develop treatments that may replace these substances in muscles.
The orphan drug Ciliary Neutrotrophic Factor, Recombinant Human, is being tested as a possible treatment for spinal muscular atrophies. The drug is manufactured by Syntex-Synergen Neuroscience, 1885 33rd Street, Boulder, CO, 80301.
The Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) supports basic and applied studies on nerve and muscle metabolism in the hope that these will lead to a better understanding of the biological processes that give rise to neuromuscular diseases such as Werdnig-Hoffmann disease.
Research on genetic defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project that is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Werdnig-Hoffman disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Families of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
P.O. Box 1465
Highland Park, IL 60035
(708) 432-5551
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3300 E. Sunrise Dr.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Nattrass House
35 Macaulay Road
London, England SW4 OQP
01-720-8055
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1563-1564.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. P. 2140.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1576-1577.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.; Raymond D. Adams, M.D. and Maurice Victor, M.D., Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, 1989. Pp. 1146-1147.
EMG EVALUATION OF THE FLOPPY INFANT: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND TECHNICAL
ASPECTS. H.R. Jones Jr.; Muscle Nerve (April 1990; 13(4)): Pp. 338-347.
Werdnig-Hoffman Disease
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
135: Werner Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Werner Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Progeria of Adulthood
Please note: Werner syndrome also refers to a form of dwarfism that is unrelated to progeria. It is known as Werner's mesomelic dwarfism.
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Werner syndrome is a rare form of premature ageing which begins in early adulthood. It affects both males and females.
Symptoms
Werner syndrome progresses steadily. Affected individuals appear normal until adolescence, when developmental retardation begins. Stature remains short, and sexual organs fail to complete normal enlargement and development. Secondary sex characteristics such as pubic, axillary, and facial hair are absent or regress.
Other abnormalities of Werner syndrome also appear during adolescence or young adulthood. The limbs are thin and weak, with small hands and feet, and short, deformed fingers. Typical facial characteristics include a beaked nose, prominent eyes, thinned eyebrows and lashes, grey hair, and, eventually, baldness. The torso tends to be stocky, but elsewhere, muscular mass and subcutaneous fat are lost, allowing the skeleton to become prominent.
The skin becomes shiny and taut, with sclerodermatoid changes; these consist of a chronic hardening and shrinking of the connective tissues, so that the skin becomes hard, thickened, and rigid. Sometimes the disorder resembles scleroderma, but it can be differentiated by the fact that mainly males are affected, its early onset and clinical course (premature ageing changes).
Other features include arteriosclerosis, the frequent development of cataracts before the age of forty years, a susceptibility to ulcerations on the legs, and diabetes mellitus. Soft tissues atrophy, while the bones become thin, fragile, and often painful and deformed due to osteoporosis, or demineralization. There may be osteoarthritis. Calcification occurs in the extremities and the heart, particularly the valves and coronary arteries. Other potentially fatal complications include cerebral stroke and cancers.
Werner syndrome can occur in partial forms, exhibiting only a few of the symptoms described, and having a milder, slower course.
Causes
Werner syndrome appears to be hereditary, with an autosomal recessive mode of transmission. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.) Another theory is that spontaneous loss, or deletion, of chromosomal (chromosomal instability) is responsible for the premature aging that occurs in Werner Syndrome.
The biochemical defect(s) responsible for Werner syndrome are not known. Faulty metabolism of steroids, such as certain hormones, bile acids, and cholesterol may be involved.
Affected Population
Males and females over the age of about fourteen years are affected with Werner's syndrome.
Related Disorders
Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome is a similar syndrome with onset in early childhood. In Gottron syndrome, only the extremities are affected. (For more information on Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome and Gottron syndrome, choose "hutchinson" and "gottron" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Available treatments for Werner syndrome are supportive and symptomatic. They include surgery for cataracts, skin grafting for ulcerations, etc.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Werner Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Progeria International Registry (PIR)
New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities
1050 Forest Hill Road
Staten Island, NY 10304
(718) 494-0600
Progeria Foundation
3 Styvesant Oval, 9A
New York, NY 10009
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 1202.
Dr. Raymond Monnat and Dr. George M. Martin, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Werner Syndrome
pagetitle
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4Copyright (C) 1986, 1990, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
90: Whipple's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Whipple's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Intestinal Lipodystrophy
Secondary Non-tropical Sprue
Intestinal Lipophagic Granulomatosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Crohn's Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Chronic Erosive Gastritis
Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Intestinal Pseudoobstruction
Giant Hypertrophic Gastritis
AIDS
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Whipple's Disease is a rare infectious disease that causes an abnormality in the metabolism and/or usage of fats (lipodystrophy) in the small intestine (localized) characterized by impairment of the ability to properly absorb nutrients (malabsorption), anemia, and joint pain. This disorder may also affect other organs of the body including the heart, lungs, brain, and eyes.
Symptoms
The major symptoms of Whipple's Disease include abdominal pain after eating, joint pain, bouts of diarrhea, cough, chest pain, general weakness, and night sweats. Typically there is fat present in the stool (steatorrhea). Weight loss may occur because of a profound lack of appetite (anorexia). Anemia may result due to insufficient levels of iron.
Other symptoms of Whipple's Disease may include: abnormally enlarged lymph nodes that are firm but usually not tender, an abnormally enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), increased color (pigmentation) of the skin, a decrease in blood pressure (hypotension), and abnormally high fevers that come and go. Some people with this disorder may experience a decrease in intellectual abilities, and an impairment of memory, judgment, and/or abstract thought. Occasionally the loss of intellectual skills progresses to dementia. Eye movements may be impaired and uncontrolled muscular movements (myoclonus) may occur when Whipple's Disease has affected the brain or central nervous system. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Myoclonus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
The central nervous system is affected in the later stages of untreated Whipple's Disease. Symptoms of neurological involvement may include hearing loss, persistent ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and impairment of vision. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tinnitus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) In rare cases of this disorder, the heart may be affected resulting in congestive heart failure and/or inflammation of the membranes that surround the heart (pericarditis).
If Whipple's Disease remains untreated and malabsorption from the small intestine becomes worse, the person may have low levels of circulating calcium and magnesium in the blood (hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia) resulting in muscle cramps, convulsions, and twitching (tetany). Damage to the nerves, especially those of the arms and legs (peripheral neuropathy) may also occur. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Neuropathy, Peripheral" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Whipple's Disease may be diagnosed by ultrasound tests and CT scan that may reveal abnormally enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) and/or a thickening of the lining of the small intestine. Biopsy samples of the small intestine reveal the presence of the bacteria that causes this disorder. Without proper antibiotic treatment, Whipple's Disease may result in life-threatening complications.
Causes
Whipple's Disease is caused by a "rod-shaped" bacterium called Tropheryma whippelii.
Affected Population
Whipple's Disease is a rare disorder that affects more males than females in a ratio of 8 males to 1 female. The symptoms of this disorder typically begin between the ages of thirty and sixty years. Most of the cases of Whipple's Disease have been diagnosed in Americans of European descent, although cases have been reported among American Indians and Americans of African descent.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Whipple's Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Crohn's Disease is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by severe, chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall or any portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include vomiting, fever, night sweats, loss of appetite, general weakness, and waves of abdominal pain and discomfort. Diarrhea and bleeding from the rectum are common in people who have Crohn's Disease. Weight loss is also common. The symptoms of this disorder can be difficult to manage and diagnosis is often delayed. (For information on this disorder, choose "Crohn's Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ulcerative Colitis is an acute inflammatory bowel disease characterized by diarrhea and blood in the stools because of multiple, irregular ulcerations of the bowel. The initial symptoms of this disorder may include a general feeling of weakness (malaise) and fatigue. There may be abdominal discomfort, along with a change in the frequency and consistency of stools. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, cramping, and urgency (tenesmus). Weight loss and a decrease in appetite are also associated with Ulcerative Colitis. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ulcerative Colitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis is a rare collagen disorder involving inflammation and blockage of the bile duct, liver ducts, and gallbladder. Symptoms of this disorder include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and/or weight loss. Later symptoms may include a yellow discoloration to the skin (jaundice), fever, chills, and/or itching of the skin. Bacterial infections may be associated with bile duct blockages of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis," as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Chronic Erosive Gastritis is an inflammatory digestive disorder characterized by multiple lesions in the mucus lining of the stomach. Symptoms of this disorder may include burning or a heavy feeling in the stomach, mild nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and general weakness. In severe cases of Chronic Erosive Gastritis there may be bleeding from the stomach that can result in anemia. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Chronic Erosive Gastritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption (carbohydrate intolerance) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by the inability of the small intestine to transport and absorb glucose and galactose. The symptoms may include diarrhea, bloating, dehydration, profound loss of appetite, and vomiting. Other symptoms may include abdominal cramps, and rumbling sounds caused by gas in the intestine (borborygmi), and/or excessive urination. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome, also known as Spastic Colon, is a common digestive disorder that involves both the small intestine and the large bowel. This disorder is characterized by abdominal pain, constipation, bloating, nausea, headache, and/or diarrhea. The spastic colon type of this syndrome is characterized by variable bowel movements and abdominal pain that is associated with periodic constipation or diarrhea. Those patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome who have painless diarrhea may experience an urgent need to defecate upon arising. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Irritable Bowel Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Intestinal Pseudoobstruction is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by a lack of motility of the intestine. This condition resembles a true obstruction although there is no evidence of any physical obstruction. Symptoms may include constipation, colicky pain, vomiting, and weight loss. Intestinal Pseudoobstruction may also affect speech, muscle activity, and the nervous system. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Intestinal Pseudoobstruction, Intestinal" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Giant Hypertrophic Gastritis is a chronic disorder characterized by the presence of large, coiled ridges or folds, in the inner wall of the stomach. Symptoms include abdominal pain or discomfort and tenderness in the upper middle region of the abdomen. Other symptoms may include a profound loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Giant Hypertrophic Gastritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is an immunosuppressive disorder caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The immune deficiency is a result of a viral infection and the destruction of specific T cells. Initially HIV infection is characterized by a period without symptoms. This may be followed by the development of swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy). Eventually most people with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome experience a progression of symptoms that occur as a result of a compromised immune system. When a person with AIDS has an intestinal infection with Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, the symptoms may be confused with those of Whipple's Disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "AIDS" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Whipple's Disease includes the use of antibiotics. Many different types have been helpful; e.g., tetracycline, chlortetracycline, sulfasalizine, ampicillin, trimethoprim, and penicillin. Other patients may be treated with a combination of antibiotics including tetracycline, streptomycin, and penicillin or trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Antibiotic therapy may be necessary for a few months to several years. In rare cases with severe symptoms associated with Whipple's Disease, corticosteroid drugs (e.g., prednisone) may be added to the antibiotic regimen.
Some people with severe intestinal malabsorption caused by Whipple's Disease may require the intravenous administration of fluids and electrolytes. Other patients may require iron, folate supplements, vitamin D, and calcium. Since most patients with this disorder suffer from malnutrition, the recommended diet is usually high in calories and protein. The diet should be monitored regularly by a physician.
While the symptoms of Whipple's Disease may improve rapidly with long-term antibiotic therapy, biopsy may reveal bacteria in the small intestine for up to two years. Whipple's Disease has been completely reversed by antibiotic therapy. The absence of bacilliform (rod shaped bacteria) in a biopsy sample of the small bowel typically suggests remission and possible cure.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Whipple's Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 698, 1560.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 16th Ed.: Robert Berkow Ed.; Merck Research Laboratories, 1992. Pp. 824-5, 829, 801.
GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE, 4TH Ed.; Marvin H. Sleisenger, M.D. et al.; W.B. Saunders Co., 1989. Pp. 1302-06.
WHIPPLE'S DISEASE, FAMILIAL MEDITERRANEAN FEVER, AND ADULT-ONSET STILL'S
DISEASE. A. McMenemy; Curr Opin Rheumatol (Aug 1991; 3(4)). Pp. 597-600.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE UNCULTURED BACILLUS OF WHIPPLE'S DISEASE. D.A.
Relman; N Engl J Med (Jul 30, 1992;327(5)). Pp. 293-301.
SHORT-TERM ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT IN WHIPPLE'S DISEASE. J.C. Bai; J Clin Gastroenterol (Jun 1991; 13(3)). Pp. 303-7.
Whipple's Disease
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824: Wieacker Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Wieacker Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Wieacker-Wolff Syndrome
WWS
Contractures of Feet, Muscle Atrophy, and Oculomotor Apraxia
Apraxia, Oculomotor, with Congenital Contractures and Muscle Atrophy
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Apraxia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Wieacker Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by deformities of the feet (contracture), muscle atrophy, mild mental retardation and impairment of the ability to move the eyes, face and tongue muscles despite the wish to do so.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Wieacker Syndrome include deformities of the feet (contracture), slowly progressive atrophy of certain muscles, and mild mental retardation. Other symptoms are impairment or inability to move the eyes despite the wish to do so, and impairment in the use of face and tongue muscles. Wieacker Syndrome affects males and is present at birth.
Causes
Wieacker Syndrome is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Affected Population
Wieacker Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder present at birth which affects males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Wieacker Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Apraxia is a disorder of brain function characterized by the inability to perform learned movement on command, even though the command is understood and there is a willingness to perform the movement. The affected individual has the physical ability to move, but can not. Apraxia is caused by a lesion in the neural pathways of the brain that contain the learned patterns of movement. It is often a symptom of other neurological disorders. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Apraxia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients with Wieacker Syndrome and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Physical therapy, surgery, speech therapy, and special education can be of benefit especially if started as early as possible.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers believe that Wieacker Syndrome originates from the long arm of the X chromosome. Genetic studies and research on this disorder are ongoing. Detection of the female carrier condition may be possible in some instances.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Wieacker Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1732.
A NEW X-LINKED SYNDROME WITH MUSCLE ATROPHY, CONGENITAL CONTRACTURES, AND
OCULOMOTOR APRAXIA. P. Wieacker, et al.; Am J Med Genet (Apr 1985; issue 20 (4)). Pp. 597-606.
CLOSE LINKAGE OF THE WIEACKER-WOLFF SYNDROME TO THE DNA SEGMENT DXYS IN
PROXIMAL Xq. P. Wieacker, et al.; Am J Med Genet (Sept 1987; issue 28 (1)). Pp. 245-253.
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446: Tyrosinemia, Hereditary
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hereditary Tyrosinemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Tyrosinemia, Hereditary, Hepatorenal Type
Tyrosyluria
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Acute Form Hereditary Tyrosinemia
Chronic Form Hereditary Tyrosinemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about the disorders, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tyrosinemia is a rare inborn error of metabolism involving the amino acid tyrosine associated with a lack of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase parahydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (p-HPPA) oxidase. The disorder is characterized by elevated levels of tyrosine and its metabolites (including succinylacetone) in the urine. It causes developmental delay and profound liver dysfunction, kidney problems, and liver cell cancer. There are often neurologic problems causing peripheral nerve palsy and paralysis.
Symptoms
The acute form of Tyrosinemia starts at birth, and is characterized by failure to thrive and liver enlargement with or without a distended abdomen. Vomiting, swelling (edema), fluid accumulation in the abdomen (dropsy or ascites), and moderate mental retardation may occur in at least half of the cases. Anemia, yellow tinted skin (jaundice), the passing of dark, bloody stools (melena), an enlarged spleen, blood in the urine (hematuria), diarrhea and spontaneous bruising (ecchymoses) occur in nearly one-third of patients with acute Tyrosinemia. The most serious complications involve neurologic crises.
The chronic form of hereditary Tyrosinemia occurs in a relatively smaller number of patients. Symptoms develop as a complication of kidney malfunction and may include softened bones (rickets) and a mild liver disease (cirrhosis). Mental retardation and other neurologic abnormalities may also occur. Liver cell cancer also occurs.
Causes
Tyrosinemia is a hereditary disorder probably transmitted by autosomal recessive genes. The genetic abnormality causes insufficient levels of the enzyme parahydroxyphenylperuvic acid (p-HPPA) oxidase. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Tyrosinemia in the acute form affects approximately one in 100,000 newborns in the United States. Both sexes are affected in equal numbers. The chronic form of this disorder affects far fewer patients than the acute form.
Therapies: Standard
Prenatal diagnosis of children at risk for Tyrosinemia can be made from identification of amniotic cells in the uterus with a reduced activity of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase or by detection of succinylacetone in amniotic fluid.
The intake of the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine must be restricted in the diet of patients with Tyrosinemia. Since these amino acids occur in all foods, the diet must be severely restricted and medical foods or formulas substituted. However, some forms of Tyrosinemia do not respond to dietary restrictions. There are several disorders that mimic Tyrosinemia. Proper diagnosis is essential before long-term dietary treatment is initiated. Liver transplantation has proven to be helpful for severely affected patients. Genetic counseling is highly recommended. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
A new drug is being studied for treatment of Hereditary Tyrosinemia. The drug called NTBC is manufactured by ICI and is being supplied by Professor Lindstedt of Gothenburg University in Sweden. For more information physicians may contact:
Professor Lindstedt
Dept. of Clinical Chemistry
Gothenburg University
Sahlgren's Hospital
S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hereditary Tyrosinemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Jess Thoene, M.D.
Department of Pediatrics
University of Michigan
School of Medicine
Ann Arbor, MI 48109
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.: McGraw-Hill, 1983. Pp. 288-394.
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF HEREDITARY TYROSINEMIA BY DETERMINATION OF
FUMARYLACETOACETASE IN CULTURED AMNIOTIC FLUID CELLS: E.A. Kvittingen, et al.; Pediatr Res (April 1985: issue 19,4). Pp. 334-337.
Neurologic Crises in Hereditary Tyrosinemia: G. Mitchell, et al.; N Eng J Med (February 15, 1990: issue 322, (7)). Pp. 432-437....
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Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
192: Urticaria Pigmentosa
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Urticaria Pigmentosa) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Xanthelasmoidea
Infantile Mastocytosis
Perstans Hemorrhagica Urticaria
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Papular Urticaria Pigmentosa
Nodular Urticaria Pigmentosa
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
The most common form of Urticaria Pigmentosa is the papular form which is characterized by itchiness, brown spots (macules), and smooth, slightly elevated areas of different color appearing on the skin. There is progression to pigmentation, followed by the formation of erythema (redness), and edema when the lesions are rubbed. In the nodular form of Urticaria Pigmentosa, scarring is especially prominent.
Symptoms
Characteristically, persons with Urticaria Pigmentosa have skin lesions which may be itchy due to an excess of mast cells in the skin. Malaise, anorexia (loss of appetite), abdominal pain, flatulence, diarrhea, and pain in the back, chest and joints also may be present.
Causes
The cause of Urticaria Pigmentosa is unknown. The disorder may be due to an allergic, pseudoleukemic, or metabolic disturbance. Most cells release histamine which causes many of the symptoms.
Affected Population
Onset of Urticaria Pigmentosa is generally in the first year of life. Lesions usually disappear by adolescence except when Systemic Mastocytosis is present (see section on related disorders).
Related Disorders
In Systemic Mastocytosis there are multiple confluent spots, papules and nodules in the skin, and pigmentation may be less. Extensive involvement of the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and rectum, and enlargement of the spleen, liver and lymph nodes also may be present. Edema and shock-like episodes may also occur.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Urticaria Pigmentosa is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Urticaria Pigmentosa has been treated experimentally with oral disodium cromoglycate, the H-2 antihistamine cimetidine (sometimes combined with the H-1 antihistamine chlorpheniramine or the anticholinergic drug propantheline) and with ketotifen.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Urticaria Pigmentosa, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 310.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1948-51, 2334-5.
Urticaria Pigmentosa
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
249: Urticaria, Cholinergic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Cholinergic Urticaria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing for alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report.
Physical Urticaria
Papular Urticaria
Contact Dermatitis
Aquagenic Urticaria
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Cholinergic Urticaria is a skin disorder caused by sensitivity to heat, emotional stress, or exercise in susceptible individuals. It is characterized by red spots (erythema) resembling hives, itching (pruritus), and possibly abdominal cramps, diarrhea, faintness, weakness and sweating.
Symptoms
The main symptoms of Cholinergic Urticaria are bright red spots (macules) on the skin, itching (pruritus), and hives which are usually 2-5 cm in diameter. Round white ridges form in the center of the macules. These lesions grow together into large red areas. Swelling of eyelids, lips, hands and feet can occur. Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, faintness, weakness and sweating may also be present.
Causes
Cholinergic Urticaria may result from hypersensitivity to heat such as hot baths, warm rooms and exposure to the sun. Eating hot foods, physical exercise, excitement (any stimulation that causes sweating), and possibly hypersensitivity to acetylcholine, are other causes of Cholinergic Urticaria.
Related Disorders
Physical Urticaria is a condition in which red allergic hives with itching are produced by exposure to cold temperatures, water or mild trauma. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Physical Urticaria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Papular Urticaria, more commonly known as "hives", is characterized by local elevated ridges (wheals) and redness of the skin, with itching, usually triggered by insect bites, sensitivity to drugs or other environmental causes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Papular Urticaria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Contact Dermatitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the skin, often sharply demarcated, produced by substances in contact with the skin to which a person is allergic. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Contact Dermatitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Aquagenic Urticaria is a condition in which red hives with itching are produced by contact with water.
Therapies: Standard
The use of drugs or cosmetics should be reviewed with the patient, particularly if sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity) is suspected. Protection from the cause of the Urticaria is necessary. When photosensitivity is present, avoidance of sunlight is important. The patient should wear protective clothing such as a hat and a long-sleeved shirt when outdoors on a sunny day. Sunscreen preparations may be helpful. For relief of itching, an antihistamine may be of benefit.
Hydroxyzine (Atarax) is the preferred drug for Cholinergic urticaria. Anticholinergic drugs are ineffective at tolerable doses.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Cholinergic Urticaria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Allergy and Asthma Foundation of America
1835 K Street, N.W., Suite P-900
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 293-2950
Allergy Information Association
25 Poynter Dr., Suite 7
Weston, Ontario, MR9 1K8
Canada
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-5717
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1948-51, 2334-5.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 311-2.
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565: Urticaria, Cold
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Cold Urticaria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Idiopathic Cold Urticaria (Familial or Acquired)
Primary Idiopathic Cold Urticaria
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Raynaud's Disease
Cold Agglutinin Disease
Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Cold Urticaria is a chronic, reactive skin disorder. It is probably the most common form of physical urticaria. Major symptoms may include abnormal reddening of the skin (erythema), hives and itching after exposure of the skin to cold temperatures.
Symptoms
In Cold Urticaria the skin has an abnormal reaction to cold. The skin usually turns red, develops welts and itching. This may be accompanied by fever, headache, anxiety, tiredness, and sometimes even fainting. Some persons may also have palpitations or wheezing.
Idiopathic Cold Urticaria may be familial or acquired. Familial Cold Urticaria is a rare condition inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. It consists of burning red skin patches which develop approximately thirty minutes after being exposed to cold weather. This condition may persist for up to forty-eight hours after exposure. It may be accompanied by fever, headache, tiredness, pain in the joints (arthralgia) and the presence of excessive white blood cells (leucocytosis) in the blood.
Acquired Cold Urticaria consists of Primary Acquired Cold Urticaria, Delayed Cold Urticaria, Localized Cold Urticaria, Reflex Cold Urticaria or Secondary Cold Urticaria, which are explained below:
Primary Acquired Cold Urticaria can occur five to thirty minutes after exposure to cold. The reaction may occur in the cold itself, but more often during the rewarming phase. Itching and reddening of the skin may develop first, followed by a burning sensation. Hives appear, usually lasting thirty minutes. The affected person may also experience headache, palpitations, wheezing or fainting.
Delayed Cold Urticaria may appear several hours after contact with the cold.
Localized Cold Urticaria has been reported to occur after exposure to cold at the sites of previous ragweed injections for allergies or ladybug bites.
Reflex Cold Urticaria is characterized by widespread appearance of welts occuring in response to a drop in body temperature after localized exposure to cold applications (e.g. an ice pack).
Secondary Cold Urticaria can occur in connection with various blood disorders associated with viral infections such as Mononucleosis or Syphilis.
Causes
Cold Urticaria can occur for unknown (idiopathic) reasons, or it may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
It may also be a disease of the autoimmune system. (Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies) against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack perfectly healthy tissue.)
Exposure of the skin to cold triggers symptoms of the disorder such as cold weather, swimming in cold water or even a cold bath.
Affected Population
Cold Urticaria affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Cold Urticaria. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Raynaud's Disease is a vascular disorder that is triggered by exposure to cold. It is characterized by spasms of blood vessels occurring especially in the fingers and toes. Intermittent attacks of pain, pallor or blue coloring (cyanosis) of the fingers or toes are precipitated by exposure to cold or by emotional upsets. The attacks last for minutes to hours, but are rarely severe enough to result in tissue loss. Rewarming the affected digits results in normal blood circulation and a return to normal color and sensation. Onset usually occurs in the first or second decade of life. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Raynaud" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cold Agglutination Disease is a blood disorder which occurs when the temperature of the blood is below body temperature. It is most pronounced below 25 C. Although it is seen occasionally in the blood of apparently healthy persons, it is more frequent in individuals with scarlet fever, staphylococcal infections, primary atypical pneumonia, certain hemolytic anemias, and trypanosomiasis.
Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria is a disorder that makes the red blood corpuscles abnormally susceptible to antibodies which try to destroy them. It is triggered by exposure to cold. (For more information on thia disorder, chooose "Hemoglobinuria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Cold Urticaria may include the use of the drugs epinephrine, diphenhydramine, cyproheptadine, hydrochloride and cetirizine. Symptoms may be prevented with the use of warm clothing during cold weather. The avoidance of cold baths, swimming in cold water, etc., is recommended since loss of consciousness may occur, possibly resulting in drowning.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Cold Urticaria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Asthma & Allergy Foundation of America
1717 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 305
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 265-0265
For information about Raynaud's Disease only:
Raynaud's Association Trust
c/o Bladon Crescent
Alsager, Cheshire 5T7 2BG
England
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 945, 1058.
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD-INDUCED SYSTEMIC REACTIONS IN THIS
COMPLICATION AND A PROPOSAL FOR A DIAGNOSTIC CLASSIFICATION OF COLD
URTICARIA. A.A. Wanderer, et al.; J Allergy Clin Immunol (September, 1986, issue 78 (3 Pt. 1)). Pp. 417-423.
COLD URTICARIA: RELEASE INTO THE CIRCULATION OF HISTAMINE AND EOSINOPHIL
CHEMOTACTIC FACTOR OF ANAPHYLAXIS DURING COLD CHALLENGE. N.A. Soter, et al.; N Engl J Med (March, 1975, issue 294 (13)). Pp. 687-690.
INHIBITING EFFECT OF CETIRIZINE ON HISTAMINE-INDUCED AND 48/80-INDUCED WHEALS AND FLARES, EXPERIMENTAL DERMOGRAPHISM, AND COLD-INDUCED URTICARIA.
L. Juhlin et al.; J Allergy Clin Immunol (October, 1987, issue 80, (4)). Pp. 599-602.
Urticaria, Cold
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248: Urticaria, Papular
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Papular Urticaria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Urticaria
Giant Urticaria
Hives
Lichen Urticatus
Angioneurotic Edema
Angioedema
Quincke Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Papular Urticaria, more commonly known as "hives", is characterized by local elevated ridges (wheals) and redness (erythema) of the skin. This condition is usually triggered by allergic reactions to insect bites, sensitivity to drugs, or other environmental causes.
Symptoms
The first symptom of Papular Urticaria is usually itching (pruritus). This is followed shortly by the appearance of elevated ridges (wheals) that may remain small or become large. The larger wheals tend to be clear in the center, and may be noticed first as large rings of erythema and edema. Ordinarily, crops of hives come and go. A lesion may remain for several hours, then disappear only to reappear elsewhere.
Angioedema is a more diffuse swelling of loose tissue under the skin usually affecting the back of hands or feet, lips, genitalia and mucous membranes. Swelling (edema) of the upper airway may produce respiratory distress, and the high-pitched tone of difficult breathing may be mistaken for asthma.
Causes
Acute Papular Urticaria and Angioedema are essentially exaggerated allergic reactions limited to the skin and tissues right under the skin (subcutaneous tissues). They may be caused by a drug allergy, insect stings or bites, desensitization injections (allergy shots) or ingestion of certain foods (particularly eggs, shellfish, nuts or fruits) by people who are allergic to these substances. In some cases (such as reactions to strawberries) the reaction may occur only after overindulgence, and possibly result from direct toxic histamine release into the blood. Papular Urticaria may accompany, or even be the first symptom of various virus infections including hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, or German measles (rubella). Some acute reactions are unexplained, even when recurrent. If acute Angioedema is recurrent, progressive, and never associated with Urticaria, a hereditary enzyme deficiency should be suspected.
Affected Population
Children from 2 to 7 years are most commonly affected by Papular Urticaria, especially in the summertime when the insect population increases. It is more rare in adults, perhaps in part because adults learn to avoid substances and conditions to which they are allergic.
Related Disorders
Physical Urticaria is a condition in which red allergic skin lesions and itching are produced by exposure to cold temperatures, water or mild trauma.
Cholinergic Urticaria is a condition characterized by red spots on the skin, itching and possibly abdominal cramps, diarrhea, faintness, weakness and sweating. It is caused by sensitivity to heat, sunlight, exercise, etc. For more information on these disorders and other types of urticaria, choose "Urticaria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Acute Papular Urticaria is a self-limited condition that generally subsides in 1 to 7 days. Therefore, treatment is chiefly symptomatic. If the cause is not obvious, all nonessential medication should be stopped until the reaction has subsided. Symptoms such as itching and swelling can usually be relieved with an oral antihistamine. Corticosteroids (e.g. prednisone) may be necessary for the more severe reactions, particularly when associated with angioedema. Topical corticosteroids are of no value. Epinephrine should be the first treatment for acute pharyngeal or laryngeal angioedema. This may be supplemented with local (topical) treatment (e.g. nebulized epinephrine) and an intravenous antihistamine. This usually prevents airway obstruction, but making an opening in the trachea (tracheotomy) and oxygen may be necessary.
Although the specific cause of chronic Papular Urticaria can seldom be identified and removed, spontaneous remissions usually occur within 2 years in 50% of cases. Control of stressful life situations often helps. Certain drugs (e.g. aspirin) may aggravate symptoms, as can alcoholic beverages, coffee and tobacco. If so, they should be avoided. When Urticaria is produced by aspirin, sensitivity to related compounds, as well as certain food coloring additives, should be investigated.
Oral antihistamines are beneficial in most cases. All reasonable measures should be used before resorting to corticosteroids, which are frequently effective, but have significant side effects after chronic use. A few patients with intractable Urticaria are also found to have a hyperthyroid condition.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Papular Urticaria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Allergy and Asthma Foundation of America
1835 K Street N.W., Suite P-900
Washington, D.C. 20006
(202) 293-2950
Allergy Information Association
25 Poynter Dr., Suite 7
Weston, Ontario, MR9 1K8
Canada
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1948-51.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 308.
Urticaria, Papular
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250: Urticaria, Physical
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Physical Urticaria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cold Urticaria
Dermographism
Dermatographia
Autographism
Physical Allergy
Aquagenic Urticaria
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Physical urticaria is a condition in which red (erythematous) allergic skin lesions and itching (pruritus) are produced by exposure to cold temperatures, water, or mild trauma. The disorder occurs most commonly in infants.
Symptoms
The most common symptoms of Physical Urticaria are itching (pruritus) and hives consisting of red rings around white ridges (wheals). Sensitivity to cold is usually manifested by these eruptions on the skin, itching, and swelling under the skin (angioedema). These symptoms develop most typically after exposure to cold is terminated and during or after swimming or bathing. Contraction of the muscles around the bronchi (bronchospasm) and even histamine-mediated shock may occur in extreme cases. If this happens during swimming, drowning may present a danger.
Sensitivity to cold can be passively transferred with serum that contains a specific immunoglobulin (IgE) antibody, suggesting an allergic reaction involving a physically altered skin protein as the cause of the allergic reaction. The serum of a few patients with cold-induced symptoms of Physical Urticaria contains cryoglobulins or cryofibrinogen; these abnormal proteins can also be associated with a serious underlying disorder such as a malignancy, a collagen vascular disease, or chronic infection. Cold may aggravate asthma or vasomotor rhinitis, but Cold Urticaria is independent of any other known allergic tendencies.
Dermatographia, dermographism or autographism, can be demonstrated by scratching or firmly stroking the skin. Occasionally it is the first sign of an urticarial drug reaction. Physical Urticaria has also occurred following persistent vibration of the skin, and even after exposure to water (aquagenic urticaria).
Causes
The underlying cause of Physical Urticaria is unknown in most cases. It tends to occur in families, suggesting a possible genetic transmission.
Affected Population
Cold Urticaria occurs most often in infants, although it sometimes occurs in adults.
Related Disorders
Cholinergic Urticaria is a condition characterized by red spots on the skin, hives, itching and sometimes abdominal cramps, diarrhea, faintness, weakness and sweating. It is caused by sensitivity to heat, sunlight, exercise, etc.
Papular Urticaria, more commonly known as "hives", is characterized by local elevated ridges (wheals) and redness (erythema) of the skin, usually caused by allergic reactions to insect bites , sensitivity to drugs or other environmental causes.
Aquagenic Urticaria is an itching condition caused by exposure to water.
Contact Dermatitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the skin, often sharply demarcated, produced by substances in contact with the skin to which a person is allergic.
For more information on these disorders, choose "Urticaria" and "Contact Dermatitis" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Protection from the physical cause of the allergy is necessary. Symptoms such as itching and swelling can usually be relieved with an oral antihistamine.
Aquagenic Urticaria can be effectively treated with injections of intramuscular Triamcinolone Acetonide, a systemic steroid, that eliminates itching for several months before treatment is again necessary.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials are underway to study allergic reactions to Aspartame and to describe their reactions. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. Andrew Saxon
UCLA School of Medicine
10833 LeConte Ave., Rm. 52-175
Los Angeles, CA 825-3718
(213) 825-3718
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Physical Urticaria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Allergy and Asthma Foundation of America
1835 K Street N.W., Suite P-900
Washington, D.C. 20006
(202) 293-2950
Allergy Information Association
25 Poynter Dr., Suite 7
Weston, Ontario MR9 1K8
Canada
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 311.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1948-51, 2334-5.
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529: Usher's Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Usher Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hereditary Deafness-Retinitis Pigmentosa
Retinitis Pigmentosa and Congenital Deafness
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Type I Usher
Type II Usher
Type III Usher
Type IV Usher
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Hallgren Syndrome
Alstrom Syndrome
Rubella
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Usher's Syndrome is a genetic disorder primarily characterized by deafness accompanied by Retinitis Pigmentosa, a disorder that causes progressive loss of vision. The age at which the disorder appears as well as severity of symptoms distinguishes the four types of Usher's Syndrome.
Symptoms
Usher's Syndrome is characterized by nerve deafness (sensorineural hearing loss) as well as Retinitis Pigmentosa, a disorder that causes degeneration of the retina leading to progressive loss of vision. The nerve deafness may be complete or mild, and usually does not progress. The Retinitis Pigmentosa can begin during childhood or later in life. Studies show that clear central vision may be maintained for many years even while side (peripheral) vision decreases. In some cases, these symptoms may be accompanied by mental deficiencies, psychosis, disturbances in walking related to inner ear problems, or cataracts.
Type I Usher's Syndrome is characterized by complete hearing loss at birth, vision problems beginning at approximately the age of ten, development of night blindness at approximately twenty years of age, and progressive loss of peripheral vision.
Type II Usher's Syndrome is identified by moderate to complete hearing loss at birth, and the onset of Retinitis Pigmentosa during the late teens or early twenties. Night blindness usually begins during the late twenties or thirties.
Type III Usher's Syndrome usually begins at puberty with progressive hearing loss. Retinitis Pigmentosa begins much later in life.
Type IV Usher's Syndrome predominately affects males and is also characterized by hearing loss and progressive vision disturbances. This is an extremely rare form of Usher's Syndrome and is thought to be inherited as an X-Linked trait.
Causes
Usher's Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in types I, II and III. Type IV Usher's Syndrome is thought to be inherited as an X-Linked recessive trait.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
The exact reason for the hearing and vision loss in Usher's Syndrome is not well understood. Persons with Usher Syndrome may have a hypersensitivity to compounds which could damage chromosomal components known as DNA. This suggests a defective DNA repair mechanism. Immune system disturbances are also thought to be associated with Usher Syndrome, although the exact process is not well understood.
In 1989 researchers discovered the chromosome marker for Type II Usher Syndrome. This is expected to lead to the isolation of the genes that cause this disorder, identification of gene carriers, and perhaps, prenatal tests.
Affected Population
Usher's Syndrome affects approximately five to ten in 100,000 people worldwide. Higher than normal numbers of people with Usher's Syndrome have been found among Jewish people in Berlin, Germany; French Canadians of Louisiana; Argentineans of Spanish descent; and Nigerian Africans.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Usher Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hallgren Syndrome is also known as Graefe-Sjogren Syndrome. Deafness at birth is accompanied by progressive vision impairment including nystagmus and cataracts. Additional symptoms are psychomotor retardation, vestibulocerebellar ataxia, mental deficiency and psychosis.
Alstrom Syndrome is an inherited disorder characterized by retinal degeneration with nystagmus and loss of central vision. This disorder is associated with obesity in childhood. Nerve deafness and Diabetes Mellitus tend to develop after the age of ten years.
Rubella is more commonly known as German measles. This acute viral disorder is of concern when contracted during the first three months of pregnancy because it can cause fetal abnormalities. These abnormalities may include hearing loss and/or vision disturbances as well as developmental malformations. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Measles" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The following disorder is associated with Usher's Syndrome as a symptom complex. It is not necessary for a differential diagnosis because it may start years after onset of nerve deafness.
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is one of a group of inherited eye diseases causing degeneration of the retina. When the retina degenerates, as in RP, the vision decreases and may occasionally be lost. Retinitis Pigmentosa may be associated with other symptoms such as central nervous system disorders, metabolic disorders and even chromosomal abnormalities such as Turner's Syndrome. (For more information on these disorders, choose "RP" and "Turner" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Usher's Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Agencies which provide services to individuals with hearing and vision loss can be helpful. Surgery to remove cataracts in conjunction with intraocular lens implantation may improve vision problems in some cases. Genetic counseling is recommended for patients and their families.
It is important to identify as early as possible whether a deaf child may have Usher's Syndrome. If vision loss occurs later in life, teaching a child sign language may have little value as a communication aid during adulthood. Therefore, educational methods and options should be chosen carefully during school years.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are currently studying Usher's Syndrome to identify the location of the defective gene and a chromosomal marker. Once this gene is identified, researchers may then be able to develop effective treatment.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Usher's Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
RP Foundation Fighting Blindness
1401 Mt. Royal Avenue
Baltimore, MD 21217
(800) 638-2300
(301) 225-9400
Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf
3417 Volta, NW
Washington, DC 20007
(202) 337-5220
For Trained Hearing Dogs:
American Humane Association
P.O. Box 1266
Denver, CO 80201
Deafness Research Foundation
55 East 34th Street
New York, NY 10016
(212) 684-6556
National Information Center on Deafness
Gallaudet College
Kendall Green
Washington, DC 20002
voice & tdd phone (202) 651-5109
American Society for Deaf Children
814 Thayer Avenue
Silver Spring, MD 20910
(301) 585-5400 Voice/TTY
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
NIH/National Institute of Deafness & Other Communication Disorders
(NIDCD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
National Federation of the Blind
1800 Johnson Street
Baltimore, MD 21230
(301) 659-9314
1-800-638-7518
American Council of the Blind, Inc. (ACB)
1155 - 15th St., NW, Suite 720
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 467-5081
(800) 424-8666
American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)
15 W. 16th St.
New York, NY 10011
(212) 620-2000
Regional offices:
Atlanta, GA (404) 525-2303
Chicago, IL (312) 245-9961
Dallas, TX (214) 352-7222
San Francisco, CA (415) 392-4845
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
This Rare Disease Database entry is based upon outlines prepared by medical and dental students (1984-1986) at the Medical College of Virginia for their course in human genetics, and the following articles:
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1293, 1450.
FIGHTING BLINDNESS NEWS, RP Foundation Fighting Blindness; Winter 1987-1988 Newsletter. Pp. 2-4.
RADIATION SENSITIVITY OF FIBROBLAST STRAINS FROM PATIENTS WITH USHER'S
SYNDROME, DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, AND HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE: J. Nove, et al.; Mutat Res (July 1987, issue 184(1) ). Pp. 29-38.
USHER'S SYNDROME. OPHTHALMIC AND NEURO-OTOLOGIC FINDINGS SUGGESTING
GENETIC HETEROGENEITY: G.A. Fishman, et al.; Arch Ophthalmol (September 1983, issue 101(9) ). Pp. 1367-74.
CATARACT EXTRACTION AND INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH
RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA OR USHER'S SYNDROME: D.A. Newsome, et al.; Arch Ophthalmol (June 1986, issue 104(6)). Pp. 852-854.
Usher's Syndrome
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486: VACTERL Association
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (VACTERL Association) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
VACTERL Syndrome
VACTERL Association
VACTERL is the acronym for: (V)ertebral anomalies, (A)nal atresia, congenital (C)ardiac disease, (T)racheo(E)sophageal fistula, (R)enal anomalies, radial dysplasia, and other (L)imb defects
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
VATER Association : (V)ertebral defects, (A)nal atresia, (T)racheoesophageal fistula with (E)sophageal atresia, and (R)adial dysplasia.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
REAR Syndrome
Townes-Brocks Syndrome
Holt-Oram Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
VACTERL Association is an acronym for (V)ertebral anomalies, (A)nal atresia, congenital (C)ardiac disease, (T)racheo(E)sophageal fistula, (R)enal anomalies, radial dysplasia, and other (L)imb defects. Abnormalities are present at birth. Symptoms occur in various combinations and can be manifestations of several recognized disorders. Related disorders such as the VATER Association and the REAR Syndrome, which are composed of some of the same symptoms, have been expanded into the VACTERL Association. Nearly all cases have occurred sporadically, although some familial cases have been identified. Occasionally, other abnormalities may accompany this association of symptoms.
Symptoms
Vertebral anomalies of the VACTERL Association can include divided spinal disks, incomplete or half-developed spinal disks, and developmental abnormalities of the tailbone (sacrum) which is the lowest section of the vertebral column comprising part of the pelvis.
The absence of a normal opening (atresia) in the anus can also occur. Abnormal passages from hollow organs to the body surface or to another organ (fistulas) can develop between the lower section of the rectum and the urethra (in males), or the vagina (in females). Fistulas may occasionally be found in conjunction with congenital absence of the anus, usually in the upper section of the rectum.
The most common heart (cardiac) abnormality is Ventricular Septal Defect, which is a congenital defect in the wall (septum) between the two ventricles of the heart, usually resulting from failure of the spiral septum to close the interventricular aperture (foramen) normally. (For more information on this disorder, please choose "Ventricular Septal Defect" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Abnormal passages or openings (fistulas) can also occur between the windpipe (trachea) and/or upper digestive tract (tracheo-esophageal fistula). Occasionally, the esophagus may be absent at birth.
The most common kidney abnormality is the inborn absence (agenesis) of the kidneys. In other cases, the kidney tissue may be over-developed.
Radial limb dysplasia includes any defect involving the radial side of the arm such as underdevelopment of the thumb, the presence of three bones (triphalangeal) in the thumb instead of the normal two, the presence of extra fingers on one hand (polydactyly), and/or absence of some of the fingers.
Some persons with VACTERL Association may not grow at a normal rate, but mental development is usually normal.
Causes
VACTERL Association is a combination of developmental abnormalities which are thought to occur sporadically. However, some scientists believe some cases to be genetic. Abnormalities are presumed to be defects in the middle (mesodermal) of three primary layers of the embryo during fetal development due to a variety of causes.
Affected Population
VACTERL Association is a very rare combination of developmental abnormalities which affects males in slightly greater numbers than females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of VACTERL Association. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
REAR Syndrome is an acronym for (R)enal anomalies, deformed external (E)ars and perceptive deafness, (A)nal stenosis, and (R)adial dysplasia. Underdeveloped kidneys are the most common renal abnormalities. The external ears are abnormally developed and deafness is present at birth. The anus is constricted or smaller than normal and other anal abnormalities can also occur. Abnormal tissue development is present in the area of the bone in the forearm (radius) or upper arm.
Townes-Brocks Syndrome is characterized by the congenital lack of an anal opening in association with hand, foot and ear abnormalities. An extra joint in the thumb (triphalangeal thumb) and/or an extra thumb can be present. In the feet, fusion of the long bones (metatarsals) may occur, or some bones may be absent. External ears can be abnormally large or "lopping" and mild sensorineural deafness can occur.
Holt-Oram Syndrome, also known as Atriodigital Dysplasia or Heart-Hand Syndrome, is a genetic disorder comprised of atrial septal defect in association with hand and forearm deformities.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of VACTERL Association by successive surgical rehabilitation of malformations is often useful. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
The Titanium Rib Project is underway to implant expandable ribs in patients with disorders involving missing, underdeveloped or otherwise malformed rib cages, ribs or chest walls. Absent areas due to surgery or birth defects, fused ribs or hypoplastic chests may be improved using the titanium ribs which can be expanded as the child grows. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Robert Campbell
Santa Rosa Children's Hospital
519 W. Houston St.
San Antonio, TX 78207-3198
(512) 567-5125
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on VACTERL Association, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Center for Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 67, 752.
A POPULATION STUDY OF THE VACTERL ASSOCIATION: EVIDENCE FOR ITS
ETIOLOGIC HETEROGENEITY: M.J. Khoury, et al.; Pediatrics (May 1983, issue 71(5)). Pp. 815-820.
TRACHEAL AGENESIS AND ASSOCIATED MALFORMATIONS: A COMPARISON WITH
TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA AND THE VACTERL ASSOCIATION: J.A. Evans, et al.; Am J Med Genet (May 1985, issue 21(1)). Pp. 21-38.
TOWNES SYNDROME. A DISTINCT MULTIPLE MALFORMATION SYNDROME RESEMBLING
VACTERL ASSOCIATION: J.H. Hersh, et al.; Clin Pediatr (Phila) (February 1986, issue 25(2)). Pp. 100-102.
VACTERL Association
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627: Valinemia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Valinemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hypervalinemia
Valine Transaminase Deficiency
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Valinemia is a very rare metabolic disorder. It is characterized by elevated levels of the amino acid valine in the blood and urine caused by a deficiency of the enzyme valine transaminase. This enzyme is needed in the breakdown (metabolism) of valine. Infants with valinemia usually have a lack of appetite, vomit frequently, and fail to thrive. Low muscle tone (hypotonia) and hyperactivity also occur.
Symptoms
Valinemia is usually present at birth. Symptoms include lack of appetite, frequent vomiting, and failure to thrive. The levels of the amino acid valine in the blood and urine are elevated. Abnormally low muscle tone, excessive drowsiness, and/or hyperactivity can also occur. A diet low in valine introduced during early infancy usually improves symptoms of valinemia, and lowers the valine concentrations in the blood to normal levels.
Causes
Valinemia is thought to be a genetic disorder inherited through recessive genes. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If a person receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, he or she will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is 25 percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Valinemia is a very rare disorder, occurring in less than 200 persons in the United States. It is present in affected infants at birth.
Therapies: Standard
Valinemia is treated by following a diet low in the amino acid valine with appropriate monitoring to avoid symptoms of valine deficiency.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Valinemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
A SIBSHIP WITH HYPERVALINEMIA: O.S. Reddi, et al.; Human Genet (2 November 1977: issue 39(1)). Pp. 139-142.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 450-451.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 1294....
Valinemia
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686: Varicella Zoster Virus
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Varicella Zoster Virus) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Chickenpox
Shingles-herpes Zoster
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Herpes Simplex (Cold Sores, Fever Blisters and Genital Herpes)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
The varicella-zoster virus is a common herpes virus that causes chickenpox during childhood, and shingles (herpes zoster) during adulthood.
Symptoms
The varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox in children. After exposure to, the virus, the incubation period is between 11 to 21 days. The severity of the chickenpox ranges from a slight rash to many hundreds of blisters and a fever as high as 105 degrees F. Chickenpox symptoms begin with a slight fever, sore throat, runny nose and a general feeling of discomfort. This precedes the rash by a few days.
The rash first appears on the back and chest, quickly covering the body. Spots may also appear in the mucous membranes such as those of the mouth, vagina or in the ears. The rash develops quickly into clear, oval blisters of various sizes. These soon become cloudy in color and within three to four days turn to scabs. It may take another week for the scabs to fall off.
After the rash first appears, it will continue to erupt for three to four days, and is often very itchy. During this time, and until all the lesions are scabbed over a child with chickenpox is still contagious, and should be kept isolated.
Chickenpox dan be life-threatening to children with a compromised immune system such as cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, or asthmatics taking steroid drugs for prolonged periods.
Shingles (herpes zoster) occurs when the varicella-zoster virus is re-activated for unknown reasons. It is a non-seasonal infection occuring most often in older people and in those whose immune system is suppressed. Non immune individuals, especially children, may develop chickenpox after contact with a person who has active herpes-zoster virus. Shingles first appears as a rash, similar to chickenpox, but finer in appearance. The rash usually occurs on one side of the body or face, in an area involving one particular spinal nerve. The nerve pain (neuralgia), can persist for several months or even years. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Shingles" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Causes
The varicella-zoster virus is a member of the herpes virus family. It is transmitted in the form of airborne droplets.
Affected Population
Chickenpox affects males and females in equal numbers. It is most common in between the ages of 5 and 9. Shingles usually occurs in adults over the age of 50. These disorders are very prevalent in the United States and throughout the world.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Varicella Zoster Virus. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Cold Sore and Fever Blisters are a common, recurrent infection by the herpes simplex virus. There are two types of Herpes Simplex. Type 1 causes infections around the lips and in the cornea. It is characterized by the appearance on the skin or mucous membranes of clusters of small blisters, filled with clear fluid on slightly red bases. Type 2 usually affects the genital area and is transmitted primarily by direct contact with lesions, most often during sexual intercourse. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Herpes Simplex" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
There is no specific treatment for Chickenpox. However, Calamine lotion has a soothing and drying effect on the rash and an antihistamine drug may be prescribed to reduce the itchiness. It is most important to keep the patient from scratching the blisters and scabs, because scarring and further infection can result. Acetaminophen, given every 4 hours will help reduce the fever and headache. Aspirin should NOT be given to children with Chickenpox because it can cause Reye's Syndrome. (For more information concerning this disorder, choose "Reye" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
There is no specific treatment for Shingles. Anesthetic medications for the rash, and aspirin or other analgesics for the nerve pain may be prescribed. Corticosteroids (if given early), may relieve pain in severe cases. Locally applied wet compresses may be soothing.
For immunosuppressed patients, antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir and vidarabine have been used, with acyclovir found to be the most effective. Until a vaccine for chicken pox becomes commercially available, children with a compromised immune system should guard against exposure to the Varicella Zoster Virus.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials are being conducted on the experimental drug Arabinosyl adenine (ARA-A) for treatment of Herpes Zoster (Shingles). A Chicken Pox vaccine is being tested by Merck, Sharp & Dohme. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Shingles" in the Rare Disease Database.
Scientists are studying the effectiveness of the antiviral drug, acyclovir, in the treatment of children with Chicken Pox. The drug seems to speed up the recovery time of patients with the disease.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Varicella Zoster Virus, please contact
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 303332
(404) 639-3534
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301)496-5717
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Section 7; Merle A Sande, M.D.; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1605.
THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS COMPLETE HOME
MEDICAL GUIDE, Stephen Atwood, M.D.; Crown Publishers Inc., 1985. Pp. 222.
THE WORLD BOOK MEDICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA, Your Guide To Good Health; Stuart Levin, M.D., World Book Inc., 1988. Pp. 172.
HISTORY, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION. SE Strauss, et al.; ANN INTERN MED (February, 1988 (August 29, 1988, issue 198(2)). Pp. 221-237.
CURRENT THERAPY OF VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTION IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
PATIENTS. A COMPARISON OF ACYCLOVIR AND VIDARBINE. DH Shepp et al.; AM J MED 1988 (August 29, 1988; issue 85(2A)). Pp.96-98
IMMUNIZATION OF HEALTHY ADULTS WITH LIVE ATTENUATED VARICELLA VACCINE.
AA Gershon et al.; J INFECT DIS (July 1988; issue 158(1)). Pp. 132-13.
LIVE ATTENUATED VARICELLA VACCINE IN HEALTHY 12-to-24 MONTH OLD CHILDREN. CE Johnson et al.; PEDIATRICS (April 1988; issue 81(4)). Pp. 512-518.
Varicella Zoster Virus
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$Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
642: Vascular Malformations of the Brain
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Vascular Malformations of the Brain) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Intracranial Vascular Malformations
Occult Intracranial Vascular Malformations
Cerebral Malformations
Disorder Subdivisions:
Arteriovenous Malformations
Cavernous Malformations
Venous Malformations
Telangiectasias
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Moyamoya Disease
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Vascular Malformations of the Brain are conditions that affect the blood vessels in the brain. They may be classified into four groups: Arteriovenous Malformations (abnormal arteries and veins), Cavernous Malformations (enlarged blood-filled spaces), Venous Malformations (abnormal veins), and the Telangiectasias (enlarged capillary-sized vessels). Symptoms and progression of these disorders vary with the type and severity of the malformations.
Symptoms
Vascular Malformations of the Brain may cause headaches, seizures, strokes, or bleeding in the brain (cerebral hemorrhage). Some researchers believe that the type of malformation determines the symptoms and progression of the disease. Other researchers believe that only the severity rather than the type of malformation is important.
Arteriovenous Malformations or AVM's affect arteries, veins, and middle-sized vessels but not capillaries. These blood vessels are enlarged and twisted. Arteries and veins may be connected directly instead of being connected through fine capillaries. (For more information on this disorder choose "Arteriovenous" for your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Cavernous Malformations consist of abnormally enlarged collections of blood-filled spaces. Cavernous Malformations may also be called Cavernous Angiomas or Cavernous Hemangiomas.
Venous Malformations involve only the veins; they vary in size but do not involve the arteries. The veins may be enlarged and twisted. These abnormal veins may compensate for a lack of normal veins in another area of the brain.
Telangiectasias result from enlarged openings (dilation) of capillary-sized vessels. Telangiectasias may occur on the face, eyes, membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (meninges), and mucous membranes (the thin moist layer lining the body's internal surfaces).
Causes
The cause of Vascular Malformations of the Brain may be either congenital or acquired. It may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable expression and incomplete penetrance.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child. Incomplete penetrance means that all characteristics of a particular trait may not be manifested in all those who inherit the gene.
Malformations may also be the result of an injury or trauma. Symptoms may appear because the injured blood vessels may have very small malformations or lesions, a blood clot (thrombosis) may slow the blood flow, or slight bleeding may effect nearby tissues in the brain.
Affected Population
Vascular Malformations of the Brain affect males and females in equal numbers. A hereditary form of Cavernous Malformations tends to occur more frequently in Mexican-Americans. Arteriovenous Malformations occur more frequently in males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Vascular Malformations of the Brain. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Cerebrovascular Accidents (Strokes) occur because the blood supply to the brain has been cut off or decreased.
Thrombotic strokes occur when a clot has narrowed or completely closed an artery in the neck or head. This is usually the result of the buildup of fat-containing materials and calcium (plaque) on the inner linings of the blood vessels (atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries).
Embolic strokes occur when a clot breaks away from a diseased artery in another part of the body or the heart and clogs a smaller artery in the brain.
Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a blood vessel ruptures in or around the brain, depriving that area of circulating blood.
Each type of stroke has its own symptoms, progression, and prognosis. Clumsiness, headaches, speech difficulties, weakness or paralysis of one or both sides of the body may occur. Stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and loss of consciousness are also common symptoms.
Moyamoya Disease is a progressive disease that effects blood vessels in the brain (cerebrovascular). It is characterized by narrowing and/or closing of the main artery to the brain (carotid) which decreases the blood supply. This lack of blood may cause semi- or complete paralysis of the feet, legs or the upper extremities. Cerebral bleeding, convulsions, headaches, various vision problems, mental deficiencies, and psychiatric problems may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Moyamoya" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Imaging machines such as Digital Intravenous Computerized or Common Angiography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT) Scans, and Venograms can take pictures of the brain's blood vessels to see if Vascular Malformations are present.
Current treatment options vary according to the severity and location of the malformation. Surgical Removal (Resection), Multiple Embolization (an operation in which pellets are put into the circulatory system in order to block the abnormal blood vessels), and Irradiation are the treatments currently in use. In some cases treatment may not be necessary.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families if they have a hereditary form of this disorder. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers are investigating several types of surgery that may be effective in treating Vascular Malformations of the Brain. Charged-Particle Radiosurgery, Interventriculostomy, and Catheter Placement are being studied. Charged-Particle Radiosurgery involves a needlelike surgical instrument which uses charged particles to cut tissue, to sterilize the edges of the wound, and to seal cut blood vessels. Interventriculostomy involves creating an opening in the brain to drain fluid. Catheters may be placed in the brain to drain any excess fluid and to collapse the malformed vessels.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Vascular Malformations of the Brain, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10505
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS OF THE BRAIN: B.M. Stein & J.P Mohr; N Engl J Med (August 11, 1988: issue 319(6)). Pp. 368-370.
CEREBRAL CAVERNOUS MALFORMATIONS: INCIDENCE AND FAMILIAL OCCURRENCE: D.
Rigamonti et al.; N Engl J Med (August 11, 1988: issue 319(6)). Pp. 343-347.
CLINICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND PATHOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF ANGIOGRAPHICALLY
OCCULT INTRACRANIAL VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS. ANALYSIS OF 21 CASES AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE: R.D. Lobato et al.; J Neurosurg (April, 1988: issue 68(4)). Pp. 518-531.
Vascular Malformations of the Brain
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5Copyright (C) 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
705: Vasculitis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Vasculitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Angiitis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Group of Systemic Polyarteritis Nodosa Necrotizing Vasculitis
Hypersensitivity Vasculitis
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
Giant-Cell Arteritis
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease)
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
Miscellaneous Vasculitides
Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch
Behcet's Syndrome
Goodpasture Syndrome
Kawasaki Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Vasculitis is an inflammation of the blood vessel system which includes the veins, arteries and capillaries. It may occur alone or in conjunction with allergic and rheumatic diseases.
Symptoms
Vasculitis is a common disorder characterized by an inflammation of the blood vessel walls. This inflammation causes a narrowing of the inside of the vessel and can obstruct the flow of blood to the tissues (ischemia). The lack of blood may cause damage to the tissues (necrosis), possible formation of blood clots (thrombosis), a weakening or ballooning which can possibly cause a rupture of the vessel wall (aneurysm).
Arteries and veins of all sizes and in all parts of the body may be affected. Vasculitis may be localized or affect multiple areas of the body with inflammatory and destructive lesions. It may occur alone or as a complication of many other disorders.
The symptoms of Vasculitis are many because of the wide variety of body systems it can affect. Depending on the system involved there may be muscle pain, joint pain, fever, weight loss, loss of appetite (anorexia), headache, or generalized weakness. There may also be ulcers of the mouth, hoarseness, night sweats, high blood pressure (hypertension), abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in the urine (hematuria), or kidney (renal) failure. Eye inflammation and blurred vision are also symptomatic, and in very severe cases blindness can occur. When the respiratory system is involved there may be an inflammation of the sinuses, runny nose, asthma, a cough with or without bleeding (hemoptysis), shortness of breath (dyspnea), nosebleeds (epistaxis), or an inflammation of the membranes of the lungs.
When Vasculitis affects the skin there may be lesions that are flat and red (macules), nodules, and hemorrhages under the skin (purpura). These lesions may occur on any area of the body but are seen more frequently on the back, hands, buttocks, the inside area of the forearms and the lower extremities. These skin symptoms may occur only once or at regular intervals. They will usually last for several weeks and may leave darkened spots or scarring. In some cases of Vasculitis there may be wheel-like lesions that cause intense itching (urticaria), or ring-shaped lesions and ulcers. Blister-like lesions (vesicles, bullae) may develop in severe cases.
Because of the wide range of symptoms and body systems involved, an extensive history and physical exam is needed before a clear diagnosis of the type of Vasculitis can be made. In some cases, an x-ray of the blood vessels using dye (angiogram), or a biopsy of the affected organ may be recommended to give an accurate diagnosis and to insure proper treatment.
Causes
Since there are many forms of Vasculitis, there are many causes. Some types may be caused by allergic reactions or hypersensitivity to certain medications such as sulfa or penicillin, other drugs, toxins, and other inhaled environmental irritants. Other forms may occur because of a fungal infection, parasites or viral infections, while in some cases there may be no apparent cause. In some instances vasculitis may be an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.) against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue.
Affected Population
Vasculitis usually affects males and females in equal numbers. It is most commonly seen in the elderly.
Related Disorders
The following are diseases that can be associated with Vasculitis:
Polyarteritis Nodosa is a group of systemic necrotizing vasculitis including the original classic polyarteritis nodosa, allergic granulomatosis, and those disorders that have the characteristics of both (an overlap syndrome). For more information on this disorder, choose "Polyarteritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Hypersensitivity Vasculitis includes a wide group of vasculitic syndromes that affect the upper and lower respiratory tract and kidneys. They are usually caused by an allergic reaction to an unknown antigen.
Giant Cell Arteritis includes several forms of Vasculitis that characteristically involves one or more branches of the carotid artery, in particular the temporal artery. There may be involvement of other blood vessels. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Arteritis "or "Takayasu" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Wegener's Granulomatosis is a rare collagen vascular disorder that begins as a localized inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract mucosa, and usually progresses into generalized inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) and kidneys (glomulonephritis). (For more information on this disorder choose "Wegener" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis is a more severe form of Vasculitis that infiltrates various tissues of the body, especially the lungs. It can be benign or malignant.
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease) is a rare inflammatory disorder that usually affects the medium and small arteries of the upper lower extremities. It is more common in males and is closely related to smoking.
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome is an acute, non progressive, inflammatory illness that is unresponsive to antibiotics and affects infants and children. It is characterized by fever, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck (cervical adenitis), swelling of the skin (edema), flushing of the oral cavity, lips and palms of the hands, and shedding of the skin on the fingertips. In more severe cases there may be an inflammation of the arteries of the heart (coronary arteritis).
Miscellaneous Vasculitides is a group of syndromes in which vasculitis is either the primary disorder or a symptom of another disease.
Churg-Strauss Syndrome is a lung disorder often occuring as a complication of other disorders. Allergic blood vessel inflammation (angiitis or vasculitis) is accompanied by many inflammatory nodular lesions (granulomatosis) which may be small or granular, and are made up of compactly grouped cells. The age of onset varies from 15 to 70 years of age. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Churg-Strauss" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is an inflammatory connective tissue disease that can affect many parts of the body including the joints, skin and internal organs. Lupus is a disease of the body's immune system, most often striking young women between the ages 15 and 35 years. Vasculitis can be a symptom of Lupus. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lupus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Schoenlein-Henoch Purpura is one of a group of disorders characterized by purplish or brownish red discolorations of the skin. These spots may be large or small. Internal bleeding may occur in various areas of the body. This blood vessel disorder may affect the skin, joints, gastrointestinal system, kidneys, and in a very few cases the central nervous system. Little is known about the cause of this form of purpura although it may be an allergic reaction which more often occurs in children than in adults. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Schoenlein-Henoch" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Behcet's Syndrome is a relapsing multi-system inflammatory disease. The most common symptoms include oral and genital ulcers and inflammation of the eyes. The joints, blood vessels, central nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract may also be involved. Attacks may last a week to a month and recur spontaneously. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Behcet" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Goodpasture Syndrome is a rare inflammatory disorder involving the membranes of the lungs and kidneys. This disorder can be classified into three groups: autoimmune or antibody induced disease; systemic vasculitis (a vessel disease that may affect the body as a whole); and idiopathic (cause unknown). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Goodpasture" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Kawasaki disease is characterized by diseased lymph nodes in the neck, high fever, and a rash primarily over the trunk. This syndrome predominantly affects people of Japanese ancestry. Multiple sites of inflammatory and destructive lesions in the arteries (polyarteritis) occur, and may involve the coronary vessels in twenty percent of those affected. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Kawasaki" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Vasculitis depends on the cause and symptoms of the underlying disease. The drugs prednisone, cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone and pentoxifylline have proven to be successful in treating the autoimmune form of Vasculitis. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
At the present time research is being conducted on the use of high-dose intravenous gamma-globulin for some forms of Vasculitis. Another study uses a combination of cytotoxic agents and steroids as possible treatments for certain types of Vasculitis. Plasmapheresis may be of benefit in some cases of Vasculitis. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. More research must be conducted to determine long-term safety and effectiveness of these drugs and procedures.
Clinical trials are underway to learn about the immunopathogenesis and optimal treatment of Vasculitis. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Barton F. Haynes
Box 3258
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC 27710
(919) 684-5093
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Vasculitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 421-8453
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1288.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 2, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1982. Pp. 798.
PULMONARY DISEASES AND DISORDERS, Volume 2, 2nd Ed.: Alfred P. Fishman M.D., ed.-in-chief; McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1980. Pp. 1127.
CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY AS A GUIDE FOR THERAPY IN ISOLATED CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM VASCULITIS. R. Stein et al.; JAMA, (April 24, 1987; issue 257 (16)). Pp. 2193.
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR SYSTEMIC NECROTIZING VASCULITIS.
SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, AND PREDICTIVE VALUE IN PATIENTS WITH MULTISYSTEM
DISEASE. P.J. Dahlberg et al.; ARCH INTERN MED, (January 1989; issue 149 (1)). Pp. 161-165.
SEVERE LEUKOCYTOCLASTIC VASCULITIS OF THE SKIN IN A PATIENT WITH
ESSENTIAL MIXED CRYOGLOBULINEMIA TREATED WITH HIGH-DOSE GAMMA-GLOBULIN
INTRAVENOUSLY. B.W. Boom et al.; ARCH DERMATOL, (October 1988; issue 124 (10)). Pp. 1550.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULITIS IN BEHCET'S SYNDROME; ANGIOGRAPHIC
IMPROVEMENT AFTER THERAPY WITH CYTOTOXIC AGENTS. J.D. Zelenski et al.; ARTHRITIS RHEUM, (February 1989; Issue 32 (2)). Pp. 217.
REVERSAL OF PROGRESSIVE NECROTIZING VASCULITIS WITH INTRAVENOUS PULSE
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE AND METHYLPREDNISOLONE. J.G. Fort et al.; ARTHRITIS RHEUM, (September 1988; Issue 31 (9)). Pp. 1194.
VASCULITIS IN OLDER PATIENTS: PRESENTATIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE. A.
&Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
698: Vasculitis, Cutaneous Necrotizing
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Cutaneous Necrotizing Vasculitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Dermal Necrotizing Angiitis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Hypersensitivity Vasculitis
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Schoenlein-Henoch Purpura
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Giant-Cell Arteritis
Sjogren Syndrome
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Cutaneous Necrotizing Vasculitis is an inflammation of the blood vessel system which includes the veins, arteries and capillaries. It usually also affects the skin and may occur alone or in conjunction with allergic, infectious or rheumatic diseases.
Symptoms
Cutaneous Necrotizing Vasculitis is a common disorder characterized by an inflammation of the blood vessel walls and skin lesions. These skin lesions may be flat and red (macules), nodules or hemorrhages under the skin (purpura). They may occur on many areas of the body but are seen most often on the back, hands, buttocks, the inside areas of the forearm and the lower extremities. These skin symptoms may occur only once or at regular intervals. They will usually last for several weeks and may leave darkened spots and scarring. In some cases there may be wheel-like lesions that cause intense itching (urticaria), or ring-shaped lesions and ulcers. Blister-like lesions (vesicles, bullae) may develop in severe cases. There may also be fever, generalized discomfort (malaise), muscle or joint pain.
Causes
The exact cause of Cutaneous Necrotizing Vasculitis is unknown. Some lesions may be caused by an allergic reaction or hypersensitivity to certain medications such as sulfa or penicillin, other drugs, toxins, and inhaled environmental irritants. Skin manifestations may also occur because of a fungal infection, parasites or viral infections, while in some instances the cause may be due to an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.) against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue.
Affected Population
Cutaneous Necrotizing Vasculitis affects males and females in equal numbers. It is a common inflammatory disorder.
Related Disorders
The following diseases can have similarities to Cutaneous Necrotizing Vasculitis:
Polyarteritis Nodosa is a group of systemic necrotizing vasculitis including the original classic polyarteritis nodosa, allergic granulomatosis, and those disorders that have the characteristics of both (an overlap syndrome). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Polyarteritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hypersensitivity Vasculitis includes a wide group of vasculitic syndromes that affect the upper and lower respiratory tract, kidneys and skin. They are usually caused by an allergic reaction to an unknown antigen.
Wegener's Granulomatosis is a rare collagen vascular disorder that begins as a localized inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract mucosa, and usually progresses into generalized inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) and kidneys (glomulonephritis). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Wegener" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Schoenlein-Henoch Purpura is one of a group of disorders characterized by purplish or brownish red discolorations of the skin. These spots may be large or small. Internal bleeding may occur in various areas of the body. This blood vessel disorder may affect the skin, joints, gastrointestinal system, kidneys, and in a very few cases the central nervous system. Little is known about the cause of this form of purpura although it may be an allergic reaction which more often occurs in children than adults. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Schoenlein" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a common autoimmune disease that affects the joints. The exact cause is unknown. It is characterized by a loss of appetite, extreme fatigue and joint pain with deformities. The location of painful joints may change place (migration) and often more than one joint is affected. Pain, early morning stiffness, aching joints chiefly in the hands, knees, feet, jaws, and spine occur. Once affected, a joint may remain painful for a long time and eventually become deformed. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Rheumatoid Arthritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Giant-Cell Arteritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the branches of the aortic arch. This disorder is found principally in the temporal and occipital arteries, but may develop in almost any of the large arteries. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Giant Cell" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Sjogren Syndrome is an autoimmune disorder causing degeneration of the tear and saliva glands. It is often associated with arthritis. Patients often complain of a gritty, burning sensation in their eyes due to loss of lubrication. When their mouths become dry, chewing and swallowing food is difficult. The lack of saliva causes particles of food to stick to the cheeks, gums, and throat. Other symptoms include a weak voice and dental decay, plus dryness of the nose, skin and vagina. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sjogren" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus is a chronic and recurrent autoimmune disorder primarily affecting the skin. It is characterized by sharply circumscribed spots (macules) and plaques displaying redness (erythema), plugging of follicles, scales, vascular lesions (telangiectasia), and wasting (atrophy). There are two varieties: one with lesions above the chin, the other with or without facial involvement but causing skin lesions on the rest of the body. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lupus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Cutaneous Necrotizing Vasculitis depends on the cause and symptoms. Removing the irritating agent (e.g., drug) and treating the underlying infection will usually eliminate the symptoms of this disorder. The drugs prednisone, cyclophosphamide, pentoxifylline and azathioprine have proven to be successful in treating the autoimmune form of Vasculitis. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
At the present time research is being conducted on the use of high dose intravenous gammaglobulin for some forms of Cutaneous Vasculitis. Plasmapheresis may be of benefit in some cases. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. This therapy is still under investigation to analyze side effects and effectiveness. More research must be conducted to determine long-term safety and effectiveness of these treatments.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Cutaneous Necrotizing Vasculitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 421-8453
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1366-1368.
PULMONARY DISEASES AND DISORDERS, Volume 2, 2nd Ed.: Alfred P. Fishman M.D. ed.-in-chief; McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1980. Pp. 381-384.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 2, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D. ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1982. Pp. 798
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR SYSTEMIC NECROTIZING VASCULITIS. SENSITIVITY,
SPECIFICITY, AND PREDICTIVE VALUE IN PATIENTS WITH MULTISYSTEM DISEASE. P.J.
Dahlberg et al.; ARCH INTERN MED, (January 1989; issue 149 (1)). Pp. 161-165.
SEVERE LEUKOCYTOCLASTIC VASCULITIS OF THE SKIN IN A PATIENT WITH
ESSENTIAL MIXED CRYOGLOBULINEMIA TREATED WITH HIGH-DOSE GAMMA-GLOBULIN
INTRAVENOUSLY. B.W. Boom et al.; ARCH DERMATOL, (October 1988; issue 124 (10)). Pp. 1550.
URTICARIAL VASCULITIS PROGRESSING TO SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. E.
Bisaccia et al.; ARCH DERMATOL, (July 1988; issue 124 (7)). Pp. 1088-1090.
LIVEDO VASCULITIS. THERAPY WITH PENTOXIFYLLINE. W. Sams. ARCH DERMATOL, (May 1988; issue 124 (5)). Pp. 684-687.
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169: Ventricular Septal Defects
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Ventricular Septal Defects) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Roger's Disease, also known as Maladie de Roger
Common Ventricle, also known as Cor Triloculare Biatriatum
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Ventricular Septal Defects are a relatively common form of congenital heart disease. The septum separating the two ventricles is incompletely formed before birth. This can result in inefficient distribution of oxygen to the various tissues of the body and various degrees of congestive heart failure, manifested by edema, difficulty breathing, and rapid heart beat. The size of the opening in the septum determines the clinical severity of the disorder. Some patients with large defects do not survive infancy. In addition, the lungs can be permanently damaged by the abnormal pulmonary blood pressures generated. Occasionally, ventricular septal defects may close spontaneously or become relatively less significant as the heart grows along with the rest of the body. The patterns and quality of the sounds of the beating heart, electrocardiographic (EKG) and echocardiographic findings, and information from cardiac catheterization help determine the exact anatomic defect and differentiate ventricular septal defects from other heart conditions with similar symptoms. Heart sounds evaluation and the EKG are the most commonly performed initial investigations for these purposes.
Symptoms
First, a short review of the structure and function of the normal heart. The human heart has 4 chambers, that is, two atria and two ventricles. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the systemic veins (i.e., the veins draining all the body organs and tissues except the lungs). It is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle and from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs, where it is saturated with oxygen. From the lungs, the blood passes through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, and thence into the left ventricle, the most muscular of the four chambers of the heart. The contraction of the left ventricle forces the blood back into the systemic circulation where it supplies oxygen to the various body tissues. Blood then collects in veins which eventually come together and drain again into the right atrium. The two atria are separated from each other by a relatively thin membrane known as the atrial septum. The ventricular septum separates the right and the left ventricles.
In ventricular septal defects the membrane separating the ventricles (septum) is incomplete. A small defect, causing minor or no symptoms, is known as Roger's Disease. Sometimes the hole is very high in the ventricular septum, adjacent to the atria, so the communication is between the left ventricle and the right atrium; symptoms resemble those of pure ventricular septal defects. A very large opening causes severe symptoms. If the septum is entirely absent, the two ventricles constitute a single chamber. This condition is known as Common Ventricle or Cor Triloculorum Biatriatum.
Septal defects allow deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to mix with freshly oxygenated blood from the left ventricle. Although the blood tends to move from left to right in ventricular defects, maintaining a fairly high average saturation in the systemic circulation, some decrease in the overall availability of oxygen to the body tissues usually occurs. More significantly, however, large defects create abnormal pressure conditions in the pulmonary and systemic circulation. As hypertension (high blood pressure) gradually develops in the lungs, the pulmonary vasculature is permanently damaged, often by the time the patient reaches adolescence.
Small defects may cause no symptoms, or mild signs of congestive heart failure such as slight generalized edema and breathing difficulty after exercise or with fatigue. In infants, poor feeding due to fatigue, cold grayish extremities, and rapid shallow breathing can indicate heart disease.
In infants and children, large defects can cause growth retardation and potentially fatal heart failure. In adults, difficulty breathing after physical exertion, chest pain, episodes of fainting, coughing up of blood, and signs of extremely low oxygen saturation of the blood in the tissues, including bluish skin coloration (cyanosis), clubbing of the fingers, and a high concentration of red blood cells may occur.
Ventricular septal defects of moderate size are characterized by enlargement of the heart, milder and less progressive symptoms, and characteristic heart sounds and EKG.
When there is a common ventricle, symptoms resemble those of large septal defects. The systemic and pulmonary circulation always mixes, although cyanosis and similar signs of poor oxygen delivery may not be as severe as expected. Pulmonary hypertension and its consequences are likely to develop.
Heart defects seem to predispose patients to respiratory infections and bacterial infection of the inner lining of the heart (bacterial endocarditis). Bacterial endocarditis seems to occur more often with small or moderate sized septal defects. These infections should be avoided, particularly since resulting damage is likely to worsen the patient's condition.
Causes
The causes of the arrest in embryonic development resulting in congenital heart disease are poorly understood. Only about 10% of the cases appear to be hereditary. Maternal rubella (measles), alcoholism or diabetes have been associated with some heart defects. Ostium primum defects often occur in individuals with Down's Syndrome, and certain other chromosomal abnormalities.
Affected Population
About 1% of live births have some kind of congenital heart defect; of these, about 30% have ventricular septal defects. Males are affected more often than females.
Related Disorders
Other congenital heart defects include atrial septal defects, valve defects of various kinds, malformations of the large vessels entering and leaving the heart, and anomalous positions of the heart in the chest. Tetralogy of Fallot consists of four heart abnormalities that occur together, and include a large ventricular septal defect.
Therapies: Standard
The definitive treatment for ventricular septal defects is surgical. The hole in the septum is either sutured shut or patched with a graft. The success rate is quite high. Surgery is indicated when significant shunting appears, especially when resistance to the entry of blood into the lungs is high. It is most successful in patients between the ages of 3 and 6 years.
Presurgical, palliative treatment includes medication such as digitalis to treat arrhythmias, excessively rapid heart beat, and stop heart failure. Sodium restriction, diuretics and rest are also effective in treating congestive heart failure. Respiratory infections are treated vigorously, and antibiotics are given prophylactically with such procedures as tooth extractions to reduce the risk of developing bacterial endocarditis.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Ventricular Septal Defects, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Avenue
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
Petersdorf, Robert G., et al, editors, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, tenth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill 1983, Pp. 1383-96.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th ed., Robert Berkow, M.D., ed in chief, published by Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Labs, Rahway, NJ, 1987. Pp. 1926, 358.
THE CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds; W.B. Saunders Co. 1988. Pp. 306.
Ventricular Septal Defects
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541: Vitamin B12 Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Vitamin B12 Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cobalamin Deficiency
Information on the following disorders may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency is characterized by an abnormally low level of this vitamin in the blood. The disorder can be caused by a poor diet, inadequate absorption or utilization of B12 such as following stomach and intestinal surgery and increase in certain intestinal organisms. The deficiency causes changes in the blood and the central nervous system. Injection of this vitamin usually cures the disorder if the underlying cause can be corrected.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Vitamin B12 Deficiency usually appear years after absorption of this vitamin ceases, because the amount of B12 needed by the body is tiny, and a large amount is usually stored in the liver. In most patients, a low red blood cell count (anemia) develops gradually and progressively as the stores of Vitamin B12 in the liver are used up. Patients may not be alerted to the deficiency because of its slow development. Occasionally the spleen and liver may become enlarged (hepatosplenomegaly). Patients with this deficiency may also have various gastrointestinal symptoms such as a lack of appetite (anorexia), intermittent constipation and diarrhea, and poorly localized abdominal pain. An inflamed tongue (glossitis), usually described as "burning of the tongue", may be an early symptom of Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Considerable weight loss is common.
Nervous System: The nervous system may be involved, even in the absence of anemia. Most commonly, the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves) are involved. The spinal cord may be involved, beginning with loss of vibratory sensation in the lower extremities, loss of position sense and loss of muscle coordination (ataxia). Later, spasticity, exaggerated reflexes, and upward flexing of the big toe upon stimulating the sole of the foot (Babinski reflex) follows. Some patients with Vitamin B12 Deficiency also get irritated easily, have mild depressions, or actual paranoia (megaloblastic madness). Rarely, yellow-blue color blindness may occur.
Causes
Vitamin B12 Deficiency is caused by decreased absorption of this vitamin. It is most often due to pernicious anemia which causes the mucous lining of the stomach to fail to secrete the so-called "intrinsic factor" which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption. The surgical removal of part or all of the stomach (gastrectomy), and chronic infection causing wasting of the stomach may also cause deficient secretion of intrinsic factor. Deficiency of certain endocrine glands (especially thyroid and adrenal glands) if they are associated with pernicious anemia, suggest an autoimmune basis for underdevelopment of stomach mucous membrane. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies) against invading organisms, for unknown reasons, attack healthy tissue.
Affected Population
Vitamin B12 Deficiency affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Vitamin B12 Deficiency or may be associated with it. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Pernicious Anemia is a disorder resulting from an impaired absorption of vitamin B-12, a necessary co-factor in the production of red blood cells. Pernicious Anemia develops slowly because the liver stores enough vitamin B-12 to last 3 to 5 years. The abnormally low number of red blood cells (anemia) may produce weakness, easy fatigability, shortness of breath (dyspnea), an abnormally rapid heart beat (tachypnea) and angina. Possible gastrointestinal problems are similar to those of Vitamin B-12 Deficiency. (For more information, choose "Pernicious Anemia as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Burning Mouth Syndrome (Burning Tongue Syndrome) is characterized by a burning sensation in the mouth and/or the tongue. There is no obvious clinical evidence of inflammation, although a Candida albicans infection can be a cause. The cause of most cases Burning Mouth Syndrome, when it is not associated with Vitamin B12 Deficiency, is unknown. Many causes have been suggested by researchers, including allergic reactions to pollen, cereals, metals and materials used in the manufacture of dentures. Burning Tongue may be an early symptom of Vitamin B-12 Deficiency. (For more information, choose "Burning Mouth Syndrome" as your search term.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for the anemia of Vitamin B12 Deficiency consists of intramuscular injections of vitamin B12 until the blood and neurologic abnormalities are cleared up. Oral iron therapy is prescribed if an iron deficiency is also diagnosed.
If the underlying mechanism of Vitamin B12 Deficiency is known, this should be corrected.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Vitamin B12 Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Cobalamin Network
P.O. Box 174
Thetford Center, VT 05075
(802) 785-4029 (after 8:00 p.m. EST)
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
NIH/National Heart, Blood & Lung Institute
Office of Public Inquiries
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd ed.: Jay H. Stein, et al., eds.; Little, Brown, 1987. Pp. 1039-1040.
ISOTOPE-DILUTION ASSAY FOR URINARY METHYLMALONIC ACID IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF
VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY. A PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL EVALUATION: D.B. Matchar, et al.; Ann Intern Med (May 1987: issue 106(5)). Pp. 707-710.
MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA IN A VEGETARIAN HINDU COMMUNITY: I. Chanarin, et al.; Lancet (November 23, 1985: issue 2(8465)). Pp. 1168-1172.
PRENATAL VITAMIN B12 THERAPY OF A FETUS WITH METHYLCOBALAMIN DEFICIENCY (COBALAMIN E DISEASE): D.S. Rosenblatt, et al.; Lancet (May 18, 1985: issue (8)).
PHYSICIAN RESPONSE TO LOW SERUM COBALAMIN LEVELS: R. Carmel, et al.; Arch Intern Med (June 1986: 146(6)). Pp. 1161-1165.
Vitamin B12 DeficiencyE
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658: Vitamin E Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Vitamin E Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Tocopherol Deficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Friedreich's Ataxia
Marie's Ataxia
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Vitamin E Deficiency is extremely rare, except in people who have a disease that causes vitamin malabsorption. It is characterized by an abnormally low level of this vitamin in the blood. Vitamin E Deficiency may lead to a rare, progressive neuromuscular disease which is characterized by loss of reflexes (areflexia), loss of balance and impaired sensations. This disorder occurs most often in infants who have an impairment of their bile flow due to a disease.
Symptoms
The first sign of the Vitamin E Deficiency, 'Neurologic Syndrome', is usually a decrease or loss of reflexes (areflexia). This may progress to loss of coordination (ataxia), balance, and muscle weakness of the arms and legs. There may be walking difficulties such as stumbling and staggering (titubation) and abnormal posturing. Abnormal eye movements (ophthalmoplegia) and extreme slowness of movement (bradykinesia) may occur. Sensation of pain, vibration, and position may be impaired.
Vitamin E Deficiency in premature and low-birth-weight infants may cause abnormal destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia). The disorder primarily occurs in babies who have an impairment of their bile flow.
Causes
Vitamin E, a fat soluble vitamin, is needed in very small amounts. It is stored in the body's fat. Therefore, it is not necessary to consume vitamin E daily, as long as adequate amounts are stored in the body from a well balanced diet. Vitamin E is found in various foods including vegetable oils, wheat germ, whole-grain cereals, egg yolk, and liver.
Rarely is Vitamin E Deficiency caused by poor diet. It usually is caused by an underlying disease that impairs the absorption of this vitamin from fat. Common underlying diseases are fat malabsorption disorders, liver diseases, or disorders of bile secretion. The liver stores the Vitamin E-containing fat. Bile breaks down dietary fat in the small intestine so that vitamins can be absorbed.
Vitamin E malabsorption commonly occurs with Cholestasis (a syndrome of various causes characterized by impaired bile secretion) and less commonly with Cystic Fibrosis (primarily a lung disorder that may also affect bile secretion). Malabsorption of Vitamin E may also occur in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (a liver disorder that results in cholestasis) and Acanthocytosis or Abetalipoproteinemia (a digestive disorder characterized by fat malabsorption).
For more information on the above disorders, choose "cholestasis," "cystic fibrosis," "acanthocytosis," and "Primary Biliary Cirrhosis" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Recent research investigating the cause of Vitamin E Deficiency in patients with no underlying disease has suggested an inherited defect of vitamin E storage.
Affected Population
Vitamin E Deficiency is extremely rare in the absence of an underlying disorder. It is more common in infants, children, and young adults than in adults. It affects males and females in equal numbers except when an underlying disorder affects one sex more readily.
Approximately 1 in 5,000 infants have an impairment of their bile flow due to liver diseases such as hepatitis or biliary atresia. Vitamin E Deficiency in these infants causes degenerative progressive neuromuscular disease.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of the "Neurologic Syndrome" caused by Vitamin E Deficiency. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Friedreich's Ataxia is a hereditary neuromuscular syndrome characterized by slow degenerative changes of the spinal cord and the brain. Dysfunction of the central nervous system affects coordination of the muscles in the limbs. Staggering, lurching, or trembling may occur while standing or walking. Partial loss of the sense of touch or sensitivity to pain and temperature may also occur. Reflexes may decrease or disappear and numbness or weakness of the arms and legs may develop. Speech may be impaired. Curvature of the spine (scoliosis), abnormally high arches with hyperextended big toes, Diabetes Mellitus, and irregular heart function may also occur. This form of ataxia usually first appears in adolescents. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Friedreich's Ataxia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Marie's Ataxia is a hereditary disorder of impaired muscle coordination usually beginning during young adulthood or middle age. It is characterized by unsteady walking and muscle weakness in the legs, head, neck, and arms. Unsteadiness in walking, impaired coordination of the arms, and impaired speech may occur. Swallowing and clearing of secretions (as from the lungs) can become difficult. Reflex abnormalities, involuntary muscle contractions, and altered pain and touch sensations may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Marie's Ataxia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy is a group of inherited forms of Ataxia characterized by progressive degeneration of part of the brain. Loss of muscle coordination, tremors, involuntary movements, and speech problems (dysarthria) are common. Sensory loss, degeneration of the light-sensitive layer of the eye (retina), abnormal eye movements (ophthalmoplegia), and problems in walking, writing, and thinking may occur in certain forms of this disorder. Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy usually affects older adults. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Olivopontocerebellar" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (Peroneal Muscular Atrophy, also known as CMT Disease,) is a slowly progressive, hereditary neuromuscular disorder. It is characterized by weakness and atrophy of the legs and later the hands and forearms. An extremely high arch and flexed toes may cause difficulty in walking. Impaired sensations of vibration, pain, touch, and heat may occur. Stretch reflexes may be absent. This disease usually appears during middle childhood and adulthood. (For more information on this disorder, choose "CMT" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Vitamin E Deficiency with very large oral supplements of Vitamin E is not effective. Alpha tocopherol, alpha tocopheryl acetate, and alpha tocopheryl succinate have not been used successfully. If the disorder is caused by an underlying disease, treatment to correct the defect (e.g. removal of the obstruction in the bile duct) when possible, is the primary treatment.
Therapies: Investigational
Since Vitamin E Deficient patients do not respond to oral Vitamin E, other treatments are being investigated.
Injection of an investigational form of vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopherol) into muscles is being studied. In some cases it has stabilized or reversed the neurologic symptoms caused by Vitamin E Deficiency. This experimental drug is manufactured by Hoffmann-La Roche.
A water-soluble form of Vitamin E (d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate, or TPGS), which does not require bile to be absorbed from the intestine, is being investigated under a grant from the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) by Dr. Ronald Sokol of the University of Colorado. Preliminary studies indicate that it may stabilize or reverse neurologic dysfunction in infants with bile duct obstruction.
Participants in this study must be older than six months and under 20 years of age. Their Vitamin E Deficiency must be caused by some form of cholestatic hepatobiliary liver disease. Physicians with patients who are interested in participating in this study should contact:
Ronald J. Sokol, M.D.
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Box C228
4200 East Ninth Avenue
Denver, CO 80262
(303) 270-7805
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Vitamin E Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
P.O. Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
American Liver Foundation
1425 Pompton Ave.
Cedar Grove, N.J. 07009
(201) 857-2626
(800) 223-0179
The United Liver Foundation
11646 West Pico Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90064
(213) 445-4204 or 445-4200
Children's Liver Foundation
14245 Ventura Blvd.
Sherman Oaks, CA 91423
(818) 906-3021
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 278, 282-283.
INTRAMUSCULAR VITAMIN E REPLETION IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC CHOLESTASIS:
D.H. Perlmutter, et al.; Am J Dis Child (February, 1987: issue 141(2)). Pp. 170-174.
VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY AND NEUROLOGIC DISEASE IN ADULTS WITH CYSTIC
FIBROSIS: M.D. Sitrin, et al.; Ann Intern Med (July, 1987: issue 107(1)). Pp. 51-54.
VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY LINKED TO LIVER DISEASE IN CHILDREN: C. Pierce; Research Resources Reporter (October, 1986); National Institutes of Health. Pp. 7-9.
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647: Treacher Collins Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article Treacher Collins) Syndrome is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
MFDI
Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
Franceschetti-Klein Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Nager Acrofacial Dysostosis
Goldenhar-Gorlin Syndrome
Oral-Digital-Facial Syndrome
Juberg-Hayword Syndrome
Hemifacial Microsomia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Treacher Collins Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by slanted eyes, difficulty swallowing, deformities of the jaw (including maxilla and mandible), ears and deafness.
Symptoms
Treacher Collins Syndrome is characterized by underdevelopment of the cheek (malar), the lower jaw (mandibular) and jaw bones, slanted eyes, notching of lower eyelids, and a receding chin. Underdevelopment of the jaw may cause problems in swallowing or breathing for the newborn, tubes may have to be inserted to aid the infant in feeding and breathing. The outer upper area of the ear (pinna) may be malformed as well as the external hearing canal (auditory meatus). The eardrum (tympanic membrane) may be replaced with a bony plate. The combination of a longer than normal face with a beaklike nose, receding chin and acute deafness, characterize the appearance of patients with Treacher Collins Syndrome.
Causes
Treacher Collins is a rare genetic disorder which may result from a defect on the long arm of chromosome five. However, genetic studies are still in the process of determining the exact location of the genetic defect. This syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) A positive family history is found in less than half of new Treacher Collins patients. Thus, scientists suspect that approximately sixty percent of cases represent genetic mutations.
Affected Population
Treacher Collins Syndrome is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Treacher Collins. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Nager Acrofacial Dysostosis (Mandibulofacial Dysostosis) is a rare hereditary disorder marked by abnormal facial development. Cleft lip and palate, defective development of bones of the jaw and arms, and smaller than normal thumbs, hearing loss, and ear deformities are characteristics of this disorder.
Goldenhar-Gorlin Syndrome is a rare congenital disorder that involves unusual facial characteristics. The facial structure of people with Goldenhar Syndrome may include partial absence of the upper eyelid or an unusual slant of the eyelid, abnormal shape of the skull (asymmetry), the forehead may be sharply prominent, the nostrils may be absent or closed, the roof of the mouth may be clefted (cleft palate), and there may be abnormal growth of the jaw. Paralysis of the eye muscles may occur. Unusual cysts on the eyeball, cysts in fatty tissue at the edge of the eye and skin growths around the ears (skin tags) may also occur. Malformations of the spinal column including open spine (spina bifida), fusion of the top of the spine to the lower edge of the skull, incomplete development of one side of the spinal column and more than the normal number of vertebrae may also be present. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Goldenhar" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by episodic neuromuscular disturbances, split tongue, splits in the jaw, midline cleft lip, overgrowth of the membrane that supports the tongue(frenulum), a broad based nose, vertical folds of skin covering the inner angle where the eyelids meet (epicanthic folds), more than the normal number of fingers and/or toes, and shorter than normal fingers and/or toes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "OFD" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Juberg-Hayward Syndrome (Orocraniodigital Syndrome) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by cleft lip and palate, a smaller than normal sized head, deformities of the thumbs and toes, and growth hormone deficiency resulting in short stature.
Hemifacial Microsomia (HFM) is a syndrome that affects one in 5,000 births. It can be confused with a Treacher Collins-like syndrome. However, it is not genetic. Although it can cause abnormalities on both sides of the face, they are always uneven whereas in Treacher Collins Syndrome both sides of the face appear equally affected. The facial nerve is frequently paralyzed in Hemifacial Microsomia. The variety of features of HFN include: underdevelopment of the lower jaw, tilting of the face to one side, ear deformities (microtia), facial nerve weakness in forty percent of patients, cleft-like notching of the affected corner of the mouth (macrostomia), and underdevelopment of the cheek and eye on the affected side of the face. Other common abnormalities include fatty tumors over the eye, abnormalities of the vertebrae and ribs, cleft lip/palate, and heart and kidney abnormalities which are very rare.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Treacher Collins Syndrome may include insertion of feeding or breathing tubes during infancy. Early speech and hearing evaluations may be necessary. Surgery to improve the appearance of the jaw and ears may be recommended. Depending on the type of hearing loss the patient has, surgery or the use of hearing aids may restore hearing. Speech/language difficulties may require speech/language therapy. The surgical treatment of Treacher Collins children is based on the age of the child. During infancy, attention is directed toward the upper airway. A tracheostomy may be necessary. During the first year of life, notching of the lower eyelids can be repaired. In the preschool and early school years, attention is directed toward correction of slanting eyelids, and flat cheek bones. Correction of the jaws and malocclusion is usually done in stages, the final corrections are done in teenage years, along with orthodontic therapy. Surgical correction of the external ear abnormalities may be done prior to school age for minor forms. If the major portion of the ear is missing, it is best to wait until age six so that sufficient rib cartilage is available for framework and grafting. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are studying various surgical methods to improve the appearance of Treacher Collins patients. One of the most recent procedures developed for correction of the malformations of the jaw (maxilla and mandible), and eyes is the Tessier Intergral Procedure. The desired results may be obtained in either one or two stages.
Researchers at Johns Hopkins Hospital are trying to deteremine the genes responsible for craniofacial disorders. Physicians may contact: Drs. Amy Feldman Lewanda or Ethylin Wang Jabs at: CMSC 10, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21205, (301) 955-0484.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Treacher Collins Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Treacher Collins Foundation
P.O. Box 683
Norwich, VT 05055
(802) 649-3020
National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
Let's Face It
Box 711
Concord, MA 01742
(508) 371-3186
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle Street, Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
1-800-535-3643
American Society for Deaf Children
814 Thayer Avenue
Silver Spring, MD 20910
(301) 585-5400 Voice/TTY
Deafness Research Foundation
55 East 34th Street
New York, NY 10016
(212) 684-6556
Craniofacial Centre Children's Hospital
300 Longwood Ave.
Boston, MA 02115
(617) 735-6309
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp.480.
PSYCHOSOCIAL ADJUSTMENT OF 20 PATIENTS WITH TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME BEFORE AND AFTER RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY. E.M. Arndt, et al,; Br J Plast Surg (November, 1987, issue 40 (6)). Pp. 605-609.
ANTHROPOMETRIC EVALUATION OF DYSMORPHOLOGY IN CRANIOFACIAL ANOMALIES;
TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME. J.C. Kolar, et al.; Am J Phys Anthropol (December, 1987, issue 74 (4)). Pp. 441-451.
FAMILIAL TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME. P.S. Murty, et al.; J Laryndol Otol (July, 1988, issue 102 (7)). Pp. 620-622.
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386: Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Osteosclerosis
Taurodontism-Curly Hair-Osteosclerosis
TDOS
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome (TDOS) is one of a group of disorders known as the Ectodermal Dysplasias. Intelligence and life span are usually normal for individuals with this disorder. The condition primarily affects the teeth, hair and bones. Children with TDOS may need to wear dentures due to absence of teeth.
Symptoms
X-ray examination of individuals with Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome (TDOS) usually shows increased bone density. Babies with this disorder have curly eyelashes with thick and kinky hair that tends to straighten with age. Nails are thin and are likely to peel or break. The major symptom involves the teeth, which often become abscessed during the first years of life. Tooth enamel may become yellow brown, thin and pitted. Large pulp chambers (taurodontia) in teeth can be found with dental X-rays. Additionally, teeth may not grow at the appropriate times during infancy. Therefore, children affected by TDOS may lose their teeth and/or have delayed tooth growth.
Causes
Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome (TDOS) is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. A defect in ectodermal cells involving the formation and structure of teeth, hair and nails causes symptoms of this disorder.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome (TDOS) is a very rare disorder that is present at birth. It affects males and females in equal numbers. It can also occur in conjunction with other hereditary disorders.
Related Disorders
Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome (TDOS) is one of the Ectodermal Dysplasias. These disorders are a group of hereditary, non-progressive syndromes in which the affected tissue is derived primarily from the ectodermal cell layer. The skin, its derivatives, and some other organs may be involved. A predisposition to respiratory infections is a serious problem often associated with this group of disorders. This is due to a somewhat depressed immune system and dysfunctioning mucous glands in parts of the respiratory tract. However, there is no marked involvement of the respiratory system in the Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome form of Ectodermal Dysplasia.
For more information, choose "Ectodermal Dysplasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of dental problems of Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome (TDOS) usually involves early restoration of teeth with jacket crowns and/or prosthetic replacement (false teeth). Genetic counseling may be of benefit to families of patients with this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome (TDOS), please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias
219 E. Main St.
Mascoutah, IL 62258
(618) 566-2020
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4261
For more information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
A TRICHO-ODONTO-ONYCHIAL SUBTYPE OF ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA: H. Kresbach, et al; Z Hautkr (May 1, 1984, issue 59(9)). Pp. 601-613.
Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome: HETEROGENEITY OR CLINICAL VARIABILITY: S.D. Shapiro, et al.; Am J Med Genet (October 1983, issue 16(2)). Pp. 225-236.
Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome: A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS: M. Melnick, et al.; Clin Genet (July 1977, issue 12(1)). Pp. 17-27.
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!Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
732: Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
TRPS
TRP Syndrome
Langer-Giedion Syndrome
Disorder Subdivisions
Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome, Type I
Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome, Type II
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome (TRPS), Types I and II, are forms of Ectodermal Dysplasia. They are primarily characterized by abnormalities of the bones and thin, brittle hair. Some individuals with this disorder may not obtain normal height. The fingers are abnormally developed and facial appearance is unusual. Mild to moderate retardation may occur in some cases although some individuals with TRPS Type I have normal intelligence. In some patients with Type II TRPS, chromosomal abnormalities have been identified. No such abnormalities have been found in TRPS Type I patients.
Symptoms
Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome (TRPS), Type I, is characterized primarily by bone and hair abnormalities. Some of the finger joints are enlarged and the thumbs and big toes may be shorter than normal. Scalp hair is fine, sparse, and brittle, and may resemble the male baldness pattern. Some individuals may become completely bald. Eyebrows are thick near the nose, but extremely thin nearer the temples. The tip of the nose is bulbous and the upper lip is thin with a long mid-portion. Nails may be thin and extra teeth may be present in some cases. Intelligence is usually normal in patients with TRPS Type I.
Type II TRPS is also called the Langer-Siemens Syndrome. Facial appearance and hair abnormalities are similar to those found in TRPS Type I. However, spinal abnormalities may occur and fingers and toes may be shorter than normal. Mild to moderate mental retardation has been found in most affected individuals, although some patients may not be mentally retarded. Delayed onset of speech, and less frequently, hearing loss has occurred. Loose wrinkled skin and multiple bony bumps (exostoses) develop, usually by the third or fourth year of life, although these symptoms may be found as early as the end of the first year. These bumps are primarily located near the ends of bones of the arms and legs, although other bones may also be affected. An increased susceptibility to respiratory infections and hip dislocations may occur.
Causes
Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome (TRPS), Type I, is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, although a few affected families have been found to inherit the disorder as an autosomal recessive trait. TRPS Type II is believed to be genetic, although the exact mode of transmission has not yet been determined.
(Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
All forms of ectodermal dysplasias are quite rare, and Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome (TRPS) is extremely rare. Very few cases of Type I TRPS have been identified in the United States, with no information on sex distribution. Six males and one female have been reported with Type II TRPS in American medical literature since this type was first identified by Langer and Giedion in 1966.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva occasionally features abnormal fingers, toes, and/or spinal disks, broad, short necks, deafness, baldness, and mild mental retardation. Abnormal bone growths often occur. This disorder usually occurs sporadically, although some scientists believe it may be inherited.
Trichoonytic Hidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia is characterized by abnormalities of the nails and hair. nails may be thickened and scalp hair is sparse or absent. The palms of the hands and soles of the feet tend to develop a hard, thickened, superficial layer.
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia, also known as Christ-Siemens Syndrome, is characterized by a congenital absence of sweat glands resulting in heat intolerance. Sparse fragile hair, and, in some cases, deformed nails, may also develop. mental retardation may occur, breast tissue may be absent, and fingers may be webbed. Smooth, finely wrinkled skin, a sunken nose, and malformed or missing teeth may also occur.
For information on other types of ectodermal dysplasias, please choose "ectodermal dysplasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Dentures or hearing aids may be required. Some limb deformities and bony growths (exostoses) may be corrected by surgery. Agencies which provide assistance for mentally retarded individuals may be helpful. Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias
219 E. Main St.
Mascoutah, IL 62258
(618) 566-2020
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
TRICHORHINOPHALANGEAL DYSPLASIA (GIDEON SYNDROME). A CASE REPORT: G.B.
Kuna, et al; Clin Pediatr (Phila); (January 1978, issue 17 (1)). Pp. 96-98.
NEW CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS IN THE TRICHORHINOPHALANGEAL SYNDROME: R.M.
Goodman, et al., J. Craniofac Genet Dev Biol (1981), issue 1(1)). Pp. 15-29.
CLINICAL AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS IN A SOLITARY CASE OF
TRICHORHINOPHALANGEAL SYNDROME TYPE I: E.P. Prens, et al.; Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh), (1984), issue 64(3)). Pp. 2449-253.
Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome
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`"I"Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
768: Trichotillomania
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Trichotillomania) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hair pulling
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Trichotillomania is a mental illness characterized by an overwhelming and irresistible impulse to pull out one's own hair. This results in patches of baldness, usually on the most easily accessible areas such as the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes or beard. Mouthing of the hair (trichophagy) commonly follows the hair pulling. Trichotillomania is classified as a disorder of impulse control.
Symptoms
The principle symptom of Trichotillomania is the recurrent failure to resist impulses to pull out one's own hair. An individual with this disorder usually feels extremely tense immediately before pulling out the hair. The act of hair pulling usually results in a sense of release from this tension. Hairs may be broken off or pulled out. Patches of baldness usually result on the scalp. Other areas commonly involved are the eyebrows, eyelashes, and beard. Hair from the trunk, armpits and pubic area is less commonly pulled out.
Other symptoms of Trichotillomania include the appearance of short, broken strands of hair together with long, normal hairs in the affected areas. There is usually no scarring of the surface of the scalp. There may be a generalized itching or tingling in the involved areas, but pain does not routinely follow the hair plucking.
Individuals with Trichotillomania usually deny that the hair-pulling behavior exists, and often take great strides to conceal or camouflage the resultant baldness. Affected individuals may wear wigs and false eyelashes. When an affected individual exhibits unexplained baldness, a scalp biopsy will usually uncover the traumatic source. Plugs of fibrous protein (keratin) are found present in the scalp along with an absence of inflammation or scarring. There are usually characteristic changes in the structure of the hair follicle (trichomalacia).
People with Trichotillomania may also have symptoms of head-banging, nail-biting, scratching, gnawing, abrading or wearing off of the skin (excoriation) and other acts of self-mutilation. Children with Trichotillomania commonly suck their fingers. The disorder has been known to persist for two decades in some individuals. Approximately one-third of reported cases claim a duration of one year or less. Frequent periods of worsening symptoms and remissions are common.
Causes
The exact cause of Trichotillomania is not known. Approximately one-quarter of the reported cases have been linked to stressful situations such as disturbances in mother-child relationships, fear of being left alone and recent loss of a loved one. Psychoactive substance abuse may also contribute to the development of this disorder. Some scientists believe that Trichotillomania is a subcategory of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) which may be caused by certain imbalances in brain chemicals (see OCD in related disorders section). When the onset of Trichotillomania occurs in adulthood, it commonly accompanies a psychotic disorder.
Affected Population
Trichotillomania usually occurs in childhood but cases have been reported with an onset as late as 62 years. The disorder is more common in individuals with Mental Retardation, Schizophrenia, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder or Borderline Personality Disorder. Eldest and only children are most often afflicted. Trichotillomania occurs more frequently in women. Some physicians estimate that Obsessive Compulsive Disorders such as Trichotillomania may affect as many as eight million Americans. However, epidemiological studies have never been conducted so it is impossible to estimate how many people without mental retardation are affected, and how many of those have Trichotillomania alone instead of other OCD symptoms (such as repeated hand washing).
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Trichotillomania. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is characterized by recurrent obsessive and compulsive thoughts and actions. Obsessions are persistent ideas, thoughts, impulses or images that the patient knows are senseless. Attempts are made to ignore or suppress such thoughts or impulses, or to counteract them with some other thought or action. The individual recognizes that the obsessions are the product of his or her own mind, but they are difficult to resist. Many scientists believe that Trichotillomania and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder are caused by related brain chemical abnormalities because they are often responsive to the same drug treatments. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Obsessive Compulsive" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Medications which are used in treating Trichotillomania include chlorpromazine, isocarboxazid, amitriptyline and imipramine. Psychoanalysis, intensive psychotherapy, and behavior-modification therapy may be helpful in some cases.
Therapies: Investigational
The drug clomipramine, an antidepressant, is an FDA approved treatment for Obsessive Compulsive disease that is being investigated as a treatment for Trichotillomania. Clomipramine works by enhancing the action of brain serotonin (one of the chemicals that transmits messages between nerve cells). The drug is manufactured by Ciba-Geigy.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is looking for males from ages 6-60 for a study on Trichotillomania. If persons of this age group want to get information concerning the study on the compulsion to pull out hair on their head, eyelashes, eyebrows, or any other place on their body, call Marge Lenane at (301) 496-6081 for information about this drug study being carried out by the National Institutes of Mental Health.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Trichotillomania, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Foundation
P.O. Box 60
Vernon, CT 06066
(203) 255-8844
National Mental Health Association
1021 Prince Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
1901 N. Fort Meyer Dr., Suite 500
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 524-7600
National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse
311 S. Juniper St., Rm. 902
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 735-2481
NIH/National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
(301) 443-4515 or (301) 496-1752
(800) 421-4211 (24 hrs.)
Dr. Wayne Goodman
Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit
Yale School of Medicine
CT Mental Health Center
34 Park Street, 3rd Floor
New Haven, CT 06508
(203) 798-7334
References
DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, 3d.: R.L. Spitzer, et al., eds; American Psychiatric Association, 1984. Pp. 326-328.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 2281.
RETURN OF SYMPTOMS AFTER DISCONTINUATION OF CLOMIPRAMINE IN PATIENTS WITH
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER. M.T. Pato et al.; AM J Psychiatry (December, 1988: issue 145 (12)). Pp. 1521-1525.
TRICHOTILLOMANIA IN CHILDHOOD. A.P. Oranje et al.; J AM ACAD DERMATOL (October, 1986: issue 15 (4 Pt. 1)). Pp. 614-619.
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273: Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Trigeminal Neuralgia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Tic Douloureux
Fothergill Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Trigeminal Neuralgia, also known as Tic Douloureux is a nerve disorder characterized by attacks of acute pain at the side of the mouth and nose, along distribution of the trigeminal nerve.
Symptoms
The most noteworthy symptom of Trigeminal Neuralgia is the recurrence of episodes of intense, lancinating pain at the upper jaw and side of the nose. The pain may be triggered both by tactile stimuli such as the brushing of the teeth or chewing, and by extreme heat or cold. Symptoms are limited in most cases to one side of the face, with flushing of the skin and tearing of the eye on the affected side. Another sign of the disorder is excessive salivation. What distinguishes Trigeminal Neuralgia from similar disorders is the extremely short duration of the attack, usually only a few seconds, and the specificity of the region where pain is most intense. Also distinctive in the diagnosis of Trigeminal Neuralgia is its lack of any clinical or pathologic signs.
Causes
Trigeminal Neuralgia is in most cases found to be caused by compression by a blood vessel (vascular compression) of the root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve. Toxic, nutritive and infectious factors are believed to be possible sources of the disorder, but usually the exact cause is still unknown.
Affected Population
Trigeminal Neuralgia is found usually to affect older patients of both sexes.
Related Disorders
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia is a rare syndrome that, like Trigeminal Neuralgia, has symptoms of excruciating facial pain. In this related disorder, however, pain tends to center around the throat, tonsils, the back of the tongue and the middle ear, originating usually at the base of the tongue. Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia affects men more prevalently than women, and usually appears after age 40. In differential diagnosis, Trigeminal Neuralgia may be ruled out by tactile stimulation of the throat resulting in an attack, which can then be ameliorated by application of the drug tetracaine in Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia.
Sphenopalatine Ganglion Neuralgia is another related disorder. Caused by an infection in the accessory nasal sinus, this disorder can be identified by its symptomatic pain in the face, eye, upper jaw, root of the nose, teeth, ear, neck and shoulder. Prognosis for this disease is generally quite favorable. A neoplasm, tumor or another lesion impinging on the nerve can also result in symptoms like those associated with Trigeminal Neuralgia. Pain in these cases, however, is usually persistent and results in sensory impairment.
Post-herpetic pain, occurring after a herpes virus infection, also may cause facial pains. This is caused by neural impairment, yet it is identifiable as such by the history of the appearance of a herpetic rash usually located near the eyes.
Multiple sclerosis, which in some cases actually causes Trigeminal Neuralgia, is usually distinguishable by its fluctuating neurological symptoms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Multiple Sclerosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Prognosis of Trigeminal Neuralgia is generally favorable, with both medical and surgical means of treatment. The drug carbamazine (Tegretol) is often an effective treatment for the disorder; administration of this drug should be accompanied by a monitoring of liver and hemapoietic (relating to formation of blood cells) functions. In some patients, phenytoin (Dilantin) has been found to an be effective treatment.
In terms of surgical treatments, the most widely used is the Jannetta procedure, which involves the removal of vascular structures pressing on the trigeminal ganglion. In another possible treatment, a percutaneous needle makes electrolytic lesions of the trigeminal ganglion. In cases of intractable pain, the 5th nerve fibers near the trigeminal ganglion are surgically sectioned.
Therapies: Investigational
Tinzanidine, used experimentally as a treatment in Trigeminal Neuralgia, has been designated an orphan drug and approved for study in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It should be remembered that although this orphan drug is available experimentally in the United States, it is still under study and conclusive results are not yet reported.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Trigeminal Neuralgia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Trigeminal Neuralgia Support Group
P.O. Box 785
Barnegat Light, NJ 08006
(609) 361-1014
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research
Clinical Pain Division
9000 Rockville Place
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4261
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
References
Trigeminal Neuralgia: Treatment by Microvascular Decompression: PJ Jannetta; In: Neurosurgery; Wilkins et al., eds.: McGraw-Hill (1984).
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710: Triploid Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Triploid Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Triploidy Syndrome
Triploidy
Chromosome Triploidy Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Trisomy
Down Syndrome
11q Syndrome
18p Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Triploid Syndrome is an extremely rare chromosomal disorder. A complete extra set of chromosomes totalling sixty-nine, rather than the normal forty-six, is found in the infant. Babies with Triploid Syndrome usually are lost through early miscarriage. However, some infants have been born and survived as long as five months. The infant shows severely retarded fetal growth and many other prenatal abnormalities.
Symptoms
Triploid Syndrome symptoms may include miscarried fetuses occuring early in pregnancy, larger than normal size placenta, lack of prenatal skeletal growth, wider than normally spaced eyes (ocular hypertelorism), low nasal bridge, low-set malformed ears and a smaller than normal sized jaw. The third and fourth fingers of the hands may be connected, and the hands may have unusual simian creases. The infant may show congenital heart defects and also defects of the sex organs (smaller than normal sized organs and urinary openings in abnormal locations). There may also be abnormal brain development and lack of development of both the adrenal glands and the kidneys. Less often there is an unusually shaped skull, cleft lip and/or palate, growth of the brain or spinal cord outside of the body (meningomyelocele), and hernias. There may also be liver and gallbladder deformities, twisted colon, and finger and toe deformities.
The Triploid Syndrome is often associated with pregnancies which occur soon after oral contraceptives are discontinued. The pregnant mother experiences extremes of high blood pressure (hypertension), swelling (edema), and excretion of albumin in the urine (albuminuria). This condition is called toxemia or preeclampsia. In several instances a triploid pregnancy has been followed or preceded by a cyst-like (molar) pregnancy.
Causes
Triploid Syndrome is caused by a complete extra set of chromosomes. The triplication of the chromosomes is most often caused by double fertilization of an egg rather than an egg with extra chromosomes. The disorder is not inherited; it is a birth defect.
Affected Population
Triploid Syndrome occurs in very rare instances, usually in pregnancies that occur after oral contraceptive use or after a miscarried molar pregnancy. The syndrome does not seem to be affected by the age of the parents. It affects male and female infants in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders are caused by duplication, triplication or deletion of chromosomes:
Trisomies are very rare genetic disorders characterized by a triple chromosome. The most common symptom of the trisomies is mental retardation. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of all body cells. They carry the genetic characteristics of each individual. Pairs of human chromosomes are numbered from 1 through 22, with an unequal 23rd pair of X and Y chromosomes for males, and two X chromosomes for females. People with a Trisomy have an extra chromosome added to one of the normal pairs. The triplication of the chromosome may be partial, either an extra short arm (p+) or an extra long arm (q+). Defects are classified by the name of the abnormal chromosome pair and which portion of the chromosome is affected. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Trisomy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Down Syndrome is the most common and readily identifiable genetic condition caused by a chromosomal abnormality. One additional chromosome is present. Children with Down Syndrome have some degree of mental retardation. That can range from mild to profound. However, most children with Down Syndrome function in the mild to moderate range. Many of the children can be educated in the public schools, learn basic academic and pre-vocational skills with special training, and perform many daily living activities independently. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Down" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
11q Syndrome (Jacobsen Syndrome) is a rare genetic disorder affecting the long arm of chromosome 11. The disorder may be characterized by a narrow protruding forehead, eye problems, abnormally shaped nose and mouth and mental retardation. This syndrome is caused by a deletion on the long arm (q) of chromosome 11. The severity and type of abnormality depends upon the size and location of the missing chromosome piece. The cause of the chromosome break itself is unknown. (For more information on this disorder, choose "11q" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
18p Syndrome is a deletion of the short arm (p) of chromosome 18. It is characterized by unusual facial features and mild to severe mental retardation. This syndrome may also include growth deficiency, diminished muscle tension and a smaller than normal sized brain. There may also be behavior problems and delayed speech. (For more information on this disorder, choose "18p" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Triploid Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Triploid Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Adrenal Diseases Foundation
505 Northern Blvd., Suite 200
Great Neck, NY 11021
(516) 487-4992
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D., W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 32-35.
DIPLOSPERMY II INDICATED AS THE ORIGIN OF A LIVE BORN HUMAN TRIPLOID (69, XXX). B.M. Page, et al.; J Med Genet (October, 1981, issue 18 (5)). Pp. 386-389.
MORPHOLOGIC ANOMALIES IN TRIPLOID LIVEBORN FETUSES. N. Doshi, et al.; Hum Pathol, (August, 1983, issue 14 (4)). Pp. 716-723.
MIDTRIMESTER PREECLAMPTIC TOXEMIA IN TRIPLOID PREGNANCIES. R. Toaff, et al.; Isr J Med Sci, (March, 1976, issue 12 (3)). Pp. 234-239.
THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN TRIPLOIDS. P.A. Jacobs. et al.; Ann Hum Genet, (July, 1978, issue 42 (1)). Pp. 49-57.
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931: Trismus Pseudocamptodactyly Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Trismus Pseudocamptodactyly Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Camptodactyly, Facultative Type
Camptodactyly-Limited Jaw Excursion
Camptodactyly-Trismus Syndrome
Hecht Syndrome
Mouth, Inability To Open Completely-Camptodactyly
Mouth, Inability To Open Completely, And Short Finger-Flexor Tendons
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Camptodactyly
Gordon Syndrome
Spasmodic Torticollis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Trismus Pseudocamptodactyly Syndrome is a rare disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait. The major features of this disorder are an inability to open the mouth completely and a bending deformity of the fingers that occurs when extending the wrist backward. Abnormally short muscle tendons are the cause of these conditions.
Symptoms
Pseudocamptodactyly Syndrome is a rare disorder in which the patient is born with short muscle tendons that prevent normal growth and development. One of the major features of this disorder is a limited ability to open the mouth. This condition makes chewing difficult for some. The cause of the limitation in opening the mouth has not been determined and in some cases has been so subtle that it has gone unnoticed.
Short flexor tendons in the fingers is another feature of Trismus Pseudocamptodactyly Syndrome. This causes a condition in which the fingers bend toward the palm of the hand when the wrist is flexed backward.
Some patients with Trismus Pseudocamptodactyly Syndrome also have short flexor muscles of the feet. This can cause abnormalities such as: toes that turn downward (talipes equinovarus); inward curvature of the heel with the foot twisted in an abnormal position (metatarsus adductus); a flat arch of the foot (pes planus); an abnormality in which the front part of the foot is pointed in toward the middle of the body while the heel remains straight (metatarsus varus); and/or a condition in which the foot is flexed backward and turns outward (calcaneovalgus).
Other symptoms found in some patients with Trismus Pseudocamptodactyly Syndrome may be: short stature; a short muscle in the back of the leg (gastrocnemius); short muscles in the back of the thigh (hamstrings) causing a tilt of the pelvis; and/or mild spasms of the neck causing the head to tilt (spasmodic torticollis).
Causes
Trismus Pseudocamptodactyly Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait with a variance in the severity. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Trismus Pseudocamptodactyly Syndrome is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. Many American cases of this disorder have been traced to a Dutch girl who migrated to Tennessee. Five cases in three generations of a Japanese family have also been reported. There have been over thirty-five cases of this disorder reported in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Trismus Pseudocamptodactyly Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Camptodactyly is a rare disorder that may occur alone or be associated with a syndrome. When Camptodactyly occurs alone it is inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait. This disorder is characterized by fingers flexed towards the palm of the hand. Typically all the fingers are affected except the thumb. The toes may be affected in some cases. Camptodactyly affects males and females equally.
Gordon Syndrome is a rare disorder that belongs to a group of genetic musculoskeletal disorders called the Distal Arthrogryposes. This disorder is characterized by permanent flexion of one or more fingers (camptodactyly), a cleft palate, and clubfeet. Other developmental abnormalities may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Gordon Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Spasmodic Torticollis is a tonic or intermittent spasm of the neck muscles resulting in rotation and tilting of the head which is often painful. There are three different varieties of the disorder: tonic causing sustained turning of the head due to increased asymmetric muscle tone in one or more neck muscles; clonic which causes shaking movements of the head; and mixed tonic and clonic involving both kinds of movement. (For more information on this disorder choose "Spasmodic Torticollis as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Patients with deformities of the foot will require orthopedic care. Physical Therapy may be of benefit to some patients.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Genetic testing of families (linkage analysis) has been performed to identify carriers of the gene. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Trismus Pseudocamptodactyly Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp.724.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., Editor; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 190.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 257-58.
Mabry, et al.; J Pediatr (October, 1974, issue 85(4)). Pp. 503-8.
LINKAGE ANALYSIS WITH THE TRISMUS-PSEUDOCAMPTODACTYLY SYNDROME: R.D.
Robertson, et al; Am J Med Genet (May, 1982, issue 12(1)). Pp. 155-20.
ORTHOPEDIC ASPECTS OF THE TRISMUS PSEUDOCAMPTODACTYLY SYNDROME. P.J.
O'Brien, et al.; J Pediatr Orthop (August, 1984, issue 4(4)). Pp. 469-71.
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429: Trisomy
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Trisomy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Chromosomal Triplication
There are many different types of trisomies which are usually identified by numbers and letters. This entry contains information on the following specific trisomies:
Trisomy 6p, Partial
Trisomy 8
Trisomy 9p
Trisomy 10q
Trisomy 13 Syndrome (Patau's Syndrome)
Trisomy 18 Syndrome (Edward's Syndrome)
Trisomy 21 Syndrome (Down Syndrome)
Trisomy 22, Partial (Cat-Eye Syndrome)
General Discussion:
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Trisomies are very rare genetic disorders characterized by a chromosome aberration. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of all body cells. They carry the genetic characteristics of each individual. Pairs of human chromosomes are numbered from 1 through 22, with an unequal 23rd pair of X and Y chromosomes for males, and two X chromosomes for females. People with a Trisomy have an extra chromosome added to one of the normal pairs. Each chromosome has a short arm which is designated "p", and a long arm identified by the letter "q". The triplication of the chromosome may be partial; i.e. either an extra short arm or an extra long arm is present. Defects are classified by the name of the abnormal chromosome pair and which portion of the chromosome is affected. For example, 22p+ means that there is an extra short arm added to the 22nd pair of chromosomes.
In general, the most common symptom of the trisomies is mental retardation.
Symptoms
Trisomies are often characterized by mental retardation. Following is a description of a few trisomy disorders:
PARTIAL TRISOMY 6p: This disorder is characterized by a triplicated section of the short arm of the 6th chromosome. Mental retardation, multiple facial abnormalities as well as malformations of the lungs, kidney and the presence of two kidneys on one side of the body with crossed ureters may occur.
TRISOMY 8: Patients with this form of Trisomy are often slender and of normal height. The ears are low-set and malformed, and the eyes tend to be slanted down. Bone and joint abnormalities may involve the ribs, spine and kneecaps; joint contractures with poor range of motion are frequent. Unusually deep creases in the palms and the soles of the feet are evident. There is mild to moderate mental and motor retardation, often with delayed and hard to understand speech. Most of the patients are chromosomal mosaics, (i.e., they have two or more cell types that have different numbers of chromosomes).
TRISOMY 9p is identified by an extra short arm of the 9th chromosome. This disorder is characterized by abnormalities in the hands, feet, and pelvic bones. The pattern of bone structures in X-rays of patients with Trisomy 9p appears to be unique among patients with chromosomal abnormalities. Other symptoms include down-turned corners of the mouth, a large rounded nose, slightly wide and deep-set slanted eyes, unusual fingerprints and mental retardation.
TRISOMY 10q: This type of Trisomy is characterized by a triplication of part of the long arm of the 10th chromosome. The predominant symptoms of this disorder include a long head (dolichocephaly), prominent forehead, and abnormally open seams and soft spots (fontanelles) on the skull at birth. A broad nose, cleft lip and palate, clubfoot, and cysts in the kidney may also occur.
TRISOMY 13 SYNDROME (PATAU'S SYNDROME) is a genetic disorder which occurs in approximately 1 in 5,000 live births. It is characterized by midline abnormalities, gross defects of the brain, mental retardation, and cleft lip and/or cleft palate in most cases. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Trisomy 13" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
TRISOMY 18 SYNDROME (EDWARDS' SYNDROME) is a genetic disorder with onset before birth. Paternal and maternal age are usually higher than average. Babies appear thin and frail. They fail to thrive and have difficulty feeding. These children show generalized increased muscle tension (hypertonicity) with rigidity in flexion of the limbs, and mental retardation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Trisomy 18" in the Rare Disease Database.)
PARTIAL TRISOMY 22 (CAT-EYE SYNDROME) is characterized by a congenital absence or defect of certain eye tissue called coloboma, and the lack of an opening for the anus (atresia). Severe mental and physical retardation, wide-set slanted eyes, small skin appendages (tags) or openings to the inside of the mouth (fistulas) in front of the ears may develop. Congenital heart disease may also occur. Full trisomy has been reported in a few patients with similar symptoms, but a small jaw and low muscle tone (hypotonia) distinguishes them from the partial Trisomy.
TRISOMY 21, also known as DOWN SYNDROME is the most prevalent and readily identifiable genetic condition associated with mental retardation. The extra chromosome 21 changes the orderly development of body and brain. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Down" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Causes
The Trisomies are inborn abnormalities of the chromosomes. In some cases the chromosome abnormalities are related to advanced maternal or paternal age. Some genetic counselors suggest that pregnant women over the age of 35 should undergo amniocentesis to rule out these birth defects.
Affected Population
Most Trisomies are very rare disorders that affect patients from birth. Some Trisomies might affect a few hundred or a few thousand children per year; some may affect only a handful of children in the United States. The most common Trisomy is Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21 Syndrome) affecting approximately 7,000 newborn infants each year. (For more information, choose "Down Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Related Disorders
There are many possible Trisomy disorders with a wide range of symptoms. There are many causes of mental retardation, most of which are genetic anomalies which are not trisomies.
Therapies: Standard
Children with mental retardation associated with Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) usually benefit from early intervention programs and special education. Parent and infant education can begin immediately after birth. The individual child should receive direct service programming to develop learning, language, mobility, self-care and socialization skills. Toddler and preschool programs can further enhance the acquisition of skills to enable people with mental retardation to reach their maximum potential.
Genetic counseling will be helpful to families of patients with a Trisomy disorder. Women over the age of 35 who are planning to have children may wish to undergo amniocentesis since many trisomies can be detected before birth.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Trisomy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Support Organization for Trisomy 18/13 (SOFT 18/13)
National Headquarters
4625 Lindell Blvd., Suite 501
St. Louis, MO 63108
(314) 367-0055
Trisomy 9p Support Group
160 Locket Rd.
Harrow Weald, Middlesex, Scotland, HA3 7NZ
Contact Group for Trisomy 9P
11 Durgoyne Drive
Bearsden
Glasgow, Scotland
S.O.F.T. Canada Inc.
1214 Concession 5 West
RR 2 Waterdown, Ontario LOR 2H2
(416) 659-3216
Association for Retarded Citizens of the U.S.
P.O. Box 6109
Arlington, TX 76005
(817) 640-0204
1-800-433-5255
National Down Syndrome Congress
1640 West Roosevelt Road
Chicago, IL 60608
(312) 226-0416
(800) 446-3835
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
RED BLOOD CELL GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN TRISOMY 10p: POSSIBLE ROLE OF HEXOKINASE IN THE ERYTHROCYTE: M. Magnani, et al.; Blood (May 1983: issue 61,5). Pp. 71-75.
TRISOMY 11p15 AND BECKWITH-WIEDEMANN SYNDROME. REPORT OF TWO NEW CASES: H. Journel, et al.; Annales Genet (Paris) (1985: issue 28,2). Pp. 97-101.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
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218: Trisomy 13 Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Trisomy 13 Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Patau's Syndrome
Trisomy 13-15 Syndrome
D Trisomy Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Trisomy 13 Syndrome is a genetic disorder which occurs in approximately 1 in 5,000 live births. It is characterized by midline anomalies, gross defects of the brain, and cleft lip and/or cleft palate in most cases.
Symptoms
Infants affected with Trisomy 13 Syndrome tend to be small at birth. Spells of interrupted breathing (apnea) in early infancy are frequent, and mental retardation is usually severe. Many affected children appear to be deaf. A moderately small head (microcephaly) with sloping forehead, wide joints, and openings between the parietal bones of the head are present. Gross anatomic defects of the brain, especially failure of the forebrain to divide properly (holoprosencephaly), are common. A hernial protrusion of the cord and its meninges through a defect in the vertebral canal (myelomeningocele) is found in almost 50% of cases.
The entire eye is usually small (microphthalmia), and a defect of the iris tissue (coloboma), and faulty development of the retina (retinal dysplasia) occur frequently. The supraorbital ridges are shallow and palpebral fissures are usually slanted. Cleft lip, cleft palate, or both are present in most cases. The ears are abnormally shaped and unusually low-set.
A single transverse crease on the palm, extra fingers and toes (polydactyly), and hyperconvex narrow fingernails are common. The fingers tend to be flexed, but not in the characteristic manner seen in Trisomy 18 Syndrome. The feet show posterior prominence of the heel, and there may be a rocker-bottom foot.
Approximately 80% of cases show the following additional congenital anomalies:
1. An opening in the ventricular septum of the heart (ventricular septal defect)
2. Persistent blood vessel connecting the aorta to the pulmonary artery (patent ductus arteriosus)
3. An opening in the septum between the two atria in the heart (atrial septal defect)
4. Abnormalities in the pulmonary and/or aortic valves.
(For more information on specific heart anomalies, see articles in the Rare Disease Database.)
Location of the heart in the right side of the chest (dextrocardia) is common as well.
Tumors made up of newly formed capillary blood vessels (capillary hemangiomas), especially on the forehead in the midline, may also be present. Other midline defects include dermal sinuses on the scalp and loose folds of skin over the back of the neck.
The genitalia are frequently abnormal in both sexes. Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum (cryptorchidism) and abnormally developed scrotum may occur in males. A uterus with horn-shaped branches (bicornuate) sometimes occurs in females.
Hematologically, there is an increased frequency of nuclear projections in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a persistence of fetal hemoglobin.
Causes
An additional chromosome 13 causes the abnormalities of this genetic, developmental disorder, Trisomy 13 Syndrome.
Affected Population
Trisomy 13 Syndrome occurs in one in 5,000 live births. Males and females of all nationalities and races are affected equally.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Trisomy 13 Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Special education, physical therapy and other medical, social, or vocational services are of benefit to the patient, and are often necessary for the child to reach his/her full potential.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Trisomy 13 Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Support Organization for Trisomy 18/13 (SOFT 18/13)
National Headquarters
4625 Lindell Blvd., Suite 501
St. Louis, MO 63108
(314) 367-0055
S.O.F.T. Canada Inc.
1214 Concession 5 West
RR2 Waterdown, Ontario LOR 2H2
(416) 659-3216
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Association for Retarded Citizens of the U.S.
P.O. Box 6109
Arlington, TX 76005
(817) 640-0204
(800) 433-5255
Mental Retardation Association of America
211 East 300 South, Suite 212
Salt Lake City, UT 84111
(801) 328-1575
In Touch
10 Norman Road
Sale, Cheshire
M33 3DF
Hants, England
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed., Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., W.B. Saunders, Co. 1988. Pp. 20-5.
Trisomy 13 Syndrome
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218: Trisomy 13 Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
217: Trisomy 18 Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the Article (Trisomy 18 Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Trisomy 18
Edward's Syndrome
Trisomy E
Trisomy 16-18
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Trisomy 18 Syndrome is a genetic disorder with onset before birth. Paternal and maternal age are usually above average. Babies appear thin and frail. They fail to thrive and have difficulty feeding. These children show generalized increased muscle tension (hypertonicity) with rigidity in flexion of the limbs and mental retardation.
Symptoms
The newborn infant with Trisomy 18 is premature or small for its gestational age, with markedly retarded development (hypoplasia) of skeletal muscle and subcutaneous fat. The baby's cry is weak, and response to sound is decreased. There is often a history of feeble fetal activity, excess of fluid in the fetal sac, a small placenta, and a single umbilical artery.
The back part of the head is prominent; there is a narrow bifrontal diameter with decreased orbital ridges, short eyelid fissures, a small mouth and unusually small jaw, all of which give the face a pinched appearance. A small head (microcephaly), fold of the eyelid in the lateral corner of the eye (epicanthal folds), low-set malformed ears, and cleft lip and/or palate are common. The peculiar clenched fist with the index finger overlapping the 3rd and 4th fingers is almost distinctive of this disorder. Absence of the distal crease on the 5th finger is common as is a low-arch dermal ridge pattern on the fingertips. The nails are underdeveloped and the big toe is shortened and frequently bent backward (dorsiflexed). Underdeveloped or absent thumbs, clubfeet, rocker-bottom feet, and webbed fingers and toes (syndactyly) may also occur.
An opening in the ventricular septum of the heart (ventricular septal defect), persistent blood vessel connecting the aorta to the pulmonary artery (patent ductus arteriosus), an opening in the septum between the two atria in the heart (atrial septal defect), and abnormalities in the pulmonary and/or aortic valves may be present. (For more information on these defects, please see the articles in the Rare Disease Database.)
Congenital anomalies of the lung, diaphragm, kidneys and ureters are frequent. Hernias and/or separation of the rectus muscles of the abdominal wall, redundant skin folds especially over the back of the neck, and, in males, failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum are also common. Mental retardation in Trisomy 18 Syndrome is usually severe.
Causes
Trisomy 18 Syndrome is caused by the presence of a third chromosome 18. This chromosome is responsible for the physical and mental abnormalities of this developmental disorder.
Affected Population
Female infants are affected 3 times greater than male infants with Trisomy 18 Syndrome. Children with this disorder are generally born to older parents.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Trisomy 18 Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Special education, physical therapy, and other medical, social, or vocational services are of benefit to the patient, and are often necessary for the child to reach his/her full potential.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Trisomy 18 Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Support Organization for Trisomy 18/13 (SOFT 18/13)
National Headquarters
4625 Lindell Blvd., Suite 501
St. Louis, MO 63108
(314) 367-0055
S.O.F.T. Canada Inc.
1214 Concession 5 West
RR2 Waterdown, Ontario LOR 2H2
(416) 659-3216
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
(301) 496-5133
Association for Retarded Citizens of the U.S.
P.O. Box 6109
Arlington, TX 76005
(817) 640-0204
(800) 433-5252
Mental Retardation Association of America
211 East 300 South, Suite 212
Salt Lake City, UT 84111
(801) 328-1575
In Touch
10 Norman Road
Sale, Cheshire
M33 3DF
Hants, England
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed., Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., W.B. Saunders, Co. 1988. Pp. 16-9.
Trisomy 18 Syndrome
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217: Trisomy 18 Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
89: Tropical Sprue
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Tropical Sprue) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by the article.
Synonyms
Hill Diarrhea
Tropical Diarrhea
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Malabsorption, multiple nutritional deficiencies, and abnormalities in the small bowel mucosa are the chief characteristics in Tropical Sprue, a disorder of unknown cause. The disease is acquired and appears to be related to environmental and nutritional conditions. It is most prevalent in the Caribbean, south India, and southeast Asia.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Tropical Sprue may include fatigue, diarrhea with stools that are copious, pale and malodorous, anorexia, loss of weight, asthenia (loss of strength and energy) and general weakness.
The onset of the disorder may be acute. There may be fever and an inflammation of the mouth and tongue. The skin may be dry and there may be scaling apparent on the lips and at the angles of the mouth. Some patients may experience mental depression.
Some patients experience spontaneous remission. Treatment of the disorder in its early stages may result in rapid and complete recovery. The restoration of normal intestinal structure and function may be slower if treatment is begun later in the course of the disease. Tropical Sprue may become chronic with frequent relapses.
Malabsorption of fats and xylose, reduction in the absorption of iron, vitamin B12, and folate, and megaloblastic anemia are common findings.
Causes
Tropical Sprue is a disease of unknown cause. It is an acquired disorder which appears to be related to environmental and nutritional conditions. The disease may be related to an infectious organism (either viral or bacterial), dietary toxin, parasitic infestation, or a nutritional deficiency such as folic acid. Damage to intestinal mucosa which results in an impairment of the absorption of foods, minerals, and water may be produced by these agents.
Affected Population
Tropical Sprue occurs chiefly in the Caribbean area, south India, and southeast Asia. Both residents of the area and visitors can be affected.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Tropical Sprue includes the use of folic acid and tetracycline or oxytetracycline or ampicillin. The dosage depends on the severity of the disorder as well as how the patient responds to the therapy. Other replacement therapy is given as needed (e.g., iron, vitamin B12). Diarrhea may be controlled with Lomotil or Imodium.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tropical Sprue, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 743.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 794.
Tropical Sprue=
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Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
180: Truncus Arteriosus, Persistent
_________________________
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
The truncus arteriosus is a fetal structure which gives rise to the two large arteries emerging from the heart, the aorta and the pulmonary artery. When the truncus arteriosus persists beyond the fetal stage, blood from both ventricles mixes and enters the pulmonary, coronary (serving the heart muscle), and systemic (serving all the organs except the lungs and heart) circulation. Because not all the blood flowing to the body has passed through the lungs to absorb oxygen, the tissues receive less oxygen than they should. In addition, the pulmonary vasculature is eventually damaged by the abnormally high blood pressures in the lungs. Persistent Truncus Arteriosus is a serious congenital heart defect, and is always accompanied by a ventricular septal defect (i.e., a hole in the wall separating the right and left ventricles). The condition is often fatal during infancy.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Persistent Truncus Arteriosus resemble those of a severe ventricular septal defect. They consist of congestive heart failure, cyanosis (a bluish tint to the flesh due to insufficient oxygen supply), an enlarged heart, and gradual destruction of the blood vessels of the lungs due to high pulmonary blood pressure. Infants feed poorly and fail to grow and develop normally.
Characteristic heart sounds, electrocardiographic findings, and blood pressure abnormalities help in making the diagnosis.
Causes
The arrest or abnormality in embryonic development leading to congenital heart defects such as Persistent Truncus Arteriosus may result from various factors. These may include maternal rubella (measles), excessive alcohol consumption, or diabetes; heredity may also play a role in some cases.
Related Disorders
Various congenital heart defects are discussed in the Rare Disease Database. Please note that Pseudotruncus Arteriosus is a synonym for Tetralogy of Fallot, a different heart defect. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tetralogy of Fallot" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Medical measures to avert heart failure are fairly standard, and are of limited value in Persistent Truncus Arteriosus. Surgery may be possible in some cases.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1990 . Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Persistent Truncus Arteriosus, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Ave.
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 308.
Truncus Arteriosus, Persistent
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6Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
361: Tuberculosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Tuberculosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
TB
Consumption
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
AIDS
Childhood Tuberculosis, also known as Primary TB
Cutis Colliquativa Tuberculosis, also known as Tuberculous Gumma
Disseminated Hematogenous Tuberculosis, also known as Miliary TB
Tuberculosis Lichenoides, also known as Lichen Scrofulosorum
Lymph Node Tuberculosis
Papulonecrotic Tuberculosis
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Pulmonary Atypical Tuberculosis
Tuberculous Arthritis
Tuberculosis of the Spine, also known as Pott Disease
Pleural Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Peritonitis
Tuberculous Meningitis
Tuberculous Pericarditis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an acute or chronic bacterial infection found most commonly in the lungs. The infection is spread like a cold, mainly through airborne droplets breathed into the air by a person infected with TB. The bacteria causes formation of small tissue masses called tubercles. In the lungs these tubercles produce breathing impairment, coughing and release of sputum. TB may recur after long periods of inactivity (latency) if not treated adequately. Many variations of TB exist and are distinguished by the area of the body affected, degree of severity and affected population. This disease today is considered curable and preventable. It is very rare in the United States but is on an upsurge.
Symptoms
Tuberculosis most commonly affects the lungs, producing breathing difficulties. It may also affect the kidneys, bones, lymph nodes, and membranes surrounding the brain. In some cases, it can spread throughout the body. In the initial stages patients may experience fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, weakness, and sometimes a dry cough.
In the later stages of lung involvement, blood may appear in the sputum. Bleeding in the lungs may occur if an artery or tubercle (small tissue mass produced by the infection) ruptures. The patient can die of this infection if left untreated.
Causes
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection usually caused by either Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most common source of infection and is spread by airborne droplets breathed or coughed into the air by a person infected with active TB. In the past the disorder was caused in most cases by Mycobacterium bovis, a bacteria which was passed to humans through dairy products. Today, dairy and cattle are carefully inspected and tested for this type of TB, and infected products are not sold to the public in the United States. However, in less developed countries the TB infection is still passed to humans through dairy products.
Affected Population
In 1944, the Public Health Service launched a TB control program when the yearly number of cases in the United States averaged 126,000. In 1985, the number of cases had dropped to 22,201. However, health officials warn that TB is still a serious health problem, due in part to the rise of AIDS cases and the lowered resistance of AIDS patients to the TB infection. There are still approximately 2,000 deaths annually from TB in the United States which is more than all other infectious diseases excluding pneumonia and influenza.
Areas with the highest incidence of AIDS victims such as New York City, California, Florida, and Texas are also the areas with the highest incidence of TB. TB may prove to be the first "opportunistic infection" related to AIDS with potential threat to the general public. An opportunistic infection is one that takes hold because the patient's immune system is weakened. (For more information on these disorders, choose "AIDS" and "Opportunistic Infection" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database, and also see the AIDS Update area of NORD Services.) Recently, the southeast area of the United States and states bordering Mexico reported the highest Tuberculosis (TB) cases. Additionally, the recent influx of Southeast Asians, who have a high incidence of TB, now constitutes three to five percent of new cases in the U.S.
Worldwide, TB is a major health problem with as many as four million new cases and three million deaths each year. The impact of TB is felt most by older and poorer people. Cases usually occur in individuals who were infected years ago, particularly the elderly. Many of these people grew up in the first decades of the century when eighty percent of the population had been infected (though not necessarily afflicted with an active case of TB) by the time they were thirty. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, GA currently estimates that ten million people worldwide have been infected by the tubercle bacillus, carrying a small but lifelong risk of developing active TB.
There were 1,200 American children diagnosed with TB during 1984, leading to the conclusion that TB is still being spread by people with active infections. Every year thousands more children are apparently infected, but do not get the active disease, adding to the pool of those at risk of developing active TB in the future.
Since 1984 the incidence of TB has been on the rise, especially in the elderly. Over 22,000 cases have been reported each year with over a third of the cases in individuals over sixty years of age. The elderly are susceptible to TB in two different ways: dormant germs from old infections becoming active again and new exposure at a time of life when immune defense is lower than in youth. In 1991, 25,709 cases were reported, a 9.4 perceny increase since 1989. Cases in children are also increasing.
Other persons with suppressed immune systems, such as AIDS patients and persons taking drugs to suppress the body's immune response to transplants, are also at increased risk from exposure to TB.
Related Disorders
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) involves progressive deterioration of the body's ability to ward off infection. Organisms which in a healthy person would either fail to cause disease, cause mild disease, or at least provoke immunity, can completely overwhelm the AIDS patient. Patients with AIDS can contract various life-threatening infections such as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Tuberculosis (TB). Additionally, they may develop a rare type of cancer called Kaposi's Sarcoma.
Following is a list of the various subtypes of Tuberculosis:
1. Childhood Tuberculosis (TB, primary) involves first-time infection of TB.
2. Cutis Colliquativa Tuberculosis (Gumma, tuberculous) is a childhood type of TB involving lesions on the back and legs.
3. Disseminated Hematogenous Tuberculosis (TB, Miliary) is a serious form of TB with a sudden onset occurring mostly during early childhood. Many areas of the body are involved.
4. Tuberculosis Lichenoides (Lichen Scrofulosorum) occurs in children with a high immunity to TB. It is marked by red skin areas appearing chiefly on the trunk.
5. Lymph node Tuberculosis is an adult form of TB involving the lymph nodes. This disorder is marked by swelling and fever.
6. Papulonecrotic Tuberculosis occurs in adults. This form of TB involves the face, arms, legs, and trunk. Ulceration of the skin occurs causing small scars. This form of TB is likely to recur.
7. Pulmonary Tuberculosis is usually an active flare-up of some type of childhood TB affecting the lungs.
8. Pulmonary Atypical Tuberculosis is a type of TB caused by certain rarely seen Mycobacteria. This type of TB could extend to organs other than the lungs.
9. Tuberculous Arthritis involves the lungs initially then can spread to bones and joints and may be related to various other diseases including prior joint trauma, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus and chronic debilitating states that possibly predispose to activation of disease.
10. Tuberculosis of the Spine (Pott Disease) begins gradually and involves pain in the spinal nerve root and weight loss. More serious cases may cause paralysis.
11. Tuberculous Meningitis involves the central nervous system and is usually found in children aged one to five years although it may occur at any age. Headache and behavioral changes may be noticed initially. Later symptoms may include convulsive disorders, communicating hydrocephalus (accumulation of fluid in the brain cavity), mental retardation, and other neurological abnormalities.
12. Pleural Tuberculosis can occur in at least two forms usually in conjunction with Pulmonary TB. Surgical drainage may be required as well antituberculous treatment.
13. Genitourinary Tuberculosis (Tuberculous Pyelonephritis) is characterized by an initial lack of typical TB symptoms. When long established, this disorder may spread from the kidneys to the ureters, bladder, seminal vesicles, and prostate.
14. Tuberculous Peritonitis may spread from the lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract or uterine tube and ovary to surrounding areas. Local tenderness and signs of infection are symptomatic of this type of TB.
15. Tuberculous Pericarditis is usually due to spread from infected mediastinal nodes (separating the lungs) and affects the membrane around the heart. Surgery may be necessary in the more serious cases of this type of TB.
16. Silicotuberculosis results from exposure to silicon dust.
Therapies: Standard
Continued testing of dairy herds as preventive therapy remains essential to the control of Tuberculosis. A tuberculin skin test, required for school-age children in the United States, is also extremely useful in identifying unsuspected cases of TB. Vaccination with BCG (a weakened strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis) is useful in many parts of the world where the incidence of TB is high. However, this vaccine is used rarely in the United States. Antibiotic therapy with careful monitoring by a physician is necessary for cases of active tuberculosis. Hospitalizing or isolating a patient under treatment, as was done in the past, is usually no longer necessary to prevent the spread of TB. Hospitalization may be useful now in some cases for treating disabling symptoms or complications. Ten to fourteen days of antibiotic treatment is usually necessary before patients become noninfectious.
The combined use of rifampin (RIF) and isoniazed (INH) for nine months is the current treatment of choice in cases of TB.
Surgical treatment of some skin manifestations of TB may be of limited usefulness. Corticosteroid therapy (in conjunction with antibiotics) may be advantageous in some recurrent or very persistent cases, or in some cases that overlap with other diseases.
Therapies: Investigational
New methods of preventing Tuberculosis, and preventing the spread of existing cases of this disorder are under current investigation.
The FDA has approved the following drug for testing as treatment for Tubuerculosis patients:
The orphan drug Rifater (rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide) is being tested for short-course treatment of Tuberculosis. The drug is manufactured by Marion Merrell Dow, Kansas City, MO.
For information on additional therapies that have been designated as Orphan Drugs in the last few months, please return to the main menu of NORD Services and access the Orphan Drug Database.
The orphan product Para-Aminosalicylic acid is being developed for the treatment of Tuberculosis infections. It is sponsored by the Jacobus Pharmaceutical Company of Princeton, NJ. The clinical trials are now underway.
The drug Thalidomide is being tested in the treatment of clinical manisfestations of mycobacterial infection caused by mycobacterial Tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis mycobacteria. The drug is sponsored by Celgene Corp., 7 Powder Horn Dr., Warren, NJ, 07059.
The orphan product, gabbromicina, is being developed by the University of Illinois at Chicago for the treatment of Tuberculosis.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tuberculosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
CURABLE, PREVENTABLE, BUT STILL A KILLER: TUBERCULOSIS: Annabel Hecht; FDA Consumer (Dec. 1986-Jan. 1987 issue). Pp. 7-10.
Tuberculosis
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`(G(Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
35: Tuberous Sclerosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Tuberous Sclerosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Bourneville Pringle Syndrome
Epiloia
Phakomatosis
TS
Tuberose Sclerosis
Tuberous Sclerosis-1
TSC1
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Sturge-Walker Syndrome
Hypomelanosis of Ito
Epidermal Nevus Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tuberous Sclerosis is a rare neurological disorder characterized by seizures, mental retardation, developmental delay, and skin and eye (ocular) lesions. Patients may experience a few or all of the symptoms with varying degrees of severity.
Symptoms
The first symptoms of Tuberous Sclerosis occur during infancy or early childhood. Approximately 90 percent of patients have seizures as their first symptom. These episodes of seizures may include muscle spasms (myoclonic jerks). Brain wave abnormalities can be detected with an electroencephalograph (hypsarrhythmia). Two-thirds of patients with Tuberous Sclerosis are mildly or severely mentally retarded.
Benign brain tumors may be detected with computerized tomography (CT scans), even in the developing fetus.
Between 60 and 90 percent of infants with Tuberous Sclerosis have white patches or spots (hypomelanotic macules) on their skin at birth. The characteristic tumors of this disorder (adenoma sebaceum) appear between the ages of 3 and 5 years. The tumors generally become more numerous during puberty. Collagen (a white glistening protein) may accumulate in the skin of the lower back and back of the neck. This may appear as elevated, yellowish-brown patches with the texture of an orange peel. Small benign tumors (fibromas) may develop around or under the fingernails and the nail beds (periungual or subungual). Brown spots (cafe-au-lait macules) and soft saclike growths (cutaneous nodules) may appear on the skin. About 90 percent of patients develop tumors in the retina of the eyes (astrocytic hamartomas) or tumor-like nodules in the brain as well as the skin and eyes (phakomas).
Delayed speech, slow motor development, and learning disabilities may be associated with Tuberous Sclerosis. Typical behavior patterns include symptoms resembling childhood autism; episodes of screaming, crying, or rage; and catatonic rigidity.
Causes
Tuberous Sclerosis is believed to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
The gene that causes this disorder has been located to the long arm of chromosome 9.
When patients are affected less severely, the cause is thought to be an unusual, spontaneous genetic change or mutation that is not inherited.
Affected Population
Tuberous Sclerosis occurs in approximately 1 in 20,000 live births and affects an estimated 10,000 individuals in the United States. Males and females are affected equally.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Tuberous Sclerosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Sturge-Walker Syndrome is a rare disorder that is apparent at birth. This disorder is characterized by three major symptoms; excessive blood vessel growth within the membranes that surround the spinal cord (leptomenigal angiomas); seizures; and accumulation of excessive calcium within the brain. Generally there is a large birth mark (port wine stain or nevus flammeus) on one side of the face. The seizures that are common with this disorder generally increase in frequency as the patient gets older. Over half of the children with Sturge-Walker Syndrome experience some degree of mental retardation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sturge-Walker" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hypomelanosis of Ito is a rare disorder that is characterized by an unusual lack of skin color (hypopigmentation) affecting many areas of the body. Other symptoms may include mental retardation, seizures, inability to sweat in the areas that lack pigmentation, crossed eyes (strabismus), nearsightedness and a cleft along the edge of the eyeball (coloboma). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hypomelanosis of Ito" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Epidermal Nevus Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by distinctive birth marks (nevus) on the skin. Neurological and skeletal abnormalities may also occur. This disorder is usually apparent at birth and the skin lesions are most often seen in the mid-face from the forehead down into the nasal area. Epidermal Nevus Syndrome is often associated with seizures, mental deficiency, eye problems, bone malformations and atrophy of the brain. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Epidermal Nevus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
The treatment for Tuberous Sclerosis is supportive and symptomatic. Treatment may include the administration of anticonvulsant drugs to control seizures. Facial tumors (angiofibromas) may be removed using a skin scraping technique known as derabrasion or with laser treatments. Surgery may become necessary for certain rapidly growing tumors that might interfere with normal function. Special education and related services will be helpful for those children who are mentally retarded.
Conventional anticonvulsants that may be administered include phenobarbital, phenytoin (Dilantin), clonazepam (Clonopin), valproic acid (Depakene), carbamazepine (Tegretol), ethosuximide (Zarontin), or acetazolamide (Diamox). All these anticonvulsants have potential side effects and require careful monitoring by a physician.
Certain immunizations, such as DPT and Rubella, can prompt seizures in children with Tuberous Sclerosis. "Infantile spasms" can be treated in some infants by the use of prednisone or ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). These medications are used cautiously because of their side effects.
The obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation inside the brain (intracranial hypertension) because of a benign tumor may require a shunting procedure to drain the liquid or the surgical removal of the tumor. A benign tumor inside the heart (rhabdomyoma) may not cause symptoms and not require treatment. Large cystic lesions of the kidneys may also require surgical decompression or removal, possibly leading to loss of a kidney. If large groups of enlarged blood vessels (angiolipomas) bleed in the lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum), emergency treatment for shock may be necessary.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Investigations into the cause and possible treatments for Tuberous Sclerosis are ongoing. Blood and skin cells of Tuberous Sclerosis patients have been banked at the Camden Cell Repository in New Jersey and are available to researchers around the world. Scientists are trying to develop prenatal tests and diagnostic blood tests for Tuberous Sclerosis.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tuberous Sclerosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Tuberous Sclerosis Association, Inc.
8000 Corporate Drive, #120
Landover, MD 20785
(301) 459-9888
(800) 225-NTSA
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For information about seizures:
Epilepsy Foundation of America
1828 "L" Street N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1630, 2111.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1116-1118.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2144.
CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY, 2nd Ed.; Thomas P. Habif, M.D., Editor: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1990. Pp. 654-655.
DISORDERS OF HYPOPIGMENTATION IN CHILDREN, F.J. Pinto; Pediatr Clin North Am (August 1991; 38(3)): Pp. 991-1017.
NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES, E.S. Roach; Pediatr Clin North Am (August 1992; 39(4)); Pp. 591-6202.91-6202.
Tuberous Sclerosisa)
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!Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
112: Turner Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Turner Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the synonyms, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Bonnevie-Ulrich syndrome
Ovarian Dwarfism
Ovary Dysgenesis
Ovary Aplasia
Genital Dwarfism
Gonadal Dysgenesis (XO)
Monosomy X
Morgagni-Turner-Albright Syndrome
Pterygolymphangiectasia
Schereshevkii-Turner Syndrome
Turner-Varny Syndrome
XO syndrome
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Noonan Syndrome (in males)
Pseudo Turner Syndrome (in males)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting females which is characterized by lack of sexual development, small stature, possible mental retardation, a webbed neck, heart defects, and various other congenital abnormalities. Individuals have an XO karyotype, i.e., they have neither the second X chromosome that characterizes females nor the Y chromosome of males. Despite the unusual genetic karyotype, people with Turner Syndrome are females.
Symptoms
Individuals with Turner syndrome have female characteristics, but they do not develop secondary sexual characteristics because they have immature or "streak" ovaries and cannot produce estrogen (a female hormone). No puberty occurs, and sexual traits such as breasts or pubic and axillary hair fail to develop.
Growth is slowed and the individual remains unusually short, often under 5 feet tall at adulthood. Intelligence is only rarely impaired. There may be behavioral difficulties, but it is not known whether these are consequences of living with this disorder or neurological manifestations.
Congenital abnormalities of the skeleton, heart, and urinary tract can occur. The neck is webbed and the chest may be broad or protruding. The jaw may have an unusual shape, and the palate may be arched. Typical heart defects may include coarctation of the aorta and other anomalies of the left side of the heart. Urinary tract abnormalities may include a horseshoe shaped kidney and double ureters.
Cells of individuals with Turner syndrome usually have only 45 chromosomes (rather than the normal 46), lacking a sex chromosome as described above. Occasionally, the defect is found only in one cell line (mosaicism), or the chromosome is present but defective.
Causes
Turner Syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by an absence or defect of the sex chromosome. Karyotype (chromosomal constitution of the nucleus of a cell) is XO in 80% of the cases, lacking one of the sex chromosomes. In 20% of the cases, sex chromatin is positive for various chromosomal abnormalities such as XX (one chromosome is abnormal) or XO (one chromosome is absent), or other abnormal chromosome combinations.
Affected Population
Turner Syndrome affects only females. In the United States, the number of persons with this disorder is approximately 45,000.
Related Disorders
Noonan Syndrome is a genetic disorder that can affect both males and females. The disorder is characterized by a lack of sexual development, short stature, mental retardation, a webbed neck, skeletal and/or heart defects, and various other abnormalities. Persons with Noonan Syndrome usually have normal chromosomes (karyotype is normal), while their physical appearance (phenotype) is different from their peers. (For more information on this disorder, choose, "Noonan" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
There is no cure for Turner Syndrome, but certain measures can allow a more normal life in affected persons. To increase stature (i.e., for normal linear growth and maturation of the bones), estradiol therapy started early in life has been found useful. Genetically engineered growth hormone has proven helpful in many cases. At puberty, replacement therapy with estrogen may begin. This allows almost normal development of breasts, labia, vagina, uterus and fallopian tubes, although patients remain unable to conceive children.
Patients who are mosaics (i.e., only some of whose cells have abnormal sex chromosomes) appear to be susceptible to gonadal tumors. Such patients, who are likely to have evidence of virilization, may have "streak gonads" which are undeveloped gonads in the ligaments of the abdominal cavity. These should be removed.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Institutes of Health requests the cooperation of physicians in referring patients with Turner Syndrome, age 4 to 12 years. Patients will be offered enrollment in a long-term treatment protocol to assess the effect of low-dose estrogen treatment and growth hormone treatment on adult height. Low-dose estrogen is intended to help stimulate gradual development of secondary sexual characteristics without compromising growth potential Referring physicians will receive a complete summary of all evaluations, and patients will continue to be followed in conjunction with their referring physicians. Please write or telephone:
Dr. Gordon B. Cutler Jr.
National Institutes of Health
9000 Rockville Pike
Bldg. 10, Rm. 10N260
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4686
or
Dr. Judith Levine Ross
Hahnemann University
Mail Stop 402
Broad & Vine Streets
Philadelphia, PA 19102
(215) 448-7710
Ethinyl Estradiol product EE which is manufactured by Gynex increases secondary sexual characteristics in Turner's patients without causing bone growth problems. Further studies are necessary to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of this product.
Oxandrolone (Oxandrin) is an experimental drug being tested on girls with Turner Syndrome to increase their growth. This drug has several advantages over human growth hormone (hGH) because (1) Oxandrin is an oral drug whereas hGH is an injection (2) hGH costs $10,000 to $30,000 per year whereas Oxadrin is expected to cost less than $2,000 per year. Oxandrin is available from Gynex Pharmaceuticals under a "Treatment IND" which is special permission from the FDA to distribute an investigational drug to a large number of people who are not in a clinical trial.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Turner Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Turner's Syndrome Support Group of New England
170 Maple Street
Malden, MA 02148
Turner's Syndrome Society of the United States
3539 Tonkawood Road
Minnetonka, MN 55345
(612) 475-9944
Turner Syndrome Society
Administrative Studies Bldg. 006
4700 Keel Street
York University
Downsview, Ontario, Canada
M3J 1P3 .BR; (416) 736-5023
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 167-70, 1392.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed., Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., W.B. Saunders, Co. 1988. Pp. 75-9.p. 75-9.
Turner Syndrome
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a Copyright (C) 1989, 1990 International Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
730: Typhoid
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Typhoid) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Typhoid Fever
Salmonella Typhi Infection
Enteric Fever
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Salmonella
Botulism
Ptomaine Poisoning
Cholera
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that is rare in the United States. However it is not rare in many other countries. Major symptoms may include unusually high fever, headache, loss of appetite, fatigue, abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Symptoms
Typhoid is an intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. Antibodies to the bacteria can be detected in the blood (Widal's test). Salmonella typhi can be cultured from the patient's blood, urine and feces as well. The infection incubates for one or two weeks. A gradual development of headache, loss of appetite, fatigue and constipation occurs. During the following weeks there is a gradual rise in temperature to about 104 F, abdominal pain, a slowed pulse rate, nosebleeds, rose-colored spots on the chest and diarrhea. Intestinal ulceration and bleeding can lead to anemia and peritonitis. These conditions may be fatal if the patient is left untreated. Heart failure may also occur.
Even after a complete recovery from Typhoid fever the patient may remain a carrier of the bacteria for a number of weeks, months or even years. Those who have had Typhoid should be very careful of personal hygiene and avoid handling food that other people eat until the bacteria is no longer present in the patient's feces.
Causes
Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is the most serious of the Salmonella infections. Contaminated food or water is most often the source of a Typhoid outbreak. Contact with a carrier of the bacterium, polluted water, infected food or milk, shellfish harvested from polluted water, or fresh vegetables grown in contaminated soil are all sources of the Salmonella Typhi bacterium. People who have had Typhoid are "carriers" until the bacteria is completely gone from their body. If they touch food served to other people when their hands are not properly washed, they can spread Typhoid to those who eat the food.
Affected Population
Typhoid affects males and females in equal numbers. In the United States there are only about 500 cases of Typhoid diagnosed each year, and over 62% of these are contracted in other countries. The major sources of cases in the United States between the years 1975-1984 were Mexico (39%) and India (14%). In Mexico, Latin America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East where the fatality rate is as high as 10% each year, Typhoid is still a serious health problem. In the U.S., outbreaks are usually traced to a Typhoid carrier in the food handling business (e.g. restaurants, hotels, etc.).
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Typhoid fever. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Salmonella poisoning is a form of gastroenteritis. It is the most common cause of outbreaks of foodborne disease in the United States. This bacteria may infect meat, dairy and vegetable products. Outbreaks are most common in warm weather and in children under the age of seven. Nausea, vomiting, and chills are the most common initial symptoms. These are followed by abdominal pain, diarrhea and fever which may last from five days to several weeks. The CDC estimates that there are approximately 2 to 4 million Salmonellosis cases in the United States each year.
Botulism is a form of gastroenteritis caused by a bacterial toxin. This toxin is a neuromuscular poison. It occurs in three forms: foodborne, wound, and infantile botulism. The most common form is foodborne. The patient may experience weakness, fatigue, headache, and dizziness as well as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Botulism" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Ptomaine Poisoning is the fourth most common cause of bacterial foodborne disease in the United States. It is caused by a protein enterotoxin that is produced after eating infected food, usually meat products. The disease is characterized by severe abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Nausea often occurs as well. However, vomiting and fever are rare.
Cholera is a bacterial infection involving the entire small intestine and marked by severe diarrhea and vomiting. Symptoms are caused by a toxin released by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Drinking water, or eating seafood, vegetables, and other foods contaminated with the excrement of Cholera patients spreads the disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cholera" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Typhoid is treated with the antibiotic drugs chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cefoperazone, pefloxacin, co-trimoxazole or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Precautions to take, especially when visiting countries with unsanitary conditions, includes the practice of good personal hygiene and careful washing of hands. Avoid drinking untreated water, drinks served with ice, unpeeled fruits and vegetables, and other food that is cooked and not served hot. In food preparation; wash and sanitize utensils in hot water; carefully clean cutting boards, work areas and equipment; keep hot foods at 165 F and cold foods at 40 F or colder to avoid the possible growth of bacteria in food. Typhoid vaccination and food precautions are necessary before traveling to developing countries where this kind of disease is prevalent.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are investigating vaccines that will hopefully provide the traveler full protection against Typhoid without severe side-effects.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Typhoid, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Center for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road
Atlanta, GA 30333
404-329-3534
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1664-1691, 1696.
SALMONELLA TYPHI INFECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1975-1984: INCREASING ROLE OF FOREIGN TRAVEL , C.A. Ryan, et al.; Rev Infect Dis (January-February, 1989, issue 11 (1)). Pp. 1-8.
CEFOPERAZONE COMPARED WITH CHLORAMPHENICOL IN THE TREATMENT OF TYPHOID
FEVER. F. Paradisi, Chemotherapy (1988, issue 34 (1)). Pp. 71-76.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH PEFLOXACIN IN THE THERAPY OF TYPHOID FEVER. P.
Chistiano, et al.; Infection (March-April, 1989, issue 17 (2)). Pp. 86-67.
ASSESSMENT ON ANTIMICROBIAL TREATMENT OF ACUTE TYPHOID AND PARATYPHOID
FEVERS IN BRITAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS 1971-1980. R.J. Fallon, et al.; J Infect (March, 1988, issue 16 (2)). Pp. 129-134.
MARY MALLON'S TRAIL OF TYPHOID, C. Cary, FDA Consumer, (June, 1989), Pp. 18-21. (See article in Prevalent Disorders section of NORD Services).
Typhoid
eric{!
~!pagetitle
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@4<4Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
570: Thrombocytopenia, Essential
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Essential Thrombocytopenia) is not the name you expected. Please check the disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Thrombocytopenia with Absent Radius Syndrome (TAR)
Fanconi's Anemia
von Willebrand Disease
May-Hegglin Anomaly
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Kassaback-Merritt Syndrome
Hemophilia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Essential Thrombocytopenia is a rare blood disease affecting the clotting factor (platelets) of the blood. It is characterized by an abnormally low platelet count and a shorter than normal (ten days) platelet survival time. Major symptoms include a tendency to bleed excessively into the skin or mucous membranes, and especially during menstruation. There are many different reasons for the development of decreased marrow production or platelet destruction that causes this disorder. These can sometimes be determined by examination of bone marrow. Other forms of Thrombocytopenia may be associated with hereditary factors.
Symptoms
The major symptom of Essential Thrombocytopenia is excessive bleeding. In the mildest cases, flat red spots (petechiae) that are pinpoint in size are noticed, usually around the feet and ankles. With more serious disease the spots are larger and more widespread. There is a tendency toward sudden nosebleeds and easy bruising. In severe cases, bleeding (hemorrhages) under the skin (purpura) may involve the skin surface, the eyes and mucous membranes of the mouth. In the most serious cases, intracranial hemorrhage may occur. As a result of uncontrolled excessive bleeding, anemia may develop producing weakness, fatigue and signs of congestive heart failure.
Causes
There are three major causes of Thrombocytopenia:
Firstly, a decrease in marrow platelet production may occur as a result of viral infections, drug toxicity (such as drug hypersensitivity), generalized bone marrow disease, malignant disease, systemic infections or aplastic anemia.
Secondly, immune Thrombocytopenia which may develop due to autoimmune destruction of blood platelets when the patients own blood production system attacks itself as if it were a foreign body. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses against invading organisms (antibodies) begin to attack healthy tissue. Some cases may be linked to abnormal reactions by blood cells (serum antibodies) to a thyroid protein (thyroglobulin), organ wall (parietal) cells, adrenal or thyroid cells.
Idiopathic (cause unknown) thrombocytopenic purpura occurs in children and adults. Sometimes the disease is caused by a condition introduced into the patients body from the outside (alloimmune), such as neonatal purpura and posttransfusion purpura.
Drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia can result from the use of many drugs, e.g., thiazide diuretics, quinine, quinidine, chlorothiazide, hydrocortisone, prednisone, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, vincristine, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, phenothiazines or aspirin.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) can be caused by other blood diseases such as Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUD) and Disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Finally, Thrombocytopenia can be due to enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) and increased destruction of platelets by the spleen (sequestration).
Affected Population
Thrombocytopenia affects males and females in equal numbers. Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) affects an estimated 100,000-150,000 individuals per year, including ten percent of people affected with HIV.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Thrombocytopenia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
May-Hegglin Anomaly is a hereditary blood condition which consists of abnormalities of the platelets and certain leukocytes (white blood cells). Symptoms may or may not be present. Treatment is often not necessary, and the prognosis is usually good. Symptoms include purpura, nosebleeds, excessive bleeding from the mouth during dental work, headaches and muscular weakness on one side of the body due to intracranial bleeding. (For more information on this disorder, choose "May-Hegglin" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
von Willebrand Disease is a hereditary blood clotting disorder characterized by prolonged bleeding. Blood clotting is slowed due to a deficiency of the von Willebrand factor protein and factor VIII protein (the factor VIII complex). Also, platelets do not stick together normally causing excessively slow clotting time. Increased risk of excessive bleeding following surgery, dental procedures or injury occurs in patients with this disorder. With proper treatment and appropriate precautions, few patients become seriously handicapped by von Willebrand Disease. The tendency to prolonged bleeding usually decreases with age. (For more information on this disorder, choose "von Willebrand" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Fanconi's Anemia is a rare form of familial aplastic anemia found chiefly in children. It is characterized by bone abnormalities, microcephaly, hypongenitalism and brown pigmentation of the skin. Complications include infections such as pneumonia and meningitis, hemorrhages, and leukemia. Other malignancies also may occur. It is first recognized by the tendency of the patient to bruise more easily than would normally be expected. It is more common in males and is usually detected within the first eight years of life. Growth may be slowed or stunted. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Fanconi" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome is a rare form of albinism characterized by decreased pigmentation, ocular problems, white blood cell abnormalities and increased susceptibility to infections and certain cancers. It is usually diagnosed in early infancy because of the partial albinism, (lack of pigment in the eyes, hair, and skin). White blood cells are reduced in number; neutrophils as well as lymphocytes are affected. Defects and deficiencies of these cells, which normally provide defense against foreign organisms such as bacteria, result in frequent infections accompanied by high fever. Thrombocytes, or platelets, are also reduced in number resulting in a tendency to bleed excessively upon injury and to bruise easily. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Chediak-Higashi" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome causes some patients to have eye and skin hemorrhages. Often large tumors appear containing blood (hemangioma) at various sites on the body, and features of thrombocytopenic purpura appear in the skin. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Kasabach-Merritt" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hemophilia is a hereditary blood clotting disorder which affects males almost exclusively. Hemophilia is caused by the inactivity of one of the blood proteins necessary (Factor VIII) for clotting, and can be classified by its level of severity; mild, moderate, and severe. Severity is determined by the percentage of active clotting factor in the blood. Persons with severe hemophilia have less than 1% of the normal levels of active clotting factor present in their blood. The general term hemophilia includes Hemophilia A (Classical Hemophilia, Factor VIII deficiency), and Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease, Factor IX deficiency). von Willebrand's Disease (which affects both males and females) and other rare clotting disorders may have similar symptoms but are not usually termed hemophilia. Hemophilia is a sex-linked genetic disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hemophilia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Patients with Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius (TAR) Syndrome, usually have evidence of the blood disorder in the first few months of life along with congenital absence of the shorter of the two bones in the forearm (radius). Congenital heart disease and kidney problems may occur in some cases. There is evidence of autosomal recessive inheritance in TAR syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "TAR" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Thrombocytopenia is treated by transfusions of normal platelets to control bleeding. When platelet dysfunction is associated with an acquired disorder, successful treatment of the underlying disease often results in improved platelet function. Drugs known to inhibit platelet function, such as those containing aspirin and anti-inflammatory agents, should be avoided. Intravenous (IV) immune globulin may be given to increase platelet production. In rare cases Thrombocytopenia may necessitate the removal of the spleen (splenectomy).
Therapies: Investigational
Abnormalities of platelet function in Thrombocytopenia are being treated experimentally with plasmapheresis. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. This therapy is still under investigation to analyze side effects and effectiveness. More research is needed before plasmapheresis can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of Thrombocytopenia. Additionally, the orphan drug anagrelide is also being tested as a treatment for this disorder. For more information about anagrelide physicians can contact:
Roberts Pharmaceutical Corp.
Meridian Center III
6 Industrial Way West
Eatontown, NH 07724
(908) 389-1182
Irradiation of the spleen using low dose radiation is showing short term improvement in the platelet count of some patients with ITP. More investigation of this treatment is necessary to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of this protocol.
A new anti-Rh immune globulin WinRho SD, is being developed by Univax Biologics for treatment of people with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. This drug may reduce platelet counts, reducing the risk of bleeding in people with ITP. WinRho SD is being tested on approximately 300 people with this disorder.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Essential Thrombocytopenia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Blood, & Lung Institute (NHBLI)
Office of Public Inquiries
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
The following organization will answer questions only about TAR Syndrome. It does not provide information about other forms of Thrombocytopenia:
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1001-1008.
SUCCESSFUL INTRAVENOUS IMMUNE GLOBULIN THERAPY FOR HUMAN IMMUNODEFICENCY
VIRUS-ASSOCIATED THROMBOCYTOPENIA. A.N Pollak, et al.; Arch Intern Med (March, 1988, issue 148 (3)). Pp. 695-697.
SPLENECTOMY FOR THROMBOCYTOPENIA DUE TO SECONDARY HYPERSPLENISM. W.W.
Coon, Arch Surg (March, 1988, issue 148 (3)). Pp. 369-371.
SUCCESSFUL CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT OF THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN ADULT
HEMOPHILIACS. J.C. Goldsmith, et al.; Transfusion (January and February, 1988, issue 28 (1)). Pp. 68-69.
Thrombocytopenia, Essential
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657: Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Fanconi's Anemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius (TAR) Syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by a very low level of the number of blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) and the absence or underdevelopment of one of the short bones (radius) in the arm.
Symptoms
The very low level of the number of blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) is most severe during early infancy of TAR Syndrome patients. Thrombocytopenia may cause excessive bleeding from the skin, mucous membranes (thin moist layer lining the body's cavity), or within the skull (intracranial). Other blood disorders may also occur: absent or underdeveloped blood platelet precursors (megakaryocytes); a high number of a type of white blood cells (eosinophilia); leukemia-like levels of the number of white blood cells (granulocytosis); and (anemia). TAR infants are more likely to develop an intolerance to cow milk.
One of the two short bones (the radius) of the arm is absent or underdeveloped and it usually involves both arms. It may be associated with the underdevelopment of the other short bone (the ulna) of the arm and defects of the hands, legs, and/or feet.
Short stature, bowed legs, shortened long bone of the arm (humerus), underdeveloped shoulder girdle (several bones that support the arms), and dislocation of the hip may also be present. Kidney or heart defects, a purplish birthmark (nevus flammeus) on the forehead, and spina bifida (incomplete closure of vertebrae in the spinal column) may also be present.
Causes
TAR Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
TAR Syndrome is a rare disorder that occurs at birth. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius (TAR) Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Fanconi's Anemia is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by anemia due to defective functioning of the blood-forming organs, bone abnormalities, unusually small head, retarded growth and development of the genitalia, and brown pigmentation. Excessive bleeding, infections, and leukemia may also occur. This disorder is more common in males and is usually detected within the first eight years of life. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Fanconi" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Early management is necessary for the various blood conditions of TAR Syndrome patients. Braces and/or surgery may be necessary for bone malformations related to this disorder.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Thrombocytopenia Absent Radius Syndrome Association (TARSA)
312 Sherwood Drive
R.D. 1
Linwood, NJ 08221
(609) 927-0418
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1207-1208.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1008.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth L. Jones; W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 276, 984.
THROMBOCYTOPENIA-ABSENT RADIUS SYNDROME: A.G. Aledo, et al.; An Esp Pediatr (January, 1982: issue 16(1)). Pp. 82-87.
Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
637: Tietze Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Tietze Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Chondropathia Tuberosa
Costochondral Junction Syndrome
Information on the following conditions can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Spinal Root Pain
Chest Wall Syndrome
Costal Chondritis (Costochondritis)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tietze Syndrome is characterized by pain in the chest wall and a firm, spindle-shaped swelling in the cartilage of one or more of the upper ribs.
Symptoms
Tietze Syndrome is characterized by mild to severe localized pain and tenderness in one or more of the upper four ribs. A firm, spindle-shaped swelling occurs in the cartilage of these ribs. An aching, gripping, sharp, dull, or neuralgic pain occurs in this area. The pain usually subsides after several weeks or months, but the swelling may persist.
Causes
The exact cause of Tietze Syndrome is not known.
Affected Population
Tietze Syndrome usually affects older children and young adults. Males and females are affected in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following conditions can resemble those of Tietze Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Spinal Root lesions or compression can cause chest pain in the form of a deep, boring, aching discomfort, or a sharp sudden and piercing pain. This pain usually occurs after sudden movement of the body, such as sneezing, coughing, laughing or straining.
Chest Wall Pain is a term given to several conditions characterized by anterior chest pain. A dull, aching pain occurs which varies in response to strain, inflammation, malposition or infiltration of muscles, ligaments, cartilage, or bones in the chest wall. Irritation of a nerve root from the neck or upper spine, or a fractured rib, can also cause chest wall pain. Treatment is aimed at the underlying cause of the pain. Tietze Syndrome is part of this group of painful conditions.
Costal Chondritis or Costochondritis is the inflammation of the cartilage part of the rib. It may affect one or more rib (costal) cartilages. It is characterized by pain of the chest wall which may radiate. The local swelling that is typical of Tietze Syndrome is absent in Costal Chondritis.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Tietze Syndrome consists of rest, local heat, and pain medication. Usually the pain subsides after several weeks or months, but the palpable swellings may persist for some time.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tietze Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE OF DRUG TREATMENTS FOR MASTALGIA: J.K. Pye, et al.; Lancet (August 17, 1985: issue 2(8451)). Pp. 373-377.
MUSCULOSKELETAL CHEST WALL PAIN: A.G. Fam, et al.; Canadian Med Assoc Journal (September 1, 1985: issue 133(5)). Pp. 379-389.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd ed.: Jay H. Stein, et al, eds; Little, Brown, 1987. P. 610.
Tietze Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
210: Tinnitus
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Tinnitus) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Information on the following disorder can be found in the Related Disorders Section of this report.
Bruit
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tinnitus is the perception of sound such as a ringing in the ears, in the absence of an acoustic stimulus. The disorder may be caused by a variety of ear problems including obstruction, infections, Meniere's disease, certain medications and head injuries.
Symptoms
A patient afflicted with Tinnitus may hear buzzing, ringing, roaring, whistling, or hissing sound without any external acoustic stimuli present. Sometimes the disorder may involve more complex sounds which vary over time. Symptoms of Tinnitus may be intermittent or continuous. An associated hearing loss is often present when symptoms occur, and can become permanent in severe cases.
Causes
Tinnitus may occur as a symptom of many disorders of the ear. It may be due to an obstruction of the external auditory canal due to ear wax and foreign bodies, infections (i.e., external otitis, myringitis, otitis media, labyrinthitis, petrositis, syphilis, and meningitis), eustachian tube obstruction, otosclerosis, Meniere's disease, arachnoiditis, and cerebellopontine angle tumors. The side effects of medications such as aspirin, quinine and its synthetic analogs, aminoglycoside antibiotics, and certain diuretics may also result in tinnitus. Carbon monoxide, heavy metals, alcohol, etc., cardiovascular diseases (i.e., hypertension, arteriosclerosis), anemia, and hypothyroidism may also cause tinnitus. Hereditary sensorineural hearing loss, noise-induced hearing loss, acoustic trauma (blast injury), or head injuries may also produce these symptoms.
Related Disorders
Bruit is a noise which may be heard by the examiner and sometimes by the patient; e.g., noise from rapid blood flow in a blood vessel. In some mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, a patient may hear imaginary sounds (hallucinations).
Therapies: Standard
If the tinnitus occurs as the result of an underlying disease, treatment of the primary disorder may improve the tinnitus. Some patients may obtain some relief from using a tinnitus masker, a device worn like a hearing aid that presents a noise more pleasant than that associated with Tinnitus. However, there is no medical procedure or drug at this time which can alter the unpredictable course of tinnitus when it is not associated with a treatable primary disease process.
Therapies: Investigational
A surgical procedure using microsurgical techniques is often suggested in the most severe cases of Tinnitus. The surgery seeks to relieve pressure on the hearing part of the eighth cranial nerve. For more information on this type of surgery, physycians may contact her at:
Dr. Margareta Moller
Presbyterian University Hospital, Rm. F948
230 Lothrup St.
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
(412) 647-0444
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tinnitus, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Tinnitus Association
P.O. Box 5
Portland, OR 97207
(503) 248-9985
NIH/National Institute of Deafness & Other Communication Disorders
(NIDCD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
References
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th ed., Robert Berkow, M.D., ed in chief, published by Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Labs, Rahway, NJ, 1987. Pp. 2172
Tinnitus
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
399: Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Ophthalmoplegia, Painful
Ophthalmoplegia Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Orbital Cellulitis
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Ophthalmoplegia
Migraine Headache
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome is characterized by severe headaches often preceding painful eye muscle paralysis (ophthalmoplegia). Symptoms usually affect only one side of the head. Double vision, fever, vague feelings of discomfort, nausea and vomiting (which are symptoms often associated with migraine headaches) may also occur. With treatment, pain may subside in twenty-four to seventy-two hours. In untreated cases, acute attacks may ease within fifteen to twenty days.
Symptoms
The major symptoms of Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome include chronic headaches, mild fever and vision impairment followed by painful eye muscle paralysis. Swelling, protrusion of the eye, drooping eyelid, diminished vision and abnormal skin sensations around the eye may be associated with the paralysis. These symptoms usually occur on only one side of the head. Additionally, symptoms often associated with migraine headaches such as double vision, nausea, vomiting and a general feeling of discomfort may develop. Symptoms of Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome can recur spontaneously several times even after treatment in some cases.
Causes
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome is thought to be caused by an abnormal autoimmune response linked with an inflammation in the area behind the eyes (cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure). Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses against begin to attack healthy tissue for unknown reasons. Other possible causes include generalized inflammation and constricted or inflamed cranial blood vessels.
Affected Population
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome occurs in males and females in equal numbers. Average age of onset is forty-one years of age although it may occur at any age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome.
Orbital Cellulitis is characterized by inflammation of the tissues surrounding the cavity which holds the eyeball. Symptoms include extreme pain, impaired eye movement, swelling, fever and a general feeling of discomfort. Possible complications may include impaired vision, vein abnormalities and spread of the inflammation to the entire eye area, brain or the membranes surrounding the brain.
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis is an ophthalmologic disorder usually caused by infection and clotting in veins behind the eyeballs. It can be a complication of Orbital Cellulitis or infections of facial skin. Swelling and protrusion of the eye, fever, headache and possibly convulsions are symptoms of this disorder. Prompt treatment with antibiotics, intravenous fluids and bed rest is recommended.
Migraine Headaches usually involve one side of the head like the Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome. Individuals who suffer from these intense headaches may have a genetic predisposition to them. Often associated with these painful attacks are irritability, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, and sensitivity to light. Medical researchers believe constriction of the cranial arteries may precede migraine headaches in some cases. Fever and eye muscle paralysis are not symptomatic of migraine headaches and should alert physicians to the possibility of Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome.
The following disorder may be associated with Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome as a secondary characteristic. This is not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Ophthalmoplegia is a symptom of Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome. It is defined as paralysis of the eye muscles. The eye itself is unable to move or look in various directions. Swelling, diminished clear vision, drooping eyelids, unusual skin sensations in the area around the eye or protrusion of the eyeball may be associated with the paralysis. This condition may accompany a variety of other disorders. Symptoms can range from mild to severe.
Therapies: Standard
The pain associated with Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome may improve with short term use of steroid drugs in many cases. Pain usually subsides in untreated cases within fifteen to twenty days. With drug treatment, pain may subside within twenty-four to seventy-two hours although attacks may recur at any time in the future.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Migraine Foundation
5252 North Western Avenue
Chicago, IL 60625
(312) 878-7715
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
STEROID RESPONSIVE OPHTHALMOPLEGIA IN A CHILD. DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS:
R.S. Kandt, et al.; Arch Neurol (June 1985, issue 42(6)). Pp. 589-591.
TRANSIENT UNILATERAL OCULOMOTOR PARALYSIS: E. Kattner, et. al.; Monatsschr Kinderheilkd (March 1985, issue 133(3)). Pp. 175-177.
A NEW ETIOLOGY FOR VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AND CHRONIC HEADACHE. THE TOLOSA-
HUNT SYNDROME MAY BE ONLY ONE MANIFESTATION OF VENOUS VASCULITIS: J.
Hannerz, et al.; Cephalalgia (March 1986, issue 6(1)). Pp. 59-63.
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
340: Tongue Carcinoma
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Tongue Carcinoma) may not be the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cancer of the Tongue
Carcinoma of the Tongue
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tongue Carcinoma is an oral cancer which is characterized by an ulcerating malignant tumor, usually on the side of the tongue, consisting of scaly (squamous) cells. The tumor may spread to the lymph nodes on the same side of the neck.
Symptoms
In Tongue Cancer local pain may occur, possibly later radiating to the entire side of the face. The most common sign of cancer in the mouth is a sore that fails to heal and that bleeds rather easily. There may be restricted movement of the tongue or discomfort in wearing dentures. Swelling of the lymph nodes on the same side of the neck may occur in about half the patients if the tumor spreads.
Causes
The cause of Tongue Carcinoma is unknown. Inadequate oral hygiene and thickened white patches on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity (leukoplakia) may be a cause. The disorder is statistically linked with alcoholism, cirrhosis of the liver, excessive smoking, or syphilis.
Irritation by jagged teeth, projecting fillings and ill-fitting dentures may also be factors contributing to development of Tongue Carcinoma. As in some other types of cancer, the possibility of a genetic predisposition to malignancy may also be a factor.
Affected Population
Tongue Carcinoma is a rare form of cancer that tends to affect more men than women, usually between 40-60 years of age. During recent years, the proportion of women with this type of cancer has grown. The frequency of this disorder among the population tends to increase with age. All types of oral cancer combined strike about 27,000 persons in the United States each year.
Related Disorders
There are many types of mouth cancer. All types are relatively rare.
Carcinoma of the Floor of the Mouth is characterized by a hard growth that can be felt by the tip of the tongue. Pain in the ear, increased salivation, difficulty speaking and later bleeding, are signs of this disorder. This type of cancer may be caused by poor oral hygiene or irritation of the tissues by sharp teeth, ill-fitting dentures, smoking, etc. Frequently the lymph nodes in the neck are also affected.
Carcinoma of the Cheek (Mouth, Buccal Mucosa, Carcinoma) is characterized by a malignant lesion in the cheek, pain, difficulty chewing, spasms in the cheek muscles (trismus) and mucosal bleeding. The carcinoma may spread to the lymph glands under the jaw.
Therapies: Standard
Surgery consisting of excision of tongue muscle and neck lymph nodes is used for treatment of Tongue Carcinoma, sometimes in combination with pre- or postoperative radiation. A special type of radiation can be applied by implanting needles containing radioactive elements to destroy the cancer in localized areas (interstitial irradiation). Chemotherapy may also be used as therapy.
The survival rate of 5 years for this disorder is 28%. Early diagnosis and treatment is imperative, especially in persons under 20 years of age.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tongue Carcinoma, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 303291
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
References
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CANCER OF THE MOUTH: Reprinted: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Public Health Service; National Institutes of Health; National Cancer Institute. (March 1985.)
CHANGING TRENDS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA OF THE TONGUE:
C. D. Callery, et al.; American Journal of Surgery (October 1984: issue 148,4). Pp. 449-454.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF EARLY-STAGE CARCINOMA OF THE ORAL TONGUE--WOULD
WOUND ADJUVANT TREATMENT BE BENEFICIAL? Head and Neck Surgery (July-August 1986: issue 8,6). Pp. 401-408.
Tongue Carcinoma
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
334: Tongue, Fissured
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Fissured Tongue) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disordered subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Furrowed Tongue
Lingua Fissurata
Lingua Plicata
Lingua Scrotalis
Plicated Tongue
Scrotal Tongue
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Fissured Tongue can be either a hereditary condition or it may be acquired. This disorder is characterized by irregular markings of the surface of the tongue.
Symptoms
Fissured Tongue is characterized by a division into lobules, convolutions, and ridges on the tongue that resemble the skin patterns of the scrotum. The markings on the back of the tongue are exaggerated, and knoblike projections (fungiform papillae) may be prominent. The grooves tend to radiate from the central depression of the tongue, resembling the ribs of a leaf. It is probably a secondary phenomenon, caused by the topography of the underlying muscle bundles. Pain in the tongue (glossodynia) sometimes occurs with this condition.
Causes
Fissured Tongue may occur in an acquired form or a hereditary form. In the hereditary form the disorder is transmitted as a probably autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) This type of Fissured Tongue may also be associated with other primary conditions such as Acromegaly, Down's Syndrome, or Geographic Tongue.
(For more information on these disorders, choose "Acromegaly", "Down", and "Geographic Tongue" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
When the disorder is acquired it may be caused by infections such as syphilis, scarlet fever, or typhoid fever.
Affected Population
Fissured Tongue can affect persons of both sexes, and all ethnic groups.
Related Disorders
Hairy Tongue is a disorder characterized by yellowish, brownish, blackish, or bluish discoloration of the tongue, with excessive growth of the threadlike elevations (filiform papillae) in front of the tastebuds. A bad taste in the mouth usually also occurs.
Geographic Tongue is an inflammation of the tongue that may go into remission and recur again. This form of inflammation is characterized by migrating denuded smooth areas (excoriations) on the tongue which may feel slightly sore and sometimes itchy.
(For more information on the above disorders, choose "Hairy Tongue" and "Geographic Tongue" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
In Moeller's Glossitis, the tongue is slick, glossy, or glazed. The lesions are very distressing and persistent.
Median Rhomboid Glossitis is a developmental lesion of the tongue. This lesion consists of a smooth, reddish, nodular area on the back portion of the middle third of the tongue.
Severe Acute Glossitis can occasionally be caused by local infection, burns, or injury to the tongue. This type of Glossitis may develop rapidly, producing marked tenderness or pain with swelling. The swelling may be sufficient to cause the tongue to block air passages in the most severe cases.
Therapies: Standard
In Fissured Tongue, oral hygiene is very important to keep the ridges in the tongue free of foreign matter that might otherwise cause inflammation. The symptoms of Fissured Tongue may disappear spontaneously.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Fissured Tongue, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4261
Clinical Smell and Taste Research Center
University of Pennsylvania Hospital
3400 Spruce Street, G1
Philadelphia, PA 19104
(215) 662-2653
Department of Oral Biology
Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center
University of Connecticut Health Center
Farmington, CT 06032
(203) 674-2459
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
NONPAINFUL, ERYTHEMATOUS, CIRCINATE LESIONS OF A PROTEAN NATURE ON A FISSURED
TONGUE: R. W. Correll, et al.; Journal of the American Dental Association (July 1984, issue 109, 1). Pp. 90-91.
GLOSSAL DOUBLE FISSURES IN PRE- AND POST-NATAL HUMAN SPECIMENS: A G.
Farman; Journal of Oral Pathology (November 1977, issue 6,6). Pp. 387-395.
Tongue, Fissured
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
332: Tongue, Geographic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Geographic Tongue) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
BMG
Benign Migratory Glossitis
Glossitis Areata Migrans
Wandering Rash Tongue
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Geographic Tongue is an inflammation of the tongue (Glossitis) that may go into remission and recur again. This form of inflammation is characterized by irregular, migrating denuded smooth areas (excoriations) on the tongue which may feel slightly sore and sometimes itchy.
Symptoms
Geographic Tongue is an inflammation of the tongue characterized by irregularly shaped denuded smooth areas which are sometimes slightly sore and itchy. These areas usually occur on the margins and the tip of the tongue, and may appear in bow-shaped lines on the surface. The lesions sometimes advance forward while healing occurs toward the back of the tongue. This change in location also causes a change in configuration. The coalescence of the lesions into figures which look like a map has given this disorder the name of Geographic Tongue.
Causes
The exact cause of Geographic Tongue is unknown. Some scientists suspect that it may be caused by changes in the bacteria which are normally present in the mouth (oral flora).
There are many other possible causes of Geographic Tongue.
Local causes may include the following:
1. Infectious bacteria and viruses
2. Lesions from mechanical injury such as jagged teeth, ill-fitting dentures, poor oral habits, or repeated biting of the tongue during convulsive seizures
3. Substances such as alcohol in excessive amounts, tobacco, and hot or spicy foods in excessive amounts
4. The tongue may become oversensitized to toothpaste, mouthwashes, breath fresheners, candy dyes, and, rarely, plastic dentures or materials used in restoring teeth.
Systemic causes may include:
1. Lack of vitamins (avitaminosis) particularly of the Vitamin B group
2. Other illnesses or conditions such as pellagra, pernicious anemia, iron deficiency anemia, certain generalized skin diseases such as lichen planus, erythema multiforme, aphthous lesions, Behcet's syndrome, pemphigus vulgaris, or syphilis may cause Geographic Tongue.
For more information on the above disorders, choose the following words as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database: anemia, skin, lichen planus, erythema multiform, lesions, Behcet, pemphigus, and syphilis.
Affected Population
Onset of Geographic Tongue usually occurs in childhood. The disorder affects both males and females and may appear at any age.
Related Disorders
Persons with Anemia or Pellagra may also have a tongue with denuded smooth areas. Lesions are moderately painful.
In Moeller's Glossitis, the tongue is slick, glossy, or glazed. The lesions are very distressing and persistent.
Median Rhomboid Glossitis is a developmental lesion of the tongue. This lesion consists of a smooth, reddish, nodular area on the back portion of the middle third of the tongue.
Hairy Tongue is characterized by yellowish, brownish, blackish or bluish discoloration of the tongue, usually caused by the absence of normal bacteria in the mouth. Excessive growth of the threadlike elevations (filiform papillae) in front of the taste buds also occurs.
Severe Acute Glossitis can occasionally be caused by local infection, burns, or injury to the tongue. This type of Glossitis may develop rapidly, producing marked tenderness or pain with swelling. The swelling may be sufficient to cause the tongue to block air passages in the most severe cases.
Burning Tongue (and/or Mouth) Syndrome causes patients to experience a burning sensation in the mouth and/or the tongue. There is no obvious clinical evidence of inflammation.
Inflammation of the tongue may also occur in association with Candidiasis (Thrush), anemias, Diabetes Mellitus, latent nutritional deficiencies, or malignancies.
For more information on the above disorders, choose the following words as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database: tongue, Hairy Tongue, Burning Mouth, Candidiasis, anemia, and Diabetes Mellitus.
Therapies: Standard
It is generally recommended that people with Geographic Tongue avoid irritants and substances which may sensitize the tongue. A bland or liquid diet, preferably cooled, is best. Meticulous oral hygiene is imperative, but care should be taken to preserve proper bacterial balance within the mouth.
Local application of triamcinolone acetonide in emollient dental paste to specific lesions may relieve symptoms and promote healing.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Geographic Tongue, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301)496-4261
Clinical Smell and Taste Research Center
University of Pennsylvania Hospital
3400 Spruce Street, G1
Philadelphia, PA 19104
(215) 662-2653
Department of Oral Biology
Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center
Farmington, CT 06032
(203) 674-2459
References
MERCK MANUAL OF DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY: Robert Berkow, et al., eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1982. P. 2094.
Tongue, Geographic!
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
331: Tongue, Hairy
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hairy Tongue) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lingua Nigra
Black Hairy Tongue
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hairy Tongue is a disorder characterized by yellowish, brownish, blackish, or bluish discoloration of the tongue, with excessive growth of the threadlike elevations in front of the taste buds (filiform papillae). These elevations are arranged in a V-form towards the back of the tongue. A bad taste in the mouth usually also occurs.
Symptoms
Hairy Tongue is a disorder characterized by yellowish, brownish, blackish, or bluish discoloration of the tongue. Excessive growth of the filiform papillae in front of the taste buds occurs. Usually, Hairy Tongue has no other symptoms. The disorder may disappear spontaneously and may recur in some patients.
Causes
The cause of Hairy Tongue is not always known. The disorder may be a result of antibiotic therapy, fever, excessive use of certain mouthwashes, or a reduction in salivary flow. Brown papillae usually occur from tobacco staining or the overgrowth of bacteria.
Hairy Tongue can be a symptom of changes in the normal bacteria of the mouth (oral flora). Antibiotics which may be prescribed to fight bacterial infection, sometimes kill normal bacteria that live in the mouth. In the absence of the normal oral flora, Hairy Tongue can appear.
Affected Population
Onset and duration of Hairy Tongue is variable. The disorder can affect both males and females, children and adults.
Related Disorders
Geographic Tongue is an inflammation of the tongue that may go into remission and recur again. This form of inflammation is characterized by irregular denuded smooth areas (excoriations) on the tongue which may feel slightly sore and sometimes itchy.
In Moeller's Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), the tongue is slick, glossy, or glazed. The lesions are very distressing and persistent.
Median Rhomboid Glossitis is a developmental lesion of the tongue. This lesion consists of a smooth, reddish, nodular area on the back portion of the middle third of the tongue.
Severe Acute Glossitis can occasionally be caused by local infection, burns, or injury to the tongue. This type of Glossitis may develop rapidly, producing marked tenderness or pain with swelling. The swelling may be sufficient to cause the tongue to block air passages in the most severe cases.
Burning Tongue (and/or Mouth) Syndrome causes patients to experience a burning sensation in the mouth and/or the tongue. There is no obvious clinical evidence of inflammation.
Inflammation of the tongue (Glossitis) may also occur in association with Candidiasis (Thrush), anemias, Diabetes Mellitus, latent nutritional deficiencies, or malignancies.
For more information on the above disorders, choose the following words as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database: tongue, Geographic Tongue, Burning Mouth, Candidiasis, anemia, and diabetes mellitus.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hairy Tongue includes avoidance of irritants and substances which can sensitize the tongue. Discontinuation of antibiotics, mouthwashes, etc., usually results in disappearance of symptoms as normal oral flora grow in the mouth. The symptoms of Hairy Tongue may also disappear spontaneously.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hairy Tongue, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4261
Clinical Smell and Taste Research Center
University of Pennsylvania Hospital
3400 Spruce Street, G1
Philadelphia, PA 19104
(215) 662-2653
Department of Oral Biology
Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center
University of Connecticut Health Center
Farmington, CT 06032
(203) 674-2459
References
MERCK MANUAL OF DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY: Robert Berkow, et al., eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 2094-2095.
Tongue, Hairy
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331: Tongue, Hairy
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
537: Tooth and Nail Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Tooth and Nail Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the synonym list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Dysplasia of Nails With Hypodontia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Rapp-Hodgkin's Syndrome
Nail Dystrophy-Deafness Syndrome
Hidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasias
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasias
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tooth and Nail Syndrome is a rare genetic, non-progressive disorder of the fetal ectodermal germ cell layer. The exact genetic and biochemical defects causing this disorder are not understood and are thought to vary between those affected.
Symptoms
Major symptoms of Tooth and Nail Syndrome may include lack of development of mandibular incisors, second molars, maxillary canines, and other permanent teeth. Abnormal growth of nails on the hands and feet also occurs.
Causes
The exact cause of Tooth and Nail Syndrome is not known, although it is thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Tooth and Nail Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. It is frequently found in high concentrations among Canadian Dutch Mennonite populations.
Related Disorders
There are fifty-two Syndromes associated with Ectodermal Dysplasia. Symptoms of the following disorders are the most closely related to those of Tooth and Nail Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Rapp-Hodgkin's Syndrome is an inherited disorder in which the sweat glands are affected as well as the teeth and nails. (For more information on this disorder, choose Ectodermal Dysplasia as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Nail Dystrophy-Deafness Syndrome is an inherited disorder in which the hearing is affected as well as the teeth and nails.
Hidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasias is an inherited disorder in which the teeth are not affected as they are in Tooth and Nail Syndrome.
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasias is an inherited disorder which affects the oil secreting (sebaceous) glands in the skin and hair shafts. Syndromes with this pattern tend to be more severe. (For more information on these disorders, choose Ectodermal Dysplasias as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Tooth and Nail Syndrome with the use of dentures may be helpful. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tooth and Nail Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias
219 E. Main St.
Mascoutah, IL 62258
(618) 566-2020
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
This Rare Disease Database entry is based upon outlines prepared by medical and dental students (1984-1986) at the Medical College of Virginia for their course in human genetics, and the following articles:
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp.722.
Tooth and Nail Syndrome
or ik
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
350: TORCH Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (TORCH Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
TORCH Syndrome is a combination of 4 infectious diseases. The syndrome can occur in newborn babies, children, or adults with an impaired immune system. The four infections are:
Symptoms
TORCH Syndrome is a combination of 4 infectious diseases. The syndrome can occur in newborn babies, children, or adults with an impaired immune system. They include:
1) Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease that can be caused by a microscopic parasitic organism called Toxoplasma gondii. This parasitic infection, found worldwide, can be either acquired or transmitted to an infant from an infected mother during pregnancy. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Toxoplasmosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
2) Rubella (German Measles) Rubella is a contagious virus infection characterized by swelling of the lymph glands and a skin rash. An infant born to a mother who is infected with the Rubella virus may have congenital defects such as poor vision, blindness and/or hearing impairment. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Rubella" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
3) Cytomegalovirus Infection Cytomegalovirus Infection (CMV) is a virus infection which may occur right after birth or at any age. CMV can range in severity from a silent infection without consequences, to a disease manifested by fever, hepatitis, and in newborns, severe brain damage, stillbirth or perinatal death. (For more information on this disorder, choose see "Cytomegalovirus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
4) Herpes, Neonatal Neonatal Herpes is a very rare disorder affecting newborn infants infected with the Herpes simplex virus (HSV), also called Herpesvirus hominis. This disorder can vary from mild to severe. In most cases, the disorder is transmitted to an infant from an infected mother with active genital lesions at the time of delivery. Another technical possibility would be the transmission of the virus assymptomatically from mother to child at the time of delivery. In the event that a mother has a severe primary genital outbreak, it is possible that a mother could transmit the infection to the fetus. After delivery, direct contact with either genital or oral herpes sores could result in neonatal herpes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Neonatal Herpes as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
In the mild form, Neonatal Herpes may cause the skin, eyes, and mouth to become infected, and symptoms may recur for some time. Also, a mild case of neonatal herpes would likely include "blistery red lesions - lesions on the skin of an infant SHOULD be of great concern, but they no NOT necessarily mean the child will go on to develop serious disseminated disease.
Severe neonatal herpes could be caused by either type 1 or type 2 infection. However, because the most common means of transmission is from mother to child at delivery, type 2 (which causes approximately 85% of genital herpes infections) would be more likely to cause neonatal herpes (in any form, mild to severe). In its severe form, Neonatal Herpes is a serious disease characterized by blistery (vesicular) red lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. Liver, spleen, lungs, brain, kidneys, and adrenal glands may also become infected.
Causes
The infectious TORCH Syndrome is caused by the Toxoplasmosis parasite and the 3 viruses causing Rubella, Cytomegalovirus infection, and Neonatal Herpes. In order for a patient to be affected by all of these very serious infections together, the victim must have an impaired immune system which makes it vulnerable to infections.
Affected Population
TORCH syndrome affects newborn infants or adults with an impaired immune system. Babies who are born with immune deficiencies and adults whose immunity is impaired as a result of cancer chemotherapy may be vulnerable to this syndrome. The syndrome has been found and studied in the United States, France, Italy, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Thailand.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for TORCH Syndrome encompasses the treatments for the four disorders which together form the syndrome. These include antibiotics and antiviral drugs aimed at treating the infectious agents.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on TORCH Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Toxoplasmosis Interest Group
52 Edgell Street
Gardner, MA 01440
(617) 632-7783
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Ave.
White Plains, NY
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE TORCH SYNDROME, A CLINICAL REVIEW: J. D. Fine, and K. A. Arndt; Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (April 1985: issue 12,4). Pp. 2477-2478.
TORCH, A LITERATURE REVIEW AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: L. Haggerty; Journal for Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing (March-April 1985: issue 14,2). Pp. 124-129.
TORCH Syndrome
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-Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
2: Tourette Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Tourette Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Brissaud's II
Chronic Multiple Tics
Coprolalia-Generalized Tic Disorder
Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome also known as Gilles de la Tourette's Disease
Guinon's Myospasia Impulsiva
Habit Spasms
Maladie de Tics
Passing Tics of Childhood also known as Transient Tics of Childhood
Tourette Disorder
Tics
TS
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Chronic Tics
Transient Tics of Childhood
Huntington's Disease
Sydenham's Chorea
Wilson's Disease
Benign Essential Blepharospasm
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tourette Syndrome is a neurologic movement disorder that is characterized by repetitive motor and vocal tics. Symptoms may include involuntary movements of the extremities, shoulders, face and the voluntary muscles, with uncontrollable, inarticulate sounds and sometimes inappropriate words. Tourette Syndrome is not a progressive or degenerative disorder; rather, symptoms tend to be variable and follow a chronic waxing and waning course throughout an otherwise normal life span.
Symptoms
Tourette syndrome usually begins in childhood with a twitch (tic) of a facial muscle. A tic is an involuntary repetitive muscle movement. These tics usually appear as excessive eye blinking, nose twitching, or grimacing. Other gestures may include involuntary head shaking, shoulder jerking, arm flapping, foot stomping or the uncontrollable imitation of another person's movements. In some very severe cases some patients may have self-mutilating symptoms.
The sounds produced can be inarticulate and meaningless, such as repeated throat clearing, grunts, barks, screams or sniffing. They can include words. The repetition of obscene words (coprolalia) occurs in approximately 30 percent of all patients. Involuntary repetition of a word or sentence spoken by the patient or another person (palilalia or echolalia) may also occur.
Tics may subside when the patient is concentrating on a particular task, but intensify during stress. Over periods of months to years some symptoms may disappear and be replaced by new tics; or new symptoms may be added to old ones.
Causes
Seventy percent of Tourette Syndrome cases appear to be genetic, inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, although an X-linked Tourette modifier gene has been described. Research suggests that there may be a biochemical imbalance of neurotransmitter systems in the brain that causes the symptoms of Tourette Syndrome.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers of an X-linked disorder, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a 50 percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk if transmitting the disease to their sons.
The effect of gene penetrance is suggested by the high occurrence of first-degree relatives with mild tic conditions in families with Tourette syndrome. Some relatives may have chronic tics, while others may not display any tics but exhibit obsessive-compulsive behaviors, which research indicates are frequently associated with Tourette syndrome.
Genetic studies suggest that only about 10 percent of affected Tourette syndrome relatives have symptoms severe enough to interfere with normal, daily living. The chance of an affected parent having a child with Tourette syndrome symptoms has been estimated to be approximately 40 to 50 percent. In many cases, however, the child will have a mild form of the syndrome, although severity of symptoms currently cannot be predicted.
Affected Population
Tourette syndrome begins in childhood typically between the ages of 2 and 16 years. There are rare cases with later onset as well as symptoms appearing as early as one year. The male:female ratio is 3:1. Tourette syndrome occurs in all nationalities and across all economic groups. The National Institute of Health estimates approximately 100,000 cases of Tourette Syndrome in the United States, although the prevalence may be much higher if all mild cases are counted.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Tourette Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Chronic Tics begin in childhood, or after the age of forty. Usually either motor or vocal tics are present, not both, and are more limited than in Tourette syndrome.
Transient Tics of Childhood are common among elementary school children. These motor tics usually disappear within one year.
Huntington's Disease (Huntington's Chorea) is an inherited disease (autosomal dominant) that affects the neurological system. It is progressive and degenerative. This condition initially produces the ceaseless occurrence of jerky and rapid movements that appear to be well coordinated but are actually involuntary. Personality changes also occur, eventually leading to dementia. Symptoms usually begin during adulthood after the age of forty. (For more information on this disorder choose "Huntington's Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Sydenham's Chorea is an acute, usually self-limited disorder that occurs after about 5 to 10 percent of cases of rheumatic fever. Patients develop rapid, involuntary movements that can affect the manner or style of walking, arm movements and speech. Clumsiness and facial grimacing are common. (For more information on this disorder choose "Sydenham's Chorea" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by excess copper in various body tissues, particularly the liver, brain and eyes. Eventually there is central nervous system dysfunction. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent long-term disabilities. Neurologic symptoms are usually first seen between the ages of 12 and 32 years. These may include jerky movements, drooling, speech difficulties, lack of coordination, tremor, muscle rigidity and double vision. Other signs include kidney stones, joint disorders and heart problems. (For more information on this disease choose "Wilson's Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Benign Essential Blepharospasm is a disorder in which the muscles surrounding the eyelids (orbiculares oculi) do not function properly. Contractions or spasms of the muscles around the eyes occur. These contractions cease and then return intermittently. Although the eyes themselves are not affected, the patient may eventually become functionally blind due to the inability to open the eyelids. Approximately two-thirds of patients also have a general lack of facial muscle tone. About one-third of patients experience involuntary trembling (tremors). However, this disorder usually appears during middle age. (For more information on this disorder choose "Benign Essential Blepharospasm" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Low doses of the drug haloperidol (Haldol) help suppress the symptoms of Tourette Syndrome in many cases. Side effects often limit the use of this drug.
Clonidine (Catapres), approved by the FDA for treatment of hypertension, appears to be effective on motor, vocal, and behavioral symptoms in approximately 50 percent of Tourette patients.
Pimozide (Orap) is an approved orphan drug with Dopamine D-2 blocking action. Pimozide is reported to be as effective as Haldol with fewer side effects in the majority of Tourette patients. Other dopamine blocking drugs (i.e., prolixin) are also used to reduce Tourette symptoms.
Supportive psychotherapy may be indicated to foster the patient's adjustment to this chronic, socially crippling disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Research is ongoing in the areas of neurotransmitters, drugs, and genetics of Tourette syndrome.
Studies are underway on drugs that treat the obsessive-compulsive symptoms of Tourette Syndrome including clomipramine and prolixin.
Additionally, geneticists have identified several large families with many members affected by Tourette Syndrome. Studies of these families will hopefully lead to identification of the gene that causes this disorder, and ultimately to new treatments.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tourette Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Tourette Syndrome Association
42-40 Bell Blvd.
Bayside, NY 11361
(718) 224-2999
(800) 237-0717
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Ave.
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2137.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 270.
TOURETTE'S SYNDROME AND TIC DISORDERS, CLINICAL UNDERSTANDING AND
TREATMENT, Donald J. Cohen, et al., eds., John Wiley and Son, Inc., 1988.., 1988.
Tourette Syndrome
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$b$Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
823: Townes-Brocks Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Townes-Brocks Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Townes Syndrome
Anus, Imperforate, with Hand, Foot and Ear Anomalies
Deafness, Sensorineural, with Imperforate Anus and Hypoplastic Thumbs
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Imperforate Anus
VACTERL Association
REAR Syndrome
Holt-Oram Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Townes-Brocks Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder present at birth. Symptoms of the disorder and the severity of these symptoms vary from person to person. Major characteristics may include an absence of an anal opening in association with hand, foot and ear abnormalities. Hearing loss or deafness due to lesions or dysfunctions of part of the internal ear or its nerve tracts and centers (sensorineural hearing loss or deafness) is present in some patients.
Symptoms
Townes-Brocks Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder. Characteristics of this disorder are present at birth and vary from person to person both in type and severity.
ABNORMALITIES OF THE FACE AND EARS
One side of the face may be smaller than normal (hemifacial microsomia) in individuals with Townes-Brocks Syndrome. External ears can be abnormally large, poorly-formed, or abnormally small (microtia, hypoplastic ears). There may be excess tags of flesh in front of the ears (preauricular protuberances or tags). Hearing loss or deafness due to lesions or dysfunctions of part of the internal ear or its nerve tracts and centers (sensorineural hearing loss or deafness) is present in some patients.
ABNORMALITIES OF THE HANDS AND FEET
Thumbs of Townes-Brocks Syndrome patients may be smaller than normal (hypoplastic) or may appear to look more like a finger than a thumb. There may be an extra joint or bone in the thumb (triphalangeal thumb) and/or an extra thumb or finger (hexadactyly). Other hand and foot malformations may occur as well. There may be webbing between two or more fingers or toes (syndactyly). Fusions of bone may be present in the wrist. In the feet, fusion of the long bones (metatarsals) may occur, and/or these bones may be shorter than average. Some bones may be absent. The third toe may be missing or underdeveloped (hypoplastic). The fifth toe, or one or more of the fingers of the hand, may be malformed (clinodactyly).
ANAL ABNORMALITIES
In most patients with Townes-Brocks Syndrome, there is an absence of an anal opening (imperforate anus). Abnormal passages from hollow organs to the body surface or to another organ (fistulas), such as between the rectum and genitals (rectovaginal fistula or rectoperineal fistula), may be present. In some patients, abnormal placement of the anus can occur, and/or the anus may be constricted or smaller than normal (stenosis). Other abnormalities such as abnormal ridges of the genitals (perineal raphe) can also occur.
RENAL ABNORMALITIES
Underdeveloped kidneys (renal hypoplasia) or other related abnormalities (urorenal anomalies) can occur. Sometimes urine which is supposed to flow from the kidneys to the bladder flows backward (ureterovesical reflux).
OCCASIONAL ABNORMALITIES
Other characteristics of Townes-Brocks Syndrome can include indentations in front of the ears (preauricular pit), and/or heart (cardiac) defects. Part of the small intestine may be narrowed or occluded (duodenal atresia). Females may develop cysts in the ovary (cystic ovary). In the male there may be an opening located on the underside of the penis (hypospadias); in the female the urethra may open into the vagina.
Causes
Townes-Brocks Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Townes-Brocks Syndrome is an extremely rare disorder present at birth. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Townes-Brocks Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Imperforate Anus is a rare abnormality characterized by the absence or abnormal localization of the anus present at birth. The rectum or the colon may be connected to the vagina or the bladder by a tunnel (fistula). With surgical correction, normal elimination can become possible. Imperforate Anus can occur alone or as a symptom of another disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "imperforate anus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
VACTERL Association is an acronym for (V)ertebral anomalies, (A)nal atresia (absence of a normal anal opening), congenital (C)ardiac disease, (T)racheo(E)sophageal fistula (abnormal openings or passages between the windpipe and upper digestive tract), (R)enal anomalies, radial dysplasia, and other (L)imb defects. Abnormalities are present at birth. Symptoms occur in various combinations and can be manifestations of several recognized disorders.
REAR Syndrome is an acronym for (R)enal anomalies, deformed external (E)ars and perceptive deafness, (A)nal stenosis, and (R)adial dysplasia. Underdeveloped kidneys are the most common renal abnormalities. The external ears are abnormally developed and deafness is present at birth. The anus is constricted or smaller than normal and other anal abnormalities can also occur. Abnormal tissue development is present in the area of the bone in the forearm (radius). (For more information on these disorders, choose "VACTERL" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Holt-Oram Syndrome, also known as Atriodigital Dysplasia or Heart-Hand Syndrome, is a genetic disorder comprised of atrial septal defect in association with hand and forearm deformities. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Holt" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Townes-Brocks Syndrome often includes surgery for malformations associated with this syndrome. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Townes-Brocks Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Hemifacial Microsomia Family Support Network
84 Glennifer Hill Rd.
Richboro, PA 18954
(215) 364-3199
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 69.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 218-219.
A NEW FAMILY WITH THE TOWNES-BROCKS SYNDROME. M. A. de Vries-Van der Weerd, et al.; Clin Genet (Sep 1988; issue 34 (3)). Pp. 195-200.
PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY IN TOWNES-BROCKS SYNDROME. J. Monteiro de Pina-Neto; Am J Med Genet (May 1984; issue 18 (1)). Pp. 147-152.
TOWNES-BROCKS SYNDROME. REPORT OF A CASE AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.
F. G. Ferraz, et al.; Ann Genet (1989; issue 32 (2)). Pp. 120-123.
TOWNES SYNDROME. A DISTINCT MULTIPLE MALFORMATION SYNDROME RESEMBLING
VACTERL ASSOCIATION. J. H. Hersh, et al.; Clin Pediatr (Phila) (Feb 1986; issue 25 (2)). Pp. 100-102.
Townes-Brocks Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
134: Toxic Shock Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Toxic Shock Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by the article.
Synonyms
TSS
Information on the following disorder may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report.
Group A Beta-Hemolytic Strep
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a potentially fatal syndrome characterized by high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, and skin rash. It is almost always associated with the use of vaginal tampons and is a bacterial infection. Only about five percent of the cases occur in men or people who do not use tampons.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Toxic Shock Syndrome appear very suddenly. Initially, there is a fever of 102 to 105 degrees F, headache, sore throat, and conjunctivitis. Other early symptoms include profound lethargy, periods of disorientation, vomiting, severe diarrhea, and a diffuse sunburn-like rash leading to sloughing of skin after several days. In severe cases, the syndrome may progress to shock (dangerously low blood pressure and circulatory collapse) within forty-eight hours.
Anemia and other abnormalities of the blood, abnormalities of kidney function, hepatitis, deterioration of skeletal muscle, and involvement of the lung and heart may occur during the first week of illness.
Eighty-five to ninety-two percent of those affected survive TSS, although this may be inaccurate due to the diagnosis of only the more severe cases. Women who continue to use tampons during the first few months after illness risk a recurrence unless they have been successfully treated with antibiotics.
Causes
Toxic shock syndrome seems to be caused by a strain of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria which releases toxic substances which are absorbed by the patient. Mechanical and chemical factors associated with the use of menstrual tampons are thought to facilitate the production of bacterial toxin which enters the bloodstream via small wounds in the mucosa or through the uterus to the abdominal cavity.
Recent scientific studies suggest that polyester foam and fibers, contained in some types of tampons, soak up a large amount of magnesium, which is normally present in vaginal tissue and fluid. When the magnesium is removed from the bacterium's environment, the bacteria responds by manufacturing quantities of the deadly toxin.
Some manufacturers of tampons have withdrawn products containing polyacrylate rayon from the market and replaced them with safer, though somewhat less absorbent versions.
Affected Population
Primarily at risk for Toxic shock syndrome are women between the ages of thirteen and fifty who have a preexisting vaginal colonization of Staphylococcus aureus and who use tampons continuously during their menstrual periods. However, the syndrome has occurred in children as young as eight years old, as well as in men. The incidence is estimated to be 3 cases per 100,000 menstruating women.
As of June 1, 1985, 262 cases of Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) with onset during 1984 had been reported to the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, GA. This brings to 2,815 the total number of cases that have been reported since 1980. Of these, 2,669 cases were in females, and 146 were in males. Cases have been reported from all fifty states. Nonmenstrual TSS accounted for twenty-seven percent of the reported 1984 cases, up from seven percent in 1980. TSS continues to be reported primarily among caucasian non-Hispanic women.
Related Disorders
A syndrome affecting children with "Toxic Shock" like symptoms has become more prevalent since first being reported in 1984. Invasive Group A Beta-Hemolytic Strep has doubled in children being treated in the past 3 years. Infections of the skin and respiratory tract are most common.
Therapies: Standard
Lactamase resistant penicillin or cephalosporins are recommended. Patients with Toxic Shock Syndrome should be hospitalized, as they are likely to need intensive supportive care to prevent circulatory collapse. Large amounts of fluid and electrolytes (salts) may be necessary.
Other preventive measures are uncertain. Women should consider avoiding or using tampons only intermittently during the menstrual period. Avoidance of maximum absorbency tampons is advised. (For more information, see the Cause section).
According to the latest Food and Drug Administration report, the use of the vaginal contraceptive sponge is relatively safe. While 12 cases of sponge-related toxic shock have been confirmed out of the estimated 600,000 women who regularly use the device, none of the cases have been fatal. However, women who use this product are cautioned to carefully follow the package instructions in order to minimize their own risk. The sponge should not be worn for more than 30 hours continuously, it should not be used if the woman is menstruating, and another method of contraception should be used for 6 to 12 weeks following the birth of a baby. If any problems develop, medical attention should be sought immediately.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Toxic Shock Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 72.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1598, 2323.
APPARENT INCREASE IN THE INCIDENCE OF INVASIVE GROUP A BETA-HEMOLYTIC
STREPTOCOCCAL DISEASE IN CHILDREN., L.B. Givner, J. Pediatr (March, 1991, issue 18). Pp. 341-346.
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
538: Toxocariasis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Toxocariasis) is not the name you expected. Please check the synonym list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Toxocariasis is an infectious disorder caused by a worm parasite. It principally affects people in close contact with dogs or cats that carry these ascarid worm eggs.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Toxocariasis may include fever, nodular skin eruptions, coughing, wheezing and weight loss. Loss of appetite (anorexia), abdominal pain, seizures, cranial nerve palsies, blindness, liver and spleen enlargement and difficulty breathing may also occur.
Causes
Toxocariasis is caused by contact with the larvae of the toxocara worm which infects dogs and cats. Humans become infected when the larvae are ingested and travel through the circulatory system. These parasites invade the liver, lungs, brain and eyes. The dying larvae cause worsening inflammation which may result in complications, especially in the eyes. This may sometimes require the surgical removal of the gelatinous substance behind the eyeball (Pars plana vitrectomy).
Affected Population
Toxocariasis affects males and females in equal numbers. It is most common in young children from the south central or southeastern U.S.A. who play with infected pets.
Therapies: Standard
Toxocariasis infection is treated with the drugs Mintezol which is useful for reducing respiratory symptoms and corticosteroids which decreases the inflammation. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. The deworming of puppies, limiting exposure to nursing dogs, washing of hands after handling pets and preventing the eating of dirt by children is important in reducing the chance of Toxocara infection.
Therapies: Investigational
The ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) test is proving to be a sensitive and specific test for diagnosis of Toxocariasis infection. This procedure is being used on an experimental basis but may become a standard test in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Toxocariasis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases
Office of Public Information
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
Centers for Disease Control
Office of Public Inquiries
1600 Clifton Road NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
SEROLOGIC AND INTRADERMAL TEST FOR PARASITIC INFECTIONS. D. A. Bruckner, Pediatr Clin North Am (August, 1985; issue 32 (4)). Pp. 1063-1075.
HUMAN TOXOCARIASIS. REVIEW WITH REPORT OF A PROBABLE CASE. P. D. Morris, et al.; Postgrad Med (January, 1987; issue 81 (1)). Pp. 263-267.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1801-1802.
Toxocariasis;
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*Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
268: Toxoplasmosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Toxoplasmosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Lymphadenopathic Toxoplasmosis
Disseminated Toxoplasmosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease that can be caused by contact with a microscopic parasitic organism called Toxoplasma gondii. This parasitic infection, found worldwide, can be either acquired or be present at birth (congenital). The congenital type is a result of a maternal infection during pregnancy which is transmitted to the fetus, and involves lesions of the central nervous system. These lesions may lead to blindness, brain defects and more serious conditions. The disorder may be most severe when it is transmitted to the fetus during the second through sixth month of pregnancy. Twenty percent to 80% of those affected will show the presence of toxoplasmosis antibodies when tested.
The acquired form includes these two types of Toxoplasmosis: 1) Lymphadenopathic Toxoplasmosis is a form of the disorder which resembles mononucleosis. 2) Disseminated Toxoplasmosis is a form of the disorder in which lesions involve chiefly the lungs, liver, heart, skin, muscle, brain, and spinal chord membranes (meninges). It is characterized by inflammation of the lungs (pneumonitis), hepatitis, inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart (myocarditis), and inflammation of the brain and meninges (meningoencephalitis), all in varying degrees.
The prognosis for the acquired disease (when of moderate severity) is usually good with treatment, and commonly subsides without complications. If untreated, this infection may persist for many months, and can cause blindness. It is rarely fatal in adults.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Toxoplasmosis may be severe, rapidly appearing, or there may be no symptoms at all:
1) The more common mild form, which may resemble infectious mononucleosis, is characterized by a disease of the lymph nodes in the neck and armpit area (cervical and axillary lymphadenopathy), a vague feeling of discomfort (malaise), muscle pain and irregular low fever. Mild anemia, hypotension, reduction of total white blood cells (leukopenia), elevation of lymphoid white blood cell count (lymphocytosis), and slightly altered liver function may also occur. More commonly, it is a neck area lymph node disorder involving no other obvious symptoms (asymptomatic cervical lymphadenopathy).
2) In some cases the disorder may be an acute, suddenly occurring, disseminated infection that affects primarily those people who seem to have a reduced ability to fight infection. This is usually characterized with a rash, high fever, chills, and prostration. Some patients may develop inflammation of the lungs (pneumonitis), liver (hepatitis), muscular walls of the heart (myocarditis), and possibly inflammation of the brain and possibly meninges (meningoencephalitis).
3) Chronic toxoplasmosis, which causes severe inner eye inflammation (retinochoroiditis or posterior uveitis), may be marked by muscular weakness, weight loss, headache, and diarrhea. Symptoms are usually vague and indefinite making proper diagnosis difficult.
In some cases of toxoplasmosis, confusion and headaches may be the primary symptoms.
In the neonatal congenital type of toxoplasmosis, features can be variable. Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) may ensue if the infection occurs early in pregnancy. Infection later in pregnancy may result in miscarriage or stillbirth, or in the birth of a living child with the disease.
Symptoms of subacute toxoplasmosis infection may begin shortly after birth, but more often appear months or several years later. Central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as hydrocephalus, microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, and mental retardation may occur. Skin rashes, enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), jaundice and inflammation of the choroid and retina of the eye (chorioretinitis) may also be present.
Inflammation of the choroid and retina (chorioretinitis) usually accompanies the congenital form and may occur in the acquired forms. Chronic disease with relapses can continue to occur in patients who survive the subacute phase. Abdominal organ (visceral) lesions, aside from those in the liver, are unusual and tend to heal more readily than the central nervous systems lesions.
Causes
Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease which may be either congenital or acquired. Several modes of transmission may occur and must be guarded against. These include a parasite carried by birds and certain mammals, notably cats, cattle, swine, sheep, rabbits, and dogs. The disorder may also be transmitted by consumption of under-cooked meat containing the parasitic organisms (cysts), or by contact with cat feces containing the encapsulated organisms (oocysts). Care must be taken when cleaning the litter boxes of infected cats as inadvertent hand-to-mouth contact with the parasite may occur. There is also evidence that the infection can be acquired through inhalation of the dust arising when cleaning the litter. However, with proper hygienic precautions, infection is very unlikely. Flies and/or cockroaches may possibly transport the oocysts to human food. In a human host, the infection may possibly represent a reactivation of the latent disease.
The congenital type of toxoplasmosis is due to the infection being contracted during pregnancy and passed on to the fetus. In particular, contact with cats and cat feces during pregnancy must be avoided in particular to control this occurrence.
Affected Population
Toxoplasmosis affects men and women in equal numbers world wide. The occurrence rate in infants is 0.25 - 5.0 per 100,000 live births. This disorder also may cause many abortions and still births in areas of the world where the disorder may be more prevalent.
Approximately 40% of children with Toxoplasmosis become infected in the womb because of maternal infection during pregnancy. Of these children, 15% have severe symptoms and 19% have mild symptoms. Fetal damage is most likely when the infection occurs during the second to the sixth month of gestation. The majority of children born with Toxoplasmosis have no symptoms at birth, but show evidence of damage several months to years later. The most common abnormalities are eye disease and low I.Q. The estimated frequency of Toxoplasmosis during pregnancy is 1.1 cases per 1,000 pregnant women. However, maternal Toxoplasmosis acquired a month or longer before the pregnancy is rarely transmitted to the fetus.
Related Disorders
Hepatitis is an infectious liver disorder which may be caused by exposure to a large variety of infectious agents or substances. Which type of hepatitis a patient may have is usually determined by the cause. When hepatitis is caused by toxoplasmosis, the liver and spleen are usually involved. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hepatitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Encephalitis encompasses a large group of viral infections of the brain with a variety of neurological symptoms which depend on the infectious agent. Encephalitis in conjunction with toxoplasmosis appears to be transmitted by the same carrier.
Therapies: Standard
Acute Toxoplasmosis of newborns, pregnant women, and patients who have had their immune response diminished should be treated with antibiotics such as trisulfapyrimidines or sulfadiazine, plus pyrimethamine for three to four weeks. The toxicity of pyrimethamine can be minimized with the daily administration of folinic acid. Since pyrimethamine can produce deformities in animal fetuses, sulfonamides alone should be used in pregnant women who are treated for toxoplasmosis.
Some patients with Toxoplasmosis do not require specific therapy unless a vital organ such as the eyes, brain, or heart is involved, or if other symptoms are severe and persistent. Corticosteroids are often useful in these situations to control inflammation. Periodic blood counts may be obtained during therapy to monitor the toxicity of drugs used for treatment of this disorder.
Since sulfadiazine is no longer manufactured in the United States, patients can receive the drug through the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). To request sulfadiazine, contact CDC's Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, (404) 488-4928.
Therapies: Investigational
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has awarded a research grant to Rima McLeod, M.D., Michael Reese Hospital & Medical Center, Chicago, IL, for comparison studies on treatments for congenital Toxoplasmosis. Included in the studies are the experimental drugs pyrimethanine sulfadiazine, spiramycin, and pyrimethamin sulfadoxine.
Research on Toxoplasmosis is ongoing in many parts of the world. For information on the latest developments in this research, please contact:
Centers for Disease Control
1600 Clifton Rd. NE
Atlanta, GA 30333.
(404) 639-3534
For information on additional therapies that have been designated as Orphan Drugs in the last few months, please return to the main menu of NORD Services and access the Orphan Drug Database.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Toxoplasmosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Toxoplasmosis Interest Group
52 Edgell Street
Gardner, Mass. 01440
(617) 632-7783
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
MERCK MANUAL OF DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY: Robert Berkow, et al., eds; Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1982. P. 24.
Toxoplasmosis
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
385: Tangier Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Tangier Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Familial Alpha-Lipoprotein Deficiency
Alphalipoproteinemia
Familial High-Density Lipoprotein Deficiency
Analphalipoproteinemia
Alpha High-Density Lipoprotein Deficiency
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Acanthocytosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tangier Disease is an inherited blood disorder involving decreased concentrations of fat compounds in the blood called high density lipoproteins. Large amounts of these compounds may accumulate in certain organs of the body causing tissue discoloration. In later stages, these accumulations may cause organ enlargement and/or blood circulation problems.
Symptoms
Tangier Disease is a slowly progressive disorder initially characterized by enlarged orange or yellowish-gray tonsils. This same discoloration may be found in other parts of the throat and/or rectum. In time, the liver, spleen and lymph nodes may become enlarged. Brain dysfunction, loss of tendon reflexes and coronary artery disease may also occur. In some cases, small solid elevated skin lesions (papules) may appear.
Causes
Tangier Disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The absence of normal amounts of high density lipoproteins (HDL) in the blood cause symptoms of this disorder. High density lipoproteins are fat-carrying components of the blood containing relatively low levels of fatty acids and high levels of proteins.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Tangier Disease is thought to be present at birth but without noticeable symptoms. It usually is diagnosed during later childhood or adulthood. Only twenty known cases in the world were documented between 1967 and 1977, although the primary reason for this small number may be misdiagnosis and a low level of the recognition of symptoms. This disorder was first identified in the inbred population of Tangier Island in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, and later in Missouri and Kentucky. However, it may possibly be spreading to other countries.
Related Disorders
Acanthocytosis, also known as Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome, is inherited as a recessive trait and can often be found in inbred populations. This disorder is marked by the absence of low density lipoproteins and excretion of fat in stools (steatorrhea). Other features of Acanthocytosis may include abnormal red blood cells (acanthocytes), retinitis pigmentosa, ataxia and mental retardation. Absorption of fat is markedly impaired. Massive doses of Vitamins E and A may delay or retard the neurologic complications. (For more information choose Acanthocytosis", "RP" and "ataxia" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Tangier Disease is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling may be of benefit to families of patients with this disorder. Surgical removal of the spleen may become necessary in some cases if the spleen is enlarged.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tangier Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association, Inc.
2001 Beacon St, Rm. 304
Brookline, MA 02164
(617) 277-4463 or 277-3965
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
ANALYTICAL CAPILLARY ISOTACHOPHORESIS: A ROUTINE TECHNIQUE FOR THE ANALYSIS
OF LIPOPROTEINS AND LIPOPROTEIN SUBFRACTIONS IN WHOLE SERUM: U. Borgmann, et al.; J Chromatogr (Feb. 22, 1985, issue 320(1)). Pp. 253-62.
JAPANESE ADULT SIBLINGS WITH TANGIER DISEASE AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF
REPORTED CASES: K. Fujii, et al.; Tokai J Exp Clin Med (Dec. 1984, issue 9(5-6)). Pp.379-387.
TANGIER DISEASE. A HISTOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY: P.
Dechelotte, et al.; Pathol Res Pract (Oct. 1985, issue 180(4)). Pp. 424-430.
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
493: Tardive Dyskinesia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Tardive Dyskinesia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Tardive Dystonia
Oral-facial Dyskinesia
Linguofacial Dyskinesia
Tardive Oral Dyskinesia
TD
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Tourette Syndrome
Huntington Disease
Cerebral Palsy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) is an involuntary movement disorder resulting from use of neuroleptic drugs which are used to control psychiatric or gastrointestinal problems. Long-term use of these drugs may produce biochemical abnormalities in the area of the brain known as the striatum.
Symptoms
Tardive Dyskinesia is characterized by involuntary and abnormal movements of the jaw, lips and tongue. Typical symptoms include grimacing, sticking out the tongue, sucking or fish-like movements of the mouth. In some cases, the arms and/or legs may be affected by involuntary rapid, jerking movements (chorea), or slow, writhing movements (athetosis).
Causes
Tardive Dyskinesia is caused by long-term use of neuroleptic drugs. Neuroleptic drugs are often prescribed for management of certain mental, neurological, or gastrointestinal disorders.
Affected Population
Tardive Dyskinesia affects individuals who have been taking neuroleptic drugs for a long period of time. A high percentage of schizophrenic people who have spent long periods of time in mental hospitals have a high risk of developing TD.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Tardive Dyskinesia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Huntington Disease (also known as Huntington's Chorea) is an inherited neurological illness. Those affected experience involuntary movements, loss of motor control, changes in gait, loss of memory, and in some cases, dementia. In general, the first symptoms of HD appear between thirty and fifty years of age. HD runs a progressive course, severely weakening patients usually over a ten to twenty year period, whereas there is no degeneration in Tardive Dyskinesia. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Huntington" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Cerebral Palsy is a disorder characterized by impaired muscle control or coordination (motor output system) resulting from injury to the brain during its early stages of development (the fetal, perinatal, or early childhood stages). There may be associated problems with sensory input, such as vision or hearing defects, central processing (such as communication), intellectual or perceptual deficits, and/or seizures. People with CP can have slow facial and tongue movements, which may resemble TD. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cerebral Palsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Tourette Syndrome is a neurological movement disorder which begins in childhood between the ages of two and sixteen. The disorder is characterized by involuntary muscular movements called "tics", and uncontrollable vocal sounds. Sometimes inappropriate words may unavoidably be spoken. Tourette Syndrome is not a degenerative disorder and those affected can expect to live a normal life span. Neuroleptic drugs such as haloperidol and pimozide can be prescribed as treatments for TS, so it may be difficult to determine whether facial and tongue movements in TS patients are caused by the disorder or the drugs.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia initially consists of discontinuing the neuroleptic drug as soon as involuntary facial movements are noticed in psychotic patients. In some cases, physicians may decide to reinstitute the drug if the TD symptoms do not disappear and if they are very severe.
Therapies: Investigational
Vitamin E is being used experimentally to treat Tardive Dyskinesia. Participants in this study must have moderate to severe persistent Tardive Dyskinesia and be between eighteen and seventy years of age. Patients of all psychiatric diagnoses will be considered for admission to the four month study. For more information, physicians with patients interested in this research project should contact:
Denise Juliano, MSW
Coordinator of Admissions
Neuropsychiatric Research Hospital
2700 Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20032
(202) 373-6100
Many experimental drugs are being tested to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of Tardive Dyskinesia. For more information about these studies, please contact the agencies listed in the Resources section of this report.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tardive Dyskinesia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Association for Tardive Dyskinesia
1206 E. Pike St.
Seattle, WA 98122
NIH/National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
(301) 443-4515 or (301) 496-1752
(800) 421-4211 (24 hrs.)
Dystonia Medical Research Foundation
One E. Wacker Dr., Suite 2900
Chicago, IL 60601-2001
(312) 755-0198
National Mental Health Association
1021 Prince Street.
Alexandria, VA 22314
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 2160.
DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, 3rd ed.: American Psychiatric Association, 1984. Pp. 76-77.
SUPPRESSION OF TARDIVE DYSKINESIA WITH AMOXAPINE: CASE REPORT: D.A.
DMello, et al.; J Clin Psychiatry (March 1986, issue 47(3)). Pp. 148.
FACIAL DYSKINESIA: J. Jankovic, et al.; Adv Neurol (1988). P. 49.
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
370: Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Posterior Tibial Nerve Neuralgia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Erythromelalgia
Burning Feet Syndrome, also known as Gopalan Syndrome
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome involves pressure on nerves to the foot causing pain. Persons with this disorder may notice a painful burning or tingling sensation in and around the ankles, sometimes extending to the toes. The disorder usually affects people who stand on their feet for long periods of time.
Symptoms
The initial symptoms of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome are swelling of the feet, painful burning, tingling or numb sensations in the lower legs. Symptoms can become more intense and extend to leg muscles after standing for long periods during the day. These symptoms usually diminish with successful treatment.
Causes
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome can be caused by a number of different conditions which can compress the tibial nerve at the ankle. Benign tumors (usually composed of fat cells), bone spurs, cysts, and inflammation of the tendon sheath may use Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome.
Affected Population
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome can begin at any age but is usually related to activities which involve long periods of standing. This disorder seems to affect males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Erythromelalgia is a syndrome of sudden intensive dilation of blood vessels (paroxysmal vasodilation). This causes intense burning pain, increased skin temperature, and redness of the feet and, less often, the hands. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Erythromelalgia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Burning Feet Syndrome, also known as Gopalan Syndrome, is thought to be caused by a possible deficiency of a B Vitamin or pantothenic acid. Severe burning, aching and cramp-like pains in the soles of the feet (and possibly palms of the hands) can occur. Often, a sensation like pins and needles appears.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome results from compression of the median nerve in the wrist (between the tendons of forearm muscles and the carpal ligament in the hand). This compression produces abnormal sensations in the hand plus pain in the wrist, the palm, or in the forearm. Commonly, patients feel that their hand "falls asleep" often. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is relatively common. It may occur in one or both hands and it is seen more often in women. It often occurs in patients with acromegaly, myxedema, rheumatoid arthritis and also in people with occupations that require repeated forceful wrist flexion (e.g. carpenters). (For more information, choose "Neuropathy, Peripheral" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
When the nerve of the foot is not under continuous pressure, drugs (usually in ointment form) may be useful to treat local inflammations and ease muscle pain in Tarpal Tunnel Syndrome. Immobilizing the foot or inserting a device in the shoe to reduce tension on the nerve may improve symptoms. Surgery should be reserved for cases that do not respond to more conservative treatment. This disorder can usually be treated by Orthopedic Surgeons or Podiatrists.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Copyright (C) 1987, 1990, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
397: Tarui Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Tarui Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Glycogen Disease of Muscle
Glycogen Storage Disease VII
Glycogenosis Type VII
Muscle Phosphofructokinase Deficiency
Phosphofructokinase Deficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
McArdle Disease
Pompe Disease
Forbes Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tarui Disease is a glycogen storage disease. Symptoms of this hereditary metabolic disorder are caused by a lack of the enzyme phosphofructokinase in muscle and a partial deficiency of the enzyme in red blood cells. The enzyme deficiency prevents the breakdown of glucose into energy. Tarui Disease is characterized by pain and cramps in muscles during heavy exercise.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Tarui Disease include pain and cramps in muscles during strenuous exercise. These symptoms usually are not severe.
Causes
Tarui Disease is a disorder inherited through autosomal recessive genes. The condition is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phosphofructokinase. This enzyme normally converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-diphosphate. This is the controlling step in the breakdown of glucose into available energy. Therefore, energy is not available to a muscle during heavy exercise. Consequently, pain and cramps occur in the muscle.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
All Glycogen Storage Diseases together affect about 1 in 40,000 persons in the United States. Tarui Disease affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Glycogen Storage Diseases are caused by inborn errors of metabolism in which the balance between stored energy (glycogen) and available energy (sugar or glucose) is disturbed. Too much glycogen to be stored in the liver and muscles and too little sugar available in the blood.
The following disorders are similar to Tarui Disease. These can be compared to Tarui Disease for a differential diagnosis:
McArdle Disease is a glycogen storage disease. Symptoms of this hereditary metabolic disorder are caused by an inborn lack of the enzyme myophosphorylase. This enzyme is needed for the breakdown of glycogen (the body's form of stored energy) into sugar (glucose). In McArdle Disease the breakdown of glucose cannot take place. Severe muscle cramps occur as a result of heavy exercise.
Pompe Disease is a glycogen storage disease. This hereditary metabolic disorder is caused by an inborn lack of the enzyme alpha-1,4 glucosidase (lysosomal glucosidase; acid maltase). This enzyme deficiency causes excess amounts of glycogen (the stored form of energy that comes from carbohydrates) to accumulate in all body tissues, especially in the heart muscle.
Forbes Disease is a glycogen storage disorder inherited through autosomal recessive genes. Symptoms are caused by a lack of the enzyme amylo-1,6 glucosidase (debrancher enzyme). This enzyme deficiency causes excess amounts of glycogen (the stored form of energy that comes from carbohydrates) to be deposited in the liver, muscles and heart. The nerves ic the back of the legs and on the sides of the heel and foot (sural nerves) also accumulate excess glycogen. The heart may be involved in some cases.
For more information on the above disorders, choose "McArdle," "Pompe," and "Forbes" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Tarui Disease is symptomatic and supportive. Strenuous exercise should be avoided to prevent muscle pain and cramps.
Therapies: Investigational
Dr. Y.T. Chen at Duke University Medical Center, at the request of the Glycogen Storage Disease Association, is collecting DNA from patients with Glycogen Storage Disease Type I to form a DNA bank for GSDI. Interested patients may contact the Glycogen Storage Diseases Association for further information. The address and phone number of the organization are listed in the Resources section of this report.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tarui Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Association for Glycogen Storage Disease
P.O. Box 896
Durant, IA 52747
(319) 785-6038
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
EXCESS PURINE DEGRADATION IN EXERCISING MUSCLES OF PATIENTS WITH MUSCLE
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPES V AND VII: I. Mineo, et al.; Journal Clin Invest (August 1985: issue 76,2). Pp. 556-560.
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'g'Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
9: Tay-Sachs Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Tay-Sachs Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Amaurotic Familial Idiocy
Amaurotic Familial Infantile Idiocy
Cerebromacular degeneration
GM2 Gangliosidosis, Type 1
Hexoaminidase Alpha-Subunit Deficiency (Variant B)
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Sandhoff Disease
Alper's Disease
Kufs Disease
Leighs Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tay-Sachs disease is a rare inherited disorder that results in the progressive destruction of the central nervous system. The body is unable to properly metabolize certain fats (lipids) due to the absence of an enzyme (hexosaminidase A). This results in the accumulation of these fats in the brain (GM2 ganliosidosis). The disease is generally found among children of East European Jewish heritage. Sandhoff disease is another form of Tay-Sachs disease that is not limited to any particular ethnic group.
Symptoms
Tay-Sachs disease is a rare inherited disorder that results in the progressive destruction of the central nervous system. The body is unable to properly metabolize certain fats (lipids) due to the absence of an enzyme (hexosaminidase A). This results in the abnormal accumulation of these fats in the brain (GM2 ganliosidosis).
Tay-Sachs disease generally begins as mild muscle weakness with onset around 3 to 5 months of age. An abnormal startle response (a normal reflex in young infants caused by a sudden loud noise) and muscle spasms (myoclonic jerks) may also be seen at this time. Between 6 to 10 months of age further signs appear; i.e., feeding difficulties, muscle weakness (hypotonia), restlessness and vision abnormalities such as staring episodes, unusual eye movements and red circular spots in the eyes surrounded by fluid (cherry red macular spots). By the end of the first year there is increasing loss of vision.
After 12 months the child begins to regress, losing learned skills and coordination. Seizures begin and deterioration continues. Eventually the child is limp (flaccid), unresponsive and paralyzed.
Tay-Sachs disease can be detected prenatally through amniocentesis. Prospective parents can be tested to determine if they are carriers for the Tay-Sachs gene. Both the mother and the father must have the gene in order for a child to be affected (see "Causes").
Causes
Tay-Sachs Disease is a very rare disorder inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
The gene that causes Tay-Sachs and its resulting enzyme deficiency (hexoaminidase B subunit) has been located on chromosome 5. This deficiency causes excessive storage of certain fats (gangliosides) in the central nervous system.
Affected Population
Tay-Sachs disease primarily affects children of Eastern European Jewish ancestry (Ashkenazi). Approximately 1 in 30 Ashkenazi Jews carry the gene for Tay-Sachs Disease. It is also sometimes found in some communities of Italian descent, in Irish Catholics and in non-Jewish Canadians.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders, can be similar to those of Tay-Sachs disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
Sandhoff Disease is another form of Tay-Sachs disease. It is a severe, progressive, inherited, fat (lipid) storage disorder that leads to the destruction of the central nervous system. The first symptoms usually occur in the third to sixth month of life. These symptoms may include feeding problems, general tiredness (lethargy) and a marked "startle" response to sounds. Cherry red spots (macules) are usually seen in the eyes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sandhoff Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Alpers Disease is a rare progressive neurological disorder affecting infants and children. It is characterized by the degeneration (deterioration) of areas of the brain (cerebral gray matter). This may result in muscle disturbances, seizures, partial paralysis, jerky muscle spasms (myoclonus), blindness and growth retardation. Unrelenting seizures and mental deterioration may occur. Liver disease may also be associated with this disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Alpers Disease" as your search term on the Rare Disease Database).
Kufs Disease is a very rare inherited disorder that causes an accumulation of pigmented fats in the brain (lipofuscinoses). Symptoms may include muscle weakness, lack of coordination, confusion, behavioral changes, and in some cases severe mental disturbances may occur. Kufs disease first appears in adolescents or young adults. The AB variant of Tay-Sachs disease (hexosaminidase activator deficiency) might be confused with this disorder initially. Later symptoms of Kufs disease may include large, dark, round spots on the skin (ichthyosis vulgaris). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Kufs Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Leigh's Disease is a severe genetic metabolic disorder that is generally diagnosed in infancy. This disease causes damage to the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve. Infants may have low body weight, slow growth and seizures. There is a progressive loss of neurological function which may result in mental retardation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Leigh's Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
The treatment of Tay-Sachs disease is symptomatic and supportive. The presence of the gene that causes Tay-Sachs disease can be detected prior to birth (prenatally) by a laboratory analysis of the fluid that surrounds the fetus (amniocentesis). Prospective parents can be tested to determine if they are carriers for this disease. Pregnancies in couples at risk (both parents carriers) can be tested by amniocentesis.
Therapies: Investigational
Research is ongoing for Tay-Sachs Disease. Scientists have not yet discovered a way to replace the missing enzyme in the bodies of children with this disorder.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tay-Sachs Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association, Inc.
2001 Beacon St., Rm. 304
Brookline, MA 02164
(617) 277-4463 or 277-3965
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
National Foundation for Jewish Genetic Diseases
250 Park Ave., Suite 1000
New York, NY 10177
(212) 682-5550
Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association
17 Sydney Road
Barkingside, Ilford
Essex
England
01-550-8989
Dr. Roy Gravel
Montreal Children's Hospital
2300 Tupper St.
Montreal PQ H3H 1P3 Canada
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge Weston Road
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
(0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 149, 157, 174.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1198-1201.
BIOCHEMISTRY AND GENETICS OF TAY-SACHS DISEASE; Canadian Journal of Neurological Science, (Aug 1991, issue 18 (3 suppl)). Pp. 419-423.419-423.
Tay-Sachs Disease
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
582: Telecanthus
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Telecanthus With Associated Abnormalities) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
BBB Syndrome
Hypertelorism-Hypospadias Syndrome
Dystopia Canthorum
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
G Syndrome
Waardenburg Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Telecanthus With Associated Abnormalities is a very rare genetic disorder affecting the eyes and other parts of the body. Major symptoms include very widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), urinary tract anomalies, and abnormalities in the development of the mouth and the lips.
Symptoms
Telecanthus With Associated Abnormalities is apparent at birth. The most obvious features are very widely spaced eyes that may be crossed or misaligned (strabismus) combined with a high broad nasal bridge. This may be accompanied by urinary tract deformities such as the opening of the urethra set very low on the underside of the male penis (hypospadias) or opening into the vagina of females. Often the testicles of the affected males are undescended (cryptorchidism). There may be clefting of the palate, lips and back of the mouth (uvula) and often patients show one or more congenital heart defects. There is a high rate of mental retardation among affected males.
Causes
The exact cause of Telecanthus With Associated Abnormalities is not known. It is thought to be inherited as an X-linked trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.)
Affected Population
Telecanthus With Associated Abnormalities affects males more often and more seriously than females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Telecanthus With Associated Abnormalities. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
G Syndrome is marked at birth by widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), a broad, flat nasal bridge, neuromuscular defects of the esophagus and swallowing mechanism, and a hoarse cry. The opening of the urethra may be too low on the underside of the penis (hypospadias). Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism), a scrotum that is divided into two parts (bifid) and an anus without an opening (imperforate) may be present.
Waardenburg Syndrome is characterized by displacement of the inner folds of the eyelids, prominence of the nose, and overdevelopment of the eyebrows. The patient may have two different colored eyes or two colors in one iris of the eye. Congenital nerve deafness may also occur. A white streak of hair in the front (forelock) of the head or early greying of the hair may characterize this disorder. A thin nose with flaring nostrils, a "cupid bow" configuration of the lips, wide-set eyes, inflammation of the tear sac and drooping of the upper eyelids may occur. A lack of an indent between the nose and the forehead, prominent lower jaw and a clefted or high-arched palate may also be present. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Waardenburg" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Telecanthus With Associated Abnormalities may include reconstructive surgery to correct the spacing between the eyes as well as straightening the eyes themselves. Surgical correction of the urinary deformities as well as the cleft palate, lips and uvula may also be recommended. If heart deformities are present, surgery may be necessary. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Telecanthus with Associated Abnormalities, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
1-800-535-3843
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
Society for the Rehabilitation of the Facially Disfigured, Inc.
550 First Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 340-5400
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1458.
PHENOTYPIC OVERLAP OF THE BBB AND G SYNDROMES. J. F. Cordero, et al., Am J Med Genet (1978, issue 2 (2)). Pp. 145-152.
STUDIES OF MALFORMATION SYNDROMES OF MAN VB; THE HYPERTELORISM-HYP (BBB)
SYNDROME. CASE REPORT AND REVIEW. C. H. Gonzalez, et al., Eur J Pediatr (April, 1977, issue 125 (1)). Pp. 1-13.
THE G AND BBB SYNDROMES; CASE PRESENTATIONS, GENETICS, AND NOSOLOGY. S.
J. Funderburk, et al., Am J Med Genet (1978, issue 2 (2)). Pp. 131-144.
Telecanthus
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
296: Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ)
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Impostor Disease
Pain-Dysfunction Syndrome
Myofascial Pain-Dysfunction Syndrome
Costes Syndrome
Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome
TMJ
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Tinnitus
Tetanus
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ) is a painful disorder of the jaw joint which is made worse during or after eating or yawning. It can cause limited jaw movement and clicks and pops during chewing. In severe cases pain can radiate into the neck, shoulders and back.
Symptoms
TMJ Dysfunction is characterized by painful jaw movement. The pain may also involve the eyes, ears, teeth, head, neck, shoulders and back. Sometimes there is ringing in the ears (tinnitus), dizziness and loss of equilibrium. Difficulties of movement in the jaw can result in swallowing and chewing problems. About eighty-five percent of patients feel pain on only one side usually in the temple, cheek, and front of the ear. The pain may be constant or come and go.
Causes
There are many causes of TMJ Dysfunction. Organic or systemic causes include benign or malignant tumors, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Functional causes include jaw displacement, breakdown of the support provided by the teeth, injury from accident or most commonly grinding of the teeth (bruxism).
The following are the most common causes of TMJ Dysfunction:
Myofascial Pain Dysfunction (MPD) Syndrome affects the chewing muscles. Muscle spasms, often caused by grinding the teeth, create facial pain that may spread to nearby muscles.
Disturbances in the joint's functioning, the most common of which is disk displacement due to stretching or tearing of the fibrous tissue attaching it to the joint capsule.
Injury problems such as jawbone dislocation from a blow during a car accident or fall. The jaw joint can be dislocated without force from outside the body, from strained opening of the mouth, for example.
Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthrosis) in which fibrous and cartilage-like tissues wear away from the jaw joint . This alters movement and creates a crackling sound when the jaw moves.
Inflammatory Joint Disorders occur when membranes on the sides of the disk become inflamed due to rheumatoid arthritis.
Chronic restricted jaw movement such as fibrous ankylosis, occurs when fibrous tissue forms in the joint reducing jaw movement. Left untreated it can "freeze" the jaw.
Joint growth disorders cause the jawbone to continue to enlarge after growth should have stopped. This causes the bite and joint movements to become abnormal.
Affected Population
TMJ Dysfunction is a very common condition of adulthood which affects females three times more often than males. It is most common in women ages fifteen to forty-four.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of TMJ. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a disease of unknown origin which may have a relationship to autoimmune processes. This disorder is characterized by lack of appetite (anorexia), tiredness, painful and deformed joints, early morning stiffness chiefly in the hands, knees, feet, jaw, and spine. Once affected, a patient's joints remain painful or uncomfortable for weeks, months, or even years. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Arthritis " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Tinnitus is the perception of sound such as a ringing in the ears, in the absence of an actual sound. The disorder may be caused by a variety of ear problems including obstruction, infections, Meniere's disease, certain medications and head injuries. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tinnitus " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Tetanus is an infectious disease marked by painful muscular contractions caused by the toxin tetanospasmin, acting upon the central nervous system. Tetanus can cause "Lockjaw" which freezes the jaw into a locked position.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of TMJ Dysfunction varies according to the patients needs. It may consist of plastic bite plates to reposition or relax the jaw and muscles and reduce pressure on teeth and jaw joints. If TMJ is caused by grinding of the teeth these plastic devices often alleviate the problem. Some people wear the bite plates at night when grinding of the teeth cannot be consciously avoided. Treatment of muscle spasms may include relaxant drugs such as diazepam and analgesics for pain. Physical therapy, splints, permanent jaw adjustments or corrective dental work are also sometimes necessary.
Therapies: Investigational
Surgery is rarely used to correct TMJ Dysfunction.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The TMJ Association, Ltd.
6418 W. Washington Blvd.
Wauwatosa, WI 53213
(414) 259-9334
TMJ Booklet
American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
1101 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 302
Washington, DC 20005
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4261
References
TM DISORDERS; ACHES AND PAINS FROM FLAWS IN THE JAWS. D. Farley, FDA Consumer (June, 1988 issue). Pp. 6-10.
INCIDENCE AND CHARACTERIZATIONS OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT SOUNDS IN
ADULTS. S. D. Vincent, et al.; J Am Dent Assoc (February, 1988, issue 116 (2)). Pp. 203-206.
CERVICAL EXTENSION-FLEXION INJURY (WHIPLASH) AND INTERNAL DERANGEMENT OF
THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT. S. Weinberg, et al.; J Oral Maxillofac Surg. (August, 1987, issue 45 (8)). Pp. 653-656.
THE ACOUSTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORMAL AND ABNORMAL
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT. T. Gay, et al.; J Oral Maxillofac Surg (May, 1987, issue 45 (5)). Pp. 397-407.
Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ)
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` S Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
779: Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Occult Spinal Dysraphism Sequence
Tethered Cord Syndrome
Tethered Cord Malformation Sequence
Tethered Cervical Spinal Cord Syndrome
Congenital Tethered Cervical Spinal Cord Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Diastematomyelia
Spina Bifida
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome is a disorder characterized by progressive neurological deterioration due to unnatural stretching of the spinal cord caused by adhesions on the vertebrae. It most commonly results from defective closure of the neural tube during embryonic development (Spina Bifida).
Symptoms
Initial symptoms of Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome are usually urological and may include the inability to control urination (incontinence) and repeated urinary tract infections. Children who have tethered spinal cords usually show progressive foot and spinal deformities. At birth there is also usually a characteristic lesion on the skin of the lower back. These lesions may consist of tufts of hair, skin tags, dimples or fatty tumors. Other symptoms may include weakness of the lower extremities, inability to control bowel function (fecal incontinence), low back pain or a combination of these symptoms.
Adult onset of the disorder is very rare. When it does occur, the individual initially shows no symptoms. Later, the most common symptom is diffuse leg pain which may reach as high as the rectum. Progressive sensory and motor deficits may occur in the lower extremities, as well as bladder and bowel dysfunction.
Scientists believe that the amount of pulling force (traction) exerted on the spinal cord, rather than the type or distribution of lesions that are causing the pulling, probably determines the age of onset of symptoms. Less severe traction usually produces no symptoms in childhood, but may result in neurological dysfunction in later life due to repeated tugging at the base of the spinal cord during natural head and neck flexion, or when the condition is aggravated by trauma or disease.
Causes
The presence of adhesions on vertebrae is believed to be the cause of Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome. These adhesions may be the result of structural defects arising from improper closure of the neural tube (Spina Bifida) at approximately 28 days of embryonic development. Failure of proper development in this area may lead to a wide variety of orthopedic or urologic symptoms through tethering or compression of the nerve roots.
Children with benign skin tumors (cutaneous hemangiomas) on the lower back may also have tethered spinal cords. Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome is also occasionally associated with diastematomyelia, a disorder characterized by diversion of the spinal cord by a midline septum during embryonic development.
Affected Population
Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome affects males and females equally. First degree relatives of those with the malformation appear to be at slightly higher risk of developing it. Individuals with previously repaired defects of the neural tube are also particularly susceptible to this disorder.
Related Disorders
The following disorders are often associated with Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome.
Diastematomyelia is a rare and very serious spinal cord malformation. It is believed to be caused by genetic or environmental factors during the embryonic development which causes a longitudinal division in half of the spinal cord. In some cases, there are abnormalities of the vertebrae due to the adjustment necessary for encasing the two halves of the spinal cord. Diastematomyelia is often associated with Spina Bifida (failure of the neural tube to close completely), clubfoot or Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome. Symptoms may include pain, weakness of legs and loss of control over urinary and fecal functions (incontinence). Surgery during infancy is often recommended. However, later in life, surgery is performed only if neurological symptoms develop.
Spina Bifida is a disorder characterized by defective closure of the neural tube through which the spinal cord may bulge. It may range in severity from presenting no symptoms to severe neurological disability. One or more of the individual bones of the spine fail to close completely, leaving a cleft or defect in the spinal canal. Through such an abnormal opening, part of the contents of the spinal canal can protrude or herniate. In mild cases, the disorder may not be diagnosed unless an X-ray is taken, usually for other purposes (e.g., back injury). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Spina Bifida" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
The appearance and recognition of surface lesions on the lower back at birth should lead to further testing for Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is usually the technique of choice for identifying the tethered spinal cord. Pre-operative evaluation of potential sites of tethering, based on MRI findings, is very important for planning surgery. Removal of adhesions at the lower base of the spine through surgery is often recommended, and results are usually successful. Early management usually prevents neuromuscular, lower limb or urologic problems. It is usually best to treat the tethered cord before serious complications become apparent, as neurologic damage may not be reversible.
In cases where surgical release of the tethered spinal cord is ineffective, a posterior rhizotomy, in which certain spinal nerve roots are severed, may be performed to relieve pain.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Spina Bifida Association of America
4590 Macarthur Blvd., NW, #250
Washington, DC 20007-4226
(202) 944-3285
(800) 621-3141
Spina Bifida Association of Canada
633 Wellington Crescent
Winnepeg, Manitoba R3M 0A8
Canada
International Federation for Hydrocephalus and Spina Bifida
c/o RBU
Gata 3
11138 Stockholm Sweden
Contact: David Bagares
References
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 550.
UROLOGIC ASPECTS OF TETHERED CORD. R.C. Flanigan et al.; UROLOGY (January, 1989: issue 33 (1)). Pp. 80-82.
DIAGNOSIS OF TETHERED CORDS BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. W.A. Hall et al.; SURG NEUROL (July, 1988; 30 (1)). Pp. 60-64.
TETHERED CORD SYNDROME: A PEDIATRIC CASE STUDY. L. Greif et al.; J NEUROSCI NURS (April, 1989: issue 21 (2)). Pp. 86-91.
LUMBAR CUTANEOUS HEMANGIOMAS AS INDICATORS OF TETHERED SPINAL CORDS.
A.L. Albright et al.; PEDIATRICS (June, 1989: issue 83 (6)). Pp. 977-980.
Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome
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%Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
438: Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiencies) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Atypical Hyperphenylalaninemia
Malignant Hyperphenylalaninemia
BH4 Deficiency
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Dihydrobiopterin Synthetase (DHBS) Deficiency
Dihydropteridine Reductase (DHPR) Deficiency
Guanosine Triphosphate-Cyclohydrolase Deficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hyperphenylalaninemia
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources section of this report.
Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency is a rare genetic, neurological disorder present at birth. It is caused by an inborn error of metabolism. Tetrahydrobiopterin is a natural substance (coenzyme) that enhances the action of enzymes. When Tetrahydrobiopterin is deficient, an abnormally high blood level of the amino acid phenylalanine occurs and low levels of some neurotransmitters are found. To avoid irreversible neurological damage, diagnosis and treatment of this progressive disorder are essential early in life.
Symptoms
In general, symptoms of Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency usually include neurological problems, muscle tone and coordination abnormalities, seizures, and delayed motor development.
When enzymes including dihydrobiopterin synthetase, guanosine triphosphate-cyclohydrolase or dihydropteridine reductase are deficient, abnormal metabolism of tetrahydrobiopterin (a coenzyme necessary for enzyme metabolism) occurs. Tetrahydrobiopterin is required for the proper activity of three enzymes. When it is deficient, high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine can occur, and low levels of brain neurotransmitters will be found. Elevation levels of phenylalanine may range from mild too severe. However, symptoms are unresponsive to a phenylalanine-restricted diet because of the deficiency of brain chemicals that transmit signals. In time, irreversible mental retardation will occur in the absence of appropriate treatment. Treatment of tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency can include replacement therapy with tetrahydrobiopterin and/or neurotransmitter precursors.
Causes
Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency are inherited as autosomal recessive traits. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Symptoms develop due to lack of enzyme activity leading to high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine and low levels of neurotransmitter chemicals which can cause brain damage.
Affected Population
Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency occurs worldwide and is estimated to affect one to three percent of infants diagnosed with high levels of the amino acid phenylalanine at birth. Phenylketonuria (PKU) occurs at a rate of 1 in 10 to 20 thousand live births in the United States. Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency is very rare with less than 20 known patients identified in North America.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hyperphenylalaninemia is identified by the presence of abnormally high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine in newborns. It may or may not be associated with elevated levels of another amino acid, tyrosine, in these children. This disorder may be a symptom of Phenylketonuria (PKU) or it can be linked with short term deficiencies of either phenylalanine hydroxylase or p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. Uncontrolled accumulations of phenylalanine in the blood during childhood results in progressive, severe, irreversible mental retardation. A phenylalanine restricted diet can prevent brain damage if the disorder is identified early in infancy. Unlike PKU, a phenylalanine restricted diet does not prevent brain damage in patients with tetradydrobiopterin deficiency. (For more information on this disorder, choose "PKU" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency should be started as early as possible to avoid progression of complications such as brain damage. A low phenylalanine diet does not control the metabolic imbalance. However, this diet may be necessary to keep phenylalanine levels within normal range. As an alternative to the low phenylalanine diet, low doses of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) may normalize blood phenylalanine levels by restoring normal liver phenylalanine hydroxylase activity. Genetic counseling will be of benefit to patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Treatments being tested for Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency include replacement of neurotransmitters such as L-dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan administered in conjunction with an inhibitor of amino acid synthesis (decarboxylation). The long-term effects of high dosage tetrahydrobiopterin administration have not been established, although this therapy has shown dynamic improvement in some patients. Synthetic forms of tetrahydrobiopterin are also under study for use in treating this disorder. The long-term benefits of these therapies have not yet been established, but clinical research studies are being conducted to determine appropriate treatment and effectiveness.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has awarded a research grant to Joseph Muenzer, M.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, for studies on Tetrahydrobiopterin as a treatment for this disorder.
For information on additional therapies that have been designated as Orphan Drugs in the last few months, please return to the main menu of NORD Services and access the Orphan Drug Database.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
National Association for Retarded Citizens of the U.S.
P.O. Box 6109
Arlington, TX 76005
(817) 640-0204
1-800-433-5255
National Institute on Mental Retardation
York University
Kinsmen MIMR Building
4700 Keele Street, Downview
Toronto, Ont. M3J 1P3
Canada
(416) 661-9611
Children's Brain Disease Foundation for Research
350 Parnassus, Suite 900
San Francisco, CA 94117
(415) 565-6259
(415) 566-5402
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
HYPERPHENYLALANINAEMIA DUE TO IMPAIRED DIHYDROBIOPTERIN BIOSYNTHESIS:
LEUKOCYTE FUNCTION AND EFFECT OF TETRAHYDROBIOPTERIN THERAPY: K. Fukuda, et al.; J Inherited Metab Dis (1985, issue 8(2)). Pp. 49-52.
HYPERPHENYLALANINAEMIA CAUSED BY DEFECTS IN BIOPTERIN METABOLISM: S.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF TETRAHYDROBIOPTERIN DEFICIENCY: A.
Neiderweiser, et al.; J Inherited Metab Dis (1985, issue 8 Suppl 1). Pp. 34-38.
Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency-&
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Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
170: Tetralogy of Fallot
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Tetralogy of Fallot) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Pseudotruncus Arteriosus
Pink Tetralogy of Fallot, also known as Acyanotic Tetralogy of Fallot
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tetralogy of Fallot is a form of congenital heart disease. It consists of four defects. These defects are:
1. A ventricular septal defect
2. Obstructed outflow of the blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
3. A displaced aorta so that it receives blood from both the right and left ventricles
4. Enlargement of the right ventricle.
In addition to poor oxygen saturation which is due to poor blood flow to the lungs, symptoms are similar to those of severe ventricular septal defects (please see Rare Disease Database article on Ventricular Septal Defects). The degree of obstruction of blood flow to the lungs determines the severity of this disorder. Untreated Tetralogy of Fallot sometimes progresses becoming more severe as the child grows. In particular, the lungs can be permanently damaged by the abnormal pulmonary blood pressures generated by the ventricular septal defect. The patterns and quality of the sounds of the beating heart, electrocardiographic (EKG) and echocardiographic findings, and information from cardiac catheterization aid in diagnosis and therapy.
Symptoms
Infants with Tetralogy of Fallot show symptoms from birth or within the first year of life. They may not feed well often due to excessive fatigue; they gain weight slowly and grow poorly. With exertion, the children have severe, potentially life threatening attacks of breathlessness and hypoxia (lack of oxygen); they may assume a characteristic squatting posture which seems to help them to breathe somewhat during these episodes. Other signs of insufficient oxygen delivery to the tissues include cyanosis (a bluish coloration of the skin), clubbing of the finger tips, proliferation of red blood cells. A characteristic shape of the heart is usually visible on x-rays.
In general the symptoms associated with large ventricular defects consist of poor delivery of oxygen and congestive heart failure, characterized by swelling and fluid retention in the lungs and body. Rapid, "ineffectual", heartbeat and great difficulty breathing may also be present. (Please see article on Ventricular Septal Defects for a more complete discussion of the normal heart and the symptoms associated with large ventricular defects.)
The displacement of the aorta, the large artery leaving the heart and branching into all the other arteries serving the body, also causes oxygen unsaturated blood to reach the tissues.
Impaired outflow from the right ventricle usually results from an obstruction of the valve between the heart and the pulmonary artery, or from a narrowing of the channel at the top of right ventricle through which the blood passes to the pulmonary valve. When these obstructions are severe, the disorder is sometimes known as Pseudotruncus Arteriosus rather than Tetralogy of Fallot. Blood flow to the lung is reduced and a large fraction of the deoxygenated venous blood from the systemic veins moves almost directly into the aorta and back into the systemic circulation. The hypertrophy (enlargement) of the right ventricle is associated with the inability of the blood to pass easily into the pulmonary artery.
Heart defects seem to predispose patients to respiratory infections and bacterial infection of the inner lining of the heart (bacterial endocarditis). Bacterial endocarditis seems to occur more often with small or moderates sized septal defects. These infections should be avoided, particularly since resulting damage is likely to worsen the patient's condition.
Other complications of this kind of congenital heart disease include iron deficiency anemia, coagulation defects, a susceptibility to embolisms in the systemic circulation and to cerebral infarctions (destruction of tissue due to interrupted circulation) and abscesses.
Causes
The causes of the arrest in embryonic development resulting in congenital heart disease are poorly understood. In general, only about 10% of the cases appear to be hereditary, although this seems to be higher in Tetralogy of Fallot. Maternal rubella (measles), alcoholism, or diabetes are sometimes associated with heart defects. Ostium primum defects often occur in individuals with Down's Syndrome and certain other chromosomal abnormalities.
Affected Population
About 1% of live births have some kind of congenital heart defect; of these, about 10 % have Tetralogy of Fallot. Males are affected more often than females.
Related Disorders
Other congenital heart defects include atrial and isolated ventricular septal defects, valve defects of various kinds, malformations of the large vessels entering and leaving the heart, and anomalous positions of the heart in the chest.
Therapies: Standard
The definitive treatment for Tetralogy of Fallot is surgical. Total correction of the defects is best delayed until later in childhood, preferably around the age of 4 or 5 years. Intermediate, palliative measures that can be taken in infancy or early childhood include anastomosis of the aorta or the subclavian artery and the pulmonary artery.
Presurgical, palliative treatment includes medication such as digitalis to treat arrhythmias, excessively rapid heart beat, and heart failure. Sodium restriction, diuretics and rest are also effective in treating congestive heart failure. Respiratory infections are treated vigorously, and antibiotics are given prophylactically with such procedures as tooth extractions to reduce the risk of developing bacterial endocarditis. Severe hypoxic spells may require the administration of oxygen, morphine and other drugs to improve oxygen concentration.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tetralogy of Fallot, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Avenue
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212)315-8700
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
Petersdorf, Robert G., et al, editors, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, tenth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill 1983, pp. 1383-96.
Tetralogy of Fallot
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Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
796: Thalamic Syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy)
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Thalamic Syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy)) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome
Posterior Thalamic Syndrome
Retrolenticular Syndrome
Thalamic Hyperesthetic Anesthesia
Thalamic Pain Syndrome
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSDS)
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Thalamic Syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy) is a rare neurological disorder which occurs as a result of damage to the thalamus (a part of the brain which can affect sensation). Primary symptoms are pain and loss of sensation usually in the face, arm, or leg.
Symptoms
Thalamic Syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy) is characterized by pain and loss of sensation. Some of the body may be affected, or one half of the body, usually the face, arm, or leg. All types of sensations can be affected including touch, pain, and awareness of temperature. There may also be pain in the affected part of the body which may increase with stimulation. For example, being touched, or being exposed to cold temperatures may cause spontaneous pain. Taste may be affected; food and drink may have an unusual or different flavor. A slow tremor of the hand, arm, foot, or leg which increases when the patient attempts to voluntarily move the limb (intention tremor) may be apparent. Hand spasms may also occur. Mild muscular weakness or partial paralysis limited to one side of the body (hemiparesis) may be another symptom.
The patient may experience a disagreeable sensation or strong pain in response to touch which, under normal conditions, would not be uncomfortable (hyperpathia). He or she may, at first, have trouble feeling a touch sensation (dysesthesia) and the threshold for pain may be raised; however, once the level of pain that he or she can accept is exceeded, there is an over-reaction to the pain (hyperresponsiveness). The patient may not have a sense of what position the affected part of the body is in. Emotional over-reactions may occur.
Causes
Thalamic Syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy) stems from damage to the thalamus, usually appearing 4 to 6 weeks after the damage has occurred. Symptoms appear when there is loss of nerve cells in the back part of the thalamus. The thalamus is a part of the brain that acts as a coordinating center for nerve impulses from all the senses, relaying them to appropriate areas in the rest of the brain where they are then consciously perceived. The loss of nerve cells may be due to blockage in blood circulation caused by a blood clot, or by an abnormal particle such as an air bubble circulating in the blood (embolus). It may also be due to a small lesion or a tumor in the thalamus.
When one side of the thalamus is damaged, some or all of the opposite side of the body (face, arm, leg) may be abnormally sensitive to all types of stimuli such as touch (contralateral hypersensitivity). This may cause pain in the areas where there is a loss of sensation (anesthesia dolorosa).
Affected Population
Thalamic Syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy) is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSDS) is a term encompassing a group of chronic pain syndromes. Symptoms include severe pain and alternating constriction and dilation of blood vessels after trauma, often minor in nature. Other cases of RSDS can begin without apparent cause. Symptoms can become chronic if treatment is not begun as soon as possible after diagnosis. However, diagnosis and treatment are difficult due to the wide variety of body areas which can be affected. Also, RSDS can easily be misdiagnosed as a nerve injury which is characterized by similar painful symptoms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "RSDS" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Guillain-Barre Syndrome occurs when the body's defense system against disease (e.g., antibodies or lymphocytes) attacks the nerves, damaging the nerve's myelin and axon. Nerve signals are delayed and altered, causing weakness and paralysis of the muscles of the legs, arms, and other parts of the body along with abnormal sensations. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Guillain-Barre" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Major symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome include a sensation of numbness, tingling, burning and/or slight pain in the hand and wrist. This sensation can be temporary at first, later becoming chronic. It can cause patients to awaken during the night. Left untreated, muscle atrophy in the hand may develop. Symptoms may become worse with activities that require wrist flexing or prolonged gripping such as hammering or driving for long periods of time. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a very prevalent disorder that can be treated through weight loss, hand splints or surgery. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Carpal Tunnel" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
In Thalamic Syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy) surgical lesions can interrupt the sensory pathway of the brain and may help decrease the pain without affecting sensory ability. Patients may be able to experience touch without feeling pain or discomfort after surgical treatment.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Thalamic Syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome), please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2128-2129.
BRAIN GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN THALAMIC SYNDROME. E. C. Laterre, et al.; J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (March 1988; issue 51 (3)). Pp. 427-428.
THALAMIC PAIN SYNDROME OF DEJERINE-ROUSSY. F. Mauguiere and J. E Desmedt; Arch Neurol (December 1988; issue 45 (12)). Pp. 1312-1320.
Thalamic Syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy)
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,Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
It is possible that the main title of the article (Thalassemia Major) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cooley's Anemia
Mediterranean Anemia
Target Cell Anemia
Beta Thalassemia Major
Erythroblastotic Anemia of Childhood
Thalassemia
Hereditary Leptocytosis
Hemoglobin Lepore Syndromes
Microcythemia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Thalassemia Minor
Hereditary Spherocytic Hemolytic Anemia
Anemias (General)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Thalassemia Major is a rare blood disorder characterized by a marked increase in F hemoglobin and a decrease in the production of certain oxygen carrying proteins in red blood cells (beta polypeptide chains in the hemoglobin molecule). Thalassemia Major is the most severe form of chronic familial anemias that result from the premature destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic). This disease was originally found in people living near the Mediterranean Sea. People with this disorder also have a reduced number of circulating red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Symptoms
The symptoms of Thalassemia Major typically occur very suddenly in infancy or early childhood. These may include generalized weakness (malaise), an upset stomach (dyspepsia), and/or heart palpitations. Patients may have a yellow appearance to their skin (jaundice), leg ulcers, an abnormally enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), an abnormally enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), the presence of stones in the gall bladder (cholelithiasis), and/or an enlarged abdomen. Abnormally overactive bone marrow growth may result in a thickened skull (cranial bones) and prominent cheek bones.
Thalassemia Major can cause the loss of bone (osteoporosis) in the long bones of the body; fractures are common because bones become fragile. People with this disorder may be underdeveloped for their age and short in stature. Excess iron deposits in the heart muscle can cause heart abnormalities and eventual cardiac failure. People with Thalassemia Major may also experience mental deterioration. They are prone to repeated infections which can cause additional problems.
Causes
Thalassemia Major is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
The gene that causes Thalassemia Major is located on the short arm of chromosome 11.
People who have both of the pair of genes (homozygous) that cause Thalassemia Major have more severe symptoms than those people who have only one of the pair of genes (heterozygous) that causes the disease. This disorder is more common in families who intermarry and in those whose parents both have a gene for Thalassemia Minor. (For more information, choose "Thalassemia Minor" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Affected Population
Thalassemia Major is a rare disorder that most commonly occurs in people of Mediterranean heritage, especially Italians and Greeks. It is also common in an area that extends from northern Africa and southern Europe to Thailand, including Iran, Iraq, Indonesia, and southern China. This disorder affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Thalassemia Major. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Thalassemia Minor is a relatively mild form of anemia that is typically present at birth. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. Constant fatigue may be the only symptom of this disorder. However, if anemia becomes severe, the spleen may become slightly enlarged (splenomegaly) and there may be a pale color to the skin. Occasionally a child with Thalassemia Minor may complain of pain in the left upper side of the abdomen. This disorder may be aggravated by stress, infections, malnutrition, and/or pregnancy. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Thalassemia Minor" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hereditary Spherocytic Hemolytic Anemia is a rare inherited blood disorder characterized by the presence of sphere-shaped red blood cells. These cells have difficulty circulating through the spleen resulting in the destruction of red blood cells. The symptoms of Hereditary Spherocytic Hemolytic Anemia may be present at birth or not be apparent for years, and in many people the disease may be so mild that it is not diagnosed. Symptoms may include fatigue and a yellow (jaundice) appearance to the skin. Generally the spleen is enlarged resulting in abdominal discomfort. An infection is the most common trigger of an anemic crisis. Trauma or pregnancy may also cause an anemic crisis. The child may experience fever, headache, loss of appetite, vomiting, leg sores, and/or general weakness. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hereditary Spherocytic Hemolytic Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other types of anemias include: Aplastic Anemia; Hereditary Non-Spherocytic Hemolytic Anemia; Megaloblastic Anemia; Warm Antibody Hemolytic Anemia; Cold Antibody Hemolytic Anemia; Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia; Pernicious Anemia; Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia; Blackfan-Diamond Anemia; and Fanconi's Anemia. (For information on other types of Anemias, choose "Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
A person with Thalassemia Major has severe anemia. Chronic blood transfusions may be necessary in severely affected patients to maintain the levels of hemoglobin in the red blood cells (above 10 gm percent) and to allow for normal growth.
Without treatment, Thalassemia Major can be life-threatening. Since iron overload is a possibility due to repeated blood transfusions, children should be given as few transfusions as possible. Daily treatment with the drug deferroxamine is necessary to avoid severe iron overload. Removal of the spleen (splenectomy) may help patients with an abnormally enlarged spleen. This surgery reduces the number of blood transfusions that may otherwise be required.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients with Thalassemia Major and their families. Genetic tests are available to determine if a person is a carrier of the gene, and prenatal tests can identify an affected fetus.
Therapies: Investigational
The orphan drugs arginine butyrate and isobutyramide are being studied as possible treatments for Thalassemia Major. Additional study is needed to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of these drugs. For more information, patients may have their physicians contact:
Dr. Susan P. Perrine
Children's Hospital
Oakland Institute
747 52nd Street
Oakland, CA 94609
The orphan drug Sodium Phenylbutyrate is being developed for the treatment of Thalassemia Major and other diseases that involve the abnormal formation of red blood cells (sickling diseases). For more information, patients may have their physicians contact:
Saul Brusilow, M.D.
301 Children's Medical and Surgical Center
John Hopkins Hospital
600 North Wolfe Street
Baltimore, MD 21205
(310) 955-0885
Clinical trials for the treatment of Thalassemia Major are being conducted on several compounds that bind to iron (chelating agents) for the treatment of Thalassemia Major.
Bone marrow transplantation is another treatment under investigation for the treatment of people with Thalassemia Major. For additional information, patients may have their physicians contact:
NIH/National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-3583
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Thalassemia Major, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Association for Sickle Cell Disease Inc.
3460 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1012
Los Angeles, CA 96010
(800) 421-8453
(213) 731-1166
Cooley's Anemia Foundation, Inc.
105 East 22nd St.
New York, NY 10010
(212) 598-0911
(800) 522-7222 (New York state)
(800) 221-3571 (all other states)
NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Ave.
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1069.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 883-84.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 16th Ed.: Robert Berkow Ed.; Merck Research Laboratories, 1992. Pp. 1172, 1174.
HEMATOLOGY, 4th Ed,: William J. Williams, et al,; Editors; McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1990. Pp. 510-534.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1658-1661.
MANAGEMENT OF THALASSEMIA MAJOR (COOLEY'S ANEMIA). S. Piomelli; Hematol Oncol Clin North Am (Jun 1991; 5(3)). Pp. 557-69.
BETA-THALASSEMIA MAJOR AND SICKLE CELL DISEASE. R.B. Butler; NAACOGS Clin Issu Perinat Womens Health Nurs (1991; 2(3)). Pp. 349-356.
Copyright (C) 1986, 1989, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
72: Thalassemia Minor
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Thalassemia Minor) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Beta Thalassemia Minor
Hereditary Leptocytosis
Heterozygous Beta Thalassemia
Thalassemia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Sideroblastic Anemia
Sickle Cell Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Thalassemia Minor is a rare blood disorder characterized by a moderately low level of hemoglobin in red blood cells (anemia). This disorder is inherited. People with Thalassemia Minor have one of a pair (heterozygous) of the thalassemia gene. If a person has two copies of the gene, they will have Thalassemia Major which is a more serious disease.
Symptoms
The only symptom of Thalassemia Minor may be persistent fatigue. However, if the levels of hemoglobin in the red blood cells (which carry oxygen) are very low (anemia), then the individual may become pale and have slight enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly). Some people with Thalassemia Minor may also experience pain in the upper left side of the abdomen.
The symptoms of Thalassemia Minor may become worse when the patient is under stress, suffers infections or malnutrition, or is pregnant. The life span of people with this disorder is normal.
Causes
Thalassemia Minor is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
In Thalassemia Minor a person inherits only one of the Thalassemia genes, so they get a less serious form of Thalassemia than those who inherit both genes (Thalassemia Major).
Affected Population
Thalassemia Minor is a rare inherited blood disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. This disorder most commonly occurs in people of Mediterranean or southern Chinese descent. Thalassemia Minor occurs in as many as 1 in 5 people of certain Italian populations.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Thalassemia Minor. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Sideroblastic Anemia is a rare blood disorder characterized by low levels of hemoglobin due to the ineffective use of iron. The symptoms of this disorder typically include fatigue, weakness, and difficulty breathing. Physical exertion may also cause chest pains. This disorder is diagnosed by a blood test that reveals abnormal red blood cells known as sideroblasts. (For more information, choose "Sideroblastic Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Sickle Cell Disease is a group of inherited blood diseases characterized by the presence of abnormal crescent-shaped red blood cells and low levels of hemoglobin (anemia). Symptoms may include fatigue, respiratory infections, irritability, enlarged spleen, and/or sudden acute attacks of pain particularly in the chest. Other symptoms may include an enlargement of the liver, and/or painful inflammation of the fingers and/or toes. (For more information, choose "Sickle Cell" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
There are many other varieties of Anemias that have symptoms that are similar to those of Thalassemia Minor. Generally, a blood test is required to distinguish one form of anemia from the other. (For more information, choose "Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Thalassemia Minor is generally not necessary. This disorder does not respond to iron therapy. Prolonged use of iron may lead to excessive iron storage in body tissues. Pregnant women with Thalassemia Minor may require blood transfusions to maintain appropriate hemoglobin levels.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for people with Thalassemia Minor and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
The orphan drug sodium phenylbutyrate is being studied for the treatment of various blood disorders including Thalassemia Minor. For more information on this drug, patients may have their physicians contact:
Dr. Saul Brusilow
John Hopkins Hospital,
600 Wolfe Street
Baltimore, MD 21205
(310) 955-0885
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Thalassemia Minor, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Association for Sickle Cell Disease Inc.
3460 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1012
Los Angeles, CA 96010
(800) 421-8453
(213) 731-1166
Cooley's Anemia Foundation, Inc.
105 East 22nd St.
New York, NY 10010
(212) 598-0911
(800) 522-7222 (New York state)
(800) 221-3571 (all other states)
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHBLI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Ave.
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
800-336-GENE
301-652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 496.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. P. 883.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 16th Ed.: Robert Berkow Ed.; Merck Research Laboratories, 1992. Pp. 1172.
HEMATOLOGY, 4th Ed,: William J. Williams, et al,; Editors; McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1990. Pp. 492-493, 511.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1659-1661.
NELSON TEXTBOOK OF PEDIATRICS, 14th Ed.; Richard E. Behrman et al; W.B. Saunders Co., 1992. Pp. 1516-1516.
Thalassemia Minor
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
372: Thomsen Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Thomsen Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Myotonia Congenita
Myotonia Hereditaria
Ataxia Muscularis
Myotonia Dystrophica
Thomsen-Becker Myotonia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Myotonic Dystrophy
Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome, also known as Chondrodystrophic Myotonia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Thomsen Disease is a rare inherited neuromuscular disorder that usually begins early in life. Difficulty in initiating movement combined with slowness of muscle relaxation are the primary symptoms. Muscle stiffness of the entire body may also occur since this disorder involves the entire muscle system. Thomsen Disease is generally a nonprogressive disorder.
Symptoms
People with Thomsen Disease experience spasms or rigidity when an attempt is made to move muscles after a period of rest, or when the muscles are mechanically stimulated. Contraction of muscles may persist thirty seconds or more after mechanical stimulation. The stiffness usually disappears as the muscles are used. Symptoms may involve the muscles of the entire body. Slowness in chewing, swallowing, talking, and walking can occur.
Causes
Thomsen Disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Medical researchers believe that excess production of a nerve transmitting substance (acetylcholine) at locations where nerves connect to muscles (neuromuscular junctions) can cause this disorder.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Thomsen Disease usually begins at birth or shortly after. Rarely, it may suddenly begin at puberty but does not seem to start thereafter. It appears to affect males more often than females.
Related Disorders
Myotonic Dystrophy is an inherited neuromuscular disorder involving the muscles, vision, endocrine glands, possible mental deficiency and loss of hair. This rare disorder occurs in men and women equally with onset commonly during young adulthood. However, it can occur at any age and is extremely variable in degree of severity. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Myotonic Dystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome, also known as Chondrodystrophic Myotonia, involves delays in normal muscle growth usually beginning in early infancy. Thereafter, muscles may fail to keep pace with the patient's growth.
Therapies: Standard
The antiarrythmic drug Tocainide is often used as a treatment for Thomsen Disease. However, careful monitoring of the dosages and the patient's heart function is important while taking this drug.
Thomsen Disease patients usually do not respond to physical therapy because of the weakness of the muscles, but in some cases active and passive exercises may be helpful. Agencies which provide services to handicapped people and their families may be of benefit. Genetic counseling can be useful for families affected by this disorder. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Treatment of Thomsen Disease using the experimental antimyotonic drug mexiletine may improve muscle weakness in some patients. The use of this treatment is still under investigation to determine it's long-term effectiveness and possible side effects.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Thomsen Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3300 E. Sunrise Dr.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT WITH TOCAINIDE OF RECESSIVE GENERALIZED CONGENITAL
MYOTONIA: E.W. Streib; Ann Neurol (May 1986, issue 19(5)). Pp. 501-504.
VALUE OF MEXILETINE IN THE TREATMENT OF THOMSEN-BECKER MYOTONIA: F.
Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
156: Thrombasthenia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Thrombasthenia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Glanzmann Disease
Glanzmann-Naegeli Syndrome
Diacyclothrombopathia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Thrombasthenia is a hereditary disorder of blood coagulation due to defects in the functioning of platelets, blood elements important in clotting after injuries. Several different genetic abnormalities may cause the disease. Thrombasthenia is not progressive; in fact, the condition seems to improve with age. Prolonged episodes of bleeding can, however, be life-threatening if not successfully treated.
Symptoms
Thrombasthenia manifests itself at birth or shortly thereafter. Affected individuals tend to bleed easily and profusely, particularly after injuries and during surgery. They are susceptible to bruises and large purplish areas on the skin due to tiny spots of subcutaneous bleeding. Nosebleeds, unusually heavy menstrual flow, or irregular uterine bleeding may also be present. Severity varies from one individual to the next.
Laboratory investigations reveal abnormalities in the appearance and biochemical reactions of the platelets. They fail to aggregate normally, and retraction of clots is also abnormal.
Causes
Thrombasthenia may be inherited either through autosomal dominant or recessive mechanisms.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Four different genetic abnormalities that are associated with thrombasthenia have been found so far.
Related Disorders
Other disorders of platelet function include Bernard-Soulier Syndrome, May-Hegglin Syndrome, Chediak-Higashi Syndrome, the Gray Platelet Syndrome, and various defects of collagen induced platelet aggregation. Platelet disorders are also associated with congenital conditions such as Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, Down's Syndrome, Thrombocytopenia with Absent Radius syndrome, and von Willebrand's Disease.
Therapies: Standard
The only known therapy for Thrombasthenia is the transfusion of fresh blood from a normal donor when bleeding is severe.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Thrombasthenia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1164.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1056-7.
Thrombasthenia
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
577: Thrombocythemia, Essential
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Essential Thrombocythemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
ET
Essential Thrombocytosis
Idiopathic Thrombocythemia
Primary Thrombocythemia
Essential hemorrhagic Thrombocythemia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Myelogenous Leukemia
Myeloid Metaplasia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Essential Thrombocythemia is a rare disorder of blood platelet production. Major symptoms may include overproduction of platelets in the bone marrow, accompanied by active bleeding or an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly).
Symptoms
Essential Thrombocythemia is characterized by excessive amounts of platelet formation in the bone marrow. This may result in active bleeding or blood clots (thrombosis). Other abnormalities in the bone marrow cells or chromosomes (cytogenetic) may occur in connection with this disorder. This disease may evolve with time into a more serious type of blood disease.
Causes
The exact cause of Essential Thrombocythemia is not known. In some cases it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. (In autosomal dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Essential Thrombocythemia is a very rare blood disease which affects males and females in equal numbers. Although symptoms usually begin during the fifth or sixth decade of life this disorder may develop at any age.
Related Disorders
Thrombocytopenia may occur as part of polycythemia vera, chronic myelogenous leukemia, or myeloid metaplasia. Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Essential Thrombocythemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Myelogenous Leukemia is a form of blood cancer.
Myeloid Metaplasia is a syndrome characterized by anemia, enlargement of the spleen, nucleated red blood cells and immature granulocytes in the circulating blood. If it occurs in persons who have another disease it is termed secondary or symptomatic myeloid. When it occurs as a single illness it is termed primary or agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, myelofibrosis, or myelosclerosis, because of an associated fibrosis of the bone marrow. The condition may also develop in the course of red blood cell disease such as polycythemia rubra vera. There is a high incidence of development of myeloid leukemia in this form of the illness.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Essential Thrombocythemia usually involves the use of drugs which suppress the development of blood cells in the bone marrow (myelosuppressive agents) such as the drugs 32/P, Hydroxyurea, Melphalan or Busulfan. These drugs are usually effective in reducing the number of platelets in the bone marrow. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families when they have the genetic form of the illness. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Essential Thrombocythemia is being treated experimentally with the orphan drug, anagrelide. For more information on this drug physicians can contact:
Roberts Pharmaceutical Corp.
Meridian Center III
6 Industrial Way West
Eatontown, NJ 07724
(908) 389-1182
Another experimental therapy in use is plateletpheresis which involves the removal of blood platelets. More research is necessary to determine long term safety and effectiveness of this treatment.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Essential Thrombocythemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Myeloproliferative Research Center, Inc.
2220 Tiemann Ave.
Baychester, NY 10469
(718) 231-0270
(800) MPD-HELP
NIH/National Heart, Blood, & Lung Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp.712.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1079-1086.
ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIAS. CLINICAL EVOLUTIONARY AND BIOLOGICAL DATA.
S. Bellucci, et al., Cancer (December, 1986, issue 58 (11)). Pp. 2440-2447.
ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA AND LEUKEMIC TRANSFORMATION. S. M. Sedlacek, et al., Medicine (Baltimore) (November, 1986, issue 65 (6)). Pp. 353-364.
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND NATURAL HISTORY OF PATIENTS WITH ESSENTIAL
THROMBOCYTHEMIA AND THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME. D.B. Stoll, et al., Am J Hematol (February, 1988, issue 27(2)). Pp. 77-83.
Thrombocythemia, Essential
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#Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
402: Stenosis, Spinal
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Spinal Stenosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Familial Lumbar Stenosis
Stenosis of the Lumbar Vertebral Canal
Lumbar Canal Stenosis
Lumbosacral Spinal Stenosis
Thoracic Spinal Canal Stenosis
Cervical Spinal Stenosis
Tandem Spinal Stenosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Sciatica
Paget's Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Herniated Intervertebral Lumbar disk
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Spinal Stenosis is characterized by measurable constriction, compression or narrowing of space inside the spinal canal, nerve root canals, or vertebrae which contains nerves and blood vessels. This condition can affect limited areas of the spine. Constriction may or may not continue to progress. In other cases, symptoms may begin as a result of spinal injury or surgery for spinal disk problems. Abnormal bone growth or deterioration can cause narrowing of the spinal canal. Nerve and blood vessel compression, intermittent limping or problems with walking, and/or urinary incontinence can occur. Pain, numbness or burning sensations may occur in the lower back or legs. Temporary paralysis of the legs can also develop.
Symptoms
Spinal Stenosis is characterized by narrowing of the space occupied by nerves and blood vessels inside the spinal canal or vertebrae. It can be marked by abnormal bone growth or deterioration. Nerve and blood vessel compression can lead to problems with walking, intermittent limping, urinary incontinence, temporary paralysis of the legs, and pain or burning sensations in the lower back and legs. This disorder tends to occur most often among middle aged or elderly persons although it can be present at birth.
Causes
Spinal Stenosis may be inherited in some cases as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Spinal Stenosis tends to affect males more often than females, and is usually found among middle aged or elderly persons. Persons engaging in extremely rough contact sports with a high possibility of sustaining back injuries (such as football or hockey) may have more occurrences than that of the general population.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Spinal Stenosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Sciatica is a sciatic nerve root disease that causes very severe pain. It may occur alone or in combination with other conditions. Sciatica is characterized by pain radiating down one or both buttocks and/or legs in the distribution of the sciatic nerve. Sciatica can be caused by peripheral nerve root compression from spinal disk abnormalities, tumors, or rarely from infection. The nerves may be compressed inside the spinal canal, pelvis or buttocks. Toxic inflammation (usually caused by Diabetes or alcoholism) may also cause this type of nerve pain in rare cases.
Paget's Disease is a slowly progressive disease of the skeletal system characterized by abnormally rapid bone breakdown and formation, leading to the development of bones that are dense but fragile. It usually affects middle-aged and elderly people and most frequently occurs in the spine, skull, pelvis, thighs and lower legs. When the spine is affected, symptoms can resemble those of Spinal Stenosis. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Paget" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cauda Equina Syndrome is characterized by dull pain in the lower back (upper sacral) region with loss of sensation in buttocks, genitalia, or thighs. Bowel and bladder function are disturbed. This is caused by compression of the bundle of spinal nerve roots (cauda equina) below the first lumbar vertebra. Surgical decompression can be successful in alleviating symptoms.
A Herniated Intervertebral Lumbar ("slipped") Disk refers to an abnormal protrusion into the spinal canal of the fibrous tissue (spinal disk) that acts as a shock absorber between bony vertebrae. The disk does not actually move, but rather swells outward. The protruded disk can compress the space in the spinal canal and cause nerve injury and pain. This condition is very common, and occasionally may require correction by surgery.
The following disorder may precede the development of Spinal Stenosis. This can be useful in identifying an underlying cause of some forms of this disorder:
Achondroplasia is an inherited skeletal disorder which is one of a group of congenital disorders known as the chondrodystrophies. These diseases are marked by abnormalities in the way cartilage is converted to bone. Skeletal deformities and dwarfism occur as a result of growth abnormalities in the bone and cartilage. In some cases, the bones and cartilage of the spine are affected causing narrowing in the intervertebral canal or Spinal Stenosis. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Achondroplasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Spinal Stenosis involves the use of imaging procedures such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Computerized Tomography (CT) scan, myelography, and/or intraoperative spinal sonography (IOSS). Surgery to decompress the spinal canal may be helpful. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Internal Spinal Fixation devices are being tested for some cases of Spinal Stenosis. These devices seek to alleviate pressure on nerves or blood vessels in the spinal canal by mechanically changing the position of some of the bony vertebral sections. More research is required to determine complete long-term effectiveness of these devices.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Spinal Stenosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Scoliosis Foundation, Inc.
72 Mount Auburn St.
Watertown, MA 02172
(617) 926-0397
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 465.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF LUMBAR SPINAL STENOSIS: R.J. Nasca; Spine (October 1987, issue 12(8)). Pp. 809-816.
LUMBAR HERNIATED DISK DISEASE AND CANAL STENOSIS: PROSPECTIVE EVALUATION
BY SURFACE COIL MR, CT, AND MYELOGRAPHY: M.T. Modic, et al.; AJR (October 1986, issue 147(4)). Pp. 757-765.
TANDEM LUMBAR AND CERVICAL SPINAL STENOSIS. NATURAL HISTORY, PROGNOSTIC
INDICES, AND RESULTS AFTER SURGICAL DECOMPRESSION: T.F. Dagi, et al.; J Neurosurg (June 1987, issue 66(6)). Pp. 842-849.
CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME: A COMPLICATION OF LUMBAR DISCECTOMY: A.C.
McLaren, et al.; Clin Orthop (March 1986, issue 204). Pp. 143-149.
THORACIC SPINAL CANAL STENOSIS: G.H. Barnett, et al.; J Neurosurg (March 1987, issue 66(3)). Pp. 338-344.
INTERPEDUNCULAR SEGMENTAL FIXATION: E. Luque; Clin Orthop (February 1986, issue 203). Pp. 54-57.
Stenosis, Spinal
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
295: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Erythema Multiforme Exudativum
Ectodermosis Erosiva Pluriorificialis
Johnson-Stevens disease
Febrile Mucocutaneous Syndrome
Herpes Iris
Dermatostomatitis
Erythema Polymorphe
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a severe form of Erythema Multiforme characterized by blistery lesions on the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, anogenital region, eyelids and corneal lining (conjunctiva).
Symptoms
Stevens-Johnson syndrome is characterized by blistery eruptions on the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, anogenital region, intestinal tract and eyelid lining (conjunctiva). Typical Erythema Multiforme lesions may or may not be present elsewhere on the skin. The patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome may be unable to eat or close his/her mouth properly. Drooling may occur as a result. Eyes may become painful and inflammation of the eyelids (conjunctivitis) with swelling and pus may cause great discomfort. Untreated, the conjunctival lesions may leave residual corneal scarring, which sometimes may cause blindness.
A patchy pneumonia is often present in the lungs. There may also be symptoms of joint inflammation and general fatigue.
Causes
1. In about 50% of cases no cause can be found for Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
2. In children and young adults, infections caused by herpes simplex virus are the most common cause. Additionally, coxsackie- and echoviruses, Mycoplasma pneumonia, psittacosis, histioplasmosis, and Vaccinia, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and poliomyelitis vaccines have been identified as causes of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
3. In other cases, x-ray therapy or drugs can sometimes cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome in susceptible people. Penicillin, sulfonamides, and barbiturates are the most common drug causes. The mechanisms by which infectious agents or drugs can cause the condition in some people is unknown, but it appears to be an unpredictable allergic reaction to these substances.
Affected Population
People of all ages and both sexes can be affected by Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Related Disorders
Allergic Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mouth characterized by an intense shiny redness of the mucous membrane in the mouth, accompanied by slight swelling, itching, dryness or burning sensation. This disorder may be due to sensitivity to foods or lipstick.
Herpetic Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mouth caused by the herpes simplex virus and characterized by itching followed by the appearance of small tense blisters on a red base.
Reiter's syndrome is a combination of arthritis, inflammation of the urethra (urethritis), and conjunctivitis. It is similar to Stevens-Johnson syndrome, but distinguished by a definite burning sensation during urination and the frequent finding of hard, crusted lesions on the feet, hands, and occasionally elsewhere.
Mikulicz syndrome (aphthous stomatitis) is limited to the lips and mouth. It is a disorder without fever, characterized by recurrent red spots that may ulcerate, and last about 2 to 3 weeks at each occurrence.
Behcet's syndrome is a triad of symptoms including lesions of the mouth, ulcerations of the genital mucous membranes, and inflammation of the eyes. The ulcerations are small, but deep and chronic.
Stevens-Johnson syndrome is the most severe form of Erythema Multiforme.
For more information on the preceding disorders, choose "Reiter," "Mikulicz," "Behcet," and "Erythema Multiforme" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
When a cause for Stevens-Johnson syndrome can be found, it should be treated, eliminated or avoided (e.g., drugs or other substances to which the patient is allergic). Local treatment depends on the type of lesion.
Antibiotic therapy and treatment with glucocorticoids may relieve the symptoms and shorten the course of the disease. Glucocorticoids usually are not used if an infection is present.
Infections of the lips and mouth may require special care. Intense oral hygiene is necessary. A mouthwash of sodium bicarbonate solution in warm water can be soothing and cleansing. Rinsing after each meal with elixir of dexamethasone can relieve discomfort and promote healing of nonviral oral lesions. Another mouthwash that can be helpful is a solution of betnesol, zephiran HCl, peppermint oil, lidocaine HCl and tragacanth in water.
Systemic corticosteroids have often been used in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, sometimes with apparent benefit. Intensive systemic antibiotics, fluids and electrolytes may be lifesaving in patients with extensive mucous membrane lesions.
Ophthalmic consultation is required when the eyes are involved. Precautions must be taken to avoid permanent eye damage.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
References
ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME: W. Stewart, et. al., eds; In: Dermatology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cutaneous Disorders, 3rd ed. Mosby, 1984.
Stevens-Johnson SyndromeG
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1990, National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
421: Stickler Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Stickler Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Arthro-Ophthalmopathy
Epiphyseal Changes and High Myopia
Ophthalmoarthropathy
Weissenbacher-Zweymuller Syndrome
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Marfan Syndrome
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita
Wagner Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Stickler Syndrome is a genetic disorder inherited as a dominant trait. This disorder is characterized by congenital abnormalities of the eye, a small jaw, and a cleft palate. Degenerative changes in some joints with bone abnormalities may occur early in life. With early treatment, the prognosis may be favorable.
Symptoms
Initial symptoms of Stickler Syndrome may include a broad, flat, sunken bridge of the nose which makes the face look flattened. A cleft palate and small jaw (the Pierre Robin anomaly) may also be present. In addition, sensorineural deafness may develop. Eye defects may include a high degree of nearsightedness (myopia), irregularities of the lens (astigmatism), and changes of the optic disk (where the optic nerve enters the retina). Cataracts, detachment of the retina and blindness may develop during the first decade of life. A form of glaucoma called glaucoma simplex may also occur.
Bone abnormalities in joints such as the ankles, knees and wrists usually occur. During childhood, patients may experience stiffness and soreness after strenuous exercise. Swelling, redness and a feeling of heat may occur occasionally, leading to cracking (crepitation) and temporary locking of joints. Irregularities may be seen on X-rays of the joint surfaces, usually in the vertebral column and the knees. Incomplete dislocation (subluxation) of the hips is another frequent finding. Abnormal development of the cartilage at the ends of long bones (epiphyseal plate) may occur, and loose bony cartilage particles can be present in the joint. Joint hyperextensibility of the finger, knee, and elbow may occur as well as tapering fingers.
Causes
Stickler Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait that may be expressed in mild, moderate or severe forms. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Stickler Syndrome is a rare disorder which affects males as well as females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Stickler Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita (SED Congenita) is a disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance with symptoms which can range from mild to severe. It is characterized by flat facial features, nearsightedness (myopia), retinal detachment, cleft palate, clubfoot, short-trunk dwarfism, a waddling gait and normally sized hands and feet. This disorder is often detectable at birth and may affect males and females in equal numbers. (For more information choose "SED Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Wagner Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder that can be expressed in mild, moderate or severe form. It is characterized by facial abnormalities, an underdeveloped jaw, saddle nose, cleft palate, and vision abnormalities. Joint hyperextensibility in the fingers, elbows and knees, and hip deformities may also occur.
Therapies: Standard
Avoidance of excessive physical exertion including contact sports may prevent stiffness and soreness of ankles, knees, and wrists. Detached retinas may be surgically reattached. Genetic counseling will be helpful to families of children with Stickler Syndrome.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Stickler Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Stickler Syndrome Support Group
27 Braycourt Ave.
Walton on Thomas
Surrey KT 12 2 AZ England
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MANAGEMENT OF RETINAL DETACHMENT IN THE WAGNER-STICKLER SYNDROME: B.M.
Billington, et al.; Transactions Ophthalmol Soc UK (1985: issue 104, pt 8). Pp. 875-879.
STICKLER'S SYNDROME OR HEREDITARY PROGRESSIVE ARTHRO-OPHTHALMOPATH: M.
Vallat, et al.; Journal Fr Ophthalmol (1985: issue 8,4). Pp. 301-307.
THE WAGNER-STICKLER SYNDROME: A STUDY OF 22 FAMILIES: R.M. Liberfarb, et al.; Journal Pediatrics (September 1981: issue 99,3). Pp. 394-399.
Stickler Syndrome
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326: Stiff Man Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Stiff Man Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Muscular Rigidity - Progressive Spasm
Moersch-Woltmann Syndrome
SMS
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Stiff Man Syndrome is a very rare neurological disorder. It is characterized by progressive rigidity and spasm of the voluntary muscles of the neck, trunk, shoulders, and proximal extremities.
Symptoms
Stiff Man Syndrome is characterized by progressive muscular rigidity. Aching and tightness of the voluntary muscles of the body and limbs are usually the first symptoms. Profuse sweating and a rapid heart beat (tachycardia) may accompany the muscle spasms. Muscles of the neck, trunk, shoulders, and proximal extremities may be involved on both sides of the body. During attacks of muscular spasm, contractions such as sharp bending and twitching may occur in the muscles of the hand. Extreme bending of the sole (plantar flexion) may also occur. Affected muscles may become twisted and contracted, resulting in bone fractures in the most severe cases. Persons affected by Stiff Man syndrome may have difficulty making sudden movements and exhibit a waddling gait when walking.
Sleep usually suppresses frequency of contractions. SMS may be progressive and may gradually involve additional muscles of the back and abdomen. Stiffness may increase and patients may develop a hunched posture (kyphosis) or a swayback (lordosis).
Causes
Newly reported studies support the theory that Stiff Man Syndrome is an autoimmune disorder. Onset occurs gradually. Heredity factors have not been established.
The spasms can be triggered by external factors such as sudden noise and emotional stimuli. The attacks of stiffness may be caused by an abnormality deep in the grey mass of the brain (basal ganglion of the Central Nervous System).
Heredity of Stiff Man Syndrome has not been proven, but one research paper has described 10 people affected with the syndrome in 3 generations of one family.
Affected Population
About 70% of persons affected with Stiff Man Syndrome are male adults, about 30% are female. It is a very rare disorder.
Related Disorders
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSDS) is a disorder which involves pain in nerves, skin, muscles, blood vessels, and bones of one or more extremities. Pain in varying degrees is the primary symptom. (For more information, choose "RSDS" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Torsion Dystonia (Dystonia Musculorum Deformans, DMD) is an incapacitating neurological disorder which causes patients to develop repetitive twisting and writhing movements. The movements may affect a single muscle, a group of muscles such as those in the arms, legs, or neck, or the entire body. Experts have lately been referring to this disorder as "the Dystonias", indicating a group of related movement disorders rather than a single disorder. (For more information choose "Torsion Dystonia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Stiff Man Syndrome with diazepam may provide dramatic improvement in many cases. This drug relaxes the muscles.
Therapies: Investigational
Drs. Pietro DeCamilli and Michele Solemana, of Yale University in New Haven, CT, theorize that Stiff-Man Syndrome may be an autoimmune disorder in which the body's natural defenses against invading organisms (e.g., antibodies, lymphocytes) attack synapses in the brain and spinal cord, where a neurotransmitter, gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA), flows between nerve ends. The physicians are studying the use of plasma exchange combined with steroid drugs as a treatment for Stiff Man Syndrome. Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) is a procedure for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances, and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human blood and the blood is retransfused into the patient. This therapy is still under investigation to analyze side effects and effectiveness. More research is needed before plasmapheresis and steroid drugs can be recommended as a treatment for Stiff Man Syndrome.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Stiff Man Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Dr. Mark Hallet
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 6th ed: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. P. 495.
DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL SYNDROMES, 2nd ed: Sergio I. Magalini and Euclide Scrascia; Lippincott, 1981. P. 558.
AUTOANTIBODIES TO GABA-ERGIC NEURONS AND PANCREATIC BETA CELLS IN STIFF
MAN SYNDROME, Michele Solimena, M.D., et al.; New Eng J Med., (May 31, 1990, issue 322 (2)). Pp. 1555-1560.
Stiff Man Syndromea
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890: Streptococcus, Group B
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** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Group B Streptococcus) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
GBS
Disorder Subdivisions:
Infant Early-Onset
Infant Late-Onset
Adult Onset
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Infectious Arthritis
Infective Endocarditis
Listeriosis
Meningitis
Osteomyelitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Group B Streptococcus is a bacterial infection in which groups of streptococcus bacteria reproduce and multiply (colonize) in the mucous membranes. This bacteria is found most often in the vagina and rectum of females. Group B Streptococci can be transmitted sexually, as well as to a fetus as the infant passes through the birth canal.
The main groups at risk of developing disease from GBS are newborn children of an infected mother, women after childbirth, females after gynecologic surgery and older male and female patients with other serious diseases. The affects of this bacteria on newborn children as well as adults can cause many serious problems.
Symptoms
Infant Early Onset - Early onset of Group B Streptococcus disease occurs in the first seven days of life with more than half of the cases occuring in the first twenty-four hours. Symptoms of early onset Group B Streptococcus disease may be: lung disease in which there are airless air sacs and rigid lungs (respiratory distress), a widened nose, cramps of the rib cage muscles, and build up of fluid in the arms and legs; sudden swelling and inflammation of the lungs (fulminant pneumonia); an absence of automatic breathing (apnea); failure of the heart and blood vessel system (cardiovascular collapse) and/or infection and swelling of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meningitis); fever and/or irritability.
Infant Late Onset - Late onset of Group B Streptococcus disease occurs between seven days and three months after birth. Infection or swelling of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meningitis) is the most common symptom of late onset GBS, occuring in seventy-five percent of the infants with this disease. Other symptoms of late onset GBS may be: irritability or fussiness; bone pain, muscle spasms and fever caused by infection of the bone or bone marrow when Group B Streptococcus enters the bloodstream (osteomyelitis); swelling in the front of the white part of the eye causing red eyes and a thick discharge (conjunctivitis); ear infection or inflammation of the middle ear (otitis media) that may spread to the membranes of the brain and spinal cord; inflammation of the spongy bone that forms most of the walls of the upper part of the nasal cavity (ethmoiditis); an infection in the brain forming a sac filled with pus and surrounded by swollen tissue (brain abscess); swelling and a build up of fluid in the lungs (pneumonia); infection of the skin causing heat, pain, swelling, redness, fever and/or chills (cellulitis); a pus-forming infection of the kidney causing fever, chills, pain, nausea and/or frequent urination (pyelonephritis); infection of the fluid that lubricates joints causing destruction of cartilage and/or joints to freeze (pyarthrosis); and inflammation of the lining of the heart and heart valve causing low back pain, pain in the joints, chills and/or loss of appetite (endocarditis).
Adult Onset - Adult Group B Streptococcus disease occurs mainly in women after childbirth or gynecologic examination or treatment, and elderly male and female patients with other serious diseases such as diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, cirrhosis of the liver or malignancy. The most common infections caused by GBS in adults are swelling of the mucous membrane that lines the uterus causing fever, pain in the abdomen, discharge and swelling of the uterus (endometritis); and infection of the kidney causing fever, chills, pain, nausea and frequent urination (pyelonephritis). Other symptoms or illnesses that may occur in adults with GBS are: infection of the skin causing heat over the area, pain, and swelling (cellulitis); inflammation of the membranes around the brain or spinal cord causing fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, a stiff neck and/or aching muscles (meningitis); swelling and a build up of fluid in the lungs (pneumonia); inflammation of the lining of the heart and heart valve causing low back pain, pain in the joints, fever, night sweats, chills, headache, loss of appetite, and/or weight loss (endocarditis); swelling of the membrane that covers the wall of the abdomen causing nausea, pain, a rapid heart beat, chills, fever, and/or rapid breathing (peritonitis); bone pain, muscle spasms and fever caused by the bacteria entering the bloodstream and infecting the bone (osteomyelitis) or bone marrow; and swelling of the joints causing pain (arthritis).
Causes
Group B Streptococcus infection occurs when the bacteria (s. agalactiae) multiply and colonize in the mucous membranes. It tends to occur in certain high risk groups. The three groups that are most at risk of developing disease from this bacteria are newborn babies of infected mothers, women after childbirth or gynecologic surgery, and older patients with other serious diseases.
Affected Population
Group B Streptococcus infection is a prevalent disorder. The GBS bacterial infection is found throughout the world. It has been estimated that 15-35% of all women have the GBS bacteria in the vaginal region and/or intestines. In the majority of cases this bacteria will not cause any symptoms in adult females and as a result, many are not aware that they have it.
Approximately 12,000 babies in the United States get this disease yearly. Group G Streptococcus infection tends to affect newborn babies, women after childbirth and/or gynecologic surgery, and elderly male and female patients with other diseases.
Related Disorders
The following disorders may be associated with Group B Streptococcus or may have other causes. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Infectious Arthritis is an infection of tissues in a joint by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Symptoms of this disorder depend upon which agent has caused the infection. The symptoms may include fever, chills, general weakness and headaches, followed by inflammation of one or more joints. The affected joint or joints often become very painful, swollen, slightly red and stiff within a few hours or days. Rapid onset of symptoms may indicate that a bacterium is the cause. (For more information on this disorder choose "Infectious Arthritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Infective Endocarditis is a bacterial infection of the inner lining of the heart muscle (endocardium). This inner lining also covers the heart valves, and it is these valves which are primarily affected by infective endocarditis. There are several forms of infective endocarditis. Two types that have similar symptoms but are caused by different bacteria are acute bacterial endocarditis and subacute bacterial endocarditis. Acute bacterial endocarditis may affect normal heart valves, while subacute bacterial endocarditis more commonly affects heart valves which have been previously damaged by disease. A third type of infective endocarditis, prosthetic valvular endocarditis (PVE), may develop in patients who have previously had artificial (prosthetic) valve replacement or tissue valve replacement. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Endocarditis " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Listeriosis is a disorder caused by a bacterial infection (Listeria monocytogenes) transmitted to humans through contaminated food products, usually improperly pasteurized milk or cheese. Some cases have been transmitted through contact with other infected persons or animals. Cases range in severity from a transient carrier state with no apparent symptoms, to acute (suddenly occuring) spread of bacteria throughout the blood stream. Listeriosis of pregnancy may exhibit no symptoms or may be marked only by a fever and back pain. This condition can be mistaken for a bacterial infection of the kidney (pyelonephritis). (For more information on this disorder choose "Listeriosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Meningitis is a disorder characterized by inflammation of the membranes (meninges) around the brain or spinal chord. The disorder can occur in three different forms: adult, infantile, and neonatal. This inflammation can be caused by different types of bacteria, fungi, or malignant tumors. Chemical reactions to certain injections into the spinal canal can also cause meningitis. In it's acute form the disorder is characterized by fever, headache, a stiff neck and vomiting. (For more information on the disorder choose "Meningitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Osteomyelitis is a common infection of the bone caused by bacteria, frequently Staphylococcus. This disorder is usually due to an infection in another part of the body that is transported through the bloodstream to a bone in a distant location. In some cases the cause is unknown. Initially there may be several days of fever and a generalized feeling of ill health. This may be followed by an increase in fever, deep localized bone pain, chills, sweating, swelling and painful or limited movement of the nearby joints. (For more information on this disorder choose "Osteomyelitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Group B Streptococcus is diagnosed by isolating the organism from the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or fluid from the stomach.
Penicillin G and Ampicillin are antibiotic drugs prescribed to treat Group B Streptococcus. Patients allergic to these drugs may be given other antibiotics such as cephalosporins, erythromycin and/or chloramphenicol.
There is now a rapid screen blood test that detects part of the GBS bacterium within hours. This test can detect if the pregnant woman is infected while in labor, allowing the doctor to administer antibiotics immediately in order to prevent the newborn from acquiring GBS.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers are currently trying to develop a vaccine for Group B Streptococcus so that the infection can be prevented.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Group B Streptococcus, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Group B Strep Association
P.O. Box 16515
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516
(919) 932-5344
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, Editor-In-Chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1647-1648.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1572-73.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS OF NEONATAL GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL SEPSIS:
Kenneth M. Boyer, et al.; Clinics in Perinatology; (December 1988, issue 15(4)). Pp. 831-51.
Streptococcus, Group B
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809: Stroke
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Stroke) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Apoplexy
Cerebrovascular Accident
Cerebrovascular Disease
Disorder Subdivisions:
1) Infarct stroke
a. thrombotic stroke
b. embolic stroke
2) Hemorrhagic stroke
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Vascular Malformations
Bell's Palsy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Stroke is one of the most common neurological conditions affecting the central nervous system. Stroke is caused by a blockage of blood flow to part of the brain. This may happen because of a blood clot (embolus, cerebral thrombosis), or because of the bursting of an aneurysm (a ballooned area of a blood vessel) in the brain.
Temporary strokes may occur due to constriction of arteries from atherosclerosis (also known as "arteriosclerosis" or "hardening of the arteries"), heart irregularities, blood disorders or massive loss of blood.
Symptoms
Each type of stroke has its own symptoms, progression, and prognosis depending upon the area of brain affected.
Clumsiness, headaches, speech difficulties, weakness or paralysis usually of one side of the body may occur in infarct strokes. In thrombotic strokes, the symptoms may progress in stages starting with a feeling of clumsiness and leading eventually to paralysis. In embolic strokes, all the symptoms occur within seconds or minutes, striking without warning or pain.
A sudden severe headache progressing to a stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and unconsciousness are symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke.
Other symptoms of stroke may include difficulty in breathing, clammy skin, and/or confusion.
Causes
A stroke occurs because the blood supply to the brain has been cut off or decreased. Thrombotic strokes occur when a blood clot has narrowed or completely closed an artery in the neck or head. This may be due to atherosclerosis or "hardening of the arteries" which is the buildup of fat-containing materials and calcium (plaque) on the inner linings of blood vessels. Embolic strokes occur when a blood clot breaks away from a diseased artery in another part of the body and clogs a smaller artery in the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a blood vessel ruptures in or around the brain, depriving that area of its blood supply.
Temporary strokes may occur due to constriction of arteries due to atherosclerosis, heart irregularities, anemia, massive blood loss, or sometimes in patients with subacute endocarditis who have damaged heart valves.
Diabetes may increase the risk of stroke. In the person with diabetes, there is a malfunction in the production of insulin. Heart and blood vessel diseases such as heart attack, hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis), and stroke, are the leading causes of illness, disability and death among diabetics. Persons with diabetes are twice as likely to suffer from coronary heart disease and stroke, and five times as likely to suffer from arterial disease of the limbs than the non-diabetic population. Exactly how diabetes damages the cardiovascular system is not yet clear. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Diabetes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Other risk factors for stroke are hypertension (high blood pressure), atherosclerosis (arteriosclerosis or "hardening of the arteries"), heart disease, obesity (especially when combined with high blood pressure or diabetes), lack of exercise, emotional stress, hereditary disorders that cause high levels of fat or cholesterol, and certain blood disorders such as sickle cell anemia and polycythemia. (For more information on these disorders choose "hypertension," "hypercholesterol," "hyperlipoproteinemia," "sickle cell" or "polycythemia" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
When birth control pills are used for a long time, especially by women who smoke, there is an increased possibility of forming blood clots that may lead to stroke. Moreover, people who form blood clots due to accident, injury or illness must be vigorously treated with medications that dissolve blood clots in order to assure that the clot will not travel to the brain where it can cause a stroke.
The role of hereditary factors in stroke has not yet been established.
Affected Population
Stroke tends to affect the elderly, males, and black people more than the general population. 80% of stroke patients are over the age of 65. Alcoholics, drug abusers, patients with atherosclerosis, diabetes or high blood pressure, and people who smoke also have a greater risk of stroke. People who have had a stroke are at a greater risk of having another one.
In 1986, 400,000 Americans had a stroke. However, stroke is occurring less often now, possibly because there is improved treatment for hypertension, diabetes and other disorders, and because Americans have a greater interest in preventative health measures such as cholesterol screening and low-fat diets.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of drug abuse or drug reactions, some types of brain tumors, patients who are emerging from an epileptic seizure, or symptoms of head injury can be similar to those of stroke.
Bell's Palsy is characterized by sudden onset of facial paralysis resulting from ischemia (decreased blood supply) to part of the head and compression of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). It is not progressive. Part or all of the face may be affected. The affected muscles usually regain their function after one to two months, although in cases of extensive nerve damage, all or part of the paralysis may be permanent. (For more information of this disorder, choose "Bell's Palsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The following disorders may precede or increase the risk of developing stroke:
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) often indicates an impending stroke, which may occur shortly after the TIA or as much as five years later. Symptoms include passing numbness; tingling or weakness in an arm, leg, or on one side of the face; temporary blindness in either one or both eyes; or difficulty with speech for a short period of time. Other possible symptoms are headache, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, or drowsiness which occur for no apparent reason or appear to be unusual. Poor judgement or forgetfulness, and unusual personality changes may be other indications of TIA. If these types of symptoms occur, it is important to seek medical care at once.
Vascular Malformations are abnormal blood vessels. When they occur in the brain, they are classified into arteriovenous malformations (abnormal arteries and veins), cavernous malformations (enlarged channels of blood vessels), venous malformations (abnormal veins), and the telangiectasias (enlarged capillary-sized vessels). These types of malformations in the brain may cause recurrent headaches, seizures and hemorrhaging. Hemorrhaging in the brain can cause strokes. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Vascular malformation" and "AVM" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
CT scans and angiograms (arteriograms) are diagnostic tests that show the brain's tissues and blood vessels to determine whether a person has had a stroke. Other diagnostic tests include computer-coded X-ray images of the brain's arteries (digitized intravenous ateriography, or DIVA), and a technique that uses soundwaves to find defects in the arteries of the neck that supply blood to the brain (ultrasonography).
Right after an infarct stroke, anticoagulant drugs such as heparin and warfarin may be used to stop blood clots. In some cases aspirin may be prescribed. Aspirin taken in small amounts can prevent blood clots from forming, but it should be taken under supervision of a physician because it can cause stomach ulcers as well as retard the ability of blood to clot normally.
Right after a hemorrhagic stroke, drugs to help clotting at the site of the rupture may be prescribed. Drugs to reduce brain swelling or relieve high blood pressure may also be used.
Occasionally, surgery may be necessary in hemorrhagic stroke patients to remove aneurysms (part of a blood vessel wall that has abnormally widened or stretched), or to remove large clots. Patients who have had a stroke because of atherosclerosis occasionally require surgery to remove the plaque that has narrowed the interior of the arteries.
Treatment may also include exercise, speech therapy and physical therapy depending upon the symptoms remaining after the stroke has occurred.
With proper medical care, most strokes can be prevented with medications and/or diet in people with atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and diabetes.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on improved treatments and prevention of stroke is being conducted at cerebrovascular clinical research centers.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Stroke, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Stroke Association
8480 E. Orchard Rd., Suite 1000
Englewood, CO 80111-5015
(303) 771-1700
The Stroke Foundation, Inc.
898 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10021
(212) 734-3434
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
To locate centers that specialize in rehabilitation of stroke patients, contact:
National Easter Seal Society
70 East Lake Street
Chicago, IL 60601
(312) 726-6200
(312) 726-4258 (TDD)
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 2159.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp, and Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 1381-1389.
WORLD BOOK MEDICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA: Erich E. Brueschke, M.D., et al, eds; World Book, Inc., 1988. Pp. 834-836.
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306: Sturge-Weber Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Sturge-Weber Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Dimitri Disease
Encephalofacial Angiomatosis
Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis
Leptomeningeal Angiomatosis
Meningeal Capillary Angiomatosis
Sturge-Kalischer-Weber Syndrome
Sturge-Weber Phakomatosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Sturge-Weber Syndrome is composed of three major symptoms: Excessive blood vessel growths (leptomeningeal angiomas) are accompanied by accumulations of calcium inside the brain, and seizures. Facial birth marks (nevus flammeus) appear usually on one side of the face. Angiomas similar to those found in the brain can develop inside the eye, often with secondary glaucoma.
Symptoms
Nevus Flammeus is a discoloration on the face which is the red color of port wine. In Sturge-Weber Syndrome this "port wine stain" is noted at birth and generally occurs on the same side of the head as the excessive blood vessel growths (leptomeningeal angiomatoses) in the brain which are accompanied by accumulations of calcium (intracranial calcifications). The port wine stain primarily occurs along the distribution of the trigeminal nerve in the face, although in some cases it does not appear at all. Approximately thirty seven percent of patients have portwine stains on both sides of the face. Involvement of the extremities or trunk, in addition to the face, occurs in up to thirty-six percent of patients. Although the discoloration usually affects only one side of the face, a slight extension over the midface occurs in approximately fifty percent of cases. The port wine stain tends to deepen in color with age, and nodular elevations may also develop.
Port wine stains on the lips and mucous membranes lining the mouth are present in approximately twenty five percent of patients. Overgrowth of tissue may develop inside the mouth as well, and may be further increased as a side effect of the drug phenytoin when it is used to treat seizures.
Seizures occur in approximately fifty five to ninety seven percent of patients, usually beginning during the first year of life. These tend to become more frequent and severe with age. A form of paralysis (hemiparesis or hemiplegia) occurs in thirty percent of patients. Mental disturbances occur in fifty to sixty percent of patients.
Eye problems occur in approximately forty percent of patients on the same side of the head as the portwine stain and clumps of blood vessels (leptomeningeal angiomatosis) accompanied by intracranial calcifications. These eye problems do not tend to occur in Sturge-Weber patients who have no portwine stains. Glaucoma occurs in approximately thirty percent of patients. In most of these cases glaucoma is present at birth accompanied by enlargement of the eyeball (buphthalmos), but it may begin anytime before (and/or) after the age of two years. Other eye anomalies include clumps of blood vessels (angiomas) in the membranes that line the inner surface of the eyelids (conjunctiva), choroid and cornea; loss of vision in half the visual field in one or both eyes (hemaniopsia); eyes of two different colors (i.e., one blue eye and one brown eye); an abnormal accumulation of fluid inside the eyeball causing enlargement (hydrophthalmos); optic atrophy; clouding (opacification) or displacement of the lens; retinal detachment; streaks resembling blood vessels (angioid streaks); or loss of sight due to an organic lesion in the visual cortex (cortical blindness).
Sturge-Weber Syndrome patients may also have other blood vessel or nerve abnormalities. Excess deposits of calcium may be found in the brain, retina, lungs, thyroid, intestines, and liver. Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome with port wine stain (nevus flammeus) of the extremities can also occur in conjunction with Sturge-Weber Syndrome. (For more information on Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome, please choose "Klippel" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database). Some patients with Tuberous Sclerosis, Neurofibromatosis, and Wyburn-Mason Syndrome also appear to concurrently have Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Ocular or Oculocutaneous Melanosis (Phakomatosis Pigmentovascularis, type II-B) has been associated with Sturge-Weber in a small number of patients. Melanosis is an abnormal dark brown or black-brown pigmentation in various tissues or organs. (For more information on any of these disorders, please choose the appropriate name as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Causes
The exact cause of Sturge-Weber Syndrome is unknown. In some it is believed to be an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder. It may also be caused by trauma sustained early during fetal life.
(Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Sturge-Weber Syndrome is a rare disease affecting only a few thousand people in the United States. It occurs in both females and males. Onset occurs before birth.
Related Disorders
Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a genetically determined disorder with highly variable symptoms which can affect many body systems. Onset usually occurs in childhood. The disease usually becomes more active at puberty, during pregnancy, and at menopause. The most prominent symptoms are tumors under the skin which can result in disfigurement and other complications. (For more information, choose "Neurofibromatosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Tuberous Sclerosis is a congenital disorder associated with benign tumors of the brain, skin lesions, and occasional involvement of other internal organs. It is most often characterized by two neurological symptoms -epileptic seizures and varying degrees of mental retardation. (For more information, choose "Tuberous Sclerosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome is a possibly hereditary disorder characterized by angioma of the retina associated with a benign tumor. The tumor is composed of newly formed blood vessels (hemangioma) in the central nervous system. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Von Hippel" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Sturge-Weber Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. The port wine stain (hemangioma) can be treated with the use of a new type of laser known as the "flash pump dye" laser. The energy emissions fade or remove the stains making them less noticeable and in some cases "coverable" by makeup. The argon laser, used until recently to treat port wine stains, can cause crusting, scabbing and scarring of the stain. It can also cause enough pain to require local anesthesia. The flash pump dye laser can be used on young children as young as one month of age with port wine stains because it is relatively painless and eliminates any lasting effects on the skin. Contact the Sturge-Weber Foundation (listed in the Resources section) for a laser center near you.
Seizures may be controlled in many patients by anticonvulsants. Special education services are commonly required for Sturge-Weber children. Genetic counseling and physical therapy may benefit patient and family.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials involving Sturge-Weber Syndrome include the following projects:
Children under the age of one year with Sturge-Weber Syndrome and seizures are being examined with the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan by Harry T. Chugani, M.D., under a grant from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Chugani is seeking to identify patients with controlled seizures who might benefit from removal of one of the hemispheres of the brain (hemispherectomy). Physicians may contact:
Dr. Harry T. Chugani
UCLA Medical Center
Department of Pediatric Neurology
10833 LeConte
Los Angeles, CA 90024-1752
(215) 825-5946
Dr. Eva Sujansky of Children's Hospital, Denver, CO, is conducting chromosome research on Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Dr. Sujansky is director of the Sturge-Weber Clinic at Children's Hospital.
Dr. Eva Sujansky
TCH-Denver
1056 E. 19th Ave., Box B-300
(303) 861-6395
Research on Port Wine Stains is also being pursued by:
Dr. Odile Enjolras
Dept. of Dermatology
Hospital Tarnier
Paris, France
The Flashlamp-Pulsed Tunable Dye Laser is showing very good results in the treatment of port wine stain in the skin of children under age eighteen. This treatment has shown little or no side effects.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sturge-Weber Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
Box 8923
Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
746-6518
The Sturge-Weber Foundation
P.O. Box 460931
Aurora, CO 80046
(303) 360-7290
(800) 627-5482
Sturge-Weber Support Group
2036 Ridgewood Way
Bountiful, UT 84010
(801) 292-8228
(801) 292-6639
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 6th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins Press, 1983. P. 498.
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed.: Daniel Bergsma; March of Dimes, 1979. 1987.
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
185: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
SSPE
Decerebrate Dementia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive life threatening neurological (brain) disorder occuring months to years (usually years) after an attack of measles. It is characterized by mental deterioration, myoclonic (shocklike) jerks, and seizures.
Symptoms
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis usually begins before the age of 20 years. Often the first signs are failing schoolwork, forgetfulness, temper outbursts, distractibility, sleeplessness, and hallucinations. Myoclonic jerks (sudden flexion movements of the extremities, head and trunk) and grand mal seizures may follow the mental and behavioral changes.
Patients suffering from SSPE show further intellectual decline, changes in speech and abnormal involuntary movements. Distortion and twisting of the body, head and extremities may appear temporarily. Later, rigidity of the body muscles, difficulty in swallowing, cortical blindness, and optic atrophy may occur. In the advanced phases of SSPE, the patient becomes increasingly rigid, with intermittent signs of hypothalamic involvement (i.e., high body temperature, profuse perspiration, and disturbance of pulse and blood pressure).
The disease can become life threatening within 1 to 3 years, often as the result of terminal bronchial pneumonia due to inactivity or aspiration of food. Sometimes, it has a more protracted course, with pronounced neurological deficits. A few patients may have remissions and exacerbations.
Causes
The cause of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis is unknown; possibly SSPE is caused by a virus. Usually there has been a history of mumps or measles 2-10 years prior to the onset, but these childhood illnesses are common in the general population. There have been cases where patients have had contact with pets such as monkeys, dogs or kittens which later have died from the illness.
Affected Population
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis occurs in children and adolescents usually before the age of 20 years.
Related Disorders
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy is an infection of the brain by a normally nonpathogenic virus. Symptoms include unilateral bodily weakness, visual impairment and an alteration in the state of consciousness.
Inclusion Body Encephalitis is a brain infection with gradual onset mostly in children under 12 years of age. Symptoms include deterioration in schoolwork, muscle jerks of the trunk and extremities, and loss of speech.
Therapies: Standard
Generally, treatment of the symptoms of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis with anticonvulsants and supportive measures can be helpful. A number of antiviral agents have not proven helpful. Isolated reports about the effectiveness of isoprinosine have not been documented in controlled clinical trials.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National SSPE Registry
University of Alabama School of Medicine
Department of Neurology
2451 Fillingim St.
Mobile, AL 36617
(205) 471-2159
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th ed., Robert Berkow, M.D., ed in chief, published by Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Labs, Rahway, NJ, 1987. Pp. 1401, 2023, 2041.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2203, 2206-7.
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
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185: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
626: Sucrose-Isomaltose Malabsorption, Congenital
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Congenital Sucrose-Isomaltose Malabsorption) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disaccharide Intolerance I
Sucrase-alpha-Dextrinase Deficiency, Congenital
Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency, Congenital
Sucrose Intolerance, Congenital
Information on the following disorder can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Congenital Sucrose-Isomaltose Malabsorption is a genetic metabolic disorder characterized by an inborn deficiency of the enzyme sucrase-isomaltase. This deficiency causes diarrhea if table sugar (sucrose) or certain other carbohydrates are eaten.
Symptoms
Congenital Sucrose-Isomaltose Malabsorption is characterized primarily by diarrhea. Children with this disorder may be unable to gain weight on a normal diet. Adults may experience abdominal cramps and bloating, and excessive gas (flatus) when sugar or other carbohydrates are eaten. Diarrhea may be severe enough to purge other nutrients before they can be absorbed.
Causes
Congenital Sucrose-Isomaltose Malabsorption is a hereditary disorder transmitted through autosomal recessive genes. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If a person receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, he or she will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is 25 percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Congenital Sucrose-Isomaltose Malabsorption is a rare disorder affecting children from birth. Males and females are found to have this disorder in equal numbers. Some patients may be only mildly affected while others may have a moderate to severe form of the disorder.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can resemble those of Congenital Sucrose-Isomaltose Malabsorption. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Lactose Intolerance (Disaccharide Intolerance II; Lactase Deficiency). Malabsorption syndromes result from impaired absorption of nutrients from the small bowel. Lactose Intolerance is characterized by diarrhea and abdominal distention. A lack of the lactase enzyme results in an inability to digest lactose which is a type of sugar found in milk. Avoiding milk products makes it possible for patients with Lactose Intolerance to lead normal lives, although the disorder may get worse with age. (For more information, choose "Lactose" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Congenital Sucrose Isomaltose Malabsorption is treated by administering the sucrase-isomaltase enzyme derived from a type of yeast. A carefully controlled diet should avoid sucrose and sucrose containing foods.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Congenital Sucrose-Isomaltose Absorption, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
ENZYME-SUBSTITUTION THERAPY WITH THE YEAST SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE IN
CONGENITAL SUCRASE-ISOMALTASE DEFICIENCY: H.K. Harms, et al.; New England Journal Med (May 21, 1987: issue 316(21)). Pp. 1306-1309.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1731-1733.
Sucrose-Isomaltose Malabsorption, Congenital;
pagetitle
626: Sucrose-Isomaltose Malabsorption, Congenital
04244.TXT
Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
194: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
SIDS
Cot Death
Crib Death
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden death of any infant or young child which is unexpected by history and in which no adequate cause for death can be found. The disorder occurs in children under the age of one year.
Symptoms
Infants with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome are pale or may have bluish skin as a result of receiving insufficient oxygen, are limp, and are not breathing during a time when they are presumed to be sleeping.
Causes
The cause of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is not understood. It may be caused by prolonged apnea (cessation of breathing) during sleep or other still unknown causes. SIDS is responsible for the death of approximately 7,000 infants each year in the United States. It has been estimated that, annually, up to two deaths per 1,000 live births will be the direct result of SIDS.
A relationship between SIDS and DPT vaccinations has been ruled out in a study conducted during the early 1980's.
In 1990 researchers discovered that a few babies who had died of SIDS lacked a certain enzyme that is needed to break down short-chain fatty acids. The beta oxidation defects cause fatty change in the liver muscle and swelling of the brain. They suspect that this defect may only cause symptoms after a long period of fasting (not eating) which triggers low blood sugar and high concentrations of lactic acid in these children. The enzyme deficiency is inherited. However, more research is needed to confirm this theory.
Affected Population
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome occurs in children under one year of age.
Seventy-five percent of deaths occur between two to six months of life. Only very rarely does the condition occur in the first 3 weeks of life or beyond the end of the first year.
Therapies: Standard
To prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, home apnea/cardiac monitors may be used for children who are suspect for the disorder from family history. Respiratory stimulants such as theophylline or caffeine are sometimes prescribed, and medical or surgical therapy is used to correct abnormalities such as gastroesophageal reflux (return flow of stomach contents into the esophagus). Another form of therapy is cardiopulmonary resuscitation if the child stops breathing.
The Food & Drug Administration has warned that availability of home apnea/cardiac monitors has led parents to purchase these machines with no reason to suspect that their infant is at risk for SIDS. Apnea/cardiac monitors should be purchased only under the advice of a physician who is knowledgeable about the effectiveness and safety of these devices.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National SIDS Clearinghouse
3520 Prospect St., Ground Floor, Suite 1
Washington, DC 20057
(202) 625-8410
National Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Foundation (NSIDSF)
Two Metro Plaza, Suite 205
8240 Professional Place
Landover, MD 20785
(301) 459-3388
(800) 221-SIDS
Council of Guilds for Infant Survival
P.O. Box 3841
Davenport, IA 52808
(319) 322-4870
United SIDS Awareness Inc.
Family and Friends of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Victims
International Headquarters
3901-3 West Dakin Street
Chicago, IL 60618
(312) 583-3786
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1888, 1921.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 2079.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome+
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194: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
203: Sutton's Disease II
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Sutton's Disease II) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
von Mikulicz's Aphthae
Periadenitis Mucosa Necrotica
Recurrent Scarring Aphthae
Major Aphthous Ulcer
Major Ulcerative Stomatitis Major Canker Sore
Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer
Von Zahorsky's Disease
Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Sutton's Disease II, also known as Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis, is characterized by recurrent and painful attacks of major canker sores in the mouth (aphthous stomatitis). This disorder of unknown cause affects both males and females.
Symptoms
The major ulcers in the mouth of Sutton's Disease II vary in size from 7 to 15 mm. Up to 15 ulcers may be present at once in affected individuals. The ulcers begin as a shallow oval erosion or kind of ulceration filled with a slightly yellowish opaque material. This material is composed of coagulated tissue fluids, oral bacteria and white blood cells. The ulcers leave scarring when they heal.
Causes
The precise cause of Sutton's Disease II is unknown, but several factors point toward a localized immune reaction. Deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid increase susceptibility to the disease. Stress is usually the predominant factor which triggers the attacks.
Affected Population
Sutton's Disease II affects males and females equally before puberty; after puberty, females are affected in greater numbers than males. The disease occurs most frequently in undernourished children and weakened adults.
Related Disorders
Pemphigus is the name of a distinctive group of skin disorders characterized by successive crops of bullae (blisters). (For more information on Pemphigus, choose "Pemphigus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database. Herpetic ulcers of the mouth, caused by a herpes virus, occur mainly on the immovable mucosa (hard palate and attached gums), while the aphthae of Sutton's Disease II rarely appear in those locations.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Sutton's Disease II involves application of a topical anesthetic such as 2% lidocaine viscous or as an oral rinse providing short-time relief and facilitating eating. A dental protective paste such as OrabaseR prevents teeth, dental appliances and oral fluids from irritating the ulcers. Application of triamcinolone acetonide in emollient dental paste (a soothing agent) reduces discomfort and promotes healing. Tetracycline oral suspension may be used to treat multiple lesions. If started early after onset of the disease, symptomatic relief may occur during the first day of treatment and new lesions may be aborted. Treatment must be repeated for each new attack.
Occasionally, this therapy may result in oral candidiasis which is an infection caused by a fungus of the genus Candida.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sutton's Disease II, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4261
References
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th ed., Robert Berkow, M.D., ed in chief, published by Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Labs, Rahway, NJ, 1987. Pp. 2325.
THE CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 675-676, 1664, 2347.
Sutton's Disease II
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203: Sutton's Disease II
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
424: Sweet Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Sweet Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis, Acute
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Sweet Syndrome is a rare skin disorder characterized by painful red eruptions usually on the arms, face, neck, and legs. The exact cause of this disorder is not known, although it may be associated with an injury to the skin.
Symptoms
Major symptoms of Sweet Syndrome are tender or painful skin eruptions and generalized discomfort (malaise). Skin lesions usually occur on the arms, but also on the face, neck, legs, and occasionally the thighs and trunk. The lesions may be up to an inch in diameter. They are usually bluish-red, irregular, flat or raised, sharply outlined, circular, and/or hardened, with a rounded edge. Blisters or bacteria-free pimples usually cover the plaques. Scarring is usually absent. Fever may occur. Protein in the urine is sometimes present. Remission may occur after a few weeks, but recurrences are possible. Tests usually reveal infiltration of white blood cells called neutrophils in the skin. On rare occasions, the female genital tract (vagina and uterus) may be involved.
Causes
The exact cause of Sweet Syndrome is not known. Possibly it is an allergic reaction to an unknown agent. The disorder may be associated with an injury to the skin such as vaccination or a scrape. An upper respiratory or skin infection may also precipitate Sweet Syndrome.
Affected Population
Sweet Syndrome affects mainly middle aged females, but it may also affect men, infants and children in rare cases. It is a rare disorder.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Sweet Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Erythema Multiforme is an inflammatory skin disorder characterized by symmetric, red, blistery lesions appearing on the skin of the hands and feet. Mucous membranes and skin of the eyelids may also be affected. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Erythema Multiforme" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Erythema Elevatum Diutinum is possibly a variant of Erythema Multiforme. It is a rare chronic skin disorder usually occurring in adults between 30 and 60 years of age. This disorder may be associated with recurrent polyarthritis and is characterized by symmetric nodules and plaques near the joints. These lesions commonly appear on the back of the hands and feet. The size of the lesions may vary over the course of a day.
Leiner Disease is a skin disorder which usually occurs during the first two months of life. A reddish patch of thickened skin appears first on the buttocks and spreads to other parts of the infant's body. Scaling and peeling may occur as well as anemia, itching and diarrhea. The redness and scaliness usually decrease after a few weeks with treatment. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Leiner" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ritter Disease (Dermatitis Exfoliativa Neonatorum) is a skin disorder affecting infants which is usually caused by a bacterial infection. Reddened skin may peel leaving raw areas which heal in dry crusty yellow patches. This disorder may follow upper respiratory infections, impetigo, or other improperly treated skin infections.
Therapies: Standard
Sweet Syndrome may go into spontaneous remission after a few weeks even without treatment. Systemic steroid drugs such as prednisone may produce dramatic improvement.
Therapies: Investigational
The investigational drug dapsone has been used experimentally to treat Sweet Syndrome. However, more research is needed before this drug can be prescribed for general use.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sweet Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
ACUTE FEBRILE NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSIS. SWEET'S SYNDROME: M.A. Bechtel, et al.; Archives Dermatol (October 1981: issue 117,10). Pp. 664-666.
SWEET'S SYNDROME: HISTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF 15 CASES: J.J. Going, et al.; Journal Clin Pathol (February 1987: issue 40,2). Pp. 175-179.
ACUTE FEBRILE NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSIS: SWEET'S SYNDROME: H. Chmel, et al.; South Med Journal (November 1978: issue 71,11). Pp. 1350-1352.
Sweet Syndrome
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424: Sweet Syndrome
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2Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
842: Syphilis, Acquired
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Acquired Syphilis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lues
Venereal Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Behcet's Syndrome
Bejel
Candidiasis
Chancroid
Congenital Syphilis
Herpes Progenitalis
Pinta
Yaws
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Syphilis is a chronic infectious disease caused by a microorganism (treponema pallidum). It is transmitted by direct contact with an infected lesion, usually through sexual intercourse. When untreated, Syphilis progresses through primary, secondary and latent stages. Symptoms can remain dormant for years. Eventually any tissue or vascular organ in the body may be affected.
Syphilis may also be acquired by the fetus in the uterus or before birth (Congenital Syphilis). Syphilis can be cured with appropriate treatment.
Symptoms
Untreated Syphilis progresses through primary and secondary stages (which are infectious), and may end without further symptoms or continue to progress into a latent stage that may last for years.
Primary Syphilis is characterized by lesions (chancres) of the skin, anus, vagina or moist surface of the mouth. These lesions present themselves from 10 to 90 days after the patient has been exposed to the organism and are found at the sight of contact with the infected person. The lesions are usually painless and start as small, solid elevations (papules) of the skin which gradually develop into raised, firm ulcers with a slight yellow discharge. When untreated these lesions heal within four to six weeks and may leave scarring.
Secondary Syphilis usually presents itself within two weeks to six months after the appearance of the primary lesions. This stage of the disorder is characterized by lesions of the skin and mucous membranes that may be pink or coppery in color, widespread, symmetrical, and follow the lines of skin cleavage. The skin lesions of secondary Syphilis are infectious and most often found on the genitalia, palms, and soles of the feet. Symptoms such as loss of appetite, sore throat, headache, low-grade fever, muscle aches, nasal discharge, and swollen lymph nodes may occur. There is a relapse in twenty five percent of the untreated cases, occuring most often in the first year. Secondary Syphilis usually lasts two to six weeks and some of the lesions may leave scarring.
Latent Syphilis occurs when Primary and Secondary Syphilis have gone untreated. There are no noticeable symptoms, and the diagnosis can only be made through laboratory tests. Patients may relapse during the first two to four years of infection, and infectious Secondary Syphilis lesions may reappear. In about one third of the cases the disease spontaneously cures itself. Another third will remain infected but show no signs of the disease. The final third will eventually develop late Syphilis.
Late Syphilis is not contagious and usually progresses slowly. Benign (non-contagious) tumors may develop on any part of the body. These tumors usually involve the skin and bones. Cardiovascular problems, seizures, personality changes, impotence, bladder dysfunction, and eye problems such as optic atrophy and Argyll Robertson pupils (a pupil that fails to react to light but still reacts to distance) may also be present with late Syphilis. Dementia and blindness may result.
Causes
Syphilis is caused by the microorganism treponema pallidum and acquired through sexual contact with an infected person. Occasionally health workers have become infected while examining patients with infectious lesions. It may also be acquired by kissing someone with oral infectious lesions. Infected mothers can transmit Syphilis to the fetus in the womb. (For more information on Congenital Syphilis choose "Syphilis, Congenital" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Affected Population
There are about 80,000 cases of Syphilis reported each year in the United States. The highest rate of Syphilis is among 20 to 24 year old men and women. It is more common among persons who have sexual contact with numerous partners. The ratio of male:female cases of infectious Syphilis is currently 3:1. There has been a dramatic increase in Congenital Syphilis during recent years due to the use of "crack" cocaine and the increase in prostitution to support drug abuse.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Acquired Syphilis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Behcet's Syndrome is a relapsing inflammatory disease with unknown cause. The most common symptoms include oral and genital ulcers and inflammation of the eyes. The joints, blood vessels, central nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract may also be involved. Attacks may last a week to a month and recur spontaneously. Behcet's syndrome is not a venereal disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Behcet" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Bejel, or endemic syphilis, is an infectious disease caused by an organism (treponema pallidum II) related to and identical in appearance to that causing venereal syphilis. This infection causes lesions of the skin and bone and is common among children in the mediterranean countries of the Middle East, northern Africa, parts of eastern Europe, Arabia, subsaharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. In the United States, however, it is rare. Bejel is transmitted by physical, nonsexual contact and the sharing of eating and drinking utensils. (For more information on this disease choose "Bejel" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Candidiasis (Candida Albicans) is a normally harmless yeast infection found in the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina. This disorder is an infection caused by a fungus called Candida; most commonly the Candida albicans variety. It is also known as a yeast infection and it usually affects the skin and/or the mucous membranes of the mouth, intestines, or the vagina. Candida infections are rarely serious in otherwise healthy people. In rare cases it may spread through other parts of the body if the patients immune system is not functioning properly. In severe cases it may affect the blood, the membrane lining the heart muscle, or membranes around the brain (meninges). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Candidiasis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Chancroid is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacillus Hemophilus ducreyi. The incubation period for this disease is two to fourteen days. Chancroid affects the skin and starts as an inflamed patch of skin which eventually becomes a painful ulcer. Lesions are usually single but may be multiple. In males these lesions are usually found on the penis or around the anus. The lesions on females are normally found on the vagina, cervix, vulva, or around the anus. This infection is rare in the United States but common in Africa and Southeast Asia. Chancroid is usually treated with the antibiotic erythromycin.
Congenital Syphilis is a chronic infectious disease caused by a microorganism (treponema pallidum) acquired by the fetus in the uterus or before birth. Symptoms of early Congenital Syphilis include fever, skin problems and low birth weight. In late Congenital Syphilis the symptoms of the disease do not usually become apparent until two to five years of age. In rare cases the disease may remain latent for years with symptoms not being diagnosed until well into adulthood. Symptoms of Congenital Syphilis may include inflammation and hardening of the umbilical chord, rash, fever, low birth weight, high levels of cholesterol at birth, aseptic meningitis, anemia, enlarged liver and spleen, jaundice (yellowish color of the skin), shedding of skin affecting the palms and soles, convulsions, mental retardation, inflammation around the bones, nasal discharge, hair loss, inflammation of the eye's iris, and pneumonia. (For more information on Congenital Syphilis choose "Syphilis, Congenital" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Herpes Progenitalis is an infection of the genital skin caused by the herpes simplex virus. This infection is spread through sexual contact and lesions may appear within 4 to 7 days after contact. These lesions start out as blisters and may have a watery discharge. Both men and women may experience headaches, muscle aches and tender swollen lymph nodes in the groin. The blisters crust over and heal without treatment. Symptoms may last about 3 weeks. The disorder is contagious for up to two weeks after the lesions appear. The virus may remain latent and then reoccur at any time. There is no cure for this infection but lotions may be used to relieve pain, and the drug Acyclovir may prevent recurrent attacks.
Pinta is an infectious disease caused by the microorganism treponema carateum. It is closely related to the microorganism which causes some other venereal diseases. Pinta is transmitted nonsexually and is characterized by rashes and discoloration of the skin. Small bumps develop and within several months reddish, scaly areas appear most often on the face, hands, and feet. It is common in the hot lowlands of Central and South America, but is rare in the United States. (For more information on this disease choose "Pinta" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database)
Yaws is a nonvenereal infectious disease caused by the microorganism treponema pertenue which is related to syphilis. This disorder is common in children and is characterized by skin and bone lesions. Yaws is rarely found in the United States but is common among children in the humid tropics of Africa, South and Central America, the West Indies, and the Far East. (For more information on this disease choose "Yaws" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Antibiotics are used to treat Acquired Syphilis. Penicillin is the treatment used most often. In some cases other antibiotics such as tetracycline or erythromycin may be used. Preventative treatment should be given to anyone who has been in sexual contact with an infected person within 90 days. It is very important that the patients history (especially sexual) be taken, and a battery of tests performed, in order to determine the stage of Syphilis affecting the patient.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Acquired Syphilis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
American Social Health Association
100 Capitola Dr., Suite 200
Research Triangle Park, NC 27713
(919) 361-8400
National Sexually Transmitted Diseases Hotline
(800) 227-8922
Council for Sex Information and Education
444 Lincoln Blvd., Suite 107
Venice, CA 90291
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
For local treatment centers contact any state or local health department listed in your phone directory. These agencies can refer you to testing facilities for venereal diseases.
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1719-24.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1713-22.
Clinical Dermatology, 2nd Ed.: Thomas P. Habif, ed; The C.V. Mosby Company., 1990. Pp.222-28.
Congenital Syphilis Presenting in Infants After the Newborn Period: D.H. Dorfman, and J.H. Glaser; N Engl Med; (Nov. 8, 1990, issue 323 (19)). Pp. 1299-302.
Syphilis, Acquired
4pagetitle
842: Syphilis, Acquired
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`,M,Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
841: Syphilis, Congenital
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Congenital Syphilis is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lues
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Bejel
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Ectodermal Dysplasias
Jaundice
Pinta
Yaws
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Congenital Syphilis is a chronic infectious disease caused by a spirochete (treponema pallidum) acquired by the fetus in the uterus before birth. Symptoms of this disease may not show up until several weeks or months after birth and in some cases they may take years to appear. Congenital Syphilis is passed on to the child from the mother who acquired the disease prior to or during pregnancy. The infant is more likely to have congenital syphilis when the mother has been infected during pregnancy although it is not uncommon for an infant to acquire congenital syphilis from a mother that was infected prior to pregnancy. Symptoms of early Congenital Syphilis include fever, skin problems and low birth weight. In Late Congenital Syphilis the symptoms of the disease do not usually become apparent until two to five years of age. In rare cases the disease may remain latent for years with symptoms not being diagnosed until well into adulthood.
Symptoms
Congenital Syphilis is acquired by the fetus when the treponema pallidum spirochete is present in the mother. Pregnant women with syphilis may have a reduction in estrogen while serum progesterone levels may increase. Symptoms of early congenital syphilis usually appear at three to fourteen weeks of age but may appear as late as age five years. Symptoms may include inflammation and hardening of the umbilical chord, rash, fever, low birth weight, high levels of cholesterol at birth, aseptic meningitis, anemia, monocytosis (an increase in the number of monocytes in the circulating blood), enlarged liver and spleen, jaundice (yellowish color of the skin), shedding of skin affecting the palms and soles, convulsions, mental retardation, periostitis (inflammation around the bones causing tender limbs and joints), rhinitis with an infectious nasal discharge, hair loss, inflammation of the eye's iris and pneumonia.
Symptoms of Late Congenital Syphilis usually present themselves after age five and may remain undiagnosed well into adulthood. The characteristics of late congenital syphilis may be bone pain, retinitis pigmentosa (a serious eye disease), Hutchinson's triad which is characterized by peg-shaped upper central incisors (teeth), and interstitial keratitis which consists of blurred vision, abnormal tearing, eye pain and abnormal sensitivity to light, saddle nose, bony prominence of the forehead, high arched palate, short upper jawbone, nerve deafness and fissuring around the mouth and anus.
Causes
Congenital Syphilis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the spirochete treponema pallidum and transmitted by an infected mother to the fetus in the womb. Adults transmit syphilis through sexual contact. (For information on syphilis in adults choose "Syphilis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Affected Population
The incidence of congenital syphilis in newborns under a year old rose in the United States from 180 cases in 1957 to 422 cases in 1972. More recently there has been a dramatic increase of congenital syphilis especially in urban areas. This rise has been attributed to the use of "crack" cocaine and the increase in prostitution to support drug abuse. In New York City alone, the number of congenital syphilis cases rose from 57 cases in 1986 to 1,000 cases in 1989.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Congenital Syphilis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Bejel, or endemic syphilis, is an infectious disease caused by an organism (treponema pallidum II) related to and identical in appearance to that causing venereal syphilis. This infection causes lesions of the skin and bone and is common among children in the Mediterranean countries of the Middle East, northern Africa, parts of eastern Europe, Arabia, subsaharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. In the United States, however, it is rare. Bejel is transmitted by physical, non-sexual contact and the sharing of eating and drinking utensils. (For more information on this disease choose "Bejel" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database)
Epidermolysis Bullosa is the name of a group of rare, hereditary skin diseases in which blisters (vesicles) develop usually following trauma. Severe forms of the disease may include involvement of the mucous membranes and may leave scars and contractures on healing. The shedding or absence of skin during infancy may be confused with the diagnosis of congenital syphilis. (For more information on Epidermolysis Bullosa choose "Epidermolysis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database)
Ectodermal Dysplasias are a group of hereditary, non-progressive skin diseases. The skin, it's derivatives, and some other organs are involved. A predisposition to respiratory infections, due to a somewhat depressed immune system, and to defective mucous glands in parts of the respiratory tract, is the most life threatening characteristic of this group of disorders. Symptoms include eczema, poorly functioning sweat glands, sparse or absent hair follicles, abnormal hair, disfigured nails, and difficulties with the nasal passages and ear canals. Skin is satiny smooth, prone to rashes, and slow to heal. Commonly, the teeth fail to develop properly. Other complications may include hearing deficit, loss of sight, mental retardation, limb abnormalities, cleft palate and lip, and urinary tract abnormalities. Allergies are common, as are bronchitis and pneumonia. (For more information on Ectodermal Dysplasias choose "Ectodermal" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the skin, tissues and certain body fluids caused by excess circulating bilirubin (reddish yellow pigment occuring in the urine, bile, blood and gallbladder). A wide range of liver disorders may cause jaundice. An evaluation based on physical examination, history, and routine laboratory tests will identify the cause of jaundice. Treatment of the underlying disorder is required. (For more information on diseases that cause Jaundice choose "Jaundice" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Pinta is an infectious disease caused by the microorganism treponema carateum and is closely related to the microorganism which causes some venereal disease. This disease is transmitted nonsexually and is characterized by rashes and discoloration of the skin. Small bumps develop and within several months reddish, scaly areas appear most often on the face, hands, and feet. It is common in the hot lowlands of Central and South America, but is rare in the United States. (For more information on this disease choose "Pinta" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database)
Yaws is a nonvenereal infectious disease caused by the microorganism treponema pertenue which is related to syphilis. This disorder is common in children and is characterized by skin and bone lesions. Yaws is rarely found in the United States but is common among children in the humid tropics of Africa, South and Central America, the West Indies, and the Far East. (For more information on this disease choose "Yaws" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Congenital syphilis is preventable. It occurs in infants who's mothers have not been treated for the disease prior to or during pregnancy. When the infection is very recent the disease may not show up in the infant. Therefore it is important to have the infant tested again later on if the mother has been diagnosed with syphilis.
Serologic tests may be seronegative during pregnancy. Symptoms may then show up when the infant is 3-14 weeks of age. In these cases the mother probably acquired the infection during the later part of her pregnancy. The most effective treatment for syphilis in the mother, as well as congenital syphilis in the infant, is penicillin. In some cases other antibiotics may be used.
Interstitial keratitis may be treated with corticosteroid drugs and atropine drops. An ophthalmologist should be consulted.
If nerve deafness is present a combination of penicillin and corticosteroids may be prescribed.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Congenital Syphilis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
For local treatment centers contact any state or local health department listed in your area phone directory. These agencies can refer you to testing facilities for venereal diseases.
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1719.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1718-19.
MEDICAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES IN CHILDREN BIRTH TO THREE;
James A. Blackman, M.D., Editor; The University of Iowa, 1983. Pp. 72.
Clinical Dermatology, 2nd Ed.: Thomas P. Habif, M.D. Ed; The Mosby Company., 1990. Pp. 228-9.
THE EFFECTS OF SYPHILIS ON ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE FETOPLACENTAL UNIT:
C.R. Parker Jr., et al.; Am J Obstet. Gynecol; (Dec. 1988, issue 159 (6)). Pp. 1327-31.
CONGENITAL SYPHILI PRESENTING IN INFANTS AFTER THE NEWBORN PERIOD: D.H.
Dorfman, and J.H. Glaser; N Engl Med; (Nov. 8, 1990, issue 323 (19)). Pp. 1299-302.
CONGENITAL SYPHILI IN THE NEWBORN: V. Chawla, P.B. Pandit, and F.K. Nkrumah; Arch Dis Child; (Nov. 1988, issue 63 (11)). Pp. 1393-4.
UMBILICAL CHORD SCHLEROSI AS AN INDICATOR OF CONGENITAL SYPHILIS: S.
Knowles, and T. Frost; J Clin Pathol; (Nov. 1989)). Pp. 1157-9.
Syphilis, Congenitalc-
f-pagetitle
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04249.TXT
Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
382: Syringobulbia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Syringobulbia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS section to find other disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Syringomyelia
Amyloid Neuropathy
Arnold-Chiari Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Syringobulbia is a neurological disorder characterized by a fluid-filled cavity (syrinx) within the brain stem. The cavity is a congenital lesion, but for unknown reasons it often expands during adolescence or the young adult years. Syringobulbia usually occurs as a slitlike gap within the lower brainstem that may affect the lower cranial nerves including sensory and motor nerve pathways by disruption or compression.
Symptoms
Syringobulbia may cause dizziness (vertigo), involuntary rapid movement of the eyeball (nystagmus), and loss of feelings of pain and temperature in the face. Atrophy and small local involuntary contractions (fibrillation) of the tongue muscle may also occur, as well as stuttering (dysphonia), and a shrill or harsh voice.
Syringobulbia is a slowly progressive disorder. Porous bones (osteoporosis) may occur in long-standing cases.
Causes
Syringobulbia is most often a congenital disorder of unknown cause. In some cases the disorder may be inherited, but the mode of transmission is unknown.
The disorder may be associated with an excess of a type of nerve cells that constitute the white matter of the brain (astrocytes) in damaged areas of the central nervous system, or the formation of cavities in the brainstem. Frequently, there is an association with an exposed spinal cord (spina bifida), an extra rib arising from a neck vertebra (cervical rib), or asymmetry of the skull.
Affected Population
Syringobulbia can affect persons of either sex. It usually occurs before 30 years of age.
Related Disorders
Syringomyelia is a neurological disorder characterized by a fluid-filled cavity (syrinx) within the spinal cord. The cavity is a congenital lesion, but for unknown reasons it often expands during adolescence or the young adult years. The syrinx is situated near the middle of the spine. It usually begins in the neck (cervical) area, but may extend virtually along its whole length. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Syringomyelia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Amyloid Neuropathy is a hereditary disorder in which an abnormal glycoprotein, called amyloid, accumulates in the nervous system in amounts sufficient to impair its function. It often affects the elderly. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Amyloidosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
The Arnold-Chiari Syndrome is characterized by a displacement of the brainstem into the spinal cord. Infants with the disorder may exhibit symptoms such as vomiting, mental impairment, and weakness. There may possibly be paralysis of the extremities. The Arnold-Chiari Syndrome usually appears in a milder form in adolescents. Swelling of the optic nerve region (papilledema), nystagmus, ataxia, transient abnormal sensations (paresthesias) and paralysis affecting the eyes or lower cranial nerves may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Arnold-Chiari" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Neoplasms and vascular malformations in the brainstem may also cause neurological symptoms similar to those of Syringobulbia.
Therapies: Standard
An accurate diagnosis of Syringobulbia can be arrived at by using myelography, as well as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Intraoperative Sonography has been used during surgery to evaluate the effectiveness of the procedure as it is being performed.
Other treatment of Syringobulbia is symptomatic and supportive. Radiation has not proven to be of any benefit in treatment of this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Plugging of the obex at the lower end of the fourth ventricle of the brain has been advocated by some for treatment of Syringobulbia, but the effects of this surgical procedure are hard to evaluate, since the natural course of the disorder is variable. Consideration of such radical experimental surgery should be carefully made.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Syringobulbia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Spinal Cord Injury
2201 Argonne Drive
Baltimore, MD 21218
24-Hour Hotline, 1-800-526-3456
In Maryland, 1-800-638-1733
American Spinal Injury Association
250 E. Superior Street, Room 619
Chicago, IL 60611
(312) 649-3425
National Spinal Cord Injury Association
600 W. Cummings Park
Woburn, MA 01801
References
SYRINGOBULBIA AS A CAUSE OF LARYNGEAL STRIDOR IN CHILDHOOD: H. Alcala, et. al.; Neurology (NY) (September 1975: issue 25,9). Pp. 875-878.
INFANTILE HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME, NEURENTERIC CYST, AND SYRINGOBULBIA:
"b"Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
381: Syringomyelia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Syringomyelia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Morvan Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Syringobulbia
Amyloid Neuropathy
Arnold-Chiari Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Syringomyelia is a neurological disorder characterized by a fluid-filled cavity (syrinx) within the spinal cord. The cavity is a congenital lesion, but for unknown reasons it often expands during adolescence or the young adult years. The syrinx is situated near the middle of the spine. It usually begins in the neck (cervical) area, but may extend across the spinal cord or virtually along its whole length.
Symptoms
Patients with Syringomyelia in the upper (cervical and thoracic) part of the spinal cord may first notice loss of feeling for pain and temperature in their fingers, hands, arms, and upper chest. In the early stages, a sense of touch is still present. A loss of feeling may spread over the shoulders and back like a cape. Sinking in of the eyeball, a drooping upper eyelid, slight elevation of the lower lid, constriction of the pupil, narrowing of the opening between the eyelids, absence of sweating and flushing of the affected side of the face (Horner syndrome; Bernard-Horner syndrome; Horner's ptosis) may also occur.
Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a bone joint is another symptom of Syringomyelia (Charcot joint; neuropathic arthropathy). Reflexes in the upper extremities may be absent.
Morvan disease is a severe form of Syringomyelia accompanied by ulceration of fingers and toes.
When the lumbar and sacral segments of the spine are affected, spasticity, muscle weakness, and muscular incoordination (ataxia) in the lower extremities as well as paralysis of the bladder usually occur.
Syringomyelia is a slowly progressive disorder. Erosion of the bony spinal canal may occur in long-standing cases, as well as increased porosity of the bones (osteoporosis). Joint contractures and progressive curvature of the spine (scoliosis) are other long-term symptoms.
Causes
Syringomyelia is most often a congenital disorder of unknown cause. In some cases the disorder may be inherited through autosomal dominant or recessive genes. However, it can also be caused by spinal cord injuries during any stage of life.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
The disorder is often associated with an excess of a type of nerve cells that constitute the white matter of the brain (astrocytes) in damaged areas of the central nervous system. Frequently, there is an association with an exposed spinal cord (spina bifida), an extra rib arising from a neck vertebra (cervical rib), or asymmetry of the skull. In some cases a tumor in the spinal cord may be found in conjunction with Syringomyelia.
Affected Population
Syringomyelia usually affects persons of either sex before 30 years of age. There are approximately 1,000 cases of this disorder identified in the United States each year.
Related Disorders
Syringobulbia is a similar neurological disorder characterized by a fluid-filled cavity (syrinx) within the brain stem. The cavity is a congenital lesion, but for unknown reasons it often expands during adolescence or the young adult years. Syringobulbia usually occurs as a slitlike gap within the lower brainstem that may affect the lower cranial nerves, sensory or motor nerve pathways by disruption or compression. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Syringobulbia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Amyloid Neuropathy is a hereditary disorder in which the abnormal glycoprotein "amyloid" accumulates in the nervous system and impairs its function. It often affects the elderly. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Amyloidosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Arnold-Chiari Syndrome is characterized by a displacement of the brainstem into the spinal cord. Infants with the disorder may exhibit symptoms such as vomiting, mental impairment, and weakness. The extremities may be paralyzed. Arnold-Chiari Syndrome usually appears in a milder form in adolescents. Swelling of the optic nerve region (papilledema), nystagmus, ataxia, transient abnormal sensations (paresthesias) and paralysis affecting the eyes or lower cranial nerves may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Arnold-Chiari Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Neoplasms and vascular malformations in the spinal cord may also cause neurological symptoms similar to those of Syringomyelia.
Therapies: Standard
An accurate diagnosis of Syringomyelia and the location of the syrinx can be arrived at by using imaging techniques such as delayed CT metrizamide myelography, or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Intraoperative Sonography (IOS) has been used during surgery to evaluate the effectiveness of the procedure as it is being performed.
Treatment of Syringomyelia consists of connecting the fluid-filled cavity (syrinx) in the spinal cord with the abdominal cavity (syringo-peritoneal shunting) to drain the fluid. This procedure has been effective in reversing or arresting neurological deterioration in some patients. Radiation has not proven to be of any benefit in treatment of this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Cutting of the spinal cord and its central canal at the lower end (filum terminale) and decompression of the spinal cord have been advocated by some for treatment of Syringomyelia. However, the effects of these surgical procedures are hard to evaluate, since the natural course of the disorder is variable. Consideration of such radical experimental surgery should be carefully made.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Syringomyelia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Syringomyelia Alliance Project, Inc.
P.O. Box 1586
Longview, TX 75606
(214) 759-2469
(800) ASAP-282
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF SYRINGOMYELIA. FAVORABLE RESULTS WITH
SYRINGOPERITONEAL SHUNTING: N.M. Barbaro, et. al.; Journal of Neurosurgery (September 1984: issue 61,3). Pp. 531-538.
POSTTRAUMATIC SYRINGOMYELIA: G.E. Dworkin, et al.; Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation (May 1985: issue 66,5). Pp. 329-331.
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356: Sialadenitis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Sialadenitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Salivary Gland Infection
Stone in Salivary Gland
Sialolithiasis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Mikulicz Syndrome
Sjogren Syndrome
Mixed Tumor of the Salivary Gland
Periodic Sialadenosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Sialadenitis is a disorder characterized by a stone in the salivary gland or duct. Painful swelling of the salivary gland may occur, and may be accompanied by infection.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Sialadenitis include enlargement, tenderness, and redness of one or more salivary glands. These are the glands in the mouth, located near the ear (parotid), under the tongue (sublingual), and under the jaw bone (submaxillary), plus numerous small glands in the tongue, lips, cheeks and palate. Salivary stones (calculi) may block secretions from any of these glands. The gland may sometimes become infected, leading to fever and other complications. Sometimes an abnormal passage from the salivary duct to the cheek (salivary fistula) is formed, or the pus collects in a cavity (abscess).
Most often, the abnormally enlarged salivary gland can be detected through touch by a dentist or doctor.
Causes
The cause of Sialadenitis, or the reasons why some people develop stones in the salivary gland, is unknown. Sometimes, the stone may be associated with an infection by Streptococcus or other bacteria. Ingestion of potassium iodide or mercury may also cause this disorder, but in most cases the cause is unknown.
Affected Population
Sialadenitis may affect persons of both sexes at any age, and is not very rare.
Related Disorders
Mikulicz Syndrome is a benign chronic lymphocytic infiltration and enlargement of the tonsils and salivary glands near the ear (parotid gland), beneath the upper jaw bone (submaxillary), tear (lacrimal) and other glands. This condition causes excessive dryness of the mouth and eyes and is often related to Sjogren's Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Mikulicz" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Sjogren Syndrome is a degeneration of the tear and salivary glands that may be associated with arthritis. Patients often complain of a gritty, burning sensation in their eyes due to loss of lubrication. When their mouths become dry, chewing and swallowing food is difficult. The lack of saliva causes particles of food to stick to the cheeks, gums, and throat. Other symptoms may include a weak voice, dental decay, dryness of the nose, skin and vagina. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sjogren" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Mixed Tumor of the Salivary Gland (Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Salivary Gland) is a slowly growing, benign tumor of unknown origin. It is usually located in the parotid salivary glands. Onset of the disorder is slow, but later the tumor tends to grow rapidly. Paralysis of the facial muscles is a rare complication. Sometimes pain occurs in conjunction with the tumor. This disorder tends to be familial and can occur in multiple family members.
Periodic Sialadenosis (Periodic Sialorrhea, or Recurring Salivary Adenitis) is a disorder of unknown cause, possibly of autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by sudden discomfort in the region of the salivary glands near the ear and jaws. An unusually large flow of saliva may occur. The outer ear sometimes appears distorted.
Therapies: Standard
Initial treatment of Sialadenitis involves filling the gland with water (hydration) and massaging it to help move the stone out of the gland. Antibiotic and steroid drugs have been used to treat secondary symptoms. To treat a recurrent infectious Sialadenitis, surgical removal of the salivary gland may be necessary. This operation may be difficult, since scar tissue may cause complications. Alternative treatment methods have been used, such as radiation, tying the salivary duct, or cutting the tympanic nerve to induce shrinkage of the gland.
Therapies: Investigational
For treatment of the chronic, recurrent form of Sialadenitis a new experimental method is being investigated. The procedure consists of instilling an amino-acid or protein solution in the salivary duct. This solution hardens in the duct, inducing a reduction or elimination of salivary gland tissue. The hardened protein is later reabsorbed. Some patients have been successfully treated by this method, but more research is needed.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sialadenitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4261
References
SALIVARY GLANDS: J.R. Saunders, Jr. et al.; Surgical Clinics of North America (February 1986: issue 66,1). Pp. 59-81.
PAROTID GLAND ATROPHY INDUCED BY OCCLUSION OF THE DUCTAL SYSTEM WITH A
PROTEIN SOLUTION: G. Rettinger et al.; American Journal of Otolaryngology (May-June 1984: issue 5,3). Pp. 183-190.
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302: Sialidosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Sialidosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cherry Red Spot - Myoclonus syndrome
Mucolipidosis I
ML I
Lipomucopolysaccharidosis Type I
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Sialidosis Type I
Sialidosis Type II
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
The Mucolipidoses (ML II & ML III) are a family of hereditary disorders in which enzyme deficiencies cause both complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) and certain fatty substances (mucolipids) to accumulate in body tissues without excess mucopolysaccharides in the urine. (For more information on the mucolipidoses, choose "ML Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Sialidosis (previously called Mucolipidosis I) is a very rare recessive hereditary disorder caused by decreased activity of the enzyme gamma-neuraminidase. Patients have normal urinary mucopolysaccharides, elevated urinary oligosaccharides containing salic acid, mild mental retardation, cherry-red spots on the retina (interior back portion of the eyeball), and signs of neurological involvement in older children.
Two forms of Sialidosis are known. Sialidosis Type I has primary eye and muscle involvement (myoclonus). Sialidosis Type II has eye and muscle involvement plus mild coarsening of the face, skeletal changes and mild mental retardation.
Symptoms
Sialidosis (Lipomucopolysaccharidosis Type I) is characterized by moderate developmental retardation which usually occurs during late infancy. As the disease progresses, the children manifest short stature with a disproportionately short trunk, an enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), hernias, moderate to severe mental retardation, impaired hearing and cherry-red macular spots on the retina of the eye. Progressive loss of vision, often severe, may be associated with impaired color vision or night blindness.
After about 5 years, there are progressive signs of a dysfunction of the white matter of the nervous system such as seizures with shocklike muscular contractions (myoclonus); decreased muscle strength; diminished tonus of the muscles (hypotonia); uncoordinated movements (ataxia); tremor; rapid movements of the eyeballs (nystagmus); irregular reflexes; and reduced nerve conduction velocity.
In older patients, the electro-encephalogram (EEG) shows peculiar complexes of high-frequency polyspikes and sharp waves. Generalized abnormal bone development occurs. Opacities of the cornea of the eye may sometimes develop.
Causes
Sialidosis is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder in which the activity of the enzyme gamma-neuraminidase is deficient. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Sialidosis affects males as often as females. Siblings of patients have a 1 in 4 chance to be affected.
Therapies: Standard
Carriers of Sialidosis can be detected by an enzyme assay in cultured fibroblasts, making prenatal diagnosis possible. Genetic counseling is advised for families affected by this disorder.
Treatment of Sialidosis is symptomatic and supportive. Seizures may be controlled by a variety of anticonvulsant medications.
Therapies: Investigational
Since prenatal diagnosis is now possible through amniocentesis and sampling of a tissue layer in the embryo (chorionic villus sampling), new treatments aimed at checking early development of Sialidosis are now under investigation. One method involves replacing defective enzymes via enzyme replacement therapy and/or bone marrow transplants. Scientific study of gene replacement in animal models raises the hope that gene replacement therapy may someday be made available to people with genetic disorders such as Sialidosis.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sialidosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
MPS (Mucopolysaccharidoses) Research Funding Center, Inc.
1215 Maxfield Road
Hartland, MI 48029
(313) 363-4412
The MPS Society, Inc.
17 Kramer Street
Hicksville, NY 11801
(516) 931-6338
Society of Mucopolysaccharide Diseases, Inc.
382 Parkway Blvd.
Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada R8A 0K4
Society of MPS Diseases
30 Westwood Drive
Little Chalfont, Bucks, England
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2d ed.: Daniel Bergsma, ed.; March of Dimes, 1979. P. 724.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 6th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. Pp. 832-833.
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:Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
25: Sickle Cell Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Sickle Cell Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell Trait
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Sickle Cell-Hemoglobin C Disease
Sickle Cell-Hemoglobin D Disease
Sickle Cell-Thalassemia Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hereditary Spherocytic Hemolytic Anemia
Thalassemia Major (Cooley's Anemia)
Thalassemia Minor
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Sickle Cell Disease is a rare inherited blood disorder. It is characterized by the presence of sickle or crescent shaped red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bloodstream. These abnormally shaped cells become rigid and lodge themselves in the very tiny blood vessels (capillaries) of the peripheral blood system (blood vessels outside of the heart). The capillaries become clogged, preventing the normal flow of oxygen to tissues. Sickle Cell Disease has several recognized forms including Sickle Cell Anemia, Sickle Cell Hemoglobin C Disease and Sickle Cell Thalassemia Disease.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease develop due to the low level of hemoglobin in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) and a resulting inability of the blood to supply oxygen to the tissues of the body. Sickle Cell Disease is characterized by sudden acute attacks of pain particularly in the chest, painful inflammation of the fingers or toes (sickle cell dactylitis), a lingering upper respiratory infection and/or a pale color of the tongue and lips. Other symptoms may include: irritability; crying; poor eating habits; an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly); an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly); yellow color to the skin (jaundice); stroke; a yellow appearance of the eyeballs (scleral icterus); and/or heart murmurs.
The symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease typically begin in the first 3 years of life. In children ages 3 to 5, the signs of the disease are often pain in the chest, abdomen, limbs and joints. Joint pain generally follows exposure to cold, overexertion, infection and/or dehydration. Joint pain is usually not accompanied by joint swelling. Children with Sickle Cell Disease may grow slowly and have many nosebleeds.
In adolescents and young adults the symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease may include severe joint pain, delayed puberty, progressive anemia, leg sores, nosebleeds and/or dental disease. Kidney disease and a scarring of retinal tissues of the eyes may also occur. Occasionally Sickle Cell Disease may cause a loss of bone, particularly the top of the thigh bone (osteonecrosis of the femoral head). The loss of bone may cause pain in the joints when walking, standing and/or lifting. Cardiac symptoms may also occur in people with Sickle Cell Disease including a rapid heart beat (tachycardia), heart murmurs and/or other heart problems.
Sickle Cell Disease may also appear in people over 20 years of age. When Sickle Cell Disease occurs in adulthood people generally experience pain in the chest, abdomen, limbs and/or joints. These painful episodes may become less frequent with advancing age. Leg sores, inflammation of the retina (retinitis) of the eyes, and gallbladder disease are often present.
Both Sickle Cell-Thalassemia Disease and Sickle Cell-Hemoglobin C Disease are milder forms of Sickle Cell Disease. The symptoms of Hemoglobin C Disease occur later in life than those of Sickle Cell Disease.
Causes
Sickle Cell Disease is a rare blood disorder that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
People who inherit only one sickle cell gene are said to have "sickle cell trait" and are generally symptom free carriers who can pass the gene on to their offspring. However, people with Sickle Cell Disease must inherit two genes for sickle cell (one from each parent) in order to get the disease.
Affected Population
Sickle Cell Disease affects 0.6 percent of the African American population in the United States (approximately 50,000 cases in the United States). The sickle cell trait is present in approximately 40 percent of the general population in some areas of Africa. The incidence of sickle cell trait in Americans of African descent is 9 percent. Americans whose ancestry is Asiatic Indian, Italian, Greek or Mediterranean may also be affected by Sickle Cell Disease.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Sickle Cell Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hereditary Spherocytic Hemolytic Anemia is a rare inherited disorder of the blood that causes the red blood cells to become sphere-shaped making it difficult for them to circulate through the spleen. This causes excessive red blood cell destruction. The symptoms of Hereditary Spherocytic Hemolytic Anemia may be present at birth or not be apparent for years. In many people the symptoms are so mild that the disease is not recognized. Symptoms may include fatigue and a yellow or jaundice appearance to the skin. Generally the spleen is enlarged resulting in abdominal discomfort. An infection is the most common trigger of an anemic crisis (dangerously low levels of red blood cells in the blood). Trauma or pregnancy may worsen the anemic crisis. The child may experience fever, headache, loss of appetite, vomiting, leg sores, and general weakness. Some children experience nosebleeds. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hereditary Spherocytic Hemolytic Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Thalassemia Major (Cooley's Anemia or Mediterranean Anemia) is characterized by a marked increase in F hemoglobin, a decrease of proteins within hemoglobin and an abnormally low level of red blood cells. Thalassemia Major is the most severe form of chronic familial hemolytic anemias and is primarily in people with Mediterranean ancestry. The onset of symptoms is usually rapid and may occur during infancy or early childhood. Symptoms may include generalized weakness, overall feeling of illness (malaise), an upset stomach (dyspepsia), heart palpitations, a yellow color to the skin (jaundice) and/or leg sores. Other symptoms may include an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), inflammation of the gall bladder (cholelithiasis), and/or an enlarged abdomen. Children with Thalassemia Major may have heart problems and they may be short for their age due to bone problems. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Thalassemia Major" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Thalassemia Minor is a relatively mild form of anemia that is typically present at birth. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. Constant fatigue may be the only symptom of this disorder. However, if anemia becomes severe, the spleen may become slightly enlarged (splenomegaly) and there may be a pale color to the skin. Occasionally a child with Thalassemia Minor may complain of pain in the left upper side of the abdomen. This disorder may be aggravated by stress, infections, malnutrition, and/or pregnancy. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Thalassemia Minor" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Other types of anemias include: Aplastic Anemia; Hereditary Non-Spherocytic Hemolytic Anemia; Megablastic Anemia; Warm Antibody Hemolytic Anemia; Cold Antibody Hemolytic Anemia; Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia; Pernicious Anemia; Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia; Blackfan-Diamond Anemia; and Fanconi's Anemia. For information on other types of Anemias, choose "Anemia" as your search term on the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
The treatment of Sickle Cell Disease is symptomatic and supportive. People with Sickle Cell Disease must get regular medical checkups, avoid chills, dress warmly, eat nutritionally balanced meals, get adequate sleep, avoid standing in the cold without exercising, and practice deep breathing for 5 minutes before going to sleep. Vaccination against pneumococcal infections may be given to children over the age of 2 years.
There are two tests that are used to screen for Sickle Cell Disease. Umbilical cord blood screening is used to detect Sickle Cell Disease in newborns. Hemoglobin testing (electrophoresis) can detect the major varieties of Sickle Cell Disease.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families. Genetic testing can determine if a person is carrying the Sickle Cell trait. In general if a couple both have the Sickle Cell trait they have a 25 percent chance of having a child with Sickle Cell Disease.
Therapies: Investigational
Research is ongoing into ways of increasing the levels of fetal hemoglobin in people with Sickle Cell Disease. One drug being tested is Hydroxyurea (trade name Hydrea), which is ordinarily used to treat leukemia. This drug is manufactured by Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Evansville, IN.
The flavor enhancer butyrate (a natural fatty acid) is currently being tested for treatment of Sickle Cell disease. Researchers have found that when injected into the bloodstream, butyrate turns on a gene that typically shuts down before birth. Butyrate is a natural substance that when eaten has no effect but when injected achieves an increase in healthy levels of hemoglobin. More research is needed to prove the effectiveness of this treatment.
Researchers are also investigating danazol for use as a treatment for Sickle Cell Disease. This drug is a gonadotropin secretion inhibitor that may make sickle cell erythrocytes more flexible and better able to flow through very small capillaries. This drug is being tested by Dr. William Harrington of the University of Miami School of Medicine. Research is in preliminary stages and extensive investigations are needed to determine safety and effectiveness.
Poloxamer 188, N.F. (RheothRx Copolymer) is a new orphan drug being investigated as a treatment for acute episodes of pain due to Sickle Cell Disease (sickle cell anemia crisis). Poloxamer 188, N.F. is manufactured by:
CytRx Corp.
150 Technology Parkway
Technology Park/Atlanta
Norcross, GA 30092
Studies are being conducted on the use of immunoglobulin (Sandoglobulin) as a possible treatment for Sickle Cell Disease. The safety and effectiveness of this treatment are not yet known.
The orphan drug OM 491 (Drepanol) is being tested as a treatment for Sickle Cell Disease. It is sponsored by:
Omex International, Inc.
6001 Savoy, Suite 110
Houston, TX, 77036
Clinical trials are underway to study the drug combination of Erythropoietin (EPO) and Hydroxyurea in Sickle Cell Anemia. Interested persons may wish to have their physician contact:
Samuel Carache
Johns Hopkins Hospital
600 N. Wolfe St.
Baltimore, MD 21205
(301) 955-6315
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sickle Cell Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Association for Sickle Cell Disease, Inc.
3345 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1106
Los Angeles, CA 96010
(213) 736-5455
(800) 421-8453
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
Cooley's Anemia Foundation, Inc.
105 East 22nd St.
New York, NY 10010
(212) 598-0911
(800) 522-7222 (New York state)
(800) 221-3571 (all other states)
The Canadian Sickle Cell Society
1076 Bathurst Street, Suite 305
Toronto, Ontario M5R 3G9
Canada
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 149, 152, 936-42.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1120.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 481-483.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 888-893.
HEMATOLOGY, 4th Ed.: William J. Williams, et al,; Editors; McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1990. Pp. 614-625.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1658-1660.
Research Resources Reporter, National Institutes of Health, June 1991. Pp. 10-11.
MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE, R. Steingart; Med Clin North Am (May 1992; 76(3)): Pp.669-680.
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA AND MAJOR ORGAN FAILURE, D.R. Powers; Hemoglobin (1990; 14(6)): Pp. 573-598.573-598.
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487: Simian B Virus Infection
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Simian B Virus) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Herpesvirus Simiae, B Virus
H Simiae Encephalomyelitis
Monkey B Virus
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Simian B Virus Infection is caused by a type of herpesvirus. It is an infectious disorder contracted chiefly by laboratory workers exposed to infected monkeys and/or simian tissue cultures. It is characterized by a viral invasion of the brain (Encephalitis) and the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain. Occasionally, the infection affects the spinal cord structures as well (Encephalomyelitis). Neurological damage may result from this infection. Without treatment, some cases of Simian B Virus may be life-threatening.
Symptoms
Simian B Virus Infection is characterized by fever, headache, vomiting, discomfort (malaise), and a stiff neck and back. These symptoms may be associated with neuromuscular dysfunction, respiratory difficulties, vision problems, cranial nerve abnormalities, alteration of consciousness, personality changes, seizures and/or partial paralysis (paresis). Some patients may go into a coma.
Causes
Simian B Virus Infection is caused by exposure to infected monkeys and/or simian tissue cultures of the virus, usually in laboratory settings.
Affected Population
Simian B Virus Infection usually affects laboratory workers bitten or scratched by infected monkeys, or those exposed to virus infected simian tissue cultures. According to one study, an estimated twenty-four cases of the disorder occurred between 1932 and 1972 in the United States.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Simian B Virus. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis is an infection of the nervous system characterized by headache, irritability, vomiting, drowsiness, light-sensitivity, difficulty in swallowing, lockjaw, incontinence, and diminished or exaggerated skin sensations. This disorder can be caused by viral infections acquired from sources other than Simian B Virus infected monkeys. It may be an allergic or toxic response of the nervous system to invading organisms such as bacteria or viruses. Neurological damage and intellectual impairment can follow an attack of this condition. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Encephalomyelitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Prevention of infection with Simian B Virus among laboratory workers should include wearing protective clothing when handling potentially infected monkeys or their tissue cultures. The antiviral drug acyclovir may be effective against Simian B Virus infection. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Formalin-activated vaccine is under investigation as a possible measure to prevent Simian B Virus infection. More research is necessary before this therapy can be made available for general use by laboratory workers exposed to infected monkeys.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Simian B Virus, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
B VIRUS, HERPESVIRUS SIMIAE: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: A.E. Palmer; J Med Primatol (1987, issue 16(2)). Pp. 99-130.
THE SPECTRUM OF ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITIES OF ACYCLOVIR IN VITRO AND IN VIVO:
P. Collins; J Antimicrob Chemother (September 1983, issue 12 Suppl B). Pp. 19-27.
SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL B VIRUS (HERPESVIRUS SIMIAE)
INFECTION WITH ACYCLOVIR: E.A. Boulter, et al.; Br Med J (March 8, 1980, issue 280(6215)). Pp. 681-683.
Simian B Virus InfectionG
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Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
777: Sirenomelia Sequence
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Sirenomelia Sequence) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Mermaid Syndrome
Sirenomelus
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Sirenomelia Sequence is a birth disorder in which a child is born with a single lower extremity or with two legs that are fused together. However, due to the wide range of possible physical deformities that can occur, no two cases of Sirenomelia Sequence are ever exactly the same.
Symptoms
Sirenomelia Sequence is characterized by irregular development of the lower limbs. The deformity appears at birth (congenital) usually as a single lower extremity or as two legs that are joined together. Accompanying malformations of the spine and skeletal system, with vertebrae either absent or defective commonly occur. The internal and external sex organs, rectum, kidneys and/or bladder may also be missing or underdeveloped. The rectal opening (anus) may be completely closed (imperforate), and other abnormalities of the lower gastrointestinal tract are often present.
Causes
The cause of Sirenomelia Sequence is unknown. It is believed to result from irregularities in early development of the blood circulating system (vascular system) within the embryo. Individuals with Sirenomelia Sequence have been found to have a single large artery arising from high in the abdominal cavity without the usual two umbilical arteries which normally branch out of the lower part of the aorta and carry blood to the tail (caudal) end of the embryo. The single artery present (called a "steal" vessel since it essentially steals blood from the lower portion of the embryo) diverts the flow of blood which normally circulates from the aorta (vitelline artery) through the umbilical arteries to lower points of the embryo, throughout the yolk sac and on to the placenta. Instead, the steal vessel redirects the blood flow to the placenta without ever reaching the tail (caudal) end of the embryo. As a result of this rerouted blood flow, the steal vessel also diverts nutrients away from the blood-deprived portion of the embryo. Arteries in this caudal area are underdeveloped and tissues dependent upon them for nutrient supply fail to develop, are malformed, or arrest their growth in some incomplete stage. In individuals with Sirenomelia, the lower limb bud of the embryo fails to divide into two legs.
Affected Population
Sirenomelia Sequence occurs once in every 60,000 to 100,000 births.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Sirenomelia Sequence. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Caudal Regression Syndrome, also called Caudal Dysplasia Sequence, is characterized by abnormal development of the tail (caudal or distal) end region of the embryo. Abnormalities associated with Caudal Regression Syndrome may include incomplete development of the vertebrae, flattening of the buttocks, disruption of the distal spinal cord resulting in neurological impairment and an inability to control urination and bowel movement (incontinence). There may be extreme lack of growth in the caudal region. Less common abnormalities may include absence of kidneys, cleft lip, cleft palate, microcephaly and closed (imperforate) anus.
Therapies: Standard
Sirenomelia Sequence can be detected in a fetus during the second trimester of pregnancy by ultrasound. Recently, surgery has been successful in separating joined legs. In preparation for surgery, balloon-like tissue expanders are inserted under the skin. When they are filled with a salt solution over a period of time, the balloons expand making the skin stretch and grow. The excess skin is then used to cover the legs once they are separated.
Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Prognosis depends on the extent of involvement of the gastrointestinal system, vertebrae and other structural deformities.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sirenomelia Sequence, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 574-575.
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF SIRENOMELIA. M. Sitori et al.; J ULTRASOUND MED (February, 1989: issue 8 (2)). Pp. 83-88.
SIRENOMELIA. ANGIOGRAPHIC DEMONSTRATION OF VASCULAR ANOMALIES. G.
Malinger et al.; ARCH PATHOL LAB MED (July, 1982; issue 106 (7)). Pp. 347-348.
VASCULAR STEAL: THE PATHOGENETIC MECHANISM PRODUCING SIRENOMELIA AND
ASSOCIATED DEFECTS OF THE VISCERA AND SOFT TISSUES. R.E. Stevenson et al.; PEDIATRICS (September, 1986: issue 78 (3)). Pp.451-457.
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5Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
6: Sjogren Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Sjogren Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Dacryosialoadenopathia atrophicans
Gougerot-Houwer-Sjogren
Gougerot-Sjogren
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca-xerostomia
Secreto-inhibitor-xerodermostenosis
Sicca Syndrome
Xerostomia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Mikulicz Syndrome
Fibromyalgia
Keratomalacia
Ligneous Conjunctivitis
Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus or SLE)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Sjogren syndrome is an autoimmune disorder characterized by degeneration of the mucous-secreting glands, particularly the tear ducts of the eyes (lacrimal) and saliva glands of the mouth. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.), against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue. It is also associated with inflammatory disorders such as arthritis or Lupus.
Symptoms
Sjogren Syndrome generally has a sudden onset. Primary Sjogren Syndrome is characterized by inflammation of the cornea of the eyes and the delicate membranes that line the eyelids (keratoconjunctivitis) due to insufficient tear production, and dryness of the mouth (sicca xerostemia) due to lack of saliva from the salivary glands. In secondary Sjogren syndrome, dry eyes and/or mouth may occur with diseases of the tissue that holds together and supports different structures of the body (connective tissue disease). Most often rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Lupus or other autoimmune diseases are present with secondary Sjogren syndrome.
Most patients with Sjogren syndrome have the primary type of Sjogren syndrome. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden. Decreased production of saliva and the resulting dry mouth make chewing and swallowing food difficult. The lack of saliva causes pieces of food to stick to the cheeks, gums and throat. Teeth decay easily, leading to cavities (dental caries), inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) and advanced gum disease (pyorrhea).
As the tear ducts of the eyes (lacrimal glands) waste away (atrophy), the amount of tears produced decreases, causing a feeling of grittiness and burning in the eyes. The eyelids may stick together, glands under the jaw may be swollen and painful, and gastrointestinal symptoms may occur.
Dryness may extend to the skin and to the mucous membranes lining the nose, throat and vagina. Muscle pain and weakness may also occur (Fibromyalgia).
In secondary Sjogren syndrome, patients may experience arthritis, rash (palpable purpura) on the lower extremities, and light sensitive rashes (photosensitive dermatitis) on the face, arms and other exposed areas. Fever and neurologic symptoms may occur.
Patients with systemic Sjogren Syndrome (symptoms in addition to the eyes and mouth) usually have blood tests that are positive for certain antibodies (anti-nuclear antibodies to Ro and La antigens). Antibodies are substances made by the body that defend the body against bacteria, viruses, or other foreign invaders (antigens).
All patients suspected of having Sjogren syndrome should be examined by an ophthalmologist, a physician who specializes in the care and treatment of eyes. Patients with Sjogren Syndrome who have positive blood tests for anti-Ro antibodies should be evaluated by a physician who specializes in the care and treatment of inflammatory diseases (rheumatologist) for evidence of disease outside of the eyes and mouth (extra-glandular involvement).
Causes
Sjogren syndrome is an autoimmune disorder. It has no known cause. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.), against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue.
People with Sjogren syndrome often have a genetic predisposition (HLA-DR3). A genetic predisposition means that a person may carry a gene for a disease but it may not be expressed unless something in the environment triggers the disease. Secondary Sjogren syndrome often occurs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases.
Affected Population
Sjogren syndrome affects 9 females to every male. Ninety percent of women with the disorder have already gone through menopause (post-menopausal), although symptoms may be apparent at an earlier age. Recent data suggests that men who show symptoms of HIV infection may develop a syndrome similar to Sjogren's.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Sjogren Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Mikulicz Syndrome is a benign chronic disorder that causes the enlargement of the tonsils, the saliva glands located near the ear (parotid), the glands beneath the upper jaw bone (submaxillary), glands that produce tears (lacrimal glands), and the salivary glands of the mouth. Symptoms may include dryness of the mouth, difficulty swallowing and tooth decay. There may be absent or decreased tears and blurred vision. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Mikulicz Syndrome" as your search term ion the Rare Disease Database).
Keratomalacia is an eye disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin A. Vitamin A (retinol) is found mainly in fish liver oils, liver, egg yolk, cream and butter. The human body stores vitamin A mainly in the liver. Once it is released by the liver, vitamin A is converted to light sensitive pigments in the retina of the eye which is involved in night, day and color vision. Vitamin A also helps to maintain healthy body tissues. A lack of Vitamin A may cause night blindness, abnormal dryness of the inner surface of the eyelid (xerosis) and the transparent covering of the eyes (cornea). This dryness may result in a feeling of grittiness in the eyes and a painful sensitivity to light (photophobia). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Keratomalacia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Ligneous Conjunctivitis is a rare disorder that is characterized by lesions in the mucous producing membranes especially of the eye. This disorder usually presents itself in childhood. Mucous membranes of the voice box (larynx), vocal chords, nose, trachea, wind pipe, vagina, cervix and gums (gingiva) may also be affected. The lesions in the membranes have a "wood-like" (ligneous) texture. They are thick, firm, knotty and tough. The cause of this disorder is not known although there have been some cases that suggest an autosomal recessive genetic inheritance. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ligneous Conjunctivitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Fibromyalgia is a chronic muscle disorder characterized by muscle pain throughout much of the body. This may begin gradually or have a sudden onset. Other symptoms include muscle spasms, fatigue, muscle tissue stiffness and unrefreshing (non-restorative) sleep. The exact cause of this disorder is not known. Some patients with Fibromyalgia may have chest pain, headaches, diarrhea, constipation, dryness in the eyes and mouth (Sjogren syndrome), swelling of a tendon (tendinitis), or swelling of the connective tissue surrounding a joint (bursitis). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Fibromyalgia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematous or SLE) is a multi-system inflammatory disease of the connective tissue of the body. Sjogren syndrome may occur in conjunction with Lupus. Fatigue is an early and frequent symptom. Other symptoms may include fever, swollen glands, skin rash, profound weight loss, headaches, hair loss (alopecia) and water retention (edema). Arthritis, joint and muscle pain occurs in 90 percent of the cases. These symptoms may occur years before the illness is actually diagnosed. The arthritis symptoms come and go and tend to appear most often in either knees, fingers, or wrist joints. There is no bone loss associated with this joint involvement. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lupus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder. It's cause is unknown. It is characterized by morning stiffness and arthritis mainly in the hands, wrists, knees, feet, shoulders and hips. Once a joint is involved, it may remain painful for weeks, months, and even years. About 25 percent of RA patients also have Sjogren syndrome (secondary). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Rheumatoid Arthritis as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
A number of tests are available for the diagnosis of Sjogren syndrome. They include a careful examination of the eyes, including the measurement of tear production; measurement of saliva production after stimulation with lemon juice; X-ray of the glands under the jaw and ears (parotid glands); examination of the cells of the lip to determine if a special type of small white blood cells (lymphocytes) are present in the salivary glands (biopsy); blood tests (including ANA anti-nuclear antibody and Immunoglobulin levels or Ig levels). An ophthalmologist or a rheumatologist should be contacted for testing.
Treatment of Sjogren syndrome is dependent on symptoms and usually is much the same as for other autoimmune disorders. No treatment, however, has yet been found to restore the secretions of the glands involved. The insufficient secretions can be replaced by artificial tears in the form of eye drops, artificial saliva which can be used to wet the mouth, and vaginal lubricants. Medications such as corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory drugs or cytoxan may be needed for certain complications.
Therapies: Investigational
Medical research is seeking to determine the exact cause of this disorder, as well as development of new treatments.
The National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR) is conducting studies on several drugs for treatment of Sjogren Syndrome. Patients interested in participating in these studies should ask their physician to contact:
Alice Macynski, RN
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bldg. 10, Rm. 1B-21
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4371
Bromhexine is a drug used in Europe and Canada for the treatment of Sjogren syndrome. However no clinical trials are underway in the United States.
Trials of the drug Pilocarpine for treatment of dry mouth has been suggested by researchers. The drug increases the salivary flow rate in test subjects. The immune suppressive drug, Cyclosporine, is being developed as a special formulation for use as an eye medication with the hope that it may reduce destruction of tear ducts in Sjogren Syndrome. As with any drug, more study is needed to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of these experimental treatments.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sjogren Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Sjogren Syndrome Foundation
382 Main St.
Port Washington, NY 11050
(516) 767-2866
National Sjogren Syndrome Association
3201 W. Evans Dr.
Phoenix, AZ 85023
(602) 993-7227
(800) 395-6772
The Arthritis Foundation
1314 Spring Street NW
Atlanta, GA 30309
(404) 872-7100
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20392
(301) 496-4261
NIH/National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1477-1478.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1535-1537.
PRIMARY SJOGREN'S SYNDROME IN MEN. CLINICAL SEROLOGIC, AND IMMUNOGENETIC
FEATURES. R. Molina, et al.; Am J Med, (January, 1986, issue 80(1)). Pp. 23-31.
TREATMENT OF PRIMARY SJOGREN'S SYNDROME WITH HYDROCHLOROQUINE. R.I. Fox, et al; Am J Med (October 14, 1988, issue 85 (4A)). Pp 62-67.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF A MAJOR AUTO-ANTIBODY ASSOCIATED CROSS-
REACTIVE IDIOTYPE IN SJOGREN'S SYNDROME. T.J. Kipps, et al.; J Immunol (June 15, 1989, issue 142 (12)). Pp. 4261-4268.
Sjogren Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
291: Sly Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Sly Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII
MPS VII
Beta-Glucuronidase Deficiency
MPS Disorder
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS Disorders) are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by the deficiency of one of ten specific lysosomal enzymes, resulting in an inability to metabolize complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) into simpler molecules. The accumulation of these large, undegraded mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the body causes a number of physical symptoms and abnormalities.
Sly syndrome is characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme beta-glucuronidase, which leads to an excess of dermatan sulfate in the urine. Patients with this syndrome are similar to patients with MPS I with a wide range of clinical involvement from mild to severe. Mental retardation commonly occurs with short stature, skeletal, intestinal and corneal abnormalities.
Symptoms
Sly Syndrome is characterized by an increased amount of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in the urine. Patients with this syndrome are often mentally retarded. Other symptoms may include a short stature, and skeletal abnormalities, such as joint contractures, dislocated hips, and spinal malformations. An enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), and clouding of the eye's cornea may be seen in this syndrome. Hernias in the groin and navel (umbilical) areas may also occur. Blood from the aorta may flow back into the left ventricle of the heart (aortic regurgitation).
Causes
Sly Syndrome is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder, in which the enzyme beta-glucuronidase is deficient, which causes the symptoms of this disorder. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Sly Syndrome affects males and females equally. It is an extremely rare disorder with less than 20 patients reported throughout the world.
Related Disorders
DiFerrante syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis VIII) is a disorder described in a single patient with clinical and biochemical features of Morquio and Sanfilippo syndromes. The disorder had been reported to be due to a deficiency of glucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase. Subsequently, this disorder was called MPS VIII (DiFerrante syndrome). Dr. DiFerrante later found that the enzyme was normal in his patient, and the disorder had been misdiagnosed. Therefore, DiFerrante syndrome is not a valid medical disorder.
The Mucolipidoses (ML Disorder) are a family of similar disorders, producing symptoms very much like those of the Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). (For more information, choose "ML Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
I-cell disease, or Mucolipidosis Type II, resembles Hurler syndrome and the two disorders are very difficult to distinguish. I-cell disease has similar physical and mental deterioration as MPS I, but usually occurs earlier and is more severe. I-cell disease is characterized by diffused deficiency of lysosomal enzymes within the cell and is not associated with excretion of mucopolysaccharides in the urine.
Pseudo-Hurler Dystrophy (ML III) is also transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance, but it is characterized by a deficiency of multiple lysosomal enzymes needed to break down carbohydrates. This disorder is characterized by such symptoms as claw-like hands, somewhat coarse facial features, dwarfism, and pain in the hands. Intelligence tends to be normal in most patients, but mild mental retardation is sometimes present.
Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency (ML IV) is a disorder of unknown cause characterized by early clouding of the cornea, mild to moderate mental retardation and enlargement of liver and spleen.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Sly Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Surgery may be used to correct orthopedic problems, and to correct hernias, eye and cardiovascular problems.
Genetic counseling may be helpful to both patient and family. Prenatal diagnosis is now possible for Sly syndrome from the fourth month of pregnancy on.
Therapies: Investigational
Since prenatal diagnosis is now possible through amniocentesis and sampling of a tissue layer in the embryo (chorionic villus sampling), new treatments aimed at checking early development of Sly Syndrome are now under study. One method involves replacing defective enzymes via enzyme replacement therapy and/or bone marrow transplants.
Scientific study of gene replacement in animal models raises hope that gene replacement may someday be made available to people with genetic disorders such as Sly Syndrome.
The Mayo Clinic is investigating the use of Alpha Interferon as a treatment for Sly Syndrome. For more information, physicians can contact:
Morie A. Gertz, M.D.
Dept. of Hematology & Internal Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN 55905
(507) 284-2511
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sly Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
MPS (Mucopolysaccharidoses) Research Funding Center, Inc.
1215 Maxfield Road
Hartland, MI 48029
(313) 363-4412
National MPS Society
17 Kramer Street
Hicksville, NY 11801
(516) 931-6338
Society of Mucopolysaccharide Diseases, Inc.
382 Parkway Blvd.
Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada R8A OK4
Society of MPS Diseases
30 Westwood Drive
Little Chalfont, Bucks, England
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MPS Society Brochure.
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed: Daniel Bergsma, ed; March of Dimes, 1979. Pp. 734-735.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 6th ed: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. Pp. 842-843.
Sly Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
292: Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
RSH Syndrome
Smith-Opitz-Inborn syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a hereditary developmental disorder. It is characterized by nostrils that are turned forward, drooping eyelids, webbing between the second and third toes, and male genital abnormalities in mentally retarded persons of small stature.
Symptoms
Onset of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome occurs before birth. Symptoms of the disorder include:
1. Low birth weight and subsequent growth deficiency.
2. Moderate to severe mental retardation with variable alteration of muscle tone.
3. Vomiting in early infancy and tendency toward a shrill cry.
4. A small head that is abnormally long and narrow.
5. Drooping eyelids, folds in the inner corners of the eyelids, and crossing of the eyes.
6. A broad nasal tip and nostrils that are turned forward.
7. Broad lateral ridges in the palate and a moderately small jaw.
8. The palms and soles frequently show a single transverse crease. Often, webbing appears between the second and third toes. Fingertips often show whorl dermatoglyphic patterns.
9. Genitals in males reveal failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum (cryptorchidism), opening of the urethra on the underside of the penis (hypospadias) and a small penis.
10. An abnormal electro-encephalogram (EEG) is frequently reported.
Occasional features of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome may include a broad nasal bridge, cleft palate, a clenched hand with the index finger overlying the third finger, an asymmetric short thumb, and abnormal ridges in the palm (distal palmar axial triradius). The fore part of the foot may deviate toward the midline (metatarsus adductus), and a hip may be dislocated. The child may also have a deep sacral dimple, a pit anterior to the anus, wide-spread nipples, heart defect, hernia in the groin, a narrowing in the distal opening of the stomach (pyloric stenosis), and dilated kidney cavities (calices).
Rarely, dysplasia epiphysialis punctata occurs, which consists of multiple punctate stippling of the ends of the long bones appearing in x-rays, dwarfism, flexion contraction, cataracts, a dulled intellect, short blunt fingers and general weakness. An underdeveloped thymus gland occurs rarely.
Causes
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Smith-Lemli-Opitz may be more easily diagnosed in males because of the noticeable genital abnormalities. However, the disorder occurs equally in males and females.
Therapies: Standard
Medical treatment of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. A common complication of the syndrome is pneumonia, which should be treated with antibiotics according to the causative agent.
Special education services and physical therapy may also be recommended. Genetic counseling with the parents of patients with this syndrome is recommended for further family planning. Prenatal diagnosis (e.g. by amniocentesis) is not yet available for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Dr. Opitz
Shodar Children's Hospital
P.O. Box 5539
Helena, MT 59604
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NCHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed: Daniel Bergsma, ed; March of Dimes, 1979. Pp. 963.
Smith-Lemli-Opitz SyndromeI
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
271: Sotos Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Sotos syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cerebral Gigantism
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Sotos Syndrome is a rare, hereditary disorder characterized by excessive growth over the 90th percentile during the first 4 to 5 years of life, combined with mild mental retardation.
Symptoms
The primary symptom of Sotos Syndrome is excessive growth during the first 4 to 5 years of life. Symptoms may also include an unusual aggressiveness or irritability, clumsiness and an awkward gait. People with this disorder have abnormal dermatoglyphics, or patterns of the ridges on the skin of the fingers, palms, toes and soles. Bone age tends to be 2 to 4 years advanced, and patients have a disproportionately large and long head, with a slightly protrusive forehead, large hands and feet. The age of the teeth appears 1 to 2 years advanced. Physical characteristics also include eyes which appear to be abnormally far apart (hypertelorism) and slanted. Not all of these features, however, are present in every case. Mild mental retardation also occurs.
Differential diagnosis of Sotos syndrome should include tests for XYY Syndrome. Endocrine evaluation of growth hormone, urinary steroid excretion, adrenopituitary interrelationships, glucose and fatty acid metabolism usually show no abnormalities. However, patients with Sotos Syndrome do sometimes have high levels of the amino acids valine, isoleucine and leucine in the blood. Children with Sotos syndrome should be tested for primary hypothyroidism and for elevated growth hormone levels.
Causes
Most cases of Sotos syndrome are sporadic. Though the exact mode of transmission of this disorder is not known, it has been postulated that it may be an autosomal recessive trait in some cases. In a number of instances, a dominant hereditary pattern has been well documented.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Another theory ascribes the disorder to impaired function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
Affected Population
Sotos Syndrome affects males and females equally.
Related Disorders
There are a number of disorders associated with tall stature or mental retardation (pituitary giantism, Marfan's syndrome, homocystinuria, acromegaly) and these conditions should be distinguished from Sotos syndrome.
Acromegaly is a chronic metabolic disease in which an excess of growth hormone causes enlargement of various tissues of the body. The jaw, hands, feet and face all appear disproportionately large as a result of the excess of growth hormone, but it is the enlargement of the soft tissues of the heart which poses the most serious health problem. Untreated, acromegaly can be life threatening. The most serious complications are cerebrovascular disease, heart failure and, less often, lung disease. Psychological malaise may result from the sometimes extensive cosmetic changes caused by both acromegaly and Sotos syndrome. (For more information, choose "acromegaly" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Prognosis of Sotos Syndrome is good, with the initial abnormalities resolving as the growth rate becomes normal after the first 4 to 5 years of life. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Special education services may be required during school years for the patients affected with mental retardation. When mental retardation occurs, it is not progressive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sotos Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Sotos Syndrome Support Association
737 Shandra St.
Ballwin, MO 63021
(314) 966-4194
Dr. Juan Sotos
C-404
Children's Hospital
700 Children's Drive
Columbus, OH 43205
Sotos Syndrome Support Group of Great Britain
Mrs. Bridget Veitch
Kilndown House
Kilndown Cranbrook
Kent, England TN17 2SG
0892-890-397
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
Current Medical Information & Terminology: Finkel et al., eds.: American Medical Association (1981).
The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy: Berkow et al, eds.: Merck Sharp & Dohme (1982).
Sotos Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
213: Spasmodic Torticollis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Spasmodic Torticollis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Spasmodic Wryneck
Torticollis
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Tonic Spasmodic Torticollis
Clonic Spasmodic Torticollis
Mixed Tonic and Clonic Torticollis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Spasmodic Torticollis is a tonic or intermittent spasm of the neck muscles resulting in rotation and tilting of the head which is often painful. There are three different varieties of the disorder:
Tonic, causing sustained turning of the head to one side, due to increased asymmetric muscle tone in one or more neck muscles, Clonic, causing shaking movements of the head, and Mixed Tonic and Clonic, involving both kinds of movement.
The cause of this disorder which affects both males and females is usually unknown.
Symptoms
Onset of Spasmodic Torticollis usually occurs in the 4th or 5th decades of a person's life. The first symptoms may appear gradually with the head tending to rotate to one side when a person tries to keep it straight or during a stressful situation. The symptoms may slowly progress, but they often reach a plateau after 2 to 5 years. Five to 10% of patients with Torticollis experience a spontaneous recovery, usually within 5 years after onset. This recovery seems to be more common in those patients whose condition began before 40 years of age and in those with a milder form. The disorder can recur after apparent remission.
In some cases, the patient experiences pain which is generally focused on one side and in one place. This varies from person to person, however. Pain may occur on the side of the neck, in the back, or in the shoulder. One shoulder may be higher than the other, and the arm or hand of the affected side may occasionally have tremors or cramping. Spasmodic Torticollis is often diminished or absent in the morning for a short time (10 minutes to 4 hours) upon awakening. Lying on their back provides relief for many patients.
Causes
In most cases, the cause of Spasmodic Torticollis is unknown. However, underlying psychological disturbances, basal ganglia (specific interconnected gray masses deep in the cerebral hemispheres and in the upper brainstem) disease, central nervous system infections, or tumors in the bones or soft tissues of the neck may occasionally be implicated. Some people with neuropsychiatric disorders may also have Spasmodic Torticollis, although they are a small minority.
Affected Population
Onset of Spasmodic Torticollis is generally in the 4th or 5th decades of life. It affects people of both sexes and all nationalities equally.
Related Disorders
Torsion Dystonia is an hereditary disorder which causes patients to develop repetitive twisting and writhing involuntary movements including the muscles in the neck. (For more information on this disorder, choose Torsion Dystonia as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
No treatment for Spasmodic Torticollis works for every patient. Medications which are sometimes effective include:
Clonopin (clonazepam) and Valium (diazepam), anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants
Artane (trihexyphenidyl) and Kemadrin (procyclidine hydrochloride), anticholinergics
Lioresal (baclofen), a muscle relaxant
Tegretol (carbamazepine), an anticonvulsant and analgesic
Elavil (amitriptyline hydrochloride), an antidepressant
Symmetrel (amantadine hydrochloride), an antiviral compound
Miscellaneous: other drugs such as Reserpine, Parlodel, Sinemet, Triavil and Lithium.
Physical therapy may be helpful in relieving spasm pain. Wearing a cervical collar or orthopedic device to straighten the neck or reduce the spasms is usually not effective.
Surgery is not usually beneficial, but it may sometimes be beneficial in severe cases. Electrical nerve stimulation through the skin by TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) may relieve pain. Pain control may also sometimes be achieved by means of biofeedback, nerve blocks or relaxation techniques.
Supportive counseling often helps the patient to understand and cope with the disorder. An occupational therapist may be able to aid patients in improving mobility and comfort.
The orphan drug botulinum A toxin was approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with certain forms of dystonia, including Spasmodic Torticollis and Torsion Dystonia. This drug is manufactured by Allergran Pharmaceuticals, 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA, 92713.
Therapies: Investigational
The use of electronic spinal implants on people with Spasmodic Torticollis is being studied with the hope of improving motor function in some individuals. A double blind controlled study on 300 patients using an electronic orphan device is being conducted by Neuromed, Inc., of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Patients wishing to participate in the FDA approved clinical trials should contact:
Mr. William F. Jackson
Clinical Affairs Manager
Neuromed, Inc.
5000 Oakes Road
Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314
800-327-9910
The NIH is giving botulinum injections to persons who qualify for the program. To see if you qualify for this study, contact Suzanne at Dr. Mark Hallet's office, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Rm. 5N22, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, (301) 496-1561.
Porton Products Limited, 816 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC, 20006, has received orphan product designation from the FDA for Clostridium Botulinum Type F Neurotoxin, a treatment of Spasmodic Torticollis.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Spasmodic Torticollis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Spasmodic Torticollis Association, Inc.
13545 Water Town Plank Rd.
P.O. Box 476
Elm Grove, WI 53122-0476
(800-HURTFUL) (487-8385)
Dystonia Medical Research Foundation
8383 Wilshire Blvd.
Beverly Hills, CA 90211
(213) 852-1630
Dystonia Medical Research
1 E. Wacker Dr., Suite 2900
Chicago, IL 60601-2098
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1290.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 2150.
Spasmodic Torticollis
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`3@3Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
28: Spina Bifida
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Spina Bifida) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Rachischisis Posterior
Neural Tube Defect
SB
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Spina Bifida Anterior
Spina Bifida Cystica
Spina Bifida Occulta
Spina Bifida Posterior
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Caudal Regression Syndrome
Clubfoot
Hydrocephalus
General Discussion
**REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Spina Bifida is characterized by the lack of closure of the neural tube. Part of the contents of the spinal canal may protrude through this opening. In the most severe form, rachischisis, the opening is extensive. Spina Bifida may cause problems with bladder control, walking and a variety of other problems, depending on the severity of the symptoms.
Symptoms
Patients with Spina Bifida can have a wide variety of symptoms and physical findings based on the severity of the defect in the spine. The mildest form of the condition, Spina Bifida Occulta, causes few if any symptoms, and may go undetected. In this mild form, the lack of closure of the neural tube affects only a small area of the spine and is found on x-rays. The disorder may be suspected because of a dimple or tuft of hair on the back overlying the affected area. Impaired bladder control is a common finding, even with relatively mild forms of the condition.
In more severe forms of Spina Bifida a sac (meningocele or miningomyelocele) may protrude from the lower back. This sac may be small or it may be as large as a grapefruit. The meningocele may be covered with skin, or the nerve tissue may be exposed. Generally the sac contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
The malformation of the lower spinal cord causes abnormalities of the lower trunk and extremities of varying severity. If the condition is mild, the person may only experience some muscle weakness and impaired skin sensations. In patients with meningocele, accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain results in enlargement of the head (hydrocephalus) and possible brain damage.
Although Spina Bifida is usually present at birth, it occasionally is first seen during adolescence. The rapid growth during this time stretches the shortened nerves and may cause progressive weakness.
Causes
The exact cause of Spina Bifida is not known. Hereditary and other prenatal factors may contribute. The role of vitamins and folic acid during pregnancy is being investigated. Prenatal medical care is important for the development of a fetus.
Affected Population
Spina Bifida occurs in approximately 1 in 2,000 live births in the United States. The disorder is more frequent in Ireland and Wales and less common in Israel and among the Jewish population in general. Spina Bifida is also 3 to 4 times more common among lower socioeconomic groups of all cultures.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Spina Bifida. Comparison may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Caudal Regression Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the abnormal development of the lower (tail) end of the developing fetus. A wide range of abnormalities may occur. There may be a partial absence of the tail-bone at the lower end of the spine or there may be extensive abnormalities of the lower vertebrae, pelvis and spine. Symptoms may include paralysis or numbness of the legs, underdeveloped muscles, clubfoot, kidney abnormalities and pelvic swelling. A less common abnormality associated with Caudal Regression Syndrome is hydrocephalus. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Caudal Regression Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The following disorders may be associated with Spina Bifida as secondary characteristics. They are not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which the dilated cerebral ventricles (spaces in the brain) inhibit the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The fluid accumulates in the head and puts pressure on the brain. The result is an enlarged head. Symptoms may include a thin, transparent scalp, a bulging forehead and a downward gaze. There may be convulsions, headache, irritability, general weakness and problems with vision. This disorder may occur along with Spina Bifida. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hydrocephalus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Clubfoot is a term used to describe several kinds of congenital ankle and foot deformities. Generally the heel turns outward from the midline and the front part of the foot is elevated. Clubfoot is not painful and generally causes no problems until the infant begins to walk or stand. At that point, the defect causes the child to walk as if on a peg leg. If both feet are affected, the child usually walks on the balls of the feet. This disorder may occur along with Spina Bifida. Muscle imbalance or spasticity may cause a twisting of a normal foot in children with Spina Bifida. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Clubfoot" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
The U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) advises women of childbearing age to take 0.4 mg of Folic Acid daily, either through diet or low dose supplements. Women are urged not to take more than 1.0 mg of folic acid daily unless advised by a physician because high doses of folic acid can mask other vitamin deficiencies.
The mildest cases of Spina Bifida may not require treatment. The moderate cases require a decision as to whether or not surgery is advisable. Surgery may prevent the worsening of the condition in some instances, but cannot restore the lost function. In those extreme cases where the sac (meningocele) breaks or appears about to break, immediate surgery becomes essential.
Surgeons have operated on Spina Bifida patients of all ages beginning from a few hours after birth. When hydrocephalus is a complication, surgery to shunt (drain) the excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) away from the brain is extremely beneficial. Some surgeons are now using a coiled catheter when the shunt operation is performed on children to allow for catheter expansion as the child grows.
It is quite common for patients with Spina Bifida to develop contractures (shortening of the muscles) and abnormalities of posture. This is due to the paralysis of muscles in the legs. A child with Spina Bifida should have the necessary therapy (orthopedic and physical) beginning at an early age to prevent such contractures.
The family doctor or the orthopedist may prescribe corrective shoes, braces, crutches, or other devices. These help the patient to make the most effective use of their weakened muscles, and to prevent the arms and legs from being maintained in an improper or awkward position. Deformities from "frozen" ankles, knees, or hips often can be prevented by range of motion exercises. These exercises may be started when the infant is only a few days old, and are generally done 3 to 4 times a day initially under a doctor's supervision. The goal of this routine is to keep the joints movable and to keep the leg muscles from shortening and causing contractures. Parents and care givers may learn these simple movements but always with their doctor's advice.
In some cases of Spina Bifida, surgery involving the transfer of tendons to restore proper muscle balance may be helpful.
Therapies: Investigational
Spina Bifida, hydrocephalus, and related birth defects are constantly under investigation. Scientists are seeking answers to the cause, prevention, and treatment of these disorders. Researchers have been studying the effects of drugs and chemicals on central nervous system development. They are studying how viruses, drugs, vitamins and other agents may influence the way the nervous system develops and grows during the earliest stages of a fetal development.
In July 1991, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, GA reported cases of extreme life-threatening allergic reactions (anaphylactic shock) to latex occuring in children who have undergone surgery for Spina Bifida. Children with Spina Bifida seem to have an extreme hypersensitivity to latex. Latex is commonly used in many medical products such as gloves, endotracheal tubes, and urinary catheters. It has been suggested that any elective surgeries be postponed until the reason for the increased risk of anaphalaxis in children with Spina Bifida can be determined. If a surgical procedure cannot be postponed, then caution should be taken to avoid or minimize any contact with latex.
Other investigators are studying alternate methods of draining fluid from the brain without surgery. They also are studying biochemical changes in parts of the brain affected by hydrocephalus, with the hope of preventing possible brain damage.
A large project at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is studying 55,000 mothers and their offspring. The conditions leading to Spina Bifida and other abnormalities of the newborn are expected to be understood more clearly when the data are analyzed from this large study. The Institute is cooperating with 12 medical centers throughout the Nation in collecting and analyzing detailed information.
Researchers in the United States, England and Hungary are investigating the effects of folic acid and/or the use of multivitamins with folic acid as a way of preventing the development of Neural Tube Defects in mothers who had previous pregnancies with this defect. The study suggests that folic acid may play a role in preventing some Neural Tube Defects.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Spina Bifida, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Spina Bifida Association of America
4590 Macarthur Blvd., NW, #250
Washington, DC 20007-4226
(202) 944-3285
(800) 621-3141
The National Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children and Adults
70 E. Lake St.
Chicago, Illinois 60601
(312) 726-6200 (voice)
(312) 726-4258 (TDD)
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Spina Bifida Association of Canada
633 Wellington Crescent
Winnepeg, Manitoba R3M 0A8
Canada
International Federation for Hydrocephalus and Spina Bifida
c/o RBU
Gata 3
11138 Stockholm Sweden
Contact: David Bagares
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1951.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1028-1029.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2239-2240.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1120-1121.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.; Raymond D. Adams, M.D. and Maurice Victor, M.D., Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, 1989. Pp. 976-977.
Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
693: Split-Hand Deformity
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Split-Hand Deformity) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Karsch-Neugebauer Syndrome
Ectrodactyly
Lobster Claw Deformity
Ectrodactilia
Ektrodactylie
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Split-hand deformity is a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of fingers or parts of fingers, commonly occurring with a cleft of the hand. This combination often gives the hand a clawlike appearance. When a cleft does occur, it usually affects both hands and both feet.
There are many types and combinations of deformities that appear in Split-hand deformity. It is believed that they are all the result of a common genetic defect that ranges widely in severity.
Symptoms
Typical cases of split-hand deformity usually appear in two forms. In the lobster claw variety there is usually an absence of the third digit. Located in the position of the third digit is a cone-shaped cleft that tapers in toward the wrist and divides the hand into two parts. The resulting deformed hand resembles a lobster claw. The remaining fingers or parts of fingers on each side of the cleft are often joined or webbed together. When a cleft occurs, it is usually present in both hands. A similar deformity commonly occurs in the feet.
In the second variety of split-hand deformity, there is the presence of only the fifth digit (monodactyly) and no cleft. There are varying levels of severity between these types, and cases of each type occasionally are found in the same family.
Individuals with split-hand deformity usually have normal life spans and intelligence. Difficulties in physical functioning are related to the severity of the deformity.
Causes
Split-hand deformity is an autosomal dominant inherited trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Occasionally split-hand deformity will skip a generation, and affected offspring will be born to unaffected parents.
Affected Population
Split-hand deformity affects males and females equally. Frequency is estimated at one out of 90,000 births.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Split-Hand Deformity. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasia Clefting Syndrome is a genetic disorder which may be characterized by an absence of fingers and/or toes (ectrodactyly); an absence of tear ducts; cleft lip and/or palate; and sparse scalp hair, lashes and eyebrows. For more information on this disorder, choose "Ectodermal dysplasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Reconstructive surgery can be performed on people with split-hand deformity when applicable, and prosthetics are available to help achieve normal functioning.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Split-Hand Deformity, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
International Center for Skeletal Dysplasia
St. Joseph Hospital
7620 York Road
Towson, MD 21204
(301) 337-1250
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
Association of Children's Prosthetic and Orthotic Clinics
317 E. 34th Street
New York, NY 10016
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 685-686, 1380.
MONODACTYLOUS SPLITHAND-SPLITFOOT. A MALFORMATION OCCURRING IN THREE
DISTINCT GENETIC TYPES. G. Bujdoso et al.; EUR J PEDIATR (May 1980; 133(3):207-15.
Split-Hand Deformity
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
294: Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of this article (Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
X-linked Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia
SED Tarda
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda is a hereditary disorder which most often affects males. It is characterized by dwarfism and skeletal abnormalities.
Symptoms
Symptoms of SED Tarda are usually not apparent until 5 to 10 years of age, at which point spinal growth appears to stop. The shoulders assume a hunched appearance, the neck appears to become shorter and the chest broadens. During adolescence, the skeletal abnormalities may cause pain in the back, hips, shoulders, knees and ankles. As adults, patients with the disorder have a mild case of dwarfism, with a short trunk, large chest cage and relatively normal limb length. Hands, head and feet appear to be normal size, but height usually ranges from 4'4" to 5'2".
Causes
SED Tarda is believed to be caused by an X-linked recessive inheritance.
(Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.)
Related Disorders
Morquio Disease, or Mucopolysaccharidosis IV is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder detectable usually at 18 months of age. Its features include retarded growth, clouding of the cornea, hearing loss, and flow of blood back from the aorta into the left ventricle of the heart (aortic regurgitation). This disorder affects males and females equally. (For more information, choose "Morquio" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita is a disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance which can have considerable variability in the severity of symptoms. It is characterized by flat facial features, myopia, retinal detachment, cleft palate, clubfoot, short-trunk dwarfism, a waddling gait and normally sized hands and feet. This disorder, which is often detectable at birth, affects males and females equally. (For more information, choose "SED" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, like SED Congenita, is caused by an autosomal dominant gene affecting males and females equally. The disorder is detectable between two and five years of age with the appearance of a waddling gait. Patients may experience pain as a result of osteoarthritic changes in the joints. Body size tends to be almost normal, with the exception of the hands and feet which are disproportionately small.
Therapies: Standard
Prevention of SED Tarda can be achieved through genetic counseling. Treatment of the disorder is supportive and symptomatic. Physical therapy is used to relieve joint stiffness and pain. Total hip replacement may eventually be the treatment of choice for severely debilitating osteoarthritis of the hips.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
Little People of America
P.O. Box 633
San Bruno, CA 94066
(415) 589-0695
Short Stature Foundation
17200 Jamboree Rd., Suite J
Irvine, CA 92714-5828
(714) 474-4554
800-24 DWARF
National Cleft Palate Association
1218 Grandview Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15211
1-800-24CLEFT
1-800-23CLEFT
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed: Daniel Bergsma, ed; March of Dimes, 1979. Pp. 970-1.
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda1
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
293: Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia, Congenital
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Congenital Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions.
Synonyms
SED Congenital
Pseudoachondroplasia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Congenital Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia, also known as SED Congenita, is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by dwarfism and abnormal bone development.
Symptoms
SED Congenital is usually detectable at birth. Symptoms include flat facial features, myopia (near-sightedness) or retinal detachment, short-trunk dwarfism and barrel-chestedness. Also, the knees often tend to be misaligned, pointing either outward or inward, so patients often have a waddling gait. Hands and feet appear normal, and patients with SED Congenital usually have normal intelligence; in general, patients may reach an adult height of 84 to 128 cm.
In some cases, the characteristic symptoms of the disorder may lead to further complications. For instance, retinal detachment may result in severe vision impairment, possibly blindness. Compression of the spinal cord may result from stress placed on the lax ligaments which are a symptom of SED Congenital, possibly leading to muscle weakness.
Finally, backward and lateral extension of the spinal column (kyphoscoliosis), hyperextensible finger joints and joint dislocation can all further complicate the effects of the disorder.
Causes
SED Congenital has an autosomal dominant inheritance, with great variability in the actual manifestation of symptoms. That is, in order for a child to inherit the disorder, one or both parents must also have it, though there may be a difference in the degree to which parent and child display the symptoms of SED Congenita. (In autosomal dominant disorders, a single abnormal gene, contributed by either parent, "overrides" the normal gene contributed by the other parent causing disease. Individuals with one affected parent have a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder.)
Affected Population
SED Congenital affects males and females in equal numbers; roughly 1 in 100,000 live births will manifest this disorder.
Related Disorders
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda is a hereditary disorder that primarily affects males, and is characterized by dwarfism and hunched-up appearance of the spine. Evidence of abnormal growth in this X-linked recessive inherited disorder only becomes evident at 5 to 10 years of age. (For more information, choose "SED Tarda" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Morquio Syndrome or Mucopolysaccharidosis IV (MPS Type IV) is a hereditary disorder characterized by retarded growth, backward and lateral extension of the spinal column (kyphoscoliosis), outwardly directed knees, corneal clouding, deafness, and a heart disorder in which blood flows backward from the aorta back into the left ventricle of the heart (aortic regurgitation). Weakness in the legs may often result from the skeletal abnormalities symptomatic of the disorder, and paraplegia may result. Like SED Congenital, Morquio Syndrome affects males and females equally. (For more information, choose "Morquio" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Primary prevention of SED Congenital is achieved through genetic counseling. Treatment includes early symptomatic correction of the clubfoot deformity, closure of the cleft palate, prevention of retinal detachment by regular ophthalmologic examinations and coagulation of early retinal tears. Ongoing orthopedic care is often necessary throughout life.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Congenital Spoondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
Little People of America
P.O. Box 633
San Bruno, CA 94066
(415) 589-0695
Short Stature Foundation
17200 Jamboree Rd., Suite J
Irvine, CA 92714-5828
(714) 474-4554
800-24 DWARF
Parents of Dwarfed Children
11524 Colt Terr.
Silver Spring, MD 20902
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed: Daniel Bergsma, ed; March of Dimes, 1979. P. 969.
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia, Congenitalw
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Copyright (C) 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
942: Sprengel Deformity
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Sprengel Deformity) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
High Scapula
Scapula Elevata
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Klippel-Feil Anomaly
General Discussion
**REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Sprengel Deformity is a rare congenital disorder in which the shoulder blade has an upward displacement. The elevated shoulder blade causes a lump in the back of the base of the neck and may limit movement of the arm on the affected side. This disorder typically appears at birth for no apparent reason although there have been cases in which the disorder was inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Other skeletal and muscular abnormalities have been found in association with Sprengel Deformity.
Symptoms
Patients with Sprengel Deformity are born with an elevated shoulder blade that may be underdeveloped. This upward displacement of the shoulder blade causes a lump in the back at the base of the neck and may limit movement of the arm.
Some patients with Sprengel Deformity may have bone, cartilage or fiber-like tissue between the shoulder blade and vertebrae next to it. Abnormalities of the skeleton and underdeveloped muscles may also be found in over half of the patients.
The following symptoms have been found in association with Sprengel Deformity in some patients: sideways curvature of the spine (scoliosis); an underdeveloped backbone (hemivertebrae); missing or fused ribs; ribs in the neck; abnormalities of the collarbone; underdeveloped or incomplete muscles of the shoulder girdle; abnormalities of the chest; organs of the body displaced on the opposite side (ex: liver on the left and heart on the right; a gap in the vertebrae column of the lower back (spina bifida occulta); and/or a condition in which there is a hole in the middle of the roof of the mouth (cleft palate).
Causes
The majority of cases of Sprengel Deformity occur for no apparent reason (sporadically). Autosomal dominant inheritance has been reported in some families.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Sprengel Deformity is a very rare disorder that affects males and females equally in autosomal dominant cases, and females twice as often as males in sporadic cases. Approximately twenty families have been reported in the medical literature with the inherited form of Sprengel Deformity.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Sprengel Deformity. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Klippel-Feil Syndrome is a rare congenital disorder of the spine. Three types of Klippel-Feil Syndrome have been identified. Symptoms common to all three types include fusion of neck vertebrae, curvature of the spine, and a low hairline. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Klippel-Feil Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Surgery may be performed in severe cases of Sprengel Deformity to improve mobility and cosmetic appearance.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sprengel Deformity, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
International Center for Skeletal Dysplasia
St. Joseph Hospital
7620 York Road
Towson, MD 21204
(301) 337-1250
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 878.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1593-94.
SPRENGEL DEFORMITY: S.J. Leibovic, et al.; J Bone Joint Surg (February, 1990, issue 72(2)). Pp. 192-7.
Sprengel Deformity
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111: Stein-Leventhal Syndrome
Copyright (C) 1986, 1989, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders,
111: Stein-Leventhal Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Stein-Leventhal Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Polycystic Bilateral Ovarian Syndrome
Bilateral Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Ovarian Hyperthecosis
Sclerocystic Ovarian Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Stein-Leventhal Syndrome is a reproductive disorder affecting young women. It is characterized by absent or abnormal menstruation, sterility, mild signs of virilization, and sometimes obesity. The causes of the syndrome are not understood, but may involve faulty production of reproductive hormones. Therapy is often effective, but recurrences are common.
Symptoms
The first symptoms of Stein-Leventhal syndrome usually appear shortly after puberty and before age twenty, after menstruation has been normal or irregular for some time. Menstrual flow becomes irregular and gradually decreases over several months, until menstruation ceases. Sometimes, profuse menstrual flow interrupts longer intervals of amenorrhea. Menstrual pain occurs in about 20% of the patients.
Many patients consult a physician because of infertility or the appearance of increased facial hair. Other signs of virilization include voice changes and increased body hair with a "male" distribution, such as on the chest. Obesity is a frequently associated problem.
Cysts are found directly under the surface of the ovaries. Other pathological changes also occur. The uterus is often small and underdeveloped.
Stein-Leventhal syndrome should be treated even when pregnancy is not desired because erratic, or breakthrough bleeding can be a problem, and because changes in the endometrium, the tissue lining the uterus that changes regularly in the normal menstrual cycle, can lead to precancerous or cancerous conditions.
Causes
The causes of Stein-Leventhal syndrome may vary from case to case, and are usually poorly understood. Generally, the abnormalities are thought to occur in hypothalamic, pituitary, or ovarian hormone production. Occasionally, a tumor of the adrenal gland produces excessive amounts of androgenic hormones. In all cases, the ovary fails to ovulate, and through a feed back mechanism, becomes enlarged and full of cysts.
Affected Population
Young women are affected by Stein-Leventhal Syndrome.
Therapies: Standard
If a patient afflicted with Stein-Leventhal Syndrome wants to become pregnant, ovulation and normal menstruation follows administration of clomiphene in many cases; pregnancy occurs in about half of these patients. If clomiphene is ineffective, gonadotropins may be tried. Should both fail, ovarian wedge resection, or removal of the cystic portions of the ovaries, can be performed. However, symptoms often recur.
If pregnancy is not desired, the ovary can be fully suppressed with low dosage birth control pills or long acting progestins such as medroxyprogesterone.
The investigational drug Flutamide is being tested in Stein-Leventhal Syndrome as a treatment for the control of hair growth. For further information physicians may contact:
Dr. David Ehrmann
Department of Medicine
University of Chicago Medical Center
5841 Maryland Ave., Box 435
(312) 702-9653
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Stein-Leventhal Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1056, 1695.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1287.
Stein-Leventhal Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
330: Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Acrocephalosyndactyly Type III
Chotzen Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is a hereditary disorder involving various craniofacial and skeletal malformations with abnormalities of the skin on the toes and fingers. Short stature and, in some cases, mild to moderate mental retardation may also occur.
Symptoms
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is characterized by a small head (microcephaly), skull asymmetry, mildly fused or webbed fingers and/or toes (syndactyly), and facial abnormalities. These facial abnormalities may include:
1. skull bony fusion (craniosynostosis)
2. low-set frontal hairline
3. a beaked nose without the dividing septum
4. drooping (ptosis) of the eyelids
5. improper eye movement (strabismus)
6. tear duct shrinkage (stenosis)
Shortness of fingers and/or toes (brachydactyly) and abnormal skin patterns (dermatoglyphics) on the hands and feet may also be present. Facial manifestations usually improve somewhat with time.
Some respiratory, heart, and/or kidney problems can also develop in people with this disorder.
Causes
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome is believed to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, although the specific defective gene has not yet been identified. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is present at birth. Both sexes can be affected and the disorder is found worldwide.
Related Disorders
Apert Syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by fused or webbed fingers and toes (syndactyly), a pointed head (acrocephaly or oxycephaly), other skeletal and facial abnormalities, and mental retardation. This disorder varies from Saethre-Chotzen because it has a narrower range of physical manifestations. For more information on Apert Syndrome, choose "Apert" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Patients should be monitored carefully for respiratory or heart problems, and infection should be guarded against. Family members of patients can have less encompassing milder forms of the disorder, and might benefit from a medical evaluation. Genetic counseling may be useful to families of patients.
Therapies: Investigational
Research into causes and treatment of many genetic/birth defects is ongoing. For more information, please contact the agencies listed in the resources section of this entry.
Researchers at Johns Hopkins Hospital are trying to determine the genes responsible for craniofacial disorders. Physicians may contact Drs. Amy Feldman Lewanda or Ethylin Wang Jabs at: CMSC 10, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21205, (301) 955-0484.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle Street, Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
1-800-535-3643
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
Society for the Rehabilitation of the Facially Disfigured, Inc.
550 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 340-5400
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
About Face
99 Crowns Lane
Toronto, Ontario M6R 3PA
Canada
(416) 944-3223
Let's Face It
Box 711
Concord, MA 01742
(508) 371-3186
For more information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Ave.
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
DERMATOGLYPHICS IN SAETHRE-CHOTZEN SYNDROME: A FAMILY STUDY: L. Borbolla, et. al.; Acta Paediatr Acad Sci Hung (1983 issue 24(3)). Pp. 269-279.
THE SAETHRE-CHOTZEN SYNDROME: O.A. Pantke, et. al.; Birth Defects (1975, issue 11(2)). Pp. 190-225.
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
94: Sandhoff Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Sandhoff Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Gangliosidosis GM2 Type 2
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Tay-Sachs Disease
Gaucher Disease
Niemann-Pick Disease
Fabry's Disease
Leigh's Disease
Batten Disease
Kufs Disease
Epilepsy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Sandhoff Disease is a progressive, inherited, lipid storage disorder that causes the destruction of the central nervous system. A more severe form of Tay-Sachs Disease, it involves the larger organs of the body and is not restricted to any particular ethnic group.
Symptoms
The onset of Sandhoff Disease is usually in the third month of life. There may be progressive motor and mental deterioration with a marked startle response to sound, an increased tension in the muscles (spasticity). Other characteristics may include murmurs of the heart, myoclonic and generalized seizures, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and early blindness. The great toe extends instead of flexing (positive Babinski sign) and the outer toes spread after the side of the sole of the foot has been stroked.
Causes
Sandhoff Disease is an inherited, lipid storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme Hexosaninidase A and B, and an accumulation of GM2 gangliosidosis in the brain and other internal organs. It is believed to be transmitted through the autosomal recessive genes.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If a person receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Sandhoff Disease is a very rare disorder affecting males and females in equal numbers. It is found in people of all ethnic backgrounds.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Sandhoff Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Tay-Sachs Disease is a genetic disorder of lipid metabolism that causes progressive destruction of the central nervous system. It is generally found among children with East European Jewish heritage and becomes clinically apparent at about 6 months of age. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tay-Sachs" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Gaucher Disease is an inherited disease of lipid metabolism caused by the failure to produce the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. It is the most common of the fourteen lipid storage disorders which includes Tay-Sachs, Fabry's Disease, Sandhoff Disease, and Niemann-Pick Disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Gaucher" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Niemann-Pick is a rare, familial disorder of lipid metabolism characterized by an accumulation of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in the reticuloendothelial cells. For more information on this disorder, choose "Niemann" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Fabry Disease is a very rare, familial, sex-linked disorder of lipid metabolism in which products of glycopids (fats containing carbohydrate-like glucose) accumulate in various tissues. While this hereditary disorder affects both sexes, it tends to be milder in females. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Fabry" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Batten's Disease is a hereditary lipid storage disorder transmitted as a recessive trait. It is characterized by rapidly progressive vision failure (optic atrophy), deterioration of intellect, seizures, loss of muscular coordination and a backward lateral curvature of the spinal column (kyphoscoliosis). Occuring mostly in white females of Northern European Scandinavian ancestry, Batten's Disease usually begins between five and seven years of age. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Batten" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Kuf's Disease is characterized by neurological symptoms which may mimic mental illness, and dermatological abnormalities resembling Ichthyosis (dry and flaky skin). Symptoms of Kuf's Disease may be linked to excessive accumulation of pigments (lipofuscins) dissolved in fatty tissues that are found throughout the central nervous system. (For more information on this disorder choose, "Kuf" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Epilepsy is a disorder of the central nervous system characterized by a sudden aimless and uncontrollable discharge of electrical energy in the brain. This discharge is sometimes preceded by a strange feeling (aura) and is characterized by convulsions and the loss of consciousness. Epileptic seizures occur in patients with Sandhoff Disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Epilepsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Genetic counselling will be of benefit for families of people with Sandhoff's Disease. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Experimental trials of enzyme therapy in cats are being tested as a possible treatment for humans with Sandhoff's Disease. More research is needed to determine safety and effectiveness of enzyme replacement therapy in humans.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sandhoff Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association, Inc.
2001 Beacon St, Rm. 304
Brookline, MA 02164
(617) 277-4463 or 277-3965
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1177.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th Ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp.957.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 2075.
Sandhoff Disease
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1987, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
290: Sanfilippo Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Sanfilippo Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Mucopolysaccharidosis Type III
MPS III
Oligophrenic Polydystrophy
Polydystrophia Oligophrenia
MPS Disorder
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Sanfilippo Type A
Sanfilippo Type B
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS Disorders) are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by the deficiency of one of ten specific lysosomal enzymes, resulting in an inability to metabolize complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) into simpler molecules. The accumulation of these large, undegraded mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the body causes a number of physical symptoms and abnormalities.
Sanfilippo Syndrome (MPS III), an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder, is characterized by severe mental deterioration, mild physical defects and the excretion of heparan sulfate in the urine. There are four types of Sanfilippo Syndrome; types A and B are the most common forms.
Symptoms
Patients with Sanfilippo Syndrome (MPS Type III) usually appear normal at birth, but mental retardation is usually evident by age 3-5 years. Mental and motor development reach a peak by 3-6 years of age after which behavioral disturbances and intellectual decline usually occur.
Growth is usually minimally affected; the head may be enlarged, and abnormal hairiness (hirsutism) may occur. Mild coarsening of facial features, limitation of joint mobility and moderate enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly) also characterize this disorder. Deafness may also occur.
The different forms of Sanfilippo Syndrome have identical clinical features, but can be distinguished by enzymatic assay. Sanfilippo A is characterized by a lack of heparan sulfate sulfatase; patients with Sanfilippo B lack N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase. Heparan sulfate is the only mucopolysaccharide excreted in the urine. The deficient enzymes of the Sanfilippo subtypes are heparan N-sulfatase (type A), N-acethylglucosaminidase (type B), acetylcoA: gamma-glucosamine-N-acetyltransferase (type C), and N-acetyl-gamma-glucosamine-6-sulfatase (type D).
Causes
All types of Sanfilippo Syndrome are autosomal recessively inherited disorders. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Sanfilippo Syndrome may affect males and females equally. The disorder occurs in about 1 in 50,000 live births.
Related Disorders
There are many types of Mucopolysaccharidoses. (For more information, choose "MPS Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Patients with MPS Type III are more similar to MPS Type II patients than those with other forms of Mucopolysaccharidoses.
DiFerrante syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis VIII) is a disorder described in a single patient with clinical and biochemical features of Morquio and Sanfilippo syndromes. The disorder had been reported to be due to a deficiency of glucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase. Subsequently, this disorder was called MPS VIII (DiFerrante) syndrome. Dr. DiFerrante later found that the enzyme was normal in his patient, and the disorder had been misdiagnosed. Therefore, DiFerrante Syndrome is not a valid medical disorder.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Sanfilippo Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling may be helpful to the parents of patients with Sanfilippo Syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis is now possible for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Since prenatal diagnosis is now possible through amniocentesis and sampling of a tissue layer in the embryo (chorionic villus sampling), new treatments aimed at checking early development of Sanfilippo Syndrome are now under study. One method involves replacing defective enzymes via enzyme replacement therapy and/or bone marrow transplants. Scientific study of gene replacement in animal models raises the hope that gene replacement may someday be made available to people with genetic disorders such as Sanfilippo Syndrome.
The Mayo Clinic is investigating the use of Alpha Interferon as a treatment for Sanfilippo Syndrome. For more information, physicians can contact:
Morie A. Gertz, M.D.
Dept. of Hematology & Internal Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN 55905
(507) 284-2511
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sanfilippo Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
MPS (Mucopolysaccharidoses) Research Funding Center, Inc.
1215 Maxfield Road
Hartland, MI 48029
(313) 363-4412
National MPS Society
17 Kramer Street
Hicksville, NY 11801
(516) 931-6338
Society of Mucopolysaccharide Diseases, Inc.
382 Parkway Blvd.
Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada R8A OK4
Society of MPS Diseases
30 Westwood Drive
Little Chalfont, Bucks, England
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MPS Society Brochure.
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed.: Daniel Bergsma, ed: March of Dimes, 1979. P. 731.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 6th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. P. 839.
Sanfilippo Syndrome
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$c$Copyright (C) 1986, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
215: Sarcoidosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Sarcoidosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the following page to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Besnier-Boeck Schaumann Disease
Boeck Sarcoid
Hutchinson-Boeck Syndrome
Benign Lymphogranulamatosis
Schaumann Syndrome
Lupus Pernio
Including Uveoparotid Fever
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Sarcoidosis is a disorder which affects many body systems. It is characterized by small round lesions (tubercles) of granulation tissue. Symptoms may vary depending on the severity of the disease and how much of the body is affected.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Sarcoidosis depend on the site of involvement and may be absent, slight, or severe. Function may be impaired by the active granulomatous disease or by secondary fibrosis. Fever, weight loss, and arthralgias (joint pain) may be initial manifestations. Persistent fever is especially common with liver (hepatic) involvement. Peripheral lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph glands) is common and usually asymptomatic. Both enlarged and normal-sized lymph nodes may contain the characteristic sarcoid tubercles.
The lymph glands between the two lungs are often affected and may be seen during routine chest x-rays. Disease of the right lymph nodes next to the trachea is common in this disorder. Lymph gland involvement is occasionally unilateral.
Diffuse lung infiltration may accompany or follow lymph gland involvement; this infiltration may have a diffuse fine ground-glass appearance on the x-ray, and may occur as reticular (resembling a net) or miliary (resembling a millet seed) lesions. They may also resemble metastatic tumors. Pulmonary involvement is usually characterized by cough and difficulty in breathing (dyspnea), but these symptoms may be minimal or even absent. Pulmonary fibrosis, cystic changes, and cor pulmonale (heart disease due to pulmonary hypertension) may occur as a result of long-standing progressive disease.
Skin lesions (i.e., plaques, papules, subcutaneous nodules) frequently are present in patients with severe chronic Sarcoidosis. Granulomas of the nasal mucous membranes and the conjunctiva may occur.
An acute inflammatory skin disease marked by tender red nodules (erythema nodosum) with fever and pain in the joints (arthralgias) is a frequent manifestation of Sarcoidosis.
Liver (hepatic) granulomas are found in 70% of patients examined by liver biopsy, even if they are asymptomatic and have normal liver function tests. An enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) is noted in fewer than 20% of patients. Progressive and severe hepatic dysfunction with enlarged or tortuous veins (esophageal varices and portal vein hypertension) is rare.
Granulomatous inflammation of the vascular middle layer of the eye occurs in 15% of cases; it is usually bilateral, and may result in severe loss of vision from secondary glaucoma if untreated. Inflammation of the tissues around the veins in the retina (retinal periphlebitis), tear gland enlargement, conjunctival infiltrations, and dry inflammation of the cornea (keratitis sicca) occasionally are present.
Myocardial involvement may cause angina, congestive heart failure, or severe conduction abnormalities. Acute polyarthritis may be prominent. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement can be of almost any type, but cranial nerve palsies, especially facial paralysis, are most common. Diabetes insipidus may also occur. An excess of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia) and an excess of calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria) may cause kidney stones or precipitated calcium phosphate in kidney tubules (nephrocalcinosis) with consequential renal failure. Prednisone therapy has reduced the frequency and adverse effects of disordered calcium metabolism in patients with Sarcoidosis.
Laboratory findings include the following characteristics. A decrease in white blood cells (leukopenia) frequently is present. An abnormally high globulin content of the blood (hyperglobulinemia) is common among black people with Sarcoidosis. Elevated serum uric acid is not uncommon, but gout is rare. Serum alkaline phosphatase may be elevated as a result of liver involvement. Depression of delayed hypersensitivity is characteristic, but a negative second-strength tuberculin reaction is useful in excluding a complicating tuberculosis. Pulmonary function tests show restriction, decreased compliance (yielding to pressure or force without disruption), and impaired diffusing capacity of the lungs. Carbon dioxide retention is uncommon since ventilation rarely is obstructed except in patients with endobronchial disease or severe pulmonary fibrosis. Serial measurements of pulmonary function are a guide to treatment and to the course of the disease.
Causes
The cause of Sarcoidosis is not known. A single provoking agent such as a slow virus, or disordered defense reactions triggered by a variety of agents may be responsible. Genetic factors may be important.
Recent studies indicate that M. tuberculosis may be involved in the development of Sarcoidosis. It is felt that the disease may be caused by a form of M. tuberculosis that has no cell wall and as a result is not susceptible to the usual TB therapy.
Affected Population
Sarcoidosis occurs predominantly between the ages and 20 and 40 years. It is most common among people of northern European ancestry and American Blacks.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Sarcoidosis is symptomatic and supportive. Corticosteroids often relieve symptoms, improve physiologic disturbances and reduce x-ray changes. Corticosteroid therapy should be given to suppress troublesome or disabling symptoms such as difficulty breathing (dyspnea), severe pain in the joints (arthralgia), and fever; it should be begun promptly if active eye disease, respiratory failure, liver insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmia, central nervous system involvement, or hypercalcemia is present. Prednisone therapy is required by 1/2 of white patients and 2/3 of black patients with this disorder. Prednisone is given orally, and the treatment may be necessary for weeks, years, or, in some cases, indefinitely. Low maintenance doses are surprisingly effective in controlling symptoms.
Clinical examinations, x-rays, and pulmonary function studies should be made at frequent intervals when dosage is being reduced or medication is terminated. Serious complications of corticosteroid therapy are infrequent when low doses are used for treatment of Sarcoidosis. A tuberculostatic antibacterial agent (isoniazid) therapy is indicated only for the few patients given corticosteroids who have positive tuberculin skin tests.
Methotrexate (a folic acid antagonist) and chlorambucil (a cytotoxic alkylating agent) occasionally are effective in treatment of Sarcoidosis, but dramatic improvement with these medications is rare. They should be tried only when corticosteroids fail to improve the condition or are contraindicated.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials are underway to study bronchoalveolar lavage in Interstitial Lung Disease. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Gary W. Hunninghake, M.D.
Dept. of Internal Medicine
University of Iowa
Iowa City, IA 52242
(319) 356-4187
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sarcoidosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Sarcoidosis Resource Center
P.O. Box 1593
Piscataway, NJ 08855-1593
(908) 699-0733
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 252.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 360-1, 451-7.
Sarcoidosis
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Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
765: Sarcoma, Ewing's
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Ewing's Sarcoma) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Ewing Tumor
Myeloma, Endothelial
Endothelioma, Diffuse of Bones
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Osteosarcoma
Malignant Lymphoma
Chondrosarcoma
Osteochondromas
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Ewing's Sarcoma is a malignant round-cell bone tumor which usually occurs in the arm or the leg. It most commonly affects individuals between the ages of 10 and 20 years.
Symptoms
Ewing's Sarcoma appears as a tumor which can be felt if not seen, and is usually painful to the touch. Most of these tumors develop in the bones of the extremities, but any bone may be affected. The tumor tends to be extensive, sometimes involving the entire shaft of a long bone. It most commonly occurs in the bone that extends from the hip to the knee (femur) or from the shoulder to the elbow (humerus). Sometimes it occurs in the pelvis. Pain tends to increase with the duration of the tumor. There may be tenderness and swelling in the area, and often intermittent pain that worsens during the night. The skin overlying the tumor may be warm and superficial blood vessels may be prominent. The affected individual may also develop a fever and anemia. If untreated the tumor has a tendency to spread to the lungs, lymph nodes or the skull.
Causes
Ewing's Sarcoma is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from the affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Ewing's Sarcoma most commonly occurs in young males between the ages of 10 and 20. There are approximately 200 different types of cancer, and bone cancers comprise some of the rarest forms.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Ewing's Sarcoma. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Osteosarcoma is one of the most common types of primary bone tumor. It is highly malignant, and commonly spreads to the lungs. It is most common in persons aged 10 to 20 years although it can occur at any age. Most tumors are located in the knee region, but can be found in any bone. A painful mass is the most usual symptom.
Malignant Lymphoma of the bone is a small round-cell tumor that most frequently affects adults in their 40's and 50's. It may arise in any bone. Pain and swelling are the most common symptoms. The cancer may spread to other soft tissue or bone. When Malignant Lymphoma occurs in the bone without evidence of disease elsewhere, the outlook is better than for any other primary malignant bone tumor. A combination of radiation and chemotherapy is standard treatment.
Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of the cartilage. Depending upon the severity of the tumor, it may grow slowly or rapidly. Rapid growing tumors usually spread. Chondrosarcomas have the ability to seed or implant in surrounding soft tissues. Treatment is usually by surgical removal, and care must be given during surgery to avoid entry into the tumor and spillage of the contents onto the soft tissues of the wound.
Osteochondroma is the most common benign (noncancerous) bone tumor. It occurs most often in persons aged 10 to 20. An Osteochondroma may occur as a single or multiple tumor. A strong familial tendency toward multiple Osteochondromas may indicate a genetic predisposition to these tumors.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Ewing's Sarcoma consists of various combinations of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Approximately 50% of patients are cured with appropriate treatment.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Ewing's Sarcoma, please contract:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 242.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 1301-1303.
IMMUNOHISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A EWING'S SARCOMA CASE. S.
Lizard-Nacol et al.; CANCER DETECT PREV (1988: issue 12 (1-6)). Pp. 297-302.
LONG-TERM RESULTS IN 144 LOCALIZED EWING'S SARCOMA PATIENTS TREATED WITH COMBINED THERAPY. G. Bacci et al.; CANCER (April 15, 1989: issue 63 (8)). Pp. 1477-1486.
Sarcoma, Ewing's
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VCopyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
855: Schmidt Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Schmidt Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Diabetes Mellitus, Addison's Disease, Myxedema
Multiple Endocrine Deficiency Syndrome, Type II
PGA II
Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome, Type II
Polyglandular Deficiency Syndrome, Type II
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Schmidt Syndrome is a rare disorder in which there are multiple deficiencies in the glands that secrete hormones. This syndrome is characterized by the presence of Addison's disease and hypothyroidism. Insulin-Dependent Diabetes and failure of additional hormone secreting (endocrine) glands such as the gonads, parathyroids, and pancreas may also occur along with autoimmune type abnormalities. Most cases of this disorder are sporadic although some scientists believe that there could be a familial or hereditary trait associated with Schmidt Syndrome.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Schmidt Syndrome are:
1. Addison's Disease - a rare disorder characterized by chronic and insufficient functioning of the outer layer of the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex). Patients with Addison's Disease have a deficiency in the production of glucocorticoid hormones which are manufactured by the adrenal gland. These hormones (especially cortisol and aldosterone) are involved in carbohydrates, fat and protein metabolism, carbohydrate and blood sugar storage, and they fight inflammation and suppress the immune response. The deficiency in glucocorticoid causes an increased release of sodium and decreased release of potassium in the urine, sweat, saliva, stomach and intestines. These changes can cause low blood pressure and increased water excretion that can lead to severe dehydration. (For more information on this disorder choose "Addison's Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
2. Hypothyroidism (under-active thyroid) - a disorder that can be genetic or acquired and may occur alone or as a symptom of another illness. Major symptoms may include the development of an enlarged thyroid gland in the neck, a dull facial expression, puffiness and swelling around the eyes, drooping eyelids, thinning hair which is coarse and dry, and poor memory. Hypothyroidism can be caused by disorders of the hypothalamus or pituitary centers in the brain, disorders that affect control of the thyroid hormone, blockage in the metabolic process of transporting thyroid or iodine in the thyroid gland itself, or the result of a hereditary disorder called Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's natural defenses against invading organisms (i.e., antibodies, lymphocytes etc.) suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue. (For more information on these disorders choose "Hypothyroidism" and "Hashimoto" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Some (but not all) of the following additional symptoms may be present in patients with Schmidt Syndrome:
3. Diabetes Mellitus - this type of diabetes generally starts during childhood or adolescence. The starches and sugars (carbohydrates) in the foods we eat are normally processed by digestive juices into glucose. The glucose circulates in the blood as a major energy source for body functions. A hormone produced by the pancreas (insulin) regulates the body's use of glucose. In Diabetes Mellitus the pancreas does not manufacture the correct amount of insulin needed to metabolize sugar. As a result, the patient needs daily injections of insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Symptoms of this disorder may be frequent urination, extreme thirst, constant hunger, weight loss, itching of the skin, changes in vision, slow healing of cuts and bruises, and in children there is a failure to grow and develop normally. (For more information on this disorder choose "Insulin-Dependent Diabetes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
4. Hypoparathyroidism - this disorder causes lower than normal levels of calcium in the blood due to insufficient levels of parathyroid hormones. This condition can be inherited, associated with other disorders, or the result of a neck injury. Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism may be weakness, muscle cramps, abnormal sensations of the hands such as burning and numbness, excessive nervousness, loss of memory, headaches, cramping of wrists and feet, and spasms in facial muscles. (For more information on this disorder choose "Hypoparathyroidism" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
5. Gonadal failure - the failure of the organ that produces sex cells (gonads-or testes in the male, and ovaries in the female) to function properly causing an absence of secondary sex characteristics.
6. Pernicious Anemia - is a blood disorder resulting from an impaired absorption of vitamin B-12. This vitamin is used in the production of red blood cells. Healthy individuals absorb sufficient amounts of vitamin B-12 in their normal diet with the help of a substance secreted by the stomach called intrinsic factor. Patients with Pernicious Anemia generally lack intrinsic factor and can not absorb sufficient amounts of vitamin B-12. Symptoms of vitamin B-12 Deficiency usually appear years after absorption of the vitamin ceases because B-12 is stored in large quantities in the liver. Symptoms of this disorder may be shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, rapid heartbeat, angina, anorexia, abdominal pain, indigestion, and possibly intermittent constipation and diarrhea. (For more information on this disorder choose "Pernicious Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
7. Vitiligo - is a skin condition in which there is an absence of pigment producing cells (melanocytes) causing decreased pigmentation of the skin. These "white spots" on the skin appear most often on the face, neck, hands, abdomen, and thighs although they may appear on all parts of the skin. Vitiligo is sometimes familial, but the exact mode of heredity is not yet understood. (for more information on this disorder choose "Vitiligo" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
8. Celiac Sprue - is a chronic hereditary intestinal malabsorption disorder caused by intolerance to gluten. The most common symptoms of this disorder are weight loss, chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramping and bloating, intestinal gas and abdominal distention and muscle wasting. Celiac Sprue is a hereditary congenital disorder. Gluten is a protein which is present in wheat, oats, barley, rye and probably millet. Patients with Celiac Sprue cannot properly absorb a part of gluten called gliadin. This causes intestinal abnormalities as well as physiological deficiencies. Although the disorder begins in infancy, it is sometimes not diagnosed until the patient reaches adulthood. (For more information on this disorder choose "Celiac Sprue" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
9. Myasthenia Gravis - Sometimes this disorder can be associated with Schmidt Syndrome. Myasthenia Gravis is a chronic neuromuscular disease characterized by weakness and abnormally rapid fatigue of the voluntary muscles, with improvement following rest. Any group of muscles may be affected, but those around the eyes and the muscles used for swallowing are the most commonly involved. (For more information on this disorder choose "Myasthenia Gravis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
10. Grave's Disease - is a disorder that affects the thyroid gland. It is thought to occur as a result of an imbalance in the immune system. This disorder causes increased thyroid secretion (hyperthyroidism), enlargement of the thyroid gland and protrusion of the eyeballs. The exact cause of this disorder is not known. It is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (For more information on this disorder choose "Graves Disease as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Causes
The exact cause of Schmidt Syndrome is not known. Many scientists feel that this syndrome has an autoimmune basis. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.) against invading organisms suddenly attack healthy tissue.
It is also thought that Schmidt Syndrome may be inherited as an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Schmidt Syndrome has been found to be familial in some cases but the majority of cases are thought to be sporadic and of unknown cause.
Affected Population
Schmidt Syndrome affects females approximately four times more than males. This disorder usually becomes apparent during adulthood with the average age of detection being approximately 30.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Schmidt Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
APECED Syndrome (Autoimmune-Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal) is a very rare genetic syndrome involving the autoimmune system. APECED Syndrome is a Type I polyglandular Autoimmune syndrome. This disorder is characterized by a combination of at least two of the following diseases: Hypoparathyroidism, Adrenocortical Failure or Candidiasis. Beginning in childhood, yeast infections of either the mouth or nails is usually one of the first apparent symptoms of this syndrome. There may be an inability to adequately absorb nutrients with resulting diarrhea. Anemia, autoimmune thyroid disease, and loss or delay of sexual development may also occur. (For more information on this disorder choose "APECED Syndrome as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Each disorder in Schmidt Syndrome is treated separately.
Chronic adrenal insufficiency is treated with drugs such as hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone to replace the cortisol and aldosterone that are missing in Addison's Disease patients. The daily dosage of hydrocortisone should be increased during periods of infection, trauma, surgery and other stresses. Other drugs called vasopressors may be needed to maintain blood pressure until the other measures take effect.
Diabetes Mellitus is treated with a daily routine of insulin-injection, controlled diet, exercise to burn off glucose, and testing for blood sugar level. Urine testing for glucose spillage had been a standard recommendation in past years, but has now been replaced with self blood glucose testing. Self monitoring of blood glucose levels uses a single drop of blood which is obtained from a finger stick, and placed on a chemically treated pad on a plastic strip; the color change of the chemically treated pad is compared to a color chart or "read" by a battery operated portable meter. Insulin must be given by injection, usually two or more times each day. Recently portable "insulin pumps" have been developed, which permit continuous administration of insulin, as well as additional amounts of insulin when needed to control the changes in blood sugar level that occurs after meals.
Hypothyroidism is treated with the administration of the synthetic thyroid hormone, levothyroxine. Other treatment includes the use of desiccated thyroid, thyroglobulin and triiodothyronine. Surgery to remove enlarged thyroid glands or diseased thyroid tissue may also be performed. If the use of drugs is responsible for suppression of thyroid function, then the drugs may be discontinued.
Hormonal treatment is sometimes effective in the treatment of gonadal failure.
The administration of intramuscular injections of B12 is the standard therapy for Pernicious Anemia. The amount given to the patient must be closely monitored by the physician. Vitamin B12 maintenance therapy generally must be continued for life as the untreated disease can be fatal.
Small lesions of Vitiligo may be camouflaged with cosmetic creams. Paraaminobenzoic acid solution or gel gives protection against sunburn.
Patients with Celiac Sprue must exclude gluten completely from their diet. Supplementary vitamins, minerals, and agents which improve blood formation (hematinics) may be prescribed depending upon the degree of the deficiency. Children, and rarely adults, who are seriously ill when they are first diagnosed may require a period of intravenous feeding. A few patients who do not respond adequately at first to gluten withdrawal may respond to a period of treatment with oral steroids such as prednisone.
Treatment of Graves Disease in adults usually involves the use of radioactive iodine. However, in children and pregnant women, drugs that reduce release of thyroid hormones are preferred. Surgery as a method of treatment for Grave's Disease is usually reserved for patients in whom the other forms of treatment have not been successful. Lifelong follow-up is necessary if the thyroid is removed.
For nearly forty years the anticholinesterase drugs, especially pyridostigmine and neostigmine, have been in the mainstays of treatment for Myasthenia Gravis. Mestinon Prostigmine and Tensilon are other drugs used in the treatment of this disorder. Treatment with ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) can benefit severely ill myasthenia gravis patients, but a patient's condition may worsen temporarily before improving. Recently scientists at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke are employing a new treatment for Myasthenia Gravis - long-term use of a high-single-dose, alternate-day oral prednisone regimen. This has proven beneficial over long periods in a majority of patients treated. Patients over 40, especially males, appear to respond best to this treatment. A surgical procedure for removing the thymus (thymectomy) has benefited a number of myasthenia gravis patients, many of whom were severely affected. Recent studies have led some physicians to believe that thymectomy should be performed routinely in many myasthenia gravis patients.
Hypoparathyroidism is treated with calcium, ergocalciferol and dihydrotachysterol (forms of vitamin D).
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families who have the inherited form of Schmidt Syndrome.
Therapies: Investigational
At the present time, studies are being conducted on the effectiveness of Vitamin D3 as a treatment for Hypoparathyroidism. More research must be conducted to determine long-term safety and effectiveness of this treatment.
In recent years, research supported by the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), and other components of the National Institutes of Health, and non-profit agencies that fund scientific research on diabetes, has yielded new and exciting information on the possible causes and improved management of diabetes and its complications. Scientists have now identified genetic factors that appear to be associated with diabetes - a finding that could lead to methods of prevention of the disorder in genetically susceptible persons. In related studies, the discovery that the insulin-producing beta cells can be infected and destroyed by common viruses could eventually result in the development of a vaccine to prevent diabetes. Pancreas transplantation has had limited success, primarily due to the problem of rejection. However recent advances in immunology have raised hopes that the problem of rejection reaction common in organ transplantation may be altered or prevented. These findings increase the possibility of transplanting healthy insulin-producing cells to correct the diabetic condition. Clinical studies to assess the effectiveness of programmable implantable insulin pumps for unstable diabetes have been successful for many patients. Although these advances hold great promise for the future, it is important to recognize that they are still in the research phase and are not part of the routine treatment of diabetes.
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes (NINDS) has studied plasmapheresis as a treatment for Myasthenia Gravis. Plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) is a method for removing unwanted elements (toxins, metabolic substances, and plasma parts affected by disease) from the blood. It is performed by removing blood, separating plasma from the other blood products, and replacing the plasma with clean human plasma. In Myasthenia Gravis, the immune system appears to attack the transmitter nerves at the muscle and nerve junctions, nerve pathways and certain nerve endings (acetylchline receptors). Plasmapheresis has been used successfully to strengthen patients before surgical removal of the thymus gland (thymectomy), and during the postoperative period. It can also be valuable in lessening symptoms during immune suppression drug treatment and during acute crisis attacks. However, more research is needed before plasmapheresis becomes a standard therapy, particularly because side effects of this treatment have not been fully evaluated. The effects of plasmapheresis are temporary, and it is not commonly used for routine treatment because of high cost and the effects tend to wear off after a short period of time.
Cyclosporine, a potent drug that suppresses the immune system, is being tested as a treatment for Myasthenia Gravis. Some patients have shown gains in strength after using this drug. However, more research is necessary before cyclosporine can be used as a standard treatment for this disorder because it can cause kidney damage.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Schmidt Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Adrenal Diseases Foundation, Inc.
505 Northern Blvd., Suite 200
Great Neck, NY 11021
(516) 487-4992
Thyroid Foundation of America
c/o Dr. Morris Wood
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 726-2377
American Diabetes Foundation
National Service Center
1660 Duke Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 549-1000
1-800-ADA-DISC (1-800-232-3472)
Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International
60 Madison Avenue, 4th Floor
New York, NY 10010
(212) 889-7575
National Foundation for Vitiligo & Pigment Disorders
9032 South Normandy Dr.
Centerville, Ohio 45459
Celiac Sprue Association/USA
2313 Rocklyn Drive #1
Des Moines, IA 50322
(515) 270-9689
Myasthenia Gravis Foundation, Inc.
53 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 1352
Chicago, IL 60604
1-800-541-5454
(312) 427-5751
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
P.O. Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
914-428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1472
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1265, 1333, and 1460-1461.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow M.D., Editor: Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1069.
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS AND SCHMIDT SYNDROME. J.K. McAlpine, et al.; Postgrad Med J (Oct, 1988, issue 64(756)). Pp. 787-8.
SCHMIDT SYNDROME: A RARE CASE OF PUBERTY MENORRHAGIA. J.B. Sharma, et al.; Int J Gynaecol (Dec, 1990, issue 33(4)). Pp. 373-5.
Schmidt Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
371: Schwachman Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Schwachman Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Schwachman-Diamond Syndrome
Metaphyseal Dysostosis (Type B IV)
Burke Syndrome
Neutropenia-Pancreatic Insufficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Agranulocytosis
Cystic Fibrosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Schwachman Syndrome usually begins in childhood and is characterized by insufficient digestive enzymes and low white blood cell count. Symptoms of this disorder may include chronic diarrhea, failure to grow due to improper digestion of nutrients, dwarfism and problems with bone growth. Persistent respiratory and skin infections usually occur and should be carefully guarded against.
Symptoms
Diarrhea is usually the initial symptom of Schwachman Syndrome. Infants with this disorder have frequent respiratory infections and tend to bleed easily due to a lowered number of blood clotting cells (platelets). Some cases may have anemia and/or failure to thrive due to insufficient absorption of nutrients from food. Dwarfism occurs in one-third of cases and bone deformities may cause impaired walking. Lowered resistance to respiratory and skin infections are major characteristics of this disorder. The symptoms of Schwachman Syndrome may mimic the respiratory and digestive symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis. (For more information on this disorder, choose "CF" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Causes
The exact cause of Schwachman Syndrome is unknown. Insufficient amounts of digestive enzymes and white blood cells cause the digestive and respiratory characteristics of this disorder.
Affected Population
Schwachman Syndrome begins in infancy or early childhood. This disorder seems to affect males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Agranulocytosis is characterized by a marked decrease in the number of white blood cell components known as granulocytes. This results in increased susceptibility to infection. Major symptoms of this disorder include lesions of mucous membranes in the throat, gastrointestinal tract and skin. This disorder is also called granulocytopenia or Schultz disease. Side effects from drugs are the most common cause of Agranulocytosis. These drugs may include the alkylating agents, chemotherapeutic antimetabolites, phenothiazine derivatives, dibenzazepine compounds, antithyroid drugs, sulfonamides, antihistamines and anticonvulsants. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Agranulocytosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited respiratory disorder that affects the exocrine (outward-secreting) glands of the body in children and young adults. Mucous producing glands secrete mucous that is thick and sticky, clogging and obstructing air passages in the lungs and pancreatic and bile ducts. Cystic Fibrosis also causes dysfunction of salivary and sweat glands. There is presently no cure for CF, but with proper treatment, many of those affected can lead active lives. (For more information on this disorder, choose "CF" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Therapy for Schwachman Syndrome involves use of antibiotics to treat possible infections, pancreatic enzymes to correct deficiencies and a diet which is high in protein, calories and vitamins. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
The French pharmaceutical manufacturer, FOURNIER, is developing the drug LF1695, which may restore the immune system in children with Hodgkin's Disease, Schwachman Syndrome, and Chagas Disease. Physicians interested in obtaining LF1695 may contact:
Fournier Labs
BP90, Daix,
21121 Fontaine
Les Dijon, France
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Schwachman Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
6931 Arlington Rd.
Bethesda, MD 20814
1-800-FIGHT CF
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
References
PANCREATIC LIPOMATOSIS IN THE SCHWACHMAN-DIAMOND SYNDROME. IDENTIFICATION BY
SONOGRAPHY AND CT-SCAN: E. Robberecht, et. al.; Pediatr Radiol (1985, issue 15(5)). Pp. 348-349.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS "FACTOR(S)": PRESENT ALSO IN SERA OF SCHWACHMAN'S
PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY: G. Banchini, et. al.; Pediatr Res (July 1981, issue 15(7)). Pp. 1073-1075.
CHRONIC DIARRHEA AND NEUTROPENIA NOT ASSOCIATED WITH PANCREATIC
INSUFFICIENCY: A NON-SHWACHMAN-DIAMOND ENTITY: L.R. Marino, et. al.; J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr (1983, issue 2(3). Pp. 559-562.'
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`UZUCopyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
69: Scleroderma
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Scleroderma) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
PSS
Systemic Sclerosis
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
Sclerosis, Familial Progressive Systemic
Disorder Subdivisions:
Morphea
Linear Scleroderma
CREST Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
Raynaud's Disease and Phenomenon
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Scleroderma is a rare connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormal thickening of the skin. Connective tissue is composed of collagen which supports and binds other body tissues. There are several types of Scleroderma. Some types effect certain parts of the body, and other types can effect the whole body and internal organs (systemic).
Symptoms
The early symptoms of Scleroderma vary considerably. Distinctive abnormalities on the skin (cutaneous lesions) usually appear later in the course of the disease. Common symptoms of Scleroderma may include painful joints (arthralgia), morning stiffness, fatigue, and/or weight loss. The intermittent loss (triggered by cold temperatures) of blood supply to the fingers, toes, nose, and/or ears (Raynaud's Phenomenon) is an early and frequent complaint of people with Scleroderma.
People with Scleroderma have areas of skin that become hard and leathery (indurated). These areas of hardness are widespread and typically appear on both sides of the body. Eventually tissue loss (atrophy) occurs and the skin becomes more highly colored (hyperpigmentation).
Morphea, or localized Scleroderma, usually begins between the ages of 20 to 50 years as patches of yellowish or ivory-colored rigid, dry skin (inflammatory stage). These are followed by the appearance of firm, hard, oval-shaped plaques with ivory centers that are encircled by a violet ring. These spots generally appear on the trunk, face, and/or extremities. Many patients with localized Morphea improve spontaneously (without treatment). Generalized Morphea is more rare and serious, and involves the skin (dermis) but not the internal organs.
Linear Scleroderma appears as a band-like thickening of skin on the arms or legs. This type of Scleroderma is most likely to be on one side of the body (unilateral) but may be on both sides (bilateral). Linear Scleroderma generally appears in young children and is characterized by the failure of one limb (i.e., arm or leg) to grow as rapidly as its counterpart. The band of thick skin may extend from the hip to the heel or from the shoulder to the hand. Deep tissue loss may occur along this band.
Systemic Scleroderma includes a wide range of symptoms including inflammatory diseases of the muscles (i.e., Polymyositis or Dermatomyositis), swelling (edema) of the fingers and/or hands, microvascular abnormalities, lung disease (i.e., progressive interstitial fibrotic pulmonary disease), kidney dysfunction (i.e., rapidly progressive renal failure), cardiovascular problems (i.e., myocardial accelerated hypertension), gastrointestinal malfunction (i.e., lack of mobility of the esophagus and colon), and/or abnormalities of the immune system. (For more information, choose "Polymyositis" and "Dermatomyositis" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
CREST Syndrome is an acronym for calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia. Calcinosis is the abnormal accumulation of calcium salts under the skin and in many other organs. Raynaud's Phenomenon is a vascular disorder characterized by the intermittent loss of blood to various parts of the body particularly the fingers, toes, nose, and/or ears. This typically occurs after exposure to cold and causes tingling sensations, numbness, and/or pain. Dysfunction of the lower esophagus results in heartburn (acid reflux into the throat and mouth) and possible scarring. The esophagus may eventually have areas that are narrowed (strictures), and swallowing may become difficult. The small intestine may also lose the ability to push food through to the large intestine (peristalsis) leading to malabsorption and increased bacterial growth in the small intestine. Sclerodactyly, a condition in which the skin becomes thin, shiny, and bright, results in decreased function of the fingers and toes. Telangiectasia, the appearance of small blood vessels near the surface of the skin, is unsightly but not debilitating. Patients with the CREST Syndrome are at increased risk of developing pulmonary hypertension. (For more information, choose "Raynaud" and "Pulmonary Hypertension" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Causes
The exact cause of Scleroderma is unknown. The immune system and vascular system, and connective tissue metabolism are known to play some part in the disease process.
Affected Population
Scleroderma is a rare disorder that affects approximately 50,000 to 100,000 people in the United States. The disease is 3 to 4 times more common in women than men. Scleroderma may occur at any age, but the symptoms most frequently begin in midlife.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Scleroderma. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) is a rare inflammatory disorder of the connective tissue. The symptoms of this disorder overlap with those of Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus), Scleroderma and Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis. Early symptoms may include a fever of unknown origin, painfully cold fingers in response to cold (Raynaud's Phenomenon), swollen hands, fatigue, and/or non-deforming arthritis. Arthritis occurs in almost every case of Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, but rarely results in deformities similar to those seen in Rheumatoid Arthritis. People with Mixed Connective Tissue Disease commonly experience muscle pain and skin rashes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Mixed Connective Tissue Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus or SLE) is a rare inflammatory connective tissue disease. The initial symptom of this disease is usually excessive fatigue. Most people with Lupus experience inflammation and swelling of the joints (arthritis), joint pain (arthralgia), and generalized muscle pain (myalgia). Skin rashes are common in people with Lupus. About 50 percent of people with Lupus get a classic red "butterfly" rash across the bridge of the nose and cheeks. Other early symptoms may include fever, swollen glands, loss of appetite, weight loss, headaches, loss of hair, and swelling due to fluid retention. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lupus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Polymyositis is a rare inflammatory disorder characterized by the inflammation and degeneration of muscle and the supporting collagen connective tissue. The cause of this disorder is not known. The major early symptom of this disorder is muscle weakness usually in the neck, trunk and shoulders. Eventually it may become difficult to rise from a sitting position, climb stairs, lift objects and/or reach overhead. Occasionally, joint pain and tenderness also occur. Other symptoms may also include inflammation of the lungs (interstitial pneumonitis), difficulty breathing, coughing, painfully cold fingers in response to cold (Raynaud's phenomenon), digestive problems, heart irregularities, and kidney failure. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Polymyositis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Dermatomyositis is a rare inflammatory connective tissue disease. The cause is unknown. Dermatomyositis is identical to Polymyositis but with the addition of a characteristic red skin rash. These red rashes generally occur before the muscle weakness occurs and usually appear on the face, knees, shoulders and hands. In some patients the skin changes caused by Dermatomyositis are similar to those of Scleroderma. The skin may become dry, hard and have a brownish color. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Dermatomyositis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Raynaud's Disease is a rare disorder characterized by spasms of the blood vessels in the fingers, toes, nose, and ears (Raynaud's Phenomenon) usually in response to cold. Raynaud's Disease includes the symptoms of Raynaud's Phenomenon along with other systemic disorders. The major symptom of this disorder is a dramatic stark white pallor of the affected fingers and toes when exposed to cold, although a blue or red color may also be present from time to time. Other symptoms in the affected fingers and toes vary in response to cold and may include a feeling of numbness, severe aching or pain, tingling or throbbing, a sensation of tightness, "pins and needles," and/or a profound loss of sensation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Raynaud's" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Scleroderma is symptomatic and supportive. Medications used to control the hardening of the skin and internal organs (fibrosis) are D-penicillamine and cholchicine. Other skin care may include lubricating creams or antibiotic ointments for infected ulcerations.
Captopril and enalapril, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that inhibit the formation of angiotensin, are the drugs of choice for the treatment of kidney disease associated with Scleroderma. Other vasodilators or beta-adrenergic blockers also have been used with some success. These agents are effective in controlling hypertension and can preserve kidney function.
If Raynaud's Phenomenon occurs with Scleroderma, drug therapy may help dilate blood vessels. Vasodilators, including the drugs nifedipine (Procardia), reserpine (Serpasil), guanethidine (Ismelin), phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline), nicotinic acid, diltiazem, verapamil, and/or prazosin (Minipress) are prescribed.
In rare cases of Scleroderma, calcinosis may require surgical intervention. For joint pain or arthritis, anti-inflammatory drugs are generally prescribed including aspirin, indomethadin (Indocin), and naproxen (Naprosyn). Some patients may require low-doses of corticosteroid drugs to control these symptoms.
The management of symptoms of Scleroderma related to pulmonary hypertension involves the use of supplemental oxygen.
When abnormalities of the heart occur (myocardial perfusions) as a result of Scleroderma, the drugs nifedipine and dipyridamole may be administered. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory or corticosteroid drugs are typically used to treat the symptoms relating to the inflammation of the membranes of the heart (pericarditis).
When Scleroderma causes the esophagus and/or gastrointestinal tract to become inflamed or ulcerated, the treatments of choice are drugs known as H2 blockers such as cimetidine or ranitidine; omeprazole may also be used. Metoclopramide has been beneficial in treating the symptoms associated with gastrointestinal dysmotility. Acid reflux from the stomach into the esophagus may be partially controlled by dietary regulation. Patients are urged to avoid certain foods such as fats, spices, tea, coffee and alcohol. Several small and frequent meals per day lighten the work of the gastrointestinal system. Sitting upright for at least 2 hours after eating aids the digestive process.
Good oral hygiene is important because gum disease is common in Scleroderma. Some patients suffer from excessive dryness of the mouth and eyes. The combination of dry mouth and dry eyes is known as Sjogren's Syndrome. (For more information choose "Sjogren" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Investigational
Many possible causes of Scleroderma and other "sclerosis-like" connective tissue diseases are currently being investigated. These include a wide variety of chemical and environmental exposures (i.e., vinyl chloride, pentazocine, silicone, tricholorethylene, paraffin), as well as the use of adulterated L-tryptophan and appetite suppressants. There is some evidence that Scleroderma seems to cluster in certain geographic areas.
Other studies have suggested that the tendency to develop Scleroderma and other sclerosis-like diseases runs in families. Scientists are studying the possible inheritance of a genetic trait that would predispose a person to this disorder. Some studies suggest the presence of an antibody that causes chromosomes to break (anticentromere antibody) in some people with CREST Syndrome. Other research suggests that a spontaneous genetic change (de novo) may cause a genetic predisposition to Scleroderma. A genetic predisposition means that a person may carry a gene for a disease but it may not be expressed unless something in the environment triggers the disease.
It has been suggested that Scleroderma is actually a group of distinct disorders each of which has its own characteristic genetic or environmental predisposing risk factors.
Several experimental treatments are currently being evaluated for use in treating people with Scleroderma. The orphan drug etretinate (Tigason) is now under study in the United States for the treatment of certain types of Scleroderma. The early steps of the production of excess collagen by cells may be blocked by Vitamin A components (retinoids) in etretinate. Excess collagen production is a primary abnormality of Scleroderma. It should be remembered that although this orphan drug is available experimentally in the United States, it is still under study and conclusive results are not yet available.
The Arthritis Unit of Massachusetts General Hospital and the New England Deaconess Hospital are evaluating the effects of recombinant gamma-interferon in individuals with Scleroderma. More testing is necessary to determine the safety and effectiveness of this treatment. Interferon is a potential therapy for Scleroderma because of its inhibition of excessive synthesis of collagen, but side effects are common.
The drug ketanserin, a serotonin antagonist, is being tested for treatment of the abnormal blood flow in the fingers caused by Raynaud's Phenomenon associated with Scleroderma. More research is needed before these types of drugs will be available for more general use.
Cyclosporine (Sandimmune) may be of potential benefit for treating a number of skin diseases, including those seen in collagen vascular diseases. These include Pemphigus, Bullous Pemphigoid, Posterior Uveitis, Bechet's Disease, and collagen vascular disorders such as Scleroderma, severe Dermatomyositis, Sjogren's Syndrome, Mycosis Fungoides, and Alopecia Areata. Certain types of skin grafts have sometimes improved after cyclosporine treatment. However, cyclosporine is toxic and it reduces the function of the immune system; therefore, it is not ordinarily used to treat Scleroderma. Relapses can occur when the drug is stopped. More research is needed before cyclosporine can be recommended as a treatment for all but the most severe cases of Scleroderma. (For more information choose "Pemphigus," "Bechet," "Dermatomyositis," "Sjogren," "Mycosis Fungoides," and "Alopecia Areata" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
A treatment known as photochemotherapy is under investigation for people with Scleroderma. During this procedure, blood in removed from the body (as in dialysis) and certain blood cells (monocytes) are "washed" with a drug (8-methoxypsoralen). The blood is then exposed to ultraviolet light (type A). This process is known as photopheresis. It is hoped that this treatment might suppress collagen production and increase the levels of an enzyme that breaks down collagen (collagenase). More study is needed to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of this treatment.
Scleroderma has been treated experimentally with the local anesthetic and anti-inflammatory drug, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), as part of the Arthritis research program of the National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. These investigational studies are being performed to determine the long-term effect of this drug on patients suffering from Scleroderma.
Octreotide Acetate (Sandostatin), manufactured by Sandoz, is being studied as a treatment for the intestinal motility problems of people with Scleroderma. In a study of patients with Scleroderma and control patients, octreotide acetate was given to increase motility and relieve abdominal symptoms. More study is indicated to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of this drug for Scleroderma.
Clinical trials are underway to test the orphan drug chlorambucil as a treatment for Scleroderma. For more information, patients may have their physicians contact:
Daniel Furtst, M.D.
University of Iowa
Iowa City, IA 52240
Scientists are studying a new orphan drug, Iloprost, for treatment of Raynaud's Phenomenon when it occurs along with Scleroderma. The drug is manufactured by Berlex Laboratories. More research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of this experimental treatment.
Clinical trials are underway to study bronchoalveolar lavage in Interstitial Lung Disease that can be associated with Scleroderma. For more information, patients may have their physicians contact:
Gary W. Hunninghake, M.D.
Pulmonary Disease Division, C33, GH
Dept. of Internal Medicine
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Iowa City, IA 52242
(319) 356-4187
Clinical trials are underway to study the safety and efficacy of Xomazyme COS. For more information, patients may have their physicians contact:
Dr. Thomas D. Geppart
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
5323 Harry Hines Blvd.
Dallas, TX 75235
(214) 688-8351
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Scleroderma, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Scleroderma Society/Federation
1182 Teaneck Rd., Suite 104
Teaneck, NJ 107666
(201) 837-9826
Scleroderma Federation
One Newbury St.
Peabody, MA 01960
(508) 535-6600
Scleroderma Research Foundation
Pueblo Medical Commons
2320 Bath St., Suite 307
Santa Barbara, CA 93105
(805) 563-9133
(800) 441-CURE
United Scleroderma Foundation, Inc.
P.O. Box 350
Watsonville, CA 94077-0350
(408) 728-2202
Scleroderma International Foundation
704 Gardner Center Road
New Castle, PA 16101
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1006.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1530-35.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 16th Ed.: Robert Berkow Ed.; Merck Research Laboratories, 1992. Pp. 1321-1323.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1515-1516.
THE MANY FACES OF SCLERODERMA. J.D. Smiley; Am J Med Sci (Nov 1992; 304(5)). Pp. 319-33.
TREATMENT OF SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS. T.A. Medsger; Ann Rheum Dis (Nov 1991; 50(4)). Pp. 877-886.
USE OF ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING-ENZYME INHIBITORS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF
TREATMENT OF SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS. V. Steen; Curr Opin Rheumatol (Dec 1991; 3(6)). Pp. 979-85.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCLERODERMA. A.J. Silman; Curr Opin Rheumatol (Dec 1991; 3(6)). Pp. 967-72.
TREATMENT OF SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS. F.M. Wigley; Curr Opin Rheumatol (Dec. 1992; 4(6)). Pp. 878-886.
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS. R.I. Fox; Curr Opin Rheumatol (Dec 1992 4(6)). Pp. 857-61.
EXTRACORPOREAL PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY INDUCES THE PRODUCTION OF TUMOR NECROSIS
FACTOR-ALPHA BY MONOCYTES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CUTANEOUS T-CELL
LYMPHOMAS AND SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS. B.R. Vowels; J Invest Dermatol (May 1992; 98(5)). Pp. 686-692.
TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE WITH EXTRACORPOREAL PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY:
PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS. A.H. Rook; Yale J Biol Med (Nov-Dec 1989; 62(6)). Pp. 639-645.
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
491: Seckel Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Seckel's Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Bird-Headed Dwarf of Seckel
Bird-Headed Dwarfism
Seckel's Dwarfism
Nanocephaly
Nanocephalic Dwarfism
Microcephalic Primordial Dwarfism I
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hallermann-Streiff-Francois Syndrome
Fanconi's Anemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Seckel Syndrome is a genetic form of dwarfism characterized by low birth weight, a small head, large eyes, beak-like protrusion of the nose, narrow face, and receding lower jaw. Also known as "Bird-Headed Dwarfism", this disorder is often marked by abnormalities in skin pigmentation. Various congenital malformations can be accompanied by dental abnormalities and mental retardation.
Symptoms
Seckel Syndrome, also known as "Bird-Headed Dwarfism", is characterized by low birth weight, dwarfism, and congenital malformations such as dislocation of the hips, clubfoot, abnormally small kidneys, and deformity of the liver. Mental retardation and an abnormally small head with a receding forehead, narrow face, large eyes, beak-like protrusion of the nose, and receding lower jaw are sometimes accompanied by dental alterations. Hypoplastic (underdeveloped) tooth enamel, a high arched roof of the mouth (palate), and missing or atrophic teeth tend to occur in approximately sixty percent of cases.
Causes
Seckel Syndrome ("Bird-Headed Dwarfism") is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Seckel Syndrome ("Bird-Headed Dwarfism") occurs at a rate of approximately one in 10,000 live births. According to one medical study, approximately sixty cases had been identified between 1960 (when this disorder was first identified) and 1982. Seckel Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers, and tends to affect more than one person in a family.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Seckel Syndrome (Bird-Headed Dwarfism). Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hallermann-Streiff-Francois Syndrome, also known as mandibulo-oculofacial dyscephaly, is a syndrome of bony abnormalities of the roof of the skull (calvaria), face and jaw. Additionally, patients have a bird-like face with a narrow curved nose, and multiple eye defects including abnormally small eyeballs and corneas, and cataracts. Hair can be thinned or absent, and eyebrows may be absent or underdeveloped. Premature aging (progeria) and atrophy of the skin, particularly the elastic tissue, may also be present. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hallermann" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Fanconi's Anemia is a rare form of familial aplastic anemia found chiefly in children of Mediterranean ancestry. It is characterized by bone abnormalities, an abnormally small head (microcephaly), underdeveloped genitalia, and brown pigmentation of the skin. Complications can include infections such as pneumonia and meningitis, excessive bleeding (hemorrhage), and leukemia. Although other symptoms are similar to those of Fanconi's Anemia, patients with Seckel Syndrome can be distinguished by the presence of a receding forehead and chin, large eyes, and a large beaked nose. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Fanconi" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Seckel Syndrome ("Bird-Headed Dwarfism") is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling and service agencies which benefit physically disabled and/or mentally retarded individuals and their families can be helpful.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on this Seckel Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
International Center for Skeletal Dysplasia
St. Joseph Hospital
7620 York Road
Towson, MD 21204
(301) 337-1250
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
Little People of America
P.O. Box 633
San Bruno, CA 94066
(415) 589-0695
Parents of Dwarfed Children
11524 Colt Terrace
Silver Spring, MD 20902
Association for Research into Restricted Growth
2 Mount Court
81 Central Hill
London SE 19 1 BS
England
01-678-2984
NIH/National Child Health & Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
This Rare Disease Database entry is based upon outlines prepared by medical and dental students (1984-1986) at the Medical College of Virginia for their course in human genetics, and the following articles:
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 859.
PIGMENTARY CHANGES IN SECKEL'S SYNDROME: A. Fathizadeh, et al.; J Am Acad Dermatol (July 1979, issue 1(1)). Pp. 52-54.
SECKEL SYNDROME: AN OVERDIAGNOSED SYNDROME: E. Thompson, et al.; J Med Genet (June 1985, issue 22(3)). Pp. 192-201.
MICROCEPHALY, MICROGNATHIA, AND BIRD-HEADED DWARFISM: PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
OF A SECKEL-LIKE SYNDROME: D.F. Majoor-Krakauer, et al.; Am J Med Genet (May 1987, issue 27(1)). Pp. 183-188.
Seckel Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
374: Seitelberger Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Seitelberger Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Seitelberger Disease is an inherited central nervous system disorder usually beginning before the age of two years. Progressive muscular and coordination difficulties, speech problems, vision deficits and impaired brain function may occur with this disorder.
Symptoms
Children with Seitelberger Disease may experience difficulty in walking and/or speaking. A decreased sensitivity to pain may develop in the legs and trunk. Coordination may become impaired, decreased muscle tone, "floppiness", muscle spasms (spasticity) and/or weakening of reflexes may also occur. In later stages, involuntary rapid eye movement, progressive vision problems and seizures can occur.
Causes
Seitelberger Disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Some medical researchers believe that Seitelberger Disease may be the infantile form of Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hallervorden" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Seitelberger Disease usually begins before the age of two years. This disorder affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Hallervorden-Spatz Disease is a disorder which causes degeneration of the central nervous system. Usually beginning at about age eight, this disorder may occur anytime between birth to twenty years of age. A person with Hallervorden-Spatz Disease may develop slow steady muscle contractions thereby distorting limbs, neck, face, mouth or trunk into certain unnatural positions (Dystonia). Muscular rigidity (uncontrolled tightening of the muscles) or spontaneous nonrepetitive slow writhing movements (usually of the arms or legs) can also occur. Muscle spasms (Spasticity) may be present in one-third of affected individuals.
Late Infantile Metachromatic Leukodystrophy usually affects children less than two years of age. This disorder is characterized by muscle coordination impairment, rigidity, mental deterioration and in some cases, convulsions. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Much is known about the origin of this disorder and genetic counseling is now possible.
(For more information on the above disorders, choose "Hallervorden," "Torsion Dystonia," and "Metachromatic Leukodystrophy" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Primary Optic Atrophy can be a symptom of Seitelberger Disease affecting the eyes. Primary Optic Atrophy causes diminished visual acuity and decreased ability to see light. Symptoms may be caused by degeneration, shrinkage or disappearance of nerve fibers.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Seitelberger Disease is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling may be of benefit to families of patients with this disorder. Services for visually and/or mobility impaired people may be of assistance to people with Seitelberger Disease.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Seitelberger Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Children's Brain Diseases Foundation For Research
350 Parnassus, Suite 900
San Francisco, CA 94117
(415) 566-5402
(415) 565-6259
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
United Leukodystrophy Foundation
2304 Highland Drive
Sycamore, IL 60178
(815) 896-3211
(800) 728-5483
Association Europeenne contre les Leucodystrophies
7 Rue Pasteur
54000 NANCY
France
National Ataxia Foundation
750 Twelve Oaks Center
15500 Wayzata Blvd.
Wayzata, MN 55391
(312) 473-7666
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
NEUROAXONAL DYSTROPHY IN CHILDHOOD. REPORT OF TWO SECOND COUSINS WITH
HALLERVORDEN-SPATZ DISEASE, AND A CASE OF SEITELBERGER'S DISEASE: K.
HISTOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF DYSTROPHIC ISOCORTICAL AXONS
IN INFANTILE NEUROAXONAL DYSTROPHY (SEITELBERGER'S DISEASE): M.H. Mitchell, et. al.; Acta Neuropathol (Berl) (1985, issue 66(2)). Pp. 89-97.
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
496: Septo-Optic Dysplasia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Septo-Optic Dysplasia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
De Morsier Disease
De Morsier Syndrome
Dwarfism-Septo-Optic Dysplasia
Information on the following disorder may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Absent Septum Pellucidum with Porencephalies
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Septo-Optic Dysplasia is a birth defect characterized by a malformed optic disk, pituitary deficiencies, and often the absence of the "septum pellucidum" which separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. As a consequence of these abnormalities visual impairment and/or deviation of the eyes, and deficiencies of pituitary hormones such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin, thyrotropin releasing hormone and/or growth hormone may occur.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Septo-Optic Dysplasia are present at birth. The primary symptom is decreased sharpness of vision. An involuntary rapid horizontal, vertical, or rotatory movement of the eyeballs (nystagmus) may also occur and the response of the pupils to light may vary among patients. Deviation of the eyes inward and outward (esotropia and exotropia) sometimes also occur.
The extent of pituitary hormone deficiency may vary. In a few cases prolonged yellow skin discoloration (jaundice) occurs at birth. Mental retardation or learning disabilities may also occur. If growth hormone deficiency is not treated during childhood, the child's growth may be stunted.
Causes
The cause of Septo-Optic Dysplasia is not known. There is no evidence that this is a hereditary disorder.
Affected Population
Children born with Septo-Optic Dysplasia are often first born children of young mothers. This very rare disorder affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder may resemble those of Septo-Optic Dysplasia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Absent Septum Pellucidum with Porencephalies is a rare disorder characterized by atrophy of one part of the brain (hemiatrophy), rapid movements of the eye (nystagmus), seizures and short stature. These symptoms are present at birth.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Septo-Optic Dysplasia is symptomatic and supportive. Deficiencies of pituitary hormones such as ACTH may be treated by hormone replacement therapy such as synthetic ACTH or cortisone, and/or human growth hormone.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Septo-Optic Dysplasia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
HORMONAL, METABOLIC, AND NEURORADIOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH
SEPTO-OPTIC DYSPLASIA: S.A. Arslanian, et al.; Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) (October 1984: issue 107(2)). Pp. 282-288.
ABSENCE OF THE SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM. OVERLAPPING CLINICAL SYNDROMES: S.A.
Morgan, et al.; Archives Neurol (August 1985: issue 42(8)). Pp. 769-770.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 673.
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1Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
77: Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
SCID
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Autosomal recessive SCID
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
ADA Deficiency
X-linked recessive SCID
Bare lymphocyte syndrome
SCID with leukopenia, also known as reticular dysgenesis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) comprises a group of congenital syndromes in which there appears to be no adaptive immune function whatever. Both the ability to acquire immunity (cell mediated immunity) and to form antibodies (humoral immunity) are absent. Thus the patient lacks all resistance against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other infectious agents. Untreated SCID results in frequent, severe infections, growth retardation and a short life span. Several causes and types of SCID have been identified.
Symptoms
Young infants with SCID usually have some protection against infection because they retain maternal antibodies during the first few months of life. After this period, however, infections become extremely frequent. Otitis media, pneumonia, sepsis, diarrhea, and skin infections recur constantly. The child becomes thin and weak, and growth slows drastically. Opportunistic organisms that may cause fatal infections include Candida albicans (a yeast that normally causes thrush and related infections), vaccinia, varicella (chickenpox), measles, cytomegalovirus, and the live bacteria in the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis. Pneumocystis carinii is a common cause of pneumonia that is very difficult to treat.
SCID patients also do not reject foreign tissue. Immunocompetant cells introduced into the patient's body may cause graft-versus-host-disease, reacting primarily against the recipient's skin, liver, gut, and bone marrow. Such cells may derive from the administration of fresh whole blood containing incompatible lymphocytes, or unmatched bone marrow. The patients do not reject transplants which facilitates the transplantation of bone marrow, one of the only effective treatments in this disorder.
Patients do not have cutaneous reactions to antigens, and they do not develop allergic reactions. After immunization, no antibodies are formed; if immunization is with a live vaccine, fatal infections may ensue.
Many individuals with SCID related to adenosine deaminase deficiency have skeletal abnormalities, particularly of the rib cage.
T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood of SCID patients are usually severely reduced in number or absent, as are serum immunoglobulins (antibodies). In some patients, individual immunoglobin classes may be present in normal or even elevated concentrations, and rarely, a patient may have low or normal numbers of B- and/or T-lymphocytes. None of these cells, or proteins, however, function properly. SCID patients have small, undeveloped thymuses, their lymph nodes are devoid of lymphocytes, and tonsils, adenoids, and other lymphoid organs are poorly developed or absent.
In SCID with leukopenia, sometimes known as reticular dysgenesis, granular leukocytes are also absent or greatly reduced in number. The granulocytes are white blood cells which engulf invading microorganisms, especially bacteria. Patients with SCID with leukopenia have virtually no means of removing invading organisms from the body.
Causes
Hereditary SCID occurs in autosomal recessive and X linked recessive forms.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.)
Some cases of autosomal recessive SCID can be attributed to a deficiency of the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). A lack of ADA results in high levels of adenosine in the plasma. Lymphocytes "trap" unusually high levels of this adenosine because they have an enzyme which converts it to deoxyadenosine triphosphate. This substance cannot leave the cell, and it affects the regulation of DNA synthesis. In this way, cell division, the production of antibodies, and other metabolic processes are severely disrupted. In the "bare lymphocyte" syndrome, clinical SCID is associated with a lack of histocompatibility antigens and B2 microglobin on the lymphocytes. Both of these proteins help distinguish cells belonging to the individual from foreign ones; in addition, it is thought that they are essential to the maturation of functional T-lymphocytes.
Affected Population
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency is estimated to occur with a frequency of about 1 in 100,000 to 500,000 live births.
Related Disorders
Various other forms of immunodeficiency exist. They include the acquired immune deficiency syndrome, isolated defects of T-cell function, and various antibody disorders.
Therapies: Standard
Bone marrow transplantation can cure this disorder if an identical match can be found to donate the marrow. Graft-versus-host (GVH) disease often occurs, and may be severe if the tissues are poorly matched. The use of haplo-identical bone marrow cells, treated to remove those cells likely to cause GVH disease, but leaving stem cells intact, has facilitated this procedure greatly. Fetal liver grafts, which contain lymphoid and white blood stem cells, have been effective in some cases in restoring T-cell function, but not in restoring the ability to produce antibodies. Fetal thymus grafts have usually been unsuccessful. In ADA deficiency, limited immunologic function may be restored by regularly transfusing red blood cells, which seem to be able to absorb and metabolize some of the excess circulating adenosine. Care must be taken to remove viable lymphocytes, as these could produce GVH disease. Iron overload is a possible side effect.
In isolated cases, agents such as transfer factor, thymosin, and levamisole may augment existing cellular immunity.
In 1990 the FDA approved PEG-ADA, an orphan drug that replaces the ADA enzyme deficiency in SCID. Children taking PEG-ADA through a weekly injection have had a normal immune system restored and they are recovering from infections that might previously have been deadly. For more information on PEG-ADA, please contact:
Enzon Inc.
300C Corporate Court
South Plainfield, NJ 07080
(201) 668-1800
Infections in people with SCID must be treated vigorously with antifungal, antibiotic, and supportive measures. P. carinii pneumonia can be particularly difficult to treat; the two drugs used are usually trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and the orphan drug pentamidine idethionate. (For further information on treatment, choose "AIDS" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Cytomegalovirus and generalized herpes simplex infections are preferentially treated with idoxuridine, floxuridine, or cytabaradine. Severe candida and related fungii usually respond to amphotericin B therapy.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland are studying the use of thalidomide as a treatment for Graft vs. Host disease (GVHD). Preliminary studies indicate that it may have beneficial side effects on skin and hair symptoms. The major side effect of thalidomide is sedation, and it causes serious birth defects when given to pregnant women. More research is necessary to determine long-term safety and effectiveness of this treatment for GVHD. Thalidomide is available in England under special license from Penn Pharmaceuticals of Tredegar, South Wales.
Scientists at the National Institutes of Health intend to try "gene therapy" on SCID patients with the hope of inserting a gene that manufactures ADA in these patients.
The FDA Orphan Products Division awarded a grant in 1988 to Dr. Carol Michele Paradise, M.D., of Cetus Corporation, Emeryville, CA, for her treatment of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency with Interleukin-2.
ADA deficient Severe Combined Immune Deficiency has been chosen as the first disease to be treated by "human gene therapy." The National Institutes of Health (NIH) are using the experimental procedure, in combination with the orphan drug PEG-ADA, to enhance the immune system of children with ADA deficient SCID. The procedure involves implanting a gene that makes human ADA into an activated virus. When the virus merges into the patient's cells, it manufactures the human enzyme. The corrected cells will be infused into the patient every few months. Patients interested in participating in this experimental protocol should ask their physicians to contact:
Dr. Nelson Wivel
Office of Recombinant DNA Activities
National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 31, Rm. 4B11
Bethesda, MD 20892
Clinical trials are underway to study patients with genetically-determined immunodeficiency diseases. For infants with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID), a highly effective new form of therapy is offered. Interested persons may contact:
Rebecca H. Buckley, M.D.
Box 2898
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC 27710
(919) 684-2922
to see if further patients are needed for this study.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Immune Deficiency Foundation
3565 Ellicott Mill Drive, Unit B2
Ellicott City, MD 21043
(800) 296-4433
(410) 461-3127
Dr. M. Hershfield
Duke University Hospital
Room 418 Sands Bldg.
Durham, NC 27710
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. MuKusick, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 794, 18.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th Ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al.; eds; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 2354.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
3pagetitle
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
228: Sheehan Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Sheehan Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing the find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Simmond's Disease
Postpartum Panhypopituitarism
Postpartum Pituitary Necrosis
Postpartum Hypopituitarism
Postpartum Panhypopituitary Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Sheehan Syndrome is caused by the subnormal pituitary gland functioning (hypopituitarism). The disorder affects females and is caused by necrosis (death of cells) of the anterior pituitary gland secondary to profound blood loss during and after childbirth, with vascular collapse and shock (postpartum collapse).
Symptoms
The clinical features of Sheehan Syndrome are highly variable and depend on the degree of failure of secretion of pituitary hormones including:
1. prolactin (the hormone which stimulates lactation)
2. gonadotrophin (which regulates the function of the gonads)
3. TSH (which stimulates the thyroid gland)
4. ACTH (adrenocorticotropin) (which stimulates the adrenal cortex)
5. growth hormone (GH).
Fully expressed, the condition is associated with failure of lactation after a woman has a baby. Menstruation does not begin again, pubic hair not grow back, and axillary hair slowly disappears. Breasts and genitalia atrophy (diminish in size).
The characteristics of hypothyroidism usually develop gradually. A dry, waxy type of swelling (myxedema) may take years or decades to become apparent. Decreased blood sugar level (hypoglycemia), chronic hypotension with fainting and impaired resistance to infection such as of cuts and abrasions are the main problems associated with severe ACTH deficiency. If these symptoms occur, they usually appear within weeks or months after the baby is born. Since Sheehan Syndrome is a disorder affecting adults, the effects of growth hormone deficiency are limited to some loss of muscle strength, mild anemia and increased insulin sensitivity.
Causes
Sheehan Syndrome is thought to be caused by severe arteriolar spasm (associated with shock) in the vessels supplying the hypothalamic area of the brain from which the stalk of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) arises. Spasm leads to lack of oxygen in the pituitary (pituitary ischemia) and various degrees of cellular damage depending on the severity and duration of arteriolar spasm.
Affected Population
Sheehan Syndrome affects women with excessive blood loss and circulatory collapse following childbirth.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Sheehan Syndrome consists of hormone replacement; i.e., ovarian, thyroid, and adrenocortical hormones (ACTH). Since in most cases ACTH deficiency is only partial, continuing cortisol replacement therapy may not be required.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sheehan Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1022.
Sheehan Syndrome
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228: Sheehan Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
938: SHORT Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (SHORT Syndrome) is not the name you expected. PLease check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Growth Retardation-Rieger Anomaly
Reiger Anomaly-Growth Retardation
Short Stature-Hyperextensibility or Hernia-Ocular Depression-Rieger
Anomaly-Teething Delay
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Lipodystrophies
Rieger Syndrome
Russell-Silver Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
SHORT Syndrome is a very rare disorder thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Individuals affected with this disorder are usually born with a low birth weight. Short stature, and a congenital condition in which there is a loss of fat under the skin (lipoatrophy) of the arms and face are almost always apparent. Other distinguishing symptoms of Short Syndrome are defective development of the anterior chamber of the eye (Riegers Anomaly) and a delay in teething and speech.
Symptoms
SHORT Syndrome is characterized by a low birth weight, loss of fat under the skin of the arms and face (lipoatrophy), a delay in teething and speech, and a condition in which there is defective development of the anterior chamber of the eye (Rieger Anomaly) that sometimes leads to glaucoma. Short stature, and joints that stretch more than normal (hyperextensibility) are both apparent at an early age. Inguinal hernias (a type of intestinal hernia) are found in most affected individuals. Children with SHORT Syndrome are also prone to frequent infections.
Facial characteristics may include sunken eyes, downturned corners of the mouth, a triangular shape to the face, a wide space between the eyes, a wide nasal bridge, an abnormally small jaw and/or ears that protrude outward.
Causes
SHORT Syndrome is a very rare disorder that is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
SHORT Syndrome is a very rare disorder. It is thought to affect males more often than females. There have been very few cases of this disorder reported in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of SHORT Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Lipodystrophies are a group of rare metabolic disorders which can be either inherited or acquired. They are characterized by abnormalities in fatty (adipose) tissue. There may be a total or partial loss of body fat, abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, severe resistance to naturally occuring and synthetic insulin, and immune system dysfunction. These disorders are differentiated by degrees of severity, and by areas or systems of the body affected. Lipodystrophies can also be associated with other disorders and various developmental abnormalities. (For more information on this disorder choose "Lipodystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Rieger Syndrome is a rare disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The main characteristics of this disorder are facial, dental and eye abnormalities. Facial characteristics include a small jaw, broad nasal bridge and/or a protruding lower lip. (For more information on this disorder choose "Rieger Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Russell-Silver Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by short stature, a small triangular-shaped face, short arms, and light brown spots on the skin (cafe-au-lait spots). The corners of the mouth turn downward and short incurved fifth fingers are apparent. Intelligence is often normal although in some cases mental retardation may occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Russel-Silver Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Patients with SHORT Syndrome should have regular eye exams. When glaucoma is present, drug therapy is used. This usually consists of a topical beta blocker in the form of eye drops. Laser surgery is usually reserved for those patients in whom eye pressure is not relieved by medication.
Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on SHORTS Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
NIH/National Eye Institute (NEI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
Human Growth Foundation
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
Short Stature Foundation
17200 Jamboree Rd., Suite J
Irvine, CA 92714-5828
(714) 474-4554
(800) 24-DWARF
Little People of America
P.O. Box 633
San Bruno, CA 94066
(415) 589-0695
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Parents of Dwarfed Children
11524 Colt Terr.
Silver Spring, MD 20902
Association for Research into Restricted Growth
2 Mount Court
81 Central Hill
London SE 19 1 BS
England
01-678-2984
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1694-95.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1533-34.
SHORT Syndrome
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0Copyright (C) 1991, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
853: Shprintzen Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Shprintzen Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Velocardiofacial Syndrome
VCF Syndrome
Shprintzen VCF Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
DiGeorge Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Shprintzen Syndrome is a rare disorder in which cleft palate, heart abnormalities, learning disabilities and distinct physical features are all present. This disorder is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and is the most common syndrome related to cleft palate without cleft lip.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Shprintzen Syndrome are:
1. Cleft palate - patients with Shprintzen Syndrome have a mild form of cleft palate. The lobe in the middle of the back of the soft palate (uvula) is split and there is a thin union of the two halves of the palate in the middle with a mucous covering on the rear portion of the mouth. The muscles under the soft palate do not fuse together and a notch can be felt where the hard and soft palates meet. This notch replaces the back spine of the palate. (For more information on this disorder choose "Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
2. Abnormalities of the heart - the wall that separates the right and left chambers of the heart which receive blood and then force it back into the arteries (ventricular septal) does not form properly; there may be right aortic arch abnormalities; and a congenital abnormality in which there is obstruction in the outflow from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs, with an enlarged right ventricle and a displaced aorta that receives blood from both the right and left ventricles (Tetralogy of Fallot). (For more information on this disorder choose "Tetralogy of Fallot" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
3. Learning disabilities - mild intellectual delay is present in the majority of patients with Shprintzen Syndrome. The average I.Q. scores in high school age children is 69-87. Problems with abstraction, comprehension in reading and math are usually apparent at school age. Mental retardation is less frequent but may also be present with this syndrome.
4. Distinct physical features - loss of muscle tone (hypotonia), small slender stature, tapered hands and fingers, small head circumference (microcephaly), recessed jaw (retrognathia), tubular nose, flat cheeks, long upper jaw, long vertical groove in the middle of the upper lip (philtrum), blue coloring under the eyes, small outer ears, thick outer rims of the ear, two different sized ears and nasal sounding speech secondary to cleft palate may be present.
Some (but not all) of the following additional symptoms may be present in patients with Shprintzen Syndrome:
5. An absent or underdeveloped thymus causing a insufficient production of antibodies.
6. Hearing loss
7. Eye abnormalities - small optic discs, clouding of the lens of the eye or it's surrounding membrane obstructing the passage of light (cataract), abnormal smallness of one or both eyeballs (microphthalmia), and twisted vessels in the optic disc.
8. Curvature of the spine (scoliosis).
9. Rupture or protrusion in the groin or central abdominal region (inguinal or umbilical hernia).
10. Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum in males (cryptorchidism).
11. Deficiency of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia).
12. Absent or small adenoids.
13. Absent or small tonsils.
14. Newborn children may have obstructed breathing due to the recessed jaw and loss of muscle tone in the throat area.
15. An abundance of hair on the scalp.
Causes
Shprintzen Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait although there have been several sporadic cases reported with unknown causes. Human including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Shprintzen Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. Approximately 5-8% of the children born with cleft palate (without cleft lip) have this syndrome.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Shprintzen Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
DiGeorge Syndrome is a complex group of congenital malformations among which is susceptibility to recurrent infections due to a deficient immune system and the occurrence of seizures during infancy due to low levels of calcium in the blood. This disorder results from the impaired development of two of the pharyngeal pouches during early development of the fetus. The parathyroid gland which regulates the concentration of calcium in the blood, and the thymus gland which transforms certain lymphocytes into T-cells, (responsible for cellular and long-term immune reactions), are absent or abnormal in DiGeorge Syndrome. This syndrome is often found in patients with Shprintzen Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder choose "DiGeorge Syndrome as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a combination of birth defects involving both physical and mental impairments. Extensive scientific research into the effects of alcohol (ethanol) on a fetus has established that the use of alcohol during pregnancy poses a serious threat to the health of the unborn child. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is totally preventable if an expectant mother does not drink alcohol. Symptoms of this disorder may be low birth weight, small head circumference, mental retardation, impaired motor coordination, impaired development of the upper jaw, heart problems and genital defects. (For more information on this disorder choose "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Shprintzen Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. When obstructive apnea is present a tube may be placed into the nasal cavity and pharynx (nasopharyngeal tube) to help with breathing.
Surgery to make a pharyngeal flap may be performed in order to help eliminate the nasal sound when speaking. This surgery cannot be performed on patients when there is medial displacement of the carotid arteries. Those patients that cannot have the surgery may be fitted with a prosthetic speech device.
Cosmetic surgery may be performed on the nose (rhinoplasty), upper and lower jaws of those patients who want to remove the facial characteristics associated with this syndrome.
A team approach should be used in making decisions about the treatment of symptoms in patients with Shprintzen Syndrome. A pediatrician, speech pathologist, orthodontist, plastic surgeon and psychologist may all be called in to consult with the parents.
Most patients have mild impairments in speech, language development, and math. This becomes apparent after entering school and special class placement or supplementary educational services usually are required. Eventually most patients are mainstreamed and graduate from high school.
When congestion is causing the hearing impairment, the placement of tubes in the ears may be beneficial.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Orphan Products: The palate of cleft palate patients is closed during early childhood but difficulties may persist if the palate is excessively short in relation to the pharynx. Researchers are studying a teflon-glycerine paste that is applied to the rear of the pharynx in a minor surgical procedure. A rounder ledge or bump is formed, bringing the pharynx and palate into the proper relationship with each other. The hardened paste remains in place indefinitely; no side effects have been observed. Children as young as eight years old have been treated with this procedure.
For further information on this procedure contact:
William N. Williams, D.D.S.
University of Florida
College of Dentistry
Box J-424
Gainesville, FL 32610
(904) 392-4370
A clinical database is being developed to help with chromosomal information on VCF patients. A DNA bank is being developed at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Interested persons may contact:
Rosalie Goldberg, Genetic Counselor or Robert J. Shprintzen, PhD.,
Director
Center for Craniofacial Disorders
111 E. 210th St.
Bronx, NY 10467
(212) 920-4781
(914) 725-4294 (FAX)
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Shprintzen Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
203-746-6518
American Cleft Palate Cranial Facial Association
1218 Granview Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15211
(412) 681-1376
(800) 24CLEFT
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
National Foundation for Facial Reconstruction
550 First Ave.
New York, NY 11016
(212) 340-6656
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Ave.
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
National Hearing Association
P.O. BOX 8897
Metairie, LA 70011
(504) 888-HEAR
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4261
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
914-428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 963.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., Editor; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 224.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1744-5.
VELO-CARDIO-FACIAL SYNDROME (SHPRINTZEN SYNDROME). R. Domenici, et al.; Pediatr Med Chir (Sept-Oct, 1984, issue 6(5)). Pp. 695-7.
DI GEORGE ANOMALY AND VELOCARDIOFACIAL SYNDROME. C.A. Stevens, et al.; Pediatrics (April, 1990, issue 85(4)). Pp. 526-30.
ABNORMAL CAROTID ARTERIES IN THE VELOCARDIOFACIAL SYNDROME: A REPORT OF
THREE CASES. K. MacKenzie-Stepner, et al.; Plast Reconstr surg (September, 1987, issue 80(3)). Pp. 347-51.
Shprintzen Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991 , 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
242: Shy-Drager Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Shy-Drager Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Progressive Autonomic Failure
PAF
Orthostatic Hypotension
Orthostatic Hypotension in Neurological Disease
Postural Hypotension
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Parkinson's Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Shy-Drager Syndrome is due to an impairment of the autonomic nervous system. This disorder is primarily characterized by low blood pressure associated with dizziness or momentary blackouts upon standing. Initial symptoms usually include bladder problems, which can become more severe. Sexual impotence may occur in males. Other symptoms resembling those of Parkinson's disease may develop with time. The course of Shy-Drager Syndrome is variable, and some patients may have mild symptoms for up to twenty years.
Symptoms
The initial symptoms of Shy-Drager Syndrome may be bladder problems and/or sexual impotence in males. The urinary difficulties may become progressively more severe. Dizziness or momentary blackouts often occur as a consequence of low blood pressure that occurs when the patient stands up (orthostatic hypotension). Patients may also experience constipation, and urinary or rectal incontinence. Additionally, dry skin due to loss of the ability to sweat, vision disturbances, and loss of pigment in the iris of the eyes can occur.
Symptoms not related to the autonomic nervous system abnormalities may include slowness of movement, unsteady gait, slurred speech, mild tremors, and loss of balance or other symptoms resembling those of Parkinson's disease. (For more information on Parkinson's Disease, choose "Parkinson" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
In later stages, patients may develop breathing problems such as loud respirations (stridor), or episodes of momentary breathing stoppages during sleep (apnea). Heart beat irregularities may also occur. Chewing, swallowing, speaking and breathing may become increasingly difficult as this disorder progresses.
Causes
The exact cause of Shy-Drager Syndrome is not known, although scientists believe it may have either environmental or genetic predisposition causes. Symptoms are caused by an impairment of the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is involved with autonomous functions essential for our survival such as heart rate, breathing, sweating, intestinal, urinary and sexual functions. It also controls skin and body temperature and how our body responds to stress.
Environmental causes are often related to occupational exposure to such toxins as: metal dusts and fumes, plastic monomers and additives, organic solvents, and pesticides.
Affected Population
Shy-Drager Syndrome affects males twice as often as females. However, the incidence of the syndrome in the general population is not known. According to one study, Shy-Drager Syndrome was incorrectly diagnosed as Parkinson's disease in approximately 1.8 percent of cases of Parkinson's disease patients. Age of onset of this disorder ranges from thirty-seven to seventy-five years, with an average onset at fifty-five years of age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Shy-Drager Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Parkinson's disease is a slowly progressive neurological disorder characterized by tremor, muscular rigidity, slowness of movement, balance problems and difficulty in initiating movements. In Parkinson's disease, there are degenerative changes in certain areas of the brain, and a decrease in dopamine levels in neurons associated with these areas. Parkinsonian symptoms, however, may very rarely be secondary to strokes or tumors in the brain. Exposure to certain drugs and toxins may also be associated with symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Parkinson's disease may affect the autonomic nervous system although symptoms are usually milder than those among Shy-Drager Syndrome patients. In some cases, the distinction between these two disorders is hard to determine. The nervous system dysfunction is usually confined to one system in Parkinson's, whereas many systems may be affected by Shy-Drager Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Parkinson" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Shy-Drager Syndrome is aimed at controlling symptoms. Antiparkinson medication must be used with caution because it can lower blood pressure, thus causing blackouts. To relieve the low blood pressure, dietary increases of salt and fluid may be beneficial. Elastic stockings may be worn on the legs. Drugs to elevate blood pressure such as corticosteroid derivatives must be carefully monitored by a physician to avoid side-effects. Surgical insertion of an artificial feeding tube (gastrostomy), or an artificial breathing tube (tracheostomy) may be necessary for treatment of breathing and swallowing difficulties. On rare occasions, a pacemaker may be implanted to correct heart irregularities.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers are investigating the orphan drug Midodrine as a treatment for Shy-Drager Syndrome. Those interested in participating in clinical research trials can ask their doctor to contact:
Roberts Pharmaceuticals
Meridian Center III
6 Industrial Way West
Eatontown, NJ 07724
(201) 389-1182
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is seeking certain individuals affected by Shy-Drager Syndrome for participation in a clinical research project. For complete information, those interested should have their physicians contact:
Ms. Linda Nee, M.S.W. or Dr. Ronald Polinsky
NINCDS Medical Neurology Branch
Bldg. 10, Rm. 5N236
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-8850
Clinical trials are underway to study taxonomy and therapy od Orthostatic Hypotension. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. Italo Biaggioni
AA 3228 MCN
Vanderbilt University GCRC
Nashville, TN 37232
(615) 343-6499
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Shy-Drager Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Shy-Drager Syndrome Support Group
1607 Silver Ave., S.E.
Albuquerque, NM 87106
(505) 243-5118
David Robertson, MD
Autonomic Dysfunction Center
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN 37232-2195
(615) 343-6499
International Tremor Foundation
360 West Superior Street
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1466, 2106-7, 2153.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 407, 1427.
Shy-Drager Syndrome
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+Copyright (C) 1986, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
251: Rh Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Rh Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Erythroblastosis Neonatorum
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
Hemolytic Anemia of Newborn
Congenital Anemia of Newborn
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum
Hydrops Fetalis
Rhesus Incompatibility
Rh Incompatibility
Rh Factor Incompatibility
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Rh disease is an Rh incompatibility between the blood of a mother and fetus. It causes anemia and other more serious conditions. Red blood cells are broken down (hemolysis) because of the incompatibility.
Symptoms
During the first pregnancy of an Rh-negative woman carrying an Rh-positive fetus, there are rarely any symptoms. However, the risks of sensitization increase with each subsequent pregnancy when the fetus is Rh-positive.
In Rh disease, red blood cells from the fetus cross the placenta and enter into the mother's circulation during pregnancy. This stimulates maternal antibody formation against the Rh factor. These antibodies reach the fetus via the placenta and cause destruction of the fetal red blood cells (hemolysis). This consequently causes anemia in the fetus. To overcome this anemia, the fetal bone marrow releases immature red blood cells (erythroblasts) into the fetal circulation. The hemoglobin from the destroyed red blood cells is broken down to bilirubin, which is cleared from the fetal circulation by crossing the placenta into the mother's blood. After birth, however, bilirubin builds up in the newborn's circulation and high levels of bilirubin may sometimes be deposited in the basal ganglia of the brain causing Kernicterus. (For more information, please choose "kernicterus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
In women who have developed Rh-sensitization, succeeding pregnancies with Rh incompatibility produce progressively more seriously affected infants, unless treatment with an anti-Rh-gammaglobulin (RhoGAM) is given to the mother within 72 hours after each childbirth or termination of pregnancy. The more severely affected fetuses develop profound anemia in the womb and are delivered with gross edema (swelling) of the entire body (hydrops fetalis). This may be suspected before delivery if excessive fluid around the fetus in the amnion sac (polyhydramnios) is present (detected through x-rays). Sometimes a picture of the fetus in the uterus (amniogram) reveals severe scalp edema.
Newborn infants with Rh disease are extremely pale and may have severe generalized edema, including the presence of liquid in the pleural cavity around the lungs (pleural effusion) and an accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites). The liver and spleen are enlarged because of production of red blood cells outside the bone marrow. Congestive heart failure may sometimes occur. Because of anemia and prematurity, lack of oxygen in the lungs (asphyxia) is likely during labor and delivery. The prematurity and asphyxia along with an abnormal decrease of the amount of protein in the blood (hypoproteinemia) may predispose the infant to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), the signs of which may be difficult to distinguish from those of congestive heart failure.
Less severely affected newborn infants may be anemic, but do not have edema or other signs of hydrops. Others may have little or no anemia at birth. Affected infants usually develop severe hyperbilirubinemia shortly after delivery because of the continuing hemolytic effect of Rh-antibodies that have crossed the placenta.
Succeeding pregnancies tend to produce more seriously affected fetuses. Erythroblastosis can be prevented by injecting the mother with a high-titer anti-Rh-gammaglobulin preparation within 72 hours after delivery to prevent her from developing antibodies. (For more information, see Therapies: Standard.)
Causes
Rh incompatibility occurs when a woman with Rh-negative blood conceives a child with Rh-positive blood. Red blood cells from the fetus cross the placenta and enter into the mother's circulation stimulating maternal antibody formation against the Rh factor. These antibodies reach the fetus via the placenta and cause destruction of the fetal red blood cells, consequently causing anemia and bilirubin in the fetal blood (jaundice) which makes the infant appear yellow. Rh-negative and -positive blood types are determined by genetic factors.
Affected Population
Rh Disease occurs only in infants who have Rh-positive blood and whose mothers have Rh-negative blood. In the U.S. only about 13% of marriages result in pairing of an Rh-positive man and an Rh-negative woman. Only 1:27 children born to these couples will suffer from Rh disease.
Related Disorders
Kernicterus is a condition characterized by an excess of bilirubin in the blood which is deposited in the basal ganglia of the brain and in the brainstem nuclei. (For more information, choose "Kernicterus" as your search term in the Rare Disease database.)
Therapies: Standard
An infant with hydrops fetalis or severe erythroblastosis fetalis (without hydrops) due to Rh disease is usually critically ill and should be treated in a perinatal intensive care facility whenever possible. Fetal heart rate should be monitored during labor. If signs of lack of oxygen (asphyxia) occur, or if the infant is severely affected, cesarean section delivery should be performed. The mainstay of treatment is "exchange transfusion." This is a blood transfusion using twice the infant's calculated blood volume which removes 85% of the infant's blood, including circulating antibodies, sensitized red blood cells, accumulated bilirubin, and replenishes red blood cells.
In hydrops fetalis, profound anemia should be corrected immediately by giving a partial (1-volume or less) exchange transfusion using packed red blood cells. After the infant's condition stabilizes, a 2-volume exchange transfusion should be performed. In addition, digoxin and diuretics for heart failure, alkali therapy for metabolic acidity of the body tissues (acidosis), and supportive treatment for RDS may be required.
When an Rh-negative sensitized woman delivers a less severely ill infant, umbilical cord blood should be examined immediately to determine the infant's blood type, and the direct Coombs' test for the presence of antibodies should be performed. If the infant is Rh-positive and the Coombs' test is positive, the infant's percentage of red blood cell volume in the blood (and reticulocyte count) should be determined. A blood smear should be obtained to check for reticulocytes and red blood cells with nuclei. The bilirubin level in umbilical cord blood should also be determined.
Laboratory and clinical evaluations of some infants suggest such a severe rate of hemolysis that exchange transfusion will almost certainly be required in the future. If the infant's condition is stable, an early exchange transfusion removes sensitized red blood cells and antibodies before hemolysis produces large amounts of bilirubin and may avert the need for multiple transfusions at a later time.
If an exchange transfusion is not needed immediately, the infant can be monitored, determining both the bilirubin and red blood cell count in the blood (hematocrit). Should bilirubin levels become dangerously elevated or should significant anemia develop, an exchange transfusion is normally indicated. Some sensitized Rh-positive infants do not require an exchange transfusion in the newborn period. However, the hematocrit must be followed serially for several weeks or months as severe anemia may develop because of slow, ongoing hemolysis. Such infants may require a simple transfusion with packed red blood cells at a later time.
Erythroblastosis can be prevented by injecting a high-titer anti-Rh-gammaglobulin preparation into the mother within 72 hours after each birth or termination of pregnancy. This preparation prevents the formation of maternal antibodies. During pregnancy of an Rh-negative mother (when the father is Rh-positive), maternal Rh antibody levels should be measured at monthly intervals. If the titers are higher than 1:32 a surgical entry into the abdomen to obtain amniotic fluid (amniocentesis) for measurement of bilirubin concentration in amniotic fluid, should be conducted usually at 2-week intervals. If bilirubin levels are elevated, the fetus can be given blood transfusions inside the uterus at 10-day to 2-week intervals, generally until the 32nd to 34th week of pregnancy at which time delivery may be performed.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials are underway to study Human Parvovirus Infection and it's sequelae in Iowa and Northwestern Illinois. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Stanley J. Naides, M.D.
Division of Rheumatology, GH E400
Dept. of Internal Medicine
University of Iowa
Iowa City, IA 52242
(319) 356-2430
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Rh Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 948.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1766, 1875.
Rh Disease
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469: Rheumatic Fever
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Rheumatic Fever) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Acute Rheumatic Fever
Rheumatic Arthritis
Inflammatory Rheumatism
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Rheumatic Fever is an inflammatory syndrome that can occur following streptococcal infections of the throat (strep throat). Patients initially experience moderate fever, a general feeling of ill health (malaise), a sore throat, and fatigue. Major complications can include heart disease, joint pain and arthritis, involuntary abrupt limb movements with characteristic grimaces (chorea), and possible skin symptoms. Treatment should begin as soon as possible, and be maintained for months or even years to help control serious complications. Rheumatic fever can be avoided if strep throat is vigorously treated and cured with antibiotics.
Symptoms
Rheumatic Fever is preceded by a streptococcal throat infection, which may or may not be noticeable as a sore throat. After a latent period of two or three weeks, the patient may develop the initial symptoms of Rheumatic Fever. The most common symptom is arthritis, which may be acutely painful. The knees are most often affected, although several joints may be involved; sometimes the inflammation may shift from joint to joint. The arthritis may completely disappear, even without treatment, usually within six weeks.
The most serious problem that can be caused by Rheumatic Fever is rheumatic heart disease. Physicians must carefully monitor the heart throughout the course of the disorder. The membranes lining the heart chambers may be inflamed (endocarditis), the muscle walls of the heart may be inflamed (myocarditis), the membrane surrounding the heart may be inflamed (pericarditis), or any combination of these symptoms may occur. A heart murmur not previously present, enlargement of the heart (cardiomegaly), congestive heart failure, and pericardial friction rubs or leakage of blood from vessels into heart tissue may be signs of Rheumatic Carditis. Inflammation and subsequent scarring of heart valves occurs in patients with this disorder, and can lead to heart function abnormalities. (For more information on this disorder, see "Rheumatic Fever: Down But Not Out" in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services.)
Chorea is a rare complication of Rheumatic Fever consisting of involuntary, abrupt, nonrepetitive limb movements and characteristic grimaces. It typically occurs months after the initial streptococcal infection. Inappropriate crying or laughing, and extreme weakness may also occur. Speech is often halting, jerky, or slurred. These symptoms may disappear within a few weeks or months.
Painless, firm, round lumps underneath the skin (subcutaneous nodules) may develop over bones and near joints. The nodules rarely last for more than a month. A skin rash (erythema marginatum) may develop, described as painless, short-term, non-itching, spotted, pink, circular in shape, resembling smoke rings that expand while clearing at the center. This rash is limited to the skin of the trunk and nearby parts of the limbs. It can last for hours or days, and may recur.
Arthritis, Carditis, and Chorea are complications of Rheumatic Fever that can occur singly or in combination. Subcutaneous nodules and erythema marginatum are rarely seen without Carditis. Moderate fever, a general feeling of discomfort (malaise), and fatigue usually occur, especially when Carditis is present. Patients may also experience nosebleeds.
Causes
Although Rheumatic Fever is clearly linked to Group A Streptococcal infections (strep throat), the exact mechanism causing the disorder is not well understood. Strep throat is highly contagious, whereas Rheumatic Fever is not contagious. In the absence of proper treatment, severe complications may occur and progressively severe recurrences of Rheumatic Fever may develop.
Affected Population
Rheumatic Fever usually affects children between five and fifteen years of age, but may occur among young adults as well. Although outbreaks have steadily declined since the end of World War II in the United States, several outbreaks linked to a particularly virulent strain of Streptococcal infection have occurred. However, throughout this period, this disorder has remained a constant ailment in India, the Middle East and some countries in Africa. Recently a reoccurrence of Rheumatic Fever developed in a number of US states. This time the disease is occurring in suburban and rural areas instead of inner city areas, and, instead of affecting poor Whites and Blacks, the disorder is affecting a white middle-class population.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Rheumatic Fever. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, also known as Still's Disease or Chronic Polyarthritis, is characterized by progressive pain and tenderness in one or more joints. This disorder, which tends to affect girls more than boys, may begin abruptly with high fever, joint pain, and a variety of skin rashes. Normal growth may be diminished and the spleen and/or liver may become enlarged. The exact cause is not known. Some forms of Arthritis are believed to be autoimmune disorders (the body's natural defenses against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue).
Therapies: Standard
Timely treatment of the group A streptococcal throat infection (strep throat) which precedes Rheumatic Fever is vitally important to prevent this disorder. Aggressive treatment of strep throat with antibiotics usually guarantees that Rheumatic Fever will not develop. Rarely, there may be no apparent symptoms of strep throat (such as soreness) to warn a parent that a child needs medical care. The subsequent lack of treatment may lead to the development of Rheumatic Fever.
When Rheumatic Fever develops, it is treated with anti-inflammatory drugs to help ease the arthritic symptoms. In cases involving the heart, steroid drugs such as prednisone may be helpful. If the heart becomes enlarged (cardiomegaly), corticosteroid drugs may also prove effective to control fever, discomfort, and irregular heartbeat. In extremely severe cases, intravenous methylprednisone followed by oral prednisone may control heart inflammation.
Aspirin may be prescribed to control recurrence of inflammation after steroid (prednisone) therapy is discontinued. Continued administration of antibiotics for months or years can also help avoid recurrent acute attacks. Recurrences are most likely during the first three to five years after the initial symptoms of Rheumatic Fever appear. In patients who develop rheumatic heart disease, medication may be continued well into adult life, past the age where a patient is exposed to school age children.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers at Rockefeller University, New York City, have identified two monoclonal antibodies that can possibly be used to detect potential Rheumatic Fever patients. However, more research is needed before this screening method can be used more generally as a preliminary step leading go immunization of susceptible persons against strep throat and/or Rheumatic Fever.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Rheumatic Fever, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
RESURGENCE OF ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN AREA OF THE UNITED
STATES: L.G. Veasy, et al.; N Eng J Med (February 19, 1987, issue 316 (8)). Pp. 421-427.
RHEUMATIC FEVER IN THE EIGHTIES: M. Markowitz; Pediatr Clin North Am (October 1986, issue 33(5)). Pp. 1141-1150.
RHEUMATIC FEVER: DOWN BUT NOT OUT: Evelyn Zamula; FDA Consumer (July-August 1987). Pp. 26-28.
Rheumatic Fever
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417: Rickets, Hypophosphatemic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hypophosphatemic Rickets) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Rickets
Pseudovitamin D Deficiency Rickets (Vitamin D-Dependent Rickets, Type I)
Osteomalacia
Fanconi's Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hypophosphatemic Rickets is a rare genetic form of Rickets characterized by impaired transport of phosphate and diminished Vitamin-D metabolism in the kidneys. Additionally, calcium and phosphate are not absorbed properly in the intestines which can lead to softening of bones. Major symptoms include skeletal changes, weakness and slowed growth. Cases affecting females are usually less severe than those affecting males. One rare acquired form of this disorder may be associated with a benign tumor.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Hypophosphatemic Rickets are usually first noticed after eighteen months of age. Dental problems may develop such as decay and abscesses or late eruption of teeth. Abnormalities may include softening or thinning of bones, fractures, and/or abnormal bony extensions at the site of muscular attachments. Symptoms such as weakness, intermittent muscle cramps, a "waddling" walk due to abnormalities in the hip joint, pain in the knees, knock knees or bow legs, diminished growth (especially of the legs), and abnormal skull or rib development may also occur. Cases of Hypophosphatemic Rickets may range from mild to severe. Some cases may have no noticeable symptoms while others may be marked by pain and/or stiffness of the back, hips and shoulders possibly limiting mobility. In very rare cases, some hair loss may occur.
Causes
Hypophosphatemic Rickets is inherited as a dominant X-linked trait. Symptoms are caused by altered metabolism of phosphorus, calcium, and Vitamin-D although the exact mechanism through which this occurs is not well understood.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In X-linked dominant disorders the female with only one X chromosome affected will develop the disease. However the affected male always has a more severe condition. Sometimes affected males die before birth so that only female patients survive.)
Affected Population
Hypophosphatemic Rickets may affect males and females in equal numbers, although cases affecting males are usually more severe than those affecting females.
Related Disorders
Several forms of Rickets exist, all of which are characterized primarily by weakening of bones due to abnormal calcium metabolism as well as possible decreases of other substances in the body. Rickets may be either acquired or inherited. Asymptomatic hypophosphatemic adult carriers are almost always females.
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to Hypophosphatemic Rickets. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Rickets is due to a vitamin-D deficiency resulting in deficient calcification of tissue which normally hardens into bone. This condition can begin at any time of life and may be successfully treated with large doses of vitamin-D.
Pseudovitamin D Deficiency Rickets (Vitamin D-Dependent Rickets, Type I) is characterized by more severe skeletal changes and weakness than those of Hypophosphatemic Rickets. This disorder is caused by abnormal vitamin D metabolism and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. This type of rickets often begins earlier than Hypophosphatemic Rickets. Blood levels of calcium are severely diminished in patients Vitamin-D Dependent Rickets, although phosphate levels appear normal or only slightly deficient. Amino acids become lost in the urine due to a kidney dysfunction. Intermittent muscle cramps may occur. Convulsions and abnormalities of the spine and pelvis may also develop.
Osteomalacia is a disorder characterized by a gradual softening and bending of the bones. Pain may occur in various degrees of severity. Softening occurs because solid bones have failed to form properly (calcify) due to lack of Vitamin-D or a kidney dysfunction. This illness is more common in women than in men, and often begins during pregnancy. It can exist alone or in association with other disorders, such as Hypophosphatemic Rickets.
Fanconi's Syndrome is characterized by kidney dysfunction and bone abnormalities similar to those of Hypophosphatemic Rickets. Excess amounts of phosphate, amino acids (usually bicarbonate), glucose, and uric acid are eliminated in the urine. This rare disorder is thought to be inherited through a recessive gene. Bone symptoms include rickets in children and softening of bones (osteomalacia) in adults. Fanconi's Syndrome may be associated with a variety of inherited metabolic disorders such as cystinosis, Lowe's Syndrome, a form of Tyrosinemia, hereditary fructose intolerance, Wilson's Disease, Galactosemia, and a glycogen storage disorder.
For more information on the above disorders, choose the following words as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database: Fanconi, Lowe, fructose intolerance, cystinosis, Wilson, galactosemia, and glycogen storage.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hypophosphatemic Rickets consists of increasing phosphate levels as well as vitamin-D. The dosage of vitamin-D is gradually increased until bone healing occurs. This treatment must be carefully monitored to prevent loss of calcium. Vitamin-D alone decreases loss of phosphate through the kidney but does not influence the patient's growth pattern, the level of phosphate absorbed in the intestines, nor the kidney dysfunction. Phosphate alone may improve absorption of calcium and phosphate in the intestines as well as enhance bone healing, but it may not sustain these improvements unless vitamin-D is also prescribed. Recent evidence suggests that long-term calcium plus phosphate supplements may result in better bone mineralization than occurs with vitamin-D plus phosphate therapy. Covering teeth with chrome crowns may be successful in preventing spontaneous abscesses. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Those rare cases which are caused by tumors rather than heredity can be treated through surgical removal of the tumor.
Therapies: Investigational
Bone growth abnormalities associated with Hypophosphatemic Rickets can be surgically removed in an attempt to prevent further shortening or deformities of affected arms or legs. More research is necessary before this procedure can be recommended for all but the most severe cases of Hypophosphatemic Rickets.
In a study carried out by scientists in Australian children with X-Linked Hypophsatemic Rickets using the enzyme calcitriol (1x, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3) and phosphate, a slight increase in height was noted along with the development of calcium deposits in the kidneys (nephrocalcinosis). These scientists recommend conservative use of calcitriol nd careful observation of patients to guard against serious kidney damage. Treatment should be discontinued when growth has stopped.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hypophosphatemic Rickets, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
PROPHYLACTIC DENTAL TREATMENT FOR A PATIENT WITH VITAMIN D-RESISTANT RICKETS:
REPORT OF CASE: G. H. Breen; Asdc J Dent Child (Jan.-Feb. 1986, issue 53(1)). Pp. 38-43.
EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND EARLY TREATMENT OF HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC VITAMIN D-
RESISTANT RICKETS: E. Schaumberger, et al.; Klin Padiatr (Jan.-Feb. 1986, issue 198(1)). Pp. 44-48.
TIBIAL BOWING EXACERBATED BY PARTIAL PREMATURE EPIPHYSEAL CLOSURE IN SEX-
LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS: W.H. McAlister, et al.; Radiology (February 1987, issue 162(2)). Pp. 461-463.
Rickets, Hypophosphatemic
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883: Rickets, Vitamin-D Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivision covered by this article.
Synonyms
Nutritional Rickets
Rickets
Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Fanconi's Syndrome
Infantile Scurvy
Lowe's Syndrome
Osteomalacia
Pseudovitamin D Deficiency Rickets
Hypophosphatemic Rickets
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets is a disorder that appears during infancy and childhood. It is caused by insufficient amounts vitamin D in the body. The vitamin deficiency can be caused by poor nutrition, a lack of exposure to the sun, or malabsorption syndromes in which the intestines do not adequately absorb nutrients from foods. Vitamin D is needed for the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the body which in turn affects how calcium is deposited in the bones. Without vitamin D the patients bones are not normal. Major symptoms of Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets include bone disease, restlessness, and slow growth. This disorder is rare in the United States but not uncommon in certain areas of the world.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets in infants may be restlessness, lack of sleep, slow growth, a delay in crawling, sitting or walking, thinness of the top and back of the skull (craniotabes), swelling of the skull (bossing), bead-like nodules where the ribs and their cartilages join due to the rapid growth of the arms and the rib cage (rachitic rosary), and a delay in the closing of the skull bone.
If Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets is not treated, the ends of the long bones may become enlarged, the legs may become bowed and knock-knees may result. Muscles can become weak and the chest may become deformed due to the pull of the diaphragm on the ribs that have been weakened by rickets (Harrison's groove). Abnormal development and decay of teeth may also occur.
In more severe, untreated cases of this disorder the bones may become fragile and fractures may easily occur. Convulsions, muscle twitching and sharp bending of the wrist and ankle joints (tetany spasms) may also be present. Occasionally, when there is too little calcium in the blood due to the lack of vitamin D (hypocalcemia), mental retardation may occur.
Causes
Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets can be caused by a lack of vitamin D in the diet, a lack of exposure to the sun, or malabsorption syndromes in which there is an inability of the intestines to adequately absorb nutrients from foods.
Nursing mothers who have a diet deficient in vitamin D may get rickets themselves and pass this condition on to the newborn child.
In areas of the world where cultural habits limit exposure to sun, or the amount of sun in a day or season is limited, Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets tends to be more prevalent.
Affected Population
Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets affects males and females in equal numbers. Babies of nursing mothers whose diet is deficient in vitamin D can be affected with this disorder.
Although Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets is rare in the United States, children who are dark skinned and living in cloudy northern cities as well as children on restricted diets due to cultural or religious beliefs are more likely to develop this disorder.
Rickets is more common in regions of Asia where there is a lack of daylight and/or low intake of meat due to a vegetarian diet. Northern Yemen and Kuwait are also areas where Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets are prevalent due to lack of exposure to the sun because of cultural practices.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Fanconi's Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by kidney dysfunction and bone abnormalities similar to those of Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets. Excess amounts of phosphate, amino acids (usually bicarbonate), glucose, and uric acid are eliminated in the urine. This disorder is thought to be inherited through recessive genes. Bone symptoms include rickets in children and softening of the bones (osteomalacia) in adults. Fanconi's Syndrome may be associated with a variety of inherited metabolic disorders such as cystinosis, Lowe's Syndrome, a form of Tyrosinemia, hereditary fructose intolerance, Wilson's Disease, Galactosemia and glycogen storage disorders. (For more information on this disorder choose "Fanconi" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Infantile Scurvy is a disease that is caused by a lack of vitamin C in the diet. Symptoms of this disorder may be anemia, weakness, sores in the mouth, loosening of the teeth, irritability, loss of appetite, failure to gain weight and bleeding under the tissue layer covering the bones. Scurvy is treated with large amounts of vitamin C .
Lowe's Syndrome is a rare inherited, metabolic disorder characterized by eye abnormalities such as congenital cataracts and glaucoma, bone malformations caused by vitamin D resistant rickets, mental retardation and impairment of kidney function. This disorder affects only males and is most common in those with fair coloring. Lowe's Syndrome is transmitted through x-linked recessive genes. (For more information on this disorder choose "Lowe" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Osteomalacia is a disorder characterized by a gradual softening and bending of the bones. Pain may occur in various degrees of severity. Softening occurs because solid bones have failed to form properly (calcify) due to the lack of vitamin D or a kidney dysfunction. This disorder is more common in females than males, and often begins during pregnancy. It can exist alone or in association with other disorders.
Hypophosphatemic Rickets is a rare genetic form of Rickets characterized by impaired transport of phosphate and diminished Vitamin-D metabolism in the kidneys. Calcium and phosphate are not absorbed properly in the intestines which can lead to softening of bones. Major symptoms of this disorder include skeletal changes, weakness and slow growth. Cases affecting females are usually less severe than those affecting males. One rare acquired form of this disorder may be associated with a benign tumor. (For more information on this disorder choose "Hypophosphatemic Rickets" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Pseudovitamin D Deficiency Rickets (Vitamin-D Dependent Rickets, Type I) is characterized by more severe skeletal changes and weakness than those of Hypophosphatemic Rickets. This disorder is caused by abnormal vitamin D metabolism and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. This type of Rickets often begins earlier than Hypophosphatemic Rickets. Blood levels of calcium are severely diminished in patients with Vitamin-D Dependent Rickets. Amino acids become lost in the urine due to abnormal kidney function. Intermittent muscle cramps may occur. Convulsions and abnormalities of the spine and pelvis may also develop.
Therapies: Standard
Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets can be prevented by providing a normal balanced diet to infants and children, assuming that they are exposed to adequate amounts of sun.
Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets is accomplished with doses of vitamin D given daily until the bone disease is cured. The dose of vitamin D can then be reduced to the daily recommended requirement.
In more severe cases of Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets when cramps, convulsions, muscle twitching and sharp bending of the ankle and wrist joints (tetany) is present the treatment with vitamin D is supplemented with calcium salts intravenously.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, Editor-In-Chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 2106-12.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15TH ED.: Robert Berkow, Editor-In-Chief; Merck & Co., Inc., 1987. Pp. 924-27. NUTRITIONAL RICKETS: K.W. Feldman, et al.; Am Fam Physicians (November, 1990, issue 42(5)). Pp. 1311-18.
HIGH PREVALENCE OF RICKETS IN INFANTS ON MACROBIOTIC DIETS: P.C.
Dagnelie, et al.; Am J Clin Nutr (February, 1990, issue 51(2)). Pp. 202-8.
NUTRITIONAL RICKETS IN SAN DIEGO: I. Hayward, et al.; Am J Dis Child (October, 1987, issue 141(10)). Pp. 1060-2.
VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY RICKETS: D.M. Kruger, et al,; Clin Orthop (November, 1987, issue (224)). Pp. 277-83.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN D IN THE SKIN: EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND
LIFE-STYLE VARIABLES: M.F. Holick; Fed Proc (April, 1987, issue 46(5)). Pp. 1876-82.
THE IMPORTANCE OF LIMITED EXPOSURE TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND DIETARY
FACTORS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF ASIAN RICKETS: A RISK-FACTOR MODEL: J.B.
Henderson, et al,; Q J Med (May, 1987, issue 63(241)). Pp. 413-25.
HIGH LEVELS OF CHILDHOOD RICKETS IN RURAL NORTH YEMEN: P. Underwood, et al,; Soc Sci Med (1987, issue 24(1)). Pp. 37-41.
VITAMIN-D DEFICIENCY RICKETS IN KUWAIT: THE PREVALENCE OF A PREVENTABLE
DISEASE: M.M. Lubani, et al,; Ann Trop Paediatr (September, 1989, issue 9(3)). Pp. 134-9.
OSTEOMALACIA OF THE MOTHER--RICKETS OF THE NEWBORN: W. Park, et al,; Eur J Pediatr (May, 1987, issue 146(3)). Pp. 292-3.
Rickets, Vitamin-D Deficiency
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)Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
854: Rieger Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Rieger Syndrome) is not the name you expected. PLease check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Goniodysgenesis-hypodontia
RGS
Iridogoniodysgenesis With Somatic Anomalies
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Cat-Eye Syndrome
Ectodermal Dysplasias
Eye, Anterior Segment Dysgenesis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Rieger Syndrome is a rare disorder in which there are facial, dental and eye abnormalities. This disorder is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
The eye abnormalities (referred to as Rieger Eye Malformations) may be present alone, or as a part of Rieger Syndrome. This report will cover Rieger Eye Malformations as well as Rieger Syndrome. Those patients with Rieger Eye Malformations need only refer to the portion of this report pertaining to the eye.
Symptoms
The main symptoms of Rieger Syndrome are:
1. Rieger Eye Malformations - a small cornea (microcornea), an opaque ring around the outer edge of the cornea, adhesions in the front of the eye, displacement of the pupil of the eye so that it is not centered, and/or an underdeveloped iris.
2. Dental Abnormalities - a congenital condition in which there are fewer teeth than normal (hypodontia); a condition in which a single tooth, pairs of teeth or all the teeth are smaller than normal (microdontia) and/or cone shaped teeth.
3. Facial Abnormalities - underdeveloped bones of the upper jaw (hypoplasia) causing the face to have a flat appearance, a broad flat bridge of the nose and/or a protruding lower lip.
The following conditions have been found in some patients with Rieger Syndrome:
4. Anal Stenosis - a small anal opening.
5. Failure of the skin around the navel to decrease in size after birth. This condition has reportedly been mistaken for a umbilical hernia in several cases and unnecessary surgery was performed.
6. Umbilical Hernia - the protrusion of intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the navel.
7. Glaucoma - disease of the eye in which there is increased pressure within the eyeball. This disease can result in damage to the optic disk and gradual loss of vision. The defects in the angle of the eye that is created by the iris and cornea (trabeculum), the vein at the corner of the eye that drains the water in the eye into the bloodstream (schlemm) and the adhesions associated with Rieger Syndrome can lead to glaucoma.
The following conditions have sometimes occurred in conjunction with Rieger Syndrome but researchers cannot agree as to whether they are separate entities in which the Rieger Eye Malformations are present.
1. Myotonic Dystrophy - a chronic progressive disease that causes atrophy of the muscles, failing vision, slurred speech, droopy eyelids and general muscle weakness. (For more information on this disorder choose "Myotonic Dystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
2. Conductive Deafness - a type of hearing loss in which sound does not travel well to the sound organs of the inner ear.
3. Myotonia - a condition in which the muscles do not relax after contracting.
4. Mental Retardation - less than average intellectual function with problems in learning and social behavior.
Causes
Rieger Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Rieger Syndrome is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. This disorder can be detected during the first month of life when the eye defects are visible. When the eye defects are not visible during the first month of life, the disorder is usually detected in early childhood when the eye and dental defects become apparent.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Rieger Syndrome Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Cat-Eye Syndrome is a rare disorder in which there is a cleft along the eyeball affecting the iris, the membrane that covers the white of the eyeball (choroid), and/or the retina causing a vertical pupil; small growths or polyps, pits and abnormal passages near the front of the outer ear; and absence of the opening, duct or canal of the anus. Other symptoms of this disorder that may be present in some patients are: mild mental deficiency, heart defects such as tetralogy of Fallot ( lung narrowing, a defect in the wall of the lower chamber of the heart, a defect in the position of the aorta and enlargement of the right ventricle) and an abnormality of the large blood vessels that return blood from the lungs to the heart. There may also be an abnormally wide space between the eyes, and absence of a kidney on one side. This disorder may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait or its genetic transmission may be unknown in many cases.
Ectodermal Dysplasias are a group of hereditary, nonprogressive syndromes in which the affected tissue derives primarily from the ectodermal germ layer. The skin, its derivatives, and some other organs are involved. A predisposition to respiratory infections, due to a somewhat depressed immune system and to defective mucous glands in parts of the respiratory tract, is the most life threatening characteristic of this group of disorders. Symptoms include eczema, poorly functioning sweat glands, sparse or absent hair follicles, abnormal hair, disfigured nails, and difficulties with the nasal passages and ear canals. Skin is satiny smooth, prone to rashes, and slow to heal. (For more information on this disorder choose "Ectodermal Dysplasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Eye, Anterior Segment Dysgenesis is a rare congenital disorder in which there is abnormal tissue development of the outer eye segment or, in less severe cases, the back of the outer surface of the cornea is nontransparent (embryotoxin). This disorder may cause glaucoma, cataracts, partial or total dislocation of the lenses, atrophy of the eyeball, or a lack of transparency of the cornea. Malformations of the teeth, abdominal wall, skeleton, and heart may also be associated with this disorder. Peter's plus (a condition that consists of short stature, mental retardation, abnormal ears, and clefting of the palate and/or lip) is another condition that is sometimes associated with Eye, Anterior Segment Dysgenesis. An autosomal dominant inheritance is found in many cases of Eye, Anterior Segment Dysgenesis even though the disorder can vary greatly from one member of a family to another. When Peter's plus is present an autosomal recessive inheritance is the form of transmission.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Rieger Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Drug therapy is the primary treatment for glaucoma, usually consisting of a topical beta blocker in the form of eye drops. Laser surgery is usually reserved for those patients in which the pressure in the eye is not relieved by medications.
Prostheses (false teeth) are used for dental malformations.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Rieger Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
203-746-6518
National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasia
219 E. Main Street
Mascoutah, IL 62258
(618) 566-2020
Vision Foundation, Inc.
818 Mt. Auburn Street
Watertown, MA 02172
(617) 926-4232
National Association for Parents of the Visually Impaired, Inc.
P.O. Box 180806
Austin, TX 78718
(512) 459-6651
National Association for the Visually Handicapped
22 W. 21st Street, Sixth Floor
New York, New York 10010
(212) 889-3141
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
301-496-5248
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
914-428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 843-44.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., Editor; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 532-33.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1497.
DIAGNOSTIC RECOGNITION OF GENETIC DISEASE, William Nyhan, et al.; Lea & Febiger, 1987. Pp. 226-27.
THE RIEGER SYNDROME AND A CHROMOSOME 13 DELETION: R.A. Stathacopoulos, et al.; J Pediatr Opthalmol Strabismus (Jul-Aug 1987, issue 24 (4)). Pp.198-203.
BONE AND JOINT MANIFESTATIONS OF RIEGER SYNDROME: A REPORT OF A FAMILY:
T. Koshino, et al.; J Pediatr Orthop (Mar-Apr 1989, issue 9(2)). Pp. 2240-30.
Rieger Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
692: Robert's Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Robert's Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius (TAR) Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Robert's Syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by severe defects in facial and limb development. Infants with this disorder show a growth deficiency and are usually mentally retarded.
Symptoms
Individuals with Robert's Syndrome are frequently missing bones in the limbs. The bones that are present are often extremely short, with the feet and arms located close to the trunk (phocomelia).
Other symptoms of Robert's Syndrome include a small, broad head (microbrachiocephaly); sparse, silvery hair; low birth weight; growth deficiency; cleft lip with or without cleft palate; widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism); malformed ears; an abnormally small jaw (micrognathia) and undescended testes. Less common symptoms include brain hernia, an abnormal increase in brain fluid resulting in enlargement of the skull (hydrocephaly), unusually small eyes, cataracts, clouding of the cornea, malformed kidneys, heart defects and decreased blood platelets (thrombocytopenia).
Causes
Robert's Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Robert's Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Disorder Subdivisions: Phocomelia is a birth defect that may be genetically transmitted in some cases, or in other cases, caused by toxins (such as certain drugs) taken by a pregnant woman. Major symptoms may include growth and mental retardation, defects in the eyes, ears, and nose, and deficient limb developing affecting the arms and possibly the legs. There have been a number of patients exhibiting overlap of symptoms between Robert's Syndrome and the genetic form of Phocomelia. The two disorders may be different expressions of a gene or represent variable severity of the same disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Phocomelia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Robert's Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
There are many birth defects which can cause malformed or missing limbs. One of these is Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius (TAR) Syndrome. TAR Syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by a very low level of the number of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia) and the absence or underdevelopment of one of the short bones (radius) in the arm. Thrombocytopenia may cause excessive bleeding from the skin, mucous membranes (thin most layer lining the body's cavity), or within the skull. Other blood disorders may also occur. The underdevelopment of the other short bone (ulna) of the arm, and defects of the hands, legs, and/or feet may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "TAR" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Individuals with Robert's Syndrome may benefit from surgery for facial and limb defects. Prosthetic devices can also reduce problems associated with missing limbs.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for Robert's Syndrome patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Dr. Uta Francke of the Stanford University School of Medicine is conducting a study of Robert's Syndrome and is in need of more patients, their brothers and sisters who do not show symptoms of the syndrome, and their parents to participate in the study. If you are interested, please contact:
Dr. Uta Francke
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Stanford University School of Medicine
Beckman Center B205
Stanford, CA 94305
(415) 725-8089
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Robert's Syndrome, please contact;
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
International Center for Skeletal Dysplasia
St. Joseph Hospital
7620 York Road
Towson, MD 21204
(301) 337-1250
Association of Children's Prosthetic and
Orthotic Clinics (ACPOC)
317 E. 34th St.
New York, NY 10016
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle Street
Dallas, TX 75204
1-800-535-3643
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1174.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D.; W. B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 256-257.
Robert's Syndrome
%
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
696: Robinow Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Robinow Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Robinow Dwarfing Syndrome
Fetal Face Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Aarskog Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Robinow Syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder that is characterized by physical deformities, broad facial features and genital abnormalities.
Symptoms
Robinow Syndrome is a genetic disorder that is characterized by shortened fingers, toes and forearms, and moderately short stature. There may also be an enlarged head and forehead with widely spaced and prominent eyes (hypertelorism), a broad, short, upturned nose, triangular shaped mouth with a cleft lower lip, a small jaw and crowded teeth. Incomplete development of the spinal column also occurs. In males with this disorder there may be a small or absent penis, undescended testicles (cryptorchidism), while in females there may be a small clitoris and labia. Occasionally there may also be seizures, navel and inguinal hernias, cleft lip or palate and difficulties with speech and walking.
Causes
The exact cause of Robinow Syndrome is unknown. It is believed to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Robinow Syndrome is a very rare disorder which affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Robinow Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Aarskog Syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder marked by distinctive structural abnormalities. Major symptoms may include stunted growth, broad facial features, short broad hands and feet, genital abnormalities and mild mental retardation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Aarskog" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Robinow Syndrome may include surgery to correct hernias, cleft lip and palate, and undescended testicles. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Robinow Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 665.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4TH ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 112.
ROBINOW SYNDROME: REPORT OF TWO PATIENTS AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE. M.
Butler et al.; CLIN GENET (February 1987; issue 31 (2)). Pp. 77-85.
CRANIOFACIAL PATTERN SIMILARITIES AND ADDITIONAL OROFACIAL FINDINGS IN
SIBLINGS WITH ROBINOW SYNDROME. H. Israel et al.; J CRANIOFAC GENET DEV BIOL (1988; issue 8 (1)). Pp. 63-73.
Robinow Syndrome
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?y?Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
600: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Black Fever
Blue Fever
Mexican Spotted Fever
Sao Paulo Fever
Tobia Fever
Blue Disease
Black Measles
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Measles
Meningococcemia
Rubella
Schonlein-Henoch Purpura
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Typhus
Typhoid Fever
Q Fever
Boutonneuse Fever
Colorado Tick Fever
North Queensland Tick Fever
South African Tick-bite Fever
Israeli Rickettsial Spotted Fever
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is an acute infectious disorder. This disorder is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick, usually in wooded areas of the midwest, eastern and southeastern U.S. The illness can occur in other areas of the world where ticks are infected with the rickettsial parasite. Fever, rash and gastrointestinal problems are among major symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment are vital in avoiding serious complications of this disease.
Symptoms
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever begins with an incubation period of from two to twelve days. A gradually or abruptly beginning fever may be followed after three to five days by a pink or purplish colored rash on the wrists and ankles. The fever and rash usually become more severe for seven to fourteen days. The rash may not develop in all cases, possibly making diagnosis difficult. A blood test is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. In other cases, the rash may become widespread or develop into small bleeding spots (petechiae, ecchymoses, or purpura) under the skin after about five days of illness. Swelling (edema), headache, chills, weakness and muscle pains may also occur. Eye infections (conjunctivitis) or light-sensitivity (photophobia) may be present. Skin deterioration or gangrene in the extremities may develop.
Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and/or abdominal pain occurs in approximately two thirds of patients early in the course of the disorder.
Blood vessels, air vesicles (alveoli) and interstitial tissue in the lungs often become infiltrated by the rickettsial parasite which causes coughing and swelling (edema) in severe cases.
Severe headaches, lethargy, confusion, delirium, focal neurological deficits, increased intracranial pressure leading to pressure on the optic disk (papilledema), seizures and/or coma may occur in untreated cases as the nervous system is progressively affected. Some patients may have a stiffened neck due to muscle pain (myalgia) or irritation of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord tissue (meningismus).
As the untreated disease progresses, widespread swelling (edema) develops in many patients because of leakage of blood plasma from damaged blood vessels (vasculitis). Kidney failure occurs in approximately fifteen percent of patients due to diminished total quantity of blood in the circulation (hypovolemia or oligemia).
Causes
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is caused by the bacteria known as Rickettsia rickettsii which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks. These ticks must be attached to the body for many hours in order to transmit the infection. Infected rodents can be hosts that transmit this disorder to humans, but this is very seldom the case. Symptoms arise when the rickettsial parasites spread via the blood stream. The parasites multiply in large numbers and damage blood vessels causing leakage, swelling (edema), and diminished total quantity of blood in circulation which can lead to kidney failure. Any organ in the body can be affected, most notably the skin, lungs and/or brain.
Affected Population
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever characteristically occurs in outbreaks in various areas of the Midwest, East and Southeastern United States. Statistically, young people between the ages of ten and twenty residing in suburban or rural areas are most often affected during the early spring through fall months. Outbreaks have occurred in Long Island, New York and four cases were identified recently in New York City. Cabarus and Rowan counties in North Carolina have reported epidemic numbers of cases as have Georgia, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas. The western mountain region of the United States, for which the disease was named in 1906, currently reports very few cases. A total of 4,141 cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, GA, between the years of 1981-1984. By law, all cases of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever must be reported to the CDC. (For the address of the CDC, please see the Resources section of this report.)
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Lyme Disease is a tick-transmitted inflammatory disorder characterized by an early focal skin lesion, and subsequently a growing red area on the skin (erythema chronicum migrans or ECM). The disorder may be followed weeks later by neurological, heart or joint abnormalities. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lyme" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Measles is a highly contagious disease occurring primarily in children. This disease is characterized by fever, cough, acute nasal mucous membrane discharge (coryza), inflammation of the lining of the eyelids (conjunctivitis), a spreading rash, and eruption of small, irregular, bright red spots (Koplik's spots) on the inner cheeks in the mouth with a minute bluish or white speck in the center of each. Vaccination can prevent measles in children. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Measles" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Meningococcemia is an infectious disorder which begins abruptly with a sparse rash on the wrists, underarms (axillae), flanks and ankles. The rash may be preceded by mottled redness of the skin resembling discoloration typical of Typhoid Fever. Chills, joint and muscle pains (especially of the back and legs), tenderness of the soles of the feet, headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, and severe weakness may also occur. Skin spots may spread and join to form large areas, and may affect the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Rubella is a contagious viral disease characterized by swelling of lymph glands and a rash. If a pregnant woman becomes infected with Rubella during the early months of pregnancy, a spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or fetal abnormalities may result. The rash may resemble that of Measles and occurs after a fourteen to twenty-one day incubation period and a one to five day preliminary phase in children. The rash begins on the face and neck and quickly spreads to the trunk and extremities. At the onset of the eruption, a reddening similar to that of scarlet fever may appear. A slight fever usually accompanies the rash. Headache, loss of appetite, sore throat, and general discomfort (malaise) are more common in affected adults and teenagers than children. The disease can be prevented through vaccination. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Rubella" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Schonlein-Henoch Purpura is one of a group of blood vessel disorders characterized by purplish or brownish-red discolorations on the skin. These spots may be large or small. Internal bleeding may occur in various areas of the body. This disorder may affect the skin, joints, gastrointestinal system, kidneys, and in a very few cases, the central nervous system. Little is known about the cause of this form of purpura although it may be an allergic reaction which more often occurs in children than in adults. Some cases of Schoenlein-Henoch are characterized by joint disease without gastrointestinal problems and are termed Schoenlein's Purpura. Another form characterized by acute abdominal symptoms but without joint disease is known as Henoch's Purpura. This disorder runs a limited course with a good prognosis in most cases. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Schonlein" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (also known as TTP or Moschowitz Disease) is a very severe disease of unknown cause. In addition to discolored bleeding spots under the skin (purpura), signs of central nervous system involvement can occur. This is due to abnormal formation of filamented strands of protein (fibrin) or blood clots (thromboses) in the arterioles and/or capillaries in many organs of the body. Fever, hemolytic anemia, and excess urea in the blood (azotemia) also may occur. For more information on this disease, choose "TTP" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Q Fever is an infectious disease caused by a rickettisial organism (Coxiella burnettii) first identified in Queensland, Australia in 1935, which also occurs in the U.S. Symptoms do not include damage to blood vessel cells typical of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Fever, pneumonia, granulomatous hepatitis, and occasionally vegetative inflammation of the membrane lining the heart (endocarditis) occurs. This disorder may be transmitted by a tick bite, but is most often acquired by farm workers or meat handlers who inhale the organism from infected meat products or livestock. Sheep, goats or cattle may carry the infection without symptoms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Q Fever" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Boutonneuse Fever is a rickettsial infection usually transmitted by inhalation rather than by insects. This disorder is characterized by a sloughing of skin (eschar) at the site of a bite by an Ixodes tick, with an associated disease of the lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) in approximately fifty percent of diagnosed cases. It is followed a few days later by fever and generalized rash. This fever occurs most often in Africa, Asia, and in the Mediterranean basin.
Colorado Tick Fever is a viral infection transmitted by ticks prevalent in the western United States. Fever, headaches, muscle aches, and generalized discomfort characterize the illness, which resolves spontaneously. Onset occurs abruptly approximately five days after a tick bite, which usually occurs at moderate altitudes during spring or early summer. Flu-like symptoms may include chills, headache, increased sensitivity to light, muscle pains (especially in the back), fatigue, nausea, vomiting and lack of appetite. A slight reddish rash appears, and the spleen can become enlarged. Fever may rise sharply and require treatment. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Colorado Tick Fever" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
North Queensland Tick Fever is a mild form of tick typhus. It is caused by the rickettsial parasite Rickettsia australis and is thought to be transmitted by the Ixodes holocyclus tick. Sloughing of skin (eschar) at the site of the tick bite, lymph node disease (adenopathy), rash and fever occur.
South African Tick-bite Fever is a typhus-like fever of the South African area bounded by Capetown, Southern Rhodesia, and Mozambique. This disorder is usually characterized primarily by sloughing of skin (eschar) at the site of the tick bite, regional lymph node inflammation (adenitis), sudden chills with severe shivering (rigors), and a rash on the fifth day, often with severe central nervous system symptoms.
Israeli Rickettsial Spotted Fever is less severe than Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever because typical complications may not occur. Fever, rash on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet which may extend to the torso, muscle pain (myalgia), headache, enlarged spleen and liver occur in this disorder. Laboratory testing may reveal a left shift in the white cells, an abnormally low number of white blood cells in circulation (leucopenia), a reduction in the number of platelets in the blood, and/or impaired liver function.
Enteroviral Infections, Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses, disseminated Gonococcal infections, Staphylococcal Septicemia, or Pseudomonas Septicemia are other conditions which may be mistaken for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Early diagnosis and treatment are vital to avoid complications in this disorder.
Therapies: Standard
There is no vaccination to protect people from Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Public awareness of the signs and symptoms are very important. The only effective preventive measure is to search the body and remove ticks several times daily when ticks are active. This is because the tick has to be attached to the body for many hours to transmit the infection. The scalp, underarms and pubic regions of the body should be given special attention. Insect repellents can protect against tick bites, and should be used in infested areas.
If the diagnosis is not clear, a blood test may be recommended to confirm the presence of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the most effective tests for the diagnosis of this disorder include the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) test and the Indirect Hemagglutination (IHA) test. The antibiotic drug chloramphenicol is often recommended for children under the age of eight, whereas tetracycline hydrochloride may be more effective for older children or adults.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are currently studying a vaccine for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever involving cloned genetic products. More research is necessary to determine long-term effectiveness of this proposed vaccine.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Rd. NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER PRESENTING AS THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC
PURPURA: R.C. Turner, et al.; Am J Med (July 1986, issue 81 (1)). Pp. 153-157.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER: C.A. Kamper, et al.; Clin Pharm (February 1988, issue 7 (2)). Pp. 109-116.
SPOTTED FEVER: M.R. Milunski, et al.; Am J Med (October 1987, issue 83 (4)). Pp. 801-803.
THE SENSITIVITY OF VARIOUS SEROLOGIC TESTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ROCKY
MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER: J.E. Kaplan, et al.; Am J Trop Med Hyg (July 1986, issue 35 (4)). Pp. 840-844.
CLONED GENE OF RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII SURFACE ANTIGEN: CANDIDATE VACCINE
FOR ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER: G.A. McDonald, et al.; Science (January 2, 1987, issue 235 (4784)). Pp. 83-85.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1629-1634.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
407: Romano-Ward Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Romano-Ward Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
QT Prolongation without Congenital Deafness
QT Prolongation with Extracellular Hypokalemia
Surdocardiac Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Romano-Ward Syndrome is a genetic heart disorder. Symptoms usually begin during infancy or early childhood, although onset during adulthood is possible. Recurrent symptoms such as fainting, convulsive seizures and/or heart beat irregularities with chest pain may occur. Physical exertion, excitement or stress may trigger onset of symptoms.
Symptoms
Unexpected partial or total loss of consciousness accompanied by abnormal heart rhythms, associated with long Q-T intervals, are usually the first noticeable symptoms of Romano-Ward Syndrome. These symptoms tend to recur unexpectedly. The normal duration of one phase of electrical activity in the ventricles of the heart is referred to as the Q-T interval. When this interval is longer than normal, the heart beat may become slowed or beat with an irregular rhythm. Overexertion, excitement or stress may trigger these recurrent symptoms, although they often begin without any precipitating factors. The severity of attacks may vary. Some people may have a prolonged Q-T interval and/or mild chest pain with no loss of consciousness. Others may lose consciousness completely or have grand mal seizures followed by a period of disorientation.
Lowered potassium levels in the blood may also be symptomatic of Romano-Ward Syndrome. This deficiency may be linked to the heart beat irregularities.
Causes
Romano-Ward Syndrome is thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) Variable penetrance means that characteristics or symptoms of a particular disorder may not be manifested in all those who inherit the defective gene.)
Affected Population
Only approximately 155 cases of Romano-Ward Syndrome have been reported in the medical literature during this century. This extremely rare disorder appears to affect males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to Romano-Ward Syndrome. Comparison may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome is characterized by loss of consciousness due to heart beat irregularities and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Deafness, which is symptomatic of this disorder, does not occur in Romano-Ward Syndrome.
Therapies: Standard
In most cases, Romano-Ward Syndrome is treated with the drug propranolol. Surgical removal of certain nerves going to the heart, or a combination of surgical and drug therapy may help control heart beat abnormalities. Raising blood levels of potassium can also improve some symptoms. Genetic counseling may be of benefit to patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Treatment of Romano-Ward Syndrome with an implantable automatic cardioverter-defibrillator is being investigated in conjunction with antiarrythmic drug therapy. This device detects the abnormal heart beat automatically and selectively delivers an electrical impulse to the heart. Another implantable device, the QT-sensitive cybernetic pacemaker, is also being tested. This unit may be able to monitor heart rhythm and detect development of severe heart beat irregularities. Effectiveness and side effects of these implanted devices have not been fully documented and more extensive research is being pursued before their therapeutic value for Romano-Ward Syndrome can be evaluated.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Romano-Ward Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Heart Association
730 Greenville Avenue
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
PROLONGED Q-T SYNDROME (ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME). DESCRIPTION OF A CASE
DIAGNOSED IN INFANCY: V. Meschi, et al.; Pediatr Med Chir (Jan.-Feb. 1985, issue 7(1)). Pp. 131-136.
MANAGEMENT OF THE PROLONGED QT SYNDROME AND RECURRENT VENTRICULAR
FIBRILLATION WITH AN IMPLANTABLE AUTOMATIC CARDIOVERTERDEFIBRILLATOR: E.V.
Platia, et al.; Clin Cardiol (September 1985, issue 8(9)). Pp. 490-493.
THE QT-SENSITIVE CYBERNETIC PACEMAKER: A NEW ROLE FOR AN OLD PARAMETER?
P. E. Puddu, et al.; Pace (January 1986, issue 9(1 pt 1)). Pp. 108-123.
Romano-Ward Syndromec
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
595: Roseola Infantum
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Roseola Infantum) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Exanthem Subitum
Pseudorubella
Sixth Disease
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Atypical Measles Syndrome (AMS)
Measles (Rubeola)
Rubella (German Measles)
Scarlet Fever
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Roseola Infantum is an acute infectious disorder of infants or very young children. Characterized by high fever and the appearance of a red skin rash, this disorder may resemble Rubella after the fever has disappeared. Seizures may also occur.
Symptoms
The incubation period before symptoms of Roseola Infantum appear is approximately 5 to 15 days. A high fever begins abruptly and usually lasts for 3 or 4 days without an obvious identifiable cause. Convulsions are common during this period. Low levels of white blood cells (leukopenia) may occur by the 3rd day. The spleen may be slightly enlarged. The fever usually breaks on the 4th day, and a characteristic rash of red spots or elevated (macular or maculopapular) spots appears. This rash may cover the chest and abdomen, although it often appears in a mild form on the face and extremities. Temperature returns to normal at this stage, and the child usually feels and acts well. In some cases, the rash may be so mild that it goes unnoticed.
Causes
Roseola Infantum is caused by a viral infection related to the Herpes group of viruses.
Affected Population
Roseola Infantum usually affects children between 1 and 3 years of age. The disorder tends to occur most often in the spring and fall seasons. Minor epidemics in certain geographic areas have been reported.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Roseola Infantum. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Atypical Measles Syndrome (AMS) is most common among adolescents and young adults. This disorder was usually associated with prior immunization using the outdated killed measles vaccines, which are no longer in use. However, inoculation with live measles vaccine has also been known to precede development of AMS. Presumably, inactivated measles virus vaccines do not prevent mild virus infection and can sensitize patients so that disease expression is altered significantly. AMS may begin abruptly, with high fever, headache, abdominal pain, and coughing. The rash may appear one to two days after onset, often beginning on the extremities. Swelling (edema) of the hands and feet may occur. Pneumonia is not uncommon, and nodular dense areas in the lungs may persist for three months or longer.
Measles (Rubeola; Morbilli) is a highly contagious viral disease occurring primarily in children. The disease is characterized by fever, cough, acute nasal membrane discharge (coryza), inflammation of the lining of the eyelids (conjunctivitis), and eruption of small, irregular, bright red spots with a minute bluish or white speck in the center (Koplik's spots) on the inner cheeks or lips and a rash of elevated spots (maculopapular) spreading over the skin. Measles has become rare in the United States since the introduction of Measles vaccines. (For more information, use "Measles" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Rubella (German Measles) in children is a mild contagious viral disease characterized by swelling of lymph glands and a rash beginning on the face and neck which quickly spreads to the trunk and the extremities. If a woman contracts Rubella during the early months of pregnancy, a spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or birth defects in the infant may result. (For more information, choose "Rubella" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Scarlet Fever is an infection caused by bacteria that usually affects the mouth/throat area (pharynx), but may also affect the skin or birth canal. Patients may experience headache, abdominal pain, nausea, and a skin rash. A reddish flush may be apparent on the face, chest and extremities, accompanied by tiny red spots in some cases. The disease is much milder now than in the past, and complications are rare with proper treatment.
Therapies: Standard
Once a person is infected with Roseola Infantum, there is little to do other than let the disorder run its course, and make the patient as comfortable as possible. Medication to bring down the fever may be helpful in serious cases. However, the use of aspirin to treat viral diseases in children and young adults should be avoided because of the risk of Reye Syndrome, a rare but life-threatening condition. (For more information, choose "Reye" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Roseola Infantum, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Center for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN HERPESVIRUS-6 AS A CAUSAL AGENT FOR EXANTHEM SUBITUM: K. Yamanishi, et al.; Lancet (May 14, 1988: issue 1(8594)). Pp. 1065-1067.
ACUTE EXANTHEMS IN CHILDREN. CLUES TO DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL
DISEASE: C.A. Bligard, et al.; Postgrad Med (April 1986: issue 79(5)). Pp. 150-154, 159-167.
Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
694: Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Poikiloderma Congenitale Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ectodermal Dysplasias
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome is an inherited skin disorder characterized by an abnormal redness of the skin (erythema) caused by congested capillaries. Eventually these capillaries may become obstructed.
Symptoms
Most individuals with Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome have small stature. Scarring, irregular red coloring of the skin, and a wasting away of tissue are also common. Thirty-five percent of those with this syndrome are overly sensitive to sunlight (photosensitivity), and 52% develop juvenile cataracts.
Other symptoms may include underdeveloped teeth and nails, unusually small hands and feet, malformed or missing thumbs, sparse and prematurely gray hair, baldness, mental retardation, growth hormone deficiency, excessive thickening of the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (hyperkeratosis), and a weakening of the bones (osteoporosis).
Changes in the skin usually become apparent between the ages of three months and one year. Over the next few years, these changes progress toward a patchy, irregular discoloration of the skin. Cataracts tend to develop between the ages of two and seven years.
Causes
Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Seventy percent of reported cases of Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome are female. The number of reported cases is small which means there is no way to determine whether the disorder actually affects more females than males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Ectodermal Dysplasias are a group of hereditary, nonprogressive skin diseases characterized by eczema, poorly functioning sweat glands, sparse or abnormal hair follicles, abnormal or missing hair, disfigured nails and difficulties with the nasal passages and ear canals. Skin is satiny smooth, prone to rashes and slow to heal. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ectodermal Dysplasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome is directed at symptoms. Dentures may be required in patients who lose their teeth. Visual impairment due to cataracts may require surgery. Retarded growth may be treated with growth hormone releasing factor. The drug etretinate may be administered for facial lesions and uneven pigmentation. Argon laser treatment may be used to shrink extremely dilated capillaries (telangiectasias). Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias
P.O. Box 114
Mascoutah, IL 62258
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1175.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D.; W. B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 124-125.
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"Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
785: Roussy-Levy Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Roussy-Levy Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Charcot-Marie-Tooth-Roussy-Levy Disease
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (Variant)
Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy
HMSN I
Hereditary Areflexic Dysstasia
Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy I
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Dejerine-Sottas Disease
Hereditary Sensory Radicular Neuropathy
Refsum Syndrome
Friedreich's Ataxia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Roussy-Levy Syndrome is a rare genetic motor sensory disorder. Major symptoms may include a foot deformity (claw foot), muscle weakness, atrophy of the leg muscles and tremor in the hands.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Roussy-Levy Syndrome are similar to other hereditary motor sensory neuropathies in that there is weakness and atrophy of the leg muscles with some loss of feeling. People with this syndrome have difficulty walking and a lack of reflexes and deformity of the foot or feet (pes cavus). Roussy-Levy differs, however, from other hereditary motor sensory neuropathies because of the very early onset of the disorder during childhood and it's slowly progressive course. Roussy-Levy also has as one of it's characteristics a slight tremor in the hands. Even though the disorder begins in early childhood it may or may not cause disability.
Causes
Roussy-Levy is inherited through autosomal dominant genetic transmission. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Roussy-Levy is a rare disorder that affects both sexes in equal numbers. Onset is during early childhood.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Roussy-Levy Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease is an hereditary neurological disorder. It is characterized by weakness and atrophy of the legs and disappearance of the fatty shield surrounding the nerves. The most incapacitating initial symptom is "foot drop". The disorder has a gradual progression usually beginning in middle childhood through age 30. Symptoms of CMT may arrest spontaneously or it may continue to progress slowly. Patients may remain active for years. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Charcot-Marie-Tooth" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Dejerine-Sottas Disease is a hereditary neurological disorder which progressively affects mobility. It tends to begin suddenly, usually between ten and thirty years of age. Tingling, prickling or burning sensations are usually the initial symptoms. Weakness is commonly first noticed in the muscles of the back of the legs. This then spreads to the front leg muscles. Pain, loss of heat sensitivity, absence of reflexes and atrophy of leg muscles are further symptoms of Dejerine-Sottas Disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Dejerine-Sottas" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hereditary Sensory Radicular Neuropathy is a dominant hereditary disorder characterized initially by pain and loss of heat sensation in the feet and lower legs. Later the patient may have attacks of sharp pains throughout the body and weakness in the legs along with ulcers of the feet. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hereditary Sensory Radicular Neuropathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Refsum Syndrome is a rare recessive hereditary disorder of fat metabolism which is characterized by peripheral neuropathy, impaired muscle coordination (ataxia), eye problems, deafness, and bone and skin changes. It is associated with marked accumulation of phytanic acid in the blood plasma and tissues. The disorder may be due to the absence of phytanic acid hydroxylase, an enzyme needed for the metabolism of phytanic acid. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Refsum Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Friedreich's Ataxia is a hereditary syndrome characterized by slow degenerative changes of the spinal cord and the brain. Dysfunction of the central nervous system affects coordination of the muscles in the limbs. Speech can be affected and numbness or weakness of the arms and legs develops. This syndrome is the most common of the many different forms of hereditary ataxia and usually begins in childhood or during teenage years. It produces an unsteady gait, staggering, and lurching or trembling when standing or walking. In time tremors may occur in the hands or arms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Friedreich's Ataxia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Roussy-Levy Syndrome may include use of braces for the foot deformity or orthopedic surgery on the feet to correct the imbalance of the affected muscles. Genetic counseling may be of benefit to patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research is ongoing into possible new therapies for the hereditary motor sensory neuropathy disorders. For the most current information, please contact the agencies listed in the Resource section of this report.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Roussy-Levy Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Association
Crozer Mills Enterprise Center
601 Upland Ave.
Upland, PA 19105
(215) 499-7486
Charcot-Marie-Tooth International
34-B Bayview Drive
St. Catherines, Ontario
Canada L2N 4Y6
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. Pp.666.
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF PERIPHERAL NERVES FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF
CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH ATROPHY AND ROUSSY-LEVY HEREDITARY AREFLEXIC DYSSTASIA.
J Lapresal, Ann Med Interne (1980, issue 131 (7)). Pp. 397-400.
PROGRESSIVE ATAXIA AND DISTAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY--DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC
CONSIDERATIONS ON ROUSSY-LEVY SYNDROME., F. Aksu, et al;, Klin Padiatr (March-April 1986, issue 198 (2) ). Pp. 114-118.
ROUSSY-LEVY HEREDITARY AREFLEXIC DYSSTASIA. ITS HISTORICAL RELATION TO
FRIEDREICH'S DISEASE, CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH ATROPHY AND DEJERINE-SOTTAS
HYPERTROPHIC NEURITIS; THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE ORIGINAL FAMILY; THE
NOSOLOGIC ROLE OF THIS ENTITY., J. Lapresle, Rev Neurol (1982, issue 138 (12)). Pp. 967-978.
TREATMENT OF SEVERE CONCAVE CLUBFOOT IN NEURAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY., G.
Imhauser, Z Orthop, (November-December, 1984, issue 122 (6)). Pp. 827-834.
Roussy-Levy Syndrome
#pagetitle
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
274: Rubella
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Rubella) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
German Measles
Three-Day Measles
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Rubella is a contagious viral disease characterized by swelling of lymph glands and a rash. A pregnant woman infected with Rubella during the early months of pregnancy may develop an abortion, stillbirth or congenital defects in the infant. (For more information, see the article "Rubella" in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services.)
Symptoms
Rubella has a 14- to 21-day incubation period and a 1- to 5-day preliminary phase in children. The preliminary phase may be minimal or absent in adolescents and adults. Tender swelling of the glands in the back of the head, the neck and behind the ears is characteristic. The typical rash appears days after onset of these symptoms.
The Rubella rash is similar to that of measles, but it is usually less extensive and disappears more quickly. It begins on the face and neck and quickly spreads to the trunk and the extremities. At the onset of the eruption, a flush similar to that of scarlet fever may appear, particularly on the face. The rash usually lasts about three days. It may disappear before this time, and rarely there is no rash at all. A slight fever usually occurs with the rash. Other symptoms such as headache, loss of appetite, sore throat and general malaise, are more common in adults and teenagers than in children.
After-effects of Rubella are rare among children, although there have been cases of joint pain (arthralgia), sleeping sickness and blood clotting problems. Adult women who contract Rubella are often left with chronic joint pains. Encephalitis is a rare complication that has occurred during extensive outbreaks of Rubella among young adults serving in the armed services. Transient pain in the testes is also a frequent complaint in adult males with Rubella.
Causes
Rubella is caused by an RNA virus of uncertain classification (probably a toga-virus), and is spread by airborne droplet clusters or by close contact with an infected person. A patient can transmit the disease from 1 week before onset of the rash until 1 week after it fades. Congenitally infected infants are potentially infectious for a few months after birth. Rubella is apparently less contagious than measles, and many persons are not infected during childhood. As a result, 10% to 15% of young adult women are susceptible if they have not been vaccinated against the disorder. Many cases are misdiagnosed or go unnoticed.
Before the Rubella vaccine was developed, epidemics occurred at regular intervals during the spring. Major epidemics occur at about 6- to 9-year intervals. Once infected by Rubella, immunity appears to be lifelong.
Related Disorders
Measles, scarlet fever (scarlatina), secondary syphilis, drug rashes, erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), infectious mononucleosis, and echo-, coxsackie- and adenovirus infections must be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Rubella is clinically differentiated from measles by the milder rash that disappears faster, and by the absence of the small, irregular, bright red spots (Koplik's spots) on the mucous membranes inside of the cheeks and on the tongue, a running nose (coryza), the aversion to light and a cough. A patient with measles appears more sick and the illness lasts longer.
With even mild scarlet fever (scarlatina) there are usually more constitutional symptoms than in Rubella, including a severely red, sore throat. The white blood cell count is elevated in scarlet fever, but is usually normal in Rubella.
The rash and swollen lymph nodes (adenopathy) of Rubella can be simulated by secondary syphilis. However, the lymph nodes are not tender in syphilis and the rash appears bronze-like. If there is doubt, a quantitative serologic test for syphilis can be performed.
Infectious mononucleosis may also cause a Rubella-like swelling of lymph nodes and a skin rash, but can be differentiated by the initial lack of white blood cells (leukopenia) followed by an increase in white blood cells (leukocytosis). Many typical mononuclear cells appear in the blood smear, with appearance of antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus. In addition, the sore throat of infectious mononucleosis is usually prominent, and malaise is greater and lasts much longer than in Rubella.
A clinical diagnosis of Rubella is subject to error without laboratory confirmation, especially since many viral rashes closely mimic Rubella. Acute and convalescent serum should be obtained, if possible, for serologic testing. A 4-fold or greater rise in specific hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies confirms the diagnosis of Rubella.
Therapies: Standard
Prevention: The purpose of Rubella immunization programs is to prevent some of the catastrophes associated with congenital Rubella. All children between the ages of 15 months and puberty should be routinely vaccinated against Rubella. Women of childbearing age whose blood tests negative for hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies should be immunized. Conception should be prevented for at least 3 months after immunization.
Rubella requires little or no treatment. Middle ear infection (otitis media), a rare complication, is usually treated with penicillin G or V in patients over 8 years of age, and with ampicillin for those under 8.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Rubella, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control
1600 Clifton Road, N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
Rubella: Public Health Education Information Sheet: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation (1984).
Rubella
epi{
pagetitle
274: Rubella
04200.TXT
Copyright (C) 1986, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
276: Rubella, Congenital
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Congenital Rubella) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Expanded Rubella Syndrome
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Congenital German Measles
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Congenital Rubella is a syndrome which occurs when a fetus has been infected with the Rubella virus while in the uterus. It is primarily characterized by abnormalities of the cardiovascular system, the eyes and the hearing. Women who contract Rubella during pregnancy have a high risk of having a baby with Congenital Rubella.
Symptoms
As many as two thirds of infants with Congenital Rubella will be free of any abnormality at birth. The classic Congenital Rubella syndrome has been characterized by the combination of heart, eye and hearing defects, although infection and damage can occur in almost every organ system. Of the abnormalities most likely to be present at birth, cardiovascular defects are most common, such as underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of the pulmonary artery and the failure of closure of a duct connecting the pulmonary artery and aorta (patent ductus arteriosus). Low birth weight, inflammation of the bones (osteitis), enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), disease of the retina (retinopathy), and cataracts of the crystalline lens of the eye also occur frequently. Brain infection (encephalitis), an abnormally small head (microcephaly), swollen lymph glands (adenopathy), inflammation of the lungs (pneumonitis), jaundice, reduced number of blood platelets (thrombocytopenia), pinpoint purplish red spots due to bleeding in the skin (petechiae) or purpura, and anemia may also occur in babies with Congenital Rubella.
Congenital Rubella can be viewed as a chronic infection capable of producing progressive damage. Central nervous system abnormalities such as hearing loss, mental retardation, behavior problems and slowness in muscular development, are the frequent and significant clinical problems.
Most patients who are symptomatic, and many of those who lack signs of infection at birth, will develop some degree of hearing loss or psychomotor damage during early childhood.
(For more information on Congenital Rubella, see "Rubella" in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns section of NORD Services.)
Causes
Congenital Rubella can affect a fetus when a pregnant woman who is not immune to the virus contracts Rubella (German Measles). The baby may also be affected if the mother contracts Rubella immediately before conception.
Affected Population
Congenital Rubella is found in newborns and infants of mothers who were infected with Rubella immediately before or during the early months of pregnancy. The frequency of Congenital Rubella thus depends upon the number of women of childbearing age who are susceptible to the virus, and the frequency of Rubella infection in the community. Before the development of Rubella virus vaccine, epidemics of Rubella and Congenital Rubella occurred about every 6 to 9 years. During epidemic years Congenital Rubella infection was found (using serologic testing to identify nonsymptomatic cases) in as many as 2% of newborns; the rate of its presence at other times (the endemic rate) is 0.1%. Widespread use of Rubella vaccine in the United States has eliminated epidemics, but the endemic rate of congenital infection appears to be about the same.
Both the chance of transmission of Rubella to the fetus during pregnancy and the consequences of the infection to the unborn baby are related to the stage of development of the fetus at the time of maternal infection. Maternal infection during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy results in an infection rate in the fetus of about 50%. Subsequently the rate of transmission drops sharply to less than 10% by the 16th week of pregnancy. The proportion of infected fetuses with damage due to Rubella follows a similar pattern. With maternal Rubella at 8, 12, 13 to 20, and over 20 weeks of pregnancy, 85%, 50%, 15%, and 0% (respectively) of infected live-born infants will have Rubella-caused defects at birth or during early childhood.
Therapies: Standard
There is no treatment for maternal or Congenital Rubella infection. Therefore, prevention assumes paramount importance. It is most important to immunize all children with the goal of preventing epidemics. Children should receive Rubella immunization at 15 months of age, along with mumps and measles in a combined vaccine. Many authorities now recommend that a repeat Rubella immunization be given to 10-year-olds, because vaccine-induced immunity may not persist as long as naturally acquired immunity.
Women of childbearing age who are susceptible to Rubella (a serum test can establish the presence of the Rubella-antibody in their blood) should also be vaccinated. Care should be taken that they should not conceive for at least three months following the vaccination.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Congenital Rubella, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
RUBELLA; Public Health Education Information Sheet: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, 1984.
Rubella, Congenital
rupt'
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276: Rubella, Congenital
04201.TXT
Copyright (C) 1987, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
461: Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Rubinstein Syndrome
Broad Thumbs and Great Toes, Characteristic Facies, Mental Retardation
Broad Thumb-Hallux Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hallermann-Streiff-Francois Syndrome
Bird-Headed Dwarf of Seckel
Treacher Collins Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder usually recognizable at birth due to unusual facial features and abnormally wide thumbs and great toes. Mental retardation, small stature, excessive hair growth over the entire body (hirsutism), and various developmental abnormalities may occur. This disorder is not yet clearly distinguished from several other closely related disorders.
Symptoms
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome is present at birth. Major symptoms include a beaked nose, abnormally small skull, a narrow, prominent forehead, and broad thumbs and great toes. The roof of the mouth (palate) is unusually high and narrow. The ears may be low-set and possibly abnormal in shape. Mental retardation may be present. Additional abnormalities which may be exhibited by some patients include excessive hairiness (hirsutism), abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis), undescended testicles and/or an angulated penis in males, and congenital heart disease. Eye defects may include blocked or missing tear ducts, and/or eyes not looking in the same direction (strabismus). A small, irregularly-shaped pelvis, kidney, and lung defects may also occur in some individuals.
Feeding difficulties, respiratory problems, eye and ear infections, diarrhea, and chronic constipation are common occurrences. Regurgitation, vomiting, gagging, or choking are very common. With time, many patients with this disorder seem to outgrow these problems. Usually their health tends to improve greatly after approximately four or five years of age.
Causes
The exact cause of Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome is not known. Scientists believe it is inherited, although the exact mode of transmission has not yet been determined. It is possible that some cases may be caused by a genetic mutation affecting only one generation.
Affected Population
Since Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome was first described by Doctors Rubinstein and Taybi in 1963, more than 250 cases have been reported in the medical literature in the United States. According to one study, it may affect approximately one in 300 to 500 institutionalized persons with mental retardation in the United States. There is no estimate for the prevalence among non-institution patients. This disorder affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hallermann-Streiff-Francois Syndrome, also known as Mandibulo-Oculofacial Dyscephaly, is a syndrome characterized by bony abnormalities of the skull (calvaria), face, and jaw. Patients have a bird-like face with a narrow, curved nose, and a variety of eye defects including abnormally small eyeballs (microphthalmia), abnormally small corneas, and cataracts. A congenital loss of hair (Alopecia Areata) and thinned or absent eyebrows may also occur. This disorder is also called congenital sutural alopecia, progeria (premature aging) with cataract or with microphthalmia, oculomandibulodyscephaly, or Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hallermann" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Bird-Headed Dwarf of Seckel, also known as Nanocephaly, is a genetic disorder characterized by a low birth weight, a slender body, limited height, a beak-like nose, protrusion of the central face, receding chin, possible abnormalities of skin pigmentation, and excessive hair growth (hypertrichosis). Mental development rarely passes the five year old level, and males may have undescended testicles. (For more information on this disease, choose "Seckel" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Treacher Collins Syndrome, also known as Franceschetti-Zwahlen-Klein Syndrome or Mandibulofacial Dysostosis, is a genetic disorder marked by arrested development, and defective bone formation during the prenatal period. A bird-like or fish-like facial appearance may be accompanied by sunken cheek bones, a receding chin with a large wide mouth, low-set and possibly malformed ears, abnormal angle of the nose, abnormal tooth development, and prolongation of the hairline on the cheeks. Loss of hearing, fusion of joints in the limbs and spine, atrophy of thumbs and toes, possible mental retardation, and a defect of the lower eye lids (coloboma) may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Treacher" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Patients may benefit from services for mentally retarded individuals. Speech therapy, sign language lessons, or an alternative method of communication should be taught as soon as possible. Drugs or surgery may improve some associated symptoms. Antibiotics may be helpful to treat infections. Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Rubinstein-Taybi Parent Support Group
414 E. Kansas
Smith Center, KS 66967
(913) 282-6237
For case documentation of Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome patients:
Jack H. Rubinstein, Director
Cincinnati Center for Developmental Disorders
Cincinnati, OH 45229-2899
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME: FURTHER EVIDENCE OF A GENETIC AETIOLOGY: D.R.
Gillies, et al.; Dev Med Child Neurol (December 1985, issue 27(6)). Pp. 751-755.
DOMINANT INHERITANCE OF A SYNDROME SIMILAR TO RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI: P
Cotsirilos, et al.; Am J Med Genet (January 1987, issue 26(1)). Pp. 85-93.
RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME IN THE NEONATE: R. Gambon, et al.; Helv Paediatr Acta (August 1984, issue 39(3)). Pp. 279-283.
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
r sem
p pagetitle
461: Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
04202.TXT
`%\%Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
377: Russell-Silver Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Russell-Silver Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Silver-Russell Syndrome
Russell Syndrome
Silver Syndrome
Asymmetry-Dwarfism
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Achondroplasia
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Cornelia-de Lange Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Russell-Silver Syndrome is a growth disorder commonly thought of as a type of dwarfism. It can be diagnosed before birth. People with this disorder are often very short (although some may attain normal height in adulthood) and have shortened arms, small triangular-shaped faces and light brown spots on their skin. Intelligence is often normal although in some cases mental retardation may occur. Children may reach puberty earlier than usual. Some developmental abnormalities tend to improve with age.
In some cases of this disorder, organs are larger on one side of the body than the other (asymmetry). These cases are sometimes known as Silver Syndrome. Other cases involving normal sized organs on both sides of the body are sometimes known as Russell Syndrome. Therefore, patients may be diagnosed as having Russell Syndrome, Silver Syndrome, Russell Silver Syndrome or Silver Russell Syndrome.
Symptoms
Full term infants with Russell-Silver Syndrome are usually small at birth and may remain short throughout life. A small triangular face with corners of the mouth turned down and a prominent forehead are also initial signs of this disorder. Other symptoms may include unusually shortened arms, short incurved fifth fingers, light brown spots on the skin, webbing (syndactylism) of toes and/or failure of testes to descend into the scrotum (cryptorchidism). The head of people with this disorder is usually of normal size even though it appears to be large in comparison to the rest of the body.
Causes
The cause of Russell-Silver Syndrome is unknown although some medical researchers believe it may be inherited as either an X-linked or dominant trait with incomplete penetrance. Incomplete penetrance means the severity of the disorder is determined by the degree to which the gene defect has produced abnormalities. Other possible causes may include fetal disturbance at six to seven weeks gestation, or defects in the body's ability to manufacture or utilize human growth hormone.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Russell-Silver Syndrome begins during the gestation period and affects males and females in equal numbers. However, males are usually more severely affected than females.
Related Disorders
There are many different growth disorders that can cause dwarfism. Some of these disorders involve hormone imbalances while others are characterized by bone growth dysfunction. Following is information on a small number of growth disorders:
Achondroplasia is one of a group of growth disorders known as the osteochondroplasias. It is principally characterized by the failure of normal endochondral bone formation; i.e., there is a disturbance in the production and formation of the cartilage at the end of the long bones which inhibits the elongation of the bones. While it may be one of the most common forms of congenital bone disturbances present from birth, this disorder may not become apparent until failure of normal skeletal growth becomes obvious later in childhood.
Prader-Willi Syndrome is a complex, multi-system disorder diagnosed more often in males. Usually an affected infant will be born following a prolonged gestation period. The primary features of the disorder include infantile muscle weakness (hypotonia), failure to thrive, hypogonadism, and development of severe obesity with short stature and possible disturbances of intellectual and behavioral functioning.
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome is a growth disorder characterized by low birth weight, "normal" chromosome analysis, characteristic facial and skeletal defects, and some degree of mental retardation ranging from mild to profound. While not considered "hereditary", it carries a familial recurrence risk factor of 2-5%.
Turner Syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting females which is characterized by lack of sexual development, small stature, possibly mental retardation, a webbed neck, heart defects, and various other congenital problems. Individuals have an XO karyotype (i.e., they have neither the second X chromosome that characterizes females nor the Y chromosome of males), but they have a female appearance.
For more information on the above disorders, choose "Achondroplasia," "Prader-Willi," "Turner," and "Cornelia-de Lange" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Human Growth Hormone (HGH) is used for treatment of Russell-Silver Syndrome and other types of dwarfism. Some gains in overall body growth may occur with this therapy. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Russell-Silver Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Association for Children with Russell-Silver Syndrome
22 Hoyt Street
Madison, NJ 07940
(201) 377-4531
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
Parents of Dwarfed Children
11524 Colt Terrace
Silver Spring, MD 20902
Little People of America
P.O. Box 633
San Bruno, CA 94066
(415) 589-0695
International Center for Skeletal Dysplasia
St. Joseph Hospital
7620 York Rd.
Towson, MD 21204
(301) 337-1250
Short Stature Foundation
17200 Jamboree Rd., Suite J
Irvine, CA 92714-5828
(714) 474-4554
800-24 DWARF
Association for Research into Restricted Growth
2 Mount Court
81 Central Hill
London SE 19 1 BS
England
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
TREATMENT OF SILVER-RUSSELL TYPE DWARFISM WITH HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE: EFFECTS
ON SERUM SOMATOMEDIN-C LEVELS AND ON LONGITUDINAL GROWTH STUDIED BY
REEVALUATION OF RUSSELL-SILVER SYNDROME: R.A. Pagon, et. al.; J Pediatr (Nov. 1985, issue 107(5)). Pp. 733-737.
X-LINKED SHORT STATURE WITH SKIN PIGMENTATION: EVIDENCE FOR HETEROGENEITY
OF THE RUSSELL-SILVER SYNDROME: M.W. Partington; Clin Genet (Feb. 1986, issue 29(2)). Pp. 151-156.
Russell-Silver Syndrome
t, Sk&
n&pagetitle
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04171.TXT
Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
105: Reiter's Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Reiter's Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the synonyms and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Blennorrheal Idiopathic Arthritis
Arthritis Urethritica
Venereal Arthritis
Conjunctivourethrosynovial Syndrome
Feissinger-Leroy-Reiter Syndrome
Polyarthritis Enterica
Ruhr's Syndrome
Urethro-Oculo-Articular Syndrome
Waelsch's Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Reiter's syndrome is characterized by inflammation of the joints, urethra, and conjunctiva of the eye, and by lesions of the skin and mucosal surfaces. Symptoms do not necessarily appear simultaneously; they may alternate, and there may be spontaneous remissions and recurrences. The syndrome rarely disables its victims. It appears to result from abnormal immune response in association with exposure (usually sexual) to an infectious agent. It affects primarily men between the ages of 20 and 40 years.
Symptoms
Onset of Reiter's Syndrome is between 20 and 40 years of age. Urethritis is usually the first symptom to appear, often after a sexual encounter. Urethral symptoms may be so mild initially that they seem unremarkable until later symptoms suggest the diagnosis. More often, though, urination may be painful, there may be blood in the urine, and there may be a purulent discharge. Later genitourinary symptoms can include inflammation of the prostrate gland and/or seminal vesicles (but very seldom the epididymis or the testes), and of the bladder (cystitis). Cystitis may cause increased urinary frequency, pain, blood tinged urine, and in severe or prolonged cases, obstruction of the ureters, the passages leading from the kidneys to the bladder.
Other symptoms appear within 4 days to 4 weeks of the onset of urethritis. Arthritis usually has a sudden onset, affecting more than one joint. It is asymmetrical; joints of the legs and feet are involved most often; the hips and shoulders are almost never affected. Joints are warm, reddish, and painful. Although episodes of arthritis usually last at least 2 to 4 months, symptoms begin to subside within 2 to 6 weeks. Spontaneous remission often occurs within the first year, but some attacks last several years. In such cases, the involved joints may be permanently damaged. Tendons may also become inflamed.
Conjunctivitis normally last only a few days, and seldom longer than a month, although it commonly recurs. It is mild and affects both eyes. The eyes burn, itch, and may discharge a viscous mucous. Occasionally, the uvea, a layer of the eye that includes the iris and choroid, also becomes inflamed, with possible symptoms of increased sensitivity to light, glaucoma, cataracts, and blindness in severe cases. Similarly, the cornea may be involved (keratitis) with pain and irritability of the eye, tearing, increased light sensitivity, and the sensation that something is present in the eye.
Lesions of the skin and mucous linings occur on the penis (especially the glans), palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and in the mouth, urethra, and bladder. They cause little pain, and disappear quickly. Initially, they resemble small blisters, which then become eroded and reddish. Keratoderma blennorrhagica refers to lesions of the skin, as opposed to those of the mucosae; these lesions are scaly and crusty, eventually peeling off. They are found primarily on the hands, trunk, and arms. Mucocutaneous lesions leave no scars. The fingernails are often thick, opaque, and brittle, with dead skin accumulated underneath.
Rarely, patients develop heart abnormalities including an incompetent aortic valve. Nervous system abnormalities may include inflammation of nerves, meningitis, paralysis, and psychosis.
Laboratory findings include elevated levels of white blood cells in the blood and synovial fluids, and, frequently, the presence of an unusual cell marker, HLA-B27 antigen.
Causes
Reiter's syndrome usually makes its appearance after sexual exposure, although occasionally it follows an episode of acute diarrhea due to unknown causes. This, and the fact that many patients have an unusual cell marker (see section on Symptoms), suggests that the syndrome results from infection of genetically susceptible individuals with some infectious agent, probably shigella, or chlamydia or similar organisms.
Affected Population
Reiter's Syndrome predominantly affects men between the ages of 20 and 40 years.
Related Disorders
Arthritis with simultaneous urethritis due to gonorrhea may mimic some symptoms of Reiter's syndrome. Behcet's syndrome has similar symptoms of oral and genital ulcers and eye inflammation, and often arthritis, but the lesions are different from those in Reiter's syndrome.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Reiter's Syndrome is symptomatic. Antiinflammatory drugs such as aspirin, indomethacin, or phenylbutazone usually provide relief of arthritis. In severe cases, folic acid antagonists such as methotrexate, which act as immunosuppressants but can have serious side effects, may relieve symptoms. Corticosteroids are ineffective in this disorder. Urethritis may respond to tetracycline. Physical therapy may be useful during recovery from arthritis.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Reiter's Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
Petersdorf, Robert, G., et al, editors, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, tenth edition, pp. 1989-90. McGraw-Hill, New York: 1983.
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Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
691: Renal Agenesis, Bilateral
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Bilateral Renal Agenesis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Kidney Agenesis
Renal Agenesis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Oligohydramnios Sequence (Potter Syndrome)
Cat-Eye Syndrome
Fraser Syndrome
Melnick-Fraser Syndrome
MURCS Association
Rokitansky Sequence
Sirenomelia Sequence
Unilateral Renal Agenesis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Bilateral Renal Agenesis is the absence of both kidneys at birth. It is a genetic disorder characterized by a failure of the kidneys to develop in a fetus. This absence of kidneys causes a deficiency of amniotic fluid (Oligohydramnios) in a pregnant woman. Normally, the amniotic fluid acts as a cushion for the developing fetus. When there is an insufficient amount of this fluid, compression of the fetus may occur resulting in further malformations of the baby.
This disorder is more common in infants born of a parent who has a kidney malformation, particularly the absence of one kidney (unilateral renal agenesis). Studies have proven that unilateral renal agenesis and bilateral renal agenesis are genetically related.
Symptoms
Bilateral renal agenesis is characterized by the absence of kidneys and of urine in a baby. The face usually consists of wide-set eyes; a "parrot beak" nose; a receding chin, and large low set ears deficient in cartilage. Other symptoms may include excess and dehydrated skin, a prominent fold at the corner of each eye, the facial expression of an older infant, and deformities of the hands and feet.
Premature labor, breech delivery and a disproportionately low birthweight are often associated with bilateral renal agenesis. The baby may also have multiple malformations including in females the absence of a uterus and upper vagina, or in males an absence of seminal vesicles and spermatic duct. Gastro-intestinal malformations such as the absence of a rectum, esophagus and duodenum may also occur. Symptoms may further include the presence of only a single umbilical artery, and major deformities of the lower part of the body and the lower limbs.
Causes
Bilateral renal agenesis is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Bilateral renal agenesis tends to occur when at least one parent has a kidney malformation or the absence of a kidney (unilateral kidney agenesis).
Affected Population
Bilateral renal agenesis is found in male infants more frequently than females. It tends to occur in the children of parents having kidney abnormalities. It is a very rare disorder.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Bilateral Renal Agenesis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Oligohydramnios Sequence (Potter Syndrome) is characterized by an insufficient level of amniotic fluid. It may be caused by the absence of urinary output by the fetus or by chronic leakage of fluid from the amniotic sack.
Cat-Eye Syndrome (Coloboma of Iris-Anal Atresis Syndrome), is a disorder which is characterized by a fissure in the iris of the eye and the absence of an anal opening. Other abnormalities may include renal agenesis.
Fraser Syndrome (Cryptophthalmos Syndrome) is a genetic disorder in which the infant is born with sealed eyelids and incomplete development of the sexual organs.
Melnick-Fraser Syndrome (Branchio-Oto-Renal Syndrome) is a genetic disorder characterized by hearing loss and kidney malformations, including renal agenesis.
MURCS Association (Mullerian Duct, Renal and Cervical Vertebral Defects) is a rare disorder characterized by malformation of the vertebrae, and absence of a vagina and kidneys.
Rokitansky Sequence is a disorder in which the vagina and uterus are incompletely formed.
Sirenomelia Sequence results in the growth of a single lower extremity. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sirenomelia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Unilateral Renal Agenesis is the presence of only one kidney at birth.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of bilateral renal agenesis is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research into the cause of renal agenesis is ongoing, with the hope of identifying the gene that causes this birth defect.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on this Bilateral Renal Agenesis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Kidney Foundation
2 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 889-2210
(800) 622-9010
American Kidney Fund
6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010
Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 881-3052
(800) 638-8299
(800) 492-8361 (MD)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-3585
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 749-750.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 572-573.
Renal Agenesis, Bilateral
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
685: Renal Glycosuria
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Renal Glycosuria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Renal Glucosuria
Primary Renal Glycosuria
Congenital Renal Glycosuria
Diabetes, True Renal
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Diabetes Mellitus
Fanconi's Syndrome
Hypophosphatemic Rickets
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Renal Glycosuria is a rare metabolic disorder in which the body excretes abnormal amounts of sugar into the urine. One type of renal glycosuria may be related to defects of the renal (kidney) tubes that cause an excess of amino acids (aminoaciduria) and an accumulation of acids (acidosis). Blood sugar levels are usually low or within normal limits despite high levels of glucose in the urine. In most cases symptoms can be controlled with a proper diet.
Symptoms
There are two types of Renal Glycosuria. Primary Renal Glycosuria is a separate disorder that occurs without any apparent functional or structural abnormalities of the kidney. It tends to occur in pregnant women and disappears after childbirth. Congenital Renal Glycosuria is a rare inherited disorder characterized by the intestines' inability to absorb glucose (sugar) and galactose (milk-sugar), and an excessive amount of sugar in the urine. It is present at birth and may cause severe diarrhea. Since the primary symptom of Renal Glycosuria is excessive amounts of sugar in the urine, other diagnostic testing such as a Fasting Blood Sugar Test and a Glucose Oxidase Test must be done to differentiate this disorder from Diabetes Mellitus.
Causes
The exact cause of Renal Glycosuria is unknown. It is known to be a metabolic disorder, believed to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Some scientists believe it may precede the onset of Diabetes Mellitus, but this has not been proven.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of 2 genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be the carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five per cent. Fifty per cent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Glycosuria is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. There is a higher incidence of the disorder in women during pregnancy, with the symptoms subsiding after delivery. Some patients with severe renal (kidney) failure, will also have Renal Glycosuria.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Renal Glycosuria. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Diabetes Mellitus is a common disorder in which the body does not produce enough insulin and is, therefore, unable to convert nutrients into the energy necessary for daily activity. Abnormal levels of sugar appear in the blood and urine. The disorder affects females and males approximately equally. Although the causes of diabetes mellitus are not known, genetic factors seem to play a role. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Diabetes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Fanconi's Syndrome usually accompanies some other disease, most commonly the inherited metabolic disease, cystinosis. It is characterized by abnormal renal proximal tubular function, particularly defective reabsorption of glucose, phosphates, amino acids, bicarbonate, water, potassium and sodium. The Fanconi Syndrome may result from drug toxicity, renal transplantation, multiple myeloma and other malignancies, amyloidosis, certain other hereditary amino acid syndromes, and certain toxins. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Fanconi" and "Cystinosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hypophosphatemic Rickets (Phosphate Diabetes), is a rare genetic form of Rickets characterized by impaired transport of phosphate in the body, combined with diminished Vitamin-D metabolism in the kidneys. Additionally, calcium and phosphate are not absorbed properly in the intestines which can lead to softening of the bones. Major symptoms include skeletal changes, weakness and slowed growth. Cases affecting females are usually less severe than those affecting males. One rare acquired form of this disorder may be associated with a benign tumor. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hyophosphatasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Since Renal Glycosuria is a not a progressive disorder, treatment may not be necessary. Since patients may lose an excessive amount of sugar with this disorder, fasting should be avoided since in theory it could lead to abnormally low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia). Infants with Renal Glycosuria who have severe diarrhea must be treated with appropriate medications to avoid dehydration. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Renal Glycosuria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Kidney Foundation
2 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 889-2210
(800) 622-9010
American Kidney Fund
6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010
Rockville, MD 20852
(800) 638-8299
(800) 492-8361 (In MD)
(301) 881-3052
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301)468-6344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 971.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th Ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1806.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 880-881.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 2, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D. ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1982. Pp. 1047.
COMPLETE ABSENCE OF TUBULAR GLUCOSE REABSORPTION; A NEW TYPE OF RENAL
GLUCOSURIA. B.S. Oemar et al.; CLIN NEPHROL, (March 1987; 27(3)). Pp. 156-160.
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!Copyright (C) 1989, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
611: Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
ARDS
Shock Lung
Wet Lung
Pump Lung
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Bronchial Asthma
Pneumonia
Emphysema
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Infant
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a lung disorder caused by direct injury to the lungs or acute illness. Major symptoms may include breathing difficulties (dyspnea), rapid breathing (tachypnea), excessively deep and rapid breathing (hyperventilation) and insufficient levels of oxygen in the circulating blood (hypoxemia).
Symptoms
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome often occurs in conjunction with other illnesses and is characterized by the inability to breathe properly. Mechanical ventilation, surgical insertion of a breathing tube (tracheotomy) or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is usually necessary to aid in breathing. The patient can neither breathe in or out sufficiently enough to clear the lungs. Secondary conditions may occur resulting in pneumonia, or other infections. Chronic lung disease, multiple organ system failure and irreversible respiratory dysfunction may also occur.
Causes
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome is caused by acute illness or injury that either directly or indirectly affects the lungs. Some of the conditions are: direct chest injury (trauma), prolonged or profound shock (depression of the body's vital signs), blockage (embolism) of the airways in the lungs, heart bypass surgery, oxygen poisoning, blood poisoning, or acute bleeding (hemorrhagic) inflammation of the pancreas and bacterial or viral pneumonias.
Affected Population
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome can affect persons of any age who suffer acute injury or illness affecting the lungs.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Bronchial Asthma is a common respiratory disease marked by many different causes, airway irritability, and airway inflammation. Most of these problems are treatable. Asthma affects 2 to 6 percent of the U.S. population. It usually begins before the age of ten in about one-half of all patients and occurs twice as often in males as in females.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Symptoms such as fever, cough, large amounts of mucous production (sputum), fluid in the space surrounding the lungs (pleurisy) and/or chills occur. Chest pain, headache, diarrhea, sore throat and fever blisters may also develop. Shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, decreased exercise tolerance and night sweats are characteristic. Pneumonia frequently occurs in middle-aged to older adults with various underlying diseases. However, it can occur in persons of all ages, statistically most often in winter and early spring. Pneumonia can be caused by various bacteria, viruses, and other infectious agents.
Emphysema is characterized by abnormal difficulty in breathing upon exertion. As the disease advances it becomes more and more difficult for the patients to breathe. In advanced stages, breathing even at rest is difficult. The patient becomes thin and malnourished-appearing with a barrel-shaped chest, and appears to be in respiratory distress even during mild exertion as indicated by noisy expulsion of air. The causes of Emphysema may include air pollution, smoking, occupational exposure to mineral dusts, vegetable dusts and fibers. Regularly inhaled fumes and gases, infection and heredity may also play an important part in the development of Emphysema. The disease may progress even with intensive treatment and after stopping smoking. However, one hereditary type of Emphysema (alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency) is treatable with the orphan drug Prolastin (For more information on this disorder, choose "Alpha-1-Antitrypsin" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Infant, also called Hyaline Membrane Disease of the Newborn, is characterized by respiratory distress seen especially in premature babies. A clear membrane is found lining the alveolar spaces in the lungs and is associated with reduced amounts of lung wetting agents or emulsifier (surfactant). The surfactant is a lipoprotein that stabilizes alveolar volume. When this surfactant is missing the affected infant must be placed on some type of ventilator. Recently new drugs are being developed to aid the infant in breathing. Surfactant TA is an orphan drug under development by Ross Laboratories, a division of Abbott Laboratories. Human Surf is a second orphan drug being developed by Dr. T. Allen Merritt of the University of California Medical Center, in San Diego. More research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of the therapies on new born infants. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome includes the use of mechanical ventilation, physical ventilation (PEEP) and surgical insertion of a breathing tube (tracheotomy). Treatment of secondary infections includes use of antibiotics and surgical drainage of closed space infections. Infection is the most serious complication in the ARDS patient because it frequently leads to spread of bacteria throughout the body with low blood pressure and multiple organ failure with extremely serious complications. Careful infection control measures are recommended for those in contact with patients. Treatment is deemed successful when the patient no longer needs mechanical assistance for breathing.
Therapies: Investigational
Two drugs, Ketoconazole (antifungal) and Prostaglandin (a natural hormone), are being investigated for use in treating Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome to prevent secondary infection. More research is necessary to determine long-term effectiveness of these treatments.
The use of the orphan drug, colfosceril palmitate, cetyl alcohol, tyloxapol, trade name Exosurf, is being tested in the treatment of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The drug is sponsored by: Burroughs Wellcome Co., 3030 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
NIH/National Heart, Blood & Lung Institute (NHBLI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 612, 614, 618, 1537.
KETOCOAZOLE PREVENTS ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE IN CRITICALLY ILL SURGICAL
PATIENTS. G.J. Slotman, et al.; J Trauma (May, 1988, issue 28 (5)). Pp. 648-654.
ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS. II
MANAGEMENT. J. Royall, et al.; J Pediatr (March, 1988, issue 112 (3)). Pp. 335-347.
PULMONARY EXTRACTION AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF PROSTAGLANDIN E1 DURING CONTINUOUS INTRAVENOUS INFUSION IN PATIENTS WITH ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
SYNDROME. J.W. Cox, et al.; Am Rev Respir Dis (January, 1988, issue 137 (1)). Pp. 5-12.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult
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$Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
618: Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Infant
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Infant) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
IRDS
Hyaline Membrane Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
Pneumonia
Bronchial Asthma
Emphysema
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a lung disorder which tends to affect premature infants. Major symptoms include difficulty in breathing and collapsed lungs which may require mechanical ventilation or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP).
Symptoms
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome is characterized by diminished oxygen intake in the premature newborn. A clear membrane is found lining the alveolar (air cell) ducts in the lungs and is associated with reduced amounts of lung wetting agents or emulsifier (surfactant). The surfactant is a lipoprotein based on lecithin that stabilizes alveolar membranes. When this surfactant is missing, breathing is difficult and may lead to collapse of a lung. The affected infant must be placed on some type of ventilation, either mechanical or physical, in order to continue breathing.
Causes
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome is caused by the absence of a natural lung wetting agent (surfactant) in the immature lungs of infants. Since surfactant normally develops late in prenatal life it usually is not present in the very premature infant of about 26-36 weeks of gestational age. This can result in improper functioning of the alveoli (air cells) of the lungs causing breathing difficulties and collapsed lungs.
Affected Population
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome affects male and female premature infants in equal numbers. Among approximately 250,000 infants born prematurely each year in the United States, up to 50,000 will have IRDS which will kill approximately 5,000 of them. Due in large part to the use of surfactants beginning in 1989, infant mortality rates in the United States have dropped from 9.7 per 1,000 births in 1989 to 8.9 per 1,000 births in 1991.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome, although they tend to affect older children or adults:
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a lung disorder caused by direct injury to the lungs or acute illness. It often occurs in conjunction with other illnesses and is characterized by the inability to breathe properly. Mechanical ventilation, surgical insertion of a breathing tube (tracheotomy) or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is usually necessary to aid in breathing. Secondary complications may occur resulting in pneumonia, blood poisoning (sepsis) or other infections. Chronic lung disease, multiple organ system failure and irreversible respiratory dysfunction may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis is a rare lung disorder characterized by breathing difficulty that gradually becomes more severe, especially following exertion. The air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are filled with a granular material (phospholipid) consisting mostly of protein and fat. Certain cells called macrophages, that usually swallow inhaled particles in the lung alveoli, can be found in the phospholipid material. This disorder may spread throughout the lungs or be confined to a small area. It may progress, remain stable, or spontaneously clear. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Pneumonia is marked by excessive accumulation of fluid in the lungs due to an infection. Symptoms such as fever, cough, large amounts of mucous production (sputum), fluid in surrounding the lungs (pleurisy) and/or chills occur. Chest pain, headache, diarrhea, sore throat and fever blisters may also develop. Shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, decreased exercise tolerance and night sweats are characteristic. Pneumonia occurs frequently in middle-aged to older adults with various underlying diseases. It can occur in persons of all ages, statistically most often in winter and early spring. Pneumonia can be caused by various bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Bronchial Asthma is a common respiratory disease due to many different causes, airway irritability of unknown causes, and airway inflammation. Most of these problems are treatable. Asthma affects 2 to 6 percent of the U.S. population. It usually begins before the age of ten in about one-half of all patients and occurs twice as often in males as in females.
Emphysema is characterized by abnormal difficulty in breathing upon exertion. As the disease advances it becomes more and more difficult for the patients to breathe. In advanced stages, breathing even at rest is difficult. The patient becomes thin and malnourished-appearing with a barrel-shaped chest, and appears to be in respiratory distress even during mild exertion as indicated by noisy expulsion of air. Lack of elasticity in lung tissue obstructs the airflow during exhalation. There is loss of lung tissue with abnormally enlarged air spaces. The causes of Emphysema may include air pollution, smoking, occupational exposure to mineral dust, vegetable dusts and fibers. Regularly inhaled fumes and gases, infection and heredity may also play an important part in the development of Emphysema. The disease may progress even with intensive treatment and after stopping smoking. However, one hereditary type of Emphysema (Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency) is treatable with the orphan drug Prolastin. (For more information on this disorder, choose "alpha-1-Antitrypsin" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome consists of mechanical or physical breathing assistance such as positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Exosurf Pediatric is a synthetic lung surfactant which was approved for use in August of 1990 by the FDA for treatment of Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The treatment consists of a single dose given 30 minutes after birth to high risk infants. This synthetic form of lung surfactant is manufactured by Burroughs Wellcome.
Survanta developed by Abbott Labs is another pediatric surfactant which is derived from bovine tissues. There is also great improvement in the infants treated with this product.
Surfactant TA and Human Surf have both been approved by the FDA for treatment of Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
Therapies: Investigational
New drugs are being developed to replace the missing surfactant in the lungs of infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
A new orphan drug is being tested in the treatment of premature infants weighing less than 1500 grams. Recombinant Human Super-Oxide Dismutase is manufactured by Bio-Technology General Corp. and is for treatment to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the premature infant.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
NIH/National Heart, Blood & Lung Institute (NHBLI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 576.
CHANGES IN PULMONARY MECHANICS AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION OF SURFACTANT TO
INFANTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; J.M. Davis, et al.; N Engl J Med (August 25, 1988, issue 319 (8)). Pp.476-479.
PULMONARY SURFACTANT REPLACEMENT IN RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME. D.
Vidyasagar, et al.; Clin Perinatol (December, 1987, issue 14 (4)). Pp. 991-1015.
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF EXOGENOUS SURFACTANT FOR THE TREATMENT OF
HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE. J. D. Gitlin, et al.; Pediatrics (January, 1987, issue 79 (1)). Pp. 31-37.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Infant
&pagetitle
618: Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Infant
04176.TXT
Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
288: Restless Legs Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Restless Legs Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Ekbom syndrome
Wittmaack-Ekbom syndrome
Anxietas Tibialis
Hereditary Acromelalgia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Restless Legs Syndrome is a hereditary neurological disorder characterized by unusual sensations felt in the legs, usually at night. These feelings cause the patient to constantly move the feet and legs in order to relieve the unbearable sensations. The disorder can be hereditary or it may be a complication of alcoholism, iron deficiency anemia, pregnancy, or diabetes.
Symptoms
Attacks of Restless Legs syndrome usually begin when the person's legs are at rest, such as when going to bed or sitting still. Deep discomfort occurs between the knee and the ankle. Aching and a sensation of crawling (paresthesias) in the legs occur. Sudden muscle jerks (myoclonic jerks) may also take place. Myoclonic jerks occur in many healthy people just before they fall asleep, but in people with Restless Legs Syndrome they can occur more frequently and while the person is wide awake.
The aching and crawling sensations in the legs of people with this syndrome precipitate constant movement of legs and feet in order to relieve the uncomfortable feelings. It is difficult to fall asleep as a result of these symptoms, and once asleep the patient can be awakened by the symptoms.
Like many neurological disorders, psychological stress can exacerbate symptoms.
Causes
Restless Legs Syndrome can be a type of "neuropathy" which is a malfunction of peripheral nerves. (For more information on neuropathy, choose "neuropathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) The syndrome is often associated with chronic alcoholism, iron deficiency anemia, pregnancy, or diabetes. Some scientists suggest that Restless Legs Syndrome may reflect a mild defect in the way sleep is organized by the brain. In about one-third of cases, this disorder is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50%
Affected Population
Onset of Restless Legs syndrome usually occurs during adolescence, and in people of both sexes. The syndrome is usually chronic. It often occurs in people with alcoholism, anemia, diabetes, or women who are pregnant.
Related Disorders
Myoclonus is shock-like contractions of muscles, or a group of muscles. These jerky movements sometimes can be precipitated by loud noises or sudden lights. (For more information on this disorder, choose "myoclonus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome is symptomatic. Sometimes relief can be obtained through the application of cold compresses. The anticonvulsant drug clonazepam, the anticonvulsant and analgesic drug carbamazepine, and low doses of a combination of L-dopa and carbidopa have been reported to be effective in treating this disorder in some patients. If the disorder is inherited, genetic counseling may be of help to patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on Restless Legs Syndrome is being conducted by Drs. Arthur Walters and Wayne Hening. Physicians may contact them at:
Dept. of Neurology, CN 19 UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Medical School New Brunswick, NJ 18903
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Restless Legs Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Restless Legs Syndrome Support Group
806 River Rd.
Orange Park, FL 32073
(904) 264-5712
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 6th ed: Victor A. McKusick, ed.; Johns Hopkins University Press (1983), p. 11.
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL HEALTH LETTER: RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME: (August 1987, Vol. 12, No. 10). P. 2-3.
Restless Legs Syndrome
pagetitle
288: Restless Legs Syndrome
04177.TXT
CzCCopyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
21: Retinitis Pigmentosa
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Retinitis Pigmentosa) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
RP
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Acanthocytosis
Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome
Choroideremia
Refsum Syndrome
Usher Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is one of a group of inherited visual disorders that causes the degeneration of the retina of the eyes. Vision gradually decreases and may eventually be lost. Retinitis Pigmentosa can be associated with deafness and other malfunctions, central nervous system and metabolic disorders, and chromosomal abnormalities.
Symptoms
Retinitis Pigmentosa usually begins as night blindness followed sometime later by tunnel vision. Symptoms are generally noticed between the age 10 and 40. The rate and extent of progression are widely variable. When other members of a family are affected, the rates of progression are usually similar within that family.
Some individuals with Retinitis Pigmentosa are also born deaf (Usher syndrome Type I), or hearing-impaired (Usher syndrome Type II). For more information on Usher Syndrome, see the "Related Disorders" section of this report.
Causes
Most cases of Retinitis Pigmentosa are isolated, but this disorder may be inherited as a recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked genetic trait. At least 32 systemic disorders show some type of retinal involvement similar to Retinitis Pigmentosa.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
At least 32 systemic disorders show some type of retinal involvement similar to Retinitis Pigmentosa.
In 1989, mutations on the long arm of chromosome 3 were shown to be associated with 20 percent of families who have autosomal dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa.
The gene responsible for early-onset autosomal dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa is thought to be different from the gene that causes late-onset Retinitis Pigmentosa. It is hoped that this knowledge will lead to discovery of chromosome markers or genes that cause other types of Retinitis Pigmentosa.
Affected Population
Retinitis Pigmentosa affects 1 in 3,000 to 5,000 people in the United States.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Acanthocytosis is an inherited blood disorder characterized by the presence of malformed red blood cells (acanthocytes) in the circulating blood. This disorder usually begins in the first year of life and is characterized by an impaired ability to coordinate movement (ataxia), Retinitis Pigmentosa and the malabsorption of fat in the digestive system. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Acanthocytosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by a decrease in the efficiency of the testes or ovaries (hypogonadism), Retinitis Pigmentosa (degeneration of the retina of the eyes), mental retardation, more than the normal number of fingers (polydactyly), and obesity. Obesity is one of the earliest signs of this disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Laurence-Moon-Biedl" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Choroideremia is an inherited vision disorder characterized by extensive defects in the pigmented surface layer of cells in the eye (peripheral retinal epithelium). The major symptoms of this disorder include a progressive loss of the central field of vision and night blindness during childhood. Choroideremia usually affects males; female carriers may have mild symptoms without loss of vision. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Choroideremia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Refsum Syndrome is a slowly progressive inherited disorder of fat (lipid) metabolism that is characterized by the accumulation of phytanic acid in the blood and tissues. The four major features of this disorder are Retinitis Pigmentosa, peripheral neuropathy, impaired ability to coordinate movement (ataxia) and the elevation of protein in the cerebrospinal fluid. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Refsum Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Usher Syndrome is a group of inherited disorders characterized by night blindness and the loss of vision similar to that seen in Retinitis Pigmentosa, in association with congenital hearing impairment. This syndrome is considered to be separate from other forms of Retinitis Pigmentosa. The two forms of Usher Syndrome are distinguished by the severity of the symptoms and the age at onset. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Usher Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Retinitis Pigmentosa has no cure at the present time. In cases where cataracts significantly interfere with vision, it may be advisable to remove them surgically. Whether or not surgery helps to improve vision often depends on how far the retinal changes have advanced.
Various vision aids help people to make the maximum use of their remaining vision. The visual aids include optical aids such as Corning and NOIR glasses, the Fresnel Prising telescopes, microscopes and night vision devices.
There are other non-optical aids that may be useful for patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa. These include the Wide Angle Mobility Light, paper guides, large print typewriters and adjustable stands. The Apollo Laser and Visualtek closed-circuit television may be of assistance in some cases. There are also reading machines and talking computers that can enhance the quality of life for those patients whose vision is severely impaired by Retinitis Pigmentosa.
Affected relatives should be examined to determine the pattern of inheritance, the basis for diagnosis, prognosis and genetic counseling.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers at the Cullen Eye Institute of the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas are studying inherited retinal diseases including Usher Syndrome (Types I and II). Families with at least two affected members and both parents living are needed to participate in this program. Other disorders being included in the study are Leber's Congenital Amaurosis, Macular Degeneration and Polymorphic Macular Degeneration, Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome, and Rod Monochromacy (Complete Congenital Achromatopsia). Other inherited retinal disorders of interest to the Baylor researchers include blue cone monochromacy (Congenital Incomplete X-linked Achromatopsia), Choroideremia, the Oculo-Cerebro-Renal Syndrome of Lowe, Hereditary X-linked cataracts, and other hereditary diseases with significant visual impact.
At the present time, scientists investigating the orphan drug Cronnassial as a possible treatment for some symptoms of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Physicians who would like more information on this treatment may contact:
Fidia Pharmaceutical
1775 K Street, NW
Suite 800
Washington, D.C. 20006
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Retinitis Pigmentosa, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Retinitis Pigmentation Foundation Fighting Blindness
1401 Mt. Royal Avenue, 4th Floor
Baltimore, MD 21217
(800) 638-2300
(301) 225-9400
TDD (301) 225-9409 (for the deaf)
NIH/National Eye Institute (NEI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
For services to blind people, please contact:
American Council of the Blind, Inc. (ACB)
1211 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 506
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 833-1251
(800) 434-8666
The American Council of the Blind is a national membership organization dedicated to improving living conditions of the blind and visually impaired. The council provides legal services and periodic training workshops, conducts legislative activities, and maintains 16 occupational and special interest affiliates, as well as 51 state affiliates. Their monthly publication is entitled "The Braille Forum."
American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)
1010 Vermont Ave., Suite 1100
New York, NY 10011
(212) 393-3666
American Foundation for the Blind provides information and services in the areas of rehabilitation, orientation and mobility, employment, low vision, legislative issues, aging, children and youth, radio information services, recreation, education and research. Many catalogs, informational brochures are free. The Foundation also publishes books, monographs and periodicals in print, recording, and braille. They manufacture and record talking books as well as develop, manufacture and sell aids and appliances for blind and visually impaired people.
American Printing House for the Blind
P.O. Box 6085
Louisville, KY 40206-0085
(502) 895-2405
The American Printing House for the Blind produces educational aids and literature for the visually impaired, braille and talking book editions of several magazines, braille books, music and large-type texts. They also manufacture special educational aids for the blind and visually impaired as well as maintain a reference catalogue service for students.
National Association for Parents of the Visually Impaired (NAPVI)
3329 Northaven Road
Dallas, TX 75229
(214) 358-1995
The National Association of Parents of the Visually Impaired is a non-profit membership organization comprised of agencies and parents dedicated to providing support to families with children who have visual impairments. They develop local and state groups and workshops. They also function as a national clearinghouse for information, referral and education.
National Association for Visually Handicapped (NAVH)
305 East 24th Street
New York, NY 10010
(212) 889-3141
or
3201 Balboa Street
San Francisco, CA 94121
(414) 221-3201
The National Association of Visually Handicapped is as association providing youth and adult services, large print publishing, library services, visual and audio information, public and professional education and special services to senior citizens. They also serve as an advocate for partially sighted, and offer demonstration and pilot programs for youth in San Francisco. There are adult discussion and counseling programs in San Francisco and New York, and a Career Planning/Job Seeking Workshop in New York.
National Federation of the Blind (NFB)
1800 Johnson Street
Baltimore, MD 21230
(301) 659-9314
(800) 638-7518 (Job Opportunities for the Blind)
The National Federation of the Blind is a membership organization with state and local chapters providing information concerning rights of the blind, program development, and job opportunities for the Blind (an employment placement and training program). The Federation publishes "The Braille Monitor" on a monthly basis as well as other publications. Advocacy and legal representation are provided through the Federation. Local projects are underway to improve conditions for visually impaired people.
National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped
Library of Congress
1291 Taylor Street, NW
Washington, DC 20542
(202) 287-5100
The National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped heads a national network of 160 cooperating libraries housing extensive collections. They lend braille books, talking books and magazines and also publish regular catalogues which may be obtained as recorded audio tapes, as large printed text, or in braille. They also provide talking-book machines and accessories as well as large print music and recorded music instructional material. All material is free on loan and no postage is required. The user must be certified by a professional authority as unable to read standard print material because of visual or physical impairment.
Recording for the Blind, Inc. (RFB)
215 East 58th Street
New York, NY 10022
(212) 751-0860
Recording for the Blind provides recorded educational textbooks to visually, physically and perceptually handicapped students at all grade levels, and also to professionals. There are over 58,000 titles in the library catalogue. This organization has 5,000 specially trained volunteers and 28 recording centers. Their services are free to medically certified registered borrowers.
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 2234.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2236, 2292-3.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 974-975.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1485-1486.
CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, 2nd Ed.; Jack J. Kanski, Editor; Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990. Pp. 372-374.
MOLECULAR GENETICS OF RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA, D.B. Farber et al.; West J Med (Oct 1991; 155(4)): Pp. 388-399.
Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
289: Retinoblastoma
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Retinoblastoma) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Retina, Glioma
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Retinoblastoma is a very rare, congenital malignant tumor that develops in nerve cell layers of the eye.
Symptoms
Retinoblastoma is usually diagnosed before the age of 2 years when the eyes squint or cross (strabismus), or when a gray to yellow reflex from the pupil ("cat's eye") is investigated. Both eyes must be carefully investigated ophthalmoscopically with the pupils widely dilated.
The tumors appear to the examining physician as gray-yellow elevations on the retina. The beginning of tumors (tumor "seeds") may be visible in the vitreous body of the eye. In some, calcification in the tumors can be detected radiographically, especially with a CT scan.
Causes
Although most Retinoblastomas appear sporadically, about 20% are transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) "Incomplete penetrance" means that the severity of the disorder is determined by the degree to which the defect has produced abnormalities.
Retinoblastoma occurs frequently in patients with D group chromosomal abnormalities.
If a child inherits a gene predisposing it to get Retinoblastoma, a second event must take place before Retinoblastoma occurs. The nature of this second event is unknown, but research is underway to determine which factors (e.g. environmental triggers such as a virus) can precipitate onset of this disorder.
Recently, scientists isolated a gene (on chromosome number 13) that appears to prevent retinoblastoma. Researchers have cloned or pinpointed the first of a class of genetic switches, called recessive oncogenes, that normally keep cancer from occurring.
Experts believe there are two kinds of oncogenes: those that cause cancer by their presence, and those that cause it by their absence. Both types are mutant or incomplete versions of ordinary genes that normally regulate cell growth. One kind is dominant and causes out-of-control growth (cancer). Recessive oncogenes normally limit or stop the growth of cells. When they are lost, cells can proliferate wildly, causing cancer. When the normal gene is present, they appear to prevent cancer from developing. This genetic discovery is potentially very important in the understanding of many types of cancer.
Affected Population
Retinoblastoma occurs in one in every 15,000 to 30,000 live births. It represents about 2% of childhood malignancies. It occurs in both eyes in about 30% of cases.
Children face a high risk of getting rare forms of bone cancer (osteosarcoma) and eye cancer (retinoblastoma) if, through some inherited mix-up, they are born without a complete copy of a certain type of gene, called recessive oncogene. Retinoblastoma is the most common form of eye cancer in children, affecting approximately five hundred children in the United States. Because the same gene is involved in both disorders, youngsters who get retinoblastoma appear to be susceptible to osteosarcoma.
Therapies: Standard
When Retinoblastoma occurs in one eye, it is usually managed by excision of the tumor and eye (enucleation) and removal of some of the optic nerve. In cases where both eyes are affected, the more involved eye often is enucleated and the other eye may be treated by photocoagulation, cold therapy (cryotherapy), radiation, or systemic antimetabolites. Often a combination of these treatments is used. Ophthalmological reexamination of both eyes is usually required at about 2-month intervals. Radiologic surveys for bony metastases and studies of spinal fluid and bone marrow for malignant cells, may be conducted until all viable tumor is destroyed. Siblings and other family members should also be examined.
Therapies: Investigational
Genetic probes (synthetic genes) that seek out their natural counterparts in human genetic material, can locate individual genes within the 50,000 to 100,000 human genes that control the human body's functions. Currently such probes are being used experimentally on newborn babies who may be genetically predisposed to Retinoblastoma. This procedure may lead to earlier diagnosis, and perhaps help to determine which factors serve to precipitate onset of the disorder in genetically susceptible children.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Retinoblastoma, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
New England Retinoblastoma Support Group
603 Fourth Range Rd.
Pembroke, NH 03275
(603) 224-4085
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
RETINOBLASTOMA AND CANCER GENETICS (Editorial); F. Gilbert: New England Journal of Medicine, 314 (19): May 5, 1986. Pp. 1248-9.
Retinoblastoma]
pagetitle
289: Retinoblastoma
04179.TXT
Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
327: Retinopathy, Arteriosclerotic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Arteriosclerotic Retinopathy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Arteriosclerosis, Retina
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Arteriosclerotic Retinopathy is a series of changes in the retina that are caused by arteriosclerosis. It is characterized by bleeding in the retina, thick fluid oozing from the retina, impaired oxygenation of the retina, an abrupt reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle which may cause dying off of tissue (myocardial infarction), and hardening of the walls of the little arteries (arterioles) in the eye. These degenerative changes can cause vision impairment.
Symptoms
In Arteriosclerotic Retinopathy the opening (lumen) of the little arteries (arterioles) in the retina is irregular. The retina is the layer of the eyeball that contains the light sensitive nerve cells. This layer also contains a large number of little blood vessels. This disorder causes thickening of the arterial walls which in turn causes the arterioles to become contorted.
Flame shaped or pinpoint spots of bleeding may also occur, although they are apparent only during examination of the eye with an ophthalmoscope. The retina may show oozing of thick liquid, and dying tissue (necrosis) in certain spots. The place where the optic nerve enters the retina (optic disk or papilla) as seen by the ophthalmologist, may be blurred. The retina may become detached, and arterial spasm may occur. Eventually internal bleeding or clotting (thrombosis) of the central vein and withering away (atrophy) of the retina may result, which can cause progressive vision impairment.
Causes
Arteriosclerotic Retinopathy usually occurs as a result of progressive hardening of the blood vessels by calcification and loss of elastic tissue (arteriosclerosis). Arteriosclerosis is a general term which includes a number of blood vessel diseases such as fatty degeneration of the arteries (atherosclerosis), and may also include changes in the shape of the arteries. With age, the blood vessels often become more contorted and less elastic. Certain biochemical, physical and environmental factors, known as risk factors may predispose an individual to arteriosclerosis.
Affected Population
Arteriosclerotic Retinopathy affects persons with fatty degeneration (atherosclerosis), and hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis). This type of Retinopathy usually affects people over age 50 years
Related Disorders
Hypertensive Retinopathy is a syndrome of changes in the retina caused by hypertension. It is characterized by progressive changes in the little arteries (arterioles) of the eye and swelling (edema), resulting in vision impairment. (For more information, choose "hypertensive retinopathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Papilledema (Choked Disk) is a swelling (edema) of the portion of the retina where the optic nerve enters the eyeball. The swelling is due to increased pressure inside the skull that may be caused by a variety of conditions.
Therapies: Standard
Therapy for Arteriosclerotic Retinopathy consists of treating the underlying arteriosclerosis. An excess of lipids in the blood (hyperlipidemia) can be prevented by changes in dietary habits. Fat intake should be reduced, and saturated fats should be replaced with polyunsaturated fats. The intake of cholesterol, saturated and short-chain fatty acids (such as those in meats or dairy products), should be reduced. Weight reduction to normal, or even slightly under current statistical norms, is recommended. Drugs may be required in certain patients to reduce blood cholesterol and lipids.
Prevention of arteriosclerosis is possible by good control of diabetes when present, and by weight loss if obesity is a factor. Cigarette smoking may also aggravate arteriosclerosis and should be limited or stopped. Regular exercise may be a helpful therapeutic measure. Hypertension should be identified and treated early.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Arteriosclerotic Retinopathy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
Eye Research Institute of the Retina Foundation
20 Staniford Street
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 742-3140
American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)
1010 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 1100
New York, NY 10011
(202) 393-3666
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Ave.
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-530
References
CURRENT MEDICAL INFORMATION AND TERMINOLOGY, 5th ed: Asher J. Finkel, et. al., eds; American Medical Association, 1981. Pp. 392, 2011.
Retinopathy, Arteriosclerotic
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1989, 1992, National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
316: Retinopathy, Diabetic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of this article (Diabetic Retinopathy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
Type II Diabetes (Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Diabetic Retinopathy is a disorder of the light sensitive tissue of the eye (retina) caused by diabetes. This condition is characterized by pathologic changes in the blood vessels of the retina. Unchecked, it may lead to visual impairment or blindness.
Symptoms
In Diabetic Retinopathy the retina becomes damaged as a consequence of diabetes. The tiny blood vessels of the retina undergo pathologic changes. During the earliest stages of this retinopathy no changes are visible to the ophthalmologist. Sometimes diabetes can also cause a change in the focusing power of the eye.
Untreated, this condition can lead to vision impairment or blindness. (For more information, choose "Diabetes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database, and see related articles in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns section of NORD Services (rdb-4.)
Causes
The earliest changes in the retina of diabetic people involve a reduction in blood flow and velocity. Later, in more advanced stages of Diabetic Retinopathy these changes can evolve into significantly increased blood flow along with development of physical abnormalities within the small vessel network of the retina.
Affected Population
Approximately 40% of all people with diabetes show at least mild signs of Diabetic Retinopathy. About 3% of patients with diabetes have suffered severe visual loss and blindness because of this disorder.
Related Disorders
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough insulin. The disorder, which affects more females than males, is hereditary. (For more information on this disorder, choose Insulin-Dependent Diabetes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Type II Diabetes (Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) is the more common form of the disorder. Also known as Adult Onset Diabetes, it usually occurs after the age of 40 years. This type of diabetes is not secondary to other diseases or conditions. In many cases, the disorder can be controlled through diet, and, sometimes, with oral medication (e.g. Diabenese, or chlorpropamide), and regular exercise.
For more information on diabetes, choose "diabetes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database, and see related articles in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services.
Therapies: Standard
Normalization of glucose levels in diabetic patients can help reverse changes in the small blood vessels of the eye. It is vital that people with diabetes have regular medical and ophthalmologic checkups to avoid onset of Diabetic Retinopathy. If normal glucose levels can be maintained, this complication of diabetes may be avoided.
Treatment with a laser can reduce the risk of visual loss from Diabetic Retinopathy in many cases. During this treatment, called photocoagulation, powerful beams of light from a laser are aimed at many spots on the diseased retina. In most cases, this treatment can interrupt the disease process and prevent the development of additional retinal abnormalities. Some patients may experience unwanted side effects such as decreased central and side vision.
Therapies: Investigational
In case of massive bleeding inside the eye, ophthalmologists can remove the blood and scar tissue from the center of the eye with special surgical instruments. This experimental procedure is called vitrectomy. In some cases vision may improve enough for patients to move around unaided, and occasionally to resume reading or driving. However, more research is needed to determine the longterm effects of this procedure on Diabetic Retinopathy.
Additionally, investigations with a new drug, sorbinil, are underway to establish if the drug can prevent eye and nerve damage in diabetics who do not yet have retinopathy.
Clinical trials are underway to study suppression of Growth Hormone and IGFI with Octreotide for prevention of progression of Diabetic Retinopathy. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Maria Grant, M.D.
J-226
Shands Teaching Hospital
Jay Hillis Miller Health Center
University of Florida
Gainsville, FL 32601
(904) 392-2613
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Diabetic Retinopathy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Diabetes Association
National Service Center
1660 Duke St.
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 549-1000
(800) ADA-DISC
Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International
60 Madison Avenue, 4th Floor
New York, NY 10010
(212) 889-7575
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5583
American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)
1010 Vermont Ave., Suite 1100
New York, NY 10011
(202) 395-3666
National Association for the Visually Handicapped
305 East 24th Street, Room 17-C
New York, NY 10010
(212) 889-3141
Vision Foundation, Inc.
2 Mt. Auburn Street
Watertown, MA 02172
(617) 926-4232
Eye Research Institute of Retina Foundation
20 Staniford St.
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 742-3140
References
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 85-2171: Diabetic Retinopathy.
Retinopathy, Diabetic
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
328: Retinopathy, Hypertensive
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hypertensive Retinopathy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Papilledema
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hypertensive Retinopathy is a syndrome of changes in the retina caused by high blood pressure (hypertension). It is characterized by progressive changes in the little arteries (arterioles) of the eye and swelling (edema), resulting in impairment of vision.
Symptoms
During the early stages of Hypertensive Retinopathy, constriction of the arterioles of the retina occurs. As the disease progresses, superficial flame-shaped hemorrhages and spots that look like cotton wool (white or grey foci) appear in the eye. During the latter stages of the disorder, the optic disc, as seen by ophthalmoscopic examination, may appear to be slightly blurred or swollen (papilledema).
Causes
Hypertensive Retinopathy occurs as a result of high blood pressure over a long period. In some cases it may occur in pregnant women (eclampsia or preeclampsia).
Affected Population
Hypertensive Retinopathy affects persons with chronic essential hypertension. If untreated, the blood pressure usually rises with age and the retinopathy tends to become more severe up to the age of 50 years. Severe hypertensive retinopathy is more common in the black population.
In Hypertensive Retinopathy in pregnant women (Eclampsia or Preeclampsia), the incidence is usually higher in women of African ethnic heritage, persons from lower socioeconomic groups, persons in the southeastern part of the United States, and people who live in the Philippines.
Related Disorders
Papilledema (Choked Disk) is a swelling (edema) of the portion of the retina where the optic nerve enters the eyeball. The swelling is due to increased pressure inside the skull that may be caused by a variety of conditions.
Therapies: Standard
Therapy for Hypertensive Retinopathy consists of treating the underlying hypertension with antihypertensive drugs. If the blood pressure can be kept under control, this condition may not develop or be reversed.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hypertensive Retinopathy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
Eye Research Institute of the Retina Foundation
20 Staniford Street
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 742-3140
American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)
1010 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 1100
New York, NY 10011
(202) 393-3666
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Ave.,
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
References
MERCK MANUAL OF DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY: Robert Berkow, et al, eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 392, 2011.
Retinopathy, Hypertensive
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2Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
517: Retinoschisis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Retinoschisis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Congenital Retinal Cyst
Congenital Vascular Veils in the Retina
Giant Cyst of the Retina
Vitreoretinal Dystrophy
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Retinoschisis, Typical (Blessig Cysts; Iwanoff Cysts; Peripheral Cystoid Degeneration of the Retina)
Information on the following disease may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Macular Degeneration
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Retinoschisis means splitting of the eye's retina into two layers. The various forms of this disorder can be inherited or acquired. The disorder is characterized by a slow progressive loss of parts of the field of vision corresponding to the areas of the retina which have become split. Often, Retinoschisis is associated with the development of saclike blisters (cysts) in the retina.
Symptoms
Retinoschisis is characterized by splitting of the eye's retina into two layers, accompanied by the formation of cysts. The disorder occurs in the following forms:
Typical Retinoschisis: This form of the disorder usually occurs among males who are farsighted (hyperopic). Frequently, splitting of the retina occurs in both eyes symmetrically. Splitting may begin in the lower or upper quarter of the retina located toward the temples. Vision is impaired correspondingly. To an ophthalmologist looking into the eye with an ophthalmoscope, the lesion appears as a thin, transparent, veil-like membrane extending up as a dome into the glass-like inside of the eyeball (vitreous). This membrane contains the blood vessels of the retina and often has small white dots (opacities). Defective vision in bright light (hemeralopia) may also occur. The progression of splitting and vision loss often stops for many years. However, in some cases the progression may occur faster.
Senile Retinoschisis: This form of the disorder is similar to Typical Retinoschisis but it usually occurs in older patients, often without apparent symptoms. Both eyes are affected in 90% of cases. Symptoms may develop because of the flowing together (coalescence) of peripheral sacs (Blessig Cysts; Iwanoff Cysts). In the early stage, the cystic space is spanned by thin grey fibers which gradually break. This allows the inner and outer leaves of the retina to separate, forming an elevated cyst. In Senile Retinoschisis, the split may extend all the way around the edge of the retina. However, it does not usually progress to the back of the retina and may remain unchanged for many years.
Juvenile Retinoschisis: This form of the disorder is the most serious type of Retinoschisis. It is a slowly progressive genetic disorder occurring among young males. Splitting of the retina often extends back over the area near the center of the visual field (macula). Retinoschisis may affect the center of the macula (called the "fovea"), which is the area of clearest vision. In the early stages, the areas of the retina that are splitting often exhibit large holes in the anterior leaf between blood vessels, and if breaks develop in both the front and the back layer of the retina, a true retinal detachment may occur causing loss of parts of the field of vision. A completely blind area (scotoma) with a sharp edge in the area where splitting (schisis) occurs is evident in the patient's visual field. The recording of electric impulses from the eye's retina (electroretinogram; or ERG) shows waves which are markedly lower than normal, but not obliterated. Patients with Juvenile Retinoschisis often have cystic macular degeneration which causes additional loss of vision.
Causes
Typical Retinoschisis is usually an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. Senile Retinoschisis is usually an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. Juvenile Retinoschisis is a sex-linked hereditary disorder. Acquired cases of Retinoschisis occur with aging for unknown reasons.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Affected Population
Typical Retinoschisis usually occurs in young males who are farsighted.
Senile Retinoschisis usually affects persons in their 50's, 60's or 70's. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Juvenile Retinoschisis is a rare disorder, affecting only boys. However, there are very rare exceptions which occur when a girl is born to a mother who is a carrier of the disorder and an affected father. This form of the disorder is present at birth, and symptoms progress with time.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder may be similar to those of Juvenile Retinoschisis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Macular Degeneration is a common hereditary disorder of the eye's retina characterized by a gradual bilateral decrease of vision. Macular degeneration can be a static condition for many years but then it becomes slowly progressive. An area of impaired vision (central scotoma) within the visual field, surrounded by a peripheral area of normal vision, is also symptomatic of this disorder. A vision disturbance in which shapes seem distorted or changing (metamorphopsia) can also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Macular Degeneration" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Retinoschisis can be made through various tests:
Measuring visual acuity with the Snellen chart, the patient is asked to look through a pinhole to determine where on the retina a lesion may exist.
Ultrasonography or ultrasound may show abnormalities when a hemorrhage has occurred in the eye.
A recording of the electrical impulses emitted by the retina in response to light stimulus (electroretinogram; ERG) can be made. These ERG's can indicate abnormalities of the retina.
A Visual Evoked Response (VER) measures slow electric potentials from the brain cortex in response to light stimulation. The VER depends on the integrity of the entire visual system from the cornea to the occipital part of the brain's cortex. The VER is a good objective test to detect the function of the macular portion of the retina which controls central vision.
Electro-oculography (EOG) is another electrophysiological test to determine the function of the retina, mainly the nerve cells that respond to light stimuli (receptors). A photographic picture made with an ophthalmoscope of the back portion of the inside of the eyeball (fundus) is another way to gather information about the retina. When a child cannot tolerate the dilation of the eye's pupil and the bright light used for some of these tests, general anesthesia may be necessary.
Typical and Senile Retinoschisis usually do not require medical treatment.
In children with Juvenile Retinoschisis, when bleeding occurs within the eyeball, keeping the eye still helps to settle the blood. Later, treatment with laser or cold (cryotherapy) can be applied to close off the damaged area of the retina. It is imperative to avoid jarring the head or inflicting injury to the eye to slow down the degenerative process of Juvenile Retinoschisis. With treatment, the person with Juvenile Retinoschisis usually retains functional vision.
Genetic counseling is recommended for families of children with Juvenile Retinoschisis.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Retinoschisis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Association for Macular Diseases
210 East 64th Street
New York, NY 10021
(212) 605-3719
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
National Association for the Parents of the Visually Impaired, Inc.
(NAPVI)
P.O. Box 180806
Austin, TX 78718
(512) 459-6651
National Association for the Visually Handicapped
305 East 24th Street
New York, NY 10010
(212) 889-3141
Eye Research Institute of Retina Foundation
20 Staniford Street
Boston, MA 20114
(617) 742-3140
Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness
1401 Mt. Royal Avenue, 4th Floor
Baltimore, MD 21217
(301) 225-9400
(800) 638-2300
Vision Foundation, Inc.
818 Mt. Auburn Street
Watertown, MA 02172
(617) 926-4232
(800) 852-3029 (within MA)
American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)
15 W. 16th St.
New York, NY 10011
(212) 620-2000
Regional offices:
Atlanta, GA (404) 525-2303
Chicago, IL (312) 245-9961
Dallas, TX (214) 352-7222
San Francisco, CA (415) 392-4845
American Council of the Blind, Inc. (ACB)
1155 - 15th St., NW, Suite 720
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 467-5081
(800) 424-8666
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1236-1237.
DEGENERATIVE RETINOSCHISIS WITH GIANT OUTER LAYER BREAKS AND RETINAL
DETACHMENT: J.M. Sulonen, et al.; American Journal Ophthalmol (February 15, 1985: issue 99(2)). Pp. 114-121.
INDICATIONS FOR VITRECTOMY IN CONGENITAL RETINOSCHISIS: J. Schulman, et al.; British Journal Ophthalmol (July 1985: issue 69(7)). Pp. 482-486.
X-LINKED RETINOSCHISIS IS CLOSELY LINKED TO DXS41 AND DXS16 BUT NOT DXS85: T. Alitalo, et al.; Clin Genet (September 1987: issue 32(3)). Pp. 192-195.
VASCULARIZED VITREOUS MEMBRANES IN CONGENITAL RETINOSCHISIS: D.F.
Arkfeld, et al.; Retina (Spring 1987: issue 7(1)). Pp. 20-23.
Retinoschisis
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1988 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
231: Retrolental Fibroplasia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Retrolental Fibroplasia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article
Synonyms
Retinopathy of Prematurity
RLF
ROP
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Retrolental Fibroplasia is a bilateral eye disorder characterized by abnormality of the retinal vessels. It occurs in premature infants with immature retinas who are exposed to oxygen in an incubator, and possibly to bright lights. The degree of sight impairment appears to be relative to the oxygen levels in incubators. Oxygen levels of 30% or more can cause more severe vision impairment.
Symptoms
Infants affected with Retrolental Fibroplasia are born prematurely, usually weighing less than 1500 gram (about 3 lbs.) at birth and are consequently placed in incubators. If too much oxygen is fed into the incubator, it results in initial constriction of the retinal blood vessels. Then obliteration of the small blood vessels occurs, especially in the temporal retinal periphery. This may be followed by the formation of new blood vessels. If severe, fibrovascular invasion of the vitreous or glass-like body of the eyeball, and retinal detachment may result. If mild, the abnormal vessels may regress and retention of useful vision is possible. Delayed scar changes occur in some infants during the first year, resulting in dragging of the retinal vessels and macula into a temporal retinal fold. Nearsightedness (myopia) is common. Other associated problems include glaucoma, retinal detachment (which causes blindness), or mental retardation (due to premature birth).
Causes
Retrolental Fibroplasia is caused by a premature infant's exposure to oxygen when blood vessels in the retina are already damaged or too immature. Other factors such as bright lights and even the oxygen normally present in the atmosphere may cause damage to the retina and therefore impair the infant's sight.
Affected Population
Retrolental Fibroplasia causes vision loss in approximately 2,600 American infants annually, and blindness in approximately 650. Premature infants who are exposed to a high concentration of oxygen after birth may develop Retrolental Fibroplasia. This condition affected numerous children born during the 1950's. After the cause was discovered, hospitals have reduced the amount of oxygen given to babies in incubators. As a result, the incidence of the disorder was significantly reduced.
Therapies: Standard
Careful monitoring of the amount of oxygen used in the incubator is needed to minimize the incidence of Retrolental Fibroplasia as a complication of prematurity. The lowest concentration necessary for maintenance should be used. The ocular danger increases as the oxygen concentration is increased beyond 30%. An ophthalmologist should be consulted not only by the neonatologist, but also in later years so that long-term complications can be diagnosed and treated.
A recently developed surgical procedure called open sky vitrectomy is used to repair a damaged or detached retina in an infant with Retrolental Fibroplasia. Extra small instruments have been developed for this surgery at the Eye Research Institute of Retina Foundation in Boston. This procedure is currently 38% successful.
For evaluation of visual function, tests have been developed to measure the electrical responses made by the retina, the optic nerve, and the visual centers in the brain. The visually evoked response (VER), is evoked by changing light patterns. The electrical signals sent to the brain during this response are measured and registered in an electroretinogram.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers are investigating cryotherapy as a possible treatment for Retrolental Fibroplasia. Cryotherapy requires physicians to apply a probe cooled to minus eighty degrees Celsius (minus 179 degrees Fahrenheit) to the white area of the eye at points in front of the normal tissue line. The probe destroys cells at 50 or so points and forms a ring of scar tissue to prevent further abnormal growth of blood vessels. Researchers do not fully understand why freezing part of the undeveloped retina of the eye helps normal development. More testing is necessary to determine long-term effects of the treatment.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Retrolental Fibroplasia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
National Association for Parents of the Visually Impaired, Inc.
P.O. Box 180806
Austin, TX 78718
(512) 459-6651
National Association for the Visually Handicapped
305 East 24th Street, Room 17-C
New York, NY 10010
(212) 889-3141
Eye Research Institute of Retina Foundation
20 Staniford St.
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 742-3140
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 2297.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1854.
Retrolental Fibroplasia
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849: Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article Retroperitoneal Fibrosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the Synonym listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Idiopathic Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
Ormonds Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Carcinoid Syndrome
Scleroderma
Vasculitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis is a rare disorder in which there is a formation of fiber-like tissue behind the membrane that lines the cavity of the abdomen (peritoneum). This abnormal tissue growth usually affects the tubes that carry the urine from the kidney to the bladder (ureters). Often these tubes are blocked by the excess tissue. In most cases the cause of this disorder is unknown.
Symptoms
The most common symptom of Retroperitoneal Fibrosis is pain in the lower back or abdomen. In many cases this pain is vague and difficult to localize.
Other symptoms may be weight loss, fever, nausea, a low level of red blood cells (anemia), and loss of appetite. Impaired movement of a limb may occur intermittently and yellow pigmentation of the skin (jaundice) may be present.
Occasionally there may be bleeding in the stomach and intestine.
In about ten percent of the cases there may be difficulty urinating.
Upon examination by a physician, a mass can be felt in the rectum or abdomen in about fifteen percent of patients with this disorder.
In some patients the largest vein in the body that returns blood to the heart (inferior vena cava) may be encased by the fibrous tissue. This encasement rarely causes obstruction of the vein.
Complications of Retroperitoneal Fibrosis may be high blood pressure (hypertension) as well as blood vessel blockage. In some rare cases Retroperitoneal Fibrosis may become malignant.
Causes
The exact cause of Retroperitoneal Fibrosis is not known in about two-thirds of the patients. A drug used in the treatment and prevention of migrane headaches (methysergide) may be the cause of this rare disorder in twelve percent of the cases. Malignant tumors are associated with Retroperitoneal Fibrosis in eight percent of the patients. Tissue that has been injured by trauma or surgery may be a factor in some cases.
Affected Population
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis affects males twice as often as females. Seventy percent of the patients with this disorder are in their fifth to seventh decade of life. Retroperitoneal Fibrosis can affect children but it is very rare.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Retroperitoneal Fibrosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Carcinoid Syndrome is a rare, malignant disorder that affects the small bowel, pancreas, and/or stomach. Slow growing tumors can spread to the lungs, liver and ovary. Symptoms of this disorder may include flushing, diarrhea, wheezing, stomach pain, and blockage of arteries. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Carcinoid " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Scleroderma is a group of chronic disorders characterized by fiber-like tissue growth (fibrosis), degenerative changes, and vascular abnormalities of the skin. Scleroderma is the hardening and shrinking of the connective tissues of any part of the body. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Scleroderma" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Vasculitis is an inflammation of the blood vessel system which includes the veins, arteries and capillaries. This disorder may occur alone or in conjunction with allergic and rheumatic diseases. Symptoms of this disorder may be formation of blood clots, weakening of vessel walls, muscle pain, joint pain, fever, weight loss, loss of appetite, abdominal pain and shortness of breath. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Vasculitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Retroperitoneal Fibrosis depends on the location and extent of the tissue growth.
Surgery is often very successful in freeing an organ that has been constricted by Retroperitoneal Fibrosis. Steroid drug therapy may be used along with surgery, or in patients who are at high risk if surgery is performed.
In other cases this disorder can subside on it's own with no treatment needed.
Therapies: Investigational
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis has been treated successfully with the drug Azathioprine in a few cases. Another drug, Progesterone, has been used in Latin America for the treatment of Retroperitoneal Fibrosis. More research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of these experimental treatments.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Retroperitoneal Fibrosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
203-746-6518
National Kidney Foundation
2 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
212-889-2210
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
P.O. Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
301-468-6344
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, Editor-In-Chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 455-56.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. P. 273.
IDIOPATHIC RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS--IS SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE A MARKER OF
DISEASE ACTIVITY: I.G. Barrison, et al.: Postgrad Med J; (Mar 1988, issue 64(749)). Pp. 239-41.
NON-OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS: P.M. Higgins, et al.: Br J Surgery; (June 1988, issue 75(6)). Pp. 573-7.
IDIOPATHIC RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS--AN UPDATE: P.M. Higgins, et al.: Dig Dis; (1990, issue 8(4)). Pp. 206-22.
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
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182: Rett Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Rett Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cerebroatrophic Hyperammonemia
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorder section of this report.
Autism
Cerebral Palsy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Rett Syndrome is a progressive degenerative syndrome which has some characteristics similar to autism. It is characterized by developmental regression or loss of previously acquired skills. Rett Syndrome appears to occur primarily in females, however, some males do have Rett's Syndrome.
Symptoms
Rett Syndrome initially manifests signs of developmental regression leading to mental and physical retardation. The children lose purposeful movements of their hands, and they may rub their hands together in front of their face or chest similar to the motion of "handwashing". If the child is walking, she does so with a broad-based gait. Slowing of head growth rate is noted with increasing age. Many children have episodes of hyperventilation and/or breath holding.
Causes
Rett Syndrome is suspected to be a genetic disorder. The mode of transmission is presently unknown, although the X-Chromosome is believed to play a role in this disorder since it affects primarily females. Geneticists at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, TX and others at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, MD are working very hard to determine the exact way Rett Syndrome occurs.
Affected Population
Rett Syndrome has, thus far, been seen in most often in females. While as of October, 1986, there were only 1,100 known cases worldwide, the disorder is thought to be as prevalent as one in 12,000 live female births, based upon studies conducted in Sweden and Scotland.
Related Disorders
Autism is a lifelong neurological disorder characterized by onset before thirty years of age, retarded development of communication and language, lack of normal response to people, and extreme sensitivity to changes in the physical environment. About seventy-five percent of Autistic children have lower than normal IQ's. Occasionally, an autistic child shows distinct and unusual skills in music, mathematics, or in using spatial concepts. Autistic people live a normal life span. The prognosis for normal adaptation appears to vary with a level of functioning, intelligence and the educational methods applied. About 5 in 10,000 children have the fully expressed syndrome; 15 in 10,000 children show two or more of the main characteristics of autism. Boys are affected four times more frequently than girls. (For more information on this disorder, choose "autism" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Cerebral Palsy is a disorder of muscle control or coordination (motor output system) resulting from injury to the brain during its early stages of development (fetal, perinatal, or early childhood stages). There may be central processing deficits such as communication, intellectual, perceptual, and/or seizures. This disorder occurs in several different forms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cerebral Palsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Seizures associated with Rett Syndrome are treated with anticonvulsive medications. Physical therapy is recommended to prevent stiffening and to encourage mobility. Music therapy has been helpful in achieving communication with some Rett Syndrome patients. Braces and splints are sometimes used to treat toe-walking, curvature of the spine (scoliosis), and clenched hands. Hydrotherapy or underwater jet massage may also be helpful. Special education and related services in school are recommended.
Therapies: Investigational
Research aimed at finding the cause of Rett Syndrome and new treatments is ongoing. More research is necessary to achieve these goals.
The drug Naltretone is being tested as a treatment for Rett Syndrome. More research is needed to determine if this drug will be a safe and effective therapy for children with Rett Syndrome.
Research on Rett Syndrome is being pursued at the following universities:
Dr. Alan Percy or Dr. Diane Donley in the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Sparks Center for Developmental Pediatrics at the University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL.
Dr. Daniel Glaze, Director, Rett Syndrome Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Rett Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
International Rett's Syndrome Association
9121 Piscataway Rd., Suite 2-B
Clinton, MD 20735
(301) 856-3334
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For information on genetics and genetic counseling, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 1375.
Rett Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
108: Reye Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Reye Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Liver Degeneration-Encephalopathy
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy
Disorders section of this report.
Medium Chain CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Reye Syndrome is a combination of acute brain disease (encephalopathy) and fatty degeneration of the abdominal organs (viscera), which tends to follow some acute virus infections (such as flu or chicken pox), combined with certain toxins (usually aspirin). Besides these viruses and toxins, deficiencies of the enzymes needed in the urea cycle appear to be a contributing factor to Reye Syndrome.
Symptoms
Vomiting after the onset of a viral illness is usually the first sign of Reye Syndrome. However, children under the age of 2 years may exhibit diarrhea and/or hyperventilation instead of vomiting. Next, behaviorial changes such as listlessness, sleepiness, irritability, aggressive and irrational behavior, and disorientation may occur. The child may then progress to a comatose state often within three to five days after the onset of symptoms. There may also be seizures. A complete recovery is possible. However, brain damage, ranging from a slight decrease in I.Q. to total paralysis, may occur.
Causes
Reye Syndrome appears to be caused by certain toxins given to individuals with a deficiency of enzymes needed in the digestive cycle. These enzymes break down the ammonium from proteins into urea which is excreted in the urine (urea cycle). This disorder is often associated with the use of aspirin to treat viral infections. The Centers for Disease Control, the AMA, and the American Academy of Pediatrics have issued statements warning against the use of aspirin in children with chickenpox and gastrointestinal flu-like illness. The FDA has also stated that medications such as tigan, compazine, thorazine and phenergan as well as other phenothiazines (a broad category of drugs) used to stop vomiting might possibly contribute to the severity of Reye Syndrome or mask its early symptoms. Except for aspirin, these drugs are only available by prescription.
A recent scientific study indicated that ninety percent of children diagnosed with Reye Syndrome had taken salicylate drugs (such as aspirin) during the illness preceding onset of Reye's. The FDA considers this to be firm scientific evidence of the link between Reye Syndrome and aspirin.
In 1990 researchers discovered that a few children who had died of Reye Syndrome lacked a certain enzyme that is needed to break down short-chain fatty acids. The beta oxidation defects cause fatty change in the liver muscle, and swelling of the brain. They suspect that this defect may only cause symptoms after a long period of fasting (not eating) which triggers low blood sugar and high concentrations of lactic acid in these children. The enzyme deficiency is inherited. However, more research is needed to confirm this theory.
Affected Population
Reye Syndrome occurs most frequently in white suburban children under the age of 16 years who have recently had viral illnesses such as chickenpox or influenza. However, it can also occur in newborns, adolescents, and even the middle-aged. The incidence of Reye Syndrome in teenagers has been rising in recent years, indicating that they may self-medicate with aspirin.
The incidence of Reye Syndrome seems to be affected by the intensity and/or type of influenza activity year by year, according to the National Reye Syndrome Surveillance System. However, in 1984, influenza activity rose while reported cases of Reye Syndrome in children under ten years of age decreased. The number of cases in adolescents increased slightly. The decreased incidence for children under ten was apparent in cases with both chicken pox (varicella) and respiratory illness.
Related Disorders
Medium Chain CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency is a very rare metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme medium chain CoA dehydrogenase. This enzyme is needed in the breakdown (metabolism) of fats. Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), lack of energy (lethargy) and possibly coma, associated with fatty changes in the liver, usually occur. During hypoglycemic periods, tests usually show massive amounts of dicarboxylic acid in the urine. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Medium Chain CoA" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Reye Syndrome is diagnosed by liver function testing and the presenting symptoms. Immediate supportive treatment and care in an intensive care unit is vital for recovery since there is no known specific therapy for the disorder. Permanent neurological damage, such as mental impairment, can be present after recovery from the acute episode of the disease.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Reye Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Reye Syndrome Foundation
P.O. Box 829
Bryan, Ohio 43506
(419) 636-2679
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
Office of Consumer Affairs (HFE-88)
Food and Drug Administration
5600 Fishers Lane
Rockville, MD 20857
References
Budd, R., "Spotting Reye Syndrome while there's still time", RN, December, 1983. p. 39-42.
Reye Syndrome
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506: Pure Red Cell Aplasia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Pure Red Cell Aplasia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pure Red Blood Cell Aplasia
PRCA
Information on the following disorders may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Anemia, Aplastic
Blackfan-Diamond Anemia
Fanconi's Anemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pure Red Cell Aplasia is a rare blood disorder characterized by a sudden decrease in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) produced in the bone marrow.
Symptoms
Pure Red Cell Aplasia is characterized by a sudden decrease in the number of red blood cells produced in the bone marrow. Persons with this disorder are deficient in the number of precursors of red blood cells (erythroblasts). Levels of the hormone erythropoietin that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells are usually elevated.
Causes
Pure Red Cell Aplasia is thought to be an autoimmune disorder possibly caused either by a tumor of the thymus gland, certain drugs or a viral infection. It is one of a group of bone marrow failure syndromes.
Affected Population
Pure Red Cell Aplasia is a rare disorder affecting males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders are similar to those of Pure Red Cell Aplasia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Aplastic Anemia is characterized by failure of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Certain other anemias are due either to excessive red cell destruction or a limited production of red blood cells. Aplastic Anemia may occur for unknown reasons, or it may be the result of a toxic reaction to radiation, certain drugs or chemicals. In rare cases, the disorder may be caused by a tumor in the thymus gland. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Aplastic Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Blackfan-Diamond Anemia is a very rare genetic blood disorder which is present at birth. Blood cell abnormalities accompany an unusual physical appearance, paleness, weakness, and lethargy. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Blackfan" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Fanconi's Anemia is a rare form of familial aplastic anemia. It is characterized by bone abnormalities, an abnormally small head (microcephaly), decreased functioning of the sex organs (hypogenitalism) and brown pigmentation of the skin. Complications may include infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, excessive bleeding (hemorrhages), and leukemia. Other malignancies may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Fanconi" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Pure Red Cell Aplasia usually goes into remission when certain drugs such as sulfonylureas (used for treating diabetes), gold for treatment of arthritis, penicillin, phenytoin and phenobarbitol used for treating epilepsy, or the anesthetic halothane which can cause this disorder are discontinued. In patients under 30 years of age, the disorder may initially be treated with the anti-inflammatory drug prednisone and anti-thymocyte globulin. The drugs cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, or 6-mercaptopurine which are toxic for certain cells, and which suppress the immune system (cytotoxic immunosuppressive), may be used for treating older patients with Pure Red Cell Aplasia. After the immunosuppressive therapy begins, patients in both age groups may require periodic blood transfusions until the drugs take effect. The drug treatment is discontinued when remission of the disorder is achieved.
For patients who remain resistant to conventional immunosuppressive therapies, antihuman thymocyte gamma globulin may be used. This drug is produced by immunizing horses or rabbits with human thymus cells, and collecting the gamma globulin from their blood plasma.
If a patient with Pure Red Cell Aplasia has a tumor of the thymus gland, surgical removal of this gland often causes remission of this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pure Red Cell Aplasia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
Aplastic Anemia Foundation of America
P.O. Box 22689
Baltimore, MD 21203
(301) 955-2803
1-800-747-2820
References
PURE RED CELL APLASIA CHARACTERIZED BY ERYTHROPOIETIC MATURATION ARREST.
RESPONSE TO ANTI-THYMOCYTE GLOBULIN: A.D. Jacobs, et al.; American Journal Med (March 1985: issue 78(3)). Pp. 515-517.
NEW THERAPIES FOR APLASTIC ANEMIA: S.B. Krantz; American Journal Med Sciences (1986: issue 291). Pp. 371-379.
DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN-INDUCED PURE RED CELL APLASIA: E.N. Dessypris, et al.; Blood (1985: issue 65). Pp. 789-794.
Pure Red Cell Aplasia
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258: Purpura, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Purpura Hemorrhagica
Werlhof disease
ITP
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is characterized by a lack of a certain type of blood cell, called platelets (thrombocytopenia) without a readily apparent cause or underlying disease. The disorder is characterized by abnormal bleeding into the skin. Bleeding from mucous membranes also occurs, and may subsequently result in anemia.
Symptoms
ITP is characterized by a lack of platelets (thrombocytes) which causes bleeding into the skin. The typical symptoms appear as red spots the size of pinpoints (petechiae) or small hemorrhagic spots (ecchymoses). Bleeding from the mucous membranes also occurs, including nosebleeds (epistaxis), gastrointestinal and genitourinary bleeding, and vaginal bleeding. Bleeding into the Central Nervous System is an uncommon symptom as is bleeding into joints (hemarthrosis). As a result of excessive bleeding, anemia may develop, producing weakness, fatigue or signs of congestive heart failure. Fever and slight enlargement of the spleen may also occur.
Causes
Although no specific cause for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura has been identified, an acute viral infection occasionally precedes the symptoms. Current evidence supports an immunologic basis, since most patients have antiplatelet antibodies that are identifiable. Bone marrow samples acquired by aspiration reveal abundant giant cells which produce platelets (megakaryocytes) that often appear inactive or nonproductive.
Affected Population
ITP occurs most frequently in children and young adults, and more frequently in females than in males. Pregnant women with lupus are especially susceptible to ITP.
Related Disorders
Thrombocytopenia is a general term referring to a decreased amount of platelets (thrombocytes) which may be due to a failure of platelet production in the blood. ITP is only one form of thrombocytopenia.
Purpura is the most common symptom of a vascular bleeding disorder, manifested by increased bruising and vascular fragility.
Allergic Purpura is an acute or chronic inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) primarily affecting the skin, the joints, the gastrointestinal and kidney (renal) systems. Purpura (red/purple color of the skin) results from the effusion of blood and plasma into surfaces under the skin, mucous membranes and under serous membranes.
Therapies: Standard
About 15% of patients with ITP respond well to corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, or its equivalent, prednisone). Removal of the spleen (splenectomy) can achieve a remission in 50 to 60% of those who fail to respond to steroids or who fail to maintain a remission when steroids are discontinued. Treatment with immunosuppressor drugs such as cyclophosphamide and azathioprine, has been used effectively in some cases that did not respond to steroids and splenectomy. Vincristine can sometimes be therapeutic. Platelet concentrates can be administered for control of bleeding until more specific therapy takes effect. The short survival of platelets in this disorder, however, limits the usefulness of platelet transfusions.
A new form of gammaglobulin (immunoglobulin) has been approved by the FDA for intravenous treatment of ITP. The drug may be used for short periods of time in patients (particularly children) who have the acute form of the disorder. The chronic form of ITP may require ongoing treatment with immunoglobulin, usually through monthly intravenous infusions.
Therapies: Investigational
Defibrotide is an investigational orphan drug being tested for treatment of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. It is available on an experimental basis from Crinos International in Italy. In addition, patients risk development of an immune reaction to repeated platelet transfusions.
Anti-D immune globulin has shown good response as a treatment in children with ITP. The product is less expensive and has fewer side effects than other treatments. More testing is needed to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of the product.
Recent studies have shown that combination chemotherapy is beneficial in some affected individuals in whom ITP is refractory to therapy such as corticosteroids and splenectomy.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1050-1.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1159.
COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY IN REFRACTORY IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA.
M. Figueroa, et al.; The New England Journal of Medicine (April 29, 1993, issue 328 (17)). Pp. 1226-29.
Purpura, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenics
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405: Purpura, Schonlein-Henoch Allergic Purpura
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Schonlein-Henoch Purpura) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Anaphylactoid Purpura
Allergic Purpura
Henoch-Shonlein Purpura
Rheumatic Purpura
Nonthrombocytopenic Idiopathic Purpura
Peliosis Rheumatica
Hemorrhagic Capillary Toxicosis
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Henoch's Purpura
Shonlein's Purpura
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Scurvy
Gardener-Diamond Syndrome
Common Purpura
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Shonlein-Henoch Purpura is one of a group of disorders characterized by purplish or brownish red discolorations on the skin. These spots may be large or small. Internal bleeding may occur in various areas of the body. This blood vessel disorder may affect the skin, joints, gastrointestinal system, kidneys, and in a very few cases the central nervous system. Little is known about the cause of this form of purpura although it may be an allergic reaction which more often occurs in children than in adults. Some cases of Shonlein-Henoch characterized by joint disease without gastrointestinal problems are termed Shonlein's Purpura. Another form characterized by acute abdominal symptoms but without joint disease is known as Henoch's Purpura. This disorder runs a limited course with a good prognosis in most cases.
Symptoms
The first symptom of Shonlein-Henoch Purpura is usually reddening of the skin, slight swelling and a rash (hives). These hives are associated with inflammation of small blood vessels and/or bleeding under the skin with a brown or reddish-purple appearance. The hives seem to appear on the buttocks and lower extremities in most cases but may spread and/or become more severe. Fever and a general feeling of discomfort or weakness may also be present. Blood and plasma may accumulate in the joints or abdomen producing acute local pain. Iron deficiency anemia may develop because of gastrointestinal bleeding. Other gastrointestinal disturbances such as vomiting or blood in the stool may also occur.
Central nervous system complications of Shonlein-Henoch Purpura may include headaches, perceptual changes and/or seizures. Kidney inflammation or lesions, which occur in approximately ten percent of cases, may signify a more serious form of this type of purpura and can appear at any time during the course of this illness.
Causes
The exact cause of Shonlein-Henoch Purpura is unknown. Some medical researchers believe it may be an extreme allergic reaction to certain foods (such as chocolate, milk, eggs or beans), various drugs or insect bites in sensitive people.
At times, infections of the upper respiratory tract or Rubella (German Measles) have preceded outbreaks of Shonlein-Henoch Purpura, but no definite link with viral infections has been proven.
Affected Population
Shonlein-Henoch Purpura is most commonly observed in children but can occur at any age. It appears to affect males slightly more often than females with a ratio of thirty-five males to twenty-five females in one study.
Related Disorders
The Purpuras are a group of disorders characterized by purplish or brownish red discolorations on the skin. These spots may be large or small and are caused by bleeding into the skin tissue where the spots appear.
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to Shonlein-Henoch Purpura. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Common Purpura is the most prevalent type of purpura and is characterized by the unusual appearance of spots (black and blue marks) that signify easy bruising. This inherited condition occurs most frequently in women over 50 years of age, particularly those whose skin tissue has become thinner. In the absence of serious injury, unsightly bruises tend to appear rather than significant bleeding under the skin. Fragility of the blood vessels in affected individuals can lead to excessive bleeding following surgery or even minor injury. The blood vessel walls may also become thinner due to some types of illnesses, infection, hypothyroidism, and/or excessive exposure to certain drugs. No standard therapy has been found for treating common purpura although brief courses of corticosteroids may help reduce bleeding. Estrogen may be administered to affected women after menopause to help alleviate the tendency to bleed excessively. (To locate information on other types of purpura, or purpura as a symptom of other diseases, choose "purpura" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Scurvy is a type of purpura due to deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in the diet. It is marked by weakness, anemia, spongy gums, a tendency to bleed under the skin and in the mucous membranes. Adequate Vitamin C in the diet can cure this disorder.
Gardener-Diamond Syndrome is a type of purpura occurring chiefly in young women. Spontaneous, painful, recurrent blue or purplish spots may appear on any part of the body unrelated to apparent injury. It has been suggested that this disorder may be triggered by the body's immune system attacking a specific component of blood cells. Gardner-Diamond is also called "Painful Bruising Syndrome".
Therapies: Standard
If a patient is found to be allergic to a substance which precipitated the attack of Shonlein-Henoch Purpura, that substance should be avoided. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Mild cases in children tend to improve spontaneously with age. No specific therapy for cases with kidney involvement has been found, but hemodialysis may be of benefit in severe cases with renal failure.
Therapies: Investigational
Treatment with a combination of anticoagulants (heparin and acenocoumarol), corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive drugs has been tested for treatment of adults with severe cases of Shonlein-Henoch Purpura. Immunosuppressive drug therapy (cyclophosphamide) alone has been used in a few cases with some success. Plasmapheresis (a method for removing unwanted substances such as toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts from the blood by separating plasma from blood cells has been tried. More research on the use of plasmapheresis as a treatment for Shonlein-Henoch Purpura is needed before effectiveness can be evaluated.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Shonlein-Henoch Purpura, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Kidney Foundation
2 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 889-2210
(800) 622-9010
American Kidney Fund
6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010
Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 881-3052
(800) 638-8299
(800) 492-8361 (MD)
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
SCHONLEIN-HENOCH SYNDROME IN ADULTS: D.A. Roth, et al.; Q J Med (May 1985, issue 55(217)). Pp. 145-152.
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF THE NEPHROPATHY IN SCHONLEIN-HENOCH SYNDROME: E.
Verrina, et al.; Pediatr Med Chir (May-June 1986, issue 8(3)). Pp. 317-320.
NEUROLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SCHONLEIN-HENOCH PURPURA: REPORT OF
THREE CASES AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE: A.L. Belman, et al.; Pediatrics (April 1985, issue 75(4)). Pp. 687-692....
Purpura, Schonlein-Henoch; Allergic Purpura
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653: Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
TTP
Moschowitz Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
Thrombotic Microangiopathy ('TTP-HUS' Complex)
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Schoenlein-Henoch Purpura
Thrombocytopenia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (TTP) is a rare, serious blood disease. Major symptoms may include a severe decrease in the number of blood platelets (thrombocytopenia), abnormal destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia), and disturbances in the nervous system. Kidney dysfunction and fever are also common.
Symptoms
In addition to thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia, blood platelets may clot in the blood vessels of many organs which may block the normal flow of blood. Disturbances in the nervous system may include headaches, mental changes, slight or partial paralysis (paresis), seizures, or coma.
Fever, blood plasma proteins in the urine (proteinuria), and a very small number of red blood cells in the urine (hematuria) may also occur. Patches of purplish discoloration (purpura) resulting from abnormal bleeding into the mucous membranes (the thin, moist layer lining the body's cavities) and into the skin is another feature of TTP. Abnormally heavy bleeding (hemorrhage), weakness, fatigue, lack of color (pallor), and abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting may also be present. In half of TTP patients, an increased level of creatinine is found in their blood serum.
Acute renal failure occurs in only about 10% of TTP patients. Urine flow is very low. Within days, swelling of the feet, shortness of breath, headache, and fever may occur. Retention of water and salt in the blood may lead to high blood pressure, changes in brain metabolism, and congestion in the heart and lungs. Acute renal failure may lead to a buildup of potassium in the blood (hyperkalemia) which may cause irregular heartbeat.
Abnormalities in the retina (the light-sensitive layer of the eye) have been found in female TTP patients after taking oral contraceptives. Clearness of vision is usually not affected.
There may be possible serious complications during pregnancy in TTP patients. In general, TTP often occurs suddenly with great severity and may recur or persist.
Causes
The exact cause of TTP is not known. It may be due to an infectious agent or to an autoimmune reaction. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies) against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue.
Some people may have a hereditary predisposition to TTP since family members have become affected years apart.
TTP may be influenced by hormones. In some cases of TTP, relapses coincide with the use of oral contraceptives and with menstrual cycles (cyclic TTP).
TTP can occur as a consequence of AIDS, the AIDS-related complex, or the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
Affected Population
One in a million people are affected with TTP each year. Two-thirds of TTP patients are women. It usually affects people between 20 to 50 years old.
TTP is occasionally associated with pregnancy and collagen-vascular diseases (a group of diseases affecting connective tissue).
TTP appears to occur more frequently than usual in intravenous drug addicts and homosexual men who have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (TTP). Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is characterized by acute renal failure, a severe decrease in the number of blood platelets (thrombocytopenia), and abnormal destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia). HUS tends to occur in children less than 4 years old and usually after an infectious disease. In adults, it may affect young women as a complication of pregnancy or in the postpartum period. HUS may have a common origin and development as TTP and treatment is similar. (For more information on this disorder, choose "HUS" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Thrombotic Microangiopathy is the occurrence of TTP and HUS together. It is also called the 'TTP-HUS' complex. It has been suggested that TTP and HUS are actually variants of the same disease.
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is a blood disease with no specific known cause. It is characterized by thrombocytopenia, abnormal bleeding into the skin and mucous membranes, and anemia. ITP occurs most frequently in children and young adults, and more frequently in females than males. A viral infection may precede ITP. (For more information on this disorder, choose "ITP" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Schoenlein-Henoch Purpura is one of a group of disorders characterized by purplish or brownish-red discolorations of the skin caused by abnormal bleeding into the skin and mucous membranes. This blood disorder may affect the skin, joints, gastrointestinal system, kidneys, and in a few cases the central nervous system. Major symptoms may include a rash, fever, weakness, pain in the joints or abdomen, vomiting, blood in the stool, and anemia.
Central nervous system symptoms may include headaches, perceptual changes, and seizures. The exact cause of Schoenlein-Henoch Purpura is unknown, but it may be related to an extreme allergic response to foods, drugs, or insect bites. (For more information on this disorder, choose Schoenlein-Henoch" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Thrombocytopenia is a general term referring to a group of blood disorders including TTP, HUS, and ITP. It is characterized by a severe decrease in the number of blood platelets and excessive bleeding into the skin or mucous membranes. Anemia may occur producing weakness, fatigue, and signs of congestive heart failure. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Thrombocytopenia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Rapid diagnosis and immediate treatment is very important in TTP. The current drug treatment of TTP is prednisone which may relieve inflammation and suppress the immune system. Additionally, fresh frozen plasma (the fluid part of the blood) is infused into the patient's vein. Plasma infusion should be used with extreme caution.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families when TTP has affected other family members. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Plasmapheresis and plasma exchange may be of benefit in some cases of TTP. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. Plasma infusion is also being studied as a treatment for TPP patients. The infusion process uses substances missing from the TPP patient's blood and replaces them through infusion of new plasma into the patient. No blood is removed from the patient during this process. These therapies are still under investigation to analyze side effects and effectiveness. More research is needed before plasmapheresis and plasma infusion can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of TTP.
Whole blood exchange may also be of benefit in some cases of TTP and is still under investigation. It involves the simultaneous withdrawal of the patient's blood and the replacement of a donor's blood.
Other drugs such as vincristine (an immunosuppressant), dipyridamole, and aspirin may be considered when TTP is not responsive to other treatment. Also, drugs that destroy blood platelet clots (antiplatelet) may be of benefit to TTP patients. However, the side effects and the effectiveness of these drugs are uncertain.
The orphan drug, Defibrotide, is being investigated for the treatment of TTP. Interested doctors may contact:
Crinos International
Via Belvedere 1
22079 Villa Guardia (Como)
Italy
The effectiveness of removing the spleen (splenectomy) of TTP patients is also being investigated.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHBLI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 860, 1006-1007.
THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA. A REVIEW: S.J. Sierakow and E.J. Kucharz; Cor Vasa (1988: issue 30(1)). Pp. 60-72.
Holdrinet, et al.; Scand J Haematol (March, 1983: issue 30(3)). Pp. 250-256.
THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA IN PATIENTS WITH THE ACQUIRED
IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)-RELATED COMPLEX. A REPORT OF TWO CASES:
J.M. Nair, et al.; Ann Intern Med (August 1, 1988: issue 109(3)). Pp. 209-212.
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
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%Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
569: Pyoderma Gangrenosum
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pyoderma Gangrenosum) is not the name you expected. Please check the synonym list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Leg Ulcers
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Cutaneous Sporotrichosis
Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn's Disease
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Myelogenous Leukemia
Myeloid Metaplasia
Paraproteinemias
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pyoderma Gangrenosum is a rare skin disorder of unknown origin. Major symptoms include small pustules that develop into large ulcers at various sites on the body. It may or may not be associated with other illnesses.
Symptoms
Pyoderma Gangrenosum is a skin ulceration characterized by a growing, purple colored, undermined border with an irregular base of pus and decaying tissue. The ulcers most frequently develop on the legs but they may appear on the trunk, head and neck, scrotum and in the mucous membranes (mucosa).
Causes
The exact cause of Pyoderma Gangrenosum is not known although it is suspected to be an autoimmune disease. (Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies) against invading organisms begin to attack healthy tissue.) Fifty percent of all cases of Pyoderma Gangrenosum develop for no apparent reason and the other fifty percent are associated with other disorders. Of the associated diseases thirty percent are related to ulcerative colitis (a digestive disease) but Pyoderma Gangrenosum is also seen in patients with Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia, myeloid metaplasia and paraproteinemias. Pyoderma Gangrenosum usually follows the course of the accompanying bowel disease; however, it may appear during periods of disease remission as well.
Affected Population
Pyoderma Gangrenosum affects males and females in equal numbers. It is uncommon in children and most common in middle-aged women.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pyoderma Gangrenosum. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Dermatitis Herpetiformis (Duhring Disease) is a familial disease characterized by a chronic eruption of clusters of intensely itchy blisters, papules, and slightly elevated patches on the skin that are either redder or paler than the surrounding skin. Patches are usually distributed symmetrically on elbows, knees, buttocks, head, and tail-bone area (sacrum). Blisters and papules are common on the face and neck. Onset of Duhring Disease can occur at any age, but it usually appears during middle adult life. It is very rare in children, and occurs more frequently in males that in females. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Duhring" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cutaneous Sporotrichosis (Schenck Disease) is a chronic yeast infection under the skin (subcutaneous) spread by way of the lymph glands and caused by the bacteria known as Sporothrix Schenckii. The disease may remain localized or may become generalized, involving bones, joints, lungs, and the central nervous system. Lesions may be grainy, full of pus, ulcerative or draining.
The following disorders may precede the development of Pyoderma Gangrenosum. They can be useful in identifying an underlying cause of some forms of this disorder:
Ulcerative Colitis is a non-specific inflammatory disease of the bowel characterized by chronic ulceration. The chief characteristic of this disorder is bloody diarrhea. This disease is of unknown cause. It generally begins in the area of the rectum. It may involve the entire large bowel. The disease is usually chronic, with acute inflammation of the colon. It is characterized by multiple, irregular superficial ulcerations, thickening of the wall of the colon with scar tissue and polyps. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ulcerative Colitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Crohn's Disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease, characterized by severe chronic inflammation of the wall of the small intestine, but it can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract. The symptoms include fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, abdominal pain, and chronic diarrhea. Less commonly, there is inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth, the esophagus, or stomach. Regional lymph nodes can become involved. A solid mass may be felt in the abdomen during acute stages of the disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Crohn" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a disease of unknown origin which may have a relationship to autoimmune processes. This disorder is characterized by lack of appetite (anorexia), tiredness, painful and deformed joints, early morning stiffness chiefly in the hands, knees, feet, jaw, and spine. Once affected, a patient's joints remain painful or uncomfortable for weeks, months, or even years. (For more information about many types of Arthritis use "Arthritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Myelogenous Leukemia is a form of blood cancer in which the abnormal cells are derived from bone marrow (myelopoietic tissue).
Myeloid Metaplasia is a syndrome characterized by anemia, enlargement of the spleen, nucleated red blood cells and immature granulocytes in the circulating blood. If it occurs in persons who have another disease and it is termed secondary or symptomatic myeloid metaplasia. It also occurs as a primary illness and is then termed primary or agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, myelofibrosis or myelosclerosis, because of the presence of an associated fibrosis of the bone marrow. The condition may develop in the course of red blood cell disease such as polycythemia rubra vera and there is a high incidence of eventual development of myeloid leukemia.
Paraproteinemia is a disorder in which there is the presence of abnormal proteins in the blood.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Pyoderma Gangrenosum consists of open wet dressings on the ulcers, topical application of disodium cromoglycate or zinc sulfate, and cleaning away the dead tissue. The skin must be protected from any other injury which could result in development of other ulcers. In some cases, the grafting of new skin to the wound may be recommended. Systemic treatment includes the use of drugs such as corticosteroids, sulfonamides, sulfones and antimetabolites, methylprednisolone, and dapsone.
Therapies: Investigational
The orphan drug thalidomide is being tested as a treatment for Pyroderma Gangrenosum. This drug should not be taken by pregnant women because it can cause severe birth defects. Physicians wishing to test thalidomide as a treatment for this disorder may contact:
Pediatric Pharmaceutical
379 Thornall St.
Edison, NJ 08837
Thalidomide is available in England under special license from Penn Pharmaceuticals of South Tredegar, South Wales.
Clinical trials are underway to study clofazimine in the treatment of Pyroderma Gangreosum and other inflammatory diseases. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. Martin Carter
The Rockefeller University Hospital
Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology
New York, NY 10021
(212) 570-8091
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pyroderma Gangrenosum, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For information about Colitis or Crohn's disease:
National Foundation for Ileitis and Colitis
444 Park Avenue, South
New York, NY 10016
(212) 685-3440
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1390-1392.
PYODERMA GANGRENOSUM ASSOCIATED WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS: TREATMENT WITH
DISODIUM CROMOGLYCATE. D.R. Cave, et al.; Am J Gastroenterol (August, 1987, issue 82 (8)). Pp. 802-804.
TREATMENT WITH METHYLPREDNISOLONE PULSE THERAPY AND DAPSONE. E. Galun, et al.; Am J Gastroenterol (October, 1986, issue 81 (10)). Pp. 988-989.
PUSTULAR PYODERMA GANGRENOSUM ASSOCIATED WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS IN
CHILDHOOD. REPORT OF TWO CASES AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. L. Barnes, et al.; J Am Acad Dermatol (October, 1986, issue 15 (4 Pt 1)). Pp. 608-614.
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
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"Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
873: Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
PC Deficiency
Disorder Subdivisions:
Group A PC Deficiency
Group B PC Deficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Leigh's Disease
Pyruvate Decarboxylase Deficiency
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that is present at birth. It is classified as a lactic acidemia because the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate is blocked, impairing a gluconeogenesis and resulting in an overabundance of lactic acid in the blood.
Major symptoms may include brain metabolism degeneration, delayed development, seizures, muscle weakness (hypotonia) and acidosis.
Symptoms
Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency symptoms include: failure to thrive, lack of motor development, seizures, vomiting, stiffened muscles (spasticity) and unusual eye motion.
Causes
Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency is inherited through autosomal recessive traits. The gene responsible for the disease is located on the long arm of chromosome 11. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency is a very rare metabolic disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
Leigh's Disease is a genetic metabolic disorder characterized by lesions of the brain, spinal cord, optic nerve and in some cases, an enlarged heart. The disorder is usually first diagnosed during infancy but may begin later. Symptoms during infancy may include low body weight, slow growth, tremors, skin changes and interrupted breathing patterns. Progressive neurological disturbances, mental retardation, slurred speech and loss of motor coordination (ataxia) may occur in cases that begin during or after infancy. Abnormalities of eye movements and other vision problems may develop in cases with later onset. For more information on this disorder, choose "Leigh" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
The presentation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency may range from severe acidosis appearing during the first few days of life to recurrent episodes of muscle incoordination (ataxia) often associated with upper respiratory infection or other minor stress. The growth rate may be slowed in some children with this disorder. Varying degrees of neurologic deficits and mental retardation may occur in patients with this type of acidosis. Severe acidosis due to abnormally high levels of lactic acid usually appear shortly after birth. Lower levels may follow a meal high in carbohydrates. For more information on this disorder, choose "Pyruvate Dehydrogenase" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is also known as Cerebral Beriberi. It is characterized by psychotic symptoms known as Korsakoff's psychosis and by degeneration of other brain functions known as Wernicke's encephalopathy. In Korsakoff's psychosis there is mental confusion. Other encephalopathic symptoms include involuntary, rapid eye movements, paralysis of the eye muscles, coma and death if untreated. For more information on this disorder, choose "Korsakoff" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency consists of dietary limitation of protein and carbohydrate. Since this disorder requires biotin or a cofactor, some cases may respond to pharmacologic doses of biotin.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Treatment of severe lactic acidosis with Dichloroacetate appears to improve certain laboratory tests, but does not result in improvement of symptoms. A study published in the November 26, 1992 New England Journal of Medicine indicated that only twelve percent of the Dichloroacetate-treated patients survived and seventeen percent of the placebo-treated group survived. Scientists do not understand why this appears to reduce arterial-blood lactate concentrations and pH, but fails to alter the disease.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of birth defects in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923-1783
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Lactic Acidosis Support Group
1620 Marle Ave.
Denver, CO 80229
(303) 287-4953
Dr. Peter Stacpoole
College of Medicine
University of Florida
Box J-226, JHMHC
Gainesville, FL 32610
Dr. Saul Brusilow
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
301 Children's Medical & Surgical Center
600 North Wolfe St.
Baltimore, MD 21205
(301) 955-5064
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Children's Brain Diseases Foundation for Research
350 Parnassus, Suite 900
San Francisco, CA 94117
(415) 566-5402
(415) 565-6259
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1451.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th Ed.: Charles R. Scriver, et al., Editors; McGraw Hill, 1989. Pp. 872-878.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1449-1450.
PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY: ACUTE EXACERBATION AFTER ACTH TREATMENT
OF INFANTIL SPASMS., Rutledge, S.L. et al.; Pediatr Neurol, July-August, 1989, (issue 5 (4)). Pp. 249-252.
DETERMINATION OF U-13C GLUCOSE TURNOVER INTO VARIOUS METABOLITE POOLS FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF LACTIC ACIDEMIAS., Kassel, DB, et al.; Anal Biochem, February 1, 1989, (issue 176 (2)). Pp. 382-389.
CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL OF DICHLOROACETATE FOR TREATMENT OF LACTIC
ACIDOSIS IN ADULTS: P.W. Stacpoole, et al.; The New England Journal of Medicine; (November 26, 1992, issue 327 (22)). Pp. 1564-69.
Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency
$pagetitle
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
413: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Alaninuria
Intermittent Ataxia with Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Lactic and Pyruvate Acidemia with Carbohydrate Sensitivity
Lactic and Pyruvate Acidemia with Episodic Ataxia and Weakness
PDH Deficiency
Information on the following disorder can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Leigh Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism inherited through autosomal recessive genes. Symptoms are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase resulting in persistent or recurrent metabolic acidosis (acidemia). The disorder is manifested by mental retardation and other neurological symptoms.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency may range from severe acidosis appearing during the first few days of life to recurrent episodes of muscle incoordination and/or (ataxia) often associated with upper respiratory infection or other minor stress. The growth rate may be slowed in some children with this disorder. Varying degrees of neurologic deficits and mental retardation may occur in patients with this type of acidosis.
Biochemical abnormalities may vary from severe acidosis (due to abnormally high levels of lactic acid) appearing shortly after birth to mildly elevated levels which usually follows a meal high in carbohydrates. In some cases elevation of blood lactate levels is seen only during the acute episodes. Excretion of abnormally large amounts of the amino acid alanine (alaninuria) may occur only during acute episodes.
Causes
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. A deficiency of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase causes defective oxidation of pyruvate. In the more severely affected patients, lactic acidosis may be triggered when a meal high in carbohydrates is eaten.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency appears to affect males in slightly higher numbers than females.
Related Disorders
The following disorder has similar symptoms to Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Comparison can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Leigh Disease is a genetic metabolic disorder characterized by lesions of the brain, spinal cord, optic nerve, and in some cases, an enlarged heart. Symptoms during infancy may include low body weight, slow growth, tremors, skin changes and interrupted breathing patterns. Progressive neurological disturbances, mental retardation, slurred speech and loss of motor coordination (ataxia) may occur in cases that begin during or after infancy. Abnormalities of eye movement and other vision problems may develop in cases with later onset. This disorder is inherited as a recessive trait. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Leigh" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency can be made shortly after birth by biochemical assay in fibroblast cells.
Symptoms of this disorder can be somewhat controlled in some cases by avoiding carbohydrates and increasing fat in the diet. Avoidance of infection and undue stress is also recommended. Some cases may respond to treatment with thiamine (vitamin B1) or lipoic acid.
Genetic counseling will be helpful to families of children with Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials are underway to study stable isotope technique in glucogenesis and Krebs cycle and patient response to treatment. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. W.N. Paul Lee
Harbor University of CA, Los Angeles Medical Center
Dept. of Pediatrics
1000 W. Carson St.
Torrance, CA 90509
(213) 533-2503
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Lactic Acidosis Support Group
P.O. Box 480282
Denver, CO 80248
(303) 287-4953
Organic Acidemia Association
522 Lander St.
Reno, NV 89512
(703) 322-5542
British Organic Acidemia Association
5 Saxon Rd.
Ashford, Middlesex TW15 1QL
England
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 2080.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th ed.: Charles R. Scriver, et al.; eds., McGraw Hill, 1989. Pp. 674, 873-874.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
465: Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Nonspherocytic Hemolytic Anemia, Congenital, with diminished activity or kinetic abnormalities of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency is a hereditary blood disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme pyruvate kinase. This enzyme deficiency causes hemoglobin to be separated from the red blood cells (hemolytic anemia).
Symptoms
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency is characterized by hemolytic anemia. An excess of young red blood cells (reticulocytes) usually occurs. The anemia is chronic and may vary from mild to severe. Enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) may occur, and gallstones may sometimes develop. After infections, the anemia tends to become more severe. In rare cases, leg ulcers may develop.
Causes
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency is a hereditary disorder, transmitted by autosomal recessive genes. Different forms of the enzyme exist. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
The incidence of Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency is less than 1% of the population. Males and females are affected in equal numbers. Most affected persons identified thus far have been of European origin.
Related Disorders
Hereditary Non-Spherocytic Hemolytic Anemia is thought to be a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by red blood cell defects situated entirely within these cells (intrinsic). The abnormal spheroid shaped red cells known as spherocytes are not present in this type of hemolytic anemia. Symptoms of Hereditary Non-spherocytic Hemolytic Anemia include moderate anemia, intermittent yellowing of the skin (jaundice) and occasionally an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly). (For more information, choose "nonspherocytic anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Hereditary Spherocytic Hemolytic Anemia (Hereditary Spherocytosis) is characterized by the presence of red blood cells with a greater than normal thickness giving them a spherical shape (spherocytes). Excessive red blood cell destruction occurs which causes anemia, jaundice and a feeling of discomfort (malaise). The severity of the disorder varies greatly among patients. (For more information on this disorder, choose "spherocytic anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Glucose-6-Phosphatase Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G-6-PD) may be caused by sensitivity to certain drugs in some patients. It is usually inherited through sex-linked genes. Symptoms are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase. Separation of hemoglobin from the red blood cells (hemolysis) may be triggered in older red blood cells by exposure to certain drugs or other substances that produce peroxide and cause oxidation of hemoglobin in the red blood cells. These substances include the drugs primaquine, aspirin, sulfonamides, nitrofurans, phenacetin, naphthalene, some vitamin K derivatives, and fava beans. Acute viral or bacterial infections, or diabetic acidosis may also precipitate hemolysis. Anemia, jaundice and the presence of immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) may develop. Chronic inborn hemolysis in the absence of drugs may occur in some persons of European heredity.
Therapies: Standard
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency anemia is usually treated with blood transfusions. In severe cases among infants and young children, surgical removal of the spleen may help control this disorder. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research is underway to find ways to replace missing enzymes (enzyme replacement therapy) in people who are affected by Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency and other types of enzyme deficiency disorders.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1611-1614.
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS AND ERYTHROCYTE ENZYMOPATHIES: Valentine; Annals Intern Med (August 1985: issue 103(2)). Pp. 245-257.
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Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
621: Q Fever
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Q Fever) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Q Fever Pneumonia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Epidemic Typhus
Murine Typhus
Pneumonia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Q Fever is an infectious disease that is caused by contact with animals who have the parasitic Rickettsia bacteria, Coxiella burnetii. Major symptoms may include headache, fever, chills, and sweats.
Symptoms
Q Fever patients may have headaches, fevers, chills, sweats, coughing, and inflammation of the lungs (pneumonitis). They may also experience excessive tiredness (fatigue), muscle pain (myalgia), chest pain, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Prolonged Q Fever may result in inflammation and enlargement of the liver (hepatitis, hepatomegaly) with upper right abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, and yellowing of the skin (jaundice). Inflammation of the lining of the heart (endocarditis) may also occur.
Causes
The Q Fever bacteria infects cats, rats, rabbits, cattle, sheep, goats, and ticks. People who inhale the bacteria from an infected animal (especially one giving birth) may become infected and show signs of Q Fever after an incubation period of 9 to 39 days. In Canada the most common cause of Q Fever is exposure to a cat or her kittens at the time of birth. Q Fever can also be transmitted by inhaling contaminated aerosols (material from spray cans), working in a slaughterhouse, drinking unpasteurized milk, hunting, slaughtering or dressing infected animals. People may also become infected from the bite of an infected tick.
Affected Population
Q Fever effects males and females in equal numbers and occurs worldwide.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Q Fever. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is an infectious disease that is caused by contact with a parasitic Rickettsial bacteria (Rickettsia rickettsii). People can develop RMSF after being bitten by an infected tick. After an incubation period of 2 to 12 days, fever with a rash starting on the hands and feet and spreading to the rest of the body may occur. Headache, dulled senses (stupor), chills, cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain may occur. The patient may experience muscle tenderness and pain, extreme sensitivity to light (photophobia), and infection of the lining of the eyelid and exposed surfaces of the eyeball (conjunctiva). Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is found in North, Central, and South America. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Rocky Mountain" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Epidemic Typhus is an infectious Rickettsial disease caused by the parasitic bacteria, Rickettsia prowazekii. It is transmitted to people by infected body lice. Symptoms of Epidemic Typhus are similar to those of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever except the rash usually spares the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, but patients may experience a deeper stupor and more tiredness. Epidemic Typhus is found worldwide but is more common in warm climates with poor sanitation.
Murine Typhus is an infectious Rickettsial disease caused by the parasitic bacteria, Rickettsia typhi (mooseri). Murine Typhus is transmitted to people by a bite from an infected rat flea. Symptoms of Murine Typhus are usually milder than Epidemic Typhus. Murine Typhus occurs worldwide, especially in warm climates with poor sanitation.
Pneumonia is a common lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, virus, or fungi. Common symptoms are headaches, fevers, chills, sweats, coughing, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, and in children, convulsions. There may be an increase in breathing and pulse rate.
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Q Fever can be confirmed by tests for antibodies (specific substances produced by the body to fight off foreign substances-antigens) to the Q Fever bacteria. Tetracyclines and other antibiotics may be used to treat Q Fever. Some Q Fever patients may improve without treatment, while others will get more intensely ill in the absence of treatment.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers are trying to develop a vaccine for Q Fever. People who work with animals or in a slaughterhouse would be prime candidates for this vaccine.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Q Fever, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1629-1634.
POKER PLAYERS' PNEUMONIA: AN URBAN OUTBREAK OF Q FEVER FOLLOWING
EXPOSURE TO A PARTURIENT CAT: Joanne M. Langley, et al.; N Engl J Med (August 11, 1988: issue 319(6)). Pp. 354-356.
Q FEVER: CURRENT CONCEPTS: L.A. Sawyer et al.; Rev Infect Dis (September-October, 1987: issue 9(5)). Pp. 935-946.
Q Fever
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"Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
846: Rabies
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Rabies) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hydrophobia
Lyssa
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Cerebral Malaria
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Tetanus
Typhoid
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Rabies is an infectious disease that can affect all species of warmblooded animals, including man. This disorder is transmitted by the saliva of an infected animal and is caused by a virus (Neurotropic lyssavirus) that affects the salivary glands and the central nervous system. The symptoms may lead to serious complications if the virus is not treated immediately.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Rabies usually develop within 20-60 days after a bite or scratch from an animal infected with the rabies virus. The incubation period is the time between the exposure and the appearance of the first neurologic symptoms. The incubation period is usually shorter when the sight of exposure is closer to the brain. The initial symptoms may be a general feeling of discomfort or uneasiness, nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, depression, loss of appetite, fever, chills, cough, sore throat, headache, nausea, vomiting, and pain at the site of exposure. Serious neurological symptoms usually present themselves two to ten days after the initial symptoms. There are two types of syndromes that may develop during this neurological period: furious and/or paralytic (sluggishness and early paralysis).
The hyperactive or "furious" syndrome is usually characterized by thrashing, agitation, biting, spasms of the pharynx and larynx, choking, gagging, fear of water (hydrophobia), hyperventilation (very rapid breathing), and an alteration in the rhythm of the heart beat (cardiac arrhythmias). In about twenty percent of the patients a "paralytic" syndrome may occur. This syndrome is characterized by paralysis that starts at the bottom of a limb and moves upward (especially in the extremity that has been bitten), increased blood pressure, rapid heart rate, confusion, hallucinations and disorientation. During this time the patient may have increased periods of hyperactivity, stiffness in the back of the neck, and an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the cerebrospinal fluid ending with the onset of coma or respiratory failure.
Causes
Rabies is caused by a lyssavirus (a form of virus that causes encephalitis) that affects the saliva and nervous system. Most cases of rabies in humans are caused by a bite or scratch from an infected animal. In at least two known cases of rabies has been contracted by breathing the air caves where there was a large number of infected bats. There have also been six recorded cases of rabies acquired by humans after cornea transplants from donors who had undiagnosed rabies.
Affected Population
Rabies in humans has been almost completely eliminated in most developed countries. The vaccinations of domesticated animals and elimination of stray dogs has helped control this problem. In the 1980's the U.S. Centers for Disease Control had one case per year reported. In the United States rabies is found primarily among wild animals such as skunks, foxes, bats, and raccoons. There were 49 cases of human rabies reported in the U.S. between 1960 and 1986. Only 7 of the 49 cases were acquired by exposure to rabid domesticated animals. The remainder were from wild animals.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Rabies. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Cerebral Malaria is a serious complication of falciparum malaria. This disorder is usually seen in infants, pregnant women, and travelers who are not immune to parasites of certain regions. It is caused by a communicable parasite and is spread through the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. The symptoms may be fever of up to 104 F, severe headache, drowsiness, confusion, or delirium. (For more information on this disorder choose "Malaria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis is a sporadic disease caused by a complication of the Herpes Simplex Virus infection. The symptoms of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis may be fever, headache, convulsions, disorientation, delusions, personality changes, and coma. Paralysis may occur in less than half of the cases. Antiviral therapy is the treatment of choice. The prognosis is improved when the treatment is given during the early stages of the disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Herpetic Encephalitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Tetanus (Lock Jaw) is a neurologic syndrome caused by the microorganism Clostridius tetani. This microorganism usually enters the body through wounds, injections, or skin ulcers. The incubation period of tetanus is usually seven to twenty one days. Symptoms of this syndrome may be a closed mouth (Lock Jaw), low-grade fever, fear, restlessness, difficulty swallowing, stiffness, alteration in the rhythm of the heart beat, muscle spasms, and convulsions. These symptoms usually last for three to four weeks. Although tetanus is a treatable disease, vaccination is recommended during infancy and every few years thereafter.
Typhoid is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. Contaminated food of water is the source of typhoid is most cases. The major symptoms of this infection may include high fever, headache, loss of appetite, fatigue, abdominal pain, diarrhea, delirium, intestinal bleeding, rash, and in rare untreated cases, heart failure. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Typhoid" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
The most effective treatment for Rabies is immediate treatment of the wound followed by immunization with the rabies vaccine. The wound should be cleansed thoroughly with soap and water and medical attention sought immediately. If the wound has broken the skin, a tetanus shot should be given. If the patient has been bitten by a wild animal that has escaped, or a domestic animal that shows signs of rabies, a series of vaccinations to prevent rabies is prescribed before the onset of symptoms. Once the disease presents itself in the patient there is no effective treatment to stop the progression.
Therapies: Investigational
A vaccine absorbed into an aluminum salt for both pre-exposure and post-exposure to rabies was licensed in the state of Michigan in 1988. Plans for this vaccine to be distributed in other states are being made. This vaccine is produced and distributed by the Michigan Department of Public Health.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Rabies, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 329-3534
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1587-89.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2200-02.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.: Ronald D. Adams, and Maurice Victor, Ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1989. Pp. 605-6.
CONTROLLING RABIES: MAD DOGS AND FRIENDLY SKUNKS. Ken Flieger; FDA Consumer; (June 1990). Pp. 23-6.
DRUG EVALUATIONS SUBSCRIPTIONS: Vol. 3: Department of Drugs, Division of Drugs and Toxicology; American Medical Association., 1990. Immu. Chap. 4 Pp. 27-30.
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OCopyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
264: Radiation Syndromes
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Radiation Syndromes) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Radiation disease
Radiation reaction
Radiation sickness
Radiation effects
Radiation illness
Radiation injuries
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Radiation syndromes describe the harmful effects - acute, delayed, or chronic - produced by exposure to ionizing radiations. Tissues vary in response to immediate radiation injury according to the following descending order of sensitivity:
(1) lymph cells
(2) reproductive organs
(3) proliferating cells of the bone marrow
(4) epithelial cells of the bowel
(5) top layer (epidermis) of the skin
(6) liver cells
(7) epithelium of the little lung sacs (alveoli) and bile passages
(8) kidney epithelial cells
(9) endothelial cells of the membranes around the lungs, lining the chest cavity (pleura) and the abdominal cavity (peritoneum)
(10) nerve cells
(11) bone cells
(12) muscle and connective tissue.
Generally, the more rapid the turnover of the cell, the greater the radiation sensitivity.
Symptoms
The following information describes radiation syndromes which can develop as a result of high doses (e.g., an atomic explosion) to small doses (e.g., repeated x-rays over a period of days or weeks).
The disruption of cell renewal systems and direct injury of other tissues produce clearly defined clinical syndromes:
1. ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROMES The syndromes depend on dose, dose rate, affected area of the body, and the period of time elapsing after exposure. They are:
A. CEREBRAL SYNDROME
Cerebral syndrome is produced by extremely high total body doses of radiation (greater than 3000 rads). This syndrome is always fatal, and consists of three phases: a prodromal period of nausea and vomiting; then listlessness and drowsiness; and, finally, a more generalized component characterized by tremors, convulsions, impaired muscular coordination (ataxia) and death within a few hours.
B. GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYNDROME
This syndrome can occur when the total dose of radiation is smaller but still high (400 or more rads). It is characterized by intractable nausea, vomiting and diarrhea that lead to severe dehydration, diminished plasma volume, vascular collapse and death.
C. HEMATOPOIETIC SYNDROME
This syndrome occurs at exposure of between 200 to 1000 rads. Initially it is characterized by lack of appetite (anorexia), apathy, nausea and vomiting (Gastrointestinal syndrome) which may be maximal within 6 to 12 hours after exposure. Symptoms then subside so that within 24 to 36 hours after exposure the patient appears to have no symptoms. During this period of relative well-being, the lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow begin to atrophy, leading to underproduction of all types of blood cells (pancytopenia). In the peripheral blood, lack of lymph cells (lymphopenia) commences immediately, reaching a peak within 24 to 36 hours. Lack of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, develops more slowly. Lack of blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) may become prominent within 3 or 4 weeks. Increased susceptibility to infection develops due to a decrease in granulocytes and lymphocytes, impairment of antibody production and granulocyte migration, decreased ability to attack and kill bacteria, diminished resistance to diffusion in subcutaneous tissues, and bleeding (hemorrhagic) areas of the skin and bowel that encourage entrance and growth of bacteria. Hemorrhage occurs mainly due to the lack of blood platelets.
With acute total body radiation greater than 600 rads, hematopoietic or gastrointestinal malfunction generally will be fatal. With doses of less than 600 rads, the probability of survival is inversely related to the total dose.
2. ACUTE RADIATION SICKNESS Acute "radiation sickness" following radiation therapy (particularly of the abdomen), is characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, headache, malaise and rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) of varying severity. The discomfort subsides within a few hours or days.
3. DELAYED EFFECTS OF RADIATION
A. INTERMEDIATE EFFECTS
Prolonged or repeated exposure to low radiation doses from a variety of sources may produce absence of menstruation (amenorrhea), decreased fertility in both sexes, decreased libido in the female, anemia, decreased white blood cells (leukopenia), decreased blood platelets (thrombocytopenia), and cataracts. More severe or highly localized exposure causes loss of hair, skin atrophy and ulceration, thickening of the skin (keratosis), and vascular changes in the skin (telangiectasia). Ultimately it may cause a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma. Another type of cancer, osteosarcoma, may appear years after swallowing radioactive bone-seeking nuclides such as radium salts. Injury to exposed organs may occur occasionally after extensive radiation therapy for treatment of cancer.
Kidney function changes include a decrease in renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and tubular function. Following a latent period of six months to one year after extremely high does of radiation, protein in the urine, kidney insufficiency, anemia and high blood pressure may develop. When cumulative kidney exposure is greater than 2000 rads in less than 5 weeks, kidney failure with diminished urine output may occur in about 37% of cases.
Large accumulated doses of radiation to muscles may result in painful myopathy with atrophy and calcification. Very rarely, these changes may be followed by cancer, usually a sarcoma.
Radiation pneumonitis and subsequent pulmonary fibrosis may occur when cancer metastases to the lung are irradiated.
Radiation inflammation of the sac around the heart (pericarditis) and of the heart muscle (myocarditis) have been produced by extensive radiotherapy of the middle region between the lungs (the mediastinum).
Myelopathy may develop after a segment of the spinal cord has received cumulative doses of greater than 4000 rads. Following vigorous therapy of abdominal lymph nodes for seminoma, lymphoma, ovarian carcinoma, or chronic ulceration, fibrosis and perforation of the bowel may develop.
Skin redness (erythema) and skin ulceration were observed fairly often during the era of high voltage x-ray therapy, but the high-energy photons produced by modern cobalt units or accelerators penetrate deeply into tissues and have virtually eliminated those complications.
B. LATE SOMATIC AND GENETIC EFFECTS
Radiation alters the "information system" of proliferating cells of the body and germ cells. With body cells this may be manifested ultimately as somatic disease such as cancer (leukemia, thyroid, skin, bone), or cataracts. Studies of animals exposed to radiation indicate that such exposure shortens life. It is asserted, but not proven, that there is a "threshold" dose for leukemia, and that the incidence increases with dose. Thyroid cancer has been observed 20 to 30 years after x-ray treatment for adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy. Thus x-ray treatment for nonmalignant conditions is now rarely used except in highly unusual situations.
When cells are exposed to radiation, the number of mutations is increased. If mutations are perpetuated by procreation, this will cause genetic defects. The possibility of mutations presents a serious medical, ethical and philosophic problem with respect to unborn generations. It imposes a moral obligation to limit radiation exposure to an absolute minimum for valid diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, and to strictly control occupational and environmental exposure. The potential harm, however, should be kept in perspective. Some investigators suggest that no measurable effects will occur below a certain threshold while others insist that any radiation is potentially harmful.
Causes
In the past, harmful sources of ionizing radiation were limited primarily to high-energy x-rays used for diagnosis and therapy, and to radium and related radioactive materials. Present sources of potential radiation include nuclear reactors, cyclotrons, linear accelerators, alternating gradient synchrotons, and sealed cobalt and cesium sources for cancer therapy. Numerous artificial radioactive materials have been produced for use in medicine and industry by neutron activation in reactors.
The accidental escape of moderate to large amounts of radiation from reactors has occurred several times. Radiation exposure from reactor accidents (like Chernobyl) during the first 30 years (up to 1975) resulted in more than 30 serious exposures with 7 deaths. Nuclear power generators in the United States must meet stringent federal standards that limit effluent radioactivity to extremely low levels. Although background radioactivity in the earth and the atmosphere increased during the years of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing, it appears to have generally stabilized at present levels. Ionizing radiation, whether in the form of x-rays, neutrons, protons, alpha or beta particles, or gamma-rays, produces ionization in tissues. In addition to the early somatic effects of large doses of radiation (clinically observable within days), changes in the DNA of rapidly proliferating cells may become manifest as a disease or as a genetic defect in offspring many years later.
Total dose, and dose rate, determine somatic or genetic effects of radiation. The units of measurement commonly used in determining radiation exposure or dose are the roentgen, the rad and the rem. The roentgen (R) is a measure of quantity of x or gamma ionizing radiation in air. The radiation absorbed dose (rad) is the amount of energy absorbed in any substance from exposure, and applies to all types of radiation. The R and the rad are nearly equivalent in energy for practical purposes. The rem is used to correct for the observation that some types of radiation, such as neutrons, may produce more biological effect for an equivalent amount of absorbed energy; thus the rem is equal to the rad multiplied by a constant called the "quality factor". For x and gamma radiation the rem is equal to the rad. The rad and the rem are currently being replaced in the scientific nomenclature by two units that are compatible with the International System of Units, namely the gray (Gy), equal to 100 rads and the Sievert (Sv), equal to 100 rem.
DOSE RATES
The dose rate is the radiation dose/unit of time. From the very low dose rates of unavoidable background radiation (about 0.1 rad/yr), where no effect can be detected, the probability of measurable effects increases as the dose rate and/or total dose increases. An observable effect becomes quite certain after a single dose of several hundred rads. As a rule, large doses of radiation are of concern because of their immediate somatic effects, while low doses are of concern because of the potential for possible late somatic and long-term genetic effects. The effects of radiation exposure on an individual are cumulative.
The area of the body exposed to radiation is also an important factor. The entire human body can probably absorb up to 200 rads acutely without fatality. However, as the whole-body dose approaches 450 rads the death rate will approximate 50%, and a total whole-body dose of greater than 600 rads received in a very short time will almost certainly be fatal. By contrast, many thousands of rads delivered over a long period of time (e.g. for cancer treatment), can be tolerated by the body when small volumes of tissue are irradiated. Distribution of the dose within the body is also important. For example, protection of bowel or bone marrow by appropriate shielding will permit survival of the exposed individual from what would be an otherwise fatal whole-body dose.
Therapies: Standard
PREVENTION
To avoid fatal or serious overexposure to radiation it is necessary to rigorously enforce protective and preventative measures and adherence to the maximum permissible dose (MPD) levels. These values are listed in "Basic Radiation Criteria", NCRP Report No. 39, published by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (P.O. Box 30175, Washington, D.C. 20014).
TREATMENT
Contamination of the skin by radioactive materials, should be immediately removed by copious rinsing with water and special solutions containing an agent such as EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid), a chelating agent which binds many radioactive isotopes. Small puncture wounds must be cleaned vigorously to remove contamination. Rinsing and removal of contaminated tissue are necessary until the wound is free of radioactivity. Ingested material should be removed promptly by induced vomiting or by washing out the stomach if exposure is recent. If radioiodine is inhaled or ingested in large quantities, the patient should be given Lugol's solution or saturated solution of potassium iodide to block thyroid uptake for days to weeks, and diuresis should be promoted. Monitoring of exposed patients is mandatory, using Geiger counters or sophisticated whole-body counters. Urine should be analyzed for non-gamma-emitting radionuclides if exposure to these agents is suspected. Radon breath analysis can be done in cases of suspected radium ingestion.
For the acute cerebral syndrome, treatment is symptomatic and supportive. It is aimed at combating shock and lack of oxygen, relieving pain and anxiety and sedation for control of convulsions.
If the gastro-intestinal syndrome develops after external whole-body irradiation, the type and degree of therapy will be dictated by the severity of the symptoms. After modest exposure, antiemetics and sedation may suffice. If oral feeding can be started, a bland diet is tolerated best. Fluid, electrolytes, and plasma may be required in huge volumes. The amount and type will be dictated by blood chemical studies (especially electrolytes and proteins), blood pressure, pulse, urine output, and skin turgor.
Management of the hematopoietic syndrome, with its obvious potentially lethal factors of infection, hemorrhage and anemia, is similar to treatment of marrow hypoplasia and pancytopenia from any cause. Antibiotics, fresh blood, and platelet transfusions are the main therapeutic aids. However, a side effect of platelet transfusions may be development of an immune response to future platelet transfusions. Rigid germ-free conditions (asepsis) during all skin-puncturing procedures is mandatory as is strict isolation to prevent exposure to disease-causing germs.
Concurrent anticancer chemotherapy or use of other marrow-suppressing drugs, should be avoided.
Bone marrow transplants have proven helpful in some cases. If a whole body radiation dose greater than 200 rads is suspected, and if granulocytes and platelets continue to decrease and fall to less than 500 and 20,000/cu mm, respectively, compatible bone marrow transplantation should be made. With use of cyclosporin to prevent rejection of the graft, a marrow transplant will most likely increase the probability of survival. Thirteen people at Chernobyl who received estimated total body doses of radiation between 5.6 to 13.4, underwent bone marrow transplants after the Chernobyl accident. Two transplant recipients survived. Others died of various causes including burns, graft-vs-host disease, kidney failure, etc. Therefore, the success of bone marrow transplantation for radiation sickness was inconclusive.
In dealing with late somatic effects due to serious chronic exposure, removal of the patient from the radiation source is the first step. With radium, thorium, or radiostrontium deposition in the body, prompt administration, orally and by injection, of chelating agents such as EDTA will increase the excretion rate. However, in the late stages these agents appear to be useless. Radiation ulcers and cancers require surgical removal and plastic repair. Radiation-induced leukemia is treated like any similar spontaneously occuring leukemia. Anemia is corrected by blood transfusion. Bleeding due to lack of platelets (thrombocytopenia) may be reduced by platelet transfusions.
No effective treatment for sterility, or for ovarian and testicular dysfunction (except for hormone supplementation in some cases), is available.
Therapies: Investigational
Transplantation of liver tissue cells from fetuses into the bone marrow is being investigated as a substitute for bone marrow transplants, especially in young children whose immune systems have totally failed. Once the liver cells are transplanted in the bone marrow, the fetal liver cells begin to function like bone marrow cells and start producing blood cells. There is less likelihood of this procedure causing graft-versus-host disease than in bone marrow transplantation. However, this experimental procedure has not yet been proven effective in humans, so more research is needed before it can be considered as a safe and effective treatment.
Eight Brazilian patients with radiation sickness were treated with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) during 1987. This is a genetically-engineered version of a natural human protein. GM-CSF may boost the immune system, which is destroyed by excessive radiation, by stimulating production of certain white blood cells (granulocytes in the bone marrow.) Four of the eight Brazilian radiation victims showed a significant recovery of their immune systems, but four others died. More research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of this treatment.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Radiation Syndromes, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Association of Radiation Survivors (NARS)
78 El Camino Real
Berkeley, CA 94705
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
Leukemia Society of America
733 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10017
(212) 573-8484
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
7910 Woodmont Avenue
Bethesda, MD 20814
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
References
Basic Radiation Protection Criteria; recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (1984).
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION AFTER THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT, Alexandr Baranov, et al.; N Eng J of Med. (July 27, 1989, issue 321, (4)). Pp. 205-212.
Radiation Syndromes
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(Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
715: Rapp-Hodgkins Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Rapp-Hodgkins Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
RHS
Dominant Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Zanier-Roubicek Syndrome
Jorgenson's Syndrome
Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome
Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome
Christ-Siemens-Touraine Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Rapp-Hodgkins Syndrome is one of a group of rare genetic skin disorders known as the Ectodermal Dysplasias. Major symptoms may include absence of the ability to sweat in combination with cleft lip and palate, dental abnormalities and lack of hair.
Symptoms
In the Rapp-Hodgkins Syndrome the patient may or may not be able to sweat. If they are able to sweat it is not at a normal rate, which can cause the patient to easily become overheated (Hyperthermia).
The patient usually has a cleft lip, cleft palate, an absence of or abnormal development of teeth, and an absence of scalp hair and eyebrows. The patient's eyes may be unusually sensitive to light, and have corneal opacities and other eye defects with a tendency to develop eye infections. The ears may be large and malformed, and prone to repeated infections. There may be associated hearing and speech problems.
The Rapp-Hodgkins patient may also be of a short stature and have joined fingers or toes. The opening of the urethra may be below the normal opening in the vagina or penis. The nails of the fingers and toes may not develop normally. The face may have a low nasal bridge, a narrow nose, underdeveloped jaw and high forehead.
Causes
Rapp-Hodgkins Syndrome is the result of autosomal dominant inheritance. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Rapp-Hodgkins Syndrome is a rare disease affecting males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Rapp-Hodgkins Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Zanier-Roubicek Syndrome is a form of Ectodermal Dysplasia which is often associated with severe overheating because of the inability to sweat. There is usually normal sweating, however, on the palms and soles. The patient usually shows a lack of hair on the head but normal eyebrows and eyelashes. Patients have fewer than the normal number of teeth with yellow discoloration of the ones that are present. The finger and toe nails are brittle. A lack of tearing of the eyes may also occur, as well as underdevelopment of the breasts. The syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. Intelligence is usually normal.
Jorgenson's Syndrome is another form of ectodermal dysplasia characterized by the inability to sweat properly, a lack of hair and tooth growth, and unusual skin problems. These patients do sweat but the amount is very slight. There is lack of growth of eyebrows and eyelashes, and the patient is usually bald by the teen years. The skin is dry with fine fingerprints (dermal ridges) on the hands and feet. There are abnormal amounts of cavities in the baby teeth and a lack of development of some of the permanent teeth. The patient usually has a long, thin nose, thin upper lip and a long space between the nose and mouth (philtrum).
Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome is an autosomal recessive form of Ectodermal Dysplasia. It is characterized by a lack of hair on the head and tooth abnormalities. There may be too many teeth, failure of baby teeth to fall out, and a lack of tooth enamel. Patients have similar faces with narrow, small, pointed noses, small jaws, small mouth with thin lips, a short head and bulging of the forehead. Eye problems may include cataracts, crossed eyes, and blue coloring in the whites of the eyes. There may be a narrow high-arched palate and a delay in the growth of the bones. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hallermann" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome, another form of ectodermal dysplasia, is characterized by nose, scalp and hair defects, as well as a lack of teeth, deafness, short stature, lack of motor development and malabsorption problems. The most striking development of this syndrome is the beaklike appearance of the nose. Three fourths of the patients have a protrusion over the rear fontanelle of the skull at birth which gets thick and hard as the child grows. Their teeth are peg-shaped and they have thin hair which sweeps up from the forehead. The patients show marked hearing loss from birth as well as motor and mental retardation. Bone growth is delayed and there may be associated intestinal, absorption and genital defects.
The form of ectodermal dysplasia known as Christ-Siemens-Touraine Syndrome is characterized by lack of development of teeth, reduced ability to sweat resulting in heat intolerance, and loss of hair. The face may have a bulging forehead and chin, sunken cheeks, broad flat nose, thick lips and fine, wrinkled skin around the eyes. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Ectodermal Dysplasia" as you search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
No cure for the underlying causes of Ectodermal Dysplasias are known. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for Rapp-Hodgkins patients and their families. Surgery may be necessary for the repair of cleft lip and palate. False teeth may be needed in order to eat properly and hearing aids, etc., may be required. Over the counter creams may relieve skin discomfort. Heat and excessive exercise should be avoided. Vaccines and anti-infectious agents are used to reduce infections of the skin and respiratory tract. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Institute of Dental Research in Bethesda, MD, is conducting a research project to evaluate dental treatment of individuals who have Ectodermal Dysplasias. Treatment will consist of either conventional removable dentures or fixed dentures supported by dental implants. The project is designed to evaluate the effect of dental implants on such things as satisfaction with treatment, the ability to chew foods, and maintenance of the bone that supports the dentures. To be eligible to participate in this study, individuals must have one of the ectodermal dysplasias, be missing several teeth, and be between the ages of twelve and seventy years. A complete oral and dental examination will be provided to determine if an individual qualifies for the five years study. Financial aid is expected to be available to help defray travel and lodging expenses for trips to Bethesda, MD. For additional information, physicians can contact:
Albert D. Guckes, M.D.
Dental Clinic, NIDR
Bldg. 10, Rm. 6S-255
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4371 or 2944
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Rapp-Hodgkin's Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias
108 North First, Suite 311
Mascoutah, IL 62258
(618) 566-2020
NIH/National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
American Cleft Palate Cranial Facial Association
1218 Granview Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15211
(412) 681-1376
(800) 24CLEFT
National Cleft Palate Association
2950 Hearne Ave
Shreveport, LA 71103
(318) 635-8191
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 215-216.
RAPP-HODGKIN ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA. H.W. Schroeder, Jr. et al.; J Pediatr (January, 1987, issue 110 (1)). Pp. 72-75.
RAPP-HODGKIN SYNDROME; OBSERVATIONS ON TEN CASES AND CHARACTERISTIC HAIR
CHANGES (PILI CANALICULE). C.F. Salinas, et al.; Birth Defects (1988, issue 24 (2)). Pp. 149-168.
RAPP-HODGKIN SYNDROME: AN ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA INVOLVING THE TEETH, HAIR,
NAILS, AND PALATE. REPORT OF A CASE AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol (January, 1989, issue 67 (1)). Pp. 50-62.
DISTINCTIVE HAIR CHANGES (PILI TORTI) IN RAPP-HODGKIN ECTODERMAL
Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
92: Raynaud's Disease and Phenomenon
_________________________
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Raynaud's Disease and Raynaud's Phenomenon are vascular disorders. These disorders are spasms of arterioles occurring especially in the fingers and toes and occasionally in other acral parts of the body such as the nose and tongue. The intermittent attacks of pallor or cyanosis of the digits may be precipitated by exposure to cold or by emotional upsets. It may be either idiopathic or secondary to other conditions.
Symptoms
Attacks of the disorders known as Raynaud's Disease and Phenomenon occur more frequently in cold rather than hot weather. Symptoms associated with Raynaud's Disease (unless stated otherwise the use of the term Raynaud's Disease will also include Raynaud's Phenomenon) may include a feeling of numbness and coldness of the toes or fingers. Only one or two fingertips may be involved early in the course of the disease. As the disorder progresses, all the fingers down to the distal palm may be affected, although the thumbs are rarely involved. Patients may experience sensory changes accompanying the vasomotor manifestations such as an aching pain, tingling feeling, or throbbing in the afflicted digits. There may be the sensation of tightness or pins and needles.
Onset is usually in the first or second decade of life. The vasospasm attacks may last for minutes to hours, but are rarely severe enough to result in gross tissue loss. The intermittent attacks of cyanosis or blanching may be precipitated by exposure to cold or by emotional upsets. The color changes in Raynaud's Phenomenon may be either triphasic (pallor, cyanosis, and redness followed by reactive hyperemia) or biphasic (cyanosis followed by reactive hyperemia). Rewarming the affected digits results in a return to normal color and sensation.
Raynaud's Disease is much rarer than Raynaud's Phenomenon. Raynaud's Disease is usually benign, causing only mild discomfort and progressing very slightly over the years. In some cases, however, there is a rapid progression of the disorder which may result in sclerodactyly (loss of subcutaneous tissue) or small painful ulcers may appear on the tips of the affected digits.
Raynaud's Disease is suspected when there appears to be no evidence for an underlying cause, while Raynaud's Phenomenon occurs as a secondary characteristic to another disorder.
Causes
The cause of Raynaud's Disease is generally unknown. It can occur as a symptom of other disorders or it may possibly be a hereditary disorder. It may also be related to a local sensitivity of the digital vessels to cold, or the bilateral paroxysmal contraction of arteries and arterioles of the fingers or toes may occur without apparent cause. The attacks of the disease may be precipitated by exposure to cold or occasionally by emotional upsets.
Raynaud's Phenomenon may also occur as a secondary characteristic to other disorders. It may be related to conditions such as connective tissue disorders (e.g., scleroderma or systemic lupus erythematosus), neurogenic lesions (including the thoracic outlet syndromes), drug intoxications (ergot and methysergide), dysproteinemias, myxedema, primary pulmonary hypertension, and trauma. (For related information, choose "scleroderma" and "lupus" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Research is currently ongoing at the University of Carolina to identify criteria that will be useful to predict whether or not Raynaud's Phenomenon will develop into Scleroderma.
Affected Population
Raynaud's Disease and Raynaud's Phenomenon occur predominantly in women. It is less common before puberty and after the age of forty years.
Therapies: Standard
Therapy for secondary forms of this disorder is dependant upon recognition and treatment of the underlying disturbance. Mild cases of Raynaud's Disease may be controlled by protecting the patient from exposure to cold and by the use of mild sedatives such as phenobarbital. Since nicotine is a vasoconstrictor, the patient must stop smoking. Phenoxybenzamine, guanethidine, reserpine, and methyldopa have also been useful in treatment. Occasionally, regional sympathectomy (surgical removal of the sheath of an artery containing the sympathetic nerve fibers which leads to improved vasodilatation) may benefit patients. Sympathectomy generally produces better results in patients with Raynaud's disease than in those with Raynaud's Phenomenon.
Therapies: Investigational
The disordered blood flow in the fingers of Raynaud's disease may be treatable with the drug ketanserin, an antagonist of serotonin. More research is needed before this drug will be available for more general use.
Recent research by the U.S. Army indicates that the body may be tricked into circulating blood to the hands even in cold weather. Three to six times each day Raynaud's patients sat indoors with their hands submerged in warm water. Then they were put into a cold environment where their body was exposed to cold temperatures except their hands, which were submerged in an ice chest filled with warm water. After 50 rounds of this treatment, 150 test subjects were able to go out in cold weather without losing circulation in their hands. More research is needed to determine if this treatment will work for many people over an extended period of time.
Scientists are studying a new orphan drug, Iloprost, for treatment of Raynaud's Phenomenon when it occurs along with Scleroderma. The drug is manufactured by Berflex Laboratories. More research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of this experimental treatment.
New treatment agents are being tested for Raynaud's Disease. They include the calcium antagonist, nifedipine and the ACE-inhibitor, captopril (both manufactured by Bristol-Myers Squibb; the alpha-blocker, Thymoxamine (Parke-Davis' Opilon); and Janssen's serotonin receptor antagonist, ketanserin, according to a recent editorial in the British Medical Journal (March 3, 1990, p. 553).
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Raynaud's Disease and Phenomenon, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Raynaud's Association Trust
112 Crewe Rd.
Alsager, Cheshire, ST7 2JA
England
NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Ave.
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 369, 375-7.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 562.
Raynaud's Disease and Phenomenon/
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-Copyright (C) 1986, 1987 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
184: Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
RSDS
Causalgia Syndrome - Major or Minor
Shoulder-Hand Syndrome
Sudeck's Atrophy
Algodystrophy
Algoneurodystrophy
Reflex Neurovascular Dystrophy
Steinbrocker Syndrome
Post-Traumatic Osteoporosis
Post-Traumatic Dystrophy - Major or Minor
Osteodystrophy
Traumatic Vasospasm
Acute Bone Atrophy
Traumatic Angiospasm
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Erythromelalgia
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSDS) is a term encompassing a group of chronic pain syndromes. Symptoms include severe pain and alternating constriction and dilation of blood vessels after trauma, often minor in nature. Other cases of RSDS can begin spontaneously. Symptoms can become chronic if treatment is not begun as soon as possible after diagnosis. However, diagnosis and treatment are difficult due to the wide variety of body areas which can be affected. Also, RSDS can easily be misdiagnosed as a nerve injury which is characterized by similar painful symptoms.
Symptoms
Most people with Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSDS) initially report severe burning pain and stiffness in an arm or leg at the site of a previous injury. This painful area usually extends beyond the location of the earlier injury. Severity of pain may be out of proportion to the injury. The pain may be described as a burning or aching sensation and is often associated with tenderness, swelling, stiffness, excessive perspiration and altered sensitivity. Heat may intensify the pain. Decreased range of motion of the affected area, as well as skin redness, may accompany pain in early stages of this disorder. In some cases, rapid nail and hair growth may occur.
As the condition progresses, pain can further intensify. Exposure of the affected area to cold and/or windy weather may increase pain. Hair and nail growth may decrease at this stage. Swelling may be more prominent, and in some cases the skin may become pitted. Range of motion may become severely restricted. The skin can appear pale and/or have a slightly bluish discoloration (cyanosis). Areas of increased and/or decreased sensitivity to both pain and stimulation may develop. Motor weakness, skin atrophy and excessive perspiration may also occur in this stage of RSDS.
In a prolonged or later stage, some patients may report a decrease in pain; however, most are left with intractable pain and increased sensitivity to stimulation. Smooth shiny skin, muscle atrophy, loss of strength, and severe contractions of tendons are also found in patients with longstanding cases. At this late stage, changes can become permanent and only mild improvement may be obtained through treatment.
Some patients with RSDS may not progress beyond the initial milder stages of symptoms, while others may progress to the most advanced and painful stages. Symptoms may occur on both sides of the body in some cases. Although RSDS is usually seen in a limb, it may affect any area of the body.
Causes
The exact cause of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSDS) is not well understood. After minor injuries, peripheral nerves may become irritated and hypersensitive due to overstimulation by the sympathetic nervous system. The decrease of blood circulation in the affected area may lead to other symptoms. RSDS may also follow other conditions including infections, radiation therapy, muscular weakness or partial paralysis affecting one side of the body (hemiparesis), and heat or electrical burns.
Heart diseases due to obstruction or constriction of coronary arteries (myocardial ischemia), deficient oxygen supply to the heart (angina pectoris), or interruption of the blood supply to the heart due to blood clotting inside the heart muscle wall (myocardial infarction) may also precede RSDS.
Disorders caused by "slipped disks" or discogenic disease, and a degenerative joint disorder of the neck known as cervical osteoarthritis may also be related to the onset of RSDS. However, in approximately thirty percent of patients, no precipitating factors (such as an injury) can be identified.
Affected Population
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome seems to affect women more often than men. The disorder is more common among people over fifty years of age; however, it may also occur in children and young adults.
Related Disorders
The following disorders are similar to Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Erythromelalgia is a genetic peripheral blood vessel disorder that causes intense burning pain in the feet and/or hands. It differs from Traumatic Erythromelalgia because onset is not related to an injury. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Erythromelalgia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common compression of peripheral nerves in the wrist that can be confused with other nerve and muscle disorders with similar symptoms. Initial symptoms consist of occasional numbness in the hand that can gradually become constant. Patients may awaken at night with pain ("pins and needles" sensation) and numbness in the hand. A loss of grip may accompany the numbness due to the lack of sensation and muscle wasting. Pain in the arm, shoulder and/or neck may also occur. An injury or swelling that narrows the carpal canal in the wrist puts pressure on the median nerve causing Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Other seemingly unrelated conditions including sports injuries or occupational hazards may also cause this disorder. Females are affected five times more frequently than males, usually between the ages of forty to fifty years. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Carpal Tunnel" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Although no standard treatment for Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSDS) has been developed, prevention and early treatment of symptoms are thought to be the most successful options.
Daily physical therapy is recommended as soon as a diagnosis of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSDS) is confirmed. Splinting of the affected area while the patient is at rest may prevent muscle contraction deformities, especially in the hand. Ice or heat applications should be avoided in most cases since they may result in overstimulation of nerve endings leading to increased discomfort. Whirlpool and paraffin wax baths may be beneficial in some cases.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation may be used in the early stages of RSDS or added to an existing therapy program. This procedure can alter nerve transmissions to block pain impulses.
Glucocorticosteroids (local or systemic) can be effective but must be used with caution. Side effects are rarely seen with the lower dosages recommended to treat Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSDS), but weight gain, facial swelling (moon faces) and digestive upsets have been reported. Other drugs including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, analgesics and muscle relaxants have been found useful in some cases.
Sympathetic blockade (local or regional) can be useful to treat later stages of RSDS. For patients with pain in an upper extremity, a stellate ganglion block can be performed. The block is considered successful if the patient reports significant pain relief, as well as the return of blood circulation to the affected area. Blocks can be given in a series, or as indicated by the relief of symptoms.
For patients with lower extremity pain, a lumbar sympathetic block can be performed. Sympathetic blocks have a unique advantage in that they can confirm the diagnosis of RSDS, as well as provide rapid relief in some cases.
Nerve section removal (sympathectomy), either surgical or chemical, may be recommended for patients who gain only temporary relief from sympathetic nerve blockade.
Nerve blocking drugs (alpha and beta nerve blockers) can be administered. These may include intravenous regional administration of nerve blocking drugs such guanethidine (an orphan drug), and electroacupuncture (used only in mild cases). Also, the beta blocking drug propranolol, the drug nifedipine (used for dilating heart vessels), the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin, and tricyclics (antidepressants) have been used with occasional success.
Therapies: Investigational
Treatments under investigation for Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSDS) include Dorsal Column Stimulation and an implanted morphine pump. Dorsal Column Stimulation involves a spinal implant device which shows promise based on preliminary investigation. A similar device, the Implanted Morphine Pump, is being tested to deliver morphine directly to the spinal fluid where it can circulate to several areas of the body. The morphine pump shows promise for relieving pain in cases of RSDS involving several body areas where no other treatment has been successful. However, treatment with morphine carries heavy risks. Extensive testing will be necessary before these treatments can be recommended for use except in cases wherein all other options are unsuccessful.
Guanethidine monosulfate is being used experimentally as a treatment for Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy. For additional information, physicians can contact:
Ciba-Geigy Corp.
556 Morris Ave.
Summit, NJ 07901
For information on additional therapies that have been designated as Orphan Drugs in the last few months, please return to the main menu of NORD Services and access the Orphan Drug Database.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association (RSDSA)
116 Haddon Ave., Suite D
Haddonfield, NJ 08033
The Arthritis Foundation
1314 Spring Street
Atlanta, GA 30309
(404) 872-7100
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY SYNDROME: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: Robert W. Rothrock, PA-C and David Weiss, D.O.; Osteopathic Medical News (February 1987 issue). Pp. 20-25.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome
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!Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
348: Refsum Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Refsum Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Refsum Disease
Disorder of Cornification 11 (Phytanic Acid Type
DOC 11 (Phytanic Acid Type)
Heredopathia Atactica Polyneuritiformis
Hypertrophic Neuropathy of Refsum
Phytanic Acid Storage Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Acanthocytosis
Tay Sachs Disease
Gaucher's Disease
Niemann-Pick Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Refsum Syndrome is a rare disorder of lipid metabolism inherited as a recessive trait. Symptoms may include a degenerative nerve disease (peripheral neuropathy), failure of muscle coordination (ataxia), retinitis pigmentosa (a progressive vision disorder), and bone and skin changes. This disorder is believed to be due to the absence of phytanic acid hydroxylase in the blood, an enzyme needed for the metabolism of phytanic acid (found in dairy products, beef, lamb and some seafoods). Refsum Syndrome is characterized by a marked accumulation of phytanic acid in the plasma and tissues. Prolonged treatment with a diet deficient in phytanic acid can be beneficial. This slowly progressive disorder is most common in children and young adults of Scandinavian heritage. Phytanic Acid is a derivative of phytol, a component of chlorophyll.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Refsum Syndrome may include progressive nerve deafness, dry scaly skin (ichthyosis), and night blindness possibly due to degenerative changes in the retina of the eye.
Skin problems associated with Refsum Syndrome include an unusual burning or prickling sensation (paresthesia) of arms and legs. Neurological symptoms include unsteady walking with frequent falls (ataxia), and peripheral neuropathy (characterized by sensory, motor, and reflex changes). (For more information, choose "ataxia" and "neuropathy" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Causes
Refsum Syndrome is inherited as a recessive trait. A defect in the metabolism of phytanic acid leads to an accumulation of phytanic acid in the blood plasma and tissues of the body. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Refsum Syndrome is usually found in children and young adults of Scandinavian heritage. This disorder can affect more than one person in a single family and occurs in males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
There are many disorders caused by abnormal lipid metabolism. Acanthocytosis, also known as Lipoprotein Deficiency, is inherited as a recessive trait, and tends to occur more than once in families where it is found. This rare disorder usually begins in the first year of life and is marked by malnutrition, growth retardation, abdominal distention, and progressive neurological dysfunction. Curvature of the spine, muscle coordination impairment (ataxia), and eye problems including pigmentary retinal degeneration beginning at about ten years of age may also be symptomatic of Acanthocytosis.
Gaucher's Disease is an inherited disease of lipid metabolism caused by the failure to produce the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. It is the most common of the fourteen known lipid storage disorders which includes Tay-Sachs Disease, Fabry's Disease, and Niemann-Pick Disease. There are three types of Gaucher's Disease - Type I, II, and III. All three are characterized by the presence of Gaucher (lipid-laden) cells in the bone marrow and other organs such as the spleen and liver.
Tay-Sachs Disease is an infantile form of Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis. Tay-Sachs is a genetic disorder that causes the progressive destruction of the central nervous system. It is generally found among children of Eastern European Jewish heritage and becomes clinically apparent at about six months of age.
Niemann-Pick Disease is a rare, familial disorder of lipid metabolism characterized by the accumulation of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in the reticuloendothelial cells. There are at least five different forms of this type of lipidosis.
(For more information on these disorders, choose "Gaucher," "Tay-Sachs," "Fabry," "Niemann," and "Acanthocytosis" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Refsum Syndrome involves following a strict diet low in phytanic acid (found in dairy products, beef, lamb and some seafoods) and high in calories. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Plasmapheresis as a treatment for Refsum Syndrome is being tested by scientists and appears to hold promise in improving the neurological and muscle coordination problems associated with this disorder. Plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances, and plasma parts) from the blood. It is performed by removing blood, separating the plasma from the other blood products, and replacing the patient's plasma with other human plasma. More investigation is necessary, however, before this treatment can gain acceptance as a standard treatment for Refsum Syndrome.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Refsum Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
United Leukodystrophy Foundation
2304 Highland Drive
Sycamore, IL 60178
(815) 895-3211
(800) 728-5483
RP Foundation Fighting Blindness
1401 Mt. Royal Avenue, 4th Floor
Baltimore, MD 21217-4245
(800) 638-2300
(301) 225-9400
TDD (301) 225-9409 (for the deaf)
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Association Europeenne contre les Leucodystrophies
7 Rue Pasteur
54000 NANCY
France
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
HEREDOPATHIA ATACTICA POLYNEURITIFORMIS (REFSUM'S DISEASE) TREATED BY DIET
AND PLASMA-EXCHANGE : F.B. Gibberd, et. al.; Lancet. (1986, Issue 1 (8116)). Pp. 575-578.
CLINICAL PICTURE AND PATHOGENESIS OF THE REFSUM SYNDROME: A.M.
Shevchenko; Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr (1977, issue 77(6)). Pp. 832-837.
Refsum Syndrome
"pagetitle
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@'/'Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
844: Reifenstein Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Reifenstein Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, Partial
Gilbert-Dreyfus Syndrome
Incomplete Testicular Feminization
Lubs Syndrome
Rosewater Syndrome
Type I Familial Incomplete Male Pseudohermaphroditis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Klinefelter Syndrome
Male Pseudohermaphroditism
17-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency (also known as 17-
Ketosteroid reductase Deficiency and 17-Beta HSD)
17-Alpha Hydroxylase Deficiency (also known as 17-Hydroxylation Deficiency)
3-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency (also known as 3-Beta-HSD
Deficiency)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Reifenstein Syndrome (Partial Androgen Insensitivity) is a hereditary form of male pseudohermaphroditism, a condition in which the male has testes but possesses both male and female sexual characteristics. The severity of androgen (male hormone) insensitivity determines how this syndrome will present itself. In mild cases of androgen resistance, infertility may be the only symptom. More severe cases may result in hardening of the tubules in the testis, failure of one or both testes to descend, an abnormal penis in which the urethra opens on the underside, and development of male breasts. The degree of feminization at puberty is not as marked as in other forms of pseudohermaphroditism.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Reifenstein Syndrome (Partial Androgen Insensitivity) can vary greatly. In the least severe cases, the only symptom that presents itself may be infertility which is related to hardening of the tubules in the testis (seminiferous tubular sclerosis), and either very little or no sperm in the semen.
In more severe cases, an abnormal penis in which the urethra opens on the underside (hypospadias), impaired production of male hormones due to dysfunction of gonads (hypogonadism), and excessive development of the male breasts (gynecomastia) may also occur. One or both testes may fail to descend normally, and a decrease in the functioning of the cells in the testis that produce androgens (leydic cell hyperplasia) may lead to impotence later in life. Facial and chest hair may be sparse or missing and the voice may have a high pitch.
Causes
Reifenstein Syndrome (Partial Androgen Insensitivity) is inherited as an X-Linked Recessive disorder. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Affected Population
Reifenstein Syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder. This disorder only occurs in males but females are the carriers of the genetic defect. There have been many reports of multiple males in a family inheriting the syndrome.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Reifenstein Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Klinefelter Syndrome is a disorder resulting from an excess of X chromosomes. This disorder affects males only and is characterized by small testes, lack of sperm, enlarged mammary glands and an abnormally small penis. There may also be a retardation of sex organ development, an absence of facial and body hair, lack of muscular development and a high pitched voice. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Klinefelter" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Male Pseudohermaphroditism is a genetic disorder in which the individual has testes but possesses both female and male bodily sexual characteristics. The body type is usually female and the male characteristics are not apparent until puberty.
17-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency (also known as 17-Ketosteroid Reductase Deficiency and 17-Beta HSD) is a disorder in which the production of steroids is impaired. Male pseudohermaphroditis is present and there is no enlargement of the adrenal gland. This genetic defect is inherited as either autosomal recessive or X-linked recessive.
17-Alpha Hydroxylase Deficiency (also known as 17-Hydroxylation Deficiency) is a disorder that usually goes undetected until adolescence. The adrenal gland and testes fail to produce androgens, while the ovaries produce no estrogens. Because males are not exposed to androgens during fetal development they are born with female external genitalia, although testes are buried within the abdominal cavity. Failure to menstruate or to develop secondary sexual traits such a breasts or body hair, as well as high blood pressure (hypertension) and low blood levels of potassium are characteristic.
3-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency (also known as 3-Beta-HSD) is a deficiency of 3-Beta-HSD that occurs early in the chain of reactions required to produce adrenal steroid hormones. Hormones such as androgens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids all fail to be manufactured and affected infants usually survive no more than a few hours. Boys are born with female or ambiguous external genitalia. Females may have slight male characteristics because a weak form of androgen is present. However, a few patients with incomplete forms of this disorder do not show symptoms until later in childhood or adulthood. Their first menstruation may occur between the ages of 4 and 8, an enlarged clitoris is present, acne and advanced maturation of the skeleton may be seen, and there is unusual hairiness (hirsutism). Because this disorder expresses itself in a variety of ways, it has been suggested that several different genes may be involved.
Therapies: Standard
The use of drugs that replace testosterone at an early age may restore fertility in males with Reifenstein Syndrome. Males with less severe forms of the syndrome such as the abnormality of the penis in which the urethra opens on the underside, may have corrective surgery. Corrective surgery may also be done on enlarged breasts in males. Patients with more severe defects may be raised as females and have corrective surgery performed before puberty. These patients may use estrogen therapy at puberty.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. The treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
The orphan drug Testosterone Sublingual is being tested for treatment of the delay in growth and puberty in boys with Reifenstein Syndrome. This drug is being manufactured by GYNEX, INC., 1175 Corporate Woods Parkway., Vernon Hills, Il 60061.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Reifenstein Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Dr. John Money
Johns Hopkins University
Professor, Pediatrics and Psychology
600 N. Wolfe Street
Baltimore, MD 21205
Hermaphrodite Association for Rehabilitative Transition
P.O. Box 1303
High Springs, FL 32643
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Finding Our Own Way
P.O. Box 1545
Lawrence, KS 66044
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1711.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th Ed.: Charles R. Scriver, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1989. Pp. 1931-32.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1399-1400, 1418.
CLINICAL AND ENDOCRINOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO SUBJECTS WITH
REIFENSTEIN SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH QUALITATIVE ABNORMALITIES OF THE
ANDROGEN RECEPTOR: H.U. Schweikert et al.; Human Res (1987: issue 25(2)). Pp. 72-9..
Reifenstein SyndromeC(
F(pagetitle
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
287: Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Progressive Supranuclear Palsy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
PSP
Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome
Nuchal Dystonia Dementia syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is a neurologic disorder associated with spastic weakness of muscles affected by the cranial nerves; i.e., muscles of the face, throat and tongue. Onset of this disorder occurs usually during middle age.
Symptoms
The first noticeable symptom of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is usually loss of balance while walking. Patients may have unexplained falls or a stiff awkwardness in the walk. Other symptoms may resemble Parkinson's disease. (For more information on Parkinson's Disease, please choose "Parkinson" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Other common early symptoms include forgetfulness and personality changes such as loss of interest in formerly pleasurable activities or increased irritability. Less common symptoms are vision disturbances, slurred speech and mild shaking in the hands. New symptoms can develop during the course of PSP, and previously mild problems tend to become more severe with time.
Blurred vision usually develops three to five years after the walking problems, and is characterized as an inability to aim the eyes properly or to move them up or down. This is caused by a weakness or paralysis (palsy) of the muscles that move the eyeballs. Eventually, reading, driving, or even maintaining eye contact becomes difficult because the eyes may not aim or focus properly. Additionally, abnormal eyelid control can develop. Eyes may close involuntarily (blepharospasm) for seconds or minutes. Some patients may not be able to open their eyes at times, and others may have trouble closing their eyes or may blink much less than normal. This can cause the eyes to become dry and red.
Movements of the mouth, tongue and throat are also affected in PSP. Speech usually becomes slurred three or four years after symptoms first begin. Similarly, swallowing some foods can become difficult because of throat muscle weakness. This tends to occur after the walking, vision, and speech problems appear. Slight forgetfulness, personality changes and poor eye contact during conversations can give an incorrect impression of senility. Although mental confusion in patients with PSP is mostly only an impression, a mild or moderate degree of mental impairment eventually occurs which may be misdiagnosed as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). (For more information on Alzheimer's Disease, please choose "Alzheimer" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Causes
The cause of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy is unknown. It is possibly a long-term degenerative process caused by an unknown slow virus. Slow viruses tend to stay dormant in humans for extended periods of time, then for reasons yet unknown, become activated. Some scientists believe that viruses are not involved , and that exposure to some unknown chemical may cause PSP by slowly damaging certain areas of the brain. The poor control of vertical gaze and oral-pharyngeal movement is indicative of damage to corticobulbar regulatory pathways of the brain.
Affected Population
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy affects approximately 20,000 people in the United States. It usually begins during middle age and predominantly affects males.
Related Disorders
Lacunar State is a similar neurologic disorder which is differentiated from Progressive Supranuclear Palsy by the history of a step-wise progression of symptoms that seems characteristic of strokes.
Pseudobulbar Palsy is a disorder characterized by an inability to control movements such as chewing, swallowing and talking. The term "bulbar palsy" means a paralysis of the part of the brain (the bulb) which controls these movements. Pseudobulbar Palsy is usually the result of multiple strokes. The patient often smiles, laughs or cries uncontrollably, but his ability to move his eyes is normal.
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurologic disorder characterized by tremor, muscular rigidity, slowness in initiating movements and difficulty in maintaining balance. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Parkinson" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy is symptomatic and supportive. Tricyclic antidepressant drugs such as amitriptyline (Elavil) and imipramine (Tofranil) help relieve some of the symptoms of PSP. Some other drugs that can improve the muscle rigidity and slow voluntary movements (extrapyramidal symptoms) temporarily when used in the early stages of the disorder, are the drugs bromocriptine (Parlodel), carbidopalevodopa (Sinemet), amantadine hydrochloride (Symmetrel), trihexyphenidyl (Artane) and benztropine (Cogentin). The dopamine agonist and ergot alkaloid levodopa may improve symptoms in some patients; others may show temporary improvement with pergolide (Permax). The use of these drugs should be monitored carefully by a neurologist experienced in their use.
Walking aids such as a walker weighted in front, and wearing shoes with built-up heels may help in preventing patients from falling backwards.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is seeking certain individuals affected by Progressive Supranuclear Palsy for participation in a clinical research study. For complete information, those interested should have their physicians contact:
Dr. Irene Litvan
NINCDS Experimental Therapeutics Branch
Bldg. 10, Room 5C106
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-7993
Idazoxan, a British drug developed as an antidepressant, is now being studied as a treatment for PSP. Dr. John H. Growdon of Harvard Medical School is investigating its benefits in treating PSP patients. The drug was not effective as an antidepressant and is no longer being manufactured in Britain. It has shown promising results in Dr. Growdon's study.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Society for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (SPSP)
2904-B Marnat Rd.
Baltimore, MD 21209
(301) 484-8771
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
International Tremor Foundation
360 West Superior Street
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
PSP Research Fund
Dept. of Neurology
UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
CN19
New Brunswick, NJ 08903
References
PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY: HL Klawans; United Parkinson Foundation, 1981.
Progressive Supranuclear Palsym
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Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
767: Prostatitis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Prostatitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Prostate Infection
Disorder Subdivisions:
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Nonbacterial Prostatitis
Prostatodynia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Epidiymitis
Acute Cystitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Prostatitis is a common infection of the prostate gland, the gland near the penis that is situated at the base of the male urethra. The prostate secretes an alkaline fluid which is the major ingredient of ejaculatory fluid. Prostatitis is classified into four subcategories: acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, nonbacterial and prostatodynia.
Symptoms
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis is characterized by chills, high fever, low back pain and pain in the joints or muscles. Affected individuals usually have problems with urination including frequency, urgency, difficulty and pain in urinating along with excessive urination at night. There may be a discharge from the urethra. The prostate gland is usually tender and swollen when examined by a physician's gloved finger in the rectum. Inflammation of the bladder (acute cystitis) usually accompanies Acute Prostatitis. Complications of untreated Acute Bacterial Prostatitis may include the formation of abscesses which may rupture into the urethra or rectum, kidney inflammation and infection of the long tightly coiled tube (epididymis) which carries sperm from the testicle to the ejaculatory duct. Infection of the testicle (orchitis) and shock may also occur.
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis is one of the most common causes of urinary tract infections in men. Affected individuals usually show no symptoms until the infection is advanced. As with Acute Bacterial Prostatitis, the majority of patients complain of frequency and urgency in urination, excessive urination at night and painful or burning urination. Most also experience low back pain. Secretions from the urethra, particularly at night, are common and the prostate gland is usually tender. Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis infections may involve the scrotum, producing intense discomfort, swelling and severe tenderness. There may be pain in the area of the prostate or rectum and decreased sexual desire with premature ejaculation.
Nonbacterial Prostatitis is even more common than Bacterial Prostatitis and symptoms are usually indistinguishable from Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis. Most patients have no history of urinary tract infections.
Prostatodynia refers to a condition characterized by painful and burning urination with no evidence of inflammation. Symptoms of Prostatodynia are also similar to, but more severe than, those of Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis. In rare cases, the pain may be incapacitating.
Causes
Bacterial Prostatitis is most commonly caused by the bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and more rarely by Enterococcus. Infection may be introduced through the urethra, usually by the flowing back of infected urine into the ducts of the prostate. It can also be caused by the invasion of rectal bacteria or by infection spread through the bloodstream from another area of the body. Whether or not bacterial prostatitis may be sexually transmitted is uncertain.
The causes of Nonbacterial Prostatitis and Prostatodynis are unknown.
Affected Population
Prostatitis is a common disorder occuring in men most frequently over 50 years of age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Prostatitis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Epididymitis is an infection of the long tightly coiled tube called the epididymis, which is located behind each testicle. The tube carries sperm from the testicle to the ejaculatory tract. Symptoms may include fever, chills and pain in the scrotum. Infected men may need to urinate frequently, and urination may be painful. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Epididymitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Acute Cystitis is an infection of the bladder. The most common cause of bladder infection in men is Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis. Symptoms may include burning or painful urination, excessive urination at night, urgency and frequency in urination and low back pain.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Bacterial Prostatitis is determined by the results of bacterial cultures and the overall condition of the individual. Treatment may require hospitalization with bed rest and the administration of analgesics and fluids with antibiotics such as ampicillin or amoxicillin. As prevention against the future development of Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole may be administered for 30 days.
Treatment of serious Acute Bacterial Prostatitis may require intravenous antibiotics until the acute phase of the infection has been overcome, followed by one month of oral antibiotic therapy. Less serious cases of Acute Bacterial Prostatitis usually respond to three to four weeks of treatment with oral antibiotics.
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis is more resistant to treatment which usually consists of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or indanyl carbenicillin sodium for four weeks. Cultures are then repeated. A longer period of therapy may be required if cultures are still positive. If the infection persists after 12 weeks of therapy, a different medication may be tried. Some individuals do not respond completely to antibiotic treatment. In these cases, symptomatic infection may be treated as it occurs, or preventive measures taken to avoid recurrent episodes of cystitis which is the major source of symptoms.
Antibiotics are of no value in treating Nonbacterial Prostatitis or Prostatodynia. Hot sitz baths and anticholinergic drugs may provide relief from symptoms. Some patients may find relief with periodic massage of the prostate.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Kidney and Urologic Disease Information Clearinghouse
Box NKUDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1547-1548.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 1615-1616.
PROSTATITIS. C. Stewart; EMERG MED CLIN NORTH AM (August, 1988: issue 6(3)). Pp. 391-402.
CHRONIC BACTERIAL PROSTATITIS: 10 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE WITH LOCAL ANTIBIOTICS. L. Baert et al.; J UROL (October, 1988: issue 140(4)). Pp. 755- 757.
MEASUREMENT OF URINARY ANTIBODIES TO CRUDE BACTERIAL ANTIGEN IN PATIENTS
WITH CHRONIC BACTERIAL PROSTATITIS. L.M. Shortliffe et al.; J UROL (March, 1989: issue 141 (3)). Pp. 632-636.
Prostatitis
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579: Proteus Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Proteus Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Partial Gigantism of Hands and Feet, Nevi, Hemihypertrophy, Macrocephaly
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Bannayan-Zonana Syndrome
Cowden Syndrome (Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome)
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome
Maffucci Syndrome
Neurofibromatosis
Nevus Sebaceus of Jadassohn
Ollier Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Proteus Syndrome is a very rare hereditary disorder characterized by multiple lesions of the lymph vessels (lipolymphohemangiomas), overgrowth of one side of the body (hemihypertrophy), an abnormally large head (macrocephaly), partial gigantism of the feet, and abnormal coffee-colored (cafe-au-lait) spots on the skin.
Symptoms
Proteus Syndrome is present at birth and is characterized by many fatty lesions of enlarged cystic lymph vessels, overgrowth of one side of the body, an excessively large head, overgrowth of hands or feet, and coffee-colored (cafe-au-lait) spots on the skin. Areas of the tongue can become enlarged with longer than normal elevations (papillae). Abnormal growths in the abdominal cavity may occur in some cases.
Causes
Proteus Syndrome is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50 percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Proteus Syndrome is present at birth, and affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may be similar to those of Proteus Syndrome. Comparisons can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Bannayan-Zonana Syndrome (Macrocephaly, Multiple Lipomas and Hemangiomas) is a hereditary disorder characterized by an enlarged head (macrocephaly), multiple fatty growths (lipomas) in the abdominal cavity and other areas, and abnormal growths (tumors) of the blood vessels (hemangiomas).
Cowden Syndrome (Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome) is a hereditary disorder characterized by multiple nodules composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that occur in the affected part of the body. Often one kind of cell or tissue predominates (hamartomas).
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome is thought to be a hereditary disorder combining a birth mark which is the color of a port wine stain (nevus flammeus), excessive growth of soft tissue and bone, and varicose veins. Cases may range from mild to severe. The disorder usually starts before birth or during early childhood. (For more information, choose "Klippel" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Maffucci Syndrome (Multiple Angiomas and Endochondromas; Kast Syndrome; Hemangiomatosis Chondrodystrophica) is a rare inborn disorder characterized by multiple benign skin and bone lesions which, in some cases, may be progressive. The lesions appear at birth or shortly thereafter, but may not become evident for several years. (For more information, choose "Maffucci" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Neurofibromatosis (Elephant Man Disease; Von Recklinghausen Disease; NF I and NF II) is a hereditary disorder with highly variable symptoms which can affect many body systems. Symptoms usually start during childhood. The disorder tends to become more active at puberty, during pregnancy, and at menopause. It is characterized by multiple nerve tumors under the skin which can result in disfigurement, cafe-au-lait spots on the skin, curvature of the spine and long bones, malformation of bones and other complications. (For more information, choose "Neurofibromatosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Nevus Sebaceus of Jadassohn (Linear Sebaceous Nevus Syndrome) is a portwine-like spot on the scalp or less often the face, which often grows larger during puberty or early adult life. It may, in rare cases, give rise to a variety of new growths, including a skin cancer known as basal cell carcinoma.
Ollier Disease (Multiple Cartilaginous Enchondroses) is a rare disorder characterized by abnormal development of the bones (skeletal dysplasia) usually beginning during childhood. The disorder affects bone and cartilage in joints of the arms and legs. Dwarfism may be present if both sides of the body are affected. (For more information, choose "Ollier" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Some growths and bone malformations occurring in patients with Proteus Syndrome can be removed or corrected surgically. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Proteus Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
International Center for Skeletal Dysplasia
St. Joseph Hospital
7620 York Road
Towson, MD 21204
(301) 337-1250
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
PROTEUS SYNDROME: THE ELEPHANT MAN DIAGNOSED: J.A.R. Tibbles, et al.; British Med Journal (1986: issue 293). Pp. 683-685.
THE PROTEUS SYNDROME: PARTIAL GIGANTISM OF THE HANDS AND/OR FEET, NEVI,
HEMIHYPERTROPHY, SUBCUTANEOUS TUMORS, MACROCEPHALY OR OTHER SKULL ANOMALIES
AND VISCERAL AFFECTIONS: H.R. Wiedemann, et al.; Eur Journal Pediatr (1983: issue 140). Pp. 5-12.
PROTEUS SYNDROME: REPORT OF TWO CASES WITH PELVIC LIPOMATOSIS: T Costa, et al.; Pediatrics (1985: issue 76). Pp. 984-989.
PROTEUS SYNDROME OR ANOTHER HAMARTOSIS?: Boris G. Kousseff; Journal Clin Dysmorphol (1984: issue 2(3)). Pp. 23-26.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 638.
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!m!Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
478: Prune Belly Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Prune Belly Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Abdominal Muscle Deficiency Syndrome
Congenital Absence of the Abdominal Muscles
Eagle-Barrett Syndrome
Obrinsky Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Prune Belly Syndrome is a rare condition characterized by underdevelopment of the abdominal muscles associated with intestinal and urogenital abnormalities. The condition is present at birth (congenital). In most cases the muscles are deficient, but not completely absent.
Symptoms
Prune Belly Syndrome is characterized by partial absence of some abdominal muscles. Often the attachments of the muscles to the bones are present, but the muscles diminish in size and thickness over the bladder. The abdomen appears large and lax, the abdominal wall is thin and the intestinal loops can be seen through the thin abdominal wall. Skin folds may radiate from the navel or occur as transverse folds across the abdomen. A midline crease from the navel to pubic area may be present in some cases. The navel may appear as a vertical slit, or as a linear central scar, but it can also appear normal. Sometimes the navel is connected with the bladder through a canal (urachus) or a cyst. The chest is often deformed. Flaring of the rib margins or a horizontal depression under the chest (Harrison groove) can appear in many children born with Prune Belly Syndrome. Narrowing of the chest in the transverse direction (pigeon breast) may also occur.
Enlargement of the bladder is present in almost all cases. Obstruction of the neck of the bladder is the primary problem, resulting in bladder distention and urine retention. The connection between the kidney and bladder (ureter) may be abnormal; the opening between ureter and bladder may be narrowed or closed. Obstruction may also occur at the junction of the ureter and kidney. Usually, the ureters are greatly widened. Occasionally this enlargement occurs only on one side or decreases as the ureter nears the bladder. Distention of the kidney with urine (hydronephrosis), on one or both sides, may also occur. In some cases, hydronephrosis occurs on one side while the kidney is underdeveloped on the other side. Kidney cysts may also be present. The canal that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body (urethra) usually is unobstructed. In males, absence of an opening (atresia) in the urethra, folds acting as valves below the entrance of the semen and prostate ducts (verumontanum), compression by a pouch and overdevelopment of the prostatic urethra also have been noted in some cases.
Blood and pus in the urine (hematuria and pyuria) often signal infection. Undescended testes (cryptorchidism) and testes that may be attached to a ureter, often occur in males with Prune Belly Syndrome. Abnormal fixation of the gastrointestinal tract and failure to rotate during fetal development (malrotation) have also been described in the medical literature.
Causes
The exact cause of Prune Belly Syndrome is unknown. There are several theories.
It may be caused by an abnormality in the bladder during fetal development. Accumulation of urine can distend the bladder, the ureters, and the kidney. As the bladder enlarges, it causes wasting (atrophy) of the abdominal muscles. Retention of the testes in the abdomen (cryptorchidism) may be attributed to obstruction by an unusually large bladder or to obliteration of the groin (inguinal) canals. By the time of birth, the obstruction at the bladder outlet or the urethral obstruction may have been resolved, so that no mechanical obstacle can be identified after birth.
Other researchers consider the urinary abnormalities as secondary to the incomplete development of abdominal muscles. Incomplete emptying of the bladder leading to urinary retention and infection can occur as a result. Constipation and symptoms of indigestion are additional possible complications. Since the abdominal muscles are important for respiration, deformity of the chest could be explained by their absence.
A third possibility is that the muscle deficiency and the urinary abnormalities have a common cause that has not yet been discovered. A nervous system defect that could be responsible for early malfunction of abdominal muscles may be the cause. Association with a congenital open spinal canal (spina bifida) has been identified in some children, and the presence of clubfeet is also fairly commonly associated with Prune Belly Syndrome.
Affected Population
Prune Belly Syndrome is a very rare disorder that is present at birth. The disorder affects mostly males but a few female cases have been described in the medical literature.
Therapies: Standard
Bladder reconstruction (cystoplasty), surgical widening of the urethra, and augmentation of the muscles that contract the bladder (detrusor augmentation) using a paired graft of a hip muscle (rectus femoris) have been successfully performed on children with Prune Belly Syndrome. Kidney transplantation may be necessary.
Therapies: Investigational
An experimental surgical procedure that includes abdominal wall reconstruction, surgical fixation in the scrotum of the undescended testes (orchiopexy) and/or urinary tract reconstruction simultaneously, has been devised by Dr. Richard Ehrlich at the University of California in Los Angeles. This procedure removes the bulges of the abdomen. Thus it provides an excellent cosmetic result that promotes a positive body image in children with Prune Belly Syndrome. More research is necessary, before this procedure can be recommended for all children with Prune Belly Syndrome.
For more information contact:
Richard M. Ehrlich, M.D.
100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 690
Los Angeles, CA 90024
(213) 825-6865 or (213) 825-6754
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Prune Belly Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Prune Belly Syndrome Network
1005 East Carver Road
Tempe, AZ 85284
(602) 838-9006
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Richard M. Ehrlich, M.D.
Department of Surgery/Urology
University of California, Los Angeles
Medical Center
10833 LeConte Ave. 66-115 CHS
Los Angeles, CA 90024
(213) 825-6865 or (213) 825-6754
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
TOTAL ABDOMINAL WALL RECONSTRUCTION IN THE PRUNE BELLY SYNDROME: R.M.
Ehrlich, et al.; Journal Urol (July 1986: issue 136(1 Pt 2)). Pp. 282-285.
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS, NOTES AND COMMENTS: Josef Warkany; Year Book Medical Publishers, 1971. Pp. 1025-1029.
TESTICULAR AND SEXUAL FUNCTION IN ADULTS WITH PRUNE BELLY SYNDROME: C.R.
Woodhouse, et al.; Journal Urol (April 1985: issue 133(4)). Pp. 607-609.
UMBILICUS PRESERVATION WITH TOTAL ABDOMINAL WALL RECONSTRUCTION IN THE
PRUNE BELLY SYNDROME, Erlich, Richard M., et al., Society for Pediatric Urology Newsletter, (May 14, 1991), Pp. 27-31....
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303: Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pseudo-Polydystrophy
Pseudopolydystrophy
Mucolipidosis III
ML III
ML Disorder
Gangliosidosis GM1 Type 1
GLB1
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Sandhoff Disease (Gangliosidosis GM2 Type 2)
Tay Sachs Disease (GM2 Type 1)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
The Mucolipidoses are a family of hereditary disorders in which enzyme deficiencies cause both complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) and certain fatty substances (mucolipids) to accumulate in body tissues without excess mucopolysaccharides in the urine. (For more information on the mucolipidoses, choose "ML Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy (Mucolipidosis III) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder, characterized by childhood onset, painless joint stiffness, decreased mobility, short stature, some coarseness of the facial features, mild mental retardation, evidence of multiple defective bone formations (dysostosis multiplex), and aortic valve disease. Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy is, in general, a milder form of I-cell disease (ML II). (For more information, choose "I-cell" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Symptoms
Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy is caused by excess accumulations of ganglioside in cells called histiocytes. The gangliosides affect the central nervous system, liver, spleen, and kidneys (renal glomerular epithelium), bone, and other tissues. This type of mucolipidosis is characterized by childhood onset of joint stiffness without pain, swelling or tenderness. Limitation of mobility is slowly progressive but seems to become stationary after puberty. Stature is short. Other characteristics are minimal to moderate coarseness of the facial features, and opacities of the eye's cornea. Mild mental retardation may also occur.
Blood flowing back from the aorta into the heart (aortic regurgitation) has been observed in several cases.
The urinary excretion of acid mucopolysaccharides is normal. Easy fatigability and congestive heart failure may sometimes occur.
Compression of the "tunnel" in the wrist through which nerves and tendons pass (the carpal tunnel) may be present by late childhood. Disease of the valves of the aorta is common. Survival to age 50 years is known but there is little information available on the course of the disorder during adulthood.
Mucolipodosis III (Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy) has a similar clinical involvement compared to Mucopolysaccharidosis VI.
Causes
Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder in which multiple lysosomal enzymes are deficient. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy affects males as often as females. Siblings of patients with this disorder have a 1 in 4 chance of being affected.
Related Disorders
Sandhoff Disease Sandhoff Disease (Gangliosidosis GM2 Type 2) is an inherited disorder. A severe variant of Tay Sachs Disease, it is not restricted to people of Eastern Jewish heritage. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sandhoff" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Tay Sachs Disease (Amaurotic Familial Idiocy; Gangliosidosis GM2 Type I) is a hereditary disorder in children. It is characterized by progressive destruction of the central nervous system. It is generally found among children with Eastern European Jewish heritage. Symptoms become apparent at about six months of age. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tay Sach" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy is symptomatic and supportive. Orthopedic care may be provided when needed. Genetic counseling services will be useful to patient and family.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
MPS (Mucopolysaccharidoses) Research Funding Center, Inc.
1215 Maxfield Road
Hartland, MI 48029
(313) 363-4412
The MPS Society, Inc.
17 Kramer Street
Hicksville, NY 11801
(516) 931-6338
Society of Mucopolysaccharide Diseases, Inc.
382 Parkway Blvd.
Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada R8A OK4
Society of MPS Diseases
30 Westwood Drive
Little Chalfont, Bucks, England
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed.: Daniel Bergsma, ed; March of Dimes, 1979. P. 726.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 6th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. Pp. 835-836.
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Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
830: Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Succinylcholine Sensitivity
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Apnea
Malignant Hyperthermia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency is a rare genetic disorder. Individuals with this disorder have a deficiency or absence of the plasma enzyme pseudocholinesterase, which can cause respiratory difficulty during surgery if the muscle-relaxing drug succinylcholine is used.
Symptoms
Individuals with Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency have a shortage or absence of the enzyme pseudocholinesterase. The only apparent effect of this deficiency appears when the drug succinylcholine is given during surgery. Succinylcholine (also called suxamethonium, or anectine) is a muscle-relaxing drug generally used intravenously during surgery. The patient's body has difficulty stopping the activity of this drug due to his/her deficiency of pseudocholinesterase. This can cause paralysis of respiratory muscles which may cause the patient to stop breathing for an extended period of time. Artificial respiration (mechanical ventilation) may be necessary until the succinylcholine is eliminated from the body and the patient is able to resume breathing. If the patient is not exposed to succinylcholine, he/she may never know that he/she has a deficiency of the enzyme pseudocholinesterase.
Causes
Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency is present at birth and occurs in approximately 1 out of every 2500 people in the United States. It seems to affect white Americans, Alaskan Eskimos, Greeks, Yugoslavs, and East Indians more often than other populations. In white Americans it seems to affect males almost twice as often as females.
Related Disorders
Apnea is the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. Infantile Apnea refers to pauses in breathing during an infant's sleep. Apnea is called Central Apnea or Diaphragmatic Apnea when there are no chest movements during the pauses in breathing. When there are chest movements but no passage of air through the mouth or nostrils, the disorder is known as Obstructive Apnea or Upper Airway Apnea. Central Apnea followed by or intermixed with an Obstructive Apnea is called Mixed Apnea. (For more information choose "apnea" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Malignant Hyperthermia is a rare disorder caused by a genetically determined abnormal response to certain anesthetic drugs. Manifestations include the sudden development of exceptionally high fever during or following general anesthesia. The symptoms do not occur in the absence of general anesthesia. Although the patient may have had no previous adverse reactions to general anesthesia in the past, the subsequent administration of an anesthetic drug such as halothane or cyclopropane - either with or without the administration of a muscle relaxant such as succinylcholine, may trigger the onset of Malignant Hyperthermia in a genetically susceptible individual. It is a serious condition which requires prompt recognition and expert medical treatment. Occasionally, those afflicted with the disorder have revealed a past history of weakness or muscle cramps, or a history of relatives who had a negative reaction to anesthesia.
Therapies: Standard
Testing can be done to determine the presence of Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency before surgery is performed. When the enzyme deficiency is identified the muscle-relaxing drug succinylcholine is not prescribed and other muscle relaxants can be used instead. If testing for Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency has not been done beforehand, and the patient stops breathing for a prolonged period of time during surgery, artificial respiration (mechanical ventilation) can be administered until the patient is able to resume normal breathing.
People with Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency should warn their relatives to be tested before surgery since this is a genetic disorder. People who have relatives who have died for unknown reasons during surgery should be screened for Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency prior to undergoing surgery.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-7301
Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States
P.O. Box 3231
Darien, CT 06820
(203) 655-3007
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 814-815.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp, and Dohme Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 2454.
AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF SUCCINYLDICHOLINE-INDUCED
APNOEA. M. Panteghini, et al.; J Clin Chem Biochem (Feb 1988; issue 26 (2)). Pp. 85-90.
PLASMA CHOLINESTERASE GENETIC VARIANTS PHENOTYPED USING A COBAS-FARA
CENTRIFUGAL ANALYSER. A. Brock; J Clin Chem Biochem (Dec 1988; issue 26 (12)). Pp. 873-875.
TRANSIENT RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION OF THE NEWBORN. ITS OCCURRENCE AFTER
SUCCINYLCHOLINE ADMINISTRATION TO THE MOTHER. D. Hoefnagel, et al.; Am J Dis Child (Aug 1979; issue 133 (8)). Pp. 825-826.
PROLONGED APNEA OF AN ORAL SURGERY PATIENT AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF
SUCCINYLCHOLINE. T. Gerosky, et al.; J Oral Surg (Jun 1979; issue 37 (6)). Pp. 428-431.
Shoemaker, et al.; Textbook of Critical Care, 2nd Ed.; W.B. Saunders, 1989. Pp. 109-114.
AMA Drug Evaluation, 6th Ed., 1986. P. 321....
Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
257: Pseudogout
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Pseudogout) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pseudogout is a disorder resembling gout, characterized by deposits of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in a single joint or multiple joints which causes mild chronic inflammation of those joints.
Symptoms
Pseudogout can appear in a chronic or acute form, or a combination of these two types.
About one-fourth of patients with Pseudogout experience one or more acute (sudden) attacks characterized by rapid swelling and pain in a joint, stiffness and occasional redness and heat over the affected area. An attack usually reaches its peak within 12 to 36 hours and can last several days to weeks. In most people the symptoms of acute attacks will disappear eventually even without treatment. The most commonly affected joint is the knee, although any joint may be affected.
The milder non-acute forms of the disorder are more likely to occur in several joints such as the wrists and fingers, as well as the knee. Pain and swelling occur, not as severe as in a sudden attack, but they tend to last longer. People with chronic Pseudogout find that pain becomes worse with activity. Some experience acute attacks as well as the chronic form, while others with the chronic form may never experience an acute attack.
Causes
The cause of Pseudogout is unknown. Its frequent association with other conditions such as osteoarthritis, diabetes mellitus, hyperparathyroidism, gout or hemochromatosis suggests that the deposits of the CPPD crystals in the cartilage are secondary to degenerative changes in the joints. A familial pattern of incidence has been observed in several countries.
Affected Population
Pseudogout appears in mature adults. Both sexes are affected equally. The incidence of asymptomatic calcinosis of cartilage in joints in persons over age 50 is appreciable.
Related Disorders
Gout is a recurrent acute arthritis of peripheral joints which results from deposition, in and about the joints and tendons, of monosodium urate crystals from supersaturated hyperuricemic body fluids. This disorder may become chronic and deforming, but in most cases it is responsive to drugs and diet therapy.
Therapies: Standard
Acute attacks of Pseudogout are treated by removing the excess fluid and CPPD crystals from the affected joint. The drugs used most often for treatment of Pseudogout are aspirin and the other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as those commonly prescribed for many types of arthritis. These drugs reduce the pain and swelling caused by inflammation. Stomach upset is a common side effect of these drugs which may be avoided if they are taken with milk or food.
If an acute attack has occurred in only one joint, a corticosteroid may be injected into the joint.
During an attack of Pseudogout the affected joint may need rest. Splints, canes and other devices for protecting joints may be fitted. Once the episode subsides, or in cases of the milder chronic form, rest should be balanced with appropriate exercise prescribed by a doctor or a physical therapist.
In a very few people with Pseudogout, surgery may be necessary to correct a joint that is badly damaged, very painful or unstable. Surgery can be performed either to repair a joint or to replace it entirely with an artificial joint. Surgery can be effective for reducing pain, improving movement and correcting disability.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN have tested the experimental anti-inflammatory drug colchicine as a treatment in severe cases of Pseudogout when symptoms did not respond to any other treatment. More research is needed before this drug can be recommended for treatment of Pseudogout.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pseudogout, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Arthritis Foundation
1314 Spring Street, N.W.
Atlanta, GA 30309
(404) 872-7100
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
Pseudogout. Schumacher: Arthritis Medical Information Series (1983).
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1266.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 2037.
Pseudogout
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
625: Pseudohypoparathyroidism
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Pseudohypoparathyroidism) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Martin-Albright Syndrome
Seabright-Bantam Syndrome
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Turner Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a hereditary disorder characterized by an inadequate response to the parathyroid hormone, although this hormone is present in normal amounts. This inadequate response affects bone growth in patients with Pseudohypoparathyroidism. Headaches, weakness, easy fatigue, lack of energy, and blurred vision or hypersensitivity to light may also occur. Unusual sensations, stiffness or cramps in arms or legs, palpitations and abdominal pain may be noticed. A round face, thick short stature and short fourth fingers are also found in patients with this disorder. Mental retardation also occurs. The prognosis is good for most patients. Hormonal and calcium replacement therapy is often useful, but the lack of growth may persist.
Symptoms
Pseudohypoparathyroidism is characterized by short stature, a round face, short neck, and shortened bones in the hands and feet. Intelligence usually ranges from low normal to mentally retarded. Headaches, weakness, tiring easily, lethargy, cataracts and blurred vision or hypersensitivity to light may also be present. During childhood, seizures may occur. Teeth with underdeveloped enamel tend to erupt later than normal during infancy. Levels of calcium in the blood are usually low, while phosphate and the parathyroid hormone are elevated. Patients with Pseudohypoparathyroidism can lead a normal life.
Causes
Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a hereditary disorder inherited either through X-linked dominant genes or through autosomal dominant genes.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
X-linked disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed.
In X-linked dominant disorders the female with only one x chromosome affected will develop the disease. However, the affected male always has a more severe condition. Sometimes affected males die before birth so that only female patients survive.
In autosomal dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50 percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pseudohypoparathyroidism. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Turner Syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting females which is characterized by lack of sexual development, small stature, possible mental retardation, a webbed neck, heart defects, and various other congenital abnormalities, often including the same deformities of the hands as in Pseudohypoparathyroidism. Individuals have an XO karyotype, i.e., they have neither the second X chromosome that characterizes females nor the Y chromosome of males. However, they are females. (For more information, choose "Turner" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Pseudohypoparathyroidism is treated with the vitamin compound 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D which promotes reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pseudohypoparathyroidism, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
PHP Self-Help Clearinghouse
104 Northern Parkway West
Plainview, NY 11803
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
EFFECTS OF ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS PARATHYROID HORMONE ON TUBULAR
REABSORPTION OF CALCIUM IN PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM: M. Yamamoto, et al.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 2089-1091, 2109-2110.
RENAL-NONRESPONSIVE, BONE-RESPONSIVE PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM: S.
Dabbagh, et al.; Am Journal Dis Child (November 1984: issue 138(11)). Pp. 1030-1033.
PseudohypoparathyroidismG
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Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
843: Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pseudomyxoma Peritonei) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Malignant Appendiceal Tumor
Malignant Large Cystadenocarcinoma
Malignant Large Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Malignant Large Bowel Tumor
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Appendicitis
Carcinoid Syndrome
Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei is a rare malignant growth lining the abdominal cavity. It usually develops from a cancer located in the appendix, goblet cells of the large bowel, or ovary. It may fill up the abdominal area causing swelling of the abdomen and generalized pain in the lower abdomen. It often takes years to develop.
Symptoms
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei is usually characterized by pain in the lower abdomen which can suggest an appendicitis attack. Upon examination the abdomen is found to be swollen but not painful to the touch. Surgery to remove the appendix reveals the abdominal cavity to be filled with tumors of mucus origin (mucinous) and mucinous swelling of the abdomen (ascites). In many cases the abdomen is completely filled with these mucinous tumors. However, the small bowel is usually spared allowing for removal of much of the tumorous growth. Serious consequences of the disorder may be loss of intestinal function and intestinal obstruction.
Causes
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei is generally thought to develop very slowly from the spread of appendix, large bowel or ovarian cancer to the abdominal area, as the spreading of a mucinous intra-abdominal tumor progresses, it begins to fill up the abdomen with an "Omental cake" resulting in a condition known as "jelly-belly".
Affected Population
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei is a very rare disease. Only about 450 cases are mentioned in the medical literature. It affects people in a ration of one man to every four women. It is more common in women because it often develops from an ovarian tumor. It primarily occurs in older persons, the mean age being 57 years of age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Appendicitis is a common inflammation of the appendix, a small organ located near the first part of the large intestine. The inflammation results from a bacterial infection that causes the appendix to swell and fill with pus. Symptoms include intermittent pain in the navel region. In time the pain becomes more severe and localized in the lower, right quadrant of the abdomen. The lower abdomen becomes tender and touching increases the pain dramatically.
Carcinoid Syndrome is a rare, malignant disease of slow growing tumors affecting the small bowel, stomach and/or pancreas. The syndrome may be accompanied by stomach pain, blockage of arteries and hot flushes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Carcinoid Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix is the most common form of malignancy found in the appendix. It is often difficult to distinguish Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix from non-cancerous mucoceles. Both types may cause appendicitis.
Therapies: Standard
The use of CAT and Ultrasound scans can often identify Pseudomyxoma Peritonei before surgery. Imaging can show if mucinous cells have produced large amounts of mucus in the abdominal cavity.
Surgery along with intraperitoneal chemotherapy can often increase disease free life expectancy if the cancer has not spread from another location. Drugs used in treating Pseudomyxoma Peritonei include Mitomycin C and 5-Flourouracil.
Therapies: Investigational
Studies are ongoing in surgical and medicinal ways of treating all forms of cancer including Pseudomyxoma Peritonei. For more information on this research contact:
Dr. Paul H. Sugarbaker
The Cancer Institute
Washington Hospital Center
110 Irving Street, NW
Washington, DC 20010-1975
Resources
For more information on Pseudomyxoma Peritonei, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute (NCI)
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
(800) 4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, 1-808-524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
References
CURRENT THERAPY IN COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY, "Cancer of the Appendix and Pseudomyxoma" Paul H. Sugarbaker, B.C. Decker, 1990.
MALIGNANT PSEUDOMYXOMA PERITONEI OF COLONIC ORIGIN. NATURAL HISTORY AND
PRESENTATION OF A CURATIVE APPROACH TO TREATMENT., PH Sugarbaker, et al.; Dis Colon Rectum, (October, 1987, issue 30 (10)). Pp. 772-779.
PSEUDOMYXOMA PERITONEI PRESENTING AS A SCROTAL MASS., WC Baker, et al.; J Urol (April, 1988, ISSUE 139 (4)). Pp. 821-822.
A 25-YEAR REVIEW OF ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE APPENDIX. A FREQUENTLY PERFORATING CARCINOMA., MA Cerame, Dis Colon Rectum, (February, 1988, issue 31 (2)). Pp. 145-150.
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
640: Pseudotumor Cerebri
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article Pseudotumor Cerebri is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Benign Intracranial Hypertension
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Arachnoiditis
Epiduritis
Meningitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pseudotumor cerebri is a syndrome of increased pressure inside the skull (intracranial). It is most often seen in obese females between the ages of 20 and 50. Symptoms can mimic those of a brain tumor. However, no tumor is involved.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Pseudotumor cerebri include headache of varying degrees of severity (often mild), and usually unrelieved by medication. A swelling of the optic disc (papilledema) with progressive visual loss occurs in a small percentage of the patients. Occasionally, there is a loss of strength and energy (asthenia) and memory disturbances that may interfere with daily life.
A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) may show spinal fluid pressure to be elevated, but the fluid content is normal or possibly will contain a small amount of protein. Tests of electrically activity in the brain (EEG) usually are normal.
Causes
There is no known cause for the majority of the cases of Pseudotumor cerebri. However, some cases may be caused by pregnancy, steroid drugs and sex hormone use. A parathyroid or adrenal gland disorder, venous sinus thrombosis (clot in the channel of the brain for venous blood) or excessive use of Vitamin A are other possible causes. Use of the antibiotic, tetracycline or Nalidixic acid (NegGram) for urinary tract infections may also cause symptoms of this disorder.
Pseudotumor cerebri may also be caused by an increased intracranial pressure secondary to chronic carbon dioxide retention and a lack of oxygen (hypoxia).
Other cases may result from iron deficiency anemia or a abnormal function of the parathyroid glands.
Affected Population
Pseudotumor cerebri is most often seen in overweight females between the ages of 20 to 50, but it also occurs less frequently in men of similar ages. Black men appear to be at a greater risk for loss of vision. The general population appears to be affected 0.9 per 100,000 persons. However, when obesity was considered, this incidence increased to 13-15 per 100,000 persons who are 10% overweight, and to 19.3 per 100,000 when they were 20% or more over their ideal weight. The female to male ratio is 8:1, and the average weight is 38% over ideal weight.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pseudotumor cerebri. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Arachnoiditis is a progressive inflammatory disorder affecting the middle membrane surrounding the spinal cord and brain (arachnoid membrane). It may affect both the brain and the spinal cord and may be caused by foreign solutions (such as dye) being injected into the spine or arachnoid membrane. Symptoms may include severe headaches, vision disturbances, dizziness, nausea and/or vomiting. If the spine is involved, pain, unusual sensations, weakness and paralysis can develop. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Arachnoiditis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Epiduritis is characterized by inflammation of the outer tough canvas-like covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord known as the dura mater. Symptoms of this disorder can be similar to pseudotumor cerebri.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes around the brain and the spinal cord. It may occur as three different forms; adult, infantile and neonatal. It may also be caused by a number of different agents such as infectious bacteria, virus, or fungi, and malignant tumors. Meningitis may develop suddenly or have a gradual onset. Symptoms may include fever, headache, a stiff neck, and vomiting. The patient may also be irritable, confused and go from drowsiness, to stupor to coma. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Meningitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Brain tumors may also cause symptoms similar to Pseudotumor cerebri. The term "pseudo" means that the disorder mimics a brain tumor, but is not caused by a tumor.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Pseudotumor cerebri varies according to the cause. Symptoms are treated and relieved, but in a small percentage of the patients it may reoccur. Repeated lumbar punctures at daily intervals may lower pressure, and may relieve some of the symptoms. Occasionally a lumbar-peritoneal shunt (tube to drain the excess fluid) may be required to facilitate drainage from the brain (cranial) area into the abdomen. Other treatment may consist of use of diuretics and discontinuation of medications that may have caused the symptoms to develop.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Cerebri Pseudotumor, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 2222.
OPTIC NERVE HEAD DRUSEN AND PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI. B. Katz, et. al; Arch. Neurol. (January, 1988, issue 45(1)). Pp. 45-7.
THE INCIDENCE OF PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI. POPULATION STUDIES IN IOWA AND
CLINICAL COURSE AND PROGNOSIS OF PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI. A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
OF 24 PATIENTS. P.S. Sorenson, et. al.; Acta Neurol. Scand. (February, 1988, issue 77 (2)). Pp. 164-72.
PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI IN MEN. K.B. Digre, et. al.; Arch. Neurol. (August, 1988, issue 45(8)). Pp. 866-72.
Pseudotumor Cerebri
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
253: Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
PXE
Groenblad-Strandberg syndrome
Elastosis Dystrophica syndrome
Systemic Elastorrhexis of Touraine
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum designates a group of inherited connective tissue disorders involving the skin, the eyes and the cardiovascular system.
Symptoms
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum, also know as PXE, is first characterized by the appearance of small yellow elevated spots (wheals) in the folds of the skin. The skin of the neck, under the armpits (axilles), the groin, and the areas around the navel (periumbilical) becomes thickened, grooved, inelastic, and loose. Brownish streaks appear in the retina. Retinal hemorrhage and severe vision loss may occur. Weak or absent pulses and easy fatigability of the extremities may cause intermittent limping.
Arterial calcification may be apparent on X-rays at an early age, even though other symptoms may appear years later. Arteries of the arm show radial and ulnar artery closing (occlusion), with dilated arteries between the bones (interosseous) supplying blood to the hands. Angina pectoris and hypertension are common. Hemorrhage may occur in the uterus, the genito-urinary tract, the nose and under the membrane around the brain (the subarachnoid).
The clinical course of PXE varies with the severity of the disorder in each patient, and location of the involvement of blood vessels. It is progressive, but in many cases it may progress very slowly.
Causes
PXE is an hereditary autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant disorder.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Connective tissue fibers of the skin, the intermediate size and small arteries, and occasionally the membranes around the heart stain readily with basic dyes (are basophilic) and contain calcium deposits. These abnormal connective tissue fibers cause the inelastic, excessive looseness of the skin.
Affected Population
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum affects approximately 1 in 100,000 persons worldwide.
It is estimated that there may be 2,500 cases in the United States.
Therapies: Standard
Many treatments for PXE are possible to prevent or improve the natural course of this disorder. These include trauma of head activities in sports activities which may cause bleeding from the eye's retina. Laser coagulation and other treatment methods can be used to stop this bleeding.
Antibiotics are prescribed to prevent infection of heart valves. A regular exercise and weight control program can be helpful. Aspirin and excessive calcium in the diet should be avoided. Smoking should be avoided as well. Cosmetic surgery may be required to treat the skin changes.
Genetic counseling including an explanation of the natural course of PXE to families of patients is recommended.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Association for PXE (NAPE)
1884 Cherry St.
Denver, CO 80220-1146
(518) 426-0451
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
Clinics:
Mark Lebwohl, M.D.
PXE Research Project, Department of Dermatology
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Fifth Avenue & 100th Street
New York, NY 10029
(212) 876-7199
Kenneth H. Nelder, M.D.
PXE Research Program
Department of Dermatology
Health Sciences Center
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
Lubbock, TX 79430
(806) 743-2456
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 2099.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1181-2.
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum'
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'Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
836: Psittacosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Psittacosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Ornithosis
Parrot Fever
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Legionnaire's Disease
Pneumonia
Q Fever
Brucellosis
Hepatitis
Meningitis
Mononucleosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Psittacosis is a common infectious disorder found in birds, some poultry and mammals including man. However, it rarely occurs in humans but when it does it can spread and become epidemic. In humans it can have very serious and complicated effects. The most prominent symptom is usually pneumonia with associated breathing problems. Other major symptoms may include chills, fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and muscle pain in the neck and back. These symptoms can mimic many other diseases. A definite diagnosis is necessary for appropriate treatment to begin.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Psittacosis are usually those of pneumonia, shortness of breath, tiredness and pain when breathing. However, the illness can have symptoms that are indicative of other diseases making it difficult to diagnose. For example, the symptoms may mimic influenza or mononucleosis, or the symptoms may be more severe indicating serious lung problems. The patient may cough and spit up bloody mucus, have difficulty breathing or experience pain when breathing. There may be severe headache or vomiting, loss of interest in eating, severe muscle pain, chills and fever. In some serious cases there may be heart involvement with irregular or uncomfortable heart beat and inflammation of the sack surrounding the heart (pericarditis). An enlarged spleen or liver may also occur. Diagnosis is made by a rise in antibodies in serum and by x-rays that show a ground-glass like shadow most often in the right inferior lobe of the lung.
Disorder Subdivision: The bacterium, Chlamydia psittaci, that causes Psittacosis in birds and fowls also causes abortions in cows and sheep. This bacterium is known to affect birds and mammals, including man, causing serious illness and abortion in pregnant cows and ewes.
Causes
Psittacosis is caused in humans by exposure to the bacterium Chlamydia psittaci which is transmitted from infected birds and poultry. Most instances of infection occur from handling infected birds themselves or by working in areas where birds are kept or butchered. Poultry and pet store workers are at a very high risk as are breeders of parrots, parakeets, love-birds etc. Poultry workers handling the insides (viscera) of butchered turkeys also run a high risk of contracting the disease from blood and tissue. Another source of infection is the dried feces of birds and poultry and the dust from feathers and cages. Protective gloves and masks can often prevent transmission of the disease to these workers.
The birds themselves often do not appear to be ill even though the disease is often fatal. Pet owners need to be made aware that even though birds are asymptomatic they can still carry the disease and spread the bacterium for months. Not only pet birds but domestic fowls, feral birds, city pigeons and sparrows are known carriers of Psittacosis.
Affected Population
Psittacosis affects males and females in equal numbers. Bird breeders, pet store workers, pigeon keepers and poultry workers are the most frequently infected. However, anyone who owns a pet bird should be aware of the possibility that the bird may carry the bacterium. Since the disease can become epidemic in animals as well as in humans, discovery of a single case of the disease should be reported to local public health authorities.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Psittacosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Legionnaire's Disease resembles pneumonia including a shaking chill, sharp pain in the involved side of the chest, cough with sputum or phlegm production, fever of up to 105 degrees F, and in some cases, rapid and painful respiration. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, neurological signs such as headache, confusion, lethargy or agitation may also be present. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Legionnaire" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Pneumonia may vary from mild to severe according to the extent of lung involvement, whether caused by bacteria or virus, accumulation of tissue and cells not normally found in the lungs, the rate of progress, and the presence of complications. The patient sometimes has no fever. In others the onset may be rapid with fever, suggesting an acute respiratory infection. Symptoms such as shortness of breath on exertion, cough, lack of oxygen, loss of appetite, weight loss, weakness and chest pains may be present. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Pneumonia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Q Fever is a disorder transmitted from sheep to man. Patients may experience headache, fever, chills, sweats, coughing, and inflammation of the lungs. They may also experience excess tiredness, muscle pain, chest pain, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Prolonged Q Fever may result in inflammation and enlargement of the liver with upper right abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, and yellowing of the skin (jaundice). Inflammation of the lining of the heart may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Q Fever" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Brucellosis is an infectious disease characterized by sudden and acute, weakness, profuse sweating and vague aches and pains. Chills and fever, severe headache, pains, malaise, and occasionally diarrhea may also occur. The disorder occurs worldwide, most often as a result of drinking unpasteurized milk. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Brucellosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hepatitis B virus usually has a one to six week incubation period during which a certain antigen circulates in the blood before symptoms of the illness develop. Hepatitis B, which is usually transmitted from mother to child or through bodily fluids, may initially appear as influenza symptoms, fever, headache, eye-ear-nose-throat involvement, chills, tiredness, itchy rash, etc., followed by nausea, vomiting and yellow discoloration of the skin. (For more information on this disorder choose "Hepatitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Meningitis in adults and children is often preceded by respiratory illness or a sore throat. In its acute form, the disorder is characterized by fever, headache, a stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, sometimes with aching muscles. (For more information on this disorder choose "Meningitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Mononucleosis is thought to occur after exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus. The disorder occurs after a patient feels unwell for a few days. They will have a severe headache, swollen glands in the armpits, groin and neck, fever and a sore throat, puffy eyes, swollen tonsils, a skin rash and loss of appetite. The spleen and liver may also become enlarged and the patient may notice a yellowish discoloration to their skin (jaundice).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Psittacosis in humans usually consists of antibiotic drug therapy. The drug tetracycline is the most commonly used antibiotic but others have been found to be helpful also. Among those are minocycline, floxacin, and erythromycin.
Treatment of Psittacosis in birds includes injecting oxytetracycline into the muscle followed by injections just under the skin of the bird with the same drug every 2-3 days. Alternatively daily feedings of food treated with antibiotics may cure the disease. Larger birds such as Macaws may be treated with the drug chlortetracycline added to their food.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
404-329-3534
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1564, 1735-1737.
GENETIC, IMMUNOLOGIC, AND PATHOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF AVIAN CHLAMYDIAL
STRAINS, A.A. Anderson, et al.; J Am Vet Med Assoc, (December 1989, issue 1; 195 (11)). Pp. 1512-1516.
AN OUTBREAK OF PSITTACOSIS IN MINNESOTA TURKEY INDUSTRY WORKERS:
IMPLICATIONS FOR MODES OF TRANSMISSION AND CONTROL; K. Hedberg, et al.; Am J Epidemiol (September, 1989, issue 130 (30)). Pp. 569-577.
PSITTACOSIS PNEUMONIA, R. Stubbs, et al.; J Tenn Med Assoc. (April, 1989, issue 82 (4)). Pp. 189-190.
POTENTIAL USE OF LONG-ACTING INJECTABLE OXYTETRACYCLINE FOR TREATMENT OF
CHLAMYDIOSIS IN GOFFIN'S COCKATOOS., K. Flammer. et al,; Avian Dis (January-March, 1990, issue 34 (1)). Pp. 228-234.
Psittacosis
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,Copyright (C) 1987, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
468: Psoriasis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Psoriasis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Information on the following disorders may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Lichen Planus
Pityriasis Rosea
Eczema
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Psoriasis is a common chronic and recurrent skin disorder characterized by dry, well-circumscribed silvery gray scaling spots (papules) or plaques which usually appear on the scalp, elbows, or knees.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Psoriasis usually begin between ages 10 and 40, but no age is exempt. The disorder tends to occur in families. Symptoms may begin gradually. Recurrent outbreaks tend to vary in frequency and duration according to severity of the case. Psoriasis characteristically involves the scalp, extremities (particularly the elbows and knees), the back and buttocks. The nails, eyebrows, armpit (axilla), navel, or anus and genital region may also be affected. In a few cases, the entire body may be affected.
Sharply outlined lesions consist of red spots or plaques covered with overlapping silvery gray shiny scales. They usually do not itch. These lesions may heal without scarring and hair growth near the plaques is not affected. Papules sometimes extend and grow together, producing large plaques in ring or spiral patterns. Nail involvement may resemble a fungal infection, with stippling, pitting, fraying or separation of the edges, thickening, discoloration, and/or the appearance of debris under the nail plate. Psoriatic arthritis (which involves the joints in addition to the skin symptoms), often closely resembles Rheumatoid Arthritis. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Psoriatic Arthritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database and see the Arthritis section in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services.)
In severe cases, Psoriasis lesions may appear in pustular form. General health usually is not affected, unless severe arthritis or untreatable scaling develops. However, stress may be caused by the stigma of an unsightly skin disorder.
Causes
The exact cause of Psoriasis is not known, but the thick scaling is probably due to increased skin cell proliferation. A family history of Psoriasis is common and usually reflects an autosomal dominant inheritance. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Psoriasis is a common disorder affecting about 2 to 4% of the United States population. Most of the affected individuals are of European heritage. Psoriasis in people of African heritage is rare.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders are similar to those of Psoriasis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Lichen Planus is a recurrent, itchy, inflammatory skin eruption characterized by small separate, angular spots that may coalesce into rough scaly patches. It is often accompanied by lesions in the mouth. Women are most commonly affected, and children are rarely affected. The cause of this disorder is unknown, though some minerals such as bismuth, arsenic, or gold, or exposure to certain chemicals used in developing color photography may cause an eruption indistinguishable from Lichen Planus. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lichen Planus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Pityriasis Rosea is a self-limited, mild, inflammatory skin disorder characterized by scaly lesions, most commonly on the trunk. The disorder is possibly due to an unidentified infectious agent. It may occur at any age but is seen most frequently in young adults. In temperate climates, incidence is highest during spring and autumn.
Eczema is a superficial inflammation of the skin, characterized by blisters (when acute), redness, swelling (edema), oozing, crusting, scaling, and usually itching. Scratching or rubbing may lead to thickening of the skin (lichenification).
Therapies: Standard
The simplest forms of treatment for Psoriasis are lubricants, drugs which dissolve the horn-like scales (keratolytics), and local corticosteroid drugs. These are usually tried first because the number of effective remedies is limited. Exposure to sunlight is recommended, though occasionally sunburn may induce eruptions in some people. Systemic antimetabolic drugs should be used only in severe cases with skin or joint involvement. Systemic corticosteroid drugs should not be used because of the side effects, including worsening of skin lesions occurring either during or after therapy.
Lubricating creams, hydrogenated vegetable oils, or white petroleum jelly (e.g. Vaseline) are applied alone or with added corticosteroid drugs, salicylic acid, crude coal tar, or anthralin (dithranol) while the skin is still damp after bathing. Alternatively, crude coal tar ointment or cream may be applied at night and washed off in the morning, followed by exposure to natural or artificial (280 to 320 nm) ultraviolet light in slowly increasing amounts.
Anthralin can be effective as an ointment applied carefully to the lesions under a dressing which does not seal off the lesion completely at bedtime. It should be removed in the morning with mineral oil. Anthralin may be irritating and should not be used in folds of the skin such as the neck, armpit and groin. Anthralin stains sheets and clothing as well as the skin.
Local corticosteroid drugs may be used as an alternative or in combination with anthralin or coal tar treatment. Corticosteroid creams such as triamcinolone acetonide are most effective when used overnight with waterproof plastic coverings or impregnated in adhesive tape. A corticosteroid cream may be applied without a plastic covering during the day. If potent fluorinated corticosteroids are applied to large areas of the body, especially under a plastic covering, Psoriasis may be aggravated as with systemic corticosteroids. For small, localized lesions, fluorandrenolide-impregnated tape left on overnight and changed in the morning is usually effective. Relapses may occur after application of local corticosteroids more quickly than with other treatments.
Thick scalp plaques may be more difficult to treat. A preparation containing an oily solution of phenol and sodium chloride, or salicylic acid in mineral oil may be rubbed in at bedtime with a toothbrush and washed out the next morning with a detergent shampoo. A shower cap can be worn in bed to enhance penetration and to avoid staining. Tar-containing shampoos are often used. Local corticosteroid lotions or gels may be applied during the day.
Resistant skin or scalp patches may respond to local injections of a suspension of the glucocorticoid drug, triamcinolone acetonide diluted with saline solution. However, these injections may cause local tissue shrinkage.
Psoralens and ultraviolet A (PUVA) is another treatment for severe Psoriasis. The sun-protecting drug methoxsalen (a psoralen compound) in oral form is followed by exposure of the skin to long-wave ultraviolet light under supervision of a dermatologist. This therapy may produce remissions for several months, but repeated treatments may cause skin cancer in some cases.
The cancer-fighting drug methotrexate, taken orally, is the most effective treatment in the most severe cases of Psoriasis that are unresponsive to other available therapies. Methotrexate seems to interfere with the rapid growth of skin cells. Because the potential toxicity requires careful monitoring of blood, kidney and liver function, and because dosage regimens vary, methotrexate therapy should be carefully monitored by physicians experienced in its use for Psoriasis.
The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (sandimmune) is used for short-term treatment of severe psoriasis that has not responded to other standard therapies such as UVB light treatment, methotrexate or etretinate. Cyclosporine suppresses thre immune system, so long-term use and/or high dosage can make a person vulnerable to other disorders.
Therapies: Investigational
The retinoid drug etretinate (Tegison) has been used in Europe in the treatment of Psoriasis, especially the pustular type, and in Psoriasis of the hands and feet. More research is necessary to establish effectiveness and safety of retinoid drugs as a treatment for Psoriasis.
Clinical trials are underway to compare bath water PUVA therapy with of other modalities in the treatment of Psoriasis. Interested persons may wish to contact:
D. Martin Carter, Ph.D.
Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology
The Rockefeller University Hospital
New York, NY 10021
(212) 570-8091
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Psoriasis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Psoriasis Foundation
6443 S.W. Beaverton Highway, Suite 210
Portland, OR 97221
Psoriasis Research Association
107 Vista del Grande
San Carlos, CA 94070
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE: Jay H. Stein, et al., eds.; Merck, Sharp & Dohme, 1982. Pp. 1374-1377.
EFFECT OF CONTINUED ULTRAVIOLET B PHOTOTHERAPY ON THE DURATION OF
REMISSION OF PSORIASIS: A RANDOMIZED STUDY: R.S. Sterns, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (September 1986: issue 15(3)). Pp. 546-552.
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
594: Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Phospholipidosis
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Pneumonia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis is a rare lung disorder characterized by the filling of the air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) with grainy material consisting mostly of protein and fat. Breathing becomes progressively difficult. The disorder occurs in different forms, ranging from mild to severe.
Symptoms
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis is a rare lung disorder characterized in most cases by breathing difficulty that gradually becomes more severe, especially following exertion. However, some patients show no symptoms of the disorder. The air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are filled with a granular material consisting mostly of protein and fat (phospholipid). Certain cells called macrophages, that usually swallow inhaled particles in the lung alveoli, can be found to contain the phospholipid material. This disorder may spread throughout the lungs or be confined to a small area. The disorder may progress, remain stable, or spontaneously clear. The lower and rear lung regions are most commonly affected. Occasionally, only the front segments may be involved.
Causes
The exact cause of Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis is not known. Exposure to aluminum dust has been related to onset of this disorder in rare cases. A few cases have occurred in patients with impaired immune systems.
ADD Disorder may, in some cases, be closely related to a generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. Researchers have studied the subject with the conclusion being that there is evidence of a familial predisposition to the disorder in some persons with a generalized resistance to thyroid hormone.
Affected Population
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis affects males in greater numbers than females. Most cases begin between 20 and 50 years of age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can resemble those of Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Pneumonia is an acute infection of the alveolar spaces and/or the interstitial tissue of the lung. A whole lobe or only a part of a lobe can be involved. The pneumonia may be caused by different bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa. Pneumonia is often preceded by upper respiratory infection. Symptoms usually start suddenly, with a shaking chill, sharp pain in the affected side of the chest, a cough, a high fever, and a headache. Breathing is difficult and painful.
Therapies: Standard
Mild cases of Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis may spontaneously go into remission. More severe cases of this disorder may be treated by lavage under general anesthesia; i.e., rinsing out one of the lungs while the other lung keeps breathing. In some cases only one lavage is necessary while in other cases the lavage needs to be repeated several times. Secondary lung infections should be promptly identified and treated.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
NIH/National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
Info-Line
1-800-222-LUNG
References
BRONCHOPULMONARY LAVAGE IN PULMONARY ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS: CHEST RADIOGRAPH
OBSERVATIONS: M.E. Gale, et al.; AJR (May 1986: issue 146(5)). Pp. 981-985.
TOTAL LUNG LAVAGE FOR PULMONARY ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS IN AN INFANT WITHOUT
THE USE OF CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS: F. Moazam, et al.; Journal Pediatr Surg (August 1985: issue 20(4)). Pp. 398-401.
MORPHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS OF IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY ALVEOLAR LIPOPROTEINOSIS
REVISITED: I. Rubinstein, et al.; Arch Int Med (April 1988: issue 148(4)). Pp. 813-816.
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`)?)Copyright (C) 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
706: Pulmonary Hypertension, Primary
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Primary Pulmonary Hypertension) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
PPH
Primary Obliterative Pulmonary Vascular Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Cor Pulmonale
Interstitial Pneumonia
Pulmonary Hypertension, Secondary
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension is a very rare and progressive vascular disease. It is characterized by excessively high pulmonary artery pressure, and multiple lesions that affect the small size arteries (arterioles) that lead to the capillaries of the lungs. These lesions are widespread in the lung. Eventually, there is a reduction in the amount of blood able to be forced out by the right ventricle of the heart.
Symptoms
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension is a rare disorder characterized by scattered disease changes in the arteries and capillaries of the lungs. Symptoms that are associated with this disorder are shortness of breath (with or without exertion), excessive fatigue, weakness, chest pain and fainting. Some patients may have puffiness of the face, swelling of the eyelids and a blue-gray color to the skin (cyanosis). A cough, sometimes with blood (hemoptysis), an enlarged heart and liver, low blood pressure, and eventual heart failure are also symptomatic of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension. Since routine laboratory tests may prove inconclusive in diagnosing this disease, a cardiac catherization and pulmonary angiography may be necessary.
Causes
The exact cause of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension is unknown. There may be a genetic predisposition to this disorder transmitted through autosomal dominant genes if the incidence occurs in several generations of the same family. If it occurs in a single generation of the same family it may be transmitted through autosomal recessive genes.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal. When Primary Pulmonary Hypertension occurs without any family history, it's cause is unknown. A genetic pre-disposition means that a person may carry a gene for a disease, but it may not be expressed unless something in the environment triggers the disease process.
Affected Population
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension occurs more frequently in females than in males. It tends to affect females between the age of 20 and 50, while in males it usually occurs later in life. This disorder also occurs more frequently at higher altitude levels than at sea level.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Primary
Pulmonary Hypertension. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Cor Pulmonale is a term that denotes enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart that occurs as a result of severe lung disease. It is used as a term for pulmonary heart disease which affects both the heart and lungs. A common cause of Cor Pulmonale is massive clotting in the lungs which results in increased pressure in the right ventricle of the heart, usually resulting in heart failure. Other causes may be chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and extensive loss of lung tissue from surgery or injury. Symptoms usually include enlargement of the right side of the heart, difficulty breathing, fainting spells on exertion, and substernal angina pain in the chest. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cor Pulmonale" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Interstitial Pneumonia is a type of primary pneumonia. It involves the spaces and tissues in the lining of the lungs with abnormal increases in these tissues. Major symptoms may include shortness of breath on exertion, coughing and loss of appetite. The symptoms may vary from mild to severe according to the extent of involvement. The patient usually has no fever, and there is usually not an over production of mucous. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Interstitial Pneumonia", as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension is due to a disorder of the lungs. It rarely occurs on its own and is usually the result of other lung disease or related diseases in other organs. This disorder is characterized by breathing difficulties, especially after exertion. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn occurs most often in full-term or overly-developed newborns. Infants with this disorder have no obvious symptoms of heart or lung disease, but will have a high level of acid, or a lack of bicarbonate content in the blood and body tissues (acidosis). They will also have rapid respiration (tachypnea) and a blue-gray color to the skin (cyanosis). It is believed to be caused by insufficient oxygen in the blood flowing to the lungs, just before, during or after birth (perinatal hypoxemia).
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension is treated with drugs such as nifedipine, isoproterenol, phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine and prazosin. The intravenous drug prostacyclin may also be used to dilate the blood vessels in the lung. Other drugs include vasodilator drugs, alpha-adrenergic blocking agents, beta agonists and prostaglandins. However, none of these drugs cure or halt the progression of this disease. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families with a family history of this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
The orphan drug epoprostenol is being tested as a treatment for Primary Pulmonary Hypertension. For more information on this drug, physicians may contact Burroughs Welcome, 3030 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
In severe cases of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension that have not responded to other therapies, a heart-lung transplant may be performed. This type of surgery carries a high risk, but it has been successful in some cases.
Clinical trials are underway to study family members of patients with Primary Pulmonary Hypertension. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. John H. Newman
Vanderbilt University
B1308 Medical Center North
Nashville, TN 37232
(615) 386-6891
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Primary Pulmonary Hypertension, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Pathlight is a quarterly newsletter for patients with Pulmonary Hypertension published by:
United Patients' Association for Pulmonary Hypertension, Inc.
1060 Pembroke Ave., NE
Palm Bay, FL 32907
The Foundation for Pulmonary Hypertension, Inc.
P.O. Box 61540
New Orleans, LA 70130
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Ave.
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
NIH/National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 647; 1158.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 527;675.
PULMONARY DISEASES AND DISORDERS, 2nd edition, Alfred P. Fishman, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1988. Pp. 999-1025.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 2, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D.; ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1982. Pp. 278.
FAMILIAL PULMONARY CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMATOSIS RESULTING IN PRIMARY
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, D. Langleben et al.; ANN INTERN MED (JULY 15, 1988; issue 109(2)). Pp. 106-109.
CURRENT APPROACH TO TREATMENT OF PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, B.M.
Groves, et al.; CHEST (March, 1988, issue 93 (Suppl)). Pp. 175s-178s...
Pulmonary Hypertension, Primary
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671: Pulmonary Hypertension, Secondary
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Cor Pulmonale
Interstitial Pneumonia
Pulmonary Hypertension, Primary
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension is a disorder of the blood vessels in the lungs. It usually is the result of other lung diseases or related diseases in other organs. The disorder is characterized by breathing difficulties, especially after exertion.
Symptoms
Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension is characterized by symptoms of breathlessness, anxiety, rapid breathing (tachpnea), chest pain and in extreme cases heart failure. Measurements of right and left descending pulmonary artery diameter can provide a correct diagnosis in 98% of patients with suspected Pulmonary Hypertension. In the right lung artery a diameter over 16.7mm and in the left lung artery a diameter of over 16.9mm, is an indication of excessively high lung pressure.
Causes
There can be a number of causes of Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension. Lung disease such as Interstitial Lung Disease, blood clots in the pulmonary arteries, decrease in the size of blood vessels (pulmonary vasoconstriction), a form of Scleroderma called CREST Syndrome (characterized by Calcenosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, Esophageal dysfunction, Sclerodactylia and Telangiectosis) may cause Pulmonary Hypertension. Other causes may be living at high altitude, thickening of the blood, and portal hypertension. Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension may also occur for unknown reasons.
Affected Population
Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension is a disease that affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Cor Pulmonale is a term that denotes enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart that occurs as a result of disease in the lungs. It is used as a synonym for pulmonary heart disease. The most common cause of Cor Pulmonale is massive clotting in the lungs which results in increased pressure in lungs and heart, usually resulting in heart failure. Other causes may be chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and extensive loss of lung tissue from surgery or injury. Symptoms usually include right heart enlargement, difficulty breathing, fainting spells on exertion, and substernal angina pain.
Interstitial Pneumonia is a type of primary pneumonia. It involves the spaces and tissues in the lining of the lungs with abnormal increases in these tissues. Major symptoms may include shortness of breath on exertion, cough and loss of appetite. The symptoms may vary from mild to severe according to the extent of involvement. The patient usually has no fever, and there is usually not an over production of mucous. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Interstitial Pneumonia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension is a rare lung disorder of unknown cause. It occurs most often in young women. it is characterized by high pulmonary artery pressure, right ventricular failure, breathing difficulty, chest pain and fainting. it is progressive and usually follows a rapid course. Drug therapy may slow the progress of the disease including the intravenous drug prostacyclin, vasodilators, alpha-adrenergic blocking agents, beta agonists and prostaglandins. There is no known cure for this disease and the patient may eventually need a heart-lung transplant.
Therapies: Standard
Prior to treatment of Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension, tests to confirm the
diagnosis and degree of this disorder should be carried out. This may be done by a right-sided cardiac catheterization or use of echo-cardiography. After diagnosis, physical activity should be limited and any underlying causes such as: heart disease, clogged arteries or living at high altitude should be treated. Drug therapy to treat Pulmonary Hypertension may include the use of vasodilators such as: epoprostenol, hydralazine and nifedipine.
Therapies: Investigational
In extreme cases a Heart/Lung transplant may be necessary for people with Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Pathlight is a quarterly newsletter for patients with Pulmonary Hypertension.
PATHLIGHT
1060 Pembroke Ave., NE
Palm Bay, FL 32907
The Foundation for Pulmonary Hypertension, Inc.
P.O. Box 61540
New Orleans, LA 70130
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Ave.
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-8700
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
NIH/National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
PULMONARY DISEASES AND DISORDERS, 2nd edition, Alfred P. Fishman, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1988, Pp. 999-1025.
CURRENT APPROACH TO TREATMENT OF PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, B.M.
Groves, et al,; Chest (March, 1988, issue 93 (3 Suppl)). Pp. 175S-178S.
FUNCTIONAL TRICUSPID REGURGITATION AND RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION IN
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. D.A. Morrison, et al,; Am J Cardiol, (July, 1988, 62 (1)). Pp. 108-112.
PREDICTION OF FAVOURABLE RESPONSES TO LONG-TERM VASODILATOR TREATMENT OF
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION BY SHORT TERM ADMINISTRATION OF EPOPROSTENOL
(PROSTACYCLIN) OR NIFEDIPINE. A. Rozkovec, et al,; Br Heart J (June, 1988, 59 (6)). Pp. 696-705..
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404: Pompe Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Pompe Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Acid Maltase Deficiency
Alpha-1,4 Glucosidase Deficiency
Cardiomegalia Glycogenica Diffusa
Generalized Glycogenosis
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II
Glycogenosis Type II
Lysosomal Glucosidase Deficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Von Gierke Disease
Forbes Disease
McArdle Disease
Tarui Disease
Andersen Disease
Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pompe Disease is a glycogen storage disease. This hereditary metabolic disorder is caused by an inborn lack of the enzyme alpha-1,4 glucosidase (lysosomal glucosidase; acid maltase). This enzyme deficiency causes excess amounts of glycogen to accumulate in the lysosomes of all body tissues, due to an inability to break down the glycogen. The glycogen accumulates in the lysosomes, which swell and cause cell damage or death.
Symptoms
Pompe Disease occurs in different degrees of severity, and onset can occur at various ages.
INFANTILE FORM:
Onset of symptoms usually occurs at 2 to 5 months of age, but the child may be affected at birth. Severe muscle weakness without muscle wasting usually occurs within the first few months of life. An enlarged heart (cardiomegaly), enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), and enlarged tongue (macroglossia) also occurs. Progressive cardiac failure usually causes death by 12 to 18 months of age.
CHILDHOOD FORM:
This form of Pompe Disease usually begins in late infancy or early childhood. The disorder progresses more slowly than the early infantile form. The extent of organ involvement varies between patients but skeletal muscle weakness is usually present with minimal cardiac involvement. Life expectancy for children with this form of the disorder is longer than for the infantile form with survival into the second decade.
ADULT FORM:
Symptoms of the adult onset form of Pompe Disease include muscle weakness such as that found in other chronic muscle disorders. Onset of symptoms usually occurs in the second to fourth decade. This form of the disorder is slowly progressive without cardiac involvement, and life expectancy is usually normal.
Causes
Pompe Disease is a disorder inherited through autosomal recessive genes. Symptoms are caused by a lack of the enzyme alpha-1,4 glucosidase (lysosomal glucosidase; acid maltase) which is needed for glycogen breakdown in the lysosomes. This enzyme deficiency causes an increased concentration of glycogen in body tissues (mainly the muscles) and causes cell damage resulting in muscle weakness. Patients with Type II Glycogen Storage Disease do not have problems with too little sugar (hypoglycemia) in the blood in contrast to other types of glycogen storage disorders (e.g., Type I and Type III.)
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Pompe Disease and all other glycogen storage disorders together affect less than 1 in 40,000 persons in the United States. Males and females are affected in equal numbers. While most cases involve infants and children, some slowly progressive adult cases have been described in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Most Glycogen Storage Diseases are inborn errors of metabolism in which the balance between stored energy (glycogen), and available energy (sugar or glucose), is disturbed. In some of these disorders the breakdown of glycogen into sugar is slowed. Too much glycogen tends to be stored in the liver and muscles, and too little sugar is available in the blood. In other Glycogen Storage Diseases, glucose cannot be built up into glycogen again. This results in an increased level of glucose in the blood.
The following diseases are similar to Pompe Disease. These can be compared to Pompe Disease for a differential diagnosis:
Von Gierke Disease is a glycogen storage disease. This hereditary metabolic disorder is caused by an inborn lack of either the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase or the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate translocase. These enzymes are needed to convert the main carbohydrate storage material (glycogen) into sugar (glucose) which the body uses for its energy needs. A deficiency of these enzymes causes abnormal deposits of glycogen in the liver and kidney cells. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Von Gierke" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
McArdle Disease is a glycogen storage disease. Symptoms of this hereditary metabolic disorder are caused by an inborn lack of the enzyme myophosphorylase. This enzyme is needed for the breakdown of glycogen (the body's form of stored energy) into sugar (glucose). Glucose is normally released as glucose-1-phosphate during strenuous exercise when the muscles need energy. In McArdle Disease the breakdown of glucose cannot take place and severe muscle cramps occur as a result of heavy exercise. (For more information on this disorder, choose "McArdle" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Tarui Disease (Phosphofructokinase Deficiency) is another type of glycogen storage disease. Symptoms of this genetic metabolic disorder are caused by an inborn lack of the enzyme fructophosphokinase in muscle, and a partial deficiency of this enzyme in red blood cells. The deficiency prevents the breakdown of glucose into energy. Tarui Disease is characterized by pain and muscle cramps during muscle stress, but usually causes less severe symptoms than McArdle Disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tarui" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Forbes Disease (Glycogenosis III; Cori Disease) is another glycogen storage disease inherited through autosomal recessive genes. Symptoms are caused by a lack of the enzyme amylo-1,6 glucosidase. This enzyme deficiency causes excess amounts of glycogen (the stored form of energy from carbohydrates) to be deposited in the liver, muscles, and heart. The nerves on the back of the legs and on the sides of the heel and foot (sural nerves) also accumulate excess glycogen. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Forbes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Andersen Disease is a glycogen storage disease inherited through recessive genes. Symptoms of this metabolic disorder are caused by a lack of the brancher enzyme amylo transglucosidase. The deficiency of this enzyme causes an abnormality in the structure of the main carbohydrate storage material (glycogen). This structural abnormality of glycogen is thought to trigger the body's immune system. Consequently the immune system attacks the glycogen in the liver, spleen and muscles where glycogen is primarily stored. Andersen Disease is characterized by scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) which may lead to liver failure. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Andersen" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease (Infantile Spinal Muscular Atrophy) is a severe and usually rapidly progressive neuromuscular disorder that is not related to glycogen storage diseases. It is inherited as a recessive trait and usually begins during infancy. Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease is characterized by a generalized flaccid and symmetrical wasting (atrophy) and weakness of the muscles of the trunk and extremities. Symptoms may be caused by degenerative changes in certain nerve cells of the spinal cord (ventral horn cells). This weakness, known as the amyotonia congenita syndrome, is also found in other neuromuscular disorders. A rapidly progressive form of this condition affects infants, whereas a more slowly progressive form affects adults. ("For more information on this disorder, choose "Werdnig" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Prenatal diagnosis of Pompe Disease is possible by testing the activity of the enzyme alpha-1,4 glucosidase in cells cultured from the mother's amniotic fluid. Diagnosis after birth can be made by testing enzyme activity in white blood cells, as well as the glycogen concentration in muscle cells.
Treatment of Pompe Disease is symptomatic and supportive. Attempts at enzyme replacement have been tried, but have not been successful to date. Genetic counseling will be helpful to the families of children with Pompe Disease.
Therapies: Investigational
Dr. Y.T. Chen at Duke University Medical Center, at the request of the Glycogen Storage Disease Association, is collecting DNA from patients with Glycogen Storage Disease Type I to form a DNA bank for GSDI. Interested patients may contact the Glycogen Storage Diseases Association for further information. The address and phone number of the organization are listed in the Resources section of this report.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pompe Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Association for Glycogen Storage Diseases
Box 896
Durant, IA 52747
(319) 785-6038
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Dr. Alfred Slonim
Center for Inborn Errors of Metabolism
North Shore University Hospital
Manhasset, NY 11030
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1453.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 361, 1134.
Pompe Disease
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"Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
675: Porphyria
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Porphyria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder Subdivisions:
Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Variegate Porphyria
Hereditary Coproporphyria
Protoporphyria
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria
ALA-D Porphyria
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Porphyria is not one, but at least seven types of rare and complex disorders. The different types vary in their clinical presentation. Basically the clinical problems group themselves into disorders of the nervous system and skin. Sometimes these symptoms are so ill-defined that proper diagnosis is delayed. The urine of some patients is a purple-red color or changes to that color when exposed to light.
ACUTE INTERMITTENT PORPHYRIA
Abdominal pain is the most common complaint in Acute Intermittent Porphyria. In addition, some of the following symptoms occur with varying frequency: pain in the arms and leg, generalized weakness, vomiting, confusion, constipation, tachycardia, fluctuating blood pressure, urinary retention, psychosis, hallucinations, and seizures. The muscle weakness may progress to respiratory paralysis, necessitating artificial respiration. Porphobilinogen is elevated during the attack but may be consistently high in some patients. urine may exhibit a purple-red color. Unlike other forms of porphyria, sun sensitivity is not present in this type.
VARIEGATE PORPHYRIA
Variegate Porphyria is characterized by abrasions, blisters, and erosions of the skin which are commonly seen during the second and third decade. These lesions tend to heal slowly, often leaving pigmented or slightly depressed scars. The patients experience sensitivity to light and fragility of skin exposed to the sun. Although in many patients manifestations remain limited to the skin, episodes similar to those of acute porphyria are not uncommon. Therefore, the symptoms, drugs, precautionary measures, and treatment described for Acute intermittent porphyria are applicable to variegate porphyria. (See the Standard Therapy section.
HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA
The large amounts of coproporphyrin present in Hereditary Coproporphyrin makes the patient sensitive to sunlight, but skin disease is rarely severe in this type of porphyria. Clinically it resembles Variegate Porphyria except that a larger percentage of affected individuals exhibit few symptoms. Other symptoms are similar to those listed for Acute Intermittent Porphyria.
PROTOPORPHYRIA
Protoporphyria can have mild to severe light sensitivity and burning on exposure to the sunlight. Usually, the symptoms subside in twelve to twenty-four hours and heal without significant scarring or discoloration to the skin. The skin lesions may also progress to a chronic stage persisting for weeks and healing with a superficial scar. These manifestations generally begin in childhood. They are more severe in the summer and can recur throughout life. Affected skin, at times, exhibits the fragility or blister formation seen in other photosensitizing types of porphyria. Hepatobiliary dysfunction may be associated with significant liver damage.
PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA
In Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, exposed skin shows abnormalities similar to those found in variegate porphyria. They range from slight fragility of the skin to persistent scarring and disfiguration. Due to fragility of the skin, minor trauma may induce blister formation. Areas of increased and decreased pigment content may be noted on the skin. Blistering of light exposed skin and increased hair growth, especially on the face, are also characteristic.
CONGENITAL ERYTHROPOIETIC PORPHYRIA
This is a very rare disease with approximately 150 patients reported in the world. Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria is often manifested shortly after birth with dark urine and sunlight sensitivity causing blistering and skin fragility. Later, brownish, fluorescent teeth, increased hair growth, and pronounced scarring may occur. In some cases, loss of fingers and toes and cartilage from ears or nose may be noted.
ALA-D PORPHYRIA
ALA-D Porphyria symptoms usually arise from effects on the nervous system and/or the skin. Sometimes, the cause of the nervous system symptoms is not clear. Skin manifestations include burning, blistering, and scarring of the sun exposed areas. The disease usually manifests after puberty, and more commonly occurs in women. The most common symptom is severe abdominal pain. Other characteristics are nausea, vomiting, rapid heart rate, increased blood pressure, confusion and/or seizures, and the passing of ALA (delta-aminolevulinic acid) in the urine.
For more complete information on each of the individual types of Porphyria, choose "Porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Causes
The porphyrias are most often inherited. There is a unique enzyme deficiency in each type of the disease. These enzymes are involved in the synthesis of heme, the oxygen carrying part of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Virtually all cases or porphyria have a dominant inheritance. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Therapies: Standard
The basic defect cannot presently be treated, but significant effort is being directed toward treating the underlying mechanisms that cause symptoms.
Drugs which are considered harmful for persons with Acute Intermittent Porphyria, Varigeta Porphyria, and Hereditary Coproporphyria include:
1. Barbiturates
2. Sulfonamides
3. Other tranquilizers and sedatives
4. Griseofulvin
5. Anti-epilepsy drugs.
6. Birth control pills
The orphan drug Hemin 2,3, is approved for use as a treatment for various forms of Porphyria. It is manufactured by Abbott Labs.
Therapies: Investigational
Dr. Karl Anderson of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, has received orphan drug designation for Histrelin, a drug to treat various types of Porphyria.
Leiras, manufacturer of the drug heme arginate for treatment of Porphyria, has agreed to supply the United States with the drug for studies here. Heme Arginate may prove to be a safer product for treatment of acute prophyrias as there are fewer side effects. Leiras is the pharmaceutical division of the Finish company Huhtamaki Corp. For more information, please contact:
Ms. Pirjo Pietilainen
Leiras
P.O. Box 415
SF-20101 Turku
Finland
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Porphyria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Porphyria Foundation
P.O. Box 22712
Houston, TX 77227
(713) 266-9617
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
American Porphyria Foundation Brochure, "Common Questions Asked About Porphyria."""""""
Porphyria
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321: Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Porphyria Cutanea Tarda) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
PCT
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Symptomatica
Porphyria
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) is the most common of the porphyrias. It results from a deficiency of the enzyme uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO-D). The disorder can be caused by either inherited or acquired factors. PCT is one of the "hepatic" porphyrias, and large amounts of porphyrins can build up in the liver when the disease is active. When inherited, the enzyme deficiency is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. In most individuals with the inherited enzyme deficiency, the disease remains latent and may never be symptomatic.
The porphyrias are a group of at least seven disorders. The common feature in all porphyrias is the excess accumulation in the body of "porphyrins" or "porphyrin precursors." These are natural chemicals that normally do not accumulate in the body. Precisely which one of these porphyrin chemicals builds up depends upon the type of porphyria that a patient has.
Porphyrias can also be classified into two groups: the "hepatic" and "erythropoietic" types. Porphyrins and related substances originate in excess amounts from the liver in the hepatic types, and mostly from the bone marrow in the erythropoietic types.
The porphyrias with skin manifestations are sometimes called "cutaneous porphyrias." The "acute porphyrias" are characterized by sudden attacks of pain and other neurological manifestations. These "acute" symptoms can be both rapidly appearing and severe. An individual may be considered in a "latent" condition if he or she has the characteristic enzyme deficiency but has never developed symptoms. There can be a wide spectrum of severity between the "latent" and "active" cases of any particular type or porphyria.
The symptoms and treatments of the different types of porphyrias are not the same. For more information on the other forms of this disorder, choose "porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Porphyria Cutanea Tarda are usually confined to the skin. Blistering after exposure to sunlight and/or minor trauma may occur on the hands, face and other sun-exposed areas. Increased hair growth, and darkening and thickening of the skin may also occur. Neurological and abdominal symptoms are not characteristic of PCT. Liver function abnormalities are common but are often mild.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda is the only type of porphyria that can be either acquired or inherited. All other types of porphyria are caused by genetic factors.
The terms "porphyrin" and "porphyria" are derived from the Greek word "porphyrus," meaning purple. Urine from some porphyria patients may be reddish in color due to the presence of excess porphyrins and related substances, and the urine may darken after being exposed to the light.
The symptoms of porphyria generally arise from effects on the nervous system and/or the skin. Sometimes, the effects on the nervous system are not clear, and proper diagnosis is delayed. Skin manifestations can include burning, blistering and scarring of sun-exposed areas.
Causes
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) results from a deficiency of the enzyme uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO-D) which can be caused by either inherited or acquired factors. A nutritional disorder may also be a contributing factor in PCT.
Environmental factors may include drugs, chemicals, diet and sun exposure. Depending on the type of porphyria, these factors can greatly influence the severity of symptoms.
Because all porphyrias are uncommon, it is very unlikely that more than one type will occur in the same family, or that someone with one type of porphyria will go on to develop another.
Affected Population
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda is more common in males, and usually occurs late in life. It is also found with unusually high prevalence in the Bantu people of southern Africa who also tend to have nutritional cirrhosis of the liver.
Related Disorders
The Porphyrias are a group of related disorders. For more information on each of the following types of the disease, choose "porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
ALA-D Porphyria is a recently-described form of acute porphyria inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is apparently extremely rare. There is a deficiency of the enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and increased excretion of ALA in the urine of patients with this type of porphyria.
Acute Intermittent Porphyria is a dominant hereditary disorder. A usually latent form of porphyria, it may be provoked into active disease by the administration of certain drugs, notably barbiturates, sulfonamides, and estrogen compounds.
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP) is a hereditary disorder due to an inborn error of metabolism, and manifested in infancy. Faulty conversion of the enzyme PBG to uroporphyrinogen in erythroid cells of bone marrow, and red blood cells leads to this form of porphyria. Increased porphyrins also may be found in plasma, urine, feces, teeth and bones.
Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP) is a latent type of porphyria similar to Acute Intermittent Porphyria, although usually less severe. This disorder is due to an enzyme deficiency. Some patients may develop skin photosensitivity. Attacks are usually precipitated by exposure to drugs such as barbiturates, tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, and estrogens.
Variegate Porphyria (VP) is a hereditary type of porphyria due to an inborn error of metabolism. Precipitating or aggravating factors may include exposure to barbiturates, sulfonamides, general anesthetics, excessive amounts of ethanol, and estrogens.
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) is a hereditary type of porphyria marked by an accumulation of protoporphyrin in the bone marrow, red blood cells and sometimes the liver. Excess protoporphyrin is excreted by the liver into the bile, which in turn enters the intestine and is excreted in the feces. There are no urinary abnormalities. The diagnosis is established by finding increased protoporphyrin in red blood cells, plasma and feces.
Therapies: Standard
The orphan drug Hematin (an intravenous drug) is very potent in suppressing acute attacks of the disease. It is usually given only after a trial of glucose therapy. Attention should be given to salt and water balance during treatment.
Many types of drugs such as aspirin and certain antibiotics are believed to be safe in patients with some types of porphyria. Recommendations about drugs for certain types of porphyrias are based on experience with the porphyria patients in whom attacks have been caused by drugs and by tests in animals. Since many commonly used drugs have not been tested, they should be avoided if at all possible. If a question of drug safety arises, a physician or medical center specializing in porphyria should be contact. A list of these institutions may be procured from the American Porphyria Foundation.
Pregnancy is tolerated much better than was formerly believed. Many patients have a few reservations about family planning. For those who do, genetic counseling may be useful.
Wearing a Medic Alert bracelet is advisable in patients who have had attacks, but is probably not warranted in most latent cases.
Therapies: Investigational
New treatments for several types of porphyria are under investigation. For the most updated information on research, please contact the organizations listed in the Resources section.
Dr. Anderson at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Preventive Medicine, Route J09, Galveston, TX 7550 has received a grant from the FDA for investigation of the orphan drug Erythropoietin in the treatment of Porphyria Cutanea Tarda in patients on long-term hemodialysis.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Porphyria Foundation
P.O. Box 22712
Houston, TX 77227
(713) 266-9617
Porphyria Support Group
4 Eve Road
Leytonstone, London, England
E11 3JE
Tel: 01-519-7868
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
American Porphyria Foundation brochure, "Common Questions About Porphyria."
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Red+(
.(pagetitle
321: Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
04127.TXT
9i9Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
318: Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Acute Intermittent Porphyria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Porphyria
AIP
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP) is one of a group of hereditary hepatic Porphyrias. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The deficient enzyme is porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D), also known as uroporphyrinogen I-synthase. This enzyme deficiency by itself is not sufficient to produce symptoms of the disease. Other factors must also be present such as hormones, drugs and dietary changes which trigger the appearance of symptoms.
The Porphyrias are a group of at least seven disorders. The common feature in all porphyrias is the excess accumulation in the body of "porphyrins" or "porphyrin precursors." These are natural chemicals that normally do not accumulate in the body. Precisely which one of these porphyrin chemicals builds up depends upon the type of Porphyria that a patient has.
Porphyrias can also be classified into two groups: the "hepatic" and "erythropoietic" types. In the hepatic types of Porphyria porphyrins and related substances originate in excess amounts from the liver, and mostly from the bone marrow in the erythropoietic types.
The Porphyrias with skin manifestations are sometimes called "cutaneous Porphyrias." The "acute Porphyrias" are characterized by sudden attacks of pain and other neurological symptoms. These "acute" symptoms can be both rapidly-appearing and severe. An individual may be considered in a "latent" condition if he or she has the characteristic enzyme deficiency but has never developed symptoms. There can be a wide spectrum of severity between the "latent" and "active" cases of any particular type of Porphyria.
The symptoms and treatments of the different types of Porphyrias are not the same. For more information on the other types of Porphyrias, choose "Porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database or see the "Related Disorders" section of this report.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Acute Intermittent Porphyria generally arise from effects on the central nervous system and/or the skin. Sometimes, the cause of the nervous system dysfunctions are not clear, and proper diagnosis is often delayed. Skin manifestations can include burning, blistering and scarring of sun-exposed areas after even minimal exposure to the sun.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda is the only type of Porphyria that can be either acquired or inherited. All other types of Porphyria are caused by genetic factors. Environmental factors, such as drugs, chemicals, diet and sun exposure can, depending on the type of the disorder, greatly influence the severity of symptoms.
"The terms "porphyrin" and "porphyria" are derived from the Greek word "Porphyrus," meaning purple. Urine from some Porphyria patients may be reddish in color due to the presence of excess porphyrins and related substances, and the urine may darken after being exposed to the light.
Many individuals who inherit the gene for Acute Intermittent Porphyria never develop symptoms. In those who do display symptoms, the disease may become manifest after puberty, and more commonly does so in women than in men. Abdominal pain, which can be severe, is the most common symptom. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, constipation, and pain in the back, arms and legs. Muscle weakness, rapid heart rate, increased blood pressure, confusion, and hallucinations or seizures may also be present. Sometimes the level of salt (sodium chloride) in the blood decreases markedly during attacks and contributes to some of these symptoms.
Because Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP) can mimic a host of other more common conditions, its presence is often not suspected. On the other hand, the diagnosis of this and other types of Porphyria is sometimes made incorrectly in patients who do not have the disease, particularly if improper laboratory tests are carried out. The finding of increased levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in urine establishes that one of the "acute" Porphyrias is present.
If PBG-deaminase is deficient (approximately one-half normal) in red blood cells, then the diagnosis of AIP is established. However, the latter test should not be relied upon by itself to exclude AIP in a patient, because the result can be falsely normal or equivocal in some AIP patients. The red blood cell test can be extremely useful in identifying other family members who have inherited AIP. It should also be remembered that AIP patients can develop other illnesses, and symptoms may not always be due to porphyria.
When a patient is diagnosed as having Acute Intermittent Porphyria, relatives should be examined as well. Latent cases so identified can then avoid agents known to cause attacks of AIP.
Causes
The inherited Porphyrias are either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive.
Acute Intermittent Porphyria is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Environmental factors that may precipitate an attack of AIP include certain drugs, chemicals, diet and sun exposure. Depending on the type of porphyria, these factors can greatly influence the severity of symptoms.
Because all porphyrias are uncommon, it is very unlikely that more than one type will occur in the same family, or that someone with one type of porphyria will go on to develop another.
Affected Population
Acute Intermittent Porphyria with symptoms is estimated to affect less than one per one hundred thousand persons. It occurs most frequently in people of Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon, or German ancestry. It is extremely rare in blacks. Young or middle-aged adult women are more frequently affected than males.
Related Disorders
The Porphyrias are a group of related disorders. For more information on each of the following types of the disease, choose "porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
ALA-D Porphyria is a hereditary inborn error of metabolism which is usually asymptomatic (latent). It may be provoked into active disease by administration of certain drugs, notably barbiturates, sulfonamides, and estrogen compounds.
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP) is a hereditary inborn error of metabolism that is first manifested in infancy. Faulty conversion of PBG to uroporphyrinogen in erythroid cells of the bone marrow and red blood cells, leads to this type of Porphyria. Increased porphyrins also may be formed in plasma, urine and feces. Porphyrins are also deposited in the teeth and bones.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) can be either an acquired or inherited type of Porphyria. It may become acute as a consequence of chronic alcoholism, barbiturates or other chemicals, cirrhosis of the liver, or a liver (hepatic) tumor. It may also stem from a nutritional disorder.
Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP) is a latent type of inherited Porphyria with attacks usually precipitated by exposure to drugs such as barbiturates, tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, or estrogens.
Variegate Porphyria (VP) is a hereditary type of Porphyria due to an inborn error of metabolism. Precipitating or aggravating factors causing symptoms may include exposure to barbiturates, sulfonamides, general anesthetics, excessive amounts of ethanol, or estrogens.
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) is a hereditary type of Porphyria marked by an accumulation of protoporphyrin in the bone marrow, red blood cells and sometimes the liver. Excess protoporphyrin is excreted by the liver into the bile, which in turn enters the intestine and is excreted in the feces. There are no urinary abnormalities in this type of Porphyria. The diagnosis is established by finding increased protoporphyrin in red blood cells, plasma and feces.
Therapies: Standard
The orphan drug Hematin (an intravenous drug) is very potent in suppressing acute attacks of Acute Intermittent Porphyria. It is usually given after a trial of glucose therapy. Attention should be given to salt and water balance during treatment with this drug.
Many types of drugs such as aspirin and certain antibiotics are believed to be safe in patients with some types of Porphyria. Recommendations about drugs for certain types of Porphyrias are based on experience with the patient in whom attacks have been caused by drugs, and by tests in animals. Since many commonly used drugs have not been tested for their affects on Porphyria, they should be avoided if at all possible. If a question of drug safety arises, a physician or medical center specializing in Porphyria should be contacted. A list of these institutions may be procured from the American Porphyria Foundation. (see "Resources" section of this report).
AIP is particularly dangerous if the proper diagnosis has not been made, and if drugs which aggravate this disorder are administered. The prognosis is usually good if the disease is recognized before severe nerve damage has occurred and if treatment and preventive measures are begun. Although symptoms usually resolve after an attack, some patients may develop chronic pain. Nerve damage and associated muscle weakness can improve over a period of months after a severe attack. Mental symptoms may occur during attacks, but are usually not chronic.
If the patient is taking drugs (including barbiturates, sulfonamides, tranquilizers or sedatives, antiseizure drugs, birth control pills or alcohol, etc.), they should be stopped under a physician's supervision.
Attacks of AIP are often precipitated by low intake of carbohydrates in an attempt to lose weight, thus dietary counseling can be very important. Premenstrual attacks often resolve quickly with the onset of menstruation; hormone manipulations may prevent occurrences of such attacks.
Acute Intermittent Porphyria patients prone to attacks should eat a normal or high carbohydrate diet and should not greatly restrict their intake of carbohydrates and calories, even for short periods of time. If weight loss is desired, it is advisable to consult a physician who may then request that a dietitian be consulted.
Pregnancy is tolerated much better in women with AIP than was formerly believed. Offspring have a fifty percent chance of inheriting the gene for AIP, but the great majority of those that do remain "latent" for all or most of their lives. If diagnosed early, the minority that eventually have symptoms will usually benefit from treatment. Given these considerations, most patients or individuals with "latent" Porphyria usually have few reservations about family planning. For those who do, genetic counseling may be useful.
Wearing a Medic Alert bracelet is advisable in patients who have had AIP attacks.
Therapies: Investigational
New treatments for several types of porphyria are under investigation. For the most updated information on research, please contact the organizations listed in the Resources section.
Dr. Karl E. Anderson of the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, has received orphan drug designation for Histrelin, a drug to treat various types of Porphyria.
Research is underway on the Finnish product Normasang (heme arginate). Dr. Karl Anderson of The University of Texas Medical Branch will be directing clinical studies in the United States. Patients are needed to participate in this research. People interested in this study should have their physician contact:
Dr. Karl Anderson
Ewing Hall (J-09)
University of Texas Medical Branch
700 Strand St.
Galveston, TX 77555
(409) 772-4661
Researchers at the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine are developing a genetic test to help identify AIP patients. The group needs blood samples from AIP patients to help diagnose different genetic lesions. Anyone wishing to participate in the research may contact:
Dr. Cecilia Warner
Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics
Mt. Sinai School of Medicine
100th St. and Fifth Ave.
New York, NY 10029
(212) 241-7037
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Acute Intermittent Porphyria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Porphyria Foundation
P.O. Box 22712
Houston, TX 77227
(713) 266-9617
Porphyria Support Group
4 Eve Road
Leytonstone, London, England
E11 3JE
Tel: 01-519-7868
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
American Porphyria Foundation Brochure, "Common Questions Asked About Porphyria."
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
:pagetitle
318: Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
04128.TXT
5Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
320: Porphyria, ALA-D
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (ALA-D Porphyria) may not be the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Porphyria
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
ALA-D porphyria, a recently described form of acute porphyria, is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and seems to be extremely rare. This form of porphyria is one of the "hepatic" porphyrias.
The Porphyrias are a group of at least seven disorders. The common feature in all porphyrias is the excess accumulation in the body of "porphyrins" or "porphyrin precursors." These are natural chemicals that normally do not accumulate in the body. Precisely which one of these porphyrin chemicals builds up depends upon the type of porphyria that a patient has.
Porphyrias can also be classified into two groups: the "hepatic" and "erythropoietic" types. Porphyrins and related substances originate in excess amounts from the liver in the hepatic types, and mostly from the bone marrow in the erythropoietic types.
The porphyrias with skin manifestations are sometimes called "cutaneous porphyrias." The "acute porphyrias" are characterized by sudden attacks of pain and other neurological manifestations. These "acute symptoms can be both rapidly-appearing and severe. An individual may be considered in a "latent" condition if he or she has the characteristic enzyme deficiency, but has never developed symptoms. There can be a wide spectrum of severity between the "latent" and "active" cases of any particular type of this disorder.
The symptoms and treatments of the different types of porphyrias are not the same. For more information on the other types of porphyria, choose "porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Symptoms
ALA-D porphyria is a recently-described form of acute porphyria whose symptoms are very similar to those of Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP). This is a deficiency of the enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and there is increased excretion of ALA in the urine of patients with this type of porphyria.
Symptoms of ALA-D Porphyria generally arise from effects on the nervous system and/or the skin. Sometimes, the cause of the nervous system symptoms is not clear, and proper diagnosis is delayed. Skin manifestations can include burning, blistering and scarring of sun-exposed areas.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda is the only type of porphyria that can be either acquired or inherited. All other types of Porphyria are caused by genetic factors. Environmental factors such as drugs, chemicals, diet and sun exposure can, depending on the type of the disorder, greatly influence the severity of symptoms.
The terms "porphyrin" and "porphyria" are derived from the Greek word "porphyrus," meaning purple. Urine from some porphyria patients may be reddish in color due to the presence of excess porphyrins and related substances, and the urine may darken after being exposed to the light.
Many individuals who inherit the gene for ALA-D porphyria never develop symptoms. In those who do display symptoms, the disease may become manifest after puberty, and more commonly does so in women than in men. Abdominal pain, which can be severe, is the most common symptom. Other characteristics may include nausea, vomiting, constipation, and pain in the back, arms and legs; muscle weakness, rapid heart rate, increased blood pressure, confusion, hallucinations or seizures may also be present. Sometimes the level of salt (sodium chloride) in the blood decreases markedly during attacks and contributes to some of these symptoms.
Because this disease can mimic a host of other more common conditions, its presence is often not suspected. On the other hand, the diagnosis of this and other types of porphyria is sometimes made incorrectly in patients who do not have porphyria, particularly if improper laboratory tests are carried out. The finding of increased levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in urine establishes that one of the "acute" porphyrias is present. If ALA-D is deficient (approximately one-half normal) in red blood cells, then the diagnosis of ALA-D is established. However, the latter test should not be relied upon by itself to exclude ALA-D in a patient, because the result can be falsely normal or equivocal in some ALA-D patients. The red blood cell test can be extremely useful in identifying other family members who have inherited ALA-D. It should also be remembered that ALA-D patients can develop other illnesses, and symptoms may not always be due to porphyria.
When a patient is diagnosed as having ALA-D, relatives should be examined as well. Latent cases so identified can then avoid agents known to cause attacks.
Causes
ALA-D porphyria is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Environmental factors that can precipitate attacks of ALA-D porphyria may include drugs, chemicals, diet and sun exposure. Depending on the type of porphyria, these factors can greatly influence the severity of symptoms.
Because all porphyrias are uncommon, it is very unlikely that more than one type will occur in the same family, or that someone with one type of porphyria will go on to develop another.
Affected Population
ALA-D Porphyria affects a very small segment of the world population. Less than one per one hundred thousand cases occurs, usually in people of Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon, or German ancestry. It is extremely rare in blacks. Young or middle-aged adult women are more frequently affected.
Related Disorders
The Porphyrias are a group of related disorders. For more information on each of the following types of the disease, choose "porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Acute Intermittent Porphyria is a hereditary, usually asymptomatic disorder (latent). It may be provoked into active disease by the administration of certain drugs, notably barbiturates, sulfonamides, and estrogenic compounds.
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP) is a hereditary disorder due to an inborn error of metabolism, and manifested in infancy. Faulty conversion of the enzyme PBG to uroporphyrinogen in erythroid cells of bone marrow, and red blood cells leads to of this type of Porphyria. Increased porphyrins also may be found in plasma, urine, feces, teeth and bones.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) can be either an acquired or inherited type of Porphyria. It may become acute due to exposure to chronic alcoholism, barbiturates or other chemicals, cirrhosis of the liver, or a hepatic tumor. It may also stem from a nutritional disorder.
Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP) is a latent type of Porphyria with attacks usually precipitated by exposure to drugs such as barbiturates, tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, and estrogens.
Variegate Porphyria (VP) is a hereditary type of Porphyria due to an inborn error of metabolism. Precipitating or aggravating factors may include exposure to barbiturates, sulfonamides, general anesthetics, excessive amounts of ethanol, and estrogens.
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) is a hereditary type of Porphyria marked by an accumulation of protoporphyrin in the bone marrow, red blood cells and sometimes the liver. Excess protoporphyrin is excreted by the liver into the bile, which in turn enters the intestine and is excreted in the feces. There are no urinary abnormalities. The diagnosis is established by finding increased protoporphyrin in red blood cells, plasma and feces.
Therapies: Standard
ALA-D Porphyria should be treated much the same as Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP). The orphan drug Hematin (an intravenous drug) is very potent in suppressing acute attacks of the disease. It is usually given only after a trial of glucose therapy. Attention should be given to salt and water balance during treatment.
Many types of drugs such as aspirin and certain antibiotics are believed to be safe in patients with some types of porphyria. Recommendations about drugs for certain types of the disorder are based on experience with the porphyria patients in whom attacks have been caused by drugs and by tests in animals. Since many commonly used drugs have not been tested, they should be avoided if at all possible. If a question of drug safety arises, a physician or medical center specializing in porphyria should be contacted. A list of these institutions may be procured from the American Porphyria Foundation (see Resources).
ALA-D Porphyria is particularly dangerous if the proper diagnosis has not been made, and if drugs which aggravate this disorder are administered. The prognosis is usually good if the disease is recognized before severe nerve damage has occurred and if treatment and preventive measures are begun. Although symptoms usually resolve after an attack, some patients may develop chronic pain. Nerve damage and associated muscle weakness can improve over a period of months after a severe attack. Mental symptoms may occur during attacks, but are usually not chronic.
If the patient is taking drugs, (including barbiturates, sulfonamides, tranquilizers or sedatives, antiseizure drugs, birth control pills or alcohol, etc.), they should be stopped under a physician's supervision.
Attacks are often precipitated by low intake of carbohydrates in an attempt to lose weight, thus dietary counseling can be very important. Premenstrual attacks often resolve quickly with the onset of menstruation; hormone manipulations may prevent occurrences of such attacks.
ALA-D patients prone to attacks should eat a normal or high carbohydrate diet and should not greatly restrict their intake of carbohydrates and calories, even for short periods of time. If weight loss is desired, it is advisable to consult a physician who may then request that a dietitian estimate an individual's normal caloric intake (this varies greatly from one person to another). Then it may be appropriate to prescribe a diet which is approximately ten percent below the normal level of calories for the patient. This usually will not cause an attack of porphyria.
Pregnancy is tolerated much better than was formerly believed. Offspring have a fifty percent chance of inheriting the gene for ALA-D, but the great majority of those that will remain "latent" for all or most of their life times. If diagnosed early, the minority that eventually have symptoms will usually benefit from treatment. Given these considerations, most patients or individuals with "latent" porphyria usually have few reservations about family planning. For those who do, genetic counseling may be indicated.
Wearing a Medic Alert bracelet is advisable in patients who have had attacks, but is probably not warranted in most latent cases.
Therapies: Investigational
New treatments for several types of porphyria are under investigation. For the most updated information on research, please contact the organizations listed in the Resources section.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on ALA-D Porphyria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Porphyria Foundation
P.O. Box 22712
Houston, TX 77227
(713) 266-9617
Porphyria Support Group
4 Eve Road
Leytonstone, London, England
England
Tel: 01-519-7868
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
American Porphyria Foundation brochure, "Common Questions About Porphyria."
Porphyria, ALA-D
6pagetitle
320: Porphyria, ALA-D
04129.TXT
'Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
319: Porphyria, Congenital Erythropoietic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Congenital Porphyria
Guenther Porphyria
CEP
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP) is extremely rare and is inherited through an autosomal recessive trait. It is also known as Guenther Porphyria. The deficient enzyme is uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase. As is characteristic of the erythropoietic porphyrias, symptoms usually begin during infancy. CEP is manifested by markedly increased levels of porphyrins in bone marrow, red blood cells, plasma, urine and feces. Porphyrins are also deposited in the teeth and bones.
The Porphyrias are a group of at least seven disorders. The common feature in all porphyrias is the excess accumulation in the body of "porphyrins" or "porphyrin precursors." These are natural chemicals that normally do not accumulate in the body. Precisely which one of these porphyrin chemicals builds up depends upon the type of porphyria that a patient has.
Porphyrias can also be classified into two groups: the "hepatic" and "erythropoietic" types. Porphyrins and related substances originate in excess amounts from the liver in the hepatic types, and mostly from the bone marrow in the erythropoietic types.
The porphyrias with skin manifestations are sometimes called "cutaneous porphyrias." The "acute porphyrias" are those characterized by sudden attacks of pain and other neurological manifestations. These "acute symptoms can be both rapidly-appearing and severe. An individual may be considered in a "latent" condition if he or she has the characteristic enzyme deficiency, but has never developed symptoms. There can be a wide spectrum of severity between the "latent" and "active" cases of any particular type of this disorder.
The symptoms and treatments of the different types of porphyrias are not the same. For more information on the other types of porphyria, choose "porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Symptoms
Skin photosensitivity, a symptom of Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria, may be extreme and lead to blistering, severe scarring and increased hair growth. Bacteria may infect the damaged skin. Facial features and fingers may be lost through this process over time. Red blood cells have a shortened life-span, and anemia often results. Synthesis of heme and hemoglobin, substances important to many body functions that are found in the bone marrow, red blood cells and the liver, is actually increased to compensate for the shortened red blood cell survival.
The symptoms of porphyria generally arise from effects on the nervous system and/or the skin. Sometimes, the effects on the nervous system are not clear, and proper diagnosis is delayed. Skin manifestations can include burning, blistering and scarring of sun-exposed areas.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda is the only type of porphyria that can be either acquired or inherited. All other types of porphyria are caused by genetic factors. Environmental factors, such as drugs, chemicals, diet and sun exposure can, depending on the type of porphyria, greatly influence the severity of symptoms.
The terms "porphyrin" and "porphyria" are derived from the Greek word "porphyrus," meaning purple. Urine from some Porphyria patients may be reddish in color due to the presence of excess porphyrins and related substances, and the urine may darken after being exposed to the light.
Causes
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP) is a hereditary non-x-linked trait disorder. A faulty conversion of PBG to uroporphyrinogen in the erythroid cells of the bone marrow is the basic inborn metabolic error.
Environmental factors that may aggravate the symptoms include drugs, chemicals, diet, and sun exposure. Depending on the type of porphyria, these factors can greatly influence the severity of symptoms.
Because all porphyrias are uncommon, it is very unlikely that more than one type will occur in the same family, or that someone with one type of porphyria will go on to develop another.
Affected Population
The onset of Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria is in early infancy and is primarily a rare childhood form of porphyria. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
The Porphyrias are a group of related disorders. For more information on each of the following types of the disease, choose "porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
ALA-D Porphyria is a recently-described form of acute porphyria inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is apparently extremely rare. There is a deficiency of the enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and increased excretion of ALA in the urine of patients with this type of porphyria.
Acute Intermittent Porphyria is a hereditary dominant disorder. A latent form of porphyria, it may possibly be provoked into active disease by the administration of certain drugs, notably barbiturates, sulfonamides, and estrogen compounds.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) can be either an acquired or inherited type of Porphyria. It may become acute due to exposure to chronic alcohol intake, barbiturates or other chemicals, cirrhosis of the liver, or a hepatic tumor. It may also stem from a nutritional disorder.
Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP) is a latent type of Porphyria similar to Acute Intermittent Porphyria, although usually less severe. This disorder is due to an enzyme deficiency. Some patients may develop skin photosensitivity. Attacks are usually precipitated by exposure to drugs such as barbiturates, tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, and estrogens. Precautions and treatment for acute attacks are as described for AIP.
Variegate Porphyria (VP) is a hereditary type of Porphyria due to an inborn error of metabolism. Precipitating or aggravating factors may include exposure to barbiturates, sulfonamides, general anesthetics, excessive amounts of ethanol, and estrogens.
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) is a hereditary type of Porphyria marked by an accumulation of protoporphyrin in the bone marrow, red blood cells and sometimes the liver. Excess protoporphyrin is excreted by the liver into the bile, which in turn enters the intestine and is excreted in the feces. There are no urinary abnormalities. The diagnosis is established by finding increased protoporphyrin in red blood cells, plasma and feces.
Therapies: Standard
The orphan drug Hematin (an intravenous drug) is very potent in suppressing acute attacks of the Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria. It is usually given only after a trial of glucose therapy. Attention should be given to salt and water balance during treatment.
Many types of drugs such as aspirin and certain antibiotics are believed to be safe in patients with some types of porphyria. Recommendations about drugs for certain types of the disorder are based on experience with the porphyria patients in whom attacks have been caused by drugs and by tests in animals. Since many commonly used drugs have not been tested, they should be avoided if at all possible. If a question of drug safety arises, a physician or medical center specializing in porphyria should be contacted. A list of these institutions may be procured from the American Porphyria Foundation (see Resources).
Pregnancy is tolerated much better than was formerly believed. Many patients have a few reservations about family planning. For those who do, genetic counseling may be useful.
Wearing a Medic Alert bracelet is advisable in patients who have had attacks, but it is probably not warranted in most latent cases.
Therapies: Investigational
New treatments for several types of porphyria are under investigation. For the most updated information on research, please contact the organizations listed in the Resources section.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Porphyria Foundation
P.O. Box 22712
Houston, TX 77227
(713) 266-9617
Porphyria Support Group
4 Eve Road
Leytonstone, London, England
E11 3JE
Tel: 01-519-7868
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
American Porphyria Foundation brochure, "Common Questions About Porphyria."
Porphyria, Congenital Erythropoietic3(
6(pagetitle
319: Porphyria, Congenital Erythropoietic
04130.TXT
*Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
322: Porphyria, Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Erythropoietic Protoporphyria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Porphyria
EPP
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and is primarily a bone marrow disorder. Ferrochelatase is the deficient enzyme, and there is an accumulation of protoporphyrin in the bone marrow, red blood cells and sometimes in the liver. Excess protoporphyrin is excreted by the liver into the bile, which in turn enters the intestine and is excreted in the feces. There are no urinary abnormalities. The diagnosis is established by finding increased protoporphyrin in the red blood cells, plasma and feces.
The Porphyrias are a group of at least seven disorders. The common feature in all porphyrias is the excess accumulation in the body of "porphyrins" or "porphyrin precursors." These are natural chemicals that normally do not accumulate in the body. Precisely which one of these porphyrin chemicals builds up depends upon the type of porphyria that a patient has.
Porphyrias can also be classified into two groups: the "hepatic" and "erythropoietic" types. Porphyrins and related substances originate in excess amounts from the liver in the hepatic types, and mostly from the bone marrow in the erythropoietic types.
The porphyrias with skin manifestations are sometimes called "cutaneous porphyrias." The "acute porphyrias" are characterized by sudden attacks of pain and other neurological manifestations. These "acute symptoms can be both rapidly-appearing and severe. An individual may be considered in a "latent" condition if he or she has the characteristic enzyme deficiency, but has never developed symptoms. There can be a wide spectrum of severity between the "latent" and "active" cases of any particular type of this disorder.
The symptoms and treatments of the different types of porphyrias are not the same. For more information on the other types of porphyria, choose "porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Symptoms
In Erythropoietic Protoporphyria, swelling, burning, itching, and redness of the skin may appear during or immediately after exposure to sunlight, including sunlight through window glass. Usually, these symptoms subside in 12 to 24 hours and heal without significant scarring or discoloration of the skin. Occasionally, the skin problems occur only after extended sunlight exposure. The skin lesions may progress to a chronic stage persisting for weeks and healing with a superficial scar. However, blistering and scarring is less common than in other types of "cutaneous" porphyria. Skin manifestations generally begin during childhood. They are more severe in the summer and can recur throughout life. Other manifestations may include gallstones containing protoporphyrin, and occasionally, severe liver complications.
The symptoms of porphyria generally arise from effects on the nervous system and/or the skin. Sometimes, the cause of the nervous system symptoms is not clear, and proper diagnosis is delayed. Skin manifestations can include burning, blistering and scarring of sun-exposed areas.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda is the only type of porphyria that can be either acquired or inherited. All other types of Porphyria are caused by genetic factors. Environmental factors such as drugs, chemicals, diet and sun exposure can, depending on the type of the disorder, greatly influence the severity of symptoms.
The terms "porphyrin" and "porphyria" are derived from the Greek word "porphyrus," meaning purple. Urine from some porphyria patients may be reddish in color due to the presence of excess porphyrins and related substances, and the urine may darken after being exposed to the light.
Causes
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria involves an inborn error of metabolism inherited as a dominant trait. (In autosomal dominant disorders, a single abnormal gene, contributed by either parent, "overrides" the normal gene contributed by the other parent causing disease. Individuals with one affected parent have a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder. Males and females will be affected in equal numbers.)
Environmental factors may include drugs, chemicals, diet and sun exposure. Depending on the type of porphyria, these factors can greatly influence the severity of symptoms.
Affected Population
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria usually begins in childhood. The intensity of symptoms may increase in summer and fall. This disorder may affect males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
The Porphyrias are a group of related disorders. For more information on each of the following types of the disease, choose "porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
ALA-D Porphyria is a recently-described form of acute porphyria inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is apparently extremely rare. There is a deficiency of the enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and increased excretion of ALA in the urine of patients with this type of porphyria.
Acute Intermittent Porphyria is a hereditary, possibly metabolic, usually asymptomatic disorder (latent). It may possibly be provoked into active disease by the administration of certain drugs, notably barbiturates, sulfonamides, and estrogenic compounds.
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP) is a hereditary disorder due to an inborn error of metabolism, and manifested in infancy. Faulty conversion of the enzyme PBG to uroporphyrinogen in erythroid cells of bone marrow, red blood cells, plasma, urine and feces leads to this type of Porphyria. Increased porphyrins also may be found in plasma, urine, feces, teeth and bones.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) can be either an acquired or inherited type of Porphyria. It may become acute due to exposure to chronic alcoholism, barbiturates or other chemicals, cirrhosis of the liver, or a hepatic tumor. It may also stem from a nutritional disorder.
Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP) is a latent type of Porphyria with attacks usually precipitated by exposure to drugs such as barbiturates, tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, and estrogens.
Variegate Porphyria (VP) is a hereditary type of Porphyria due to an inborn error of metabolism. Precipitating or aggravating factors may include exposure to barbiturates, sulfonamides, general anesthetics, excessive amounts of ethanol, and estrogens.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) with the orphan drug Beta Carotene often improves sunlight tolerance, but does not lower porphyrin levels. Cholestyramine may lower porphyrin levels in some patients. Some carriers of the gene for this disease have no symptoms, and may occasionally have normal porphyrin levels.
Patients with EPP may develop liver abnormalities, due to excess deposits of protoporphyrin in that organ. Total avoidance of certain drugs including barbiturates, sulfonamides, and estrogen compounds is suggested. It is important to note that a patient with EPP never develops any other types of porphyria, although some treatments may be similar. Avoidance of alcohol is also strongly suggested as alcohol seems to increase severity of photosensitivity in this disorder.
The orphan drug Hematin (an intravenous drug) is very potent in suppressing acute attacks of the disease. It is usually given only after a trial of glucose therapy. Attention should be given to salt and water balance during treatment.
Many types of drugs such as aspirin and certain antibiotics are believed to be safe in patients with some types of porphyria. Recommendations about drugs for certain types of the disorder are based on experience with the porphyria patients in whom attacks have been caused by drugs and by tests in animals. Since many commonly used drugs have not been tested, they should be avoided if at all possible. If a question of drug safety arises, a physician or medical center specializing in porphyria should be contacted. A list of these institutions may be procured from the American Porphyria Foundation (see Resources).
Pregnancy is tolerated much better than was formerly believed. Many patients have a few reservations about family planning. For those who do, genetic counseling may be useful.
Wearing a Medic Alert bracelet is advisable in patients who have had attacks, but is probably not warranted in most latent cases.
Therapies: Investigational
New treatments for several types of porphyria are under investigation. For the most updated information on research, please contact the organizations listed in the Resources section.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Erythropoietic Protoporphyria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Porphyria Foundation
P.O. Box 22712
Houston, TX 77227
(713) 266-9617
Porphyria Support Group
4 Eve Road
Leytonstone, London, England
E11 3JE
Tel: 01-519-7868
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
American Porphyria Foundation brochure, "Common Questions About Porphyria."
Porphyria, Erythropoietic Protoporphyria7+
:+pagetitle
322: Porphyria, Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
04131.TXT
,Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
323: Porphyria, Hereditary Coproporphyria
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hereditary Coproporphyria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Porphyria
Porphyria Hepatica
HCP
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hereditary Coproporphyria is an autosomal dominant form of hepatic porphyria that is very similar to Acute Intermittent Porphyria, although it is usually a less severe disease. It is caused by an enzyme deficiency. Some patients develop skin photosensitivity, and must avoid sunlight. The diagnosis is established by finding excess coproporphyrin in urine and stool (other types of porphyrins show little or no increase). Urinary ALA and PBG are increased during acute attacks, but may become normal on recovery.
The Porphyrias are a group of at least seven disorders. The common feature in all porphyrias is the excess accumulation in the body of "porphyrins" or "porphyrin precursors." These are natural chemicals that normally do not accumulate in the body. Precisely which one of these porphyrin chemicals builds up depends upon the type of porphyria that a patient has.
Porphyrias can also be classified into two groups: the "hepatic" and "erythropoietic" types. Porphyrins and related substances originate in excess amounts from the liver in the hepatic types, and mostly from the bone marrow in the erythropoietic types.
The porphyrias with skin manifestations are sometimes called "cutaneous porphyrias." The "acute porphyrias" are characterized by sudden attacks of pain and other neurological manifestations. These "acute" symptoms can be both rapidly-appearing and severe. An individual may be considered in a "latent" condition if he or she has the characteristic enzyme deficiency, but has never developed symptoms. There can be a wide spectrum of severity between the "latent" and "active" cases of any particular type of this disorder.
The symptoms and treatments of the different types of porphyrias are not the same. For more information on the other types of porphyria, choose "porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Symptoms
The large amount of coproporphyrin present in Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP) makes the patient sensitive to sunlight, but skin disease is rarely severe in this type or porphyria. Clinically, it resembles variegate porphyria and acute intermittent porphyria. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, arm and/or leg pain, generalized weakness, vomiting, confusion, constipation, increased heart rate, fluctuating blood pressure, urinary retention, psychosis, hallucinations, and seizures. The muscle weakness may progress to respiratory paralysis, necessitating artificial respiration.
The symptoms of porphyria generally arise from effects on the nervous system and/or the skin. Sometimes, the cause of the nervous system symptoms is not clear, and proper diagnosis is delayed. Skin manifestations can include burning, blistering and scarring of sun-exposed areas.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda is the only type of porphyria that can be either acquired or inherited. All other types of Porphyria are caused by genetic factors. Environmental factors such as drugs, chemicals, diet and sun exposure can, depending on the type of the disorder, greatly influence the severity of symptoms.
The terms "porphyrin" and "porphyria" are derived from the Greek word "porphyrus," meaning purple. Urine from some porphyria patients may be reddish in color due to the presence of excess porphyrins and related substances, and the urine may darken after being exposed to the light.
Because this disease can mimic a host of other more common conditions, its presence is often not suspected. On the other hand, the diagnosis of this and other types of porphyria is sometimes made incorrectly in patients who do not have porphyria, particularly if improper laboratory tests are carried out. The finding of increased levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in urine establishes that one of the "acute" porphyrias is present.
When a patient is diagnosed as having HCP, relatives should be examined as well. Latent cases so identified can then avoid agents known to cause attacks.
Causes
Hereditary Coproporphyria is a genetic, non-x-linked disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (In autosomal dominant disorders, a single abnormal gene, contributed by either parent, "overrides" the normal gene contributed by the other parent causing disease. Individuals with one affected parent have a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder. Males and females will be affected in equal numbers.)
Drugs such as barbiturates, tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, and estrogens may precipitate attacks.
Environmental factors may include drugs, chemicals, diet and sun exposure. Depending on the type of porphyria, these factors can greatly influence the severity of symptoms.
Because all porphyrias are uncommon, it is very unlikely that more than one type will occur in the same family, or that someone with one type of porphyria will go on to develop another.
Affected Population
Hereditary Coproporphyria may have its onset at any age, and may affect males and females in equal numbers. It is the least common of the "hepatic" porphyrias.
Related Disorders
The Porphyrias are a group of related disorders. For more information on each of the following types of the disease, choose "porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
ALA-D Porphyria is a recently-described form of acute porphyria inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is apparently extremely rare. There is a deficiency of the enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and increased excretion of ALA in the urine of patients with this type or porphyria.
Acute Intermittent Porphyria is a hereditary, possibly metabolic, usually asymptomatic disorder (latent). It may possibly be provoked into active disease by the administration of certain drugs, notably barbiturates, sulfonamides, and estrogenic compounds.
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP) is a hereditary disorder due to an inborn error of metabolism, and manifested in infancy. Faulty conversion of the enzyme PBG to uroporphyrinogen in erythroid cells of bone marrow, and red blood cells leads to this type of Porphyria. Increased porphyrins also may be found in plasma, urine, feces, teeth and bones.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) can be either an acquired or inherited type of Porphyria. It may become acute due to exposure to chronic alcoholism, barbiturates or other chemicals, cirrhosis of the liver, or a hepatic tumor. It may also stem from a nutritional disorder.
Variegate Porphyria (VP) is a hereditary type of Porphyria due to an inborn error of metabolism. Precipitating or aggravating factors may include exposure to barbiturates, sulfonamides, general anesthetics, excessive amounts of ethanol, and estrogens.
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) is a hereditary type of Porphyria marked by an accumulation of protoporphyrin in the bone marrow, red blood cells and sometimes the liver. Excess protoporphyrin is excreted by the liver into the bile, which in turn enters the intestine and is excreted in the feces. There are no urinary abnormalities. The diagnosis is established by finding increased protoporphyrin in red blood cells, plasma and feces.
Therapies: Standard
The orphan drug Hematin (an intravenous drug) is very potent in suppressing acute attacks of the disease. It is usually given only after a trial of glucose therapy. Attention should be given to salt and water balance during treatment.
Many types of drugs such as aspirin and certain antibiotics are believed to be safe in patients with some types of porphyria. Recommendations about drugs for certain types of the disorder are based on experience with the porphyria patients in whom attacks have been caused by drugs and by tests in animals. Since many commonly used drugs have not been tested, they should be avoided if at all possible. If a question of drug safety arises, a physician or medical center specializing in porphyria should be contacted. A list of these institutions may be procured from the American Porphyria Foundation (see Resources).
Pregnancy is tolerated much better than was formerly believed. Many patients have a few reservations about family planning. For those who do, genetic counseling may be useful.
Wearing a Medic Alert bracelet is advisable in patients who have had attacks, but is probably not warranted in most latent cases.
Therapies: Investigational
New treatments for several types of porphyria are under investigation. For the most updated information on research, please contact the organizations listed in the Resources section.
Dr. Karl E. Anderson of the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, has received orphan drug designation for Histrelin, a drug to treat various types of Porphyria.
Research is underway on the Finnish product Normasang (heme arginate). Dr. Karl Anderson of The University of Texas Medical Branch will be directing clinical studies in the United States. Patients are needed to participate in this research. People interested in this study should have their physician contact:
Dr. Karl Anderson
Ewing Hall (J-09)
University of Texas Medical Branch
700 Strand St.
Galveston, TX 77555
(409) 772-4661
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hereditary Coproporphyria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Porphyria Foundation
P.O. Box 22712
Houston, TX 77227
(713) 266-9617
Porphyria Support Group
4 Eve Road
Leytonstone, London, England
E11 3JE
Tel: 01-519-7868
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
American Porphyria Foundation brochure, "Common Questions About Porphyria."
Porphyria, Hereditary Coproporphyria
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`-I-Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
324: Porphyria, Variegate
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Variegate Porphyria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Porphyria
VP
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Hereditaria
Mixed Hepatic Porphyria
South African Genetic Porphyria
Porphyria Hepatica
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Variegate Porphyria (VP), a form of hepatic porphyria, is most common in the South African white population and is much less frequent elsewhere. It is an autosomal dominant disorder and may produce acute attacks (as in acute intermittent porphyria) as well as skin photosensitivity. This form of porphyria is also due to an enzyme deficiency.
The diagnosis may be made by finding excess coproporphyrin in urine and both coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin in feces. In patients with photosensitive skin changes alone, it is important to distinguish Variegate Porphyria or hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) from porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), because treatment by phlebotomy or low-dose chloroquine is not successful in VP and HCP. Acute attacks are managed and may be prevented as in AIP.
The Porphyrias are a group of at least seven disorders. The common feature in all porphyrias is the excess accumulation in the body of "porphyrins" or "porphyrin precursors." These are natural chemicals that normally do not accumulate in the body. Precisely which one of these porphyrin chemicals builds up depends upon the type of porphyria that a patient has.
Porphyrias can also be classified into two groups: the "hepatic" and "erythropoietic" types. Porphyrins and related substances originate in excess amounts from the liver in the hepatic types, and mostly from the bone marrow in the erythropoietic types.
The porphyrias with skin manifestations are sometimes called "cutaneous porphyrias." The "acute porphyrias" are characterized by sudden attacks of pain and other neurological manifestations. These "acute symptoms can be both rapidly-appearing and severe. An individual may be considered in a "latent" condition if he or she has the characteristic enzyme deficiency, but has never developed symptoms. There can be a wide spectrum of severity between the "latent" and "active" cases of any particular type of this disorder.
The symptoms and treatments of the different types of porphyrias are not the same. For more information on the other types of porphyria, choose "porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Symptoms
Variegate Porphyria shows no symptoms during the latent phase of the disorder. During an acute attack, a patient may experience abdominal colic, severe vomiting, or sweating.
The symptoms of porphyria generally arise from effects on the nervous system and/or the skin. Sometimes, the cause of the nervous system symptoms is not clear, and proper diagnosis is delayed. Skin manifestations can include burning, blistering and scarring of sun-exposed areas.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda is the only type of porphyria that can be either acquired or inherited. All other types of Porphyria are caused by genetic factors. Environmental factors such as drugs, chemicals, diet and sun exposure can, depending on the type of the disorder, greatly influence the severity of symptoms.
The terms "porphyrin" and "porphyria" are derived from the Greek word "porphyrus," meaning purple. Urine from some porphyria patients may be reddish in color due to the presence of excess porphyrins and related substances, and the urine may darken after being exposed to the light.
Because this disease can mimic a host of other more common conditions, its presence is often not suspected. On the other hand, the diagnosis of this and other types of porphyria is sometimes made incorrectly in patients who do not have porphyria, particularly if improper laboratory tests are carried out. The finding of increased levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in urine establishes that one of the "acute" porphyrias is present.
When a patient is diagnosed as having VP, relatives should be examined as well. Latent cases so identified can then avoid agents known to cause attacks.
Causes
Variegate Porphyria (VP) is a hereditary, non-x-linked dominant disorder, due to an inborn metabolic error (a deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase). Precipitating factors may include exposure to barbiturates, sulfonamides, general anesthetics, excessive amounts of alcohol, and/or estrogens.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Environmental factors that can precipitate attacks of Variegate Porphyria may include drugs, chemicals, diet and sun exposure. Depending on the type of porphyria, these factors can greatly influence the severity of symptoms.
Affected Population
Variegate Porphyria (VP) may begin between the ages of ten to thirty years. It is particularly common in the white population of South Africa, and may affect males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
The Porphyrias are a group of related disorders. For more information on each of the following types of the disease, choose "porphyria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
ALA-D Porphyria is a recently described form of acute porphyria inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is apparently extremely rare. There is a deficiency of the enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and increased excretion of ALA in the urine of patients with this form of porphyria.
Acute Intermittent Porphyria is a hereditary, possibly metabolic, usually asymptomatic disorder (latent). It may possibly be provoked into active disease by the administration of certain drugs, notably barbiturates, sulfonamides, and estrogenic compounds.
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP) is a hereditary disorder due to an inborn error of metabolism, and manifested in infancy. Faulty conversion of the enzyme PBG to uroporphyrinogen in erythroid cells of bone marrow, and red blood cells leads to of this type of Porphyria. Increased porphyrins also may be found in plasma, urine and feces. Porphyrins are also deposited in the teeth and bones.
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) can be either an acquired or inherited type of Porphyria. It may become acute due to exposure to chronic alcoholism, barbiturates or other chemicals, cirrhosis of the liver, or a hepatic tumor. It may also stem from a nutritional disorder.
Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP) is a latent type of Porphyria with attacks usually precipitated by exposure to drugs such as barbiturates, tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, and estrogens.
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) is a hereditary type of Porphyria marked by an accumulation of protoporphyrin in the bone marrow, red blood cells and sometimes the liver. Excess protoporphyrin is excreted by the liver into the bile, which in turn enters the intestine and is excreted in the feces. There are no urinary abnormalities. The diagnosis is established by finding increased protoporphyrin in red blood cells, plasma and feces.
Therapies: Standard
The orphan drug Hematin (an intravenous drug) is very potent in suppressing acute attacks of the disease. It is usually given only after a trial of glucose therapy. Attention should be given to salt and water balance during treatment.
Many types of drugs such as aspirin and certain antibiotics are believed to be safe in patients with some types of porphyria. Recommendations about drugs for certain types of the disorder are based on experience with the porphyria patients in whom attacks have been caused by drugs and by tests in animals. Since many commonly used drugs have not been tested, they should be avoided if at all possible. If a question of drug safety arises, a physician or medical center specializing in porphyria should be contacted. A list of these institutions may be procured from the American Porphyria Foundation (see Resources).
Pregnancy is tolerated much better than formerly believed. Many patients have a few reservations about family planning. For those who do, genetic counseling may be useful.
Wearing a Medic Alert bracelet is advisable in patients who have had attacks, but is probably not warranted in most latent cases.
Therapies: Investigational
New treatments for several types of porphyria are under investigation. For the most updated information on research, please contact the organizations listed in the Resources section.
Dr. Karl E. Anderson of the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, has received orphan drug designation for Histrelin, a drug to treat various types of Porphyria.
Research is underway on the Finnish product Normasang (heme arginate). Dr. Karl Anderson of The University of Texas Medical Branch will be directing clinical studies in the United States. Patients are needed to participate in this research. People interested in this study should have their physician contact:
Dr. Karl Anderson
Ewing Hall (J-09)
University of Texas Medical Branch
700 Strand St.
Galveston, TX 77555
(409) 772-4661
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Variegate Porphyria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Porphyria Foundation
P.O. Box 22712
Houston, TX 77227
(713) 266-9617
Porphyria Support Group
4 Eve Road
Leytonstone, London, England
E11 3JE
Tel: 01-519-7868
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
American Porphyria Foundation brochure, "Common Questions About Porphyria."
Porphyria, Variegatec.
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
476: Post-Polio Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Post-Polio Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Polio, Late Effects
Post-Polio Muscular Atrophy
Post-Polio Sequelae
Information on the following disorder can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Post-Polio Syndrome is characterized by a history of Poliomyelitis at least ten years previously, and partial recovery of function followed by development of progressive weakness in previously affected muscles for which there is no other definite cause.
Symptoms
Post-Polio Syndrome occurs at least 10 years after a person has been stricken by polio. It is characterized by gradual deterioration of muscle function and increased weakness which usually occurs in the limbs that had been most severely affected by polio. Sometimes the disorder involves those muscles apparently fully recovered or previously uninvolved, including muscles necessary for respiration. Other symptoms may include fatigue, muscle pain and twitching (fasciculations). (For more information on this disorder, see "A Fearful Reminder Stalks Polio's Survivors" and "What Is Polio?" in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services.)
Causes
The exact cause of Post-Polio syndrome has not yet been identified. Theories that the dormant polio virus may be reactivated years after polio first occurs are now the most popular theories. Other theories that Post-Polio patients appear to be aging more rapidly in certain parts of their central nervous system than their peers are also unproven. Recently, scientists determined that Post-Polio Syndrome is not a form of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). (For more information on this disorder, choose ALS as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
In a 1987 study of Post-Polio Syndrome patients, scientists found evidence that nerve cells in affected muscles may grow many small sprouts from the message-transmitting axons of healthy nerve cells during recovery from polio. These sprouts take over the function of neurons killed by the polio virus. After years of functioning beyond capacity, the nerve cells can weaken and lose the ability to maintain these sprouts, which then begin to shrink, and the whole muscle becomes weaker. As a result of this discovery, researchers hope to develop an experimental treatment that may improve sprouting of the axons. Other studies, such as investigating the presence of abnormal proteins in cerebrospinal fluid, and the effect of the polio virus on nerve cells in muscle fibers of Post-Polio patients.
Affected Population
Post-Polio Syndrome affects about 20% of people who have recovered from Poliomyelitis more than 10 years previously. Symptoms can appear 30 or more years after onset of Polio.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder are similar to those of Post-Polio Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis or "Polio") is an acute virus infection most often affecting children. It may occur in individual cases, or in epidemic outbreaks. The disorder is caused by a virus that affects parts of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). Muscles no longer receive strong nerve signals telling them how to move. The result is paralysis that can be life threatening when it affects breathing and swallowing. Painful muscle spasms in arms and legs may also occur. Recovery from a serious bout with Polio is slow. Residual effects such as limb and body weakness and paralysis can last a lifetime. The Salk and Sabin vaccines, introduced in the 1950's and 1960's, have virtually eliminated Polio in the United States and have greatly reduced its incidence throughout the world. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported that polio is almost eradicated from the Western Hemisphere. In 1991 there were only nine cases of polio identified in the Americas.
Therapies: Standard
People who had Polio before the polio vaccine was developed should be evaluated to determine if they have Post-Polio Syndrome. This would include comprehensive muscle testing and gait analysis plus a complete physical examination. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, changes in braces, and/or changes in diet may be helpful. Excess weight is particularly disabling when muscles are weakened. Rehabilitation, rest and medication may also be prescribed. Swimming is the best form of exercise for Post-Polio patients, but other forms of exercise, not exceeding 5 to 20 minutes with rest periods in between, may also be advised by a physician. Use of a respirator such as a mouth intermittent positive pressure ventilation system may be prescribed if breathing is affected.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Post-Polio Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Post-Polio National, Inc.
(Post-Polio League for Information and Outreach)
3581 University Drive
Fairfax, VA 22030
(703) 273-8171
Polio Information Center
510 Main Street, Suite A446
Roosevelt Island, NY 10044
(212) 223-0353
British Polio Fellowship
Bell Close West End
Ruislip, Middlesex HA4 6LP
England
International Polio Network
5100 Oakland Ave., #206
St. Louis, MO 63110, U.S.A.
(314) 534-0475
Centers for Disease Control
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
For rehabilitation services contact:
National Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children and Adults
70 East Lake St.
Chicago, IL 60601
(312) 726-6200 (voice)
(312) 726-4258 (TDD)
References
MOUTH INTERMITTENT POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF
POSTPOLIO RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY: J.R. Bach, et al.; Chest (June 1987: issue 91(6)). Pp. 859-864.
HANDBOOK OF THE LATE EFFECTS OF POLIOMYELITIS FOR PHYSICIANS AND
SURVIVORS: Gini Laurie, et al., ed.; G.I.N.I. 1984.
LATE EFFECTS OF POLIOMYELITIS: Lauro Halstead, et al., ed.; Symposia Foundation, 1984.
Post-Polio Syndrome
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494: Posterior Uveitis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Posterior Uveitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Choroiditis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Anterior Uveitis
Pars Planitis
Heterochromic Uveitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Posterior Uveitis is a vision disorder characterized by inflammation of the layer of blood vessels underlying the retina, and usually of the retina as well. Major symptoms include blurred vision, distortion of the size or shape of objects (metamorphopsia), and floating black spots in the visual field. The resulting scars may impair clear vision and cause dimness of vision (amblyopia). In many cases, this disorder occurs as a complication of Toxoplasmosis or other infections. In other cases, the cause cannot be determined.
Symptoms
Posterior Uveitis is marked by inflammation of the entire uveal tract of the eye which includes the iris, ciliary body and choroid. The iris is the circular-colored membrane (surrounding the pupil) forming the anterior one-sixth of the middle coat of the eyeball. The ciliary body is a specialized structure in the eye composed of the ciliary muscles and processes, and connecting the anterior part of the choroid to the circumference of the iris. The choroid is the middle pigmented, vascular coat of the posterior five-sixths of the eyeball, continuous with the iris in front. The choroid lies between the sclera externally and the retina internally and prevents the passage of light rays.
Symptoms include blurred vision, distortion of the size and shape of objects (metamorphopsia), and floating black spots in the visual field. Occasionally, eye pain and the excess secretion of tears may occur. Marked reduction of vision may occur when the inflammation is centered on the posterior pole inside the eyeball. Inflammation limited to the edges of the inside of the eyeball often does not affect vision. Scars inside the eye can indicate recurrent Uveitis. Other symptoms may be associated with Posterior Uveitis including oozing (exudative) retinal detachment, loss of transparency of the lens of the eye (cataract), and inflammation of the internal structures of the tissues in the eyeball (endophthalmitis).
Causes
Posterior Uveitis often occurs as a complication of Toxoplasmosis, or other infections such as Syphilis. Behcet's Syndrome, Sarcoidosis, Arthritis, or Tuberculosis can also cause Uveitis. (For more information on these disorders, choose toxoplasmosis, syphilis, behcet, sarcoidosis, arthritis, and TB as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.) Some medical researchers believe Posterior Uveitis may be an autoimmune disorder. In other cases no cause may be determined. In children, inflammation of parts of the eye including the choroid and retina (chorioretinitis) with vitreous membranes may result from the presence of a parasite inside the eyeball.
Affected Population
Posterior Uveitis affects individuals who may have another health condition such as Toxoplasmosis, Syphilis, Behcet's Syndrome, Sarcoidosis, Arthritis, Tuberculosis, or who have been exposed to the parasite Toxacara. The disorder affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Posterior Uveitis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Anterior Uveitis is characterized by inflammation limited to the ciliary body and iris of the eye. The choroid of the eye is not affected, as in Posterior Uveitis.
Pars Planitis is a vision disorder characterized by inflammation of the peripheral retina and pars plana (a section of the ciliary body connected to the retina) sections of the eye. Fluid and foreign cells can infiltrate the clear gelatin-like substance (vitreous humor) near the retina and/or pars plana. Swelling inside the eye can also occur. These abnormalities may appear in one or both eyes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Pars Planitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Heterochromic Uveitis is characterized by pigmentary changes in the iris of the eye. This occurs in conjunction with inflammation of the anterior uvea complicated by deposits on the posterior lining of the cornea (Descemet's membrane) and by clouding (opacities) of the clear lens of the eye.
Therapies: Standard
Active choroid and/or retinal inflammation associated with Posterior Uveitis is frequently treated with systemic corticosteroid drugs. Other treatment depends on determination of the exact cause of the disorder. When a parasite such as Toxacara (associated with Toxoplasmosis) is identified as the cause, treatment should be prescribed to eliminate this infection. Ibuprofen may be a useful drug for control of inflammation associated with Posterior Uveitis.
Therapies: Investigational
Cyclosporine (Sandimmune) may be of potential benefit for treating a number of dermatologic diseases. These include Pemphigus and Bullous Pemphigoid, Posterior Uveitis and Behcet's Syndrome, collagen vascular disorders such as severe Dermatomyositis, Sjogren's Syndrome, and Scleroderma, Mycosis Fungoides, and Alopecia Areata. Certain types of skin grafts have also shown improvement after cyclosporine treatment, in some cases. However, this drug may also be associated with severe and life-threatening side effects which would limit its use in many patients.
Careful monitoring of this drug by a physician is necessary to guard against possible toxic side effects. Relapses can occur when the drug is discontinued. More research is needed before cyclosporine can be recommended as a treatment for all but the most severe cases of the disorders listed above. Even for the most severe cases its use is still experimental, and long-term effects are unknown.
Trials involving another immunosuppressive drug, mizoribine, has benefited some patients. More research is necessary to determine safety and effectiveness of these experimental treatments.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on this Posterior Uveitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
Vision Foundation, Inc.
818 Mt. Auburn Street
Watertown, MA 02172
(617) 926-4232
1-800-852-3029 (inside Massachusetts)
For information about associated infections such as Toxoplasmosis:
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
CYCLOSPORIN A IN THE TREATMENT OF POSTERIOR UVEITIS: E.M. Graham, et al.; Eye (1985, issue 104 (Part 2)). Pp. 146-151.
RENAL HISTOPATHOLOGIC ALTERATIONS IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH CYCLOSPORINE
FOR UVEITIS: A.G. Palestine, et al.; N Engl J Med (May 15, 1986, issue 314 (20)). Pp. 1293-1298.
APPLICATION OF MIZORIBINE AFTER KERATOPLASTY AND IN THE TREATMENT OF
UVEITIS: A. Nakajima, et al.; Am J Ophthalmol (July 15, 1985, issue 100 (1)). Pp. 161-163.
MODULATION OF LENS-INDUCED UVEITIS BY SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE: N.A. Rao, et al.; Ophthalmic Res (1986, issue 18 (1)). Pp. 41-46.
IBUPROFEN IN THE TREATMENT OF UVEITIS: W.F. March, et al.; Ann Ophthalmol (February 1985, issue 17 (2)). Pp. 103-104.
TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL GRANULOMATOUS UVEITIS BY LIPOXYGENASE AND
CYCLO-OXYGENASE INHIBITORS: N.A. Rao, et al.; Arch Ophthalmol (March 1987, issue 105(3)). Pp. 413-415.
Posterior Uveitis
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1Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
14: Prader-Willi Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Prader-Willi Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Angelman Syndrome
Cohen Syndrome
Alstrm syndrome
Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Prader-Willi syndrome is a complex multisystem disorder diagnosed more often in males born after a prolonged gestation period (delayed birth), often in the breech position. This disorder is characterized by muscular weakness in the infant (infantile hypotonia), failure to thrive, a decrease in the efficiency of the testes or ovaries (hypogonadism), short stature and impaired intellectual and behavioral functioning. Hyperphagia (eating excessive amounts of food) leads to severe obesity in early childhood and adolescence.
Symptoms
Early symptoms of Prader-Willi syndrome include decreased fetal movement, low birth weight, muscular weakness (hypotonia), sleepiness, a weak cry and poor sucking ability. Other characteristics may include unusually small hands and feet (acromicria), narrow forehead (bifrontal diameter), crossing of the eyes (strabismus), almond-shaped eyes (palpebral fissures), and developmental delays relating to head control and the ability to crawl.
A need to eat an extraordinary amount of food (hyperphagia) usually develops between 1 to 3 years of age. If left uncontrolled, the obesity of Prader-Willi Syndrome can lead to life-threatening heart and lung complications, diabetes, hypertension and to other serious disorders. The compulsion to eat is so overwhelming in people with this disorder that if left unsupervised, they may endanger themselves by eating inedible objects.
The sexual development of children with Prader-Willi syndrome may begin earlier than normal but generally stops after puberty. In males the testes may fail to descend into the scrotum (cryptorchidism) and the penis may be very small (micropenis). Unusually small and underdeveloped (hypoplastic) labia are seen less frequently in girls. Patients are mentally retarded, most with IQ's between 40 and 60, but some patients can be only mildly retarded. Patients tend to have fair coloring, blue eyes and sun-sensitive skin. They may frequently scratch or pick at sores and insect bites. There are also behavioral symptoms associated with Prader-Willi Syndrome including temper tantrams which may become more severe during adolescence.
Causes
Prader-Willi Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused most frequently by a cytogenetic deletion of chromosome 15q11q13. The deletion always occurs on the chromosome from the father (paternally derived); these are sporadic (new and spontaneous or "de novo") deletions, since the father of the child affected with Prader-Willi syndrome has normal chromosomes. There is less than 1:1000 risk of recurrence when a cytogenetic deletion is found. Prader-Willi syndrome may be inherited as a dominant gene.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
An identical cytogenetic deletion is seen in patients with Angelman syndrome, but the chromosome involved is always from the mother (maternal origin). These findings suggest that chromosomal imprinting may be critical in the expression of these two syndromes. Symptoms of Angelman syndrome are very different from the symptoms of Prader-Willi syndrome (see the related disorders section of this report).
Some patients with Prader-Willi syndrome who do not have a cytogenetic deletion on chromosome 15 have been found (by the testing of genetic material, DNA markers) to have inherited both of their 15th chromosomes from the mother (maternal uniparental disomy). Uniparental disomy is a condition in which both chromosomes are inherited from the same parent, in this case the mother. In genetics, human traits are the product of two genes, one inherited from the father and one from the mother. Scientists do not understand why uniparental disomy occurs in some people.
Additionally, an environmental cause of chromosome 15 abnormality has been proposed; namely, the prolonged exposure of the father to hydrocarbons but there is no evidence for chromosomal breakage caused by hydrocarbons.
Affected Population
Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare disorder found more often in males than females. Its prevalence is unknown since many patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Prader-Willi syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Angelman Syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by severe mental retardation, unusual facial expression and muscular abnormalities. It was first described in the medical literature as the "happy puppet syndrome". Other symptoms usually include a small head (microcephaly), a protruding jaw (mandible) and an open mouth and visible tongue. Patients seem to smile continually and they laugh excessively. Speech is generally absent. The symptoms of Prader-Willi Syndrome are not similar to Angelman Syndrome but they are both caused by a similar defect on chromosome 15. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Angelman Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cohen Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by multiple facial, mouth and eye abnormalities, muscle weakness, obesity and mental retardation. Children who have Cohen syndrome usually have a low birth weight and delayed growth. Other symptoms of this disorder may include an usually small head (microcephaly), a high nasal bridge, an open mouth, prominent lips and large ears. The jaw may develop abnormally and there may be a mild down-slant to the eyes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cohen Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Alstrm Syndrome is a rare inherited disorder characterized by retinitis pigmentosa (degeneration of the retina in the eyes) and childhood obesity. There is usually degeneration of the retina leading to visual impairment. Involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes and the loss of central vision occur. The child generally develops hearing loss and diabetes mellitus after the age of ten. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Alstrm Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome is a rare inherited disorder characterized by a decrease in the efficiency of the testes or ovaries (hypogonadism), retinitis pigmentosa (degeneration of the retina in the eyes), mental retardation, more than the normal number of fingers or toes (polydactyly), and obesity. Obesity is one of the earliest signs of this disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
The treatment for Prader-Willi syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. High resolution prometaphase chromosome analysis is recommended to identify the specific genetic defect.
Physical therapy may be necessary to help develop a proper walking pattern, and improve muscle size and tone. Exercise programs can be helpful for weight control.
The development of a proper diet, good nutrition, and a good exercise program are necessary to deal with the life-threatening insatiable appetite of Prader-Willi patients. A highly structured residential program is usually necessary, keeping food out of reach of the patient. Meals must be calorie controlled containing approximately 60 percent less calories than would normally be expected.
Therapies: Investigational
Prader-Willi Syndrome is the subject of ongoing medical research including studies in the area of obesity and chromosomal abnormalities. Specific diets, studying behavior, daily hormone cycles and brain scans are also the subject of studies. For further information contact:
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
Att: Dr. Sidbury
(301) 496-6683
Prader-Willi syndrome and its association with diabetes and nutrition are also under investigation. For further information contact:
USC Medical Center
2025 Zonal Avenue, Rm. 252
Los Angeles, CA
(213) 226-7616
Att: George Bray, M. D.
The Prader-Willi Syndrome Association is funding a study on the molecular genetics of Prader-Willi patients. Interested parties may get more information by contacting:
Drs. Suzanne Cassidy or Robert Erickson
Dept. of Pediatrics
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ
Scientists are studying the use of Human Growth Hormone (hGH) in Prader-Willi Syndrome in the hope that the drug may decrease fat and build muscle. However, the drug is very expensive ($10,000 to $40,000 per yer) and some insurors will not pay for it unless there is proof that the patient has an actual deficiency of growth hormone.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Prader-Willi Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Prader-Willi Syndrome Association
1821 University Ave., N-356
St. Paul, MN 55104
(612) 641-1955
(800) 926-4797
FAX (612) 641-1952
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Association for Retarded Citizens of the United States
P.O. Box 6109
Arlington, TX 76005
(817) 640-0204
(800) 433-0525
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Ave.
White Plains, NY 10603
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed., Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., W.B. Saunders, Co. 1988. Pp. 170-3.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 912-916.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1146.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1408-1411.
LOCALIZATION OF THE GENE ENCODING THE GABAA RECEPTOR BETA 3 SUBUNIT TO THE ANGELMAN/PRADER-WILLI REGION OF HUMAN CHROMOSOME 15, J. Wagstaff et al.; Am J Hum Gen (Aug 1991; 49(2)): Pp. 330-337.
PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME: CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF CAUSE AND DIAGNOSIS, M.G.
Butler; Am J Med Genet (Mar 1990; 35(3)). Pp. 319-332.
Prader-Willi Syndrome
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:Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
528: Precocious Puberty
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Precocious Puberty) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pubertas Praecox
Gonadotropin-Independent Familial Sexual Precocity
Familial Testotoxicosis
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Precocious Puberty
Idiopathic Precocious Puberty
Isosexual Precocious Puberty
Heterosexual Precocious Puberty
True Precocious Puberty
Central Precocious Puberty
Peripheral Precocious Puberty
Male-Limited Precocious Puberty
Gonadotropin-Dependent Precocious Puberty
Gonadotropin-Independent Precocious Puberty
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
McCune-Albright Syndrome
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Pseudo-Precocious Puberty
Adrenogenital Syndrome
Neurofibromatosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Precocious Puberty means an abnormally early onset of puberty. A sequence of events occurs during which a child develops into a young adult beginning at an unexpectedly early age. Glands that secrete growth and sex hormones begin to function abnormally early in life resulting in this condition. The exact cause of Precocious Puberty is not known.
Symptoms
Precocious Puberty can occur in several forms. Normally, the hypothalamus initiates puberty by stimulating the pituitary to release gonadotropins, the hormones which control growth and function of sex organs. When gonadotropins are released, synthesis and secretion of steroids (such as estrogen, progesterone or testosterone) occurs, leading to development of secondary sexual characteristics. If this occurs prematurely, a child starts to develop secondary sexual characteristics and proceeds to sexual maturity at an unexpectedly early age.
This disorder is characterized among females by breast development beginning before the age of eight years, or the onset of menstruation before the age of ten years. Among males, Precocious Puberty begins before the age of ten years. Boys with this disorder tend to exhibit facial, underarm (axillary) and pubic hair, accelerated growth, a deepening voice and aggressive behavior. Puberty may occur before three years of age in some cases of this disorder.
Premature release of the LH-RH hormone from the hypothalamus results in the secretion of the pituitary gonadotropin hormones, which in turn stimulate the gonadal sex steroids among young children with true Precocious Puberty. Since the aging of bones is usually accelerated by this condition, early fusion of the ends of the long bones or growth plates occurs, resulting in short adult stature. However, during childhood children with Precocious Puberty are taller than their peers.
Among girls with Isosexual Precocious Puberty, feminizing changes occur, whereas Heterosexual Precocious Puberty is associated with masculinizing changes.
Cerebral Precocious Puberty is caused by brain abnormalities, but closely resembles True Precocious Puberty. Idiopathic Precocious Puberty has no identifiable cause. Among females affected by Idiopathic Precocious Puberty, electrical brain activity abnormalities tend to occur. Electroencephalographic (EEG) tests identify these abnormalities. However, their significance is not well understood.
Central Precocious Puberty is characterized by changes which affect the central nervous system.
Gonadotropin-Dependent Precocious Puberty is characterized by high concentrations of gonadotropin hormones in girls. In males, Isosexual Precocious Puberty is independent of LHRH hormone release. Gonadotropin-Independent Precocious Puberty is marked by low levels of gonadotropin and usually affects males. Girls with McCune-Albright Syndrome may have either Gonadotropin-Dependent or Independent Precocious Puberty.
Causes
The exact cause of most cases of Precocious Puberty is not known. In some cases, puberty begins early as the result of a disorder affecting the endocrine glands. Male-limited Precocious Puberty is thought to be inherited through either a sex-linked autosomal dominant inheritance pattern or a sex linked recessive pattern.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Less frequent causes of Precocious Puberty in girls include the presence of abnormal tumors of the hypothalamus as well as Neurofibromatosis, congenital brain lesions, postinfectious encephalitis, hydrocephalus, and craniopharyngiomas. Very rarely, ingestion of birth control pills, or other preparations containing estrogens, or meat containing high estrogen concentrations can cause this disorder. Primary hypothyroidism and McCune-Albright Syndrome often occur in conjunction with Precocious Puberty. Young girls with McCune-Albright Syndrome may develop either gonadotropin or gonadotropin-dependent forms of Precocious Puberty.
Hormone-secreting tumors of the ovary or adrenal glands are also associated with Precocious Puberty. Estrogen-secreting ovarian granulosa-thecal cell tumors are probably the most common form of sex steroid-secreting tumors among girls with this disorder. Human chorionic gonadotropin-s tumors of the ovary, such as choriocarcinomas or teratomas, may be associated with ovarian sex steroid stimulation and precocious puberty in girls. Benign ovarian cysts may be present in some female patients.
Affected Population
Precocious Puberty affects females approximately twice as often as males. Approximately eighty percent of female cases have no known cause.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Precocious Puberty. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Pseudo-Precocious Puberty is characterized by high steroid levels due either to ingestion of steroids, hormone-producing tumors (usually of the ovaries or testes), or abnormalities of the adrenal gland which cause over-production of hormones. Although patients appear to be maturing sexually, ovulation or sperm production may not occur because the gonads are not mature. However, in children with Precocious Puberty, ovulation and sperm production can occur abnormally early in life.
Adrenogenital Syndrome is a group of disorders caused by overdevelopment of the adrenal glands (adrenocortical hyperplasia) or malignant tumors in these glands. Masculinization of women or precocious sexual development of male children are the chief characteristics of this syndrome. These disorders are characterized by excessive or abnormal secretions of adrenocortical steroids.
The following disorders may precede the development of Precocious Puberty. They can be useful in identifying an underlying cause of some forms of this disorder:
McCune-Albright Syndrome is characterized by an early (precocious) sexual development, a change in bone structure, pain, increasing deformity, and abnormal changes in skin pigmentation (cafe-au-lait spots). This syndrome affects the endocrine and musculoskeletal systems. (For more information on this disorder, choose "McCune-Albright" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is a group of disorders resulting from defective synthesis of the corticosteroid hormones of the adrenal gland. The adrenal gland becomes enlarged because it tries to produce more and more of the hormones to compensate for their lack of effectiveness. The adrenal gland produces "male" sex hormones (androgens) in both males and females; because these are overproduced in certain forms of CAH, the external genitalia of some females with this disorder can become masculinized to various degrees. Lack of glucocorticoids, especially cortisol, causes various kinds of metabolic problems. Low levels of mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone, causes salt and water imbalances. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Adrenal Hyperplasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a genetic disorder with highly variable manifestations which can affect many body systems. Symptoms usually begin during childhood. The disorder tends to become more active at puberty, during pregnancy, and at menopause. Neurofibromatosis is characterized by multiple nerve tumors under the skin which can result in disfigurement, curvature of the spine and long bones, and other complications. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Neurofibromatosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Precocious Puberty is structured according to the cause of the disorder. Girls with heterosexual precocious puberty caused by Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia can be treated by glucocorticoid suppression of the hormone known as ACTH. Girls with Precocious Puberty in conjunction with McCune-Albright Syndrome can be treated with the aromatase inhibitor testolactone, which blocks the synthesis of estrogens. Gonadotropin-Dependent Precocious Puberty in girls can be treated with intranasal administration of the hormone suppressing drug nafarelin acetate. Some lesions of the hypothalamus, as well as ovarian tumors or cysts, can be treated surgically. Hormone sources originating outside the body can be eliminated, provided they are identified. Girls with Precocious Puberty caused by primary hypothyroidism have delayed epiphyseal closure of long bone ends and usually respond well to replacement levothyroxine.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for families of patients with male-limited Precocious Puberty (Familial Testotoxicosis) and other genetic forms of this disorder.
Ortho's orphan drug Supprelin (histrelin acetate), has received approval from the FDA for treatment of Precocious Puberty. The drug has been shown to be effective in reducing early sexual changes in boys and girls and to slow accelerated bone maturation. It is given once a day by subcutaneous injection.
The orphan product Leuprolide Acetate (Lupron Injection) has received approval from the FDA for treatment of Central Precocious Puberty. The product is manufactured by:
Tap Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
2355 Waukegan Rd.
Deerfield, IL 60015
Therapies: Investigational
To slow the growth rate of males with Isosexual Precocious Puberty, a combination of the drugs spironolactone and testolactone has been used experimentally to restore the growth rate and rate of maturation to normal pre-pubertal levels. The drugs must be prescribed for at least six months. Long-term safety and effectiveness of this treatment has not yet been assessed.
Children with Central Precocious Puberty may be treated with an orphan drug known as deslorelin (Somagard). For information on this drug, physicians can contact:
Roberts Laboratories, Inc.
Meridian Center III
6 Industrial Way West
Eatontown, NJ 07724
(201) 389-1182
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Precocious Puberty, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Adrenal Diseases Foundation
505 Northern Blvd., Suite 200
Great Neck, NY 11021
(516) 487-4992
NIH/National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Brain & Pituitary Foundation of America
1360 Ninth Avenue, Suite 210
San Francisco, CA 94122
(209) 227-5466
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 628-629.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. P. 1975.
TREATMENT OF PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY IN THE MCCUNE-ALBRIGHT SYNDROME WITH THE
AROMATASE INHIBITOR TESTOLACTONE: P.P. Feuillan, et al.; N Engl J Med (October 30, 1986, issue 315 (18)). Pp. 1115-1119.
INTRANASAL NAFARELIN: AN LH-RH ANALOGUE TREATMENT OF GONADOTROPIN- PUBERTY:
T.H. Lin, et al.; J Pediatr (December 1986, issue 109 (6)). Pp. 954-958.
CT OF CEREBRAL ABNORMALITIES IN PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY: K.G. Rieth, et al.; AJR (June 1987, issue 148(6)). Pp. 1231-1238.
THE TREATMENT OF FAMILIAL MALE PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY WITH SPIRONOLACTONE AND
TESTOLACTONE. L. Laue, et al.; The New Eng. J. Med (February 23, 1989, issue 320 (8)). Pp. 496-502.
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Copyright (C) 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
645: Primary Lateral Sclerosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Primary Lateral Sclerosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Central Motor Neuron Disease
PLS
Motor Neuron Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)
Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease
Multifocal Motor Neuropathy (MMN)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Primary Lateral Sclerosis is a rare neurological disease affecting the central motor neurons. It causes progressive muscle weakness in the facial area, hands, arms, legs and feet. It is associated with spasticity and hyperactive deep-tendon reflexes of the muscles in these areas.
Symptoms
Primary Lateral Sclerosis is a disease of the nerve cells which control muscles. Initially there are few symptoms and there is a slow progression of the neurological dysfunction. There may be spastic reactions of the muscles in the hands, feet or legs which may progress to paralysis. The ability to speak may also be affected as the muscles used in speaking may become involved. The senses and intelligence of the patient are unaffected. The disease may progress slowly over a number of years with wasting and weakening of the affected muscles.
Causes
Like many other motor neuron diseases, the exact cause of Primary Lateral Sclerosis is not known.
Affected Population
Primary Lateral Sclerosis is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Primary Lateral Sclerosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's Disease) is a disorder of the motor neuron cells. It generally affects both the upper and lower motor neurons and results in the progressive wasting and weakening of those muscles which have lost their nerve supply. There are a number of different forms of ALS, all exhibiting some of the classical symptoms. Slight patchy weakness, clumsiness of the hands, weakness in the legs, slowing of speech, difficulty in swallowing, and night cramps in the leg muscles are a few of these symptoms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "ALS" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease is a severe and usually rapidly progressive motor neuron disease that affects infants. It is characterized by a generalized atrophy and weakness of the muscles of the trunk and extremities, as a result of degenerative changes in the ventral horn cells of the spinal cord. This weakness, referred to as the amyotonia congenital syndrome, is also found in other neuromuscular diseases. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Werdnig-Hoffmann" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Multifocal Motor Neuropathy is a neurologic disease that has symptoms similar to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). However, lower motor neurons are mainly affected. Patients with this disease have slowly progressive muscle wasting and weakness without spasticity and stiffness. This disorder may respond to immunosuppressive drug treatment. For the patients who respond the weakness may not only stop progressing but may also improve.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Primary Lateral Sclerosis involves the use of drugs to help control the symptoms. Baclofen is prescribed for spasticity, Quinine for cramps, and Diazepam for muscular contractions. Other treatments may include physical therapy to prevent stiffness of joints, and speech therapy may be needed to aid the patient whose ability to speak has been impaired by muscle weakness. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are conducting extensive ongoing research on motor neuron diseases in the areas of nerve growth factors, axonal transport, androgen receptor in motor neurons, and DNA/RNA changes.
Syntex-Synergen Neuroscience of Boulder, CO, is sponsoring an orphan product for the treatment of motor neuron diseases including Primary Lateral Sclerosis. The chemical name is ciliary neurotrophic factor, recombinant human.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Primary Lateral Sclerosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Society
21021 Ventura Blvd., Suite 321
Woodland Hills, CA 91364
(818) 340-7500
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 2239, 2243.
CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE SPINOBULBAR SPASTICITY. A RARE FORM OF PRIMARY
LATERAL SCLEROSIS. J.L. Gastaut, et al.; Arch Neurol (May, 1988, issue 45 (5)). Pp. 509-513.
CLINICAL AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN PRIMARY LATERAL SCLEROSIS.
L.S. Russo, Jr. Arch Neurol (October, 1982, issue 39 (10)). Pp. 662-664.
PRIMARY LATERAL SCLEROSIS; A CASE REPORT. M.F. Beal, et al.; Arch Neurol (October, 1981, issue 38 (10)). Pp. 630-633.
PRIMARY LATERAL SCLEROSIS, A DEBATED ENTITY. K.A. Sotaniemi, et al.; Acta Neurol Scand (April, 1985, issue 71 (4)). Pp. 334-336.
Primary Lateral Sclerosis
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`%`%Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
810: Proctitis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Proctitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Ischemic Proctitis
Antibiotic-Induced Proctitis
Radiation Proctitis
Gonorrheal Proctitis
Syphilitic Proctitis
Herpetic Proctitis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn's Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Proctitis is a chronic inflammatory disease arising in the rectum and characterized by bloody diarrhea. There are two types of Proctitis, Ulcerative and Gonnorheal, which are differentiated by the means in which they are contracted. Gonnorheal Proctitis is transmitted through sexual contact.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Proctitis are most frequently pain in the rectal area and a frequent desire to pass feces. Bloody diarrhea, painful defecation and bleeding in the rectal area are also common. Diarrhea may be followed by constipation with spasm and severe straining of the rectal muscles (tenesmus). In some cases, stools may be well formed but surrounded by blood and mucus.
Proctitis usually runs a mild, intermittent course over many years. Occasionally there is neurological involvement with urinary bladder dysfunction, weakness and burning of the lower limbs (paresthesias) and pain in the thighs. Men may have difficulty maintaining penile erections. When a diagnosis of Gonnorheal Proctitis is confirmed, individuals also should be tested for other sexually transmitted organisms such as syphilis, amebiasis, chalmydia, campylobacter, shigella, and herpes simplex virus infections.
Upon examination, individuals with Ulcerative Proctitis show ulcers in the rectum. Ulcerations are usually accompanied by rectal bleeding, straining of rectal muscles (tenesmus) and an anal discharge of bloody mucus. However, anal bleeding is seldom severe. Individuals with diarrhea often describe no increase in stool volume but rather frequent passage of small amounts of mucous or blood. Fever and weight loss are rare. Symptoms of Ulcerative Proctitis are very similar to Ulcerative Colitis. However, Ulcerative Proctitis is not as serious as Colitis and is limited to the rectum. (See related disorder section for more information on Ulcerative Colitis.)
Causes
Proctitis can be caused by the pus-producing bacteria gonococci and by the herpes simplex virus, primary and secondary syphilis, chlamydia trachomatis and the human papilloma viruses. Gonococcal Proctitis usually results from passive anal intercourse with men who have infection in the canal that empties urine from the bladder (urethra).
Ulcerative Proctitis may be caused by radiation injury, trauma from a foreign body, constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel (ischemia), infection or the cause may be unknown (idiopathic).
The effects of irritating enemas or laxatives may be confused with Ulcerative Proctitis. This disorder may also mimic the symptoms of long-term trauma.
Affected Population
Proctitis is increasing in incidence. Gonococcal Proctitis is most frequently found in women and homosexual men who practice anal-receptive intercourse.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Proctitis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Ulcerative Colitis is an acute inflammation of the large intestine (colon) characterized by multiple, irregular, superficial ulcerations. The inflammation results in thickening of the wall of the colon with scar tissue and polyp-like growths. The primary symptom of Ulcerative Colitis is bloody diarrhea. The disease may involve only one side of the colon or it may eventually spread throughout the entire large intestine. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ulcerative Colitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Crohn's Disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease and is characterized by chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, weight loss and a solid mass in the abdomen. The intestine gradually becomes thickened and leathery. Complications may appear in the joints, skin and eyes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Crohn's Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Proctitis is made when sigmoidoscopy reveals inflammation of the mucus lining of the rectum with a clearly demarcated upper border above which the lining is normal. The remainder of the colon and small intestine is found to be normal by barium x-rays, while colonoscopy and rectal biopsy may show changes which are indistinguishable from those of Chronic Ulcerative Colitis. (For more information on Chronic Ulcerative Colitis, see the related disorder section of this report.)
Treatment of Proctitis is determined by cause. Gonococcal Proctitis responds to standard intramuscular injection with procaine penicillin or spectinomycin, but less consistently to oral treatment with penicillin or tetracycline. Primary Herpetic Proctitis responds well to acyclovir. Chlamydial Proctitis responds to tetracycline. Treatment of idiopathic (unknown cause) Ulcerative Proctitis is very similar to that of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease, and includes a nonlaxative diet, the administration of antidiarrheal drugs such as diphenoxylate hydrochloride with atropine sulfate (Lomotil) or loperamide. Topical corticosteroids may be applied in the form of suppositories, steroid enemas or steroid foam. Enemas or suppositories should be administered at bedtime to maximize their retention. The drug sulfasalazine taken orally for three weeks or more may also be prescribed. Other symptoms may be treated by pain-killing and antispasmodic drugs. Hospitalization may be necessary for a thorough physical examination.
Although Proctitis may persist for many years, it is not associated with an increased incidence of cancer of the rectum or colon. With treatment, Proctitis usually runs a course with periodic mild to severe episodes of symptoms. The inflammation spreads beyond the rectum in only 10 to 30% of individuals affected with Proctitis. Less than 15% of individuals with Ulcerative Proctitis will develop Chronic Ulcerative Colitis.
Approximately 40% of homosexual males with Proctitis also have anorectal gonorrhea. It is not unusual to discover multiple disease producing organisms in patients with Proctitis. Men who have had passive rectal intercourse with sex partners who have gonococcal infection of the ureter should have cultures performed for gonorrhea, regardless of an apparent lack of symptoms.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Proctitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
P.O. Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
American Social Health Association
100 Capitola Dr., Suite 200
Research Triangle Park, NC 27713
(919) 361-8400
National Sexually Transmitted Diseases Hotline
(800) 227-8922
Council for Sex Information and Education
444 Lincoln Blvd., Suite 107
Venice, CA 90291
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, M.D., et al., eds; W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 787.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 138, 150, 1671.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 251, 801-806, 985.
LYMPHOID FOLLICULAR PROCTITIS. A CONDITION DIFFERENT FROM ULCERATIVE
PROCTITIS? J. F. Flejou et al.; DIG DIS SCI (March, 1988: issue 33 (3)). Pp. 314-320.
THE LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF EARLY AND LATE PHASE
RADIATION-INDUCED PROCTITIS. N. Y. Haboubi, et al.; AM J GASTROENTEROL (October, 1988: issue 83 (10)). Pp. 1140-1144.
COMPARISON OF BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE AND PREDNISOLONE 21-PHOSPHATE ENEMAS IN THE TREATMENT OF ULCERATIVE PROCTITIS. H. van der Heide, et al.; J CLIN GASTROENTEROL (April, 1988: issue 10 (2)). Pp. 169-172.
PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE AMONG MALE PATIENTS PRESENTING
WITH PROCTITIS. H. Andrews, et al.; GUT (March, 1988: issue 29 (3)). Pp. 332-335.
ARGON LASER TREATMENT OF RADIATION PROCTITIS. J.J. O'Connor, et al.; ARCH SURG (June, 1989: issue 124 (6)). Pp. 749.'&
Proctitis
er f]&
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Copyright (C) 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
673: Pick's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pick's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Diffuse Degenerative Cerebral Disease
Lobar Atrophy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Alzheimer's Disease
Huntington's Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pick's Disease is a very rare progressive disease affecting the lobes of the brain. Major symptoms may include changes in intellect, behavior and personality.
Symptoms
Pick's Disease is characterized by progressive deterioration of intellect with changes in behavior and personality. The memory is usually intact in the early stages of the disease and there is less disorientation than in Alzheimer's disease. This brain disease is very closely related to Alzheimer's disease and can even coexist with Alzheimer's. People with Pick's Disease don't show the tangles and plaques in the brain that are characteristic of Alzheimer's. However, in later stages there is loss of motor control as well as confusion and severe dementia (loss of intellect).
Pick's Disease is characterized by atrophy (shrinkage) of the brain, but the atrophy does not occur evenly over the entire brain. Only the lobes of the brain are affected while other areas of the brain appear unaffected. There are also changes in certain nerve cells in the brain and the presence of Pick's inclusion bodies. The reason for this is not known. The disease primarily affects individuals in their 50's, 60's and 70's, but early cases have been reported in people as young as 30 years of age. Diagnosis of Pick's disease is very difficult, and a neurologist should be consulted.
Causes
Most cases of Pick's Disease have been reported to occur for no apparent reason. However, some cases appear in families and this may indicate some genetic predisposition for the disease. So far researchers have not been able to located a mode of genetic transmission for this disorder. However, research on Alzheimer's disease and related dementias may shed some light on the cause of Pick's Disease.
Affected Population
Pick's Disease affects females more often than males. The incidence in the United States. indicates a much lower prevalence than Alzheimer's Disease. Studies from the University of Michigan have shown a dozen cases of Pick's Disease in 35 years. However, In Minnesota, Pick's Disease accounts for about 4% of dementias. This may well indicate geographical variance and there may possibly also be an ethnic relationship.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pick's Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive disorder of the brain affecting memory, thought and language. Groups of nerve endings in the cortex of people with Alzheimer's degenerate which disrupts the passage of electrochemical signals between the cells. These areas of degeneration are called "plaques". Changes known as "neurofibrillary tangles" also occur in nerve cells of the brain's cortex. The number of plaques and tangles appear to be directly proportional to the disturbance in intellectual function and memory. Recently scientists discovered that Alzheimer's Disease can be inherited through a dominant gene in at least ten percent of affected individuals. Some researchers believe symptoms may be caused by excessive amounts of a protein that builds up in the brains of persons affected by this disorder. There is also abnormally low levels of the brain chemical (neurotransmitter) acetylcholine in patients with this disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Alzheimer" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Huntington's Disease is an inherited, progressively degenerative neurological illness. Those affected experience involuntary movements, loss of motor control, changes in gait, loss of memory, and eventual loss of both mental capability and physical control. In general, the symptoms of HD first appear between thirty and fifty years of age. It runs a progressive course, usually over a ten to twenty year period. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Huntington" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Dementia can be a symptom of many disorders mimicking Alzheimer's and Pick's disease. To learn more about these illnesses choose "Dementia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
The diagnosis of Pick's Disease is usually made by a neurologist after taking a careful physical history and examination, a neurological examination, psychometric testing, CAT scan and EEG testing. Patients with progressive dementia often experience frustration, anxiety, and depression resulting from their inability to function at their previous level. These frustrations can be minimized by maintaining a stable home environment and a structured routine that does not place excessive demands on the patient. Sedatives or other drugs that might further dull the patient's intellect should generally be avoided. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke is seeking patients with Pick's Disease and other types of frontal lobe atrophy to participate in a neurobehavioral study. For more information, physicians should contact:
Jordan Grafman, Ph.D., Chief
Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Medical Neurology Branch
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Bldg. 10, Rm. 5C422
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-0220
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pick's Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, Inc.
National Headquarters
919 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1000
Chicago, IL 60611
(312) 335-8700
(800) 272-3900
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
NIH/National Institute on Aging (NIA)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-1752
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 2150-2153.
Pick's Disease]
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@!.!Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
651: Pierre Robin Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pierre Robin Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Robin Syndrome
Pierre Robin Anomalad
Robin Anomalad
Pierre Robin Sequence
Robin Sequence
Pierre Robin Complex
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Cerebro-Costo-Mandibular Syndrome
Stickler Syndrome
Treacher Collins Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pierre Robin Syndrome is characterized by a combination of three features, possibly due to the underdevelopment of the lower jaw. The lower jaw is abnormally small (micrognathia), the tongue is displaced downwards (glossoptosis), and there is an abnormal opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft soft palate).
Symptoms
Pierre Robin Syndrome is characterized by an unusually small jaw (micrognathia), downward displaced tongue (glossoptosis), and cleft soft palate.
The placement of the tongue may obstruct normal breathing. If Pierre Robin infants have problems breathing, they may fail to thrive, have difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), and stop breathing temporarily. If this occurs, their skin might develop a bluish or purplish color due to a decrease of oxygen in the blood (cyanosis) which may deprive the brain of its normal oxygen supply. Pierre Robin infants may vomit and develop sleep disturbances that may persist into adulthood. Problems in breathing may lead to lung malfunction and enlargement of part of the heart (cor pulmonale), high blood pressure in the lung's arteries (pulmonary hypertension), and possibly lead to congestive heart failure.
Causes
The causes of Pierre Robin Syndrome are diverse since it can occur by itself or as a symptom of another disorder.
Pierre Robin Syndrome appearing with no underlying disorder may be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.)
Pierre Robin Syndrome may also result from mechanical constraint of the fetus in the womb, e.g., the chin may be compressed in such a way as to limit its normal development.
Recent research suggests that the development of Pierre Robin Syndrome may also be influenced by drugs taken by a woman during pregnancy.
Affected Population
Pierre Robin Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. Less commonly it occurs as a feature in a multiple defect disorder such as Trisomy 18 Syndrome, Stickler Syndrome, or a number of other syndromes.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pierre Robin Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Stickler Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder inherited as a dominant trait. Eye defects including nearsightedness (myopia), teeth and bone abnormalities, deafness, and a flat face are characteristic of Stickler Syndrome. It is also characterized by the features of Pierre Robin Syndrome: unusually small lower jaw (micrognathia), downward placed tongue (glossoptosis), and cleft soft palate. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Stickler" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cerebro-Costo-Mandibular Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the features of Pierre Robin Syndrome plus rib and chest cavity (thorax) defects. There may be feeding, breathing, and speech difficulties. Occasionally, an unusually small head, mental retardation, abnormally placed fifth fingers, and bone abnormalities also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cerebro-Costo-Mandibular" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Treacher Collins Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by deformities in the jaw and ears with deafness, cleft palate, and unusually slanted eyes. There may be difficulty in breathing due to a narrow airway. (For more information on this disorder, choose Treacher Collins as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Pierre Robin Syndrome can be detected while the fetus is still in the womb using ultrasound imaging.
Infants with Pierre Robin Syndrome should be observed closely for breathing difficulties. Several methods of intervention are available to help the infant to breathe. A tube may be inserted in the infant's throat (intubation) or a surgical opening may be made into the trachea through the neck (tracheostomy) to assist the infant in breathing.
Doctors may wait to see if the palate closes by itself in a few years before deciding to surgically correct the cleft soft palate. Surgery to improve the appearance of the jaw may also be recommended.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pierre Robin Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle Street, Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
1-800-535-3643
A Cleft Palate Team is a group of specialists who are primarily interested in the care of children having clefts. For information about local teams, contact:
Prescription Parents (for cleft palate)
P.O. Box 426
Quincy, MA 02269
(617) 479-2463
American Cleft Palate Cranial Facial Association
1218 Granview Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15211
(412) 681-1376
(800) 24CLEFT
NIH/National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1138-1139.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: K.L. Jones; W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 196-199.
GLOSSOPTOSIS-APNEA SYNDROME IN INFANCY: F. Cozzi and A. Pierro; Pediatrics (May, 1985: issue 75(5)). Pp. 836-843.
THE PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME REASSESSED IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT RESEARCH:
J.R. Edwards and D.R. Newall; Br J Plast Surg (July, 1985: issue 38(3)). Pp. 339-342.
Pierre Robin Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
133: Pinta
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pinta) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Mal del Pinto
Carate
Azul
Tina
lota
Empeines
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Pinta is an infectious disease caused by a microorganism closely related to that which causes venereal syphilis. It is transmitted nonsexually, however, and is characterized by rashes and discolorations of the skin. It is common in the hot lowlands of South and Central America, but is rare in the United States. It responds well to antimicrobial therapy.
Symptoms
The earliest lesions in Pinta are small papules (bumps) which occur at the site of entry of the pathogenic microorganism. Within several months, these lesions develop into small, reddish or purplish, scaly areas known as pintids. They occur most often on the face, hands, and feet. Over the course of several years, slate blue, coffee colored, red, or violet patches of skin appear on the face, hands, feet, and bony prominences. These colored patches may eventually become bleached and white (vitiligoid). The skin on the soles of the feet and the palms may become somewhat thickened.
The lesions are susceptible to secondary infection by other organisms. Otherwise, the prognosis is good.
Causes
Pinta is caused by a spirochete (a kind of microorganism) known as treponema carateum. This organism is closely related and morphologically indistinguishable from the organisms that cause venereal syphilis, yaws, and bejel (endemic syphilis). It is transmitted by physical, nonsexual contact.
Affected Population
Pinta affects persons living in the tropical lowlands of South and Central America, such as Mexico and Colombia.
Related Disorders
The treponematoses (pinta, yaws, bejel (endemic syphilis), and venereal syphilis) are all caused by identical looking treponemas. They differ, however, in distribution, mode of transmission, and clinical characteristics. (Information on these and other tropical diseases can be found in this database.)
Therapies: Standard
The lesions of Pinta resolve after treatment with antimicrobial drugs such as benzathine penicillin G.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pinta, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3211
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 132.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 1723.
Pinta
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
475: Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Devergie Disease
Lichen Acuminatus
Lichen Psoriasis
Lichen Ruber Acuminatus
Pityriasis Pilaris
Information on the following disorders may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Lichen Planus
Pityriasis Rosea
Psoriasis
General Discussion
** IMPORTANT **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris is a mildly itchy chronic skin disorder which is possibly caused by an inherited metabolic defect. Initially, the disorder is characterized by elevated spots (papules) on the skin. These spots grow and become connected, producing red plaques over large areas.
Symptoms
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris is initially characterized by skin lesions described as mildly itchy, sharply pointed, horn-like, brownish-red to rosy yellow-colored papules. These papules usually occur on the back of the wrists, the outside of the forearms, underarm folds, elbows, knees, backs of the hands, and fingers. When the papules grow and connect together they produce dry, scaly, rough, red plaques over large areas of the skin. Gray, brittle nails and excessive oiliness of the glands on the scalp (seborrhea) and face may also occur. Often the edge of the eyelids are turned outward (ectropion).
Causes
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris is suspected to be a hereditary disorder transmitted as a autosomal dominant trait. Symptoms may be triggered by a metabolic defect. An acquired form of the disease also exists which may be caused by a deficiency of vitamin-A. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris is a rare disorder which affects children and adults. Males and females are affected in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Lichen Planus is a recurrent, itchy, inflammatory eruption characterized by small separate, angular spots that may combine into rough scaly patches. It is often accompanied by lesions in the mouth. Women are most commonly affected, although some cases have begun during childhood. The exact cause of this disorder is unknown, though some minerals such as bismuth, arsenic, gold, or exposure to certain chemicals used in developing color photographs may cause an eruption indistinguishable from Lichen Planus. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lichen Planus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Pityriasis Rosea is a self-limited, mild, inflammatory skin disorder characterized by scaly lesions found most commonly on the trunk. The disorder is possibly due to an unidentified infectious agent. It may occur at any age but is seen most frequently in young adults. In temperate climates, incidence is highest during spring and autumn.
Psoriasis is a common chronic and recurrent skin disorder characterized by dry, well-circumscribed silvery gray scaling spots (papules) or plaques on the scalp, elbows, knees and/or the buttocks. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Psoriasis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris may respond to treatment with vitamin-A, either orally or in alcohol as an ointment. Retinoid drugs such as isotretinoin which are chemically related to vitamin A, and the antineoplastic drug methotrexate may also be prescribed. The lesions often get better or worse without treatment, waxing and waning naturally.
DDAVP in the injectable form is standard treatment for von Willebrand Disease. It is an antidiuretic peptide manufactured by Rorer Pharmaceuticals.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on Pityriasis Rubis Pilaris is being conducted at New York University Medical Center. For information about this research, please contact:
Irwin M. Freedberg, M.D.
NYU Medical Center
Dept. of Dermatology
550 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 340-5245
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CHILDHOOD-ONSET PITYRIASIS RUBRA PILARIS WITH IMMUNOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES: D.
Shvili, et al.; Pediatr Dermatol (May 1987: issue 4(1)). Pp. 21-23.
PITYRIASIS RUBRA PILARIS, VITAMIN A AND RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN: A CASE
STUDY: P.C. van Voorst Vader, et al.; Acta Derm Venereol (Stockholm) (1984: issue 64(5)). Pp. 430-432.
ISOTRETINOIN TREATMENT OF PITYRIASIS RUBRA PILARIS: C.H. Dicken; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (February 1987: issue 16(2 Part 1)). Pp. 297-301.
Pityriasis Rubra PilarisY
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725: Pneumonia, Eosinophilic
Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
725: Pneumonia, Eosinophilic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Eosinophilic Pneumonia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophilia Syndrome
Loffler's Syndrome
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Tuberculosis
Sarcoidosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Eosinophilic pneumonia is a disorder characterized by an inflammation of the lungs and an abnormal increase in the number of certain white blood cells (eosinophils) in the lymph nodes, lungs and blood. This disorder is usually associated with allergic conditions and various parasitic infections.
Symptoms
Eosinophilic pneumonia usually has a sudden onset. There may be accompanying weight loss and increased pulse rate. Symptoms may also include low-grade fever, cough with the possibility of blood in the phlegm, wheezing and labored breathing. There may also be chills, sweating, pain in the chest and a general feeling of ill health. Children with eosinophilic pneumonia may have enlargement of the spleen and liver. The symptoms of eosinophilic pneumonia may be mild or severe, depending upon the amount of lung area affected. Many patients simultaneously have bronchial asthma.
A specific type of eosinophilic pneumonia called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis tends to affect individuals with asthma. Those affected usually show a worsening of asthmatic symptoms, and may have a low-grade fever and phlegm containing brownish flecks.
Causes
Most of the eosinophilic pneumonias are of unknown cause. Some cases are caused by parasites including roundworms and Toxocara larvae. Other cases are associated with allergies, particularly to drugs such as penicillin, aminosalicylic acid, hydralazine, nitrofurantoin, chlorpropamide, or sulfonamide. Fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus, and chemical sensitizers such as nickel carbonyl inhaled as a vapor, may also be possible causes.
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis occurs as a result of an allergic reaction to the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus.
Affected Population
Eosinophilic pneumonia may affect anyone. However, it tends to occur most often in young men. One specific form of this disorder, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, occurs in individuals with asthma.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of eosinophilic pneumonia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Tuberculosis is an acute or chronic bacterial infection found most commonly in the lungs. The infection is spread like a cold, mainly through airborne droplets breathed into the air by an infected person. Symptoms include labored breathing, fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, weakness and dry cough occasionally with blood in the phlegm. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tuberculosis " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Sarcoidosis is a disorder which affects many body systems. It is characterized by small round lesions composed of grainy tissue. Symptoms of lung infiltration include cough and difficulty breathing. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sarcoidosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
There are many other types of pneumonia caused by bacteria or virus. In general the symptoms of pneumonia are similar to eosinophilic pneumonia, so diagnostic tests determine which type a patient has.
Therapies: Standard
Eosinophilic pneumonia may be self-limiting, requiring no treatment. However, symptoms may persist or disappear spontaneously and recur periodically. If symptoms are severe, corticosteroid drugs such as prednisone may be administered. Treatment with diethylcarbamazine has also proven to be successful. Those cases which are caused by parasitic worms are treated with appropriate antiparasitic drugs.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Eosinophilic Pneumonia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 329-3534
References
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 689-690.
ACUTE EOSINOPHILIC PNEUMONIA: A HYPERSENSITIVITY PHENOMENON? D.B. Badesch et al.; AM REV RESPIR DIS (January, 1989; issue 139(1): Pp. 249-252.)
CERBROSPINAL FLUID EOSINOPHILIA AND STERILE SHUNT MALFUNCTION. V.C.
Traynelis et al.; NEUROSURGERY (November, 1988; issue 23(5): Pp. 645-649.)
Pneumonia, Eosinophilic
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
648: Pneumonia, Interstitial
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Interstitial Pneumonia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Chronic Fibrous Pneumonia
Disorder Subdivisions:
Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP), also known as Idiopathic Interstitial
Pneumonia or Fibrous Interstitial Pneumonia
Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia (DIP)
Giant-cell Interstitial Pneumonia (GIP)
Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP)
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Fibrosing Alveolitis
Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Interstitial Pneumonia, involving the spaces and tissue (interstices) of the lungs, is a type of primary pneumonia. It involves an abnormal increase in the interstitial tissue and a decrease and hardening (induration) of other lung tissue. Major symptoms may include shortness of breath on exertion, cough (which may or may not be present) and loss of appetite.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Interstitial Pneumonia may vary from mild to severe according to the extent of lung involvement, accumulation of tissue and cells not normally found in the lungs (infiltrate), the rate of progress, and the presence of complications (such as other lung infections). The patient often has no fever (afebrile). Occasionally, however, the onset may be rapid, with fever, suggesting an acute respiratory infection. Symptoms of lung disease may be few, except for shortness of breath on exertion (exertional dyspnea). Cough is not normally a prominent feature nor is overproduction of mucous; these symptoms are more likely to be present when there is a secondary airway (bronchial) infection. Blue coloring of the skin, fingernails and around the lips (cyanosis) may occur, signaling a low level of oxygen in the blood. Loss of appetite (anorexia), weight loss, fatigue, weakness, and vague chest pains may also be present.
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
The following disorders are different types of interstitial pneumonias:
In Usual (or Idiopathic) Interstitial Pneumonia (or Fibrous) a pattern of cellular accumulations (infiltrate), considerable scarring (fibrosis) and destruction of the air cells (alveoli) accompanies an inflammatory reaction. Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) probably represents a late stage interstitial disease.
Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia (DIP) is characterized by a marked increase in alveolar cells with a small amount of scarring (minimal interstitial fibrosis). It is generally viewed as a type of inflammation of the alveoli (alveolitis) which can be caused by a variety of factors. It may also represent an early stage of idiopathic (unknown) pulmonary fibrosis. Discussion continues on whether these tissue changes represent different diseases or "stages" of the same disease. Scientific evidence supports both views.
Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP) maybe an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases occur when the body's natural defenses, such as antibodies begin to attack healthy tissues. This type of interstitial pneumonia also includes lymph system (lymphomatous) changes.
Some cases of Giant Cell Interstitial Pneumonia (GIP) are known to be associated with exposure to hard metals particularly tungsten and cobalt.
Causes
The causes of the different interstitial pneumonias are not well understood. Each type can be precisely diagnosed by the study of the lung tissue (histology). Unlike many other types of pneumonia, the interstitial pneumonias do not appear to be caused by bacteria.
Affected Population
Interstitial Pneumonia affects slightly more men than women. It has generally been reported within an age range between 12 and 63 years.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Interstitial Pneumonia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Fibrosing Alveolitis is an inflammatory lung disorder characterized by abnormal formation of fibrous tissue between the alveoli or ducts in the lungs. Coughing and cyanosis may occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Alveolitis, Fibrosing" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis is a lung disorder resulting from repeated inhalation of organic dust, usually in a work setting. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis is an inflammatory disease of the lung tissue characterized by cellular infiltration, an interstitial thickening, and may involve the alveoli, blood vessels, airways (bronchi) and membranes surrounding the lungs (pleura). The cause is unknown.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Interstitial Pneumonia is usually with corticosteroid drugs in patients who have no evidence of extensive fibrosis. Oxygen may be prescribed in cases of lack of oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxemia). Antibiotics are required if secondary bacterial infection occurs. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Interstitial Pneumonia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212)315-8700
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 661.
PULMONARY DISEASES AND DISORDERS, 2nd. Ed.: Alfred P. Fishman, M.D.; McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1988. Pp. 739, 959, 1380, 756, 1684.
GIANT CELL INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA IN A HARD-METAL WORK. CYTOLOGIC,
HISTOLOGIC AND ANALYTICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION. V.L. Roggli, et. al.; Acta Cytol. (Mar-Apr, 1988, issue 32(2)). Pp. 240-6.
Copyright (C) 19910 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
789: POEMS Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (POEMS Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Crow-Fukase Syndrome
Shimpo's Syndrome
Takatsuki's Syndrome
PEP Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Scleroderma
Castleman's Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
POEMS Syndrome is an acronym for Polyneuropathy (a disease of many nerves), Organomegaly (the enlargement of an organ), Endocrinopathy (a functional disorder of an endocrine gland), M protein (monoclonal immunoglobin, a type of antibody), and Skin changes.
Symptoms
Each letter of POEMS Syndrome stands for the following symptoms:
Polyneuropathy is a disease of many nerves that causes tingling, numbness, burning pain, deficiencies in perception and vibratory sensations usually in the limbs. Organomegaly may affect any organ such as enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) or enlargement of the liver and the spleen (hepatosplenomegaly). Disease of the endocrine system may affect any endocrine gland (a gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood stream). Deficient secretion of the thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism) may occur. Sexual functioning may be affected in POEMS Syndrome due to dysfunction of hormone secreting glands.
Adrenal secretion of hormones may also be insufficient. Elevated levels of M protein are usually found in the blood. Skin manifestations may include increased pigmentation (hyperpigmentation) and thickened skin resembling Scleroderma (see Related Disorders section of this report).
Swelling of the lymph nodes (adenopathy) may also occur.
An abnormal accumulation of fluid (edema) in the abdominal cavity (ascites), in connective tissue (anasarca), or in cells and tissues may also occur. Most of the patients have a malignant bone marrow disease called Multiple Myeloma. Abnormal proteins are usually present in the plasma. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Multiple Myeloma" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Causes
The exact cause of POEMS Syndrome is not known. It has been suggested that it may be an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.), against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack perfectly healthy tissue for unknown reasons.
The abnormal proteins from the multiple myeloma tumor is another possible cause for this multi-system disease.
Affected Population
POEMS Syndrome is a rare disorder affecting males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of POEMS Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
The skin changes of POEMS Syndrome are similar to Scleroderma. Scleroderma refers to a group of disorders characterized by the formation of fibrous tissue (fibrosis), degenerative changes, and vascular abnormalities in the skin. Scleroderma is the slow and continued (chronic) hardening and shrinking of the connective tissues of any part of the body. The skin may have firm violet patches with ivory/yellow centers, small chalk-white spots with or without a violet margin, tight glossy skin, or band-like strips of thickened skin. The internal organs may also be involved in some forms of Scleroderma. The exact cause is unknown. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Scleroderma" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The enlarged lymph nodes in POEMS Syndrome are very similar to Castleman's Disease. Castleman's Disease is a rare disorder of the lymphatic system characterized by noncancerous (benign) growths in lymph node tissue. The veins may be involved, causing a growth in the blood vessels themselves. Major symptoms may include development of a tumor, respiratory tract infections, coughing, lethargy, pressure or pain in the back and chest, difficulty in breathing, coughing up blood, and fever. The exact cause of Castleman's Disease is unknown, but it is thought to be an autoimmune disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Castleman's" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of POEMS Syndrome involves immunosuppressive drugs such as melphalan and prednisone.
Therapies: Investigational
Plasmapheresis may be of benefit in some cases of POEMS Syndrome. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts such as antibodies and abnormal proteins) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. This therapy is still under investigation to analyze side effects and effectiveness. More research is needed before plasmapheresis can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of POEMS Syndrome.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on POEMS Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
POEMS SYNDROME PRESENTING AS SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS. CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGIC
STUDY OF A CASE WITH MICROANGIOPATHIC GLOMERULAR LESIONS: J.P. Viard et al.; Am J Med (March, 1988, issue 84 (3 part 1). Pp. 524-8.
THE SKIN CHANGES IN THE CROW-FUKASE (POEMS) SYNDROME. A CASE REPORT:
Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
440: Poland Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Poland Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Poland Syndactyly
Poland Anomaly
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources section of this report.
Poland Syndrome is a congenital developmental disorder which is thought to be genetic. Major symptoms occur on one side of the body and include absence of chest muscles and/or ribs, underdevelopment of the arm, wrist and hand, and shortened, webbed fingers. Function of the affected arm may be limited.
Symptoms
Poland Syndrome is characterized by an abnormal development of one side of the chest, including the arm and hand of the same side. One or more chest muscles are partially or completely absent with underdevelopment or absence of the breast and/or nipple. The cartilage and ribs in the area are absent or abnormally developed. The hand, arm, forearm, and wrist are also underdeveloped, and the fingers are shortened and webbed. An unusually deep crease is present in the palm of the hand. The right side of the body is usually the site of the abnormality.
Causes
The exact cause of Poland Syndrome is not known. Some medical researchers believe it is genetic, although the mode of transmission is not understood. Other researchers believe the disorder occurs sporadically, perhaps as a mutation. Symptoms may develop due to developmental arrest during the seventh to eighth week of fetal life characterized by failure of attachment of chest muscles to the embryonic chest wall.
Affected Population
Poland Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. In a Canadian
study, researchers found the incidence to be one in 32,000 live births. The name of the syndrome should not suggest that the illness primarily affects Polish children; rather it was named for the doctor that identified it in 1921.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Poland Syndrome involves reconstructive surgery to replace the absent chest muscles. Implants may produce good cosmetic results. The hand abnormalities may be surgically corrected and ribs may be grafted into place with good results.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Poland Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information, contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
EARLY RECONSTRUCTION OF POLAND'S SYNDROME USING AUTOLOGOUS RIB GRAFTS
COMBINED WITH A LATISSIMUS MUSCLE FLAP: J.A. Haller, Jr., et al.; J Pediatr Surg (August 1984, issue 19(4)). Pp. 423-429.
POLAND'S SYNDROME: CORRECTION OF THORACIC ANOMALY THROUGH MINIMAL
INCISIONS: P. Santi, et al.; Plast Reconstr Surg (October 1985, issue 76(4)). Pp. 639-641.
EARLY CORRECTION OF THE THORACIC DEFORMITY OF POLAND'S SYNDROME IN
CHILDREN WITH THE LATISSIMUS DORSI MUSCLE FLAP: LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF TWO
CASES: H. Anderl, et al.; Br J Plast Surg (April 1986, issue 39(2)). Pp. 167-172.
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666: Polyarteritis Nodosa
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Polyarteritis Nodosa) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
PAN
Periarteritis
Polyarteritis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
Takayasu's Arteritis
Giant Cell Arteritis
Cogan's Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Polyarteritis Nodosa is characterized by an inflammation of the arteries causing narrowing of the vessels. This may result in lack of blood supply to tissues, possible formation of blood clots (thrombosis), and weakening, ballooning (aneurysm) or possible rupture of vessel walls.
Symptoms
Polyarteritis Nodosa affects the arteries. Joint, muscle, abdominal and testicular pain may occur. The patient may also have fever, weight loss and high blood pressure (hypertension). The kidney is the organ most often involved. The lungs are rarely affected.
Skin rash may be present and gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting of blood (hematemesis) and tender abdomen may be present.
Causes
The exact cause of Polyarteritis Nodosa is not known. In the majority of patients no predisposing cause has been found. Unidentified bacterial and/or viral infections may be a cause. Polyarteritis Nodosa has been observed in drug abusers, particularly those using amphetamines, and in patients with Hepatitis B (infection of the liver). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hepatitis B" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) This disorder has also been linked to an allergic reaction to some drugs and vaccines.
Most scientists believe that Polyarteritis Nodosa is an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses against invading organisms (antibodies) suddenly begin to attack perfectly healthy tissue. Treatment of Polyarteritis Nodosa usually involves drugs that alter the immune system.
Recent research suggests that a bacterial infection may initially trigger onset of Polyarteritis Nodosa causing an abnormal immune response to infection.
Affected Population
Polyarteritis Nodosa usually affects people between 40 to 50 yrs. of age, but it may occur in any age group. It affects approximately 1 in 100,000 people. Men appear to be affected two to three times more often than women.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Polyarteritis Nodosa. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Wegener's Granulomatosis occurs in the 4th or 5th decade of life and has a slight male preponderance. It typically involves the upper and lower respiratory tracts and kidney. This disorder usually progresses into a generalized inflammation of the blood vessels and kidney. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Wegener" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Churg-Strauss Syndrome is a lung disorder often occuring as a complication of other disorders. Allergic blood vessel inflammation (angiitis or vasculitis) is usually accompanied by many inflammatory nodular lesions. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Churg-Strauss" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Takayasu Arteritis (Aortic Arch Syndrome) is an inflammation of the walls of large and midsized arteries followed by fibrosis and thickening. It affects mainly women. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Takayasu" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Giant Cell Arteritis is a disease that affects the large arteries and occasionally the small ones. Cranial arteries are often affected causing headaches, and scalp tenderness. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Giant Cell Arteritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cogan's Syndrome is a very rare polyarteritis-type disorder. It is characterized by interstitial keratitis, vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss. This is often associated with other systemic disease symptoms such as: congestive heart failure, intestinal hemorrhage, enlarged spleen, high blood pressure, and muscle and bone symptoms. Treatment may consist of the use of corticosteroid drug therapy and when started early in the disease can result in clearing of inflammed eyes and in hearing recovery. Other symptoms may respond to treatment specific to that disorder. Cogan's Syndrome can occur at any age and affects men and women equally.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Polyarteritis Nodosa usually consists of the use of corticosteroid drugs, such as Prednisone, to suppress the immune system and relieve inflammation. Cyclophosphamide has also been used to suppress the immune system. Treatment for control of hypertension may also be indicated. Surgical intervention is sometimes required in cases of gastrointestinal involvement. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Plasmapheresis may be of benefit in some cases of Polyarteritis Nodosa. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. This therapy is still under investigation to analyze side effects and effectiveness. More research is needed before plasmapheresis can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of Polyarteritis Nodosa.
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases is conducting a study on a treatment for Polyarteritis Nodosa. Patients who wish to participate in the clinical trials must be at least 14 years of age and had a recent onset of illness. For further information, physicians may contact:
Dr. Gary S. Hoffman or Dr. Randi Y. Levitt
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-1124
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Polyarteritis Nodosa, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 856., 857, 1282-1284.
PULMONARY DISEASES AND DISORDERS, 2nd Ed.: A.P. Fishman, M.D.; McGraw-Hill, 1988. Pp. 1127-28.
CLINICAL FINDINGS AND PROGNOSIS OF POLYARTERITIS NODOSA AND CHURG-STRAUSS
ANGIITIS; A STUDY IN 165 PATIENTS. L. Guillevin, et al.; Br. J. Rheumatology, Aug. 1988., (issue 27(4)). Pp. 258-64.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AND CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY OF POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.
E.S. Leib, et al.; Am. J. Med., Dec., 1979 (issue 67(6)). Pp. 941-7.
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
561: Polychondritis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Polychondritis) is not the name you expected. Please check the synonym list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Chronic Atrophic Polychondritis
Relapsing Polychondritis
Relapsing Perichondritis
Generalized or Systemic Chondromalocia
von Meyenburg Disease
Meyenburg-Altherr-Uehlinger Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Behcet Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Polychondritis is a rare degenerative disease characterized by recurrent inflammation of the cartilage in the body. Deterioration of the cartilage may affect any site of the body where cartilage is present. Ears, larynx and trachea may become "floppy", and the bridge of the nose can collapse into a "saddlenose" shape. The aortic heart valve may be involved as well.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Polychondritis usually begins with the sudden onset of pain, tenderness and swelling of the cartilage of one or both ears. This inflammation may spread to the fleshy portion of the outer ear causing it to narrow. Attacks may last several days to weeks before subsiding. Middle ear inflammation can cause obstruction of the eustachian tube. Recurrent attacks may lead to hearing loss.
Nasal Chondritis may be marked by cartilage collapse at the bridge of the nose resulting in a saddlenose deformity, nasal stuffiness or fullness and crusting.
Inflammation of both large and small joints can occur. Classic symptoms of pain and swelling are similar to those of arthritis.
Involvement of the cartilage of the larynx and bronchial tubes may cause breathing and speech difficulties.
Heart valve abnormalities may occur.
Polychondritis may also cause kidney inflammation and dysfunction.
Causes
The exact cause of Polychondritis is not known. It is thought to be an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies) against invading organisms begin to attack perfectly healthy tissue. Some cases may be linked to abnormal reactions by blood cells (serum antibodies), to a thyroid protein (thyroglobulin), organ wall (parietal) cells, adrenal cells, or thyroid. Symptoms of polychondritis may arise when autoantibodies attack human cartilage.
Some researchers believe that relapsing Polychondritis may be caused by an immunologic sensitivity to type II collagen, a normal substance found in skin and connective tissue.
Affected Population
Polychondritis affects males and females in equal numbers. Symptoms usually begin between forty and sixty years of age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of polychondritis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a disease of unknown origin which may have a relationship to autoimmune processes. This disorder is characterized by lack of appetite (anorexia), tiredness, painful and deformed joints, early morning stiffness chiefly in the hands, knees, feet, jaw, and spine. Once affected, a patient's joints remain painful or uncomfortable for weeks, months, or even years.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease of unknown origin characterized by loss of cartilage, deformities of bones with joints, and extra cartilage and bone growth at the joint margins with subsequent bony enlargement. Osteoarthritis develops when cartilage repair does not keep pace with degeneration. It may occur as a result of trauma to the bony or underlying joint disease.
Behcet Syndrome is an inflammatory disorder affecting a number of organs. The most constant symptom is of oral and genital ulcers. Eye and joint inflammation, similar to Polychondritis, occurs. Blood vessels, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal tract may also be involved. Attacks last a week to a month, and can recur spontaneously. Some symptoms can appear as late as several years after onset of the disease which usually occurs between age 20 and 30. Twice as many men as women are affected. The disease is most common in the Middle East and Japan. For more information on the above disorder, choose "Behcet" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of polychondritis usually involves the administration of corticosteroid drugs, aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds. In extreme cases, drugs that suppress the immune system such as cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine may be recommended. In the most severe cases replacement of heart valves or the insertion of a breathing tube (tracheotomy) for collapsed airways may be necessary.
Therapies: Investigational
Some cases of Polychondritis may go into remission after use of the immune suppressing drug cyclosporine-A. However, more research is necessary to determine complete safety and effectiveness of this treatment.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Polychondritis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Polychondritis & Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinic
David Trentham, M.D., Chief, Division of Rheumatology
Beth Israel Hospital
330 Brookline Ave.
Boston, MA 02215
(617) 735-2560
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
Arthritis Foundation
1314 Spring St, NW
Atlanta, Ga. 30309
(404) 872-7100
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 631, 664, 1311.
TEXTBOOK OF RHEUMATOLOGY, Kelly, 1988. Chapter 84, Polychondritis, Jerome H. Herman, Pp. 2-31.
CARDIAC INVOLVEMENT IN RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS: A. Balsa-Criado, et al.; Int J Cardiol (March, 1987, issue 14 (3)). Pp. 381-383.
RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS. SURVIVAL AND PREDICTIVE ROLE OF EARLY DISEASE
MANIFESTATIONS: C.J. Michet, et al.; Ann Intern Med (January, 1986, issue 104 (1)). Pp. 74-78.
PULMONARY FUNCTION IN RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS: W. S. Krell, et al.; Am Rev Respir Dis (June, 1986, issue 133 (6)). Pp. 1120-1123.
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)n)Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
237: Polycystic Kidney Diseases
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Polycystic Kidney Diseases) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Polycystic Renal Diseases
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Infantile Polycystic Kidney Disease
Juvenile Polycystic Kidney Disease
Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Polycystic Kidney Diseases are inherited disorders that are characterized by many cysts in both kidneys (bilateral). This causes enlargement of the total kidney size, while reducing the functional kidney tissue by compression.
Symptoms
There are two forms of this disorder, one affecting children and another affecting adults.
The onset of the Infantile form of Polycystic Kidney Disease is soon after birth. It is an autosomal recessively inherited disease. The abdomen is enlarged and the kidneys are palpable. Infants with this disorder often suffer from dehydration and emaciation. In the juvenile form of Polycystic Kidney disease, fibrosis of the liver often occurs. It is frequently associated with high blood pressure (hypertension) and an enlarged spleen.
The adult form of Polycystic Kidney disease is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder which progresses to renal insufficiency in middle age. In this type of the disorder, clinical symptoms usually develop after the second decade of life. Symptoms are usually related to pressure effects of the cysts and include discomfort or pain in the loin (lumbar) area, blood in the urine (hematuria), infection, and colic. A loss of kidney function may occur resulting in accumulation of by-products of protein metabolism in the blood (uremia). In addition, chronic infection of the kidney can occur contributing to a progressive loss of kidney function. In about one third of cases, cysts are present in the liver, but they are of no functional significance. There is also a high associated incidence of localized widening of arteries inside the skull (intracranial aneurysms). Hypertension is found in about half of the patients at the time of diagnosis. The spleen is often enlarged.
Although approximately one half of patients with Polycystic Kidney Disease develop kidney failure (uremia) within ten years after onset of symptoms, the course of the disorder is quite variable and many patients will go for more than 20 years before renal failure occurs. Complications of hypertensive cardiovascular disease occur at an average age of 50 years.
Causes
The infantile form of Polycystic Kidney disease as an autosomal recessively inherited disorder. The adult form is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. This dominant form of Polycystic Kidney Disease has been found to be caused by more than one defective gene. The defective genes are so closely linked on the short arm of chromosome 16 that they are usually inherited together. Only about five percent of people with the disorder do not inherit the genes together. These variations can account for clinical differences in patients with the disorder. In cases where Polycystic Kidney Disease is caused by a mutation, onset of the disorder occurs much later in life. Scientists hope that these discoveries will help them identify carriers before the disease has had a chance to develop.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) Unlike standard dominant disorders, Polycystic Kidney Disease can involve more than one dominant gene on the same chromosome.
In 1985, medical investigators reported that chromosome 16 carries the defective genes responsible for the autosomal dominant form of Polycystic Kidney Disease.
Affected Population
Polycystic Kidney Disease affects approximately 500,000 Americans. This disorder comprises eight to ten percent of cases of end stage renal (kidney) disease (ESRD), which is a leading cause of kidney failure in the United States.
Related Disorders
Medullary Cystic Disease is a diffuse kidney disorder which appears in children and young adults. It is characterized by the gradual appearance of urea and other by-products of protein breakdown in the blood. (For more information on Medullary Cystic Disease, choose Medullary Cystic Disease as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Medullary Sponge Kidney is characterized by dilatation of the terminal collecting ducts in the kidney. Often small calcium oxalate stones appear in the ducts. (For more information on this disorder, choose "sponge" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Glomerular Cystic disease is very similar to PKD, but the liver and spleen are normal in patients with glomerular cystic disease.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Polycystic Kidney disease consists of management of urinary infections and secondary hypertension. Genetic counseling to families with the disorder is recommended. When uremia occurs it is managed by an increase in intake of calories combined with a reduction in total content of dietary protein. It is important that sufficient carbohydrates and fat are provided to meet energy requirements.
With dialysis, patients with Polycystic Kidney disease regain a normal red cell volume in the blood (hematocrit). Transplantation of a kidney is sometimes indicated, but the use of parental and sibling donors may be impractical in view of the familial characteristics of the disease.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) may be used for screening of intracranial aneurysms in patients with autosomal dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. This screening is typically used on patients with a family history of intracranial aneurysm, those who have symptoms that suggest an intracranial aneurysm, patients who have elective surgery and/or those who are in high-risk occupations.
Therapies: Investigational
Calcium Acetate is a new orphan drug being used in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in end stage renal disease (ESRD). It is manufactured by Pharmedic Co., 130 Exmoor Ct., Deerfield, IL 60015.
Research on Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD) that affects children is being pursued by the following research team:
Lisa M. Guay-Woodford, M.D.
Norman D. Rosenblum, M.D.
Kathy L. Jabs, M.D.
William E. Harmon, M.D.
E. William Harris, Jr., M.D., Ph.D.
The Division of Nephrology
The Children's Hospital
300 Longwood Ave.
Boston, MA 02115
(617) 735-6129
Clinical trials are underway to study intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Interested persons may wish to contact:
William D. Kaehny, M.D.
Box C83, University of Colorado Health Science Center
4200 E. Ninth Ave.
Denver, CO 80262
(303) 270-7821
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Polycystic Kidney Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Polycystic Kidney Disease Research Foundation
20 West Ninth Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
(816) 421-1869
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NKUDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
The National Kidney Foundation
2 Park Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 889-2210
(800) 622-9010
American Kidney Fund
6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010
Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 881-3052
(800) 638-8299
(800) 492-8361 (MD)
National Association of Patients on Hemodialysis and Transplantation
150 Nassau Street
New York, NY 10038
(212) 619-2720
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 148, 506, 644-7.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1630.
THE DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS OF AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY
DISEASE, Patrick S. Parfrey, M.D., et al.; n Eng J Med (October 18, 1990, issue 323, (16)). Pp. 1085-1090.
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
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665: Polycystic Liver Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Polycystic Liver Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
PLD
PCLD
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Solitary Cysts
Caroli Syndrome
Echinococcal Cysts
Neoplastic Cysts
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Polycystic Liver Disease (PLD) is an inherited disorder characterized by many cysts in the liver. Abdominal discomfort from swelling of the liver may occur; however, most patients do not have any symptoms.
Symptoms
Polycystic Liver Disease is characterized by a few to many cysts in the liver ranging from a few millimeters to over 15 cm in diameter. Symptoms rarely occur although the liver gradually enlarges as it is replaced by cysts. Abdominal discomfort may occur due to the stretching of the liver. Fever may also occur if the cysts break due to infection or bleeding into a cyst. Rarely, yellowing of the skin (jaundice) may occur if the bile ducts are compressed by a cyst. High blood pressure in the portal system (blood flow from the intestines to the liver) occurs only if the portal vein is compressed by a cyst.
Liver function is generally unaffected if the liver has only a few cysts or small cysts.
Fifty percent of PLD patients have cysts in their kidneys. Rarely, cyst-like lesions can occur in the pancreas, lungs, spleen, and other organs.
Causes
Polycystic Liver Disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Liver cysts may also occur as a result of abnormally developed bile ducts in the fetus.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Polycystic Liver Disease (PLD) affects males and females in equal numbers. PLD may occur at any age; however, cysts are less common during childhood.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Polycystic Liver Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Solitary cysts of the liver are most often present in the right part of the liver. They may contain a few milliliters or more than a liter of fluid. Most cysts cause no symptoms. Among patients that do have symptoms, the most common are abdominal discomfort, nausea, and vomiting.
Caroli Syndrome is a rare congenital liver disorder characterized by enlargement (dilation) of the bile ducts inside the liver. If symptoms occur, the most common are abdominal pain, fever, and yellowing of the skin (jaundice). Caroli Syndrome occurs because of abnormal prenatal development. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Caroli" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The parasitic tapeworm Echinococcus may cause cysts in the liver. It is more common in central and eastern Europe and rare in the United States. The cyst of Echinococcus granulosus is usually solitary, located in the right part of the liver, and causes no symptoms. Echinococcus multilocularis may cause many cysts in the liver and may extend beyond it. A few patients may have abdominal pain or a slight swelling. Rupture of a cyst, infection, or an allergic reaction may occur as complications.
Neoplastic cysts are called tumors which are abnormal tissue growths. There are two kinds: benign or malignant. Benign tumors may cause abdominal discomfort or bleeding within the sac that lines the abdominal cavity (peritoneum). Liver function is usually normal with benign tumors. Malignant tumors may cause loss of appetite, weight loss, pain, and fever. The liver may be enlarged, tender, and hard. Excess watery fluid in the spaces between the tissues and organs in the abdomen (ascites) may also occur. Yellowing of the skin (jaundice) is usually absent or mild but may worsen with time.
Therapies: Standard
Imaging machines such as Angiography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT) Scan, and Ultrasound (US) can take pictures of the liver to see if cysts are present.
No treatment may be necessary in many cases of Polycystic Liver Disease (PLD).
Removal of the fluid in large cysts (aspiration) may be required in PLD patients with troublesome symptoms.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers are investigating several types of surgery that may be effective to treating large troublesome cysts in Polycystic Liver Disease. Unroofing, Fenestration, and Hepatectomy are being studied. Unroofing involves removing the membrane of the cyst and may also involve draining the fluid from the cyst. Fenestration involves creating an opening in the cyst and may also involve removing the cyst. Hepatectomy is the removal of part of the liver. This procedure is used for the most severe cases of Polycystic Liver Disease.
Rarely, surgical intervention may be needed to treat portal high blood pressure when it occurs as a rare complication in Polycystic Liver Disease.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Polycystic Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Liver Foundation
1425 Pompton Ave.
Cedar Grove, N.J. 07009
(201) 857-2626
(800) 223-0179
The United Liver Foundation
11646 West Pico Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90064
(213) 445-4204 or 445-4200
The United Liver Foundation
11646 West Pico Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90064
(213) 445-4204 or 445-4200
Children's Liver Foundation
14245 Ventura Blvd.
Sherman Oaks, CA 91423
(818) 906-3021
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 608.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 241.
THERAPEUTIC DILEMMAS IN PATIENTS WITH SYMPTOMATIC POLYCYSTIC LIVER
DISEASE: R.H. Turnage, et al.; Am Surg (June, 1988: issue 54(6)). Pp. 365-372.
MASSIVE HEPATOMEGALY IN ADULT POLYCYSTIC LIVER DISEASE: M.K. Kwok & K.J. Lewin; Am J Surg Pathol (April, 1988: issue 12(4)). Pp. 321-324.
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
236: Polycythemia Vera
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Polycythemia Vera) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Primary Polycythemia
Vaquez-Osler Disease
Osler-Vaquez Disease
Splenomegalic Polycythemia
Erythremia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Polycythemia Vera is a chronic proliferative disorder of the bone marrow. It is characterized by an increase in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytosis) and hemoglobin concentration in the blood.
Symptoms
Initial symptoms of Polycythemia Vera are fatigue, malaise, difficulty concentrating, headache, drowsiness, forgetfulness, and dizziness. Itchiness is present in 50% of patients, particularly after a hot bath. Redness of the skin may be seen, or patients may have normal skin color with only dusky redness of the mucous membranes. The retinal veins of the eyes may be dark red, full and tortuous. The spleen is usually palpable. Some patients do not have any obvious symptoms when Polycythemia is diagnosed.
Causes
The cause of Polycythemia Vera is not known.
Related Disorders
Leukemia is a generalized cancerous (neoplastic) disorder of the blood forming tissues, primarily of the white blood cell (leukocytic) type.
Therapies: Standard
The most common therapy for Polycythemia vera is removal of some blood from a vein (phlebotomy). This does not depress marrow function nor does it induce genetic mutation. Iron-deficiency anemia usually develops following repeated phlebotomy. Phlebotomy is less effective in patients with high iron absorption rates or greatly elevated platelet counts, and is inconvenient in patients with poor veins.
Usually 3 to 6 phlebotomies are required to reduce the percentage of red blood cell volume in the blood (Hct) to less than 50%, returning the red blood cell number to normal. Elderly patients with advanced arteriosclerosis or a heart condition should have less blood removed at each phlebotomy. When phlebotomy is the only therapy, supplemental iron must not be prescribed since it tends to accelerate hemoglobin production. A low-iron diet is often impractical, but foods with very high iron content, such as clams, oysters, liver and legumes, should be avoided.
Phlebotomy followed radiophosphorus (32P) therapy, produces clinical and hematologic remission in almost all patients. Remissions usually last 18 months, but vary from 6 months to several years. Fewer follow-up visits are often required and there are usually no immediate side effects. However, approximately 10% of patients treated with 32P develop acute leukemia, but this usually occurs after more than 10 years of treatment.
Chemotherapy for Polycythemia Vera is no longer advised because it increases the risk of developing acute leukemia.
An excess of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia) requires treatment with the drug allopurinol. Acute gouty arthritis can develop and it is treated in the same manner as primary gout; i.e., with colchicine or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for patients who are intolerant of colchicine. Corticosteroids can produce rapid and complete remission in some patients, but generally are used only when other drugs are ineffective.
Therapies: Investigational
The FDA allows the use of the orphan drug Anagrelide for Polycythemia Vera on an experimental or investigational basis. This drug is manufactured by Roberts Pharmaceutical Corporation, Meridian Center III, 6 Industrial Way West, Eatontown, NH, 07724, (908) 389-1182.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Polycythemia Vera, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Myeloproliferative Research Center, Inc.
2220 Tiemann Ave.
Baychester, NY 10469
(718) 231-0270
(800) MPD-HELP
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1138.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 973, 980-4.
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256: Polymyalgia Rheumatica
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Polymyalgia Rheumatica) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
PMR
Senile Rheumatic Gout
Anarthritic syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Polymyalgia Rheumatica is a disorder characterized by pain and stiffness in certain muscle groups without causing permanent weakness or atrophy.
Symptoms
The major symptoms of Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) are pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, low back, hips and thighs. The symptoms often come on quickly and the stiffness is most severe in the morning, causing difficulty getting out of bed. Difficulty in moving may also occur after long periods of sitting still. In some patients onset of the symptoms occurs very gradually.
The pain of PMR is felt on both sides of the body. Fever, lack of appetite (anorexia), fatigue, weight loss and depression may also be present. In spite of the severe pain, examination of the muscles does not show any abnormality. A nonhemolytic anemia may be present in some patients.
Causes
The cause of Polymyalgia Rheumatica is not known.
Affected Population
Polymyalgia Rheumatica occurs most commonly in people over 50 years of age. Females are affected four times as often as males, and caucasian people are affected more frequently than other racial groups.
Related Disorders
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic disorder characterized by nonspecific, inflammation of the peripheral joints, potentially resulting in progressive destruction of the joints.
Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis; Cranial Arteritis; or Granulomatous Arteritis) is a chronic generalized inflammatory disease of the branches of the aortic arch (large arteries coming out of the heart). The disorder principally affects temporal and occipital arteries, but many develop in almost any large artery. The systematic symptoms of Giant Cell Arteritis are the same as those of PMR, to which it may be related. (For more information, choose "giant Cell Arteritis" and "arthritis" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
The most effective drugs for treating PMR are the corticosteroids. Prednisone is most often prescribed. This treatment often results in rapid improvement within a few days after which the dosage is lowered and kept at a maintenance level for a few months to several years. Potential side effects of prednisone such as weight gain, thinning of the bones, depression, high blood pressure, cataracts, diabetes, increased risk of infection and, rarely, bleeding from the stomach, should be carefully monitored and prevented by reducing the dose or discontinuing when possible.
Some patients respond well to treatment with aspirin, which relieves pain and reduces inflammation.
Other drugs sometimes used to treat PMR are the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which are commonly used to treat many types of arthritis. These drugs reduce pain and inflammation much like aspirin, but they cause fewer side effects in some people.
During any period of pain and stiffness, people with PMR need to avoid being either too active or not active enough. Once drug therapy has taken effect, activity can be increased.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Polymyalgia Rheumatica, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Arthritis Foundation
1314 Spring Street, N.W.
Atlanta, GA 30309
(404) 872-7100
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR). Wilske: Arthritis Medical Information Series (1983).
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1989, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
278: Polymyositis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Polymyositis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Primary Idiopathic Polymyositis
Childhood Polymyositis
Polymyositis associated with malignant tumors
Polymyositis associated with connective tissue disease overlap syndromes, including Sclerodermatomyositis and Mixed Connective Tissue disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Polymyositis is a systemic connective tissue disorder characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes in the muscles, leading to symmetric weakness and some degree of muscle atrophy. The areas principally affected are the hip, shoulders, arms, pharynx and neck.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Polymyositis may start gradually or suddenly. The symptoms often wax and wane for no apparent reason.
The major symptom of the disorder is muscle weakness, most often in the hip and shoulder areas, eventually making it difficult for patients to lift their arms or to climb steps. Other muscles which may be affected are the neck and throat muscles, which may result in difficulty in swallowing and cause changes in the voice. Rarely, chest muscles are affected.
The muscle weakness may appear suddenly and progress over weeks to months. The difficulty in swallowing and dilatation of the lower esophagus and small intestine may be indistinguishable from that in Scleroderma (Progressive Systemic Sclerosis), (For more information on Scleroderma, choose "scleroderma" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) The muscles of the hands, feet and face often escape involvement. Contractures of the limbs may develop late in the chronic stage.
Other symptoms of Polymyositis may include fever, weight loss and occasionally pain or tenderness in muscles and joints. A few people with Polymyositis have an extreme sensitivity to cold (Raynaud's Phenomenon) that is most often felt in the fingers. Raynaud's Phenomenon is caused by narrowing of the blood vessels in the fingers. (For more information, choose "Raynaud" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) People with Polymyositis may develop numb and shiny red areas around and under the finger nails.
Pain in many joints (polyarthralgia), accompanied at times by swelling, fluid and other evidence of non-deforming arthritis, occurs in approximately one third of patients with polymyositis. These rheumatic complaints tend to be mild and respond well to corticosteroids. Gastrointestinal involvement, except for the pharynx and the esophagus, is relatively uncommon in polymyositis.
Inflammation of the lungs with increase of interstitial tissue (interstitial pneumonitis), manifested by difficulty in breathing and by coughing, may precede myositis and dominate the clinical picture. Involvement of the heart, detected chiefly by irregularities in the electrocardiogram (ECG), has been reported. Acute kidney failure has been reported as a consequence of excess muscle protein myoglobin in the urine (Crush syndrome) due to severe disintegration of muscle (rhabdomyolysis). Sjogren's syndrome can occur in some patients with polymyositis. (For more information, choose "Sjogren" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Abdominal symptoms, more common in children, may be associated with the passage of dark stools or the vomiting of blood from gastro-intestinal ulcerations that may progress to perforation and require surgical intervention.
An associated malignancy, usually a carcinoma, may occur in about 15% of men and a smaller proportion of women over age 50 with polymyositis.
Causes
The cause of polymyositis is unknown. The disorders may be caused by the body's natural immune defense mechanisms attacking its own tissue (autoimmune reaction). Viruses may also play a role.
Affected Population
Polymyositis may appear at any time from infancy through the age of 80 years, but most commonly they occur between 40 to 60 years. In children, the symptoms usually appear between the ages of 5 to 15 years. Females are affected twice as often as males.
Related Disorders
Scleroderma (Progressive Systemic Sclerosis) is a rare, chronic collagen vascular disorder characterized by diffuse hardening, degenerative changes and vascular inflammation of the connective tissues of the skin, joints and many visceral organs. It shares certain clinical findings with polymyositis.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory connective tissue disorder that can affect many parts of the body including the joints, skin and internal organs. SLE is a disease of the body's immune system. It shares certain clinical findings with Polymyositis.
(For more information on these related disorders, choose "Scleroderma" and "Lupus" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Corticosteroids such as prednisone, (together with antacids and potassium supplements), are widely used in treatment of Polymyositis. Measurement of muscle enzyme activity is used to gauge the effectiveness of therapy. Reduction of these enzymes to normal values is noted in a majority of patients with this disorder within 4 to 6 weeks after treatment is started. This is followed by an improvement in muscle strength. At this point the dose of prednisone can usually be reduced slowly. In many cases of adult polymyositis prolonged maintenance therapy with prednisone may be necessary indefinitely.
Immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil and azathioprine have been beneficial to patients who fail to respond to corticosteroids alone. Some patients have received methotrexate for 5 years or longer for control of this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
The FDA has approved the following orphan product for treatment of Polymyositis:
The drug cyclophosphamide, in combination with the drug mesna, is being tested in severe polymyositis patients who are unresponsive to steroid immunosuppressant therapy. This therapy may be beneficial, but more research is needed to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Polymyositis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis Support Group
146 Newtown Rd.
Woolston, Southhampton
SO2 9HR England
Phone Southhampton 449708
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
Arthritis Foundation
1314 Spring St., NW
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 872-7100
References
POLYMYOSITIS AND DERMATOMYOSITIS: C.M. Pearson; Arthritis Medical Information Series, Arthritis Foundation, 1983.
Polymyositis{
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@$*$Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
142: Polyposis, Familial
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Familial Polyposis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Intestinal Polyposis I
Familial Polyposis Coli
Multiple Familial Polyposis
Familial Adenomatous Colon Polyposis
ACR, also known as Adenomatosis of the Colon and Rectum
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Familial Polyposis is a hereditary condition characterized by multiple, benign growths (polyps) which develop around puberty in the mucous lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the polyps themselves are initially benign, untreated patients with Familial Polyposis will eventually develop cancer of the large bowel, often during their late thirties or an earlier age.
Symptoms
Bleeding and diarrhea are the most common symptoms of Familial Polyposis. Other signs include crampy abdominal pain and weight loss. Persistent rectal bleeding may result in secondary anemia. However, symptoms may be completely absent or may not occur until cancer is already present, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis.
Causes
Familial Polyposis is inherited through an autosomal dominant mechanism. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Evidence has been found on chromosome number five indicating that the genes that suppress tumor development may be lost or damaged in people who develop Familial Polyposis. Some scientists believe that the gene may control manufacture of an unknown substance that keeps the growth of cells' growth in check. If one copy of the gene is lost or damaged, production of the substance may decline, and a cell may develop into a polyp. Other changes in the cell may subsequently lead to cancer. Researchers believe that either a mutated or missing gene on chromosome 5, known as APC, is responsible for the development of Familial Polyposis.
Affected Population
Familial Polyposis occurs in one out of every 5,000 to 10,000 people and accounts for about one percent of colorectal cancers. Although the highest risk for this disorder is between the ages of 20 and 45, many patients have been diagnosed during their teens or after age 45.
Related Disorders
Familial Polyposis has been associated with other gastrointestinal syndromes. In Gardner's syndrome, it is associated with skin cysts, bone tumors in the jaw and skull, and up to a full set of extra or impacted teeth. In Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, numerous polyps in the stomach, small intestine, and colon occur with pigmented spots on the skin and mucous surfaces. In Turcot syndrome, familial polyposis is associated with tumors of the central nervous system. In juvenile polyposis, mucus-retention polyps are often diagnosed during infancy or early childhood. Cronkhite-Canada syndrome, an extremely rare disease, is manifested by cystic changes in the mucosa which resemble polyps, but are not at all related to the type of polyps (called adenomas) that characterize Familial Polyposis.
For more information on some of the above disorders, choose the following words as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database: Gardner, Peutz, and Cronkhite.
Therapies: Standard
The aim of therapy in Familial Polyposis is to prevent cancer by the surgical removal of the large bowel. Surgical alternatives include joining the last part of the small intestine to the rectum, meaning that the rectum will have to be checked lifelong for rectal polyps; removing the rectum and creating an ileostomy; removing the lining of the rectum and developing a reservoir from the last part of the small intestine; and removing the rectum and constructing an internal abdominal pouch with a nipple valve.
Screening--All children and siblings of a patient with polyposis should undergo rectal examination from puberty onward at regular intervals. Surveillance is lifelong.
Therapies: Investigational
Dr. Edmund Murphy is studying twins with Familial Polyposis. For information on this study please contact:
Edmund A. Murphy, MD
Center for Medical Genetics
Blalock 1012, Johns Hopkins Hospital
600 N. Wolfe St.
Baltimore, MD 21205
(410) 955-5065
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Familial Polyposis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Familial Polyposis Registry
Dept. of Colorectal Surgery
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
9500 Euclid Ave.
Cleveland, OH 44106
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
National Foundation of Ileitis and Colitis, Inc.
295 Madison Avenue, Suite 519
New York, NY 10017
(212) 685-3440
United Ostomy Association
20001 West Beverly Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90057
(213) 413-5510
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
INTERNATIONAL FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS AND COLON CANCER REGISTRIES
Dr. Z. Cohen
Ms. T Berk
Toronto General Hospital
200 Elizabeth Street
Eaton Building 10-315
Toronto, Ontario
M5G 2C4 Canada
Dr. J.J. DeCosse
Department of Surgery
Cornell Medical Center
525 East 68th St., F-1917
New York, NY 10021
Dr. E.J. Gardner
Natural Resources Biology Laboratory, Rm. 137
Utah State University
Logan, Utah 84322
Dr. H. Gordon
Mrs. L. Hruska
Department of Medical Genetics
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN 55905
Dr. L. Herrera
Cancer Research Surgeon
Roswell Park
Memorial Institute
666 Elm Street
Buffalo, NY 14263
Ms. E. McGannon
Colorectal Surgery
The Cleveland Clinic Foundation
9500 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44106
Mrs. A.J. Kush
The Moore Clinic
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
Baltimore, MD 21205
Dr. H.T. Lynch
Department of Preventive Medicine
Creighton University School of Medicine
Omaha, NE 68178
Dr. L. Strong
The University of Texas System Cancer Center
M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute
Houston, TX 77030
Department of Surgery
West Virginia University Hospital
Morgantown, WV 26505
Dr. R.R. Love
Familial Polyposis Registry
Cancer Prevention Clinic
1300 University Avenue, 7C
Madison, WI 53706
Dr. V.H. Hooks
Familial Polyposis Registry
Jernigan Cancer Registry
1350 Walton Way
Augusta, GA 20190-3599
Dr. S.P. Bralow
Roberta Margolis Bralow Cancer Prevention Center
The Graduate Hospital, One Graduate Plaza
Philadelphia, PA 19146
Dept. of Colorectal Surgery
Cleveland Clinic Florida
3000 West Cypress Creek Road
Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33309
Dr. J.W. Milson
Ferguson Clinic
Dept. of Surgical Research
72 Sheldon Blvd., S.E.
Grand Rapids, MI 49503
Dr. R. Burt
University of Utah Health Science Center
50 North Medical Dr.
Salt lake City, UT 84132
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 767-8.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 817.
HEREDITARY COLON CANCER NEWSLETTER: Volume 9, #1, Spring 1992.
Polyposis, Familial
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
158: Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Brain Sclerosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Brain Sclerosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Diffuse Familial Brain Sclerosis
Aplasia, Axialis Extracorticales Congenita
Sudanophilic Leukodystrophy
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Brain Sclerosis is a progressive, degenerative central nervous system disease in which coordination, motor abilities, and intellectual function deteriorate. It often progresses rapidly, although some patients have lived to old age. The disorder almost always occurs in males.
Symptoms
Evidence of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Brain Sclerosis usually appears in early infancy, although onset is later in one form. The child fails to develop normal control of head movements and grows slowly. The eyes wander aimlessly or in circular movements. Later symptoms include tremor, various involuntary movements, grimacing, weakness, unsteady gait, and muscle contractures. In cases with later onset, speech usually deteriorates. As time progresses, legs and then the arms can become spastic, and mental functions deteriorate. Some patients experience convulsions. Skeletal deformation may result from abnormal muscular stresses on bone.
Pathologic changes in the brain consist of destruction of the myelin sheath (a kind of insulation) surrounding the axons of the nerve cells (the white matter of the brain). These changes occur in subcortical parts of the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. Breakdown products of myelin also accumulate in the brain. These stain characteristically.
Causes
The reasons for the degeneration of the white matter of the brain are not understood. Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Brain Sclerosis is hereditary. Infantile forms are either autosomal recessive or X-linked.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
A form with adult onset is autosomal dominant. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
One form of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Brain Sclerosis affects male infants. Other forms affect infants or adults of both sexes.
Related Disorders
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Brain Sclerosis belongs to a group of degenerative brain diseases known as leukodystrophies. These are characterized by destruction of the white matter of the brain, and include such diseases as Krabbe's, Schilder's, Adrenoleukodystrophy, and several others.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Brain Sclerosis is symptomatic. Supportive care, including emotional support for family members, is recommended as needed.
Therapies: Investigational
Current research is directed toward the identification of the gene that causes Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Brain Sclerosis. When the gene is located, scientists may be able to determine the exact cause of the symptoms, which will hopefully lead to development of new treatments for this disease.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Brain Sclerosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
United Leukodystrophy Foundation
2304 Highland Drive
Sycamore, IL 60178
(815) 895-3211
(800) 728-5483
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
Association Europeenne contre les Leucodystrophies
7 Rue Pasteur
54000 NANCY
France
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 2216.
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Brain Sclerosiss
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
652: Pemphigoid, Benign Mucosal
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Intermittent Mucosal Pemphigoid
Gingivitis
Bullous Pemphigoid
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita
Pemphigus Vulgaris
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid is a rare skin disease characterized by blisters on the mucous membranes (the thin moist layer lining the body's cavities). Mucous membranes of the mouth and the conjunctiva (the eyelids) are commonly affected areas.
Symptoms
The first presenting symptom of Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid usually is a red and blistered mouth.
The eye is a commonly affected area and may be the only area affected. The eyes may become red and the conjunctiva inflamed. There may be conjunctival scarring with formation of tissue between the eyelid and eyeball (symblepharon).
Occasionally, blisters may occur in the mucous membranes of the pharynx and esophagus (the continuous tube extending from in back of the nose to the stomach), nose, vulva (female's external genitalia), and urethra (the tube in which urine is released). Blisters infrequently occur on the skin.
Affected areas frequently develop scarring. Particular antibodies (substances the body produces to fight invading organisms) such as IgA, IgG, and C3 may be found in affected areas.
Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid usually has a long duration with frequent remissions and recurrence.
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Researchers suggest that Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid may be divided into the following additional categories:
Localized Cicatricial Pemphigoid or Brunsting-Perry Syndrome is a chronic scarring disease characterized by blisters usually occurring on the head and neck. The blisters may be due to trauma or other local factors.
Vegetating Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid combines features of Benign Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid and Pemphigus Vegetans. Pemphigus Vegetans is a variation of Pemphigus Vulgaris (see Related Disorder section). It is characterized by large, fast-growing blisters that usually occur in the armpit and groin areas.
Causes
The exact cause of Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid is not known. It is thought to be an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies) against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue.
Affected Population
Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid usually affects middle-aged and elderly persons. However, cases affecting children and adolescents have been reported. Males and females are equally affected.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Gingivitis may resemble the red, blistered mouth common to Benign Mucosal Membrane Pemphigoid. Gingivitis is a common condition characterized by red, swollen gums that bleed easily when subjected to pressure. It usually begins during puberty, persists throughout life with varying severity, and can be caused by poor oral hygiene. There usually is little to no discomfort but may progress slowly to periodontal disease. In Desquamative Gingivitis, the reddened skin peels off in the form of scales.
Intermittent Mucosal Pemphigoid consists of blisters occurring in the mouth which are few, widely separated in time, and heal without scar formation.
Bullous Pemphigoid is a chronic skin disease usually affecting the elderly. It is characterized by firm, large blisters that develop on normal-appearing or reddened skin usually around cuts or scars. Within weeks, blisters spread to skin of the flexor (muscles that contract or flex) areas, groin, armpit, and the abdomen. Mucous membranes seldom are affected and tend to heal quickly. The blisters have little tendency to spread, but heal quickly when they do. There is, however, severe irritation. Bullous Pemphigoid is considered to be an autoimmune disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Bullous Pemphigoid" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita is an acquired skin disorder usually affecting the middle-aged and elderly. Injuries may cause blisters on the skin of extensor areas including elbows, knees, pelvis, buttocks, and sometimes the skull. Eyes may also be affected. The blisters tend to leave scars after healing. There usually is IgG activity around the blisters. Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita is thought to be an autoimmune disorder.
Pemphigus Vulgaris is a form of Pemphigus. Blisters may start as isolated regions on the scalp, then in the mouth. The blisters may persist for several months before appearing in other mucous membranes such as the esophagus, nose, eyelids (conjunctiva), and rectum. The blisters are soft, break easily, and heal poorly. Pressure on the border of the blisters causes them to spread. Pressure on normal-looking skin can cause it to fall off (Nikolsky's sign) and to blister. Pemphigus Vulgaris is an autoimmune disorder that usually affects the middle-aged and elderly. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Pemphigus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
The usual treatment of Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid is various drugs, either singly or in combinations.
Corticosteroids drugs are commonly prescribed. Topical corticosteroids such as fluocinonide can relieve inflammation and itching. Systemic corticosteroids such as prednisone relieve inflammation and can suppress the immune system.
Immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclophosphamide or azathioprine may also be used to treat Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid. The antibiotic drug dapsone may also be used to relieve inflammation. All of these drugs must be carefully monitored by a dermatologist for side effects. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
The drug aldesulfonsodium is being investigated to treat childhood Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1370.
MUCOSAL INVOLVEMENT IN BULLOUS AND CICATRICIAL PEMPHIGOID. A CLINICAL
AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY: V.A. Venning et al.; Br J Dermatol (January, 1988: issue 118(1)). Pp. 7-15.
OCULAR CICATRICIAL PEMPHIGOID WITH GRANULAR IgG AND COMPLEMENT DEPOSITION: A.D. Proia et al.; Arch Ophthalmol (November, 1985: issue 103(11)). Pp. 1669-1672.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY IN OCULAR CICATRICIAL PEMPHIGOID: B.J. Mondino and S.I. Brown; Am J Opthalmol (October, 1983: issue 96(4)). Pp. 453-459.
Pemphigoid, Benign Mucosal
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44: Pemphigus
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pemphigus) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hailey-Hailey Disease
Benign Familial Pemphigus
Benign Chronic Familial Pemphigus
Disorder Subdivisions:
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Pemphigus Vegetans
Pemphigus Foliaceus
Exfoliative Dermatitis
Brazilian Pemphigus Foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem)
Pemphigus Erythematosus
Pemphigus Herpetiformis
Drug-Induced Pemphigus
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pemphigus is a group of rare autoimmune skin disorders characterized by the development of blisters in the outer layer of the skin (epidermis) and mucous membranes (thin moist layers that line the body's internal surfaces). The location and type of blisters vary according to the type of Pemphigus. If left untreated Pemphigus can be a serious illness.
Symptoms
Blisters in the outer layer of the skin are common to all types of Pemphigus. Blisters develop due to the destruction of the "cement" that holds cells together (epidermal acantholysis) resulting in the separation of cells from one another. Soft (flaccid) blisters generally occur on the neck, scalp, mucous membranes, and/or underarm (axillary) and groin areas (inguinal). Most patients with Pemphigus have deposits of IgG (an immune system antibody that defends against foreign substances) around the blistered areas (in the epidermal cells called keratinocytes). Antiepidermal antibodies directed against skin cells are typically present in the fluid of the blisters. The diagnosis of Pemphigus requires microscopic examination of cells in the blisters as well as detection of the IgG antibodies that characterize this disease.
Pemphigus Vulgaris may begin with isolated blisters on the scalp, and then in the mouth. These may persist for several months and may be followed by blistering of the esophagus, nose, rectum, and/or the membranes that line the inner surfaces of the eyelids (conjunctiva). The blisters are soft; they break easily and heal poorly. Pressure on the borders of blisters causes them to spread. Pressure on normal-looking skin can cause it to blister (Nikolsky sign) in people with Pemphigus Vulgaris.
Pemphigus Vegetans is a variation of Pemphigus Vulgaris. The blisters are fast-growing and have large (hypertrophic) lesions that are usually located in the groin (inguinal) and armpit (axillary) areas.
Pemphigus Foliaceus is less severe and a less common form of the disorder. Soft blisters typically occur close to the surface of the skin. When they break, they ooze and become crusty, scaly, and susceptible to infection. Blisters may occur on the scalp, face, upper chest, and back; the mucous membranes are usually not affected. Small, horny plugs attached to the undersurface of the affected skin also may be seen.
Another type of Pemphigus Foliaceus occurs in South America, particularly Brazil and Colombia, and is called Fogo Selvagem.
When patients have symptoms of both Pemphigus Foliaceus and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, they are said to have Pemphigus Erythematosus. Lupus, also known as SLE, is an inflammatory disease of connective tissue. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lupus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Pemphigus may also occur as a result of an adverse reaction to certain drugs such as d-penicillamine and rifampin; symptoms usually resemble those of Pemphigus Foliaceus rather than Pemphigus Vulgaris. Some research suggests that Pemphigus Herpetiformis is a subtle form of Pemphigus with its own characteristic blisters. However, blisters that form during a relapse may resemble those of Pemphigus Foliaceus.
In Benign Familial Pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey Disease), recurrent blisters are seen primarily on the neck, groin, and armpits. Blisters may recur because of sweating, skin infections, and exposure to extreme heat and/or ultraviolet light.
Causes
Most forms of Pemphigus are generally considered to be autoimmune-related. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses against invading organisms (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.) mistakenly begin to attack perfectly healthy tissue.
Benign Familial Pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey disease) is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Fogo Selvagem (Brazilian Pemphigus Foliaceus) is an autoimmune blistering disorder that may be triggered by a substance transmitted through the bite of blackflies.
Pemphigus may also occur following x-ray exposure or adverse reaction to drugs such as d-penicillamine or rifampin.
Affected Population
Pemphigus affects males and females in equal numbers and is most common in middle-aged and elderly people. However, cases of children with Pemphigus have been reported. This disorder has been found in all ethnic groups and races, but is more common in people of Jewish or Mediterranean ancestry. Pemphigus occurs once in 100,000 people in the United States. Fogo Selvagem occurs in the central rural areas of Brazil that are heavily infested with a species of blackfly.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pemphigus. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Bullous Pemphigoid is a chronic mild skin disorder that generally affects elderly people. It is characterized by large firm fluid-filled blisters (bullous pemphoid) that heal quickly and typically disappear in several months or years. However they may recur later. Early symptoms include redness on the skin followed within weeks by the appearance of blisters. The mucous membranes are rarely affected by Bullous Pemphigoid. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Bullous Pemphigoid" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Darier Disease (Darier-White Disease or Keratosis Follicularis) is a progressive inherited skin disorder characterized by widespread firm elevated lesions on the skin and mucous membranes; abnormal changes of the finger and toe nails may also occur. Symptoms usually begin with a sensation of itching or burning on the skin, especially the scalp, forehead, face, neck, and back. Firm, elevated spots (papules) appear and typically become large and darkened; eventually these papules become scaly and crusty. As these spots enlarge, they may come together and form larger areas. The symptoms of Darier Disease tend to become more severe during periods of emotional stress or with exposure to sunlight. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Darier" as your search term on the Rare Disease Database.)
Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis (bullous type) is a rare hereditary skin disorder characterized by the overgrowth of skin (hyperkeratosis) and an abnormal redness of the skin (erythroderma). The symptoms are present at birth and may range from mild to severe. The skin may appear "warty," blistered, and thick over most of the body, particularly in the skin creases over joints. The disorder can be detected before birth by amniocentesis (microscopic examination of the fluid that surrounds the developing fetus). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Erythema Multiforme is an allergic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by lesions that develop on the skin and mucous membranes. The early symptoms may include red, elevated spots (erythematous macules or papules) that may have fluid filled centers and eventually grow into larger blisters. Affected areas generally include: hands, forearms, feet, and/or mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and/or genitals. The skin lesions and blisters caused by Erythema multiforme generally appear on both sides of the body and tend to heal in approximately 2 to 6 weeks. Erythema Multiforme may also cause fever, joint pain, cough, and a sore throat. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Erythema Multiforme" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Epidermolysis Bullosa refers to a group of rare hereditary skin diseases characterized by fragile skin; blisters and small fluid-filled lesions develop following minor trauma. In some forms of Epidermolysis Bullosa, the mucous membranes are involved. Healing may be impaired in some forms of this disorder resulting in multiple scars and/or damage to underlying muscle tissue. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Epidermolysis Bullosa" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquista is a rare autoimmune disorder of the skin that typically affects middle-aged and elderly people. Trauma may cause blisters on the skin of the elbows, knees, pelvis, buttocks, and scalp. Increased levels of IgG are usually found around the blisters; scars usually remain after healing. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Epidermolysis Bullosa" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Dermatitis Herpetiformis is a rare chronic skin disorder that is characterized by groups of severely itching blisters and elevated lesions. This disorder is often associated with a sensitivity to foods that contain gluten (gluten-sensitive enteropathy). The onset of this disorder in generally slow in adults, but children may also be affected. Small, discrete blisters and itchy smooth lesions similar to hives may appear on the head, elbows, knees, lower back, and buttocks. Itching and burning may be almost intolerable, and the need to scratch may be overwhelming. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Dermatitis Herpetiformis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Corticosteroids are the most widely used drugs for treating Pemphigus. Frequently, topical corticosteroid ointments can relieve inflammation and itching, and oral (systemic) corticosteroids such as prednisone relieve inflammation and suppress the immune system.
Immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, or methotrexate may be prescribed to treat severe cases of Pemphigus. Cytotoxic drugs may also be used to suppress the immune system. Gold compounds such as auranofin may be given to relieve inflammation and to attempt to suppress the immune system (chrysotherapy). The drug Dapsone may also be prescribed but should be used with extreme caution. To reduce immediate or long-term side effects, drug therapy may be stopped temporarily or changed.
Antibiotic drugs or creams may be given to manage infection and relieve inflammation. Silver sulfadiazine cream also may be used. Dusting the patient and their bed sheets with talcum powder may relieve the discomfort of raw skin.
Genetic counseling may be beneficial for patients and their families if they have the hereditary form of Pemphigus. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Plasmapheresis may benefit some people with Pemphigus. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. This therapy is still under investigation to analyze side effects and long-term effectiveness. More research is needed before plasmapheresis can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of Pemphigus.
Researchers are investigating a new method of plasmapheresis for Pemphigus patients. An immunoglobin-free albumin solution is substituted for the plasma and blood that is usually transfused into the patient. This procedure may decrease the autoimmune response of the antibodies in the patient.
Scientists are studying a new approach to treatment of Pemphigus which uses extracorporeal (outside the body) photopheresis. In this process, the blood is withdrawn, exposed to ultraviolet light, and then returned to the Pemphigus patient. More study is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of this procedure.
Surgery is also being investigated to treat Pemphigus when it is not responsive to standard therapy. Surgery involves removing the blistered skin and applying skin grafts.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pemphigus, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
800-336-GENE
301-652-5553
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1368-1372.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 835-836.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2309.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1373-1374.
CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY, 2nd Ed.; Thomas P. Habif, M.D., Editor: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1990. Pp. 412-415.
PEMPHIGUS: N. Korman; J Am Acad Dermatol (June, 1988: 18(6)). Pp. 1219-1238.
THE PATHOGENIC EFFECT OF IgG 4 AUTOANTIBODIES IN ENDEMIC PEMPHIGUS FOLIACEUS (FOGO SELVAGEM). Terblanche, John, et al.; The New Eng J of Med. (June 1, 1989: 320 (22)). Pp. 1463-1469.
DERMATOLOGIC CLINICS: THE GENODERMATOSES, vol. 5, no. 1: J.C. Alper, ed; W.B. Saunders Co., 1987. Pp. 160-161, 171-173.
Pemphigus
) a=?
@?pagetitle
44: Pemphigus
04095.TXT
Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
790: Penta X Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Penta X Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
XXXXX Syndrome
49,XXXXX Syndrome
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Down Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Penta X Syndrome is a chromosomal disorder which affects females. It is caused by the presence of extra X chromosomes. Major symptoms may include mental and growth deficiencies, upward slanting eyes with excess skin over the inner corners of the eyes (epicanthal folds), and an unclosed blood vessel that connects the lung's left artery to the heart's main artery (patent ductus arteriosus).
Symptoms
Individuals with Penta X may have mental deficiencies, failure to thrive, and growth deficiencies that may result in short stature. The face may be unusually round, the head small, and the eyes widely spaced (hypertelorism) and upwardly slanted. Excess skin over the inner corner of the eyes (epicanthal folds) may occur. A short neck, a low hairline, low-set ears, teeth defects such as abnormally short roots, and deformities of the iris in the eye may also occur.
In the developing fetus, there is a blood vessel that connects the lung's left artery to the aorta, the heart's main artery. This blood vessel normally closes at the age of about twenty-four hours. When it fails to close it is called patent ductus arteriosus, and it may cause problems of blood circulation as well as heart problems.
The hands of females with Penta X Syndrome may be small with unusual creases across the palms (simian creases). Foot deformities may also occur causing only the ball and the sides of the foot to touch the ground (talipes equinovarus). Multiple joint dislocations may affect the shoulder, elbow, hips, wrists, or fingers. Additionally, the kidneys may develop abnormally (renal dysplasia).
Causes
Penta X Syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of extra X chromosomes. Normal females have 46 chromosomes, two of which are X chromosomes. Penta X individuals have 49 chromosomes, five of which are X chromosomes.
Affected Population
Penta X Syndrome is a very rare disorder affecting only females before birth.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Penta X Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Down Syndrome is the most common and readily identifiable genetic condition associated with mental retardation. It is caused by an extra chromosome 21. There are over 50 clinical signs of Down Syndrome, but it is rare to find all or even most of them in one person. Some common characteristics include: mental retardation, upward slanting eyes with excess skin at the inner corners (epicanthal folds), unusual creases across the palms (simian creases), short neck and hands, small head and ears, poor muscle tone, fine, soft, and often sparse hair, and sometimes heart and respiratory problems. Down Syndrome affects males and females. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Down" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
The open fetal vessel (patent ductus arteriosus) of Penta X individuals can be dealt with surgically. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Special education, physical therapy, and other medical, social, or vocational services may be of benefit to help the child to reach his/her potential.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Penta X Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
National Association for Retarded Citizens
P.O. Box 6109
Arlington, TX 76011
(817) 640-0204
1-800-433-5255
For information about education of children with learning disabilities:
National Information Center for Handicapped Children and Youth
P.O. Box 1492
Washington, D.C. 20013
(703) 528-8480
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth L. Jones; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 73.
49,XXXXX SYNDROME: R. Fragoso, et al.; Ann Genet (1982, issue 25 (3)). Pp. 145-148.
Penta X Syndrome
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04096.TXT
Copyright (C) 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
939: Pentalogy of Cantrell
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pentalogy of Cantrell) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cantrell Syndrome
Cantrell-Haller-Ravich Syndrome
Cantrell Pentalogy
Pentalogy Syndrome
Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia
Thoracoabdominal Ectopia Cordis
Thoracoabdominal Syndrome
TAS Midline Defect
TAS, Midline Defects, Included
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Omphalocele
General Discussion
**REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pentalogy of Cantrell is a very rare disorder characterized by a combination of severe defects of the middle of the chest, sternum, diaphragm, heart, and abdominal wall. This defect can affect males or females and is apparent at birth or shortly after.
Symptoms
Pentalogy of Cantrell is characterized by chest wall defects that may include a clefting of the chest area. The protrusion of the intestines through the child's navel into a sac (omphalocele) is also present. Muscles of the diaphragm are often missing allowing the heart to be apparent under the skin. An opening between the area of the body that contains the bowels, liver, and heart may exist. Often the above defects affect the infant's ability to breathe, for the heart to function, and may even cause widespread internal infection of the patient's abdominal cavity. Symptoms may occur due to an abnormality in the development of midline embryonic tissue fourteen to eighteen days after conception. The infant usually has normal intelligence.
Causes
Pentalogy of Cantrell can be a sporadic condition or be transmitted by an X-linked gene. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked disorders are conditions which result from a defective gene on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be corrected by the normal gene on the other X chromosome causing the female to be asymptomatic or making symptoms less serious than in males. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Affected Population
Pentalogy of Cantrell is a very rare disorder it effects 5.5 infants per one million live births. Males are effected more frequently than females. Females tend to have less severe symptoms than males. Approximately fifty cases have been identified in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pentalogy of Cantrell. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Omphalocele is the protrusion of the internal abdominal tissue through the navel into a clear sac outside of the body. If the size is less than 4 cm it is considered a hernia of the navel. If more than 4 cm it is an omphalocele.
Therapies: Standard
Pentalogy of Cantrell usually requires a series of surgeries over a period of years. Abdominal and heart defects both require very involved surgical procedures. The abdominal defect is usually closed first. Heart defects are repaired when the child is older.
The disorder is usually apparent at birth or shortly after. Ultrasound testing can determine if the condition is present even before birth.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of birth defects in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pentalogy of Cantrell, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Ave.
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. P. 1971.
NELSON TEXTBOOK OF PEDIATRICS, 14th ed., Ed.: Richard E. Behrman, W.B. Saunders Company, 1992. Pp. 1032-1033.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1375-1376.
GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT, 4th ed., Ed.: Marvin H. Sleisenger, M.D., W.B. Saunders, Co., 1989. Pp. 1015-1017.
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF PENTALOGY OF CANTRELL., A. Ghidini, et al.; J Ultrasound Med, October, 1988, (issue 7 (10)). Pp. 567-572.
PENTALOGY OF CANTRELL AND ECTOPIA CORDIS, A FAMILIAL DEVELOPMENTAL FIELD
COMPLEX., R.A. Martin, Am J Med Genet, April, 1992, (issue 42 (6)). Pp. 839, 841.
Pentalogy of Cantrell
y, 1{
pagetitle
939: Pentalogy of Cantrell
04097.TXT
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875: PEPCK Deficiency, Mitochondrial
$~$Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
875: PEPCK Deficiency, Mitochondrial
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Mitochondrial PEPCK Deficiency) is not the name you expected. PLease check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Leigh's Disease
Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mitochondrial PEPCK Deficiency is an extremely rare disorder of carbohydrate metabolism inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. A deficiency of the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, which is a key enzyme in the conversion of proteins and fat to glucose (gluconeogenesis), causes an excess of acid in the circulating blood (acidemia). Characteristics of this disorder are low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), loss of muscle tone, an abnormal enlargement of the liver and failure to gain weight and grow normally.
Symptoms
Patients with Mitochondrial PEPCK Deficiency have an inherited deficiency in the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. This enzyme is key in the process of converting proteins and fat to glucose (gluconeogenesis). Major symptoms of this disorder are:
Lactic acidemia - presence of excess acid in the circulating blood.
Hypoglycemia - an abnormally low blood sugar (glucose) level. Glucose is essential for the functioning of many organs and systems in the body, especially the central nervous system.
Hypotonia - loss of muscle tone.
Hepatomegaly - abnormal enlargement of the liver.
Failure to thrive - inability to gain appropriate weight and grow normally.
One patient with Mitochondrial PEPCK Deficiency was reported to have swelling of the arms and legs (Peripheral edema), a disorder in liver function and fever for no apparent reason. It is not known whether these symptoms are related to the disorder.
The course of this disorder can be very rapid.
Causes
Mitochondrial PEPCK Deficiency is a very rare disorder that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Mitochondrial PEPCK Deficiency affects males and females in equal numbers. This disorder is extremely rare and very few cases have been reported in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Mitochondrial PEPCK Deficiency. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Korsakoff's Syndrome is a deficiency of vitamin B-1 (thiamine) which causes cardiovascular, central and peripheral nervous system disturbances. The disease results from either inadequate dietary intake of B-2 or from impaired absorption or utilization of vitamin B-1. It is common in the orient where excessive milling of rice reduces its thiamine content. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Korsakoff" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Leigh's Disease is a rare genetic metabolic disorder characterized by lesions of the brain, spinal chord, optic nerve and in some cases, an enlarged heart. Symptoms during infancy may include low body weight, slow growth, tremors, skin changes and interrupted breathing patterns. Progressive neurological disturbances, mental retardation, slurred speech and loss of motor coordination (ataxia) may occur in cases beginning during or after infancy. Leigh's Disease is thought to be inherited through an autosomal recessive trait. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Leigh" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency is a rare metabolic disorder in which there is a deficiency of the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase. This disorder causes an excess presence of acid in the circulating blood (lactic acidemia), neurologic deterioration, vomiting, irritability, inactivity, loss of muscle tone, abnormal eye movements, and seizures. The course of this disorder is progressive. It is inherited through an autosomal recessive trait. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Pyruvate Carboxylase " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency is a rare disorder of carbohydrate metabolism inherited through an autosomal recessive trait. Symptoms are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase resulting in persistent or recurrent metabolic acidosis (acidemia). The disorder is manifested by mental retardation and other neurological symptoms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Pyruvate Dehydrogenase" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of PEPCK Deficiency can be made shortly after birth by biochemical analysis of fibroblast cells.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Treatment of severe lactic acidosis with Dichloroacetate appears to improve certain laboratory tests, but does not result in improvement of symptoms. A study published in the November 26, 1992 New England Journal of Medicine indicated that only twelve percent of the Dichloroacetate-treated patients survived and seventeen percent of the placebo-treated group survived. Scientists do not understand why this appears to reduce arterial-blood lactate concentrations and pH, but fails to alter the disease.
Research on inborn errors of metabolism, such as PEPCK Deficiency, is ongoing. Scientists are studying the causes of these disorders and trying to design enzyme replacement therapies that will return a missing enzyme to the body. In PEPCK Deficiency patients are unable to metabolize the enzyme. Scientists are investigating the reasons why the enzyme is not metabolized so they can understand how to correct the metabolic defect.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of birth defects in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Mitochondrial PEPCK Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Lactic Acidosis Support Group
1620 Marie Ave.
Denver, CO 80229
(303) 837-2117 or 287-4953
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
Institute Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
P.O. Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1421.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th ed.: Charles R. Schriver, et al.; eds., McGraw Hill, 1989. Pp. 878-9.
A CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL OF DICHLOROACETATE FOR TREATMENT OF LACTIC
ACIDOSIS IN ADULTS: P.W. Stacpoole, et al.; The New England Journal of Medicine; (November 26, 1992, issue 327 (22)). Pp. 1564-69.
PEPCK Deficiency, Mitochondrial
04098.TXT
Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
736: Perniosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Perniosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Chilblains
Pernio
Cold Induced Vascular Disease
Erythema, Pernio
Disorder Subdivisions
Thigh Perniosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Vasculitis
Raynaud's Syndrome
Chilblain Lupus Erythromatosus
Urticaria, Cold
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Perniosis is a vascular disorder caused by prolonged exposure to cold damp weather. It is characterized most often by skin lesions on the lower legs, hands, toes, feet, ears and face.
Symptoms
Perniosis is an inflammation of the small blood vessels caused by an abnormal reaction to the cold. It is characterized by a bluish-red discoloration of the skin that can cause pain, intense itching, burning, and swelling of the skin especially as the body becomes warmer. A dark-blue discoloration (acrococyanosis) may be seen on the fingertips or extremities. The lesions usually occur on the fingers, toes, lower legs, heels, ears and nose. In severe cases there may be blister-like lesions (bullae) which may ulcerate if rubbed or irritated. Perniosis is a seasonal disorder usually occuring when the weather is cold and the humidity is high; late fall and winter. It usually lasts for several weeks, but in some cases may persist even into the warmer months.
Thigh Perniosis is a form of Perniosis that more commonly affects young women who wear tight fitting pants. It is characterized by red or bluish patches (plaques) on the skin. These plaques are distributed on the outside of the thighs and can cause swelling, burning, itching and occasionally ulceration. Exposure to a warm temperature and wearing looser fitting thermal insulated clothing will usually relieve or avoid the symptoms of this abnormal reaction to the cold.
Causes
The exact cause of Perniosis is unknown. It may be caused by an allergic reaction or hypersensitivity to the cold. Prolonged exposure to the cold, insufficient protective clothing, circulatory or cardiovascular diseases may also be causative factors.
Affected Population
Perniosis is seen more often in females than in males. Children, adults with poor circulation, and smokers are affected more often than other people. It is more common in colder climates and rarely seen in the United States.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Perniosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Raynaud's Disease (or Raynaud's Phenomenon) is a vascular disorder. It is characterized by spasms of arterioles occuring with exposure to cold, occuring especially in the fingers and toes. Occasionally other areas of the body such as the nose and tongue may be affected. The intermittent attacks of pallor or bluish color of the fingers or toes are precipitated by exposure to cold and intensified by emotional upsets. Raynaud's may occur alone or be secondary to other conditions. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Raynaud" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Chilblain Lupus Erythromatosus is a chronic and persistent form of Lupus Erythromatosus. It may be preceded by facial lesions, but most commonly affects the fingers, calves and heels of the feet. It is a disorder that affects mostly women and may progress to Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus which can affect the internal organs. (For more on this disorder, choose (Lupus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Vasculitis is a common disorder characterized by an inflammation of the blood vessel walls. This inflammation causes a narrowing of the inside of the vessel and can obstruct the flow of blood to the tissues (ischemia). The lack of blood may cause damage to the tissues (necrosis), possible formation of blood clots (thrombosis), or a weakening or ballooning which can possibly cause a rupture of the vessel wall (aneurysm). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Vasculitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Cold Urticaria is a chronic, reactive skin disorder. It is probably the most common form of physical urticaria. Major symptoms may include abnormal reddening of the skin (erythema), hives, and itching after exposure of the skin to cold temperatures. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Urticaria, Cold" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Perniosis consists of warming the affected areas slowly and not scratching or rubbing the affected skin. This will help avoid further damage to the skin. Corticosteroid creams may help relieve the intense itching. The calcium channel blocker drug nifedipine (Adalat) can be an effective treatment in relieving the symptoms of cold related Perniosis. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Perniosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 421-8453
References
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1987. Pp. 2361.
THE TREATMENT OF CHILBLAINS WITH NIFEDIPINE: THE RESULTS OF A PILOT
STUDY, A DOUBLE-BLIND PLACEBO-CONTROLLED RANDOMIZED STUDY AND A LONG-TERM
OPEN TRIAL. M. Rustin, et al.; BR J DERMATOL (February 1989, issue 120 (2)). Pp. 267.
CHRONIC PERNIO. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF COLD-INDUCED VASCULAR
DISEASE. J. Jacob, et al.; ARCH INTERN MED, (August 1986, issue 146 (8)). Pp. 1589-1592.
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191: Pertussis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Pertussis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Whooping Cough
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Catarrhal Stage
Paroxysmal Stage
Convalescent Stage
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pertussis is caused by the coccobacillus Bordetella pertussis bacteria. This bacillus invades the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles causing increased secretion of mucus which is initially thin and later thick. The disease lasts about six weeks and is divided into three stages: catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent.
Pertussis is extremely rare in populations where vaccination is used to prevent this disease in children. In fact, the best therapy for whooping cough is prevention through vaccination with the DPT vaccine. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, GA suggests the small risk associated with the DPT vaccine is negligible compared to the severity of the disease itself.
Symptoms
The catarrhal stage of Pertussis begins gradually with symptoms such as sneezing, tearing, or other signs of a common cold, loss of appetite and listlessness. A troublesome, hacking, nocturnal cough which eventually remains throughout the day is also present. Fever is rare.
The cough in Pertussis becomes paroxysmal (suddenly recurring) after 10 to 14 days. There may be from 5 to over 15 rapidly consecutive coughs followed by the whoop (a hurried, deep inhalation). Following a few normal breaths, another paroxysm may begin. Copious amounts of thick mucus may be expelled (usually swallowed by infants and young children) during or following the paroxysms. Vomiting after the paroxysms, which may be due to gagging on the mucus, is characteristic. Choking spells may be more common than whoops in infants.
The convalescent stage of Pertussis usually begins within four weeks after onset. Paroxysms are not so frequent or severe, vomiting decreases, and the patient looks and feels better. Paroxysmal coughing may recur for months, usually as a result of irritation from an upper respiratory infection.
In severe cases, Pertussis may cause brain damage or death.
Causes
Pertussis is caused by the coccobacillus Bordetella pertussis bacteria.
Affected Population
Pertussis especially strikes young children; in older children, the symptoms tend to be less severe. Adults and older people are rarely affected. Between 1984-1986, there were 5,685 cases of Pertussis reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, GA. The actual number of cases may be much higher. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 60 million cases of Pertussis occur worldwide each year and that this disorder is responsible for 500,000 to one million deaths per year in the world.
Related Disorders
Bronchitis and influenza often show symptoms similar to Pertussis in the catarrhal stage (mucous discharge from the nose and throat). A positive culture for B Pertussis from a nasopharyngeal specimen indicates the presence of Pertussis.
Therapies: Standard
Hospitalization is recommended for infants with Pertussis. Small, frequent meals are advisable. Parenteral fluid (IV) therapy may be required to replace salt and water loss if vomiting is severe. In infants, careful suction from the throat may be necessary, and tracheostomy or nasotracheal intubation is occasionally necessary. Oxygen should be given if cyanosis (bluish coloration of the skin and mucous membranes) persists after removal of mucus.
Seriously ill infants should be housed in a darkened, quiet room and disturbed as little as possible to prevent frequent coughing. Close attention should be paid to the nutritional needs of the infant, since malnutrition can contribute significantly to an adverse outcome of the disease. Expectorant cough mixtures, cough suppressants, and sedatives are of little value and should be used cautiously or not at all. Antibiotics should be used only for bacterial complications.
The best therapy for whooping cough is prevention through vaccination with the DPT vaccine. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, GA suggests the small risk associated with the DPT vaccine is negligible compared to the severity of the disease itself.
The most severe complication of DPT vaccination is the very rare occurrence of irreversible brain damage caused by the Pertussis vaccine in DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus vaccine). The American Academy of Pediatrics has reported "near epidemic" local outbreaks of whooping cough in at least 10 geographic areas in the United States where parents have not permitted immunization of their children against Pertussis because of this complication. The Centers for Disease Control tabulated over 2,000 cases of whooping cough in the United States during the first 11 months of 1985. Before the DPT vaccine became commercially available, 250,000 cases of whooping cough occurred yearly in the United States resulting in 4,000 to 5,000 deaths annually. A recent British study indicated that serious side effects due to the DPT vaccine occurred in only 1 out of every 110,000 DPT vaccinations, whereas the risk of suffering brain damage from whooping cough itself is 1 in every 9,500 cases. Research on a new, safer Pertussis vaccine is presently underway.
Doctors fear an outbreak of whooping cough in the United States due to a recent rise in the cost of the DPT vaccine. Lederle Laboratories recently announced that the price of the vaccine will rise from $67 per vial to more than $170 per vial due to a substantial increase in product liability insurance. Lederle has been sued for $2.2 billion during recent years because of the vaccine.
While the Centers for Disease Control estimates that only one in 100,000 to 300,000 children will develop serious complications from the DPT vaccine, it is estimated that one youngster in 9,500 who get whooping cough will suffer similar brain damage or will die as a consequence of the disorder. The State of Oklahoma presently leads the nation in cases of whooping cough.
Therapies: Investigational
Tests of experimental acellular bacterial Pertussis vaccines in Sweden and Japan have not shown a high success rate as initially hoped. According to the scientists, more study is necessary because of the complexity of the bacterial acellular vaccines.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pertussis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
Dissatisfied Parents Together (DPT)
128 Branch Road
Vienna, VA 22180
DPT is a group of parents whose children have had serious adverse reactions to childhood vaccines.
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1624-6.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 2008.
Pertussis
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149: Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome is a hereditary condition characterized by multiple, benign growths (polyps) on the mucous lining of the intestinal wall, and dark discolorations on the skin and mucous surfaces. Low grade malignancies develop in about a fifth of the patients, but the risk of cancer is much lower in this syndrome than in the familial colonic polyposes.
Symptoms
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome appears between 10 and 30 years of age, although the characteristic discolorations are present from birth. These freckles are found around the lips, inside the mouth on the mucosal lining of the cheeks, and on the fingers, palms of the hands, forearms, toes, and around the naval. They may coalesce, intensify, or fade, especially around puberty.
Polyps occur in the small intestine, and occasionally in the stomach or large intestine (colon). Patients can experience severe, recurrent pain that disappears with massage, physical manipulation, or contorting the body. The intestine has a tendency to prolapse into itself like a telescope (intussusception). The "stomach may growl" frequently, and there may be considerable abdominal discomfort. Intestinal bleeding occurs, often sufficiently to cause anemia, but is commonly only discovered in the stool by laboratory testing.
Untreated patients may develop intestinal malignancies by their early forties. Intussusception, or telescoping, can cause serious complications such as intestinal obstruction and gangrene (necrosis or death of the tissue) requiring surgery. Intestinal bleeding can also become quite severe.
Causes
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome is inherited through an autosomal dominant mechanism.
(Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Related Disorders
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome is related to several syndromes in which familial polyposis plays a role. In familial adenomatous colon polyposis, numerous polyps develop in the large intestine and are associated with a very high incidence of colonic cancer if untreated. In Gardener syndrome, polyposis is associated with cysts and tumors in the skull and related structures, and extra teeth. The Canada-Cronkhite syndrome combines familial polyposis with abnormalities of the structures derived from the embryonic ectodermal layer. In Turcot syndrome, familial polyposis occurs with tumors in the central nervous system.
Therapies: Standard
Large individual polyps or particularly heavily affected sections of the intestine can be removed surgically in patients with Peutz-Jegher Syndrome. If complications such as intussusception or intestinal gangrene develop, the involved intestine must also be resected.
The gastrointestinal tract should be X-rayed periodically to detect changes in size and number of polyps. This should be done periodically from childhood through adolescence.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-2162
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 767, 771.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 817, 2322.
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488: Peyronie Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Peyronie Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Penile Induration
Penile Fibrosis
Plastic Induration Corpora Cavernosa
Plastic Induration of the Penis
Fibrous Cavernositis
Chronic Cavernositis
Fibrous Sclerosis of the Penis
Fibrous Plaques of the Penis
Penile Fibromatosis
Van Buren's Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans
Erythroplasia of Queyrat
Dupuytren's Contracture
Diabetes Mellitus
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Peyronie Disease is a condition characterized by fibrous plaques in the soft tissue of the penis of adult males. Cord-like lesions in the penis, pain, and abnormal penile curvature during erection make it impossible for many patients to have normal sexual intercourse unless treated. Symptoms may be chronic, or may spontaneously resolve in some cases.
Symptoms
Peyronie Disease is characterized by dense infiltration of fibrous tissue into the soft tissue of the penis. These strands of fiber may also appear in patches of various sizes on the penis (plaques). Formation of the plaques limit the elasticity of the penis, and cause pain upon erection. Symptoms may eventually lead to impotence in a few cases. In some cases, the affected tissue may become calcified. Some Peyronie's patients have been found to have deposits of excess collagen in connective tissue in other parts of the body as well. A contracture of fibrous tissue (Dupuytren's Contracture) in the hand has also been associated with some cases of Peyronie Disease. Symptoms may spontaneously resolve over long periods of time. Approximately four years is the average duration of the course of the disorder, although some symptoms may clear up more quickly.
Causes
The exact cause of Peyronie Disease is not known. This disorder was first identified in 1743 by Dr. de la Peyronie. Some researchers believe it may be a genetic disorder. More recent scientific evidence suggests that the disorder may possibly be induced in some cases by the use of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs such as propranolol or practolol which are used for the control of high blood pressure. It may also be caused by recurrent injury limited to a very small section of the male external genitalia. In other cases, Peyronie Disease may occur in combination with Diabetes Mellitus.
Affected Population
Peyronie Disease is a disorder which affects adult males, usually during the fourth and fifth decades of life. Patients have been diagnosed with this disorder ranging from eighteen to eighty years of age. According to one 1966 study, approximately 3,600 cases were noted in the world medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Peyronie Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans is the result of chronic inflammation and is characterized by a hardened (indurated), pale area surrounding the end of the penis which may cause constriction. Treatment with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs may be useful, but surgery may be required in some cases.
Erythroplasia of Queyrat is a premalignant lesion characterized by an area of reddish, velvety discoloration on the penis. Biopsy should be considered for diagnostic purposes. Treatment consists of local application of fluorouracil cream.
The following disorders may precede the development of Peyronie Disease. They can be useful in identifying an underlying cause of some forms of this disorder:
Dupuytren's Contracture is characterized by contracture of the connective tissue of the palm of the hand caused by fibrous overgrowth. This condition results in flexion deformities and loss of function of the fingers.
Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough insulin and is, therefore, unable to convert sugar and other nutrients into the energy necessary for daily activity. The disorder is not rare and it affects females and males in equal numbers. Although the exact causes of insulin-dependent diabetes are not known, genetic factors seem to play a role. (For more information on this disorder, choose "diabetes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database and see the Diabetes section of the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services.)
Therapies: Standard
In some cases, treatment of Peyronie Disease may not be required since symptoms can resolve spontaneously over an average period of one to four years. In other cases, the condition may persist and become disabling. Conservative treatment which may be useful in treating lesions include steroid dermojet (needleless pressure injection) treatments in combination with surgical incision of plaques. Collagenase injections and/or treatment with another enzyme, superoxide dismutase, may also improve lesions. Skin grafts and/or radiation therapy have been found helpful in a few severe cases which failed to respond to drug treatment. Surgery to correct the curvature of the penis may be effective, although undesirable side effects may develop.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Peyronie Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Peyronie's Society of America
P.O. Box 3272
Wichita, KS 67201
(800) 727-7397
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NKUDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
Scleroderma Federation
One Newbury St.
Peabody, MA 01960
(508) 535-6600
Scleroderma Information Exchange, Inc.
150 Hines Farm Rd.
Cranston, RI 02920
(401) 943-3909
United Scleroderma Foundation
P.O. Box 350
Watsonville, CA 95077
(408) 728-2202
References
HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN PEYRONIE'S DISEASE PATIENTS RECEIVING CLOSTRIDIAL
COLLAGENASE THERAPY: R.G. Hamilton, et al.; J Urol (March 1986, issue 135 (3)). Pp. 641-647.
TREATMENT OF IMPOTENCE. 2. SURGICAL METHODS: N. Baum; Postgrad Med (May 15, 1987; issue 81(7)). Pp. 137-140.
PEYRONIE'S DISEASE: C.E. Horton, et al.; Ann Plast Surg (February 1987, issue 18(2)). Pp. 122-127.
PEYRONIE'S DISEASE: A METHOD OF TREATMENT: Esat Toksu; The Journal of Urology (April 1971). Pp. 523-524.
Peyronie Disease
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502: Pfeiffer syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Pfeiffer Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Acrocephalosyndactyly V
ACS V
Noack Syndrome
Information on the following diseases may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Acrocephalosyndactyly
Apert Syndrome
Crouzon Disease (Apert-Crouzon Disease)
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome
Goodman Syndrome
Otopalatodigital Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pfeiffer Syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder primarily affecting the bones. It is characterized by a short, pointed or conical head (acro-brachycephaly) and abnormalities of the face, jaws and teeth. Webbed fingers or toes (syndactyly) and other abnormalities of the thumbs and big toes may also occur. Symptoms can vary, ranging from mild to severe.
Symptoms
Pfeiffer Syndrome is characterized by bone abnormalities of the face and head (craniofacial dysostosis), including a pointed or conical head, wide-set eyes (hypertelorism), and slightly slanted eyelid folds. Pressure on the brain inside the skull may be elevated. An underdeveloped upper jaw bone, high arched palate, and prominent lower jaw may also be apparent. The teeth may erupt in the wrong places (maleruption) causing improper alignment (malocclusion) when the jaws close. The toes and fingers are partially webbed, sometimes with broad, short thumbs and big toes. One of the small bones (phalanges) in the thumb may be either triangular or trapezoid shaped and occasionally fused with the other small bone, so that the thumb points away from the other fingers. The big toe may also point excessively to the midline of the body (varus deformity).
A mild hearing loss due to a defect in the middle ear may occur. Intelligence is usually normal. The opening from the stomach to the duodenum may be narrowed at birth (congenital pyloric stenosis). Spontaneous abortion of a fetus with Pfeiffer Syndrome may occur in rare cases.
Causes
Pfeiffer Syndrome is a genetic disorder inherited through an autosomal dominant mechanism, possibly through the action of a specific mutant gene which produces many different features (pleiotropic). (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Pfeiffer Syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pfeiffer Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Acrocephalosyndactyly is the name of a group of disorders including Apert Syndrome (Type I); Crouzon Disease (Type II); Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome (Type III); Goodman Syndrome (Type IV); and, Pfeiffer Syndrome (Type V). All are characterized by a pointed head (acrocephaly) and webbing of fingers and/or toes (syndactyly).
Apert Syndrome (Acrocephalosyndactyly Type I; Syndactylic Oxycephaly) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder. It is characterized, in addition to acrocephalosyndactyly, by other skeletal and facial abnormalities, and mental retardation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Apert" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Crouzon Disease (Apert-Crouzon Disease; Acrocephalosyndactyly Type II) is a genetic disorder characterized, in addition to acrocephalosyndactyly, by brain abnormalities caused by premature joining of various bones of the skull. Vision disturbances and deafness can develop in some cases. With treatment, pressure inside the skull may be relieved and major symptoms may improve. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Crouzon" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome (Acrocephalosyndactyly Type III) is a hereditary disorder characterized, in addition to acrocephalosyndactyly, by abnormalities of the skin on the toes and fingers. Short stature and, in some cases, mild to moderate mental retardation may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Saethre-Chotzen" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Goodman Syndrome (Acrocephalosyndactyly Type IV) is a hereditary disorder characterized, in addition to acrocephalosyndactyly, by permanent lateral deviation or deflection of one or more fingers (clinodactyly), permanent flexion of one or more fingers (camptodactyly), and deviation of one of the forearm bones (ulna).
Otopalatodigital Syndrome (OPD Syndrome) is a very rare sex-linked genetic disorder characterized by hearing loss due to a defect of the middle ear (conduction deafness), cleft palate, a characteristic face, and generalized abnormality of bone development (dysplasia). A broad based nose gives the patient the appearance of a boxer. Wide spacing of the toes, abnormalities of the fingers, such as a permanent deviation or deflection (clinodactyly) of the fifth finger, may also occur. Dislocation of the head of one of the forearm bones (radius), and a caved-in breast (pectus excavatum) are other features which sometimes occur.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of patients with Pfeiffer Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Surgery to relieve pressure in the skull may be performed during childhood. The so-called "LeFort III advancement surgery" may be performed during early childhood to prevent progressive malformation of the upper jaw.
Therapies: Investigational
When hearing loss is caused by fixation of the small bones in the middle ear, surgical correction may be indicated.
Genetic counseling is recommended for families of children with Pfeiffer Syndrome.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pfeiffer Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle Street, Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
1-800-535-3643
Society for the Rehabilitation of the Facially Disfigured, Inc.
550 First Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 340-5400
About Face
99 Crowns Lane
Toronto, Ontario M5R 3PA
Canada
(416) 944-3223
Let's Face It
Box 711
Concord, MA 01742
(508) 371-3186
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
References
This report is based on outlines by medical and dental students (1984-1986) at the Medical College of Virginia for their course in human genetics.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 13.
VARIABLE EXPRESSION IN PFEIFFER SYNDROME: H.M. Sanchez, et al.; Journal Med Genet (February 1981: issue 18(1)). Pp. 73-75.
MAXILLARY GROWTH FOLLOWING LeFort III ADVANCEMENT SURGERY IN CROUZON, APERT, AND PFEIFFER SYNDROMES: D.I. Bachmayer, et al.; American Journal Orthod Dentofacial Orthop (November 1986: issue 90(5)). Pp. 420-430.
HEARING LOSS IN PFEIFFER'S SYNDROME: C.W. Cremers; International Journal Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol (December 1981: issue 3(4)). Pp. 343-353.
Pfeiffer syndrome
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@E1ECopyright (C) 1986, 1989, 1990, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
65: Phenylketonuria
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Phenylketonuria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
PKU
Phenylalaninemia
Phenylpyruvic Oligophrenia
Foelling Syndrome
Classical Phenylketonuria
Hyperphenylalanemia
PKU1
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare metabolic disorder of infancy caused by a deficiency of the liver enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. Impairment in the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine results in excess accumulation of phenylalanine in the fluids of the body. Phenylketonuria is a severe progressive disorder that can produce mental retardation if it is not treated early. With a carefully controlled diet, people with Phenylketonuria can avoid irreversible mental retardation.
Symptoms
Infants with Phenylketonuria typically appear normal at birth. Phenylpyruvic acid, a by-product of phenylalanine metabolism, may not be found in the urine during the first days of life. Some newborns (neonates) with this disorder may be weak and feed poorly. Other symptoms of Phenylketonuria in infants may include vomiting, irritability, and/or a red skin rash with small pimples (eczematoid). Infants with this disorder generally have a musty or "mousy" body odor caused by phenylacetic acid in the urine and/or perspiration.
If children with Phenylketonuria are not treated, developmental retardation may be obvious at several months of age and patients are often short for their age. High levels of phenylalanine interfere with a chemical in the body that is responsible for maintaining pigmentation (melanin). Therefore, affected children usually have a fair complexion and light hair.
Craniofacial abnormalities in untreated children with Phenylketonuria may include an abnormally small head (microcephaly), a prominent jaw (maxillae), widely spaced teeth, and/or impaired development of the enamel of the teeth. The skin may also become coarse. Occasionally other symptoms may include the loss of calcium from bones (decalcification), the webbing of fingers and/or toes (syndactyly), and/or flat feet.
It is not understood why high levels of phenylalanine cause severe mental retardation in children with Phenylketonuria. The average IQ of untreated children is usually less than 50. Children whose mother has Phenylketonuria and carries a single defective gene for this disorder (heterozygotic), often have severe mental retardation.
Neurological symptoms are present in only some patients with Phenylketonuria and may vary greatly. Seizures occur in about 25 percent of older children and abnormalities appear on brain wave tests (EEG) in 80 percent of patients. Jerky muscle movements (spasticity), abnormally tight muscles (hypertonicity), and/or increased deep tendon reflexes are among the most frequent neurological symptoms. About 5 percent of children with symptoms of Phenylketonuria become physically disabled. Slow writhing movements, involuntary muscle movements, and tremors occur in some cases. The process of surrounding nerve fibers with a fatty covering (myelinization) may be delayed but not absent in some children with Phenylketonuria.
In male adults with Phenylketonuria, sperm counts may be low. Females with this disorder often have spontaneous abortions or fetal growth delays (intrauterine growth retardation). Children of women with Phenylketonuria may have an abnormally small head (microcephaly) and/or congenital heart disease. There may be some relationship between the severity of these symptoms and high levels of phenylalanine in the mother.
Laboratory tests in children with Phenylketonuria typically confirm plasma levels of phenylalanine that are 10 to 60 times above normal levels. Plasma Tyrosine levels are abnormally low in the blood plasma while urinary levels of phenylalanine metabolites (i.e., phenylpyruvic acid and other phenolic acids) are abnormally high. Substances such as dopamine, serotonin, and melanin are reduced when measured by laboratory tests.
There are several different varieties of Phenylketonuria or Hyperphenylalaninemias characterized by elevated plasma phenylalanine levels (not as high as those in Phenylketonuria). For example, in Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency, neurological deterioration occurs even when phenylalanine levels are controlled (see Related Disorder Section below).
Prenatal diagnosis of Phenylketonuria is available, and routine neonatal screening is required by law in the United States and in most hospitals in developed countries. The test requires a drop of blood taken from the baby's heel.
Causes
Phenylketonuria is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
The defective gene that causes Phenylketonuria is located on the long arm of chromosome 12.
The symptoms of Phenylketonuria develop because of a defective liver enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme enables phenylalanine to be metabolized into tyrosine. The other forms of Hyperphenylalaninemia, which have symptoms that are different from those of Phenylketonuria, are the result of various deficiencies of other enzymes that are closely related to phenylalanine hydroxylase.
The exact mechanism of mental retardation in Phenylketonuria is not known. Normal brain development may be disturbed by a high level of phenylalanine. It has been suggested that there may be an impairment in the process of laying down the fatty covering on nerve fibers in the brain (myelinization). It is also thought that disturbances in the formation of grouping of nerves (neuronal migration) in the first 6 months of life may contribute to the mental retardation associated with Phenylketonuria.
Abnormally high levels of phenylalanine may also be caused by a deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin because of insufficient amounts of either biopterin or dihydropterin reductase. Tetrahydrobiopterin is involved in the production of neurotransmitters (chemicals in the brain) such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Low levels of these neurotransmitters could account for the progressive neurological deterioration of children with Tetrahydrobiopterin in spite of controlled plasma phenylalanine. (For more information on Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency, see Related Disorders section of this report.)
Affected Population
Phenylketonuria is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. It is estimated that Phenylketonuria occurs in 1 in 11,600 newborns in the United States. Phenylketonuria affects people from most ethnic backgrounds, although it is rare in Americans of African descent and Jews of Ashkenazi ancestry.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Phenylketonuria. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency is a rare inherited neurological disorder of infancy that causes abnormally high levels of phenylalanine due to a deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin. The symptoms of this disorder usually include neurological abnormalities, lack of muscle tone, loss of coordination, seizures, and/or delayed motor development. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tetrahydrobiopterin" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
There are many other disorders of infancy with symptoms that are similar to those of Phenylketonuria. However, the screening test that is done for this disorder in almost every hospital allows physicians to diagnose this disorder and distinguish it from other neuromuscular or metabolic disorders.
Therapies: Standard
A test for Phenylketonuria prior to birth is available, and routine screening of newborns is performed in virtually all hospitals in developed countries. It is also possible to detect if a child is carrying a single defective gene that causes Phenylketonuria (heterozygotes).
The goal of treatment for Phenylketonuria is to keep plasma phenylalanine levels within the normal range. This is generally achieved through carefully planned diet. Limiting the child's intake of phenylalanine must be done cautiously because it is an essential amino acid. A carefully maintained diet can prevent mental retardation as well as neurological, behavioral, dermatological, and/or brain (EEG) abnormalities. Treatment must be started at a very young age (under 3 months), or some degree of mental retardation may be expected. Many studies have demonstrated that children with Phenylketonuria who are treated with a low phenylalanine diet before the age of 3 months do well, with an average IQ of 100. If treatment is begun after the age of 2 or 3 years, only hyperactivity and seizures may be controlled. The child's behavior and plasma levels of phenylalanine must be monitored regularly.
If people with Phenylketonuria stop controlling their dietary intake of phenylalanine, neurological changes usually occur during adolescence and adulthood. IQs may decline after a peak at the end of the controlled diet periods. Other problems that may appear and become severe once dietary regulation is stopped include difficulties in school, behavioral problems, poor visual-motor coordination, poor problem-solving skills, low developmental age, and/or abnormalities during brain wave testing (EEG).
There is some controversy over the age at which dietary treatment can be discontinued in people with Phenylketonuria, but it is becoming clear that high levels of phenylalanine continue to harm the brain even after fatty coverings have developed around nerve fibers in the brain (myelinization). Phenylalanine intake should probably be limited indefinitely, with possibly some relaxation of dietary control.
Because phenylalanine occurs in practically all natural proteins, it is impossible to meet the child's nutritional requirements by diet alone without exceeding the phenylalanine allowance. For this reason, special phenylalanine free food preparations are extremely important. These preparations include Lofenolac (for a low phenylalanine diet), and Phenyl-free (for phenylalanine free food). Both are available from Mead Johnson. Low protein foods such as fruits, vegetables, and some cereals are allowed.
If the intake of phenylalanine is too severely limited in people with Phenylketonuria, the symptoms of phenylalanine deficiency may develop. These may include fatigue, aggressive behavior, severe loss of appetite (anorexia), and sometimes anemia. Both the child's behavior and plasma levels of phenylalanine must be monitored regularly.
Severe forms of hyperphenylalaninemia are treated in the same way as classical Phenylketonuria. Milder forms appear to require no treatment. In tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency, a phenylalanine free diet alone does not prevent neurological deterioration. Supplementation with levodopa, carbidopa, and 5-hydroxytrytophan, in addition to dietary control, may be beneficial in these cases.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients with Phenylketonuria and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are involved in the research and development of improved medical foods for adults with Phenylketonuria.
Trials were begun in 1985 on the use of enzyme reactors for management of Phenylketonuria. In this procedure, which closely resembles dialysis, an enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine (phenylalanine hydroxylase) is produced from plant cells or small microbes. This enzyme is then chemically attached to other chemicals (fixed matrix) and placed in contact (indirectly) with the patient's blood. The enzyme, capable of rapidly metabolizing phenylalanine, lowers the levels of this enzyme in the blood. This treatment is expected to be useful primarily for pregnant women with Phenylketonuria and for the treatment of sudden peaks of phenylalanine levels that may occur with infections or other physiologically stressful conditions. For further information concerning this procedure, patients may have their physicians contact:
Clara Ambrus, M.D., Ph.D.
Children's Hospital
140 Hodge Ave.
Buffalo, New York 14222
(716) 878-7704
Tetrahydro-L-biopterin dihydrochloride (designated RS 5678) is available for the experimental treatment of tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency phenylalaninemia. For more information, patients may have their physicians contact:
Dr. B. Schirchs
Schachenstrasse 4
CH 8907 Wettswil a. A.
Switzerland
Tel. 01 700 1645.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Phenylketonuria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Phenylketonuria Parents Group
518 Paco Drive
Los Altos, CA 94022
(415) 941-9799
National Phenylketonuria Foundation
P.O. Box 5129
Pasadena, TX 77508
(713) 487-4802
Phenylketonuria Collaborative Study
Children's Hospital of Los Angeles
P.O. Box 54700
Los Angeles, CA 90054
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
(301) 496-5133
National Association for Retarded Citizens of the U.S.
P.O. Box 6109
Arlington, TX 76005
(817) 261-4961
(800) 433-5255
National Institute on Mental Retardation
York University
Kinsmen NIMR Building
4700 Keele Street, Downview
Toronto, Ont. M3J 1P3
Canada
(416) 661-9611
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
800-336-GENE
301-652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1629-1638.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th Ed.: Charles R. Scriver, et al., Editors; McGraw Hill, 1989. Pp. 318-329.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1101-2.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 16th Ed.: Robert Berkow Ed.; Merck Research Laboratories, 1992. Pp. 2235-2236.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1382-1383.
NELSON TEXTBOOK OF PEDIATRICS, 14th Ed.; Richard E. Behrman et al; W.B. Saunders Co., 1992. Pp. 307-309.
BIOCHEMICAL AND NEUROPHSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELEVATED PLASMA
PHENYLALANINE IN PATIENTS WITH TREATED PKU. Krause W., et al. J Clin Inv Jan 1985; 75(1):40-48.
PRELIMINARY SUPPORT FOR THE ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF VALINE, ISOLEUCINE AND
LEUCINE FOR PHENYLKETONURIA. Jordan M.K., et al. Devel Med Child Neurology 1985; 27:33-39.
LOSS OF INTELLECTUAL FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH PHENYLKETONURIA AFTER
RELAXATION OF DIETARY PHENYLALANINE RESTRICTION. Seashore M., et al. Pediatrics Feb 1985; 75(2):226-232.
ABNORMALITIES IN AMINO ACID METABOLISM IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Nyhan, W.L., Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1984.
TETRAHYDROBIOPTERIN DEFICIENCIES: PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS FROM AN
INTERNATIONAL SURVEY. Dhondt J.L., J Pediatr (April 1984; 104(4)). Pp. 501-8.
PHENYLKETONURIA AND ITS VARIANTS: S. Kaufman; Adv Hum Genet (1983;13). Pp. 217-97.
DIET TERMINATION IN CHILDREN WITH PHENYLKETONURIA. A REVIEW OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS USED TO DETERMINE OUTCOME. Waisbren S.E., et al. J Inherited Metab Dis (1980; 3(4)). Pp. 149-53.
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533: Pheochromocytoma
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pheochromocytoma) is not the name you expected. Please check the synonym list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Chromaffin Cell Tumor
Adrenal Tumor
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Sipple's Syndrome
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's Disease)
von Hippel-Lindau Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pheochromocytoma is a rare disorder caused by tumors in the adrenal glands. It may or may not be a genetically-caused disorder. It is characterized by high blood pressure which does not respond to ordinary treatment.
Symptoms
Major symptoms of Pheochromocytoma may include high blood pressure, rapid breathing and heart beat, profuse sweating, flushed, cold and clammy skin, and severe headache. Angina (pain in the heart), palpitations of the heart, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, visual disturbances, tingling sensations, constipation and an abnormal sense of impending doom may also occur.
Causes
Pheochromocytoma is caused by the development of tumors in the adrenal glands. The tumors may also develop along certain nerve pathways. This disorder may appear for no apparent reason or in some cases may be inherited through an autosomal dominant gene with incomplete penetrance. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) Incomplete penetrance means that all characteristics of a particular trait may not be manifested in all those who inherit the gene).
Affected Population
Pheochromocytoma affects males and females in equal numbers. People of any age can be affected, but symptoms usually appear before fifty years of age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pheochromocytoma. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Sipple's Syndrome is characterized by adrenal tumors associated with tumors of other endocrine glands such as thyroid and parathyroid.
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen Disease) is a genetic disorder with highly variable manifestations which can affect many body systems. The disease is characterized by multiple nerve tumors under the skin which can result in disfigurement, and other complications. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Neurofibromatosis " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
von Hippel-Lindau Disease is an hereditary disorder characterized by headache, dizziness and failure of muscular coordination. Uncontrollable high blood pressure, the presence of tumors in the adrenal glands (pheochromocytoma) and abnormalities in the blood vessels of the retina may also occur. ( For more information on this disorder, choose "von Hippel" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma may be confirmed through urine testing, lack of responsiveness to drug treatment of the high blood pressure, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This fairly new technique has proven superior to the use of x-rays for soft tissue diagnosis. Treatment of Pheochromocytoma usually involves the surgical removal of the tumor. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling may be indicated in some cases when Pheochromocytoma occurs in families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pheochromocytoma, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Adrenal Diseases Foundation
505 Northern Blvd., Suite 200
Great Neck, NY 11021
(516) 487-4992
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
LOCALIZATION OF ECTOPIC PHEOCHROMOCYTOMAS BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: J.E.
Schmedt, et al.; Am J Med ( October, 1987: issue 83 (4)). Pp. 770-772.
CLINICALLY UNSUSPECTED PHEOCHROMOCYTOMAS. EXPERIENCE AT HENRY FORD
HOSPITAL AND A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE: N.K. Krane; Arch Intern Med (January, 1986: (issue 146 (1)). Pp. 54-57.
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA: G.W. Gifford, et al.; Cardiology (1985; 72 Suppl. 1). Pp. 126-130.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 557-559, 1962-1966, 2302
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$Copyright (C) 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
780: Phocomelia Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Phocomelia Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Roberts SC-Phocomelia Syndrome
SC Phocomelia Syndrome
Roberts Tetraphocomelia Syndrome
Disorder Subdivisions
Roberts SC-Phocomelia Syndrome
Thalidomide Syndrome
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius (TAR) Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Phocomelia Syndrome is a birth defect that may be occur sporadically or be genetically transmitted in some cases. In other cases it may be caused by toxins (such as certain drugs) taken by a pregnant woman. Major symptoms may include growth and mental deficiencies, defects in the eyes, ears, and nose, and characteristic deficient limb development affecting the arms and possibly the legs.
Symptoms
The primary symptom of Phocomelia Syndrome is deficient limb development. However, the defects of the limbs are variable. Commonly, the upper limbs are affected and sections of the hands and arms may be malformed or missing. The legs and the feet may also be affected. The hands and/or the feet may be attached close to the body or the limbs may be abnormally small.
Individuals with Phocomelia Syndrome usually have growth deficiencies before and after birth. In some cases, they also may be mentally retarded. The head may be small with sparse hair that may be silvery-blond. A swelling or mass of blood vessels (hemangioma) may occur on the face. Prominent widely-set eyes (hypertelorism) that have bluish whites, an underdeveloped nose with thin nostrils, malformed ears, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, and small jaws (micrognathia) may also occur. The testes of males may fail to descend (cryptochidism).
Less common symptoms include: a gap in the skull with the brain possibly protruding (encephalocele); accumulation of excess spinal fluid under the skull (hydrocephalus) which may cause headaches, vomiting, and convulsions; and small eyeballs (microphthalmia), corneal clouding, cataracts, and eyelid defects. The urethra (the tube leading from the bladder) may open underneath the penis or in females may open into the vagina (hypospadias). An abnormally shaped uterus (bicornate), an abnormally low level of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia), kidney and heart abnormalities, a short neck, and cranial nerve paralysis may also occur.
Disorder Subdivisions When Phocomelia is caused by drugs, it is usually thought of as the Thalidomide Syndrome. This type of Phocomelia is characterized by severe defects and is caused by the ingestion of the drug Thalidomide (a tranquilizer) during early pregnancy. Thalidomide was widely used outside the United States in the late 1950's and early 1960's. Symptoms may include: limb defects of the arms or all of the limbs, abnormalities of the eyes and the ears with possible deafness, paralysis of the face with possible limited eye movements, heart defects, abnormal passages (fistulas) between the rectum, urethra, and/or vagina, abnormalities of internal organs (such as the gallbladder, appendix, small intestine, and uterus), and failure of the testes to descend in males (cryptochidism). A small percentage of individuals have spinal abnormalities and/or growth deficiencies. This type of Phocomelia can also be caused by the acne drug Accutane.
Roberts SC-Phocomelia Syndrome is a birth defect that is genetically inherited through recessive genes and may represent Phocomelia in its mildest form. There have been a number of patients exhibiting overlap of symptoms between the Roberts SC Syndrome and the Thalidomide Syndrome. The two disorders may be different expressions of a gene or represent variable severity of the same disorder.
Causes
In the cases where Phocomelia Syndrome is inherited, it is transmitted by autosomal recessive genes. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
In other cases Phocomelia Syndrome can occur as a result of a woman taking certain drugs during pregnancy or other unknown reasons. The drug Thalidomide caused an unusual surge of babies born with Phocomelia during the 1960's, and the drug Accutane (for treatment of acne) can also cause Phocomelia.
Affected Population
The hereditary form of Phocomelia is a very rare disorder affecting only a dozen or more babies born each year. Males and females are affected in equal numbers. An upsurge of the number of Phocomelia cases can signal that certain drugs are causing this birth defect. Thalidomide (a tranquilizer) and Accutane (for treatment of acne) can cause Phocomelia in a fetus when ingested by a pregnant woman.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Phocomelia Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
There are many birth defects that can cause malformed or missing limbs. One of these is Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius (TAR) Syndrome. TAR Syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by a very low level of the number of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia) and the absence or underdevelopment of one of the short bones (radius) in the arm. Thrombocytopenia may cause excessive bleeding from the skin, mucous membranes (thin moist layer lining the body's cavity), or within the skull. Other blood disorders may also occur. The underdevelopment of the other short bone (ulna) of the arm, and defects of the hands, legs, and/or feet may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "TAR" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment and rehabilitation of the limb deformities of Phocomelia Syndrome should be planned in infancy. Individual prostheses (artificial limbs) and orthopedic braces or appliances (ortheses) may be needed. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families if the child has the genetic form of this disorder. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Phocomelia Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
Association of Children's Prosthetic and Orthotic Clinics (ACPOC)
317 E. 34th Street
New York, NY 10016
National Rehabilitation Information Center (NARIC)
8455 Colesville Road, Suite 935
Silver Spring, MD 20910
(202) 635-5826
Thalidomide Society
19 Upper Hall Park
Berkhamsted, Herts HP4-2NP
England
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 584, 907.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth L. Jones; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 256-7.
ROBERTS-SC PHOCOMELIA SYNDROME: CYTOGENETIC FINDINGS AND CLINICAL
VARIABILITY IN THREE BROTHERS: G. Antinolo et al.; An Esp Pediatr (September, 1988, issue 29(3)). Pp. 239-43.
TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION OF DYSMELIC CHILDREN: L. Kullmann; Magy Traumatol Orthop Helyreallito Sebesz (1989, issue 32 (2)). Pp. 99-106.
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!Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
914: Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
PGK
Phosphoglycerokinase
Anemia, Hemolytic
Erythrocyte Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Anemia, Hemolytic, Warm Antibody
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired Autoimmune
Anemia, Sideroblastic
Anemia, Aplastic
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency is an extremely rare X-linked genetic metabolic disorder. Major symptoms may include chronic anemia, neurologic impairment and muscle problems.
Symptoms
Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency affects males severely. However, one female demonstrated only anemia. Males may have mild to severe neurologic dysfunction including possible mental retardation, paralysis, seizures and/or movement disorders. They may also have behavioral problems, severe anemia and may even lapse into coma during a crisis. Muscles may be painful and there may be breakdown of muscle tissue with the passing of red-brown urine. Weakness, fatigue, and difficulty in exercising may also occur.
Causes
Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency causes an instability in the red blood cells and neurological problems. This genetic disorder is an X-linked inborn error of metabolism. The gene is on the long arm of the X chromosome at Xq13.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Affected Population
Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency is a very rare disorder that affects both males and females. Males have a more serious form of the disorder. The disorder can be diagnosed at birth when enzymatic testing is done. Only approximately 12 persons with PGK deficiency have been noted in the medical literature. A large Chinese family of several generations has been studied and other persons of other nationalities have also participated in genetic studies of the disorder. There may be more people affected but symptoms can be so minor as to go undiagnosed.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Warm Antibody Hemolytic Anemia is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells by the body's natural defenses against invading organisms (antibodies). The severity of the anemia is determined by the amount of time the red blood cells survive. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Warm Antibody, Hemolytic Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells. It occurs in individuals who previously had a normal red blood cell system. The disorder commonly occurs as the result of, or in conjunction with some other medical condition. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Sideroblastic Anemia is a blood disorder characterized by an impaired ability of the bone marrow to produce normal red blood cells. It is characterized by general weakness, fatigue and difficulty breathing. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sideroblastic Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Aplastic Anemia is characterized by bone marrow failure. The disorder may occur for unknown reasons (idiopathic) or it may be the result of a toxic reaction to radiation, certain drugs, or chemicals. The patient may first become aware of the disease by the progressive onset of weakness, fatigue, and lassitude. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Aplastic Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency may consist of iron supplements and blood transfusions when needed. The disorder is apparent at birth when enzymatic testing of the blood is done. The avoidance of strenuous exercise when evidence that muscle breakdown has taken place is very important and special care is needed during neurologic crisis to avoid life-threatening situations.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on inborn errors of metabolism is ongoing. Scientists are studying the causes of these disorders and trying to design enzyme replacement therapies that will return a missing enzyme to the body.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of hereditary disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Road
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
(0270) 250244
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1422, 1704.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th Ed.: Charles R. Scriver, et al., Editors; McGraw Hill, 1989. P. 2351.
HEMATOLOGY, 4th Ed,: William J. Williams, et al,; Editors; McGraw-Hill, Inc., P. 359.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. P. 127.
X-LINKED SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA AND ATAXIA: LINKAGE TO PHOSPHOGLYCERATE
KINASE AT Xq13., W.H. Raskind, et al.; Am J Hum Genet, February, 1991, (issue 48 (2)). Pp. 335-341.
CLONALITY IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS: ANALYSIS BY MEANS OF THE
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION., D.G. Gilliland, et al.; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, August 1, 1991, (issue 88 (15)). Pp. 6848-6852.
RED CELL ENZYMOPATHIES OF THE GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY., K.R. Tanaka, et al.; Semin Hematol, April, 1990, (issue 27 (2)). Pp. 165-185.
Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency
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Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
214: Pica
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Pica) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Eating Disorder
Pica Eating Disorder
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pica is an eating disorder which is characterized by the repeated eating of non-nutritive substances over a period of one month or longer. Patients may eat non-edible objects such as paint, plaster, dirt, ice, or laundry starch. Pica generally affects small children, pregnant women, and people whose cultural environment is most compatible with the eating of non-food items.
Symptoms
Onset of Pica is generally between 12 to 24 months of age. Infants typically eat paint, plaster, string, hair or cloth. Older children may eat substances such as animal droppings, sand, bugs, leaves or pebbles. Aversion to food is absent. Complications of the disorder are lead poisoning (from eating lead-based paints) and hairball tumors. Non-food items such as laundry starch, clay, dirt, stones, chalk and limestone are other substances which may be craved by Pica patients. Children usually outgrow Pica. Rarely adults may manifest the disorder. Pregnant women sometimes have a craving for unusual foods like pickles or ice and rarely non-food items.
For more information on Pica, see the related article in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services.
Causes
While a relationship between Pica and iron deficiency has been suggested, a cause and effect relationship has not yet been proven. Some substances which are craved by patients with this disorder interfere with the body's absorption of iron from food. Some authorities believe that Pica is a learned pattern of behavior while others theorize that it is due to other cultural, psychological and physiological factors or a combination of these factors. In many cases, correction of iron or other deficiencies in the patient may eliminate the abnormal craving which characterizes this disorder.
Affected Population
Pica can begin as early as the age of one year and is usually outgrown by six or seven years of age, but some cases persist until puberty. Some adult women, particularly pregnant women, can suffer from this disorder. Severely retarded people often must be monitored to protect them from eating non-edible substances.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Pica mainly consists of preventing patients from eating the craved, non-nutritive substances. Psychiatric counseling aimed at behavior modification is often recommended. However, for certain cultural reasons, some Pica clay and starch eaters may persist in occasionally eating a lump or two of these items.
When mineral imbalances can be identified in people who have Pica, the imbalance should be corrected with vitamin and/or mineral supplements. In many cases correction of these deficiencies will stop or reduce the craving for inedible substances.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pica, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Mental Health Association
1021 Prince St.
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 684-7722
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
1901 N. Fort Meyer Dr., Suite 500
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 524-7600
National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse
311 S. Juniper St., Rm. 902
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 735-2481
NIH/National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
(301) 443-4515 or (301) 496-1752
(800) 421-4211 (24 hrs.)
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1101.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 880, 896-7.
Pica3
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,Z,Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
11: Paget's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Paget's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Congenital Hyperphosphatasemia
Corticalis Deformans
Formans
Hyperostosis Corticalis Deformans
Hyperphosphatasemia
Osteitis deformans
Paget's Disease of Bone
Pozzi's
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Osteoporosis
Osteoarthritis
Engelmann Disease
Hypophosphatasia
Spinal Stenosis
Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Paget's disease of the bone is a chronic, slowly progressive skeletal condition of abnormally rapid bone destruction (osteolytic) and reformation (osteoblastic). The new bone is structurally abnormal, dense and fragile. The bones most frequently affected are in the spine, skull, pelvis and lower legs.
Symptoms
Early symptoms of Paget's disease include bone pain, joint pain (especially in the back, hips and knees), and headache. Physical signs include enlargement and bowing of the thighs (femurs) and lower legs (tibias), and enlargement of the skull in the area of the forehead.
As the disease progresses, other signs and symptoms often appear. These may include further bowing of the affected limbs, a waddling manner of walking (gait), muscle and sensory disturbances, and hearing loss. Congestive heart failure (high-output) may occur. Tumors of the bone (osteogenic sarcoma) are a rare complication.
Most cases of Paget's disease are without symptoms (asymptomatic) and are mild. These may be identified through x-rays of the pelvis. When symptoms occur, they are often vague and hard to distinguish from those of many other bone diseases such as lumbar spine diseases or osteoarthritis.
Diagnosis is confirmed through blood tests including serum calcium and phosphorus and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase as compared with other inflammatory bone diseases. These other bone conditions usually do not have elevated serum alkaline phosphatase. X-rays showing characteristic lesions on the back of the head (occiput) and thigh bones (femur) are important diagnostic findings.
Causes
The exact cause of Paget's Disease is not known.
Recent scientific research at the National Institutes of Health suggests that Paget's disease may be caused by a slow virus. This type of condition involves a virus which may stay dormant in the body for many years, and then reactivate later in life causing disease symptoms. It is not known whether a person must be genetically predisposed in order to harbor these types of viruses. More research is needed to determine whether genetic and/or slow virus factors are involved in the cause of this disorder.
It is possible that Paget's Disease may have a genetic factor. In a few families the disorder appears to have been inherited through a dominant gene on the X chromosome. However, most cases of Paget's disease do not appear to fit this pattern of inheritance. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In X-linked dominant disorders the female with only one X chromosome affected will develop the disease. However the affected male always has a more severe condition.
Affected Population
Paget's Disease most frequently occurs in men but it is more severe when it affects women. There may be as many as three million cases in the United States, but it is rarely diagnosed properly. Many people may have symptoms so mild that they do not seek treatment. The symptoms of Paget's disease occur most frequently between the ages of 50 and 70, though it has been known to affect younger adults. Those with a Western European heritage are more likely to have the disease.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Paget's Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
Osteoporosis is a disorder of the bones that is characterized by a decrease in the density and weight of bones (rarefaction). This can lead to fractures after even minor trauma. Osteoporosis can occur frequently in post-menopausal women or people that are immobile or sedentary. This disorder may cause pain, especially in the lower back, and a variety of deformities.
Osteoarthritis is a form of arthritis that causes the degeneration of joints in the body. Initially osteoarthritis is a noninflammatory disease and causes the gradual deterioration of the cartilage of the joints. This is the most common form of arthritis and it usually occurs in older people. Symptoms may include pain and stiffness particularly in the morning or after prolonged rest.
Engelmann Disease is a rare genetic bone disorder. Symptoms include muscle weakness, bone pain, an unusual way of walking (gait), extreme fatigue and loss of appetite (anorexia). This may lead to a general appearance of being malnourished. Symptoms usually begin in childhood. Bone pain can be severe especially in the femur. The bones at the base of the skull may be affected. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Engelmann Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hypophosphatasia is a genetic metabolic disorder that is characterized by the loss of bone (demineralization). It can occur in infants, children or adults. In infants, the loss of calcium may be associated with a weakening or bending of the bones. However, in hypophosphatasia there is a low serum alkaline phosphatase as opposed to an elevated level in people with Paget's disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hypophosphatasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Spinal stenosis is characterized by a constriction or compression of the space within the spinal canal, nerve root canals or vertebrae. This compression may lead to limping and other difficulties with walking, the inability to retain urine (urinary incontinence), temporary paralysis of the legs, and pain or burning sensations in the lower back and legs. Progressive loss of muscle control may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Spinal Stenosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna is a disorder in which there is an excessive growth or thickening of the frontal bone of the skull. This disorder has been found in connection with other conditions such as obesity, headaches, seizures, diabetes insipidus and disturbances of the sexual glands. Other symptoms may include sudden, uncontrollable electrical discharges of the brain which may cause convulsions or loss of consciousness, decreased vision, and the appearance of secondary male sexual characteristics in women (virilization). There are increased levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and serum calcium in people with Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Paget's disease is symptomatic and focuses on relieving pain, preventing deformity, fractures, and the loss of mobility.
Diphosphonates are effective medications for the treatment of Paget's disease and are given to people intermittently for periods not exceeding six months. During that time the patient is monitored closely for levels of alkaline phosphatase in the blood.
In patients who do not respond to Diphosphonates, Calcitonin and Mithramycin (a cytotoxic antibiotic used with great caution) may help slow down the rate of bone breakdown and bone turnover.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on Paget's disease is ongoing in the area of bone tissue reformation; how Paget's Disease affects the synthesis of collagen; the role of calcitonin, parathyroid, and other hormones in Paget's patients; and on the development of a method to assess bone turnover in Paget's patients.
Research is being conducted on the use of calcitonin on Paget's patients who have not responded to or have had side effects from the use of diphosphonates. Please contact:
University of Miami School of Medicine
Division of Arthritis (VA111)
P.O. Box 016960
Miami, FL 33101
(305) 547-5735
Att: Roy D. Altman, M.D.
For research currently investigating the cause of Paget's disease (including viral causes) and for possible clinical studies please contact:
Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center
Dept. of Medicine
630 W. 168th Street
New York, NY
(212) 694-3526/5731
Attn: Robert Canfield, M.D., Ethel Siris, M.D., or Thomas Jacobs, M.D.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has awarded a research grant to Ethel S. Siris, M.D., Health Sciences, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, for studies on oral calcium as a treatment for Paget's disease.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Paget's Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Paget's Disease Foundation, Inc.
(and other diseases of bone resorption)
200 Varick St., Suite 1004
New York, NY 10014-4810
(212) 229-1582
(800) 23-PAGET
(212) 229-1582
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Ave.
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 426-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 703.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1431-1433.
PAGET'S DISEASE OF BONE, R.L. Merkow and J.M. Lane; Orthop Clin North Am (January, 1990; 21(1)). Pp. 171-189.171-189.
Paget's Disease
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'Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
787: Paget's Disease of the Breast
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Paget's Disease of the Breast) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Nipple Cancer
Adenocarcinoma of the Nipple
Paget's Disease of the Nipple
Mammary or Extramammary Paget's Disease
Extramammary Paget's Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Bowen's Disease
Malignant Melanoma
Psoriasis
Mycosis Fungoides
Eczema
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Paget's Disease of the Breast is a very rare form of cancer. It is characterized by skin changes resembling eczema around the nipple and breast. It may also occur in the skin areas of the genitals and rectum. When it spreads to these areas of the body Paget's Disease of the Breast is called Extramammary Paget's Disease. Paget's Disease of the Breast often signals the existence of other internal cancer. It can occur in men as well as women.
Paget's Disease of the Breast is not Paget's Disease of the bones. For more information about the type of Paget's Disease that effects the bones, choose "Paget's" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Symptoms
Paget's Disease of the Breast is characterized by scaling, oozing and sharply defined inflamed patches on the skin of the nipple and areola of the breast. This disorder occurs in both men and women. It is nearly always associated with glandular (adenocarcinoma) cancer of the breast. It may or may not spread to the genital and rectal areas. If it does spread, Paget's Disease of the Breast is called Extramammary Paget's disease. When spreading occurs the Extramammary Paget's Disease is characterized by itchy, patchy, crusty areas with well defined borders that may include the lower abdominal wall, naval area, vagina, and rectum in women. In men the rectum, prostate, urethra and other parts of the genital and urinary tracts may be involved. When detected early and involving only the nipple area of the breast, the cure rate for Paget's Disease of the Breast is very high. However, when extramammary tissue is involved the treatment is more difficult.
Causes
The exact cause of Paget's Disease of the Breast and Extramammary Paget's Disease is not known. Since the disorder arises from skin (epidermotropic) cancer cells in the connective tissue layer (parenchyma) of the breast, some scientists believe that this type of cancer may be an early warning sign of more common breast cancers or other internal forms of cancer.
Affected Population
Paget's Disease of the Breast is a very rare from of cancer. It affects both males and females. However, the ratio is much higher in women than in men, and the age of onset is usually after the age of fifty.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Paget's Disease Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Bowen's Disease is a precancerous, slow growing skin malignancy. The major symptom is a red-brown, scaly or crusted patch on the skin which resembles psoriasis or dermatitis. It may occur on any part of the skin or in the mucous membranes. The patch is usually irregular in shape and causes a raised area which shows an oozing red surface when the crust is scratched or removed. Like many forms of skin cancer, chronic sun exposure may cause it to develop. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Bowen" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Malignant Melanoma is a common form of skin cancer. It is marked by tumors of the pigmentation cells (melanocyte) of the skin. These tumors may appear in different sizes, shapes, and shades of color, and may spread to adjacent parts of the body. Tumors may also spread through the blood and lymph circulation to other organs. Early treatment of malignant Melanoma is essential in order to cure the disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Malignant Melanoma" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Psoriasis is a common chronic and recurrent skin disorder characterized by dry, well-circumscribed silvery gray scaling spots or plaques which usually appear on the scalp, elbows, or knees. Symptoms may begin gradually. Psoriasis characteristically involves the scalp, extremities, the back and buttocks with sharply outlined lesions consisting of red spots or plaques covered with scales that usually do not itch. These lesions may heal without scarring and hair growth near the plaques is not affected. In severe cases, Psoriasis lesions may appear in pustular form. General health usually is not affected, unless severe arthritis (psoriatic arthritis) or untreatable scaling develops. However, stress may be caused by the stigma of an unsightly skin disorder. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Psoriasis" or "Psoriatic Arthritis" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Mycosis Fungoides is a chronic progressive lymphocyte disorder arising in the skin. In advanced cases, ulcerated tumors and infiltration of lymph nodes by diseased cells may occur. The disorder may spread to other parts of the body including the gastrointestinal system, liver, spleen, or brain. Itching, pain, skin plaques, fever, weight loss and anemia may occur. The cause is unknown. It is thought to be a malignant growth of lymph tissue originating in the skin. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Mycosis Fungoides" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Eczema is a very prevalent skin disorder characterized by red, itchy, non-contagious inflammation of the skin. It may be acute or chronic with red skin patches, pimples, crusts, or scabs occurring either alone or together. The skin may be dry or it may discharge a watery fluid, resulting in an itching or burning sensation. The affected skin may become infected. Eczema tends to occur in persons who have allergies.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Paget's Disease of the Breast involves determining exactly which type of Paget's is present. When there is disease of the nipple of the breast with no lymph nodes affected, surgery is usually performed to remove the affected area. Radiation and/or chemotherapy with or without surgery may also be necessary. If there is lymph node involvement as well as disease of the nipple, surgery may involve a simple or radical mastectomy and radiation treatment. If the Paget's is present because of other underlying cancer of the breast, then that cancer is treated first and the Paget' treatment is determined by the type of other cancer found. When the patient has Extramammary Paget's the treatment is determined by the organs affected.
One of the most effective tools in diagnosing breast cancers is mammography. However, in many cases of Paget's Disease of the Breast no mass is present and a mammogram may not indicate presence of a malignancy. In this situation the nipple wedge biopsy may show Paget's Disease of the Nipple as well as intraduct carcinoma of the breast.
Anti-Keratin antibody staining is also a very helpful technique used by physicians to determine the exact type of Paget's Disease of the Breast the patient has. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on all types of breast cancer is being pursued at the National Cancer Institute. For information about investigational therapies and clinical trials contact the National Cancer Institute listed in the Resources section of this report.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Paget's Disease of the Breast, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Skin Cancer Foundation
475 Park Avenue, South
New York, NY 10001
212-725-5176
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington, DC and suburbs In Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, 808-524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
References
PAGET'S DISEASE OF THE BREAST, J.A. Sanchez, et al.; Am Fam Physician (August, 1987, issue 36 (2)). Pp. 145-147.
MAMMOGRAPHY IN THE SYMPTOMATIC WOMAN. S. Edeiken, Cancer, (April, 1989, issue 1; 63 (7)). Pp. 1412-1414.
RADIOTHERAPY FOR PAGET'S DISEASE OF THE NIPPLE: A CONSERVATIVE
ALTERNATIVE. A.D. Stockdale, et al.; (September, 1989, issue 16;2 (8664)). Pp. 664-666.
THE HISTOGENESIS OF MAMMARY AND EXTRAMAMMARY PAGET'S DISEASE, R.R. Jones, et al,; Histopathology (April, 1989, issue 14 (4)). Pp. 409-416.
Paget's Disease of the Breast
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Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
512: Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Chromosome 12, Isochromosome 12p Mosaicism
Killian Syndrome
Killian/Teschler-Nicola Syndrome
Pallister Mosaic Syndrome
Pallister Mosaic Syndrome Tetrasomy 12p
Teschler-Nicola/Killian Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Chromosome 12, Partial Trisomy 12P
Hypomelanosis of ITO
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that occurs for no apparent reason. Major symptoms may include a coarse face with a high forehead, sparse hair on the scalp, an abnormally wide space between the eyes, a fold of the skin over the inner corner of the eyes, and a broad nasal bridge with a highly arched palate. Mental retardation, loss of muscle tone, and streaks of skin lacking color are often present.
Symptoms
Patients with Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome typically have low muscle tone at birth, sparse scalp hair, a high forehead, a coarse face, an abnormally wide space between the eyes, a broad nasal bridge, a highly arched palate, a fold of the skin over the inner corner of the eyes, and large ears with lobes that are thick and protrude outward.
Other features frequently found in patients with this disorder may include: streaks of skin in which there is no color (hypopigmentation), extra nipples, seizures, droopy upper eyelids, crossed eyes (strabismus), joints that will not move (contractures), and delays in perceiving, recognizing, judging, sensing, reasoning or imagining (cognitive delays).
Congenital heart defects, hernia's of the diaphragm, a narrowing of the external auditory canal (stenosis) and an abnormal opening in the anus have also been associated with Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome.
Causes
Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome is caused by tetrasomy for chromosome 12p. Patients with Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome have four copies of the short arm of chromosome 12 instead of the normal two. All recorded cases of this disorder have been sporadic (not believed to be hereditary).
Affected Population
Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. There have been approximately 30 cases of this disorder reported in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hypomelanosis of ITO is a rare disorder in which the main characteristic is lesions of the skin. A whorl-like lack of pigmentation of the skin may occur on any part of the body except the soles, palms, and scalp. Over half of the patients with this disorder may have seizures, mental retardation, crossed eyes, nearsightedness, a cleft along the edge of the eyeball (coloboma), an abnormally small head and/or an abnormal overgrowth of brain tissue (megalencephaly). Autosomal dominant inheritance has been suggested in some cases.
Chromosome 12, Partial Trisomy 12P, is a rare genetic disorder in which there is a triplicated section of the short arm of the 12th chromosome. Patients with this disorder have a lack of muscle tone (hypotonia), growth retardation, and distinct facial features such as a flat upturned nose with a wide bridge, shallow eye sockets, a vertical fold of the skin over the inner corner of the eye, an upward slant of the opening between the upper and lower eyelids, a long thick lower lip, a large tongue and short broad hands with the fifth finger bent to the side. Chromosome 12, Partial Trisomy 12P affects females twice as often as males.
Therapies: Standard
Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome can be diagnosed prenatally by removing a small amount of fluid that is in the womb during pregnancy (amniocentesis), or by studying the cell parts that concern heredity, especially chromosomes (cytogenetic) in bone marrow.
Children with Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome may benefit from early intervention programs and special education.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of birth defects in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pallister-Killian Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Pallister-Killian Family Support Group
4255 5th Ave., SW
Naples, FL 33999
(813) 455-0400
Association for Retarded Citizens of the U.S.
P.O. Box 6109
Arlington, TX 76005
(817) 640-0204
1-800-433-5255
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10505
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., Editor; W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 176.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1353.
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF PALLISTER-KILLIAN SYNDROME: S. Soukup, et al.; Am J Med Genet (April, 1990, issue 35(4)). Pp. 526-8.
MOSAICISM IN PALLISTER i(12p) SYNDROME: S.L. Wenger, et al.; Am J Med Genet (April, 1990, issue 35(4)). Pp. 523-5.
PALLISTER-KILLIAN MOSAIC SYNDROME WITH EMPHASIS ON THE ADULT PHENOTYPE:
O.W. Quarrell, et al.; Am J Med Genet (December, 1988, issue 31(4)). Pp. 841-4.
ISOCHROMOSOME 12p MOSAICISM (PALLISTER-KILLIAN SYNDROME): NEWBORN DIAGNOSIS BY DIRECT BONE MARROW ANALYSIS: B.E. Ward, et al.; Am J Genet (December, 1988, issue 31(4)). Pp. 835-9.
SKELETAL ANOMALIES IN A PATIENT WITH THE PALLISTER/TESCHLER-
NICOLA/KILLIAN SYNDROME: H Kawashima; Am J Med Genet (June, 1987, issue 28(2)). Pp. 285-9.
Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome
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900: Pallister-W Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pallister-W Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
W Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome
Frontometaphyseal Dysplasia
Larsen Syndrome
Oro-Facial-Digital Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pallister-W Syndrome is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder or an autosomal dominant condition that is apparent at birth. Major symptoms may include unusual facial clefting, broad based nose, widely spaced slanting eyes and seizures. Mental retardation, speech problems, and bone deformities of the arms and legs can also occur.
Symptoms
Pallister-W Syndrome is apparent at birth. It is characterized by widely-spaced eyes, broad, flat nasal bridge, central clefting of the palate or upper lip, seizures and mental retardation. There may also be bone abnormalities in the arms and legs. Cowlick (hair that does not lie flat on the head), missing teeth, a high forehead and slanting of the eyelids has also been noted.
Causes
The exact cause of Pallister-W Syndrome is not known. The disorder is thought to be caused either by X-linked recessive or autosomal dominant genetic transmission. Males are affected more severely than females.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Affected Population
Pallister-W Syndrome is a very rare disorder. It affects males and females in equal numbers. However, males are more severely affected than females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pallister-W Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome, Types I and II, characteristically affect males more severely than females. Clefting of the palate, slanting of the eyes, abnormalities of the face, fingers and toes, and speech problems occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Oto-Palato-Digital" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Frontometaphyseal Dysplasia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by coarse facial features that include a wide nasal bridge, widely spaced eyes, overgrowth of the bone over the eyes, a small jawbone and incomplete development of the sinuses. Multiple deformities of the teeth and bones may also be present. Occasionally mental retardation may occur.
Larsen Syndrome is a multi-system genetic disorder that is present at birth. It is characterized by multiple bone dislocations and abnormalities, an extremely high arch of the foot, non-tapering cylindrically shaped fingers, and an unusual facial appearance. In some cases short stature, heart problems, cleft palate or lips, deafness and/or mental retardation may occur. This disorder is inherited through an autosomal dominant or recessive trait. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Larsen" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Oro-Facial-Digital Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder in which there have been four types identified. Symptoms common to all types include episodes of neuromuscular disturbances, split tongue, splits in the jaw, midline cleft lip, overgrowth of the membrane that supports the tongue, a broad based nose, vertical folds of the skin covering the inner angle where the eyelids meet (epicanthic folds), more than the normal number of fingers and/or toes, shorter than normal fingers and/or toes, and more than the normal number of divisions between skull sections. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Oro-Facial-Digital" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Pallister-W Syndrome may consist of surgery to repair the clefting of the palate and lip. Anti-seizure medication may be prescribed to control seizures, and surgery to repair deformities of the arms and legs may also be necessary. Special education and related services will be helpful in school, and speech therapy may be required after surgical repair of the cleft palate.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of birth defects in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pallister-W Syndrome, please contact"
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle Street, Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
(800) 535-3643
Let's Face It
Box 711
Concord, MA 01742
(508) 371-3186
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
American Cleft Palate Cranial Facial Association
1218 Granview Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15211
(412) 681-1376
(800) 24CLEFT
National Foundation for Facial Reconstruction
550 First Ave.
New York, NY 11016
(212) 340-6656
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1703.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1354-55.
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"Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
716: Pancreatic Islet-Cell Tumor
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pancreatic Islet-Cell Tumor) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Endocrine Tumor
Encephalopathy, Hypoglycemic
Multiple Endocrine Adenomatosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Hypoglycemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pancreatic-islet cell tumors appear in one of two forms. They may be non functioning or functioning tumors. Nonfunctioning tumors may cause obstruction in the shortest part of the small intestine (duodenum) or in the biliary tract which connects the liver to the duodenum and includes the gall bladder. These nonfunctioning tumors may erode and bleed into the stomach and/or the intestines, or they may cause an abdominal mass.
Functioning tumors secrete excessive amounts of hormones which may lead to various syndromes including low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), multiple bleeding ulcers (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome), pancreatic cholera (Verner-Morrison Syndrome), carcinoid syndrome or diabetes.
Islet cells are small, isolated masses of cells which make up the Islet of Langerhans in the pancreas. When functioning normally, they secrete the protein hormones insulin and glucagon. Tumors composed of irregular islet cells may occur alone or in a group of many tumors. Approximately 90% of islet-cell tumors are noncancerous (benign). They usually range in size from 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter.
Symptoms
Symptoms of pancreatic islet-cell tumor vary with the type of hormone-producing tumor that occurs. Generally, symptoms include periodic attacks of pain in the abdomen which increase in severity and frequency. Insulin-secreting tumors may result in abnormally low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), and may produce such symptoms as headache, visual disturbances, confusion, weakness, sweating, uncontrollable tremors or quivering, loss of muscular coordination (ataxia), personality changes, palpitations, convulsions or coma. Symptoms of severe hypoglycemia may be confused with those of many neurologic or psychiatric disorders.
Pancreatic islet-cell tumors which produce the hormone gastrin commonly result in multiple ulcers. Approximately 50% of these tumors are benign and their growth and spread are slow. Symptoms of ulcers may include gastrointestinal bleeding, stomach pain and diarrhea.
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is characterized by multiple ulcers which may be caused by gastrin secreting islet-cell tumors of the pancreas. These ulcers commonly bleed, cause stomach pain and diarrhea. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Zollinger-Ellison" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Certain pancreatic islet-cell tumors which secret the hormone vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) are responsible for such symptoms as severe watery diarrhea, dehydration, intermittent vomiting, weight loss, weakness, decreased potassium in the blood (hypokalemia), excess calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia), reduced or absent gastric secretion and degenerative changes in the spine. This disorder is called Verner-Morrison Syndrome or Pancreatic Cholera.
Causes
The exact cause of pancreatic islet-cell tumors is not known. However scientists believe certain forms of this disorder may be inherited.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. Verner-Morrison syndrome and a particular form of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome are inherited as autosomal dominant traits.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Pancreatic islet-cell tumors occur most often in males between the ages of 30 and 60.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Pancreatic Isleta-Cell Tumors. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hypoglycemia is characterized by abnormally low blood sugar, and may be caused by excess insulin in the body. Symptoms of hypoglycemia may include faintness, weakness, jitteriness, profuse perspiration, excessive hunger and nervousness. Islet-cell tumors of the pancreas may be one source of the excess insulin, although hypoglycemia often occurs for unknown reasons. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hypoglycemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Small benign tumors at or near the surface of the pancreas can usually be surgically removed. If the tumor is large or deep into the body or tail of the pancreas, a portion of the pancreas may be removed. Total removal of the pancreas (pancreatectomy) is reserved only for large malignant tumors of the pancreas. Surgical cure rates are very high for small benign tumors. The drugs Diazoxide and Streptozocin (for insulinoma) are frequently administered to control symptoms or reduce the size of the tumor.
Gastrin secreting pancreatic islet-cell tumors (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome) may be treated with the drug Cimetidine which greatly reduces gastric acid output and promotes healing and alleviates symptoms. Surgical removal of the tumor is possible in approximately 20% of all patients. Streptozocin is also used to reduce diarrhea and tumor mass. The drug Sandostatin has been found to be effective in controlling diarrhea and suppressing secretion of the hormones gastrin, insulin, glucagon and VIP by islet-cell tumors.
Pancreatic cholera (Verner-Morrison Syndrome) must be treated by replacing fluids and electrolytes lost in numerous watery stools. The tumor may be surgically removed in approximately 50% of the cases. Streptozocin may also be administered to reduce diarrhea and tumor mass. Some individuals may respond to a corticosteroid drug such as Prednisone. Sandostatin may be administered for severe diarrhea and to reduce elevated VIP levels produced by islet-cell tumors.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pancreatic Islet-Cell Tumors, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 269-271.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 495-499.
ISLET CELL CARCINOMAS OF THE PANCREAS: A TWENTY YEAR EXPERIENCE. G.B.
Thompson et al; SURGERY, (Dec 1988; 104(6):1011-1017).
NONFUNCTIONING ISLET CELL CARCINOMA OF THE PANCREAS. COMPLETE RESPONSE TO
CONTINUOUS 5-FLUOROURACIL INFUSION. R. Hansen et al; CANCER, (Jul 1 1988; 62(1):15-17).
Pancreatic Islet-Cell Tumor
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
286: Panic-Anxiety Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Panic-Anxiety Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Panic Disorder
Anxiety State
Anxiety Neurosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Panic-Anxiety Syndrome is a psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent and unpredictable anxiety attacks with no apparent cause for the symptoms, such as threat of danger or attack.
Symptoms
The main feature of Panic-Anxiety Syndrome is the recurrence of panic attacks. Psychological symptoms may include intense apprehension, unreasonable fear of dying or impending doom, fear of becoming insane, or dread of losing control of the self. Physical manifestations are generally those commonly associated with panic or anxiety such as difficulty in breathing, irregular heartbeat, sweating, trembling and faintness. In addition, patients may experience chest pain, feelings of unreality, abnormal sensations (burning or pricking), dizziness, or hot and cold flashes. The symptoms usually become apparent in late adolescence or early adulthood. Attacks, which can occur at any time, usually last only minutes, though in rare cases they may last hours.
Complications may develop from the symptoms associated with the disorder. Agoraphobia, the fear of being in public places, may result from the patient's apprehensions about losing control. Between attacks patients affected with Panic-Anxiety Syndrome can suffer from symptoms of nervousness, caused by fear of future attacks; these symptoms include a tensing of the muscles, increased blood pressure and heart rate. Patients may turn to abuse of alcohol or anxiety relieving medications to alleviate their constant nervousness. The result may be Depressive Disorders which can further complicate treatment.
Causes
Panic-Anxiety Syndrome is believed to be caused by biochemical factors, though the specific cause of the disorder is not yet known. The disorder is possibly caused by excessive secretion of the neurohormone norepinephrine, which stimulates the autonomic nervous system. Another possible cause is a hypersensitivity to lactates (a substance which usually accumulates during physical exertion). Also, studies with caffeine have suggested a link in some cases between Panic-Anxiety Syndrome and abnormalities in the neural systems involving adenosine (a chemical in the body related to caffeine). Researchers have been able to trigger panic attacks in patients by exposing them to carbon dioxide or other substances normally not found in the brain. In 1988, researchers reported that a brain chemical known as cholecystokinin (given to patients intravenously) could trigger panic attacks 20 seconds after injection. It is not clear whether panic anxiety syndrome may be caused by a surge in the natural level of cholecystokinin, or whether brains of people with this disorder are abnormally sensitive to it.
Affected Population
Panic-Anxiety Syndrome tends to affect females more commonly than males.
Related Disorders
Different Phobias can cause physical symptoms similar to Panic-Anxiety Syndrome, but they occur only in response to specific stimuli. Panic-Anxiety Syndrome may be differentiated by the unpredictability of the anxiety attacks.
Withdrawal from some drugs such as barbiturates and substance intoxications (such as caffeine or amphetamines), may also produce symptoms of Panic Disorder.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is symptomatized by chronic anxiety, like that experienced between anxiety attacks in Panic-Anxiety Syndrome. Panic-Anxiety Syndrome may be distinguished from Generalized Anxiety Disorder by the recurrence of fits of panic.
Finally, patients with other mental disorders such as Schizophrenia, Major Depression, or Somatization Disorder may experience symptoms of panic attacks.
Therapies: Standard
Primarily, there are two drugs used to treat Panic-Anxiety Syndrome: alprazolam and imipramine hydrochloride. Alprazolam acts as a tranquilizer and reduces the patient's hypersensitivity to lactate. The therapeutic efficacy of imipramine hydrochloride, on the other hand, has been linked to its inhibitory effect on norepinephrine (a neurotransmitter associated with anxiety or tension) turnover.
Therapies: Investigational
Research is ongoing into new therapies for the treatment of Panic-Anxiety Syndrome.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Panic-Anxiety Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Anxiety Disorders Association of America
6000 Executive Blvd., Suite 200
Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 231-9350
Mental Health Association
1021 Prince St.
Alexandria, VA 22314
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
1901 N. Fort Meyer Dr., Suite 500
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 524-7600
National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse
311 S. Juniper St., Rm. 902
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 735-2481
NIH/National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
(301) 443-4515 or (301) 496-1752
(800) 421-4211 (24 hrs.)
References
DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS; 3rd ed.: Robert L. Spitzer, et. al. eds; American Psychiatric Association, 1980. Pp. 230-2.
NEUROENDOCRINE CORRELATES OF LACTATE-INDUCED ANXIETY AND THEIR RESPONSE
TO CHRONIC ALPRAZOLAM THERAPY; D. B. Carr et al.: American Journal of Psychiatry, April 1986; 143(4): Pp. 483-494.
NORADRENERGIC FUNCTION AND THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIANXIETY
TREATMENT; D. S. Charney and G. R. Heninger: Archives of General Psychiatry, May 1985, 42(5): Pp. 473-481.
INCREASED ANXIOGENIC EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE IN PANIC DISORDERS; D. S. Charney et al.: Archives of General Psychiatry, March, 1985; 42(3): Pp. 233-243.
Panic-Anxiety Syndrome%
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
744: Papillitis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Papillitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Optic Neuritis
Optic Neuropathy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Giant Cell Arteritis
Multiple Sclerosis
Retrobulbar Neuritis
Syphilis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Papillitis is a progressive inflammation of all or part of the optic nerve which can lead to loss of vision. It is usually preceded by a viral illness or other inflammatory disease.
Symptoms
Papillitis is an inflammation in or about the optic nerve. It is characterized by a rapid loss of vision. This is the only symptom of this disease. It can occur within one to two days of onset, and may last for months. Recovery may be spontaneous, but permanent loss of vision can occur if the underlying cause is not diagnosed and treated.
In the elderly with Giant Cell Arteritis, there may be headaches and fatigue as well as loss of vision in one eye. In some cases it may progress to the other eye and cause total blindness.
Causes
There are many causes of Papillitis. It may be caused by an inflammation of the temporal artery, toxins or chemicals such as lead or ethanol, syphilis, or a tumor in another part of the body. Symptoms may also occur after a viral illness. In some cases there may be no apparent cause.
Affected Population
Papillitis affects males and females in equal numbers and can occur at any age.
Related Disorders
The following disorders may be associated with Papillitis.
Giant Cell Arteritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the branches of the aortic arch. This disorder is found principally in the temporal and occipital arteries, but may develop in almost any of the large arteries. It rarely involves veins. Papillitis may occur in people with Giant Cell Arteritis. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Arteritis, Giant Cell" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) which may be progressive, relapsing and remitting, or stable. People with MS have small nerve lesions called plaques that may form randomly throughout the brain and spinal cord. These patches prevent proper transmission of nerve signals and thus result in a variety of neurological symptoms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Multiple Sclerosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Retrobulbar Neuritis is an inflammation of that portion of the optic nerve that lies behind the eyeball. Many cases of this disease are caused by multiple sclerosis while others may be due to viral or infectious disorders. In most cases there may be no apparent cause. This disease usually affects one eye and is characterized by pain associated with movement of the eye, headache and a rapid and progressive loss of vision.
Syphilis is a chronic, highly infectious disease acquired through sexual intercourse. This disease may involve any organ or tissue of the body. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Chlamydia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
If spontaneous remission does not occur in people with Papillitis it is usually treated with the corticosteroid drugs prednisone or methylprednisolone. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Papillitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-5248
Vision Foundation, Inc.
818 Mt. Auburn Street
Watertown, MA 02172
(617) 926-4232
(800) 852-3029 (within Massachusetts)
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 2171.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1987. Pp. 2240.
OPTIC NEURITIS IN CHILDREN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: A
CLINICAL STUDY IN 21 CHILDREN. R. Riikonen, et al.; DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, (June 1988, issue 30 (3)). Pp. 349-359.
TRANSVERSE MYELITIS AND OPTIC NEURITIS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHROMATOSUS:
A CASE REPORT WITH RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS. J. Kenik, et al.; ARTHRITIS RHEUM (August 1987, issue 30 (8)). Pp. 947-950.
RECOVERY AFTER OPTIC NEURITIS IN CHILDHOOD. A. Kriss, et al.; J NEUROSURG PSYCHIATRY, (October 1988, issue 51 (10)). Pp. 1253-1258.
OPTIC NEURITIS IN THE ELDERLY: PROGNOSIS FOR VISUAL RECOVERY AND LONG-
TERM FOLLOW-UP. D. Jacobsen, et al.; NEUROLOGY (December 1988, issue 38 (12)). Pp. 1834-1837.
TREATMENT OF OPTIC NEURITIS WITH INTRAVENOUS MEGADOSE CORTICOSTEROIDS. A
CONSECUTIVE SERIES. T. Spoor, et al.; OPHTHALMOLOGY (January 1988, issue 95 (1)). Pp. 131-134.
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159: Paracoccidioidomycosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Paracoccidioidomycosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
South American Blastomycosis
Lutz-Splendore-Almeida Disease
Paracoccidioidal Granuloma
Including: Lobo Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Paracoccidioidomycosis is an infectious fungal disease involving the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and internal organs. The disease occurs primarily in South and Central America. It usually affects men between the ages of 20 and 50 years. The disease is fatal if not treated, but several effective therapeutic drugs exist.
Symptoms
Paracoccidioidomycosis occurs in four clinical forms, depending on the affected individual's immunological reaction to the pathogenic organism, and the extent to which the organism becomes systemic. The four forms are:
l. Mucocutaneous Paracoccidioidomycosis
2. Lymphatic Paracoccidioidomycosis
3. Visceral Paracoccidioidomycosis
4. Pulmonary Paracoccidioidomycosis
The four forms may occur simultaneously, only one may occur, or one may give way to another as the disease progresses. The pathogen spreads from one part of the body to another primarily via the lymph and blood.
Mucocutaneous Paracoccidioidomycosis affects the skin, mucous membranes, and the borders between the two, particularly on the face, mouth (including the gums, tongue, palate, tonsils), and nose. Small ulcers with tiny yellowish areas containing the fungus gradually expand over the area involved, while nearby lymph nodes enlarge and adhere to the undersurface of the skin causing some pain. As cells of the lymph nodes are destroyed, they discharge a puss-like fluid through the skin.
In the lymphatic form of Paracoccidioidomycosis, larger lymph nodes are involved in addition to those described above. The nodes in the mesentery (membrane connecting and supporting the abdominal organs), the neck, and the armpits are greatly, although generally painlessly, enlarged.
The spleen, liver, pancreas, kidneys, intestines, and rarely, the brain, are involved in Visceral Paracoccidiodomycosis.
In Pulmonary Paracoccidioidomycosis, the patient has a cough, often with bloody sputum, difficulty breathing, fever, fatigue, weight loss, and an overall feeling of discomfort.
Causes
Paracoccidioidomycosis is caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. (This fungus used to be known as Blastomyces brasiliensis.)
Affected Population
Paracoccidiodomycosis occurs only in Central and South America, and is especially prevalent in the coffee growing regions of Brazil. It affects men about 10 times as often as women. Most affected men are between 20 and 50 years of age.
Related Disorders
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal disease, of which there are many other examples. The organism causing this disorder used to be classified in the same group as that responsible for Blastomycosis. Thus, Blastomycosis was known as North American Blastomycosis, while Paracoccidioidomycosis was known as South American Blastomycosis.
Therapies: Standard
Amphotericin B is the antifungal treatment of choice for Paracoccidiodomycosis, and is usually effective. In patients who do not tolerate this drug, sulfonamides suppress symptoms and progress of the disease, but do not eliminate the pathogen.
Therapies: Investigational
Ketoconazole is currently under investigation for the treatment of Paracoccidiodomycosis and other systemic fungal infections.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Paracoccidiomycosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1843-4.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 143.
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907: Paramyotonia Congenita
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Paramyotonia Congenita) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Eulenburg Disease
Myotonia Congenita Intermittens
Paralysis Periodica Paramyotonica
Paramyotonia Congenita of Von Eulenburg
Von Eulenburg Paramyotonia Congenita
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
Myotonic Dystrophy
Thomsen Disease
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Paramyotonia Congenita is a rare muscular disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. This nonprogressive disorder is characterized by a condition in which the muscles do not relax after contracting (myotonia). Symptoms can be triggered by exposure to the cold. There are also intermittent periods of a type of paralysis in which there is no muscle tone (flaccid paresis). This condition does not necessarily coincide with exposure to cold temperatures or myotonia. There is no wasting (atrophy) or increase in bulk (hypertrophy) of muscles with this disorder.
Symptoms
Patients with Paramyotonia Congenita have a condition in which the muscles do not relax after contracting (myotonia). This condition may become worse with exposure to the cold. The muscles of the face, tongue and hands are most often affected. Repeated contractions of the muscles can aggravate the myotonia (paradoxical myotonia).
Some patients with Paramyotonia Congenita may experience a form of paralysis in which muscle tone is lacking (flaccid paresis). These attacks may be accompanied by increased levels of potassium in the blood in some cases but not in others.
Paramyotonia Congenita is usually apparent during infancy and is not progressive. Patients with this disorder do not have wasting of muscles (atrophy) or an increase of muscle bulk (hypertrophy).
Causes
Paramyotonia Congenita is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Paramyotonia Congenita is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. Three large families with multiple generations of affected members have accounted for at least 60 patients with Paramyotonia Congenita.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Paramyotonia Congenita. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis is rare disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and typically detected during infancy. This disorder is characterized by periodic muscle weakness with or without muscles that do not relax after contracting (myotonia). Patients may have attacks once a week or several times a day. Typically the periods of muscle weakness last from one half an hour to an hour. This weakness may be found in the calves or thighs of the legs, lower back, arms, neck and/or eyelids. Periods of muscle weakness usually follow rest after exercise, hunger, infection, exposure to the cold and/or emotional stress. Permanent weakness and wasting of muscles may develop later on.
Myotonic Dystrophy is a rare disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. This disorder involves the muscles, vision, and endocrine glands. Myotonic Dystrophy usually begins during young adulthood and is marked initially by an inability to relax muscles after contraction. Loss of muscle strength, mental deficiency, cataracts, reduction of testicular function, and frontal baldness are also symptomatic of this disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Myotonic Dystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Thomsen Disease is a rare disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. This neuromuscular disorder usually begins early in life. Difficulty in initiating movement combined with slowness of muscle relaxation are the primary symptoms. Muscle stiffness of the entire body may also occur. Thomsen Disease is generally a nonprogressive disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Thomsen Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Some patients with Paramyotonia Congenita may benefit from acetazolamide or thiazide diuretic drugs to reduce the number of paralytic attacks.
Treatment with the drug tocainide may help reduce the cold-induced symptoms in some patients.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Paramyotonia Congenita, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 708.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2284.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1365-66.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.; Raymond D. Adams, M.D. and Maurice Victor, M.D., Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, 1989. Pp. 1163.
PARAMYOTONIA CONGENITA OR HYPERKALEMIC PERIODIC PARALYSIS? CLINICAL AND
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF EACH ENTITY IN ONE FAMILY: S.M. de Silva, et al.; Muscle Nerve (January, 1990, issue 13(1)). Pp. 21-6.
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)Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
398: Paraplegia, Hereditary Spastic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
HSP
Strumpell's Familial Paraplegia
Strumpell-Lorrain Familial Spasmodic Paraplegia
Spastic Spinal Familial Paralysis
Spastic Congenital Paraplegia
Spasmodic Infantile Paraplegia
Familial Spastic Paraplegia
FSP
Disorder Subdivision:
Familial Spastic Paraperesis from Associated HTLV-1 Infection
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Werdnig-Hoffman Syndrome
Arteriovenous Malformation of the Spine, Type III
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia is an inherited neurological disorder characterized by slow progressive degeneration of the corticospinal and other nerve cells in the spinal cord. Abnormal narrowness of the passage inside of the vertebral canal can cause compression of the spinal cord and is one possible cause of this condition. This may cause paralysis. The severity of symptoms depends upon how much the nerves are compressed and damaged. Occasionally associated with other conditions, symptoms are usually first noticed during early childhood although they can begin at any age. Weakness, stiffness and muscle spasms first develop in the legs and may later spread to other parts of the body.
Symptoms
Initial symptoms of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia usually include weakness, muscle spasms, and stiffness of the legs. Leg muscles may contract or a heel deformity may occur making walking difficult. Speech disturbances can also appear. Difficulty in swallowing, exaggeration of tendon reflexes and general muscle weakening may develop as this disorder progresses. Symptoms can range from mild to severe depending upon the mode of inheritance (dominant or recessive genes), and the degree to which the nerves are compressed or damaged.
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia can be associated with other conditions such as mental retardation, deafness, premature puberty, congenital deformities of the foot, tremors, dwarfism or delayed speech development.
Causes
In general, the abnormally narrow vertebral canal in the spinal column of people with Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia causes various degrees of nerve compression which leads to muscle weakness and/or paralysis. The disorder may be inherited through either a dominant recessive transmission. Depending upon which mode of transmission has caused the disorder, several subtypes of HSP have been identified. These subtypes can be differentiated by associated symptoms.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Hereditary and Familial Spastic Paraplegia is usually an inherited neurologic disorder. However, a study has recently been concluded in a family in Paraguay, that shows a definite transmission of Human HTLV-1 virus (known to cause Leukemia and Lymphoma) through breast milk that results in a condition of Spastic Paraplegia in some of the family members. This cause of the Spastic Paraplegia was shown to have no genetic transmission but to have passed from mother to child through nursing. Similar Spastic Paraparesis types associated with HTLV-1 virus transmission have been recognized in persons in Japan.
Affected Population
According to a study done in Italy, Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia occurs at a rate of 1.3 cases per 100,000 population. Researchers noted that prevalence may be less frequent in other countries. The disorder seems to occur more frequently in males than females. Symptoms are usually first noticed in childhood, but can begin at any age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may be similar to Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia.
Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease, also known as Progressive Spinal Muscular Atrophy, is a severe progressive neuromuscular disorder which usually begins in infancy. It is characterized by a generalized atrophy and weakness of the muscles of the trunk and extremities which occur as a result of degenerative changes in the spinal cord. This weakness, referred to as the "amyotonia congenital syndrome" may also be found in other neuromuscular disorders. Tendon reflexes in Werdnig-Hoffmann are usually depressed or absent. The rate of progression can vary. In general, the earlier the onset of this disorder, the faster the progression will be. In very rare cases, symptoms may appear after infancy; in these cases, progression is usually slower than in the infantile form. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Werdnig" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) of the Spine (Type III) is characterized by a lesion consisting of tangled or coiled blood vessels in the neck. This type of AVM usually first occurs during childhood and is marked by back pain associated with sensory loss and muscle weakness in the legs. The lesion has multiple feeding vessels with a large malformation that often appears to fill the entire spinal canal. These abnormalities are present at birth even though symptoms may be delayed for many years. AVM seems to occur in males more often than females. (For more information on this disorder, choose AVM as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia includes careful supervision of feeding when mouth, larynx and/or esophageal muscles are involved. Physical therapy may help maintain muscle use to avoid fixation of joints and muscle contractures. A foot brace may improve muscle or tendon constrictures in the feet. Numerous drugs are available for treatment of muscle spasms and other symptoms. Communication devices may be useful if a patient loses the ability to talk. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling will be helpful to families of affected individuals.
Therapies: Investigational
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has awarded an orphan drug research grant to John H. Growdon, M.D., Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, for studies on the experimental drug L-threonine for Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia.
Infusion of the drug Baclofen by a surgically implanted pump is being studied by scientists for spasticity. Infusion of the drug directly into the spinal space, rather than given orally, seems to provide patients with better relief of spasticity and improves muscle tone for longer periods of time. Less Baclofen seems to be needed when it is infused rather than given orally.
Research on Baclofen for spasticity is supported by an Orphan Drug grant from the FDA. More research is needed to provide evidence of the safety and effectiveness of this type of Baclofen.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1274 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
HEREDITARY "PURE" SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA: A CLINICAL AND GENETIC STUDY OF 22 FAMILIES: A.E. Harding; J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (October 1981, issue 44 (10)). Pp. 871-883.
FAMILIAL SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA, MENTAL RETARDATION, AND PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY:
M.I. Raphaelson, et al.; Arch Neurol (December 1983, issue 40(13)). Pp. 809-810.
THE SPINAL CANAL IN FAMILIAL SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA: D. Vassilopoulos, et al.; Eur Neurol (1981, issue 20(2)). Pp. 110-114.
INTRATHECAL BACLOFEN FOR SEVERE SPASTICITY, R.D. Penn, et al.; New Eng J Med (June 8, 1989, issue 320 (23)). Pp. 1517-1521.
FAMILIAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS SYNDROME ASSOCIATION WITH HTLV-1 INFECTION, Solazar-Grueso, Edgar F., et al.; N Eng. J. Med, (September 13, 1990, issue 323, (11)). Pp. 732-737.
Paraplegia, Hereditary Spastic-*
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Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
150: Parenchymatous Cortical Degeneration of the Cerebellum
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Parenchymatous Cortical Degeneration of the Cerebellum) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Parenchymatous Cerebellar Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
In Parenchymatous Cortical Degeneration of the Cerebellum, the superficial layer of the cerebellum, a part of the brain responsible for motor coordination, deteriorates. The disease may be inherited, or it may develop in association with underlying diseases such as cancer or alcoholism. It is progressive with increasing disability.
Symptoms
Onset of Parenchymatous Cortical Degeneration of the Cerebellum may occur at any time, but it is most common during adulthood. Speech becomes slurred and the gait halting and unsteady. There may be tremor in the legs and later in the course of disease, difficulty moving the arms in a coordinated manner. In severe cases, intellectual abilities may deteriorate.
Microscopically, the loss of certain cells and fibers of the cerebellar cortex (such as Purkinje cells, granular cells, olivocerebellar fibers, etc.) is apparent. The macroscopic appearance of the cerebellum also changes.
Causes
Parenchymatous Cortical Degeneration of the Cerebellum may be inherited. It may also follow or accompany underlying disease, especially cancer and alcoholism.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Parenchymatous Cortical Degeneration of the Cerebellum is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Parenchymatous Cortical Degeneration of the Cerebellum, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
NIH/National Institute on Aging (NIA)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-1752
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
Parenchymatous Cortical Degeneration of the Cerebe...m
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9Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
4: Parkinson's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Parkinson's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Parkinsonism Dementia Complex
Juvenile Parkinsonism of Hunt (Hunt Corpus Striatum Syndrome; Pallidopyramidal Syndrome)
Hallervorden-Spatz Disease
Benign Familial Tremor
Benign Essential Tremor
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Parkinson's disease is a slowly progressive neurologic condition characterized by involuntary trembling (tremor), muscular stiffness or inflexibility (rigidity), slowness of movement and difficulty carrying out voluntary movements. Degenerative changes occur in areas deep within the brain (substantia nigra and other pigmented regions of the brain), causing a decrease in dopamine levels in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, which is a chemical that sends a signal in the brain. Parkinsonian symptoms can also develop secondary to hydrocephalus (a condition in which the head is enlarged and areas of the brain accumulate excessive fluids, resulting in an increase in pressure on the brain), head trauma, inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), obstructions (infarcts) or tumors deep within the cerebral hemispheres and the upper brain stem (basal ganglia), or exposure to certain drugs and toxins. Parkinson's disease is slowly progressive and may not become incapacitating for many years.
Symptoms
Parkinson's disease generally begins with a subtle slight tremor, especially in the hands. At first, the tremor occurs at rest, then becomes more pronounced with fatigue and emotional stress, lessening during voluntary movements. The tremor may be limited to the arms or extend to the neck, jaws and legs. Voluntary movements such as walking become increasingly difficult.
Walking becomes slow, stiff and shuffling. Perception, thinking processes and sensation generally remain normal, although some patients may experience a reduction of intellectual abilities (dementia). The depression that sometimes develops in Parkinson's disease may be part of the disease or a reaction to it.
As the disease advances, a stooped posture and an immobile, unblinking facial expression with frequent drooling develops. Oily skin (seborrhea) may be present on the face and scalp. A feeling of being "frozen" in a position, unable to make a voluntary movement, is a repeated symptom of Parkinson's disease.
Causes
The cause of Parkinson's disease is unknown in most cases. A few cases have resulted from carbon monoxide or manganese poisoning. Drug-induced parkinsonian symptoms can develop from drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders (dopamine-receptor antagonistic drugs). These symptoms usually disappear when the drugs are withdrawn or the dosage is decreased, or with time during treatment. A few families with multiple cases of Parkinson's disease have been identified but a genetic basis has not been established.
Affected Population
Although 10 to 20 percent of all cases of Parkinson's disease are diagnosed in individuals under the age of 40 years, this disorder occurs primarily in the middle-aged and elderly population. Between 300,000 and 500,000 cases of classic Parkinson's disease are found in the United States. As the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke reported in a study of major neurologic disorders in biracial populations, the occurrence of Parkinson's disease shows no gender (male to female) or racial differences.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Parkinson's Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
Juvenile Parkinsonism of Hunt is an extremely rare hereditary syndrome with onset during the teens, 20's or early 30's.
Parkinsonism Dementia Complex is associated with motor neuron disease such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
A rare form of Parkinson's-like syndrome has been found in western Pacific Islands and has been determined to be caused by eating a locally grown toxic bean.
A drug-induced Parkinsonism was identified in young heroin addicts who abused a "designer drug" originally in a fairly localized community in California. Primates (i.e., monkeys) given the same toxic substance are considered a study model for this disorder because parkinsonism can be induced by the heroin substitute.
Benign Essential Tremor Syndrome is a disorder of the nervous system that has no known cause. It is characterized by a fine or coarse tremor, primarily in the hands and head. This disorder is similar to Benign Familial Tremor, which tends to run in families. Benign essential tremor syndrome may be slowly progressive, eventually affecting other parts of the body. When the affected area of the body is in movement or voluntarily moved or held in one position, the tremor is rhythmic and occurs at the rate of about 4 to 12 times per second. This is in contrast to Parkinson's tremors, which usually diminish or disappear entirely with purposeful movement. The tremors mainly affect the upper extremities and are aggravated by stress, anxiety, fatigue and cold. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Benign Essential Tremor Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hallorvorden-Spatz Disease affects movement. It is associated with degeneration of the nervous system. A variety of symptoms can develop, including muscular rigidity, stiffness, uncontrolled movement, contractions (spasticity) and dementia. Onset typically occurs during childhood, although occasionally the disease appears in adulthood. Imperfect articulation of speech, mental retardation and facial grimacing are reported less frequently. The clinical syndrome may resemble parkinsonism in some cases. (For more information on this disorder choose "Hallervorden-Spatz Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy is a group of inherited forms of Ataxia (impaired ability to coordinate movement). It is characterized by progressive neurologic degeneration (gradual deterioration) affecting certain areas of the brain. The loss of these brain cells (neurons) results in impaired muscle coordination (ataxia), tremor, involuntary movement and speech disturbance (dysarthria). A wide variety in severity and age of onset may be found in all types of Olivopontocerebellar atrophy. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is a neurologic disorder associated with spastic weakness of muscles affected by the cranial nerves; i.e., muscles of the face, throat and tongue. Onset of the disorder usually occurs in middle age. The first noticeable symptom of this disorder is usually loss of balance while walking. Patients may have unexplained falls or a stiff awkwardness in the walk. New symptoms can develop during the course of PSP, and previously mild problems may become more severe with time. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Progressive Supranuclear Palsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
With proper treatment, many Parkinson's disease patients may enjoy a normal life span. A number of drugs provide degrees of symptomatic relief. These include levodopa, anticholinergics and amantadine, a dopamine releasing agent that acts in coordination with levodopa. Anticholinergic agents such as trihexyphenidyl, benztropine mesylate, biperiden and diphenhydramine help control tremors and rigidity. Amantadine hydrochloride helps reduce tremors and rigidity and improves spontaneous movements. Bromocriptine (Parlodel) and/or pergolide (Permax) may be useful in some cases, particularly in conjunction with other drugs such as the combination of levodopa and carbidopa (Sinemet).
The treatment of choice is a combination of levodopa (the precursor of an amino acid) and carbidopa (an enzyme inhibitor). This drug (Sinemet) tends to become less effective over time. Some doctors have suggested that patients try to prevent the "on-off" phenomenon by taking Sinemet an hour before meals since protein is found in almost all foods composed of amino acids which compete with levodopa for access to the brain. However, since many Parkinson's patients are debilitated due to the combined effects of the disease and aging, and may also have difficulty eating regularly due to tightened throat muscles, good nutrition is often difficult to maintain. Therefore, depleting protein in the diet of Parkinson's patients could be harmful or dangerous. Proper diet will permit absorption of the drug by the brain's receptor cells so that the protein in the meal will have much less effect on the drug's usefulness. If patients experience nausea with this method, they can take the drug with soda crackers or a similar non-protein snack.
The orphan drug deprenyl (Eldepryl) was approved for marketing by the FDA in 1989. This drug is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor which can be used in late stage Parkinson's disease in combination with levodopa and carbidopa. More recent research suggests that Eldepryl given to people with early stage Parkinson's disease may significantly delay progression of more advanced symptoms.
Physical therapy for Parkinson's patients may include exercises for speaking, swallowing and overall muscle tone. Exercises will not stop the disease's progression, but may reduce disability. Exercise can also improve the emotional well-being of a patient.
Therapies: Investigational
Additional dopamine agonist drugs are under investigation for Parkinson's disease. In the very early stages of experimentation is the implantation of cells from the patient's own adrenal gland or from fetal tissue into the brain to increase the amount of dopamine available to the affected structures. Animal studies continue to examine whether this procedure may become more effective in humans with time.
Three studies published in the November 26th, 1992 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine indicate that fetal cell transplants into brains of people with Parkinson's Disease have resulted in moderate improvement of symptoms. Dosages of Parkinson's drugs were able to be reduced in most patients. However, more research is needed to determine the long-term effectiveness and reduction of brain damage from the surgery.
Worldwide interest in drugs to treat Parkinson's disease is evident in the various new therapies being developed. In Italy, Farmitlalia Carlo Erba is investigating the drug cabergoline to treat Parkinson's symptoms. In Japan, Thomai researchers are studying the Dopamin D-2 agonist talipexole. In Israel, Teva Pharmaceuticals is developing TVP101 as a possible treatment. Merrell-Dow is testing MDL72974A. Hoffmann-LaRoche is studying the RO and N-(2 aminoethyl)-5-chloro-2-pyridine carboxamide. Ropinerole is being developed by SmithKline Beecham. Many of the trials are in early Phase I and II stages.
The orphan product Apomorphine HCL injection is being tested for the treatment of the on-off fluctuations associated with late-stage Parkinson's Disease. The product is manufactured by:
Britannia Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Forum House, Brighton Rd.
Redhill, Surrey, UK
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Parkinson's disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Parkinson's Disease Foundation
Columbia Presbyterian Hospital
Neurologic Institute
710 W. 168th St.
New York, NY 10032
(212) 923-4700
United Parkinson Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1421.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2143-7.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 707, 710-1, 1409, 1703.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th ed.: Raymond D. Adams, and Maurice Victor: McGraw Hill, Inc., 1989. Pp. 940-1.
UNILATERAL TRANSPLANTATION OF HUMAN FETAL MESENCEPHALIC TISSUE INTO THE
CAUDATE NUCLEUS OF PATIENTS WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE: D.D. Spencerr, et al.; The New England Journal of Medicine; (November 26, 1992, issue 327 (22)). Pp. 1541-47.
SURVIVAL OF IMPLANTED FETAL DOPAMINE CELLS AND NEUROLOGIC IMPROVEMENT 12 TO 42 MONTHS AFTER TRANSPLANTATION FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE C.R. Freed, M.D., et al.; The New England Journal of Medicine; (November 26, 1992, issue 327 (22)). Pp. 1549-55.
BILATERAL FETAL MESENCEPHALIC GRAFTING IN TWO PATIENTS WITH PARKINSONISM
INDUCED BY 1-METHYL-4PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE: Hakan Widner, M.D., et al.; The New England Journal of Medicine; (November 26, 1992, issue 327 (22)). issue 327 (22)).
Parkinson's Disease
:pagetitle
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
489: Parry-Romberg Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Parry-Romberg Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy
Romberg Disease
Romberg Hemifacial Atrophy
Romberg Trophoneurosis
Facial Hemiatrophy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Scleroderma
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Jacksonian Epilepsy
Horner Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Parry-Romberg Syndrome is a slowly progressive wasting (atrophy) of the soft tissues of the face. The disorder is usually limited to half of the face. Pain may occur in the affected area, and changes of the eyes and facial hair can accompany soft tissue changes. Parry-Romberg Syndrome may also be associated with other disorders. It can begin without warning, usually during the second decade of life. Facial atrophy may cease abruptly or progress slowly and then become stationary.
Symptoms
Parry-Romberg Syndrome is characterized by soft tissue wasting (atrophy) limited to one side of the face which usually begins without warning. Pain can occur in short episodes on the affected side, similar to the pain associated with Trigeminal Neuralgia. Sensory impairment, abnormally diminished or increased sweating, and tear duct dysfunction may also involve the affected area. Facial features may be shifted toward the affected side, a painless furrow may appear in the brow or cheek, the eye and cheek may become sunken, and the eyebrows and facial hair turn white and then fall out. Atrophy rarely affects muscle or bone, but can spread to the soft palate, tongue, and mucous membranes of the gums. Some individuals with Parry-Romberg Syndrome may be affected by Jacksonian (focal) Epilepsy.
Causes
The exact cause of Parry-Romberg Syndrome is not known. It was first identified by Doctors Parry in 1825 and Romberg in 1846. Scientists believe the disorder may be related to irritation, injury, or nerve inflammation (neuritis) in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. A lesion of the trigeminal nerve of the face may also cause this disorder. Some cases are thought to be a form of Scleroderma.
Affected Population
Parry-Romberg Syndrome is a rare disorder which affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Parry-Romberg Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Scleroderma is a group of chronic disorders characterized by fibrosis, degenerative changes, vascular abnormalities and an excess of collagen in the skin. Scleroderma is the chronic hardening and shrinking of the connective tissues of any part of the body, although the term literally means "hardening of the skin". Many forms of this disorder exist. Some scientists believe Parry-Romberg Syndrome, which affects only the face and neck, may be a form of Scleroderma. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Scleroderma" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Horner Syndrome, also known as Cervical Sympathetic Paralysis Syndrome, is characterized by contraction of the pupils of the eyes (miosis), prominent eyeballs (exophthalmos), partially drooping eyelids (ptosis), and absence of sweating (anhidrosis) limited to the face and neck. The exact cause of some cases of Horner Syndrome are not known, although scientists believe it is either inherited or the result of injury to the neck (cervical sympathetic ganglia). Similar symptoms may affect nerves of the face and neck in some patients with Parry-Romberg Syndrome.
The following disorders may be associated with Parry-Romberg Syndrome as secondary characteristics. They are not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Trigeminal Neuralgia, also known as Tic Douloureux, is a nerve disorder characterized by attacks of acute pain at the side of the mouth and nose, along distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Pain occurs in intense, extremely short episodes (usually only a few seconds), and may be triggered in affected individuals by brushing teeth, chewing, and/or extreme heat or cold. Often, symptoms are limited to one side of the face. Excessive salivation, tearing of the eyes or flushing of the skin may signal episodes. This disorder can occur in conjunction with some cases of Parry-Romberg Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Trigeminal Neuralgia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Jacksonian Epilepsy is a form of partial epilepsy, beginning with an isolated disturbance of nerve function such as twitching of a limb, and progressing along the limb muscles usually from the hand or foot toward the trunk of the body. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Jacksonian Epilepsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Parry-Romberg Syndrome usually involves reconstructive and/or microvascular surgery. An injection of fat cells obtained by liposuction may be useful in some cases. Silicone implants can be used as well. Muscle or bone grafts are other procedures that may be helpful in some cases. Vision disturbances can be treated by an ophthalmologist. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Parry-Romberg Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
Society for the Rehabilitation of the Facially Disfigured, Inc.
550 First Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 340-5400
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle Street, Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
(800) 535-3643
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4261
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7TH Ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 294.
PROGRESSIVE HEMIFACIAL ATROPHY (PARRY-ROMBERG DISEASE): M.T. Miller, et al.; J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus (January-February 1987, issue 24(1)). Pp. 27-36.
LIPOSUCTION FAT GRAFTS IN FACE WRINKLES AND HEMIFACIAL ATROPHY: A
Chajchir, et al.; Aesthetic Plast Surg (1986, issue 10(2)). Pp. 115-117.
THE USE OF FREE REVASCULARIZED GRAFTS IN THE AMELIORATION OF HEMIFACIAL
ATROPHY: M.J. Jurkiewicz, et al.; Plast Reconstr Surg (July 1985, issue 76(1)). Pp. 44-55.
HEMIFACIAL ATROPHY. A REVIEW OF AN UNUSUAL CRANIOFACIAL DEFORMITY WITH A
REPORT OF A CASE: D.D. Dedo; Arch Otolaryngol (September 1978, issue 104(9)). Pp. 538-541.
Parry-Romberg Syndrome
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04089.TXT
Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
467: Pars Planitis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Pars Planitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
PP
Peripheral Retinal Inflammation
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Cystoid Macular Edema
Ocular Hypotension
Autoimmune Endotheliopathy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pars Planitis is a vision disorder characterized by inflammation of the peripheral retina and pars plana (a section of the ciliary body connected to the retina) sections of the eye. Fluid and cells can infiltrate the clear gelatin-like substance (vitreous humor) near the retina and/or pars plana. Swelling inside the eye can also occur. These abnormalities may appear in one or both eyes.
Symptoms
Pars Planitis is primarily marked by blurred or poor night vision due to the presence of fluid or cells which produce collagen in the clear gelatin-like substance (vitreous humor) inside the eyeball. Swelling can occur inside the eye, particularly on the peripheral retina or macula. Glaucoma (increased pressure in the eye) shrinking (phthisis) of the eyeball, or other eye complications may occur.
Causes
The exact cause of Pars Planitis is not known. Inflammation of the peripheral retina and/or the pars plana (a section of the ciliary body which helps regulate the shape of the lens) is thought to cause symptoms of this disorder. Researchers believe it may be either a genetic or an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies) against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack it's own healthy tissue.
Affected Population
Pars Planitis is a very rare vision disorder which affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pars Planitis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Cystoid Macular Edema is characterized by swelling (edema) of the central part of the retina as a result of abnormal leakage of fluid from capillaries. In Pars Planitis, swelling or leakage of fluid due to inflammation can affect the peripheral retina. Cystoid Macular Edema can sometimes be a complication of Pars Planitis.
Ocular Hypotension is a condition defined as lowered blood pressure in the veins or capillaries inside the eye tissue. When this happens, vision disturbances similar to those of Pars Planitis may occur. This condition may in some cases be a complication of Pars Planitis.
Autoimmune Endotheliopathy is an attack by the immune system on the layer of flat cells lining blood vessels (endothelium). This condition can occur in the blood vessels of the eyes as a complication of Pars Planitis, but can also occur alone in any part of the body.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Pars Planitis usually consists of corticosteroid drugs to control inflammation. Surgery may be recommended when more conventional treatment is not effective. High frequency surgical electrocautery (diathermy) or cryotherapy (freezing of tissue) may be used to seal blood vessels and arrest leakage.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pars Planitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Association for Macular Diseases
210 East 64th Street
New York, NY 10021
(212) 605-3719
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
References
PARS PLANITIS AND AUTOIMMUNE ENDOTHELIOPATHY: A.A. Khodadoust, et al.; Am J Ophthalmol (November 15, 1986, issue 102 (5)). Pp. 633-639.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC PARS PLANITIS: H.L. Cantrill, et al.; Am J Ophthalmol (April 1981, issue 91(4)). Pp. 505-512.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PARS PLANA EXUDATE IN PARS PLANITIS: D.E.
Henderly, et al.; Am J Ophthalmol (May 15, 1987, issue 103(5)). Pp. 669-671.
Pars Planitis
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467: Pars Planitis
04090.TXT
Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
726: Parsonnage-Turner Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Parsonnage-Turner Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Brachial Neuritis
Brachial Plexus Neuritis
Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuropathy
Neuralgic Amyotrophy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Peripheral Neuropathy
Lyme Disease
Rheumatoid Arthritis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Parsonnage-Turner Syndrome is a common inflammation of a group of nerves that control and supply the muscles of the chest, arm, forearm and hand (brachial plexus).
Symptoms
Parsonnage-Turner Syndrome is characterized by severe neck and shoulder pain in the area above the collarbone (supraclavicular). This pain may radiate down the arm and into the hand. There can be muscle weakness, wasting (atrophy) and numbness (hyperesthesia) which can affect one or both sides of the body. People with this disorder usually recover within a few months although symptoms can last a couple of years. Recovery is usually complete.
Causes
The exact cause of Parsonnage-Turner Syndrome is not known. This disorder may occur following an injection (tetanus, diphtheria or allergy), surgery or infection with Lyme Disease. Some scientists believe that it may be an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.), against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue.
Affected Population
Parsonnage-Turner Syndrome can affect anyone, but is seen most often in young adult males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Parsonnage-Turner Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Peripheral Neuropathy is a syndrome characterized by sensory, motor, reflex and blood vessel (vasomotor) symptoms. These symptoms can occur singly or in any combination. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Peripheral Neuropathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Lyme Disease is a tick-transmitted inflammatory disorder characterized by an early focal lesion, and subsequently a growing red area on the skin (erythema chronicum migrans or ECM). The disorder may be followed weeks later by joint pain resembling arthritis and neurological or heart abnormalities. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lyme" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a common disease that affects the joints. The exact cause is unknown although it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder. It is characterized by a loss of appetite, extreme fatigue and joint pain with deformities. The location of painful joints may change (migration). Very often more than one joint is affected. Pain, early morning stiffness, aching joints chiefly in the hands, knees, feet, jaw and spine occur. Once affected, a joint may remain painful for a long time and eventually become deformed. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Arthritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Most patients with Parsonnage-Turner Syndrome will recover without any treatment. Physical therapy or surgery may be helpful for some people with this disorder. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Parsonnage-Turner Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse (NIAMS)
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 2237.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1987. Pp. 1442.
POSTPARTUM IDIOPATHIC BRACHIAL NEURITIS. D. Dimitru, et al.; OBSTET GYNECOL (March 1989, issue 73 (3)). Pp. 473-475.
BRACHIAL NEURITIS INVOLVING THE BILATERAL PHRENIC NERVES. N. Walsh, et al.; ARCH PHYS MED REHABIL (January 1987, issue 68 (1)). Pp. 46-48.
BRACHIAL PLEXUS NEUROPATHY. ASSOCIATION WITH DESENSITIZING ANTIALLERGY
INJECTIONS. E. Wolpow; JAMA (November 10, 1975, issue 234 (6)). Pp. 1214-1217.
SURGERY FOR LESIONS OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS. D. Kline, et al.; ARCH NEUROL (February 1986 issue 43 (2)). Pp. 170-181.
BRACHIAL NEURITIS. L. Dillin, et al.; J BONE JOINT SURG [AM]. (July 1985 issue 67 (6)). Pp. 878-883.
HYPERTROPHIC BRACHIAL PLEXUS NEURITIS: A PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF TWO CASES.
M. Cusiamano, et al.; ANN NEUROL (November 1988, issue 24 (5)). Pp. 615-622.
INJURY TO THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS DURING PUTTI-PLATT AND BRISTOW PROCEDURES.
A REPORT OF EIGHT CASES. R. Richards, et al.; AM J SPORTS MED (July-August 1987, issue 15 (4)). Pp. 374-380.
Parsonnage-Turner Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
230: Patulous Eustachian Tube
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Patulous Eustachian Tube) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
P.E.T.
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
In Patulous Eustachian Tube dysfunction, the eustachian tube abnormally remains open constantly. This results from reduced soft tissue mass around this tube. Symptoms of this disorder occur when the patient's head has been erect for several hours.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Patulous Eustachian Tube dysfunction include a stopped-up feeling in the ear, and their voice will sound unusually loud to them. They may hear a rushing or blowing sound on respiration without a loss of hearing.
In persons with this disorder, the eardrum moves in and out while the patient is breathing though the nose with the mouth closed.
Causes
Patulous Eustachian Tube is caused by loss of soft tissue around the eustachian tube, and by a lack of strength in the muscle which provides tension to the eardrum (the m. tensor veli palatini).
The condition is often associated with recent weight loss, and with a high concentration of estrogens in the blood due to pregnancy or medication. Other causes of P.E.T. dysfunction are neuromuscular disorders such as multiple sclerosis, poliomyelitis, Parkinson's disease and neurovascular accident. Adhesions and scarring of the pharyngeal recess and of the posterior lip of the pharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube can also result in the disorder.
Affected Population
Patulous Eustachian Tube is most prevalent in women who have had a significant recent weight loss, in pregnant women, and in men and women who have taken estrogens.
Related Disorders
Middle Ear Effusion is the chronic accumulation of thick fluid in the middle ear. Deafness, fullness and crackling noises in the ears can occur as a result of this disorder.
Therapies: Standard
Temporary relief for patients with Patulous Eustachian Tube can be obtained by lying down or bending forward with the head between the knees. Sniffing can also provide momentary relief.
Therapies: Investigational
Patulous Eustachian Tube dysfunction has been treated surgically by cutting the hook around which the tendon of the tensor veli palatini muscle passes (pterygoid hamulotomy) combined with transposition or transection of the tendon of this muscle. Good results have been obtained in approximately 70% of persons undergoing this procedure.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Patulous Eustachian Tube, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Deafness & Other Communication Disorders
(NIDCD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
Patulous Eustachian Tube
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912: Oculo-Dento-Digital Dysplasia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Oculo-Dento-Digital Dysplasia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Dento-Oculo-Osseous Dysplasia
ODD Syndrome
Oculo-Dento-Osseous Dysplasia
ODOD
Osseous-Oculo-Dento Dysplasia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Ectodermal Dysplasias
Oro-Cranio-Digital Syndrome
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Oculo-Dento-Digital Dysplasia is a rare disorder that may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait or be caused by a new change in the genes that occurs for no apparent reason (mutation). Major symptoms of Oculo-Dento-Digital Dysplasia are webbing of the fourth and fifth fingers, an abnormally small transparent part of the eye (microcornea), a slender nose with narrow nostrils, underdevelopment of the outer flaring wall of each nostril (alae), defective enamel and dry hair that grows slowly.
Symptoms
Oculo-Dento-Digital Dysplasia is a rare disorder characterized by webbing of the fourth and fifth fingers, an abnormally small transparent front part of the eye (cornea), a slender nose, underdeveloped outer walls of each nostril, narrowing of the nostrils, defective enamel of the teeth and dry hair that grows slowly.
Other symptoms that may be present in some patients with Oculo-Dento-Digital Dysplasia are: a thick lower jaw; an abnormally small head; permanent bending of the fourth and fifth fingers; webbing and/or permanent bending of the second third and fourth toes; abnormally small teeth; eyes that do not look in the same direction (strabismus); a build-up of fluid pressure in the eyeball (glaucoma); a short, narrow opening between the upper and lower eyelids; a vertical fold over the inner corner of the eye; atrophy of the eye; cleft lip and/or palate; and bone abnormalities in the toes and fifth finger.
It is felt that there may be another form of Oculo-Dento-Digital Dysplasia in which the eye and skeletal changes are more severe. There have only been a few cases of this severe form documented and it is thought they may have been inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The eyes are smaller than normal, slanted, set wide apart and blindness may occur. Skeletal abnormalities include overgrowth of the lower jaw, excessive thickening of bone tissue in the skull, an abnormally wide collarbone, and calcium deposits in the lobes of the ear.
Other symptoms found in patients with autosomal recessive Oculo-Dento-Digital Dysplasia are a long narrow nose with underdeveloped outer flaring walls of the nostrils, irregular teeth with abnormal enamel, and webbing of the fourth and fifth fingers.
Causes
Oculo-Dento-Digital Dysplasia may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait or as a new change in the genes that occurs spontaneously (mutation). There has also been an autosomal recessive form of the disorder documented but there has been very little evidence to support it.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Oculo-Dento-Digital Dysplasia is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. There have been approximately eighty-five cases reported in the medical literature.
The autosomal recessive form of this disorder has only been documented in three cases.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Oculo-Dento-Digital Dysplasia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Amelogenesis Imperfecta is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a developmental defect of the tooth enamel. Secondary effects of this disorder may be early tooth loss, heightened susceptibility to disease of the tissues surrounding the teeth and increased sensitivity of the teeth to hot and cold. There are multiple types of this disorder and it is inherited through various modes of transmission. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Amelogenesis Imperfecta" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The Ectodermal Dysplasias are a group of hereditary, nonprogressive syndromes in which the affected tissue derives primarily from the ectodermal germ layer. The skin, it's derivatives, and some other organs are involved. Patients have abnormal enamel on their teeth or missing teeth, and absent or unusual hair on their head. (For more information on this disorder choose "Ectodermal Dysplasias" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Oro-Cranio-Digital Syndrome is a very rare disorder that is thought to possibly be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Symptoms of this disorder may be an abnormally small head, abnormalities of the thumbs and toes, growth retardation and cleft lip and/or palate. This disorder affects females slightly more often than males.
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome is a rare disorder thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. This disorder involves various craniofacial and skeletal malformations with abnormalities of the skin on the toes and finger. Short stature, and in some cases, mild to moderate mental retardation may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Patients with Oculo-Dento-Digital Dysplasia may benefit from surgery to repair the webbed fingers and bone malformations.
Full crown restorations may be used to correct the defect in the enamel of the teeth.
The crossed eyes (strabismus) may be corrected by wearing a patch over the strong eye in order to strengthen the weak eye. This procedure must be done at a young age in order to be affective. Surgery may also be performed in some cases.
In older people whose strabismus is beyond the age of correction, the orphan drug Oculinum can be injected around the eye muscles to correct the crossed eyes. Injections must be repeated every few months.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Oculo-Dento-Digital Dysplasia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias
219 E. Main St.
Mascoutah, IL 62258
(618) 566-2020
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-3235
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4261
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 668-9 and 1390-91.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1276-77.
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495: Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Ataxia
Spinal Cerebellar Atrophy
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy I (SCA1; OPCA I, Menzel Type OPCA)
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy II (OPCA II, Fickler-Winkler Type)
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy III (OPCA III; OPCA With Retinal Degeneration)
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy IV (OPCA IV; Schut-Haymaker Type OPCA)
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy V (OPCA V; OPCA With Dementia and Extrapyramidal Signs)
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Friedreich's Ataxia
Marie's Ataxia
Ataxia Telangiectasia
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy (OPCA) is a group of inherited forms of Ataxia characterized by progressive neurological degeneration affecting the olivopontocerebellar area of the brain. These inherited forms include Menzel type I, Fickler-Winkler type II, retinal degeneration type III, Schut-Haymaker type IV, and ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of facial and eye muscles) type 5 OPCA. However, cases have occurred which have defied classification in any of these five categories.
Symptoms
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy (OPCA) is characterized by loss of nerve cells (neurons) in the cortex of the brain, base of the pons section of brainstem (basis pontis), and inferior olivary nuclei which is a prominence on the surface of the lower part of the brain (medulla oblangata). Loss of these neurons results in impaired muscle coordination (ataxia), tremor, involuntary movement, and a speech disturbance (dysarthria). Five clinical types of OPCA have been described, depending on additional findings, such as sensory loss, retinal degeneration, ophthalmoplegia, and extrapyramidal signs. However, cases have occurred which have defied classification in any of these five categories. A wide variation in severity and age of onset may be found in any of the five recognized classifications of Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy.
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy I (Menzel type OPCA) usually begins in the third or fourth decades of life, with an average onset at thirty years of age. In addition to cerebellar degeneration, other areas of the body become affected with speech abnormalities and/or tremors. Involuntary movements (chorea) may also occur.
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy II (OPCA II, Fickler-Winkler or Dejerine-Thomas type) differs from OPCA type I by a lack of involuntary movements. Onset of this disorder usually begins at approximately fifty years of age. The exact nature of this form of cerebellar atrophy is not well understood.
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy III (OPCA III; OPCA with retinal degeneration) is characterized by retinal degeneration. This form of OPCA usually begins during middle age, although it can begin at any age. It is also marked by blindness, tremor, weakness and impaired muscle coordination.
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy IV (OPCA IV; Schut-Haymaker type OPCA) is characterized by a form of paralysis (spastic paraplegia). The atrophy seems to be limited to the inferior olivary nucleus and cerebellum with varying involvement of the pons area of the brain. Abnormalities of the spinal cord and some of the cranial nerves may also occur. Symptoms usually begin at approximately twenty-five years of age.
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy V (OPCA V; OPCA with dementia and extrapyramidal signs) is characterized by cerebellar atrophy, tremors, ataxia and abnormal sensation, rigidity and mental deterioration. This disorder usually begins during adult life. Walking, writing and speech often become difficult as the disorder progresses.
Causes
Four of the five identified forms of Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy (OPCA) are inherited as autosomal dominant traits. OPCA II is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy is a group of rare disorders which usually affect males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Ataxia means walking with an unsteady gait caused by the failure of muscular coordination or irregularity of muscular action. There are many forms of Ataxia. Some ataxias are hereditary, some have other causes and sometimes ataxia can be a symptom of other disorders. To locate information about other types of ataxias, choose "Ataxia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Friedreich's Ataxia is a hereditary neuromuscular syndrome characterized by slow degenerative changes of the spinal cord and the brain. Dysfunction of the central nervous system affects coordination of the muscles in the limbs. Speech can be affected and numbness or weakness of the arms and legs may develop. Various transitional and overlapping forms of Friedreich's Ataxia can occur. Although no specific treatment can stop the progression of this disorder, some symptoms can be alleviated with proper treatment. In a few cases, spontaneous remissions may occur which can last five to ten years or sometimes longer. This syndrome appears to be the most common of the many different forms of hereditary Ataxia. It usually begins during childhood or the teen years. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Friedrich" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Marie's Ataxia is a neuromuscular syndrome inherited as a dominant trait. Also known as Pierre Marie's Disease or Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxia, it is characterized by a later onset of neurological and coordination disturbances. The syndrome usually begins between thirty and forty years of age and may not be as disabling as Friedreich's Ataxia. Initially, those affected may walk unsteadily and tend to fall frequently. Loss of coordination in the arms and speech disturbances may also occur. In later stages slight loss of vision, and loss of pain or touch sensations, may also occur. Tremors may develop when conscious motion is attempted. Swallowing and clearing of secretions may eventually become difficult if the throat muscles are affected. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Marie" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT) is a hereditary neurological disorder characterized by weakness and atrophy, primarily in the legs. Disappearance of the fatty shield surrounding the nerve cells (segmental demyelination of peripheral nerves), and associated degeneration of part of the nerve cells (axons) characterize this disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "CMT" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Ataxia Telangiectasia, also known as Louis-Bar Syndrome, is an inherited progressive cerebellar ataxia that usually begins during infancy. It involves progressive loss of coordination in the limbs, head and eyes with a below-normal immune response to infections. In later stages, dilated blood vessels (telangiectasias) appear in the eyes and skin. Individuals with this form of Ataxia are more susceptible to sinus and lung infections and tend to have tumors (neoplasms). Ataxia Telangiectasia may be misdiagnosed as Friedreich Ataxia until dilated blood vessels appear in the skin (telangiectasias). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Louis-Bar" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy is symptomatic and supportive. Continuous medical supervision to avoid potential complications involving the heart, lungs, spine, bones and muscles is recommended. Prevention of infection is a challenge in the care of people in the advanced stages of Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy. Physical therapy may be recommended by a physician.
Drugs may be useful in treating some symptoms. Propranolol may be effective against static tremors, and less often against intention tremors. Static tremors can occur when the affected individual is not moving, whereas intention tremors occur when the patient makes intentional movements. Dantrolene sodium may help some patients with muscle spasms of the legs. These drugs should be carefully monitored by a physician to limit the possibility of toxicity. Genetic counseling is recommended for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy patients may be treated for spasticity using the drug baclofen. Genetic investigators are trying to identify the gene which causes this syndrome. Other experimental drugs, cell cultures, and analysis of central nervous system tissues are also under study.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Ataxia Foundation
750 Twelve Oaks Center
15500 Wayzata Blvd.
Wayzata, MN 55391
(612) 473-7666
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 537-539, 874.
OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHY WITH DEMENTIA, BLINDNESS, AND CHOREA.
RESPONSE TO BACLOFEN: D.A. Trauner; Arch Neurol (August 1985, issue 42(8)). Pp. 757-758.
OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHY. A REVIEW OF 117 CASES: J. Berciano; J Neurol Sci (February 1982, issue 53 (2)). Pp. 253-272.
AN APOLOGY AND AN INTRODUCTION TO THE OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES:
R.C. Duvoisin; Adv Neurol (1984, issue 41). Pp. 5-12.
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
337: Ollier Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Ollier Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Multiple, Cartilaginous Enchondroses
Multiple Enchondromatosis
Ollier Osteochondromatosis
Unilateral Chondromatosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Ollier Disease is a rare abnormal development of the bones (skeletal dysplasia) usually beginning in childhood. The disease affects bones and cartilage in joints of the arms and legs. Dwarfism is possible if both sides of the body are affected. Pain is rare in this disease, occurring usually only in case of a fracture.
Symptoms
Ollier Disease begins gradually, usually during childhood, and is marked by possible shortening of the arms and/or legs. Limping may result from a shortened leg. The head and upper body will be normal. Joint deformities may occur in wrists and/or ankles. A dislocation of the elbow or other joints may occur, possibly causing fractures. This disease may occasionally be associated with some forms of cancer.
The abnormal growth of bone end/cartilage areas ceases in time, and calcification may begin after puberty. The bone abnormalities may be in evidence throughout life.
Causes
The origin of Ollier Disease is unknown at this time. Overgrowth of cartilage cells in certain skeletal and/or joint areas may cause thinning of the external layer (cortex) and distortion of growth in the spongy growth area (metaphysis) of long bones.
Affected Population
Ollier Disease usually begins in childhood, and may be in evidence later in life. This disease may affect males and females in equal numbers, and can occur worldwide.
Related Disorders
Exostosis is a hereditary abnormality of bone end/cartilage (epiphyseal) growth inherited as a dominant trait. Although usually without apparent symptoms, pain may be possible due to pressure from benign bone surface growths (exostoses). This is an extremely rare condition, occurring chiefly among Micronesian Islanders. It is most frequent and severe in males. Symptoms may be similar to Ollier Disease, although areas of joint deformity may differ.
Maffucci Syndrome is a hereditary genetic disease which may begin between birth and puberty, and is marked by asymmetric distribution of lesions, and abnormal growth of cartilage in one or more long bones. Susceptibility to fractures and skin manifestations are also characteristic of this type of abnormal bone development (skeletal dysplasia).
Therapies: Standard
Bone grafts have been of benefit to patients with Ollier Disease, as well as surgical treatment of limb length. Fractures usually heal without any follow-up treatment. Prosthetic replacement of the limb may be of benefit in some extreme cases.
Therapies: Investigational
Research into the causes, as well as orthopedic surgical treatment for Ollier Disease is ongoing. For more information, please see the resources section in this report.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Ollier Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Ollier Disease Support Group
Bridge House
45 Baring Road
Beaconsfield, Bucks,
England HP9 2NF
National Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
References
TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE ENCHONDROMATOSIS (OLLIER'S DISEASE) OF THE HAND: J.F.
OLLIER'S DISEASE. AN ASSESSMENT OF ANGULAR DEFORMITY, SHORTENING, AND
PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURE IN TWENTY-ONE PATIENTS: F. Shapiro; J Bone Surg (Am) (Jan. 1982: issue 64-A (1)). Pp. 95-103.
MULTIPLE CHONDROSARCOMAS IN DYSCHONDROPLASIA (OLLIER'S DISEASE): S.R.
Cannon, et. al.; Cancer (Feb. 15, 1985: issue 55(4) ). Pp. 836-840.
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0Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
828: Opitz Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Opitz Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
BBB Syndrome
BBBG Syndrome
G Syndrome
Hypospadias-Dysphagia Syndrome
Hypertelorism-Hypospadias Syndrome
Hypertelorism with Esophageal Abnormalities and Hypospadias
Opitz BBB/G Compound Syndrome
Opitz BBBG Syndrome
Opitz BBB Syndrome
Opitz-Frias Syndrome
Opitz G Syndrome
Opitz Hypertelorism-Hypospadias Syndrome
Opitz Oculogenitolaryngeal Syndrome
Telecanthus-Hypospadias Syndrome
Telecanthus with Associated Abnormalities
Disorder Subdivisions:
G Syndrome
BBB Syndrome
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Waardenburg Syndrome
Imperforate Anus
VACTERL Association
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Opitz Syndrome is an uncommon hereditary disorder. Major symptoms may include unusually wide-set eyes (hypertelorism), an abnormal opening on the underside of the penis in males (hypospadias), a cleft lip, an abnormal fissure in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate) and/or swallowing defects (choking, aspiration). In some patients, there is an absence of an anal opening (imperforate anus).
Symptoms
Opitz Syndrome was initially thought to represent two different hereditary disorders: Opitz G Syndrome and Opitz BBB Syndrome. Several researchers have concluded that the two syndromes are really just a single condition with symptoms which vary both in type and severity from patient to patient. Some researchers feel, however, that "Opitz G" and "Opitz BBB" are two separate disorders. Below are the differences between Opitz G and Opitz BBB syndromes.
SYMPTOMS COMMON TO BOTH:
Individuals with both forms of Opitz Syndrome generally have unusually wide-set eyes (hypertelorism). Males often have an abnormal opening located on the underside of the penis (hypospadias), a cleft in the scrotum (bifid scrotum) and/or undescended testicles (cryptorchidism). Females usually have normal genitals or a minor malformation of the outer area of the genitals ("splayed" labia majora). The ears may be slightly rotated on the head (posterior angulation of auricle). Individuals may have a "widow's peak" of hair on the forehead. Mild mental retardation and/or hernias may also occur.
Occasionally, the following symptoms may occur in both forms of Opitz Syndrome: the anal opening may be absent (imperforate anus). There may be a split of the upper lip (cleft lip or "harelip"), and/or an abnormal fissure in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate). Sometimes the back of the mouth may have a fissure as well (cleft uvula). A shorter than average connection (membrane) between the floor of the mouth and the underside of the tongue (frenulum) may be present. In some patients, one eye may be crossed (strabismus). Eyelid abnormalities (downslanting palpebral fissures) may occur. There may also be an irregular shape to the head (cranial asymmetry).
Abnormalities of the heart (cardiac anomaly), or abdominal muscles (diastasis recti) are infrequent. Other uncommon symptoms include absence or inadequate development (agenesis) of the gallbladder or defects of the kidney (renal defects). Part of the small intestine may be narrower than normal (duodenal stricture) in some patients. Twins, especially identical twins, may occur more often in families having this disorder (increased monozygotic twinning).
SYMPTOMS COMMON TO OPITZ G SYNDROME:
Babies with Opitz G Syndrome may have a weak, hoarse cry. Swallowing or breathing is usually difficult. In some babies food may go into the lungs (recurrent aspiration) because of breathing and swallowing problems, possibly due to nerve and muscle dysfunction, or malformations. These malformations may include a malformed larynx, a cleft between the larynx or "voicebox" and windpipe (laryngotracheal cleft), or an abnormal passage between the windpipe and upper digestive tract (tracheoesophageal fistula). Lungs may be underdeveloped (pulmonary hypoplasia). Below the vocal cords the throat may narrow (subglottic stenosis) or there may be an inability to relax muscles of the upper digestive tract (achalasia of esophagus).
The bridge of the nose is usually broad and flat with the openings of the nose set more forward than usual (nares anteverted). The jaw may be unusually small (micrognathia) and the roof of the mouth (palate) may have a high arch.
SYMPTOMS COMMON TO OPITZ BBB SYNDROME:
In Opitz BBB Syndrome, respiratory and swallowing difficulties or a hoarse voice are not present. Physical features of the face are different from those of Opitz G Syndrome. The bridge of the nose is often high and broad. Congenital heart disease such as coarctation of the aorta and atrial septal defect may occur in some patients. Abnormalities of the upper urinary tract, a twisted intestine (volvulus), or a small penis may also occur.
Causes
Opitz G Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with abnormalities of the genitals occurring only in males. Opitz BBB Syndrome is believed by some researchers to be inherited as an X-linked dominant trait.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
X-linked dominant disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Because males only have one X chromosome, affected males always have a more severe condition. The female with only one X chromosome affected will develop the disease; however, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome.
Affected Population
Both forms of Opitz Syndrome (G and BBB) are rare genetic disorders present at birth. They affect males more often and more severely than females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Opitz Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Waardenburg Syndrome is characterized by displacement of the inner folds of the eyelids, prominence of the nose, and overdevelopment of the eyebrows. The patient may have two different colored eyes or two colors in one iris of the eye. Congenital (present at birth) nerve deafness may also occur. A white streak of hair in the front (forelock) of the head or early graying of the hair are characteristic of this disorder. A thin nose with flaring nostrils, a "cupid bow" configuration of the lips, wide-set eyes, inflammation of the tear sac and drooping of the upper eyelids may occur. A lack of an indent between the nose and the forehead, prominent lower jaw and a clefted or high-arched palate may also be present. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Waardenburg" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Imperforate Anus is a rare congenital abnormality characterized by the absence or abnormal location of the anus. The rectum or colon may be connected to the vagina or the bladder by a tunnel (fistula). With surgical correction, normal fecal elimination can become possible. Imperforate Anus can occur alone or as a symptom of another disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "imperforate anus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
VACTERL Association is an acronym for (V)ertebral anomalies, (A)nal atresia (absence of a normal anal opening), congenital (C)ardiac disease, (T)racheo(E)sophageal fistula (abnormal openings or passages between the windpipe and/or upper digestive tract), (R)enal anomalies, radial dysplasia, and other (L)imb defects. These abnormalities are present at birth. (For more information on this disorder, choose "VACTERL" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Ultrasound testing (a technique which uses sound waves to form pictures) before birth may indicate the presence of Opitz Syndrome. If there is swelling of the fetus before birth due to a build-up of fluids, this can be treated while the baby is still in the womb.
Treatment of Opitz Syndrome often includes corrective surgery for malformations. Special education and related services may be helpful for children with this disorder. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Some researchers believe conditions of the baby's environment before birth may influence the severity of symptoms present in Opitz Syndrome. Research on Opitz Syndrome and its heredity is ongoing.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Opitz Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Dr. John Opitz
Shodair Children's Hospital
P.O. Box 5539
Helena, MT 59604
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 496, 1723.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 114-117.
BBBG SYNDROME OR OPITZ SYNDROME: NEW FAMILY. A. Verloes, et al.; Am J Med Genet (Nov 1989; issue 34 (3)). Pp. 313-316.
CONGENITAL ANAL ANOMALIES IN TWO FAMILIES WITH THE OPITZ G SYNDROME. J.
L. Tolmie, et al.; J Med Genet (Nov 1987; issue 24 (11)). Pp. 688-691.
OPITZ-FRIAS SYNDROME. A CASE WITH POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS ANAESTHETIC
IMPLICATIONS. S. N. Bolsin and C. Gillbe; Anaesthesia (Dec 1985; issue 40 (12)). Pp. 1189-1193.
OPITZ (G) SYNDROME. C. P. Kimmelman and J. C. Denneny; Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol (Oct 1982; issue 4 (4)). Pp. 343-347.
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF OPITZ (BBB) SYNDROME IN THE SECOND TRIMESTER BY
ULTRASOUND DETECTION OF HYPOSPADIAS AND HYPERTELORISM. C Hogdall, et al.; Prenat Diagn (Nov 1989; issue 9 (11)). Pp. 783-793.
PRENATAL TREATMENT OF FETAL HYDROPS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HYPERTELOR
SYNDROME (OPITZ-G SYNDROME). M. A. Patton, et al.; Prenat Diagn (Mar-Apr 1986; issue 6 (2)). Pp. 109-115.
THE OPITZ HYPERTELORISM-HYPOSPADIAS SYNDROME. FURTHER DELINEATION OF THE
SPECTRUM OF CLINICAL FINDINGS. A. M. Dereymaeker, et al.; J Genet Hum (Aug 1987; issue 35 (4)). Pp. 259-265.
THE OPITZ SYNDROME: A NEW DESIGNATION FOR THE CLINICALLY
INDISTINGUISHABLE BBB AND G SYNDROMES. M. Cappa, et al.; Am J Med Genet (Oct 1987; issue 28 (2)). Pp. 303-309.
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
113: Opportunistic Infections
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Opportunistic Infections) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Infections in the Compromised Host
Infections in the Immunocompromised Host
Infections in the Immunodeficient Host
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Opportunistic infections are mild to life threatening infections caused by microorganisms that normally do not cause disease. They occur in patients whose immunologic, anatomic, or physiologic defense mechanisms have been compromised. The inability to resist such infections usually results from disease or trauma, or from procedures or drugs used to treat an underlying disorder. Bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other parasites may cause opportunistic infections. Symptoms vary with the microorganism and organ systems involved. Management of these infections may be difficult because most of the microorganisms involved are resistant to antibiotics.
Symptoms
Symptoms vary with the causative agent and the organ system(s) affected. They may be mild to very severe, and can transform a relatively good prognosis into a dangerous one. Organisms recovered from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or the fluid in the various body cavities (chest, abdomen, etc.) provide the best diagnosis.
Below is a listing of the more common microorganisms that can cause illness in individuals with diminished defences against infection. To some extent, the microorganisms vary with the specific kind of defect (anatomic; in the inflammatory response; in the immune response; etc.). See the references below, or check the Rare Disease Database for articles on particular predisposing conditions. Most opportunistic infections are caused by bacteria. Persons with defects in the immune system's T-cells are especially susceptible to viral, fungal, and parasitic infections.
I. Bacteria
Staphylococci, e.g. S. aureus, S. epidermidis
Streptococci, e.g. S. pyogenes
Pseudomonas species, e.g. P. aruginosa
Providentia species, e.g. P. rettgeri and P. fragilis
Enterobacilli
Klebsiella species
Listeria species
Cryptococcus species
Nocardia species
Mycobacteria, e.g. M. tuberculosis
Salmonella species
Hemophilus influenzae
Oral bacteria
II. Fungi
Candida species
Mucor species
III. Protozoa
Pneumocystis carinii
IV. Parasites
Toxoplasma species
V. Viruses
Cytomegalovirus
Varicella-zoster virus (chicken pox)
Herpes virus
See section on cause for more information.
Causes
Host defense mechanisms can be impaired by burns, anemia, tumors, metabolic disorders, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive drugs or drugs that damage the patient's tissues, corticosteroid drugs, or certain diagnostic or therapeutic procedures that involve inserting instruments into the body, e.g. endotracheal tubes and catheters.
Antibiotic treatment of the more usual kind of infections caused by normally pathogenic organisms also changes the relationship between the host and the usually innocuous microorganisms that are always present in or on the host. In such cases, a superinfection can develop. Infants, the very old, people with chronic disease (infectious or otherwise), and the excessive or indiscriminate use of a single antibiotic or broad spectrum antibiotics, predispose to superinfections.
Diseases in which the immune system fails include cancers such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, Hodgkin's disease, and myeloma; they also include the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and the various congenital immunodeficiency diseases.
Therapies: Standard
Prevention is very important in dealing with opportunistic infections. The use of broad spectrum antibiotics (i.e., those which kill many different kinds of organisms rather than a small group) should be avoided if possible. So should massive doses or the prophylactic use antimicrobials. Instruments used in diagnosis or therapy must be kept absolutely sterile.
Gammaglobulin injections help prevent infections in patients who lack gammaglobulins. Isoniazid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are useful in preventing certain infections in patients undergoing chemotherapy or treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, including corticosteroids.
Treatment of an existing opportunistic infection is specific to the infection. Correction of the underlying disorder is usually necessary to cure (rather than suppress) the infection. Thus, catheters must be removed, tracheostomies closed, corticosteroid therapy stopped, etc. as early as possible.
Therapies: Investigational
Liposomal Amphotericin B., used in the treatment of opportunistic fungal infections, has been designated an orphan drug and is being studied in the United States as a treatment for this type of infection. It should be remembered that although this orphan drug is available experimentally in the United States, it is still under study and conclusive results are not yet reported.
For additional information about liposomal amphotericin B, physicians can contact:
Smith, Kline & Beckman
1500 Spring Garden Street
P.O. Box 7292
Philadelphia, PA 19101
Clinical trials are being conducted on the orphan drug CD5-T Lymphocyte Immunotoxin (Xomazyme-H65) to eliminate mature T cells from potential bone marrow grafts, and for treatment of bone marrow recipients to prevent graft rejection and Graft vs. Host Disease (GVHD). For additional information, physicians can contact:
XOMA Corp.
2910 Seventh St.
Berkeley, CA 94710
Another orphan drug, ST1-RTA Immunotoxin (SR44163) to prevent acute Graft vs Host Disease (GVHD) in allogenic bone marrow transplantation is being tested by Sanofi, Inc. For additional information, physicians can contact:
Sanofi, Inc.
101 Park Ave.
New York, NY 10178
For information on additional therapies that have been designated as Orphan Drugs in the last few months, please return to the main menu of NORD Services and access the Orphan Drug Database.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Opportunistic Infections, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Immune Deficiency Foundation
3565 Ellicott Mill Drive, Unit B2
Ellicott City, MD 21043
(800) 296-4433
(410) 461-3127
American Foundation for AIDS Research (AMFAR)
40 W. 57th St., Suite 406
New York, NY 10019
(212) 333-3118
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
Youmans, Guy P., Paterson, P.V., and Sommers, H.H., The Biological and Clinical Basis if Infectious Diseases. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia: 1980. Pages 741-53....
Opportunistic Infectionsg
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@$1$Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
531: Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Mohr Syndrome
OFD Syndrome
Orofaciodigital Syndrome
Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome I
Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome II
Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome III
Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome IV
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Juberg-Hayward Syndrome
Nager Acrofacial Dysostosis, AFD, Nager Type
Joubert Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome (OFD) is a genetic disorder. Major symptoms include many episodic neuromuscular disturbances, congenital malformations such as cleft palate, other facial deformities, malformation of the hands and feet, shortened limbs and various degrees of mental retardation.
Symptoms
Four types of Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome have been identified. Symptoms Common to all types include episodic neuromuscular disturbances, split tongue, splits in the jaw, midline cleft lip, overgrowth of the membrane that supports the tongue (frenulum), a broad based nose, vertical folds of skin covering the inner angle where the eyelids meet (epicanthic folds), more than the normal number of fingers and/or toes, shorter than normal fingers and/or toes, and more than the normal number of divisions between skull sections.
Children born with Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome (OFD) type I have coarse thin hair, grainy skin lesions, and the development of more than the normal number of fingers on one hand only (unilateral polysyndactyly).
Patients with OFD II have much the same symptoms as those of Type I although they also have more than the normal number of toes on both feet.
Type III OFD is characterized by more than the normal number of teeth and a wider eye opening during chewing ("jaw winking").
OFD type IV is distinguishable from other types of this disorder because it is marked by shortened limbs. Some patients also have psychomotor retardation, clefts of the jaw and tongue, and tooth malformations. Abnormalities of the jaw, tongue and upper lip occur as well as eye problems, such as "seesaw winking" and outward focusing of the eyes independently of each other (exotropia).
Causes
The exact cause of OFD is not known although it is suspected to be inherited in types II, III, and IV as an autosomal recessive trait. Type I OFD is suspected to be inherited as an X-linked dominant trait.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
In X-linked dominant disorders, the female with only one X chromosome affected will develop the disease. However, the affected male always has a more severe condition. Sometimes affected males die before birth so that only female patients survive.
Affected Population
Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome is a very rare disorder. Most types affect males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Juberg-Hayword Syndrome (Orocraniodigital Syndrome) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by cleft lip and palate malformations, a smaller than normal sized head, deformities of the thumbs and toes, and growth hormone deficiency resulting in short stature.
Nager Acrofacial Dysostosis, AFD, Nager Type, (Mandibulofacial Dysostosis) is a rare hereditary disorder marked by abnormal facial development. This results in cleft lip and palate, defective development of bones of the jaw and arms, and smaller than normal thumbs.
Joubert Syndrome is a very rare hereditary neurological disorder marked by malformation of the area of the brain which controls balance and coordination. Neuromuscular and eye movement disturbances similar to those of Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome occur. Additionally, psychomotor retardation, and/or respiratory abnormalities may develop. Some of the symptoms may decrease with age. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Joubert Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome may involve reconstructive surgery for facial clefts. Genetic counseling is recommended for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4261
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
About Face
99 Crowns Lane
Toronto, Ontario M5R 3PA
Canada
(416) 944-3223
Let's Face It
Box 711
Concord, MA 01742
(508) 371-3186
National Foundation for Facial Reconstruction
550 First Avenue
New York, NY 11016
(212) 340-6656
For Information on Cleft Palate:
American Cleft Palate Cranial Facial Association
1218 Granview Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15211
(412) 681-1376
(800) 24CLEFT
Prescription Parents, Inc.
P.O. Box 426
Quincy, MA 02269
(617) 479-2463
National Cleft Palate Association
1218 Grandview Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15211
1-800-24CLEFT
1-800-23CLEFT
National Foundation of Dentistry for the Handicapped
1250 14th Street, Suite 610
Denver, Colorado 80202
(303) 573-0264
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
This Rare Disease Database entry is based upon outlines prepared by medical and dental students (1984-1986) at the Medical College of Virginia for their course in human genetics, and the following articles:
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1118, 1175, 1438.
THE SPECTRUM OF THE ORO-FACIAL-DIGITAL SYNDROME; O.M. Fenton, et al.; Br J Plast Surg (October 1985, issue 38(4)). Pp.532-539.
MOHR SYNDROME IN TWO SIBLINGS: A. Gencik, et al.; J Genet Hum (December 1983, issue 31(4)). Pp. 307-315.
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF MOHR SYNDROME BY ULTRASONOGRAPHY: M. Iaccarino, et al.; Prenat Diagn (November-December 1985, issue 5(6)). Pp. 415-418.
OROCRANIODIGITAL (JUBERG-HAYWARD) SYNDROME WITH GROWTH HORMONE
DEFICIENCY; H. M. Kingston, et al.; Arch Dis Child (October 1982, issue 57 (10)). Pp. 790-792.
A CASE OF THE OROCRANIODIGITAL (JUBERG-HAYWARD) SYNDROME; N. C. Nevin, et al.; J. Med. Genet (December 1981, issue 18 (6)). Pp. 478-481.
SYNDROME OF ACROFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS, CLEFT LIP/PALATE, AND TRIPHALANGEAL
THUMB IN A BRAZILIAN FAMILY; A. Richieri-Costa, et al.; Am J Med Genet (1983 issue 14). Pp. 225-229.
Oral-Facial-Digital SyndromeK%
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Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
829: Organic Mood Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Organic Mood Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Organic Affective Syndrome
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Dysthymia
Major Depression
Cyclothymic Disorder
Bipolar Manic-Depression
Atypical Bipolar Disorder
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Organic Mood Syndrome is a mental disorder due to physical causes. Either "manic" symptoms of unusual euphoria or irritability, or "depressive" symptoms of despondency, fear, anxiety, or suspiciousness may be present. Other symptoms may be present as well.
Symptoms
Organic Mood Syndrome is a mental disorder due to physical causes. Patients may feel either "manic" or "depressive." Manic symptoms include unusual happiness, euphoria, emotional instability, restlessness, or irritability. Depressive symptoms include sadness, lack of interests, anxiety, fear, suspiciousness, irritability, panic, worry about health, tearfulness, or brooding. Feelings of worthlessness, "persecution," delusions or hallucinations may also occur.
Causes
Organic Mood Syndrome has an underlying physical cause. Reserpine or methyldopa, which are drugs for treatment of hypertension, may cause depressive symptoms. Endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticalism, or hypoadrenocorticalism can cause either depressive or manic symptoms. Carcinoma (cancer) of the pancreas, drugs which induce hallucinations, or illness caused by a virus may lead to Organic Mood Syndrome as may stroke, or other diseases of the brain.
Affected Population
Organic Mood Syndrome is a mental disorder due to physical causes which affects males and females of all ages in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Organic Mood Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Dysthymia is a common psychological disorder characterized by a chronic but mild depressive state that has been present in an individual for more than two years. During periods of depressed mood, there may be poor appetite or overeating, an inability to sleep (insomnia) or oversleeping (hypersomnia), low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration, difficulty making decisions and feelings of hopelessness. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Dysthymia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Major Depression is a mood disorder characterized by severe depression with loss of interest or pleasure in all or nearly all activities for a period of at least two weeks. Symptoms may include appetite disturbance, change in weight, sleep disturbance, decreased energy, agitated or slowed movements, feelings of worthlessness, excessive or inappropriate guilt, difficulty thinking or concentrating, or recurrent thoughts of death and suicide. This diagnosis is made only after it has been established that there are no underlying physical causes.
Cyclothymic Disorder is a chronic mood disorder involving numerous periods of depression and a mild form of over-elation and hyperactivity (hypomania). Symptoms, which last at least two years, may be a little less severe than those in Major Depression and in manic occurrences.
Bipolar Manic Depression is a mental illness in which intense mood swings occur, usually with remissions and recurrences. Depressive symptoms may be most common and can last at least a full day and perhaps several weeks or longer. Manic symptoms may involve hyperactivity and feelings of invincibility, happiness and restlessness. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Manic Depression" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Atypical Bipolar Disorder is a category for individuals with manic symptoms who cannot be classified as having Bipolar Manic Depression or Cyclothymic Disorder. For example, an individual who previously had a major depressive occurrence now has an episode of mild manic symptoms that are not of sufficient severity and duration to satisfy the criteria for a manic episode. This can be classified as Atypical Bipolar Disorder; this illness is also referred to as "Bipolar II."
Therapies: Standard
Once the underlying cause of Organic Mood Syndrome has been identified, necessary steps can be taken to treat the patient. If it is due to a certain drug, for example, other drugs may be prescribed instead; if it is caused by another disease, treatment of that disorder may result in the disappearance of the psychiatric symptoms. Counseling may also be of benefit.
Therapies: Investigational
As medical knowledge and technology advance more is learned about the human body, side effects of drugs, and neuropsychiatric illnesses. In the future it is hoped that scientists will be able to prevent disorders such as Organic Mood Syndrome, when brain chemistry is better understood.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Organic Mood Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Mental Health Association
1021 Prince Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 684-7722
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
1901 N. Fort Meyer Dr., Suite 500
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 524-7600
National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse
311 S. Juniper St., Rm. 902
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 735-2481
NIH/National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
(301) 443-4515 or (301) 496-1752
(800) 421-4211 (24 hrs.)
References
DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, 3rd Ed. rev.: R.L. Spitzer, et al., eds; American Psychiatric Association, 1987. Pp. 111-112.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ORGANIC AFFECTIVE SYNDROME DURING A HYPERBARIC DIVING
EXPERIMENT. A. Stoudemire, et al.; Am J Psychiatry (Oct 1984; issue 141 (10)). Pp. 1251-1254.
MAJOR DEPRESSION VERSUS ORGANIC MOOD DISORDER: A QUESTIONABLE
MOOD CHANGES AFTER RIGHT-HEMISPHERE LESIONS. S.E. Starkstein, et al.; Br J Psychiatry (Jul 1989; issue 155). Pp. 79-85.
ORGANIC MENTAL DISORDERS CAUSED BY HIV: UPDATE ON EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND
TREATMENT. S.W. Perry; Am J Psychiatry (Jun 1990; issue 147 (6)). Pp. 696-710.
Organic Mood Syndrome
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'Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
782: Organic Personality Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article Organic Personality Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Personality Syndrome, Organic
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Dementia
Huntington's Chorea (Huntington's Disease)
Schizophrenia
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Organic Personality Syndrome is a mental disorder characterized by a persistent personality disturbance due to an organic cause. Significant changes in the personality may endure for a short or long time, depending on the cause. The degree of impairment varies in each case.
Symptoms
In Organic Personality Syndrome, character traits are either more pronounced or different from usual behavior. Symptoms usually show themselves in one of three basic patterns depending on the nature and location of the brain dysfunction. The first pattern is the most common, and is characterized by emotional instability, faulty social judgement, possible belligerence and/or an over-reactive temper. The person may engage in inappropriate social behavior without regard for the consequences (e.g. sexual indiscretions). The second pattern may include significant signs of apathy and indifference. The person has no concern for, or interest in his or her immediate environment or former customary hobbies. Both of these patterns may be caused by damage to the frontal lobes of the brain (frontal lobe syndromes). The third pattern of behavior, seen in some disorders affecting the temporal lobe, is marked by a strong tendency to be humorless and overly redundant in both speech and writing, and by overzealous religious devotion. Occasionally, the person may show extreme rage. One of the major changes in this behavior may be unreasonable suspiciousness or paranoid ideas. If the main symptom is outbursts of aggression or rage, the patient may be labeled as an "Explosive Type".
Causes
There are several possible causes for Organic Personality Syndrome. It is generally due to structural brain damage from neoplasms (tumors), head trauma, or cerebrovascular disease involving the upper part of the brain and the blood vessels supplying it. Less commonly, endocrine disorders such as thyroid and adrenocortical (outer part of adrenal gland) disease, or ingesting certain psychoactive substances (drugs that affect the mind or behavior) may cause this syndrome. The syndrome may be of short duration if caused by medications, drug abuse, or certain types of tumors that are surgically removed. It may be of long duration if it is secondary to structural brain damage.
Affected Population
Organic Personality Syndrome is a prevalent disorder that affects males and females of all ages in equal numbers. It is often a symptom of an underlying disease or condition.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Organic Personality Syndrome. However, personality changes can occur in many disorders that are not due to an organic reason. Psychiatric and/or neurological consultation should be sought to determine the cause of any serious or prolonged change in behavior.
Schizophrenia is a prevalent mental illness characterized by loss of contact with reality, marked deterioration in ability to function, and extreme personality change. Delusional disorders, mood disorders, and impulse control disorders are not related to Organic Personality Syndrome, even though they cause marked changes in personality. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Schizophrenia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Antisocial Personality Disorder is a mental illness which usually manifests itself before the age of fifteen. Major symptoms include antisocial behavior in which there is little concern for the rights of others. Excessive drinking, fighting and irresponsibility may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Antisocial Personality Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition usually caused by abnormalities of the central nervous system. It often accompanies neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and Tourette syndrome. It may also be caused by a disruptive environment, child abuse or neglect in some cases. ADHD features unusual degrees of inattention, impulsiveness, and physical activity. It usually starts at a young age, half the time before the age of 4. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity", "Cerebral Palsy", "epilepsy", or "Tourette Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The following disorders may be the primary underlying cause of Organic Personality Syndrome. They are not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Huntington's Chorea (also known as Huntington's Disease) is an inherited, progressively degenerative neurological illness leading to personality changes, loss of motor control, loss of memory, and eventual loss of both mental capability. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Huntington's Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (also known as Psychomotor Epilepsy) is a central nervous system disorder originating in the temporal lobe area of the brain. It is characterized by partial seizures, impairment of consciousness, strange behavior, hallucinations that may involve odor, and visual perceptions. Organic Personality Syndrome may occur between seizures. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Epilepsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Organic Personality Syndrome may precede the development of dementia. Dementia is a progressive decline of the intellect (rational or intelligent thought) and includes changes in behavior and personality. It may be caused by one of several brain diseases or by injury to the brain. Dementia affects memory and abstract thinking as well as judgement. Sometimes personality change is the first symptom of an organic brain syndrome which eventually becomes dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease. The initial diagnosis is then changed from Organic Personality Syndrome to another disorder. (For more information on disorders characterized by dementia, choose "dementia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
In Organic Personality Syndrome, although the ability to reason, remember, imagine, and learn may not be affected, the individual's judgement may be so poor that continual supervision may be necessary. Left unattended, his or her behavior could cause difficult or dangerous problems.
Treatment of Organic Personality Syndrome depends upon the cause. If it is due to medication or drug abuse, once the cause is identified, corrective action can be taken and the person's behavior usually returns to normal. If it is due to a brain tumor (neoplasm), much depends on the tumor type, the patient's age, tumor location and success of therapy. Surgery may be effective, and in some cases patients recover with little or no permanent change in their intellectual abilities and quality of life. If the Organic Personality Syndrome is due to another underlying neurological disorder, appropriate treatment for that disorder may be helpful.
Therapies: Investigational
Some research has been done on the effectiveness of certain antidepressant drugs. In the cases tested, patients had Organic Personality Syndrome with no other underlying neurological diseases, combined with depression. Many patients improved on antidepressant drugs and remission occurred in some patients.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Organic Personality Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Mental Health Association
1021 Prince Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 684-7722
NIH/National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
(301) 443-4515 or (301) 496-1752
(800) 421-4211 (24 hrs.)
References
THE DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, 3rd ed. revised: Janet B. W. Williams, D.S.W., et al., eds.; American Psychiatric Association, 1987. Pp.50-53, 114-116.
COGNITIVE OUTCOME AND QUALITY OF LIFE ONE YEAR AFTER SUBARACHNOID
HAEMORRHAGE, P. McKenna, et al., Neurosurgery (March 1989, issue 24 (3)). Pp. 361-367.
NATIONAL SURVEY OF PATTERNS OF CARE FOR BRAIN-TUMOR PATIENTS, M.S.
Mahaley, Jr, et al., J Neurosurg (December 1989, issue 71 (6)). Pp. 826-836.
NONPSYCHOTIC INVOLUTIONAL INHIBITED DEPRESSIONS AND PSYCHO-ORGANIC
DETERIORATIONS: TREATMENT WITH VILOXAZINE AND PIRACETAM, A. Borromei, et al., Minerva Med (May 1989, issue 80 (5)). Pp. 475-482.
PARTIAL SECTION OF THE CORPUS COLLOSUM: FOCAL SIGNS AND THEIR RECOVERY,
A. Castro-Caldas, et al., Neurosurgery (September 1989, issue 25 (3)). Pp. 442-447.
Organic Personality Syndrome
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3Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
309: Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hyperammonemia Type II
OTC Deficiency
Ornithine Carbamyl Transferase Deficiency
Ornithine Carbamyl Transferase Deficiency
Urea Cycle Disorder, OTC Type
UCE
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Urea Cycle Enzyme Disorders, including:
Citrullinemia,
Argininosuccinic Aciduria,
Arginase Deficiency,
N-Acetyl Glutamate,
Synthetase Deficiency,
Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency,
Reye Syndrome
Organic Acidemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism and one of six inherited disorders of the urea cycle. The urea cycle is a series of chemical reactions in the liver that break down ammonia into urea. Ammonia is toxic to the body. Urea cycle disorders are caused by deficiencies of certain proteins (enzymes) that act to break down the ammonia into urea which is then eliminated from the body. These enzyme deficiencies cause an abnormal accumulation of ammonia in the blood and body tissues.
Symptoms
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency is a rare metabolic disorder characterized by excessive levels of ammonia (hyperammonemia) in the blood and body tissues. Symptoms of this disorder may include lack of appetite, vomiting, drowsiness, seizures, and/or coma. The liver may be abnormally enlarged (hepatomegaly).
The diagnosis of Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency is confirmed by a laboratory test that detects an abnormally high level of orotate in the urine. This test distinguishes Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency from other urea cycle enzyme disorders. Citrulline is also absent in the blood. (For more information about Urea Cycles Disorders, see the Related Disorders Section of this report.)
Immediate treatment after the diagnosis of Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency is imperative. If left untreated this disorder can be life-threatening and can result in brain damage and coma.
Causes
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency is inherited as an X-linked genetic trait. The symptoms of Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency develop due to the accumulation of excess ammonia in blood and body tissues.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Males who have only one of a pair of genes that result in Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency (hemizygotes) have extreme symptoms, whereas females who have two different genes of a pair (heterozygotes) for this disorder have milder symptoms. Approximately one-third of the cases may be due to a new mutation (de novo) in the gene responsible for Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency.
Affected Population
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency is a very rare disorder that affects less than 1000 people in the United States. This disorder occurs in approximately 1 in 25,000 births. In males, symptoms typically begin during the first few days of life. Females who carry the defective gene may have symptoms that are mild, or have no symptoms at all. Some women who are carriers of the gene for Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency may not experience abnormally high levels of ammonia (hyperammonemia) until pregnancy or delivery.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Urea Cycle Enzyme Deficiencies (UCE) are a group of rare inherited metabolic disorders. The six disorders of the urea cycle are Citrullinemia, Argininosuccinic Aciduria, Arginase Deficiency, N-Acetyl Glutamate Synthetase Deficiency, Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency, and Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency. The symptoms of all urea cycle disorders vary in severity and result from the excessive accumulation of ammonia in the blood and body tissues (hyperammonemia). Symptoms include lack of appetite, vomiting, drowsiness, seizures, and/or coma. The liver may be abnormally enlarged (hepatomegaly). (For more information choose "Citrullinemia," "Argininosuccinic Aciduria," "Arginase Deficiency," "N-Acetyl Glutamate Synthetase Deficiency," and "Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Reye Syndrome is a rare childhood disease characterized by liver failure, abnormal brain function (encephalopathy), abnormally low levels of glucose (hypoglycemia), and high levels of ammonia in the blood. This disorder usually follows a viral infection. It may be triggered by the use of aspirin in children recovering from chicken pox or influenza. Deficiencies of the urea cycle enzymes are thought to play a role in the development of Reye Syndrome. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, rapid breathing, irritability, fatigue, and behavioral changes. Neurological symptoms may be life-threatening and include seizures, stupor, and coma. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Reye" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Organic Acidemias are a group of rare inherited metabolic disorders characterized by the excessive accumulation of various acids in the blood. Symptoms may include constipation, muscle weakness and low levels of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia). People with these disorders also have hyperammonemia and experience symptoms that are similar to those of urea cycle enzyme disorders. (For more information, choose "Acidemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
When a person is suspected of having Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency or any other urea cycle disorder, a number of diagnostic tests should be performed. These include measurement of pH of the blood and body tissues to determine if the blood is acidic, the levels of ammonia, amino acids and bicarbonate in the blood, urinary organic acids, and blood gases. Before the results of these tests are in, treatment of hyperammonemia should be started to prevent coma and/or brain damage.
As soon as Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency is diagnosed in a male newborn, a procedure that removes the excess ammonia from the blood (hemodialysis) or blood exchange transfusions should be started immediately. If coma is present shortly after birth due to abnormally high levels of ammonia, then a combined treatment needs to be started as soon as possible, which may include hemodialysis.
If the carrier status for the Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency gene is known, a test (linkage analysis) can be given that can detect urea cycle enzyme defects in the developing fetus. Also, women who are at risk for these deficiencies may be tested for the presence of the defective gene.
The orphan drug benzoate/phenylacetate (Ucephan) has been approved for use in the prevention and treatment of hyperammonemia in patients with urea cycle enzymopathy (UCE) due to enzyme deficiencies. The drug is manufactured by:
Kendall McGaw Laboratories, Inc.
P.O. Box 25080
Santa Ana, CA 92799-5080
Genetic counseling is imperative for people with Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
The orphan drug sodium (or calcium) phenylbutyrate is being developed for use in the treatment of hyperammonemia, including those people with Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency. This drug has the advantage of not having the offensive odor that is associated with benzoate/phenylacetate. For more information, patients should have their physicians contact:
Dr. Saul Brusilow
Professor of Pediatrics
301 Children's Medical and Surgical Center
John Hopkins Hospital
600 North Wolfe Street
Baltimore, MD 21205
(310) 955-0885
Clinical trials are underway to study the orphan drug L-Carnitine in amino acid and fat metabolism as it relates to urea cycle disorders, including Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency. For more information, have your physician contact:
Charles R. Roe, M.D.
Box 3028
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC 27710
(919) 684-2036
A. Kimberly Iafolla, M.D.
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC 27710
(919) 681-6042
In people with Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency that does not respond to drug therapy, liver transplantation may be considered in some cases. More study is needed to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of this procedure for the most severe cases of Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Urea Cycle Disorders Foundation
4559 Vauxhall Rd.
Richmond, VA 23234-3556
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Saul Brusilow, M.D., Professor of Pediatrics
301 Children's Medical and Surgical Center
Johns Hopkins Hospital
600 North Wolfe Street
Baltimore, MD 21205
(301) 955-0885
The National Kidney Foundation
30 East 33rd St.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 689-2210
(800) 622-9010
British Organic Acidemia Association
5 Saxon Rd.
Ashford, Middlesex TW15 1QL
England
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge
Weston Road
Crewe, CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: 0270629782
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1937-1942.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th Ed.: Charles R. Scriver, et al., Editors; McGraw Hill, 1989. Pp. 635-37, 645-46.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1105, 1118.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1307-1308.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.; Raymond D. Adams, M.D. and Maurice Victor, M.D., Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, 1989. Pp. 779.
DISORDERS OR THE UREA CYCLE: Saul W. Brusilow; Hospital Practice (October 15, 1985; issue 305). Pp. 65-72.
SYMPTOMATIC INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM IN THE NEONATE: Saul W. Brusilow and David L. Vallee; In: Current Therapy in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. Marcel Decker, 1985. Pp. 207-212.
PROSPECTIVE TREATMENT OF UREA CYCLE DISORDERS. N.E. Maestri; J Pediatr (Dec 1991; 119(6)). Pp. 923-28.
ALLOPURINOL CHALLENGE TEST IN CHILDREN. A.B. Burlina; J Inherit Metab Dis (1992; 15(5)). Pp. 707-712.
A CASE STUDY: UREA CYCLE DISORDER. M.M. Gallagher; Neonatal Netw (Sept 1991; 10(2)). Pp. 35-44.
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
700: Osgood-Schlatter's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Osgood-Schlatter's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Schlatter Disease
Osteochondrosis, Tibial Tubercle
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Kienboeck Disease
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Osgood-Schlatter's Disease is a nonprogressive, inflammatory condition that causes abnormal bone and cartilage formation in the bone located between the knee and the ankle (tibia).
Symptoms
Osgood-Schlatter's Disease is characterized by a painful, small, rounded bony growth (tubercle) on the bone located between the knee and the ankle (tibia). The tubercle causes a degeneration of the tissue due to an inadequate blood supply to the area. Symptoms are made worse by any exercise or activity that stretches the leg. Half of those affected with this disease will have symptoms in both legs. Osgood-Schlatter's Disease runs a limited course and the affected area will usually regenerate. Long-term affects are uncommon although there have been some incidences of fractures of the tibia and joint discomfort years after the original diagnosis.
Causes
The exact cause of Osgood-Schlatter's Disease is unknown. It is thought to result from a trauma or chronic irritation. Overuse of an immature bone or the quadricep muscle may also cause this condition.
Affected Population
Osgood-Schlatter's Disease occurs more frequently in early adolescent males, especially those who are athletically active.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Osgood-Schlatter's Disease:
Kienboeck Disease is an acquired bone disorder. Abnormalities of the lunate bone in the wrist develop following an injury or inflammation. Recurrent pain and stiffness occur in conjunction with thickening, swelling and tenderness in the soft tissue overlying the lunate bone. The range of motion in the wrist may become limited. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Kienboeck" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome is a rare disease affecting the hip joint. Abnormalities in bone growth early in life may result in permanent deformity of the hip joint several years later. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Legg-Calve" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Osgood-Schlatter's Disease consists of complete bed rest and possibly immobilizing the affected leg with a cast. Surgery has been used in some patients with Osgood-Schlatter's Disease. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Osgood-Schlatter's Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
Arthritis Foundation
1314 Spring St. NW
Atlanta, GA 30309
(404) 872-7100
References
AVULSION FRACTURE OF THE TIBIAL TUBEROSITY IN LATE ADOLESCENCE. P.
Nimityongskul et al.; J TRAUMA (April 1988; issue 28 (4)). Pp. 505-509.
MANAGEMENT OF SPORTS INJURIES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS. C. Stanitski.; ORTHOP CLIN NORTH AM (October 1988; issue 19 (4)). Pp. 689-698.
TIBIAL SEQUESTRECTOMY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE. I.
BILATERAL FRACTURES THROUGH "GIANT" PATELLAR TENDON OSSICLES: A LATE
SEQUELA OF OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE. R. Konsens, et al.; (August 1988; issue 17 (8)). Pp. 797-800.
THE SEQUELAE OF OSGOOD-SCHLATTER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. J. Hogh, et al.; INT ORTHOP (1988; issue 12 (3)). Pp. 213-215.
Osgood-Schlatter's Diseasei
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%Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
16: Osteogenesis Imperfecta
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Osteogenesis) Imperfecta is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Brittle Bone Disease
Ekman-Lobstein Disease
Lobstein Disease (Type I)
OI
Osteopathyrosis
Vrolik Disease (Type II)
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Osteogenesis Imperfecta Congenita also known as IO Congenita
Osteogenesis Imperfecta Tarda also knows as IO Tarda
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Osteoporosis
Vitamin Resistant Rickets
Achondroplasia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta is characterized by unusually fragile bones that break or fracture easily. There are generally considered to be 4 types of this disorder, some with subtypes. The congenital form, type II, is the most severe; affected infants are either stillborn or die shortly after birth of respiratory insufficiency. Other forms of Osteogenesis Imperfecta range from mild to severe.
Symptoms
Osteogenesis Imperfecta is characterized by bone fractures, especially of the long bones of the legs, even after minimal trauma.
Type I Osteogenesis Imperfecta is characterized by blue coloration to the membrane covering the rear portion of the eye (sclera). Generally there is little or no bone deformity and normal stature. There is hearing loss in about 50 percent of type I Osteogenesis Imperfecta patients.
Type II Osteogenesis Imperfecta is lethal in the newborn period. Infants are born with multiple fractures as well as compressed fractures. Long bone deformities are generally present.
Patients with type III Osteogenesis Imperfecta have short stature and only a variable bluish color to the sclera of the eye. Hearing loss and dental problems are common. Deformities of the bones tends to be progressive.
Patients with type IV Osteogenesis Imperfecta have normal sclera in the eyes, mild bone deformity, and variable short stature. Abnormal development of dentin (a major component of the teeth, surrounding the pulp and covered with enamel) is also common (dentinogenesis). Hearing loss is rare.
Causes
Osteogenesis Imperfecta is commonly inherited as an autosomal dominant gene, but a recessive pattern has been identified in a few patients. More that 50 variants (mutations) in the genes that encode the chains of type I collagen have been identified. The exact nature of the mutation determines the type of Osteogenesis Imperfecta and the symptoms that are present.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Osteogenesis Imperfecta occurs in 1:20,000 to 1:50,000 births in the United States.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Osteoporosis is a disorder of the bones that is characterized by a decrease in the density and weight of bones (rarefaction). This can lead to fractures after even minor trauma. Osteoporosis occurs frequently in post-menopausal women or people that are immobile or sedentary. This disorder may cause pain, especially in the lower back, and a variety of deformities.
Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets, which appears during infancy and childhood, is a disorder that is characterized by abnormal bone formation. Vitamin D is needed for the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, which then affects the depositing of calcium in the bones. The major symptoms include restlessness and a lack of sleep, slow growth and there is a delay in crawling, sitting, or walking. If the disorder remains untreated, the ends of the long bones may become enlarged and the legs may bow. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Rickets, Vitamin D Deficiency" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Achondroplasia is a rare inherited disorder that results in short stature (dwarfism) due to the impairment of bone formation. Head and facial abnormalities are also associated with the disorder. Generally the characteristics include an unusually large forehead, short arms and legs, an elongated trunk, and hands that are short and broad. Water on the brain (hydrocephalus) may also be present and the compression of the brain stem may be fatal. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Achondroplasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
The treatment for Osteogenesis Imperfecta is symptomatic and supportive. In the past treatments have included diets intended to promote calcium and magnesium deposition to the bone, and hormonal treatments with gonadotropins, growth hormone, and calcitonin. These have proven ineffective, and the latter in particular has had serious side effects on children.
Exercise and physical therapy programs have proven of great value in strengthening muscles, increasing weight-bearing capacity, and reducing the tendency to fracture. Hydrotherapy (physical therapy in the water) has been particularly helpful. Various aids are also in use. "Rodding" is a standard procedure in which metal rods are surgically placed in the long bones to prevent fractures. Plastic braces are replacing plaster casts as protective devices because they permit greater freedom of movement and can be used in water. Inflatable suits can provide added protection, especially to very young children.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
Resources
For more information on Osteogenesis Imperfecta, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation
5000 W. Laurel St., Suite 210
Tampa, FL 33607-3836
(813) 282-1161
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
Clinic: Dr. Michael P. White, Medical Director
Metabolic Research Unit
Shriners' Hospital for Crippled Children
2001 Lindbergh Blvd.
Saint Louis, MO 63131
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1948, 2104.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1180-1, 1982.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1611-1614.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1124-1125.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1321-1323.
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA, P.H. Byers and R.D. Steiner; Annual Review Medicine (1992; 43): Pp. 269-282.
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA, J.M. Gertner and L. Root; Orthop Clin North America (Jan. 1990; 21(1)): Pp. 151-162.151-162.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
&pagetitle
16: Osteogenesis Imperfecta
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`.M.Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
742: Osteomyelitis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Osteomyelitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Osteitis
Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
Disorder Subdivisions:
Osteomyelitis, Pyogenic, Acute
Osteomyelitis, Pyogenic, Chronic
Vertebral Osteomyelitis
Anaerobic Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis due to Vascular Insufficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatic Fever
Arthritis, Infectious
Giant Cell Tumor
Cellulitis
Amyloidosis
Sickle Cell Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Osteomyelitis is a common inflammation of the bone caused by bacteria, frequently Staphylococcus. This disorder is usually due to an infection in another part of the body that is transported through the bloodstream to a bone in a distant location. It can be an acute or chronic condition.
Symptoms
Acute Osteomyelitis is a serious bone inflammation that can result from a previous trauma, puncture wound, surgery, bone fracture, abscessed tooth, or infection of soft tissue, the ear or sinus. In children, it usually affects the long bones, especially the growth center (epiphysis) at the end of the shaft. In adults, bones of the spinal column (vertebra) are often affected.
Initially there may be several days of fever and a generalized feeling of ill health (malaise). This may be followed by an increase in fever (104-105 degrees Fahrenheit), deep localized bone pain, chills, sweating, swelling and painful or limited movement of the nearby joints. The skin near the affected bone may be red (erythema) and there may be a purulent buildup (pus), loss of calcium, destruction of the surrounding tissue (necrosis) and bone deterioration or deformity.
Chronic Osteomyelitis usually occurs after an acute episode of Osteomyelitis when the infection has not been totally cured. There may be bone pain, swelling, redness and tenderness of the affected area. A discharge of pus from an opening to the infected bone is often the first symptom. There may also be destruction of the bone with pieces of the infected bone separating from the healthy bone. In cases where this occurs, surgery to remove the bone fragments may be necessary.
Vertebral Osteomyelitis is characterized by chronic back pain not relieved by ordinary treatment such as bed rest, heat or pain relievers. There may be fever, localized tenderness, pain, muscle spasms and limited movement. This form of Osteomyelitis usually affects people over 50 years of age, and is usually caused by a previous injury, urinary tract infection, inflammation of the lining of the heart (endocarditis) or drug addiction. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Endocarditis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Anaerobic Osteomyelitis often affects the lower jawbone (mandible), skull or feet. It is characterized by ulceration and swelling, foul smelling drainage and redness of the affected area.
Osteomyelitis due to Vascular Insufficiency is more common in people with Diabetes Mellitus or vascular diseases that affect the extremities, especially the toes and small bones of the feet. It is usually seen in people over 50 years old and is characterized by pain and redness of the affected area (erythema), swelling, ulcerations, and drainage of pus. This type of Osteomyelitis is difficult to treat because of the underlying vascular disorder that can impair the therapeutic effect of antibiotic treatment. (For more information on the above disorder, choose "Diabetes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Causes
Osteomyelitis is an infection frequently caused by Staphylococcus bacteria. In some cases the cause is unknown, but it is usually transmitted through the bloodstream from another area of the body.
Affected Population
Osteomyelitis is a prevalent condition that affects males and females in equal numbers. It is usually more common in children and adults after the age of 50. Hemodialysis patients, drug addicts and those with diabetes are also more susceptible to this infection.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Osteomyelitis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Rheumatoid Arthritis is an inflammatory autoimmune disease in which the bodies natural defenses against foreign agents (antibodies & lymphocytes) attack healthy bones and joints. This disorder is characterized by a lack of appetite (anorexia), fatigue, painful and deformed joints, early morning stiffness chiefly in the hands, knees, feet, jaw, and spine. Once affected, a patient's joints remain painful or uncomfortable for weeks, months, or years. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Arthritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Rheumatic Fever is an inflammatory infectious disease that can occur following streptococcal infections of the throat (strep throat). Patients initially experience moderate fever, a general feeling of ill health (malaise), a sore throat and fatigue. A toe or finger may become swollen and red, mimicking a local infection. Major complications can include heart disease, joint pain and arthritis, involuntary abrupt limb movements with characteristic grimaces (chorea), and possible skin symptoms. Treatment with antibiotics should begin as soon as possible. Rheumatic Fever can be avoided if strep throat is vigorously treated and cured with antibiotics. (For more information on this disorder, choose ""Rheumatic Fever" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Infectious Arthritis occurs as a result of an infection in the tissues of a joint by bacteria, viruses or fungi. It is characterized by fever, chills, general weakness and headaches, followed by inflammation of one or more joints. The affected joint or joints often become very painful, swollen, slightly red and stiff within a few hours or days. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Arthritis, Infectious" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the skin usually caused by a Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria. The infection commonly results from an existing wound of the nose, ears, face or hands. It is characterized by localized pain, swelling and redness of the skin, fever, chills, enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenitis) and a general feeling of ill health.
Giant Cell tumors can be a recurring condition characterized by tumors of the growth areas (epiphysis) of the long bones. These tumors can cause erosion of the bone and may infiltrate into the surrounding tissue. They are usually treated by surgical removal.
Sickle Cell Anemia is an inherited blood disease. Symptomatic of this disease are the painful "crisis periods" which can occur in conjunction with other infections. It is characterized by joint pain (arthralgia), fever, severe abdominal pain, and vomiting. (For more information on this disorder, choose "sickle cell" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
People with Osteomyelitis may develop the following disorders if the disease is left untreated or inadequately treated.
Secondary Amyloidosis is a metabolic disorder resulting from the extracellular accumulation of amyloid (a glycoprotein) in almost any organ system, in quantities sufficient to cause dysfunction. It can be a secondary disorder associated with Osteomyelitis. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Amyloidosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Symptoms of Osteomyelitis can resemble many other bone disorders. Bone scans, blood tests or a bone biopsy are tests that help diagnose this disorder so that treatment can be started immediately. After the infectious organism has been identified by a blood, pus or fluid culture, Osteomyelitis is usually treated with massive doses of the appropriate antibiotic. Penicillin type drugs such as Oxacillin, Nafcillin, or Ampicillin, either prescribed alone or in combination with Aminoglycoside drugs (gentaminicin, tobramycin, amikacin, or netilmicin) are effective treatments for certain types of Osteomyelitis. Depending on the extent of the infection, it may be necessary to surgically drain and clean the infected area and then continue treatment with antibiotic therapy. In some cases a bone graft may be necessary.
It is most important that diabetics and those with vascular disorders be treated as quickly as possible for suspected Osteomyelitis. If left untreated this disorder can result in destruction of the bone and surrounding tissue and may lead to amputation of the affected toes or foot. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
At the present time, a study is being conducted on the effectiveness of polymethyl methacrylate antibiotic beads as a treatment for postoperative Osteomyelitis infections. Another treatment with Gentamicin impregnated with PMMA beads on surgical wire (Septopal) has been developed in Germany by E. Merck, Darmstadt. The FDA has given approval for this orphan drug testing. More research must be conducted to determine long-term safety and effectiveness of these treatments.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Osteomyelitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1520.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1987. Pp. 1298.
POST-TRAUMATIC OSTEOMYELITIS. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT. M.
Roesgen, et al.; ARCH ORTHOP TRAUMA SURG, (1989 issue 108 (1)). Pp. 1-9.
ANTIBIOTIC BEADS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SURGICAL INFECTIONS. J. Calhoun, et al.; AM J SURG (April 1989, issue 157 (4)). Pp. 443-449.
ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY OF OSTEOMYELITIS IN OUTPATIENTS. L. Harvey, et al.; MED CLIN NORTH AM, (May 1988, issue 72 (3)). Pp. 723-738.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF OSTEOMYELITIS IN PATIENTS WITH PRESSURE SORES. V.
Lewis, et al.; PLAST RECONSTR SURG, (February 1988, issue 81 (2)). Pp. 229-232.
OSTEOMYELITIS: OPTIONS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT. L. Gentry. J ANTIMICROB CHEMOTHER, (April 1988, issue 21 (Suppl C). Pp. 115-131.
PRIMARY EPIPHYSEAL OSTEOMYELITIS IN CHILDREN. REPORT OF THREE CASES AND
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. T. Sorenson, et al.; BONE JOINT SURG (November 1988, issue 70 (5)). Pp. 818-820.
Osteomyelitis
: Ha/
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756: Osteonecrosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Osteonecrosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Avascular Necrosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Vasculitis
Osteopetrosis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Lupus Erytheomatosus
Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome
Sickle Cell Disease
Gaucher's Disease
Polycythemia Vera
Caisson Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Osteonecrosis is the destruction of a bone (necrosis) often due to an inadequate supply of blood to a bone. It most commonly affects the joints and bones of the hips, knees and shoulder. It often occurs as a result of bone injuries or in conjunction with other diseases and conditions.
Symptoms
Osteonecrosis is a prevalent slowly progressive prevalent disease frequently caused by a reduction of blood flow to an area that involves bones and joints causing the bones to crack and eventually collapse. This condition usually occurs as the result of other diseases, injuries or conditions. Pain is the primary symptom. It is a chronic and mild pain, usually occurring when standing, walking or lifting. The pain becomes worse when weight bearing activities exert pressure on the bones or joints. The pain may progress, eventually occurring while at rest or even disturbing sleep. Other symptoms include muscle spasms, joint stiffness and limitation of motion. Osteonecrosis most commonly affects the head of the femoral bone but may also involve the head of the humerus bone, the round protruding area at the end of the femur bone (condyles), the shin bone (distal tibia) and ankle (talus).
Causes
Osteonecrosis is the death of bone tissue associated with various diseases. A common cause is trauma that can cause a dislocation or fracture of the neck of the femur bone. Bones may also be affected by the use of certain drugs such as corticosteroids (glucocorticoids), or radiation and chemotherapy used in treating cancer patients. Osteonecrosis may also be a complication of kidney transplantation, sickle cell disease, alcoholism and other disorders.
Affected Population
Osteonecrosis is a common progressive disorder that can occur at any age, but is more frequently seen in people between 30 and 60 years of age. Osteonecrosis of the hip is slightly more common in men while Osteonecrosis that affects the knees is seen three times more often in women. It is also more common in those people with rheumatic diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), steroid users (such as cortisone), alcoholics, diabetics, and skin divers who have experienced a rapid reduction of air pressure (bends).
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder may be similar to those of Osteonecrosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Osteopetrosis is a combination of several rare genetically caused symptoms grouped together as one disorder. It can be inherited as either a dominant or recessive trait and is marked by increased bone density, brittle bones, and in some cases skeletal abnormalities. Although symptoms may not initially be apparent to people with mild forms of this disorder, trivial injuries may cause bone fractures due to abnormalities of the bone. The dominantly transmitted form is milder than the recessive form and may not be diagnosed until adolescence or adulthood when symptoms first appear. More serious complications occur in the recessive form which may be diagnosed from examination of skeletal x-rays during infancy or childhood. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Osteopetrosis " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The following disorders may be associated with the development of Osteonecrosis. They are not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Vasculitis is a common disorder characterized by an inflammation of the blood vessel walls. This inflammation causes a narrowing of the inside of the vessel and can obstruct the flow of blood to the tissues (ischemia). The lack of blood may cause damage to the tissues (necrosis), possible formation of blood clots (thrombosis), or a weakening or ballooning which can possibly cause a rupture of the vessel wall (aneurysm). Osteonecrosis can occur in people with vasculitis when blood flow has been obstructed to the bone or joint. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Vasculitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Rheumatoid Arthritis is an inflammatory autoimmune disease in which the body's natural defenses against foreign agents (antibodies & lymphocytes) attack healthy joints. This disorder is characterized by a lack of appetite (anorexia), fatigue, painful and deformed joints, early morning stiffness chiefly in the hands, knees, feet, jaw, and spine. People with Arthritis are at increased risk of also developing Osteonecrosis. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Arthritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Lupus (also known as SLE or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) is an inflammatory connective tissue disease that can affect many parts of the body including the joints, skin and internal organs. Lupus is a disease of the body's immune system, most often striking young women between the ages of 15 and 35 years. People who have Lupus are also at increased risk of developing Osteonecrosis. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lupus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome is a rare disease affecting the hip joint. Abnormalities in bone growth early in life may result in permanent deformity of the hip joint several years later. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is often seen in those people with Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease. (For more information on his disorder, choose "Legg-Calve-Perthes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Gaucher's Disease is an inherited disease of lipid metabolism caused by the failure to produce the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. It is the most common of the 14 known lipid storage disorders which includes Tay-Sachs, Fabry's Disease, and Niemann-Pick Disease. There are three types of Gaucher's Disease Type I, II and III. All three are characterized by the presence of Gaucher (lipid-laden) cells in the bone marrow and other organs such as the spleen and liver. Bone deterioration (Osteonecrosis) is a major symptom of this disease and can affect any part of the body. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Gaucher" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited blood disease. Symptomatic of this disease are the "crisis periods" which often occur in conjunction with other infections. It is characterized by joint pain (arthralgia), fever, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and damage to the head of the femur bone (osteonecrosis). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sickle Cell" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Polycythemia Vera is a chronic proliferative disorder of the bone marrow. It is characterized by an increase in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytosis) and hemoglobin concentration in the blood. Osteonecrosis can occur in Polycythemia Vera. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Polycythemia Vera" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Caisson Disease, also called "Decompression Sickness" or the "Bends", is a disorder caused by the formation of nitrogen bubbles in the tissues and blood. This occurs from a very rapid reduction of air pressure after rising quickly from deep water with high atmospheric pressure, to normal air pressure. It is characterized by painful joints, bone deterioration (Osteonecrosis), chest tightness, giddiness, abdominal pain, vomiting and visual difficulties. In some with this disorder there may also be convulsions and paralysis.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Osteonecrosis consists of diagnosing, treating or eliminating the underlying cause. Bones damaged or weakened by this disorder will usually heal and regenerate with appropriate treatment. Limiting or avoiding alcohol, weight bearing activities, standing or walking may help in the recovery process. Bed rest and reducing stress to the affected area are helpful. The pain associated with this disorder can be relieved with aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen. Warm baths, heating pads and electric blankets may also be helpful in relieving the muscle spasms and pain associated with Osteonecrosis. X-Ray's can be helpful in diagnosing Osteonecrosis and determining the extent of bone damage. Surgery may be necessary when there is a dislocation, fracture or if the bone has collapsed. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. The most often used method of treatment for advanced Osteonecrosis of either the knee or hip is replacement of the affected area with a prosthetic joint.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Osteonecrosis, please contact;
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Arthritis Foundation
1314 Spring Street, NW
Atlanta, GA 30309
(404) 872-7100
NIH/National Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ED.: James B. Wynngaarden, M.D., et al.; ed.-in-chief; W.B. Saunders Co. 1988. Pp. 1517
OSTEONECROSIS OF THE HIP IN THE SICKLE-CELL DISEASES. TREATMENT AND
COMPLICATIONS. G. Hanker, et al.; J BONE SURG [AM] (April 1988, issue 70 (4)). Pp. 499-506.
INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL INTAKE, CIGARETTE SMOKING, AND OCCUPATIONAL STATUS
ON IDIOPATHIC OSTEONECROSIS OF THE FEMORAL HEAD. K. Matsuo, et al.; CLIN ORTHOP (September 1988, (234)). Pp. 115-123.
OSTEONECROSIS OF THE FEMORAL HEAD. PATHOGENIS AND LONG-TERM RESULTS OF
TREATMENT. M. Meyers; CLIN ORTHOP (June 1988 (231)). Pp. 51-61.
SURVEY OF THE LONG TERM INCIDENCE OF OSTEONECROSIS OF THE HIP AND ADVERSE
MEDICAL EVENTS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AFTER HIGH DOSE INTRAVENOUS
METHYLPREDNISOLONE. I. Williams, et al.; ANN RHEUM DIS (November 1988, issue 47(11)). Pp. 930-933.
Osteonecrosis
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@&(&Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
354: Osteopetrosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Osteopetrosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Albers-Schonberg Disease
Osteosclerosis Fragilis Generalisata
Generalized Congenital Osteosclerosis
Ivory Bones
Marble Bones
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Melorheistosis
Osteopoikilosis
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Osteopetrosis is a combination of several rare genetically caused symptoms grouped together as one disorder. It can be inherited as either a dominant or recessive trait and is marked by increased bone density, brittle bones, and in some cases, skeletal abnormalities. Although symptoms may not initially be apparent in people with mild forms of this disorder, trivial injuries may cause bone fractures due to abnormalities of the bone. The dominantly transmitted form is milder than the recessive form of Osteopetrosis, and may not be diagnosed until adolescence or adulthood when symptoms first appear. More serious complications occur in the recessive form which may be diagnosed from examination of skeletal x-rays during infancy or childhood.
Symptoms
Initial symptoms of the dominant form of Osteopetrosis may include bone fractures caused by trivial injuries, and unusual dental problems. Bone pain may occur in the spine, and cranial nerves may be affected. Some vision defects or facial palsy may also be symptomatic of the dominant form of Osteopetrosis. Severe anemia may occur due to obliteration of the bone marrow.
A more serious recessive form of Osteopetrosis is present at birth and can be diagnosed by skeletal x-rays. Symptoms may include retardation of growth, enlargement of the head, a deformity of the base of the skull and delayed closure of the soft spot on the skull of infants with this disorder. Vision failure or cataracts, deafness, dental decay, chest deformity and brain damage are also symptomatic of the more severe form of Osteopetrosis.
Bone defects may involve increased density of many bones including vertebrae, ribs, long bones, the pelvis and the skull. Concurrently there is a decrease in density of the bone marrow in people affected by this disorder.
Causes
Osteopetrosis can be inherited as either a dominant or recessive trait. The basic defect in bone growth involves an insufficient production of intercellular bone tissue by cells called osteoblasts. These osteoblasts aid in the production of bone by maintaining a balance between formation and loss of calcium (resorption) in the bone.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Osteopetrosis occurs in children and lasts throughout life. The dominant form (which is milder than the recessive form) may be present in childhood, but not diagnosed until adolescence or adulthood. Both forms of this disorder affect males and females in equal numbers. Osteopetrosis is very rare.
Related Disorders
Melorheistosis is a rare disorder characterized by shortening or deformity of one or more limbs due to a problem with calcium density in bones. It is inherited as a dominant trait. Pain and limitation of movement of the affected arm(s) or leg(s) is usually present. The prognosis for this disorder is guardedly favorable.
Osteopoikilosis, also known as "spotted bones", is a rare disorder which may occur in conjunction with melorheostosis. Usually without apparent symptoms, Osteopoikilosis may be discovered during X-ray examination for other bone growth disorders. Symptoms usually occur most often between the ages of fifteen and sixty. Spotty shadows appear on x-rays of wrist and ankle bones, finger or toe bones, long bones, pelvis, skull, and/or ribs (spinal bones exempted). These spots are less than one centimeter in diameter and usually of uniform density. Bone growth nodules can grow larger or diminish and disappear.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta, or "brittle bone disease", is a group of hereditary connective tissue disorders characterized by unusual bone fragility and tendency to fracture. Traditionally the disease has been recognized in two forms. Osteogenesis Imperfecta Congenita is apparent at birth, while Osteogenesis Imperfecta Tarda manifests itself only later, usually at three or four years of age. OI Tarda tends to be a milder form of the disease. Both forms of Osteogenesis Imperfecta affect 1 in 20,000 to 50,000 births in the United States. (For more information on this disorder, choose "osteogenesis imperfecta" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Osteopetrosis is symptomatic and supportive. Physical therapy may be of benefit in some cases. Genetic counseling can be of assistance for families in which this disorder occurs.
Therapies: Investigational
Experimental treatment of Osteopetrosis includes bone marrow transplantation. Bone marrow is found inside the bone and produces white blood cells, red blood cells, or clotting cells (platelets). The transplant procedure involves extracting cross-matched bone marrow from a healthy donor and injecting it intravenously into a patient. The healthy marrow cells enter the general circulation and migrate through the blood to marrow cavities in the patient's bones. The new marrow cells begin to grow and produce new white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. The procedure involves risks which must be balanced against possible benefits, and is used experimentally in the most severe cases of Osteopetrosis.
The most serious cases of Osteopetrosis are also being treated experimentally with a combination of steroids (prednisone) and a low calcium, high phosphate diet.
Another alternative treatment is the administration of calcitriol, the biologically active form of vitamin D. High doses of this drug, which stimulates bone-resorbing cells called osteoclasts, improved bone turnover in patients on whom it was studied, and it increased formation of blood cells. In one patient disease symptoms were reversed almost completely, but more research is needed to determine long-term safety and effectiveness of the experimental therapies.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Osteopetrosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
The Paget's Disease Foundation, Inc.
(and other diseases of bone resorption)
200 Varick St., Suite 1004
New York, NY 10014-4810
(212) 229-1582
(800) 23-PAGET
References
JUVENILE OSTEOPETROSIS: EFFECTS ON BLOOD AND BONE OF PREDNISONE AND A LOW
CALCIUM, HIGH PHOSPHATE DIET: L.M. Dorantes, et. al.; Arch Dis Child (July 1986, issue 61(7)). Pp. 666-670.
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION: RESEARCH REPORT; U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute. (September 1986, NIH publication No. 86-1178).
Osteopetrosis
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3Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
878: Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome Type I and II
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome I and II) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Andre Syndrome
Cranioorodigital Syndrome
Digito-oto-palatal Syndrome
Faciopalatoosseous Syndrome
FPO
OPD Syndrome
OPD II Syndrome
Otopalatodigital Syndrome
Palato-oto-digital Syndrome
Taybi Syndrome
Disorder Subdivisions:
Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome Type I (Digito-oto-palatal Syndrome, Palato-
OPD II Syndrome, Faciopalatoosseous Syndrome, FPO, Andre Syndrome)
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia
Frontometaphyseal Dysplasia
Larsen Syndrome
Oro-Facial-Digital Syndrome
Osteopetrosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome Type I and II are rare genetic disorders in which complete expression of the disease shows up only in males. Females may be mildly affected with some of the symptoms. Type I OPD is inherited through an X-linked recessive trait with variable expression in females while Type II OPD is inherited through an X-linked semi-dominant trait (see section on causes).
OPD Type I is typically a milder disorder with fewer symptoms. Some of the characteristics of both disorders may be: cleft palate, a downward slant of the opening between the upper and lower eyelids, hearing loss, and short fingers and toes.
Symptoms
Patients with Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome Type I typically have an incomplete closure of the roof of the mouth (cleft palate), a downward slant of the opening between the upper and lower eyelids, hearing loss due to a defect of the middle ear (conductive hearing loss), and abnormal shortness of the fingers and toes. Other symptoms found in some patients with OPD I may be: short, broad thumbs and great toes; wide spaces between the toes; one or more fingers bent to the side; two or more digits united (syndactyly); short fingernails; dislocation of the head of the radius (one of the bones of the forearm); a broad bridge of the nose; mild dwarfism; underdeveloped bones of the face; and/or slow speech development. Females, who are carriers of the disorder, may have an overhanging brow, a depressed nasal bridge, a wide space between the eyes, and a flat midface. The symptoms expressed in females vary and are fewer. Females do not have the full expression of this disorder.
Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome Type II typically has more symptoms than type I. Major characteristics in males with this disorder may be a small head, broad forehead, flat bridge of the nose, wide space between the eyes, small mouth, cleft palate, downward slant of the opening between the upper and lower eyelids, small mouth, small jaw, fingers that are bent and overlap, short fingers and toes, curved long bones of the forearms and legs and occasionally mental retardation. Females, who are carriers for OPD II, may have mild symptoms such as an arched palate in the mouth, broad face, low-set ears, split uvula (the fleshy lobe in the middle of the back border of the soft palate), fingers bent to the side, short stature, and a downward slant of the opening between the upper and lower eyelids. Females do not have the full expression of this disorder.
Causes
Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome Type I is inherited through an X-linked recessive trait with variable expression in females. Females do not have all of the typical symptoms of the disorder.
Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome Type II is inherited through an X-linked semi-dominant trait. Females with OPD II may be mildly affected.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Affected Population
Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome I and II affects males only. Females may have some of the symptoms but there have been no reported cases of a female having all of the typical characteristics of this disorder.
There have been approximately thirty cases of OPD I reported in the medical literature and nine cases of OPD II.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome Type I and II. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia is a rare genetic disorder that is characterized by head and facial abnormalities, hearing loss and bone deformities of the legs. The nose is abnormally small with narrow nasal passages and the eyes are widely spaced and bulging. The limbs may be affected by a hardening or broadening of the shaft of the long bones close to the growth center. Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia is thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, but may also be inherited as a recessive genetic trait. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Craniometaphyseal" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Frontometaphyseal Dysplasia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by coarse facial features that include a wide nasal bridge, widely spaced eyes, overgrowth of the bone over the eyes, a small jawbone and incomplete development of the sinuses. Multiple deformities of the teeth and bones may also be present. Occasionally mental retardation may occur.
Larsen Syndrome is a multi-system genetic disorder that is present at birth. It is characterized by multiple bone dislocations and abnormalities, an extremely high arch of the foot, non-tapering cylindrically shaped fingers, and an unusual facial appearance. In some cases short stature, heart problems, cleft palate or lips, deafness and/or mental retardation may occur. This disorder is inherited through an autosomal dominant or recessive trait. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Larsen" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Oro-Facial-Digital Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder in which there have been four types identified. Symptoms common to all types include episodes of neuromuscular disturbances, split tongue, splits in the jaw, midline cleft lip, overgrowth of the membrane that supports the tongue, a broad based nose, vertical folds of the skin covering the inner angle where the eyelids meet (epicanthic folds), more than the normal number of fingers and/or toes, shorter than normal fingers and/or toes, and more than the normal number of divisions between skull sections. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Oro-Facial-Digital" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Osteopetrosis is a rare genetic bone disorder inherited through an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive trait. Initial symptoms of the dominant form may include bone fragility leading to easy fractures and unusual dental problems. Bone pain may occur in the spine, and cranial nerves may be affected. Some vision defects or facial palsy may also be symptomatic of the dominant form of Osteopetrosis. (For more information on this disorder choose "Osteopetrosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Patients with cleft palate require the coordination efforts of a team of specialists. Pediatricians, dental specialists, surgeons, speech pathologists and psychologists all must systematically and comprehensively plan the treatment and rehabilitation. The palate may be repaired surgically or covered by an artificial device that closes or blocks the opening. Speech and language development need to be assisted by a speech pathologist during the preschool years.
Treatment of hearing loss in Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome has been limited due to the severity of deformities. Some patients may benefit from surgical repair.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle Street, Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
(800) 535-3643
Let's Face It
Box 711
Concord, MA 01742
(508) 371-3186
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
National Foundation for Facial Reconstruction
550 First Avenue
New York, NY 11016
(212) 340-6656
National Cleft Palate Association
1218 Grandview Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15211
1-800-24CLEFT
1-800-23CLEFT
National Hearing Association
P.O. Box 8897
Metairie, LA 70011
(504) 888-HEAR
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1582 and 1702.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., Editor; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 232-234.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1340-1342.
TEMPORAL BONE FINDINGS IN A CASE OF OTOPALATODIGITAL SYNDROME: S.R.
Shi, Arch Otolaryngol (February, 1985, issue 111(2)). Pp. 119-21.
Oto-Palato-Digital Syndrome Type I and II
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Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
927: Pachydermoperiostosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pachydermoperiostosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
Pachydermoperiostosis Syndrome
Touraine-Solente-Gole Syndrome
Disorder Subdivision:
Rosenfeld-Kloepfers Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Acromegaly
Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Pachydermoperiostosis is a rare disorder thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. This disorder typically appears during childhood or adolescence and progresses slowly for about ten years. Symptoms of Pachydermoperiostosis may be enlargement of the fingers and toes (clubbing), a condition in which there is a fibrous covering on the ends of the long bones (periostosis), coarse facial features, increased bulk of the skin on the scalp forming folds, depressions or furrows (cutis verticis gyrata), and/or excessive sweating of the hands and feet.
Symptoms
Patients with Pachydermoperiostosis typically have coarse facial features with oily, thick, grooving skin on the face. Joint pain, an abnormal enlargement of the tips of the fingers and toes (clubbing), and excessive sweating of the hands and feet (hyperhidrosis) may also be present.
New fibrous bone growth (periostosis), especially of the ends of the long bones, is present in patients with Pachydermoperiostosis. A condition in which the skin of the scalp has excess bulk causing depressions or grooves (cutis verticis gyrata) typically becomes apparent during the teen years.
Other symptoms found in some patients with Pachydermoperiostosis may be: swelling or pain of the large joints; drooping eyelids (ptosis); a long-term inflammatory skin disease that causes dry or moist, scales and a yellowish crust (seborrheic dermatitis); disorders such as ulcers; and/or swelling of hair follicles related to large open pores of the skin.
The symptoms in patients with Pachydermoperiostosis vary in severity with males typically having a more severe form of the disorder.
A variant of Pachydermoperiostosis is called Rosenfeld-Kloepfer Syndrome. This form of the disorder is characterized by enlarged bones of the jaw, and very large hands, feet, nose, lips and tongue. Other features of this form of the disorder are: a prominent upper forehead, grooves or depressions in the skin of the scalp (cutis verticis gyrata) and a dense white opacity in the corner of the eye (corneal leukoma).
Causes
Pachydermoperiostosis is thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with varying severity. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Pachydermoperiostosis is a rare disorder that affects males more often than females with a ratio of seven to one. This percentage may not be totally valid since females often have mild symptoms with the fibrous bone growth (periostosis) not being detected unless an X-ray is taken.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pachydermoperiostosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Acromegaly is a slowly progressive, chronic metabolic disorder in which an excess of growth hormone causes abnormal enlargement of various tissues of the body and unusual height. Most conspicuously affected are the arms, legs, jaws and face. The enlargement of soft tissue, especially of the heart, is a serious feature of this disorder. High blood pressure may be another serious consequence of Acromegaly. (For more information on this disorder choose "Acromegaly" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy (Bamberger-Marie Disease) is a rare disorder in which there is expansion of the ends or the entire shaft of the long bones and often abnormal enlargement of the fingers and toes (clubbing). This disorder occurs in chronic pulmonary disease, heart disease and occasionally in other acute and chronic disorders.
Therapies: Standard
Patients with Pachydermoperiostosis may have improvement in joint pain and swelling when a vagotomy is performed. A vagotomy is a surgical procedure in which certain branches of the vagus nerve (a nerve essential for the functioning of many body parts) are cut along with stomach surgery, to lessen the amount of gastric acid released and thus reduce the chance of getting a gastric ulcer.
Plastic surgery may be performed to improve facial appearance.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pachydermoperiostosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 395-4484
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 702.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., Editor; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 488.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1349-50.
Pachydermoperiostosis
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Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
822: Neuropathy, Congenital Hypomyelination
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Congenital Hypomyelination Neuropathy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Dejerine-Sottas Disease
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Congenital Hypomyelination Neuropathy is a neurological disorder present at birth. Major symptoms can include respiratory difficulty, muscle weakness and incoordination, poor muscle tone, absence of reflexes, difficulty in walking, and/or impaired abilities to feel or move part of the body.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Congenital Hypomyelination Neuropathy and the severity of these symptoms vary from patient to patient. Major symptoms can include delayed motor (muscle) development (ability to turn over, stand, crawl, walk, etc.), muscle weakness, poor muscle tone (hypotonia), impaired muscle coordination, absence of reflexes (areflexia), difficulty in walking or crawling, and/or impaired ability to feel or move part of the body (mild distal palsy). In some infants, respiratory problems or difficulty in swallowing may occur. Abnormal microscopic changes in certain nerves such as sural nerves (located in the calf of the leg) can occur.
Causes
The exact cause of Congenital Hypomyelination Neuropathy is unknown. The cause of many disorders involving the myelin sheath (the protective sheath surrounding the nerves), such as Multiple Sclerosis, is unknown. A recurrent loss and repair of myelin causes Congenital Hypomyelination Neuropathy. Scientists do not yet know why the myelin disappears, nor do they know why it grows back.
Some researchers believe, although this has not yet been established, that Congenital Hypomyelination Neuropathy may be a subtype of Dejerine-Sottas Disease which is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In autosomal dominant disorders, a single abnormal gene, contributed by either parent, overrides the normal gene contributed by the other parent causing disease. Individuals with one affected parent have a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder. (For more information on Dejerine-Sottas Disease, see the Related Disorders section of this report).
Other disorders characterized by the loss and repair of the myelin sheath may be autoimmune disorders. In autoimmune disorders the body's defenses against disease (e.g. antibodies or lymphocytes) attack healthy tissue for unknown reasons.
Affected Population
Congenital Hypomyelination Neuropathy is a rare disorder present at birth. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Dejerine-Sottas Disease is a hereditary neurological disorder which progressively affects muscle function. Peripheral nerves become enlarged and thickened causing an irregular progression of muscle weakness. Pain, weakness, numbness, and a tingling, prickling or burning sensation can occur in the patient's legs. Other symptoms include loss of heat sensitivity, absence of reflexes and atrophy of leg muscles. The hand and forearm muscles may become weak in later stages. Mild vision difficulties may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Dejerine-Sottas" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Acute Idiopathic Polyneuritis) occurs when the body's immune system (antibodies, lymphocytes) attacks the nerves, damaging the nerve's myelin and axon. Nerve signals are delayed and altered, causing weakness and paralysis of the muscles of the legs, arms, and other parts of the body along with abnormal sensations. When muscle nerves are damaged, the patient experiences aching and weak muscles, difficulty getting up from chairs or walking stairs, difficulty lifting objects, shortness of breath, and/or difficulty in swallowing. With proper treatment, most patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome can expect to lead full and active lives. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Guillain" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Testing for Congenital Hypomyelination Neuropathy may include recording of electrical impulses produced by the muscles (electromyogram), as well as nerve and/or muscle biopsies. Treatment of Congenital Hypomyelination Neuropathy is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Congenital Hypomyelination Neuropathy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp, and Dohme Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1433-1434.
A CASE OF CONGENITAL HYPOMYELINATION NEUROPATHY. CLINICAL,
MORPHOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL STUDIES. W.R. Kennedy, et al.; Arch Neurol (Jun 1977; issue 34 (6)). Pp. 337-345.
CONGENITAL HYPOMYELINATION NEUROPATHY IN A NEWBORN. S. Hakamada, et al.; Neuropediatrics (Aug 1983; issue 14 (3)). Pp. 182-183.
COMPARED WITH POLYNEUROPATHIES STARTING LATER IN LIFE. F. Guzzetta, et al.; Brain (Jun 1982; issue 105 (Pt 2)). Pp. 395-416.
TWO CASES OF CONGENITAL HYPOMYELINATION NEUROPATHY. N. Tachi, et al.; Brain Dev (1984; issue 6 (6)). Pp. 560-565.
Neuropathy, Congenital HypomyelinationU
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"Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
802: Neuropathy, Giant Axonal
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Giant Axonal Neuropathy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
GAN
Giant Axonal Neuropathy
Axonal Neuropathy, Giant
Congenital Giant Axonal Neuropathy
Giant Axonal Disease
Childhood Giant Axonal Neuropathy
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Seitelberger Disease
Incontinentia Pigmenti
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Giant Axonal Neuropathy is a genetic disorder that first appears during infancy. Major symptoms may include kinky hair, unusual leg posture, poor vision, impaired muscle coordination (ataxia) and weakness, and degenerative mental functioning (dementia).
Symptoms
Giant Axonal Neuropathy (GAN) may be characterized by symptoms such as loss of sensation in the legs and feet, impaired muscle coordination (ataxia) and weakness, decreased reflexes (hyporeflexia), and poor vision. Other senses such as hearing may also be affected. Mental retardation or seizures may occur. Tightly curled kinky hair, which may be extremely pale, is characteristic of GAN but is not present in all patients. Degenerative mental changes (dementia) may occur as the disorder progresses. Other symptoms may include unusual leg posture, involuntary rapid movements of the eyeball (nystagmus), wasting away of muscles possibly in all four limbs (amyotrophy), muscle twitches (fasciculations), and difficulty in articulation of speech (dysarthria).
Giant Axonal Neuropathy is present at birth. Onset of the disorder occurs in infancy or very early childhood and it is slowly progressive. Both the central and peripheral nervous systems are involved. The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system spreads out from the brain and spinal cord to all other areas of the body.
In Giant Axonal Neuropathy, a part of the nerve cell called the axon swells up with abnormal deposits of tiny threads of protein called "neurofilaments." Other filaments, called "intermediate filaments (IFS)", collapse into large clusters in a variety of cells such as nerves, muscles, and connective tissue cells and cells that produce colors (pigments). This causes degeneration and abnormal functioning especially affecting the peripheral nervous system.
As the disorder progresses the central nervous system becomes involved. Occurring within the brain and spinal cord is the formation of fibrous deposits known as Rosenthal fibers. The corticospinal tract (the area around the spinal cord where nerve impulses direct the movement of muscles), cerebellum (the area of the brain concerned especially with muscle coordination and balance), and the white matter of the brain become affected. There is a progressive loss of axons within nerve cells as the disorder progresses.
Diagnosis can be made by sural nerve biopsy.
Causes
Giant Axonal Neuropathy is a genetic disorder with an autosomal recessive inheritance. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Giant Axonal Neuropathy is a rare disorder present at birth. It affects males and females in equal numbers. Onset of the disorder occurs in infancy or very early childhood.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Giant Axonal Neuropathy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Seitelberger Disease is an inherited central nervous system disorder usually beginning before the age of two years. Children with Seitelberger Disease may experience difficulty in walking and/or speaking. A decreased sensitivity to pain may develop in the legs and trunk. Coordination may become impaired, and decreased muscle tone ("floppiness"), muscle spasms (spasticity) and/or weakening of reflexes may also occur. In later stages, involuntary rapid eye movements, progressive vision problems and seizures can occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Seitelberger Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Incontinentia Pigmenti is a genetic dermatological disorder characterized by unusual patterns of discolored skin. These discolorations tend to improve with age. Abnormal deposits of normal skin pigment (melanin) cause these discolorations. Other oral, visual and/or neurological symptoms may also occur. Extremely kinky or wooly hair (Wooly hair nevus) and an immune system dysfunction have also been reported in a small number of patients with IP. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Incontinentia Pigmenti" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Giant Axonal Neuropathy is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families. Services for visually and/or mobility impaired people may be of assistance to people with Giant Axonal Neuropathy.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Giant Axonal Neuropathy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Children's Brain Diseases Foundation for Research
350 Parnassus, Suite 900
San Francisco, CA 94117
(415) 566-5402
(415) 565-6259
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1107.
CHILDHOOD GIANT AXONAL NEUROPATHY. CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE
LITERATURE. R. Tandan, et al.; J Neurol Sci (Dec 1987; issue 82 (1-3)). Pp. 205-228.
CONGENITAL GIANT AXONAL NEUROPATHY. R.B. Kinney, et al,; Arch Pathol Lab Med (Jul 1985; issue 109 (7)). Pp. 639-641.
GIANT AXONAL NEUROPATHY: A CONDITIONAL MUTATION AFFECTING CYTOSKELETAL
ORGANIZATION. M.W. Klymkowsky, et al.; J Cell Biol (Jan 1985; issue 100 (1)). Pp. 245-250.
GIANT AXONAL NEUROPATHY. A REVIEW. R.A. Ouvrier; Brain Dev (1989; issue 11 (4)). Pp. 207-214.
GIANT AXONAL NEUROPATHY: CENTRAL ABNORMALITIES DEMONSTRATED BY EVOKED
POTENTIALS. A. Majnemer, et al.; Ann Neurol (Apr 1986; issue 19 (4)). Pp. 394-396.
GIANT AXONAL NEUROPATHY: CORRELATION OF CLINICAL FINDINGS WITH POSTMORTEM
NEUROPATHOLOGY. C. Thomas, et al.; Ann Neurol (Jul 1987; issue 22 (1)). Pp. 79-84.
GIANT AXONAL NEUROPATHY: OBSERVATIONS ON A FURTHER PATIENT. M. Donaghy, et al.; J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (Jul 1988; issue 51 (7)). Pp. 991-994.
GIANT AXONAL NEUROPATHY WITH INHERITED MULTISYSTEM DEGENERATION IN A
TUNISIAN KINDRED. M. Ben Hamida, et al.; Neurology (Feb 1990; issue 40 (2)). Pp. 245-250.
Neuropathy, Giant Axonal
#pagetitle
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@ @ Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
799: Neuropathy, Hereditary Sensory, Type I
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Neuropathy, Hereditary Sensory, Type I) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type I; HSN-I
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy Type I; HSAN-I
Sensory Neuropathy, Hereditary, Type I
Sensory Radicular Neuropathy
Radicular Neuropathy, Sensory
Hereditary Sensory Radicular Neuropathy
Mutilating Acropathy
Acrodystrophic Neuropathy
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type II
Peripheral Neuropathy
Syringomyelia
Roussy-Levy Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type I is a rare genetic disorder. Major symptoms include a loss of sensation usually affecting the feet and legs more severely than the hands and forearms, and perforating ulcers (open sores) on the feet. The loss of sensation is caused by abnormal functioning of the autonomic nervous system, which controls responses to pain and temperature as well as other involuntary or automatic body processes.
Symptoms
Major symptoms of Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type I include loss of sensation usually affecting the feet and legs more severely than the hands and forearms. Pain and temperature sensations are affected more than touch-pressure sensation. Some patients experience piercing or stabbing sensations (lancinating pains). As the disorder progresses the feet may develop perforating ulcers (open sores), especially if patients take poor care of their feet. Reflexes in the legs are decreased or absent. Deafness occasionally occurs.
Causes
Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type I is inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Symptoms of Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type I are caused by degeneration of nerve fibers. Diagnosis can be made by biopsy.
Affected Population
Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type I is a rare disorder present at birth affecting males and females in equal numbers. Symptoms usually develop in early adulthood, or occasionally during childhood.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type I. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease is a rare hereditary neurological disorder characterized by muscle atrophy and weakness most prominent in the legs and the small muscles of the hands. A decrease in vibration, pain, and thermal sensation in the hand, foot, and lower part of the leg may occur. Stretch reflexes are usually absent. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type II is a rare genetic disorder characterized by inflammation of the fingers or toes especially around the nails, usually accompanied by pus and infection (paronychia, whitlows) and by ulcers (open sores) of the fingers and on the soles of the feet. Other symptoms are loss of sensation affecting the skin, and sometimes the muscles, tendons, or joints (kinesthetic sensation). Loss of sensation is noticeable in both arms and legs, rather than primarily in the legs as in Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type I. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type II" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The symptoms of Peripheral Neuropathy are produced by disease of a single nerve (mononeuropathy, mononeuritis), several nerves in asymmetric areas of the body (mononeuritis multiplex), or many nerves simultaneously (polyneuropathy, polyneuritis, multiple peripheral neuritis). These symptoms may involve sensory, motor, reflex, or blood vessel (vasomotor) function. (For more information on these disorders, choose "neuropathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Syringomyelia is a rare neurological disorder characterized by a fluid-filled cavity (syrinx) within the spinal cord. Patients with Syringomyelia in the upper (cervical and thoracic) part of the spinal cord may first notice loss of feeling for pain and temperature in their fingers, hands, arms, and upper chest. In the early stages, a sense of touch is still present. A loss of feeling may spread over the shoulders and back. Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing part of a bone joint (Charcot joint) is another symptom. Reflexes in the upper extremities may be absent. When the lumbar and sacral segments of the spine are affected, spasticity, muscle weakness, and muscular incoordination in the lower extremities as well as paralysis of the bladder usually occur. Morvan disease is a severe form of Syringomyelia accompanied by ulceration of fingers and toes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Syringomyelia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Roussy-Levy Syndrome is a rare genetic motor sensory disorder. Major symptoms may include a foot deformity (claw foot), muscle weakness, atrophy of the leg muscles and tremor in the hands. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Roussy-Levy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type I is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type I, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2264-2265.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 527.
PERSISTENT SKIN ULCERS, MUTILATIONS, AND ACRO-OSTEOLYSIS IN HEREDITARY
SENSORY AND AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY WITH PHOSPHOLIPID EXCRETION. REPORT OF A
FAMILY. M. Bockers, et al.; J Am Acad Dermatol (Oct 1989; issue 21 (4 Pt 1)). Pp. 736-739.
Neuropathy, Hereditary Sensory, Type IU!
X!pagetitle
799: Neuropathy, Hereditary Sensory, Type I
04047.TXT
!}!Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
798: Neuropathy, Hereditary Sensory, Type II
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Neuropathy, Hereditary Sensory, Type II) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Congenital Sensory Neuropathy
Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type II; HSN-II
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy Type II; HSAN-II
Hereditary Sensory Radicular Neuropathy, Recessive Form
Sensory Neuropathy, Hereditary, Type II
Sensory Radicular Neuropathy, Recessive Form
Radicular Neuropathy, Sensory, Recessive Form
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type I
Peripheral Neuropathy
Syringomyelia
Roussy-Levy Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type II is a rare genetic disorder that usually begins in childhood. Major symptoms include inflammation of the fingers or toes especially around the nails, usually accompanied by pus and infection (paronychia, whitlows), ulcers (open sores) of the fingers and on the soles of the feet, and a loss of sensation noticeable in both arms and legs.
Symptoms
Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type II is characterized by inflammation of the fingers or toes especially around the nails, usually accompanied by pus and infection (paronychia, whitlows) and by ulcers (open sores) of the fingers and on the soles of the feet.
Other symptoms are loss of sensation affecting the skin, and sometimes the muscles, tendons, or joints (kinesthetic sensation). Loss of feeling in both the arms and legs may cause unsteady movement. In some cases, fractures of the limbs may occur without the patient's awareness. Patients usually have no tendon reflexes. Sweating may be impaired.
Some patients with ulcers of the fingers or toes may develop bone complications such as osteomyelitis, or osteolysis. Left untreated, this may lead to loss of the affected finger or toe.
Causes
Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type II is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Symptoms of Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type II are caused by degeneration of nerve fibers. Diagnosis can be made by biopsy.
Affected Population
Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type II is a rare disorder present at birth that affects males and females in equal numbers. Symptoms usually develop during infancy or childhood.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type II. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease is a rare hereditary neurological disorder characterized by muscle atrophy and weakness most prominent in the legs and the small muscles of the hands. A decrease in vibration, pain, and thermal sensation in the hand, foot, and lower part of the leg may occur. Stretch reflexes are usually absent. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type I is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a loss of sensation usually affecting the feet and legs more severely than the hands and forearms, and by perforating ulcers (open sores) on the feet. Pain and temperature sensations are affected more than touch-pressure sensation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type I" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The symptoms of Peripheral Neuropathy are produced by disease of a single nerve (mononeuropathy, mononeuritis), several nerves in asymmetric areas of the body (mononeuritis multiplex), or many nerves simultaneously (polyneuropathy, polyneuritis, multiple peripheral neuritis). These symptoms may involve sensory, motor, reflex, or blood vessel (vasomotor) function. (For more information on these disorders, choose "neuropathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Syringomyelia is a rare neurological disorder characterized by a fluid-filled cavity (syrinx) within the spinal cord. Patients with Syringomyelia in the upper (cervical and thoracic) part of the spinal cord may first notice loss of feeling for pain and temperature in their fingers, hands, arms, and upper chest. In the early stages, a sense of touch is still present. A loss of feeling may spread over the shoulders and back. Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing part of a bone joint (Charcot joint) is another symptom. Reflexes in the upper extremities may be absent. When the lumbar and sacral segments of the spine are affected, spasticity, muscle weakness, and muscular incoordination in the lower extremities as well as paralysis of the bladder usually occur. Morvan disease is a severe form of Syringomyelia accompanied by ulceration of fingers and toes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Syringomyelia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Roussy-Levy Syndrome is a rare genetic motor sensory disorder. Major symptoms may include a foot deformity (claw foot), muscle weakness, atrophy of the leg muscles and tremor in the hands. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Roussy-Levy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type II is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type II, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2264-2265.
PAUCIFASCICULAR CONGENITAL SENSORY NEUROPATHY IN IDENTICAL TWINS. G.B.
Croall, et al., Am J Dis Child (June 1986; issue 140 (6)). Pp. 589-595.
PERSISTENT SKIN ULCERS, MUTILATIONS, AND ACRO-OSTEOLYSIS IN HEREDITARY
SENSORY AND AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY WITH PHOSPHOLIPID EXCRETION. REPORT OF A
FAMILY. M. Bockers, et al.; J Am Acad Dermatol (Oct 1989; issue 21 (4 Pt 1)). Pp. 736-739..
Neuropathy, Hereditary Sensory, Type II
"pagetitle
798: Neuropathy, Hereditary Sensory, Type II
04048.TXT
*Copyright (C) 1987, 1989, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
246: Neuropathy, Peripheral
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Peripheral Neuropathy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Peripheral Neuritis
Mononeuropathy
Mononeuritis
Mononeuritis Multiplex
Polyneuropathy
Polyneuritis
Multiple Peripheral Neuritis
Ulnar Nerve Palsy
Tardy Ulnar Palsy
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Peroneal Nerve Palsy
Radial Nerve Palsy, also known as Saturday Night Palsy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Peripheral Neuropathy is a syndrome characterized by sensory, motor, reflex and blood vessel (vasomotor) symptoms. These symptoms can occur singly or in any combination.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Peripheral neuropathy are produced by disease of a single nerve (mononeuropathy, mononeuritis), several nerves in asymmetric areas of the body (mononeuritis multiplex), or many nerves simultaneously (polyneuropathy, polyneuritis, multiple peripheral neuritis). These symptoms may involve sensory, motor, reflex, or blood vessel (vasomotor) function. Lesions, usually degenerative and rarely accompanied by signs of inflammation, may occur in the nerve roots or peripheral nerves.
Mononeuritis or mononeuropathy is characterized by pain, weakness, and abnormal sensations (paresthesias) in the area that is innervated by the affected nerve. In mononeuritis multiplex all the affected nerves may be involved from the outset or become involved progressively. Extensive involvement of many nerves often resembles the symptoms of polyneuropathy.
Compression and entrapment neuropathies result from malfunction of a nerve caused by mechanical means. Paralysis around the elbow (ulnar nerve palsy) is caused by trauma or pressure on the nerve in the ulnar groove of the elbow. This can occur as the result of repeated leaning on the elbow or by abnormal bone growth after a childhood fracture ("tardy ulnar palsy"). Unusual sensations and sensory deficits in the 4th and 5th fingers can be accompanied by weakness and atrophy of:
1) the muscle that pulls the thumb to the hand (adductor)
2) a muscle on the lateral side of the 5th finger (abductor)
3) muscles between the bones in the hand adjacent to 4th and 5th fingers.
The carpal tunnel syndrome results from compression of the median nerve in the wrist between the tendons of forearm muscles and the carpal ligament in the hand. This compression can produce abnormal sensations in the hand plus pain in the wrist, the palm, or sometimes proximal to the compression site in the forearm. Commonly, patients feel that their hand "falls asleep" often. Carpal tunnel syndrome is relatively common. It may occur in one or both hands and it is seen more often in women. It often occurs in patients with acromegaly, myxedema, rheumatoid arthritis and also in people with occupations that require repeated forceful wrist flexion (e.g. carpenters).
Peroneal nerve palsy is caused by compression of the nerve against the lateral side of the fibula in the leg. It is most common in emaciated nonambulatory patients and in thin people who habitually cross their legs. Weakness when bending the foot upward (dorsiflexion) and foot drop may occur. Occasionally, a sensory deficit is found on the dorsal side of the web between the first and second long bones in the foot (metatarsals).
Radial nerve palsy ("Saturday night palsy") is caused by compression of the radial nerve in the upper arm (e.g. when the arm is draped over the back of a chair for long periods of time). Symptoms include weakness of wrist and finger stretching (extensor) muscles, wrist drop, and occasionally a sensory loss on the dorsal web between 1st and 2nd metatarsals.
The site of local nerve damage can be identified by Tinel's sign, a distal abnormal sensation in the area that is innervated by the nerve when the region over the nerve is tapped. Electrical nerve conduction studies also help to identify the location of the nerve damage. Polyneuropathy is usually bilaterally symmetric, and all nerves (sensory, motor, vasomotor, or a combination) are involved at the same time.
There are several forms of polyneuropathy. The most common form is seen with metabolic diseases, diabetes mellitus or malnutrition. This form develops slowly, often over months or years, and often begins with sensory abnormalities in the legs. Peripheral tingling, numbness, burning pain, or deficiencies in perception of joints and vibratory sensation are often prominent. Pain is often worse at night and may be aggravated by touching the affected area or by temperature changes. In severe cases, signs of sensory loss can be demonstrated, characteristically in the area that would be covered by stockings and gloves. The Achilles and other deep tendon reflexes are diminished or absent. Painless ulcers on the fingers and toes or Charcot's joints may be seen when sensory loss is profound. Sensory or joint perception deficits may lead to abnormal posture or gait that simulate a kind of clubfoot. Weakness and atrophy of distal limb muscles and flaccid tone characterize involvement of motor nerve fibers.
The autonomic nervous system may be additionally involved, leading to diarrhea at night, bladder and bowel incontinence, impotence, or postural low blood pressure.
An exclusively sensory polyneuropathy is sometimes seen in lung cancer originating in the bronchi. This often begins with pain and abnormal sensations and progresses to a loss of all forms of sensation.
Causes
Peripheral Neuropathy may have many different causes. These include:
1. Mechanical stress such as compression, direct trauma, penetrating injuries, contusions, tearing away of a nerve by fracture, or dislocation of bones can cause mononeuritis and sometimes mononeuritis multiplex.
2. Pressure paralysis usually affects superficial nerves such as ulnar, radial or peroneal, when they are adjacent to bony prominences (e.g. during sound sleep or anesthesia in thin or weakened persons and frequently in alcoholics). It may affect nerves in narrow canals such as in the entrapment neuropathies (e.g., the median nerve in the carpal tunnel syndrome). Pressure paralysis may also result from tumors, bony hyperostosis, use of casts, crutches, or prolonged cramped postures (e.g. while gardening).
3. Violent muscular activity or forcible overextension of a nerve may produce a mechanical neuritis, as may small traumas such as those encountered by engravers through tight gripping of small tools, or by air-hammer operators through excessive vibration.
4. Hemorrhage into a nerve and exposure to cold or to radiation may also cause neuropathy.
5. Vascular or collagen disorders such as polyarteritis nodosa, atherosclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, sarcoidosis and rheumatoid arthritis can cause mononeuritis multiplex (for information on these disorders, see those articles in the Rare Disease Database).
6. Volkmann's ischemic paralysis occurs when closing off (occlusion) of a major artery affects nerves with a common blood supply in one limb.
Related Disorders
Guillain-Barre syndrome (acute idiopathic polyneuritis) occurs when the body's immune system attacks the nerves, damaging the nerves' myelin sheath and sometimes the axon. Nerve signals are delayed and altered, causing weakness and paralysis of the muscles of the legs, arms and other parts of the body along with abnormal sensations. (For more information on Guillain-Barre syndrome, choose Guillain-Barre as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Carpal tunnel syndrome resembles the symptoms of cervical nerve 6 root compression due to cervical osteoarthropathy. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Carpal Tunnel" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Recovery may be complete or incomplete with sensory, motor or vasomotor residual and, in severe cases, chronic muscular atrophy as well.
Specific therapy is directed at the cause such as control of diabetes, administration of vitamins or proper diet, avoiding further mechanical trauma or surgery when tumors or ruptured intervertebral disks are involved.
Stitching a nerve together, surgically breaking up adhesions around a nerve (neurolysis), or nerve transplant may be advisable in some traumatic lesions.
In peripheral nerve entrapment or compression neuropathy (i.e. carpal tunnel syndrome), splinting or surgical decompression of the ulnar or median nerves is often beneficial.
Peroneal and radial compression neuropathies are treated by avoiding pressure on the areas. Recovery is often slow, and physical therapy or splints may help to avoid contractures.
Therapies: Investigational
Cronnassial is being tried on an experimental basis to treat the cardioneuropathy effects of Chagas Disease and other Peripheral Neuropathies. The drug is under study in the United States but is not commercially available here. Trials are being sponsored in the U.S. by Rorer. The drug is available in other countries including Italy, Austria, Spain, and Argentina. It is manufactured by Fidia in Italy.
Fidia Farmaceutici Italiani Industriali e Affini
Via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A
35051 Abano Terme (Padova) Italy
049-810-444
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Peripheral Neuropathy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1443.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 507..
Neuropathy, Peripheral
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246: Neuropathy, Peripheral
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'Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
857: Neutropenia, Chronic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Chronic Neutropenia Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder Subdivisions:
Chronic Benign Neutropenia
Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia
Familial Neutropenia
Familial Benign Neutropenia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Leukemia
Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the Resources section of this report.
Chronic Neutropenia is a blood disorder in which bone marrow does not produce white blood cells containing granules called "neutrophils." This disease often makes the patient more susceptible to infections from fungus and bacteria. Chronic Neutropenia may last for months or years. It can affect both children and adults.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Chronic Neutropenia can vary greatly depending on the level of blood neutrophils in the bone marrow. In general the fewer neutrophils a person has, the more susceptible to infection he is. There are various characteristics that Chronic Neutropenia patients have in common. The lymphocyte (white blood cells formed in the lymphoid tissue), erythrocyte (red blood cells or corpuscles), reticulocyte (young red blood occuring during the active process of blood regeneration), and platelet counts (disks found in the blood containing granules and clear protoplasm) are normal or close to normal. The levels of monocytes (large white blood cells in the circulating blood) and immunoglobulin (vertebrate serum proteins that include all antibodies) are increased or normal. Thus there is no apparent cause for the neutropenia. There may be an increase of the ratio of immature cells to mature cells indicating that the process of forming new blood cells is not in balance with old cells dying off.
Fever, enlarged spleen and infection may be present. However, if diagnosed very early, patients may be treated before infections occur. Inflammation of the gums, pneumonia, and lung abscesses are characteristic of Chronic Neutropenia. In rare cases, Chronic Neutropenia may develop into Aplastic Anemia or Leukemia. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Aplastic Anemia" and "Leukemia" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Subtypes of Chronic Neutropenia include Familial Neutropenia (occurring in more than one member of a family), Chronic Benign Neutropenia, and Familial Benign Neutropenia in children. The adult form of this disorder is referred to as Chronic Idiopathic (of unknown cause) Neutropenia.
Causes
Chronic Neutropenia occurs due to impaired production of blood cells in the bone marrow. In many cases the cause is unknown. Other patients seem to develop this disorder while taking certain drugs. Some drugs may cause Chronic Neutropenia as a side effect while other drugs cause Neutropenia in a way that is not related to the dosage or duration.
Familial Neutropenia and Familial Benign Neutropenia are both thought to be inherited through autosomal dominant traits. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Chronic Benign Neutropenia (in children) usually has no family history, so it does not appear to be genetic.
In Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia the cause is unknown. This form of the disorder is usually found in adults and, in some cases, may have been present in the patient as a child, going undetected until adulthood.
Affected Population
Chronic Neutropenia is a rare blood disease that affects males and females in equal numbers. Children and adults can both be affected. The most severe cases tend to occur during adulthood.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Chronic Neutropenia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
Chronic Granulomatous Disease is a rare blood disorder which affects certain white blood cells (lymphocytes). This disorder is characterized by an inability to resist infection and widespread growth of tumor-like lesions. There is usually a history of pneumonia, inflammation of the lymph glands, and enlargement of the liver and spleen. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Chronic Granulomatous Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Leukemia is a group of malignant blood diseases affecting the white blood cells (leukocytes). These leukocytes play an important part in the body's defenses against infection. Leukemia can affect both children and adults. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen and liver, fever, weight loss, paleness, fatigue, bruising easily, excessive bleeding, and repeated infections. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Leukemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis is a disorder characterized by proliferation of fibrous tissue in the bone marrow causing anemia, weakness, and fatigue due to low levels of red blood cells. Severe pain in the abdomen, bones and joints may occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Myelofibrosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Vitamin B12 Deficiency is a disorder in which there is a low level of B12 in the blood. This deficiency causes changes in the blood and the central nervous system. Symptoms of this deficiency usually occur years after absorption of Vitamin B12 ceases because the body needs only a small amount, and there is usually a large amount of B12 stored in the liver. Symptoms may include a low red blood cell count (anemia), enlarged spleen and liver, lack of appetite, intermittent constipation and diarrhea, and abdominal pain. The first symptom is usually a burning sensation in the mouth. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Vitamin B12 Deficiency" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
The infections associated with Chronic Neutropenia are usually managed with antibiotics. Some patients may benefit from glucocorticoids, a group of anti-inflammatory drugs that suppress the immune system. Intravenous immunoglobulin, the protein part of the blood that is rich in antibodies, is usually prescribed to control this disorder.
The orphan drug Neupogen has been approved by the FDA for use in the treatment of Chronic Neutropenia. It is manufactured by Amgen, Inc., 1840 Dehaviland Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1789.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families in they have the familial type of Chronic Neutropenia.
Therapies: Investigational
Colony-stimulating factor (a type of drug that stimulates the production of blood cells that enhance the function of mature leukocytes) is being tested. Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a protein derived from bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells. It is being developed by Schering Plough and Sandoz Pharmaceuticals under the brand name Leucomax.
Plasmapheresis may be of benefit in some cases of Chronic Neutropenia. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances, and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. This therapy is still under investigation to analyze long-term effectiveness. More research is needed for use in all but the most severe cases of Chronic Neutropenia.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Chronic Neutropenia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 660.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 974-5.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1173-76.
HEMATOLOGY, 4th Ed.: William J. Williams, M.D., et al., Editors; McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1990. Pp. 273, 803, 809-10.
Neutropenia, Chronic
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663: Neutropenia, Cyclic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Cyclic Neutropenia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
CN
Human Cyclic Neutropenia
Periodic Neutropenia
Cyclic Hematopoiesis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Severe Infections
Leukemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Cyclic Neutropenia is a rare blood disorder characterized by an abnormal low number of a type of white blood cells called neutrophils that occur periodically in patients with this disorder. Recurrent infections with fever usually occur as a result of this imbalance in the blood.
Symptoms
The severe decrease in neutrophils recurs every 15 to 35 days in Cyclic Neutropenia. The cycling period usually remains constant and consistent among patients. Cycling of platelets and immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) may also occur. Abnormal increases of monocytes (a type of white blood cell) and eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) may also occur. Thrombocytopenia, a severe decrease in platelets (clotting factor in the white blood cells) may also be present.
Infections usually accompany the cycling neutropenia. Ulcerous, inflammatory diseases of the mouth (aphthous stomatitis) may occur. If the duration of the neutropenia is long, inflammation of the salivary (parotid) gland in the mouth may also occur. Swollen lymph nodes in the neck (cervical adenopathy), skin infections, and dental problems may also be present. Fever, tiredness, and weakness is common.
In childhood Cyclic Neutropenia, symptoms begin in infancy or childhood and tend to improve as the patient grows older.
Causes
Cyclic Neutropenia is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in children; however, it is an acquired disorder in adults and the cause is unknown. Research suggests the cyclic decreases in neutrophils may be due to white blood cells that do not mature properly in the bone marrow.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Cyclic Neutropenia occurs worldwide and affects males and females in equal numbers. In about one-fourth of the cases, a family history of Cyclic Neutropenia can be found.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Cyclic Neutropenia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Neutropenia may occur as a result of severe infections. Fever, tiredness, weakness, headache, muscle pain, and loss of appetite are common symptoms. The factor that distinguishes Cyclic Neutropenia from other types of neutropenia is its regular periodic occurrence.
Leukemia is a group of rare malignant cancers affecting children and adults. It is characterized by the increased production and survival of abnormal, immature white blood cells (leukocytes) which eventually interferes with the production and function of normal, mature white blood cells (granulocytes). Platelets (clotting cells of the blood) and red blood cells may also be affected. Symptoms may include swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen and liver, fever, weight loss, paleness, fatigue, easy bruising, excessive bleeding (for example, from the nose and gums), and repeated infections.
Pain, especially in the joints, and skin disorders may also occur. The exact cause of Leukemia is unknown. (For more information on a rare form Leukemia, choose "Leukemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of the infections associated with Cyclic Neutropenia with antibiotics is important. Careful oral and dental care is required.
Corticosteroids are drugs commonly used for treating Cyclic Neutropenia. These drugs, such as prednisone and prednisolone, may relieve inflammation and suppress the immune system.
The drug lithium carbonate may increase neutrophil production; however, long-term use may lead to complications. This drug should be used with extreme caution.
The drug etiocholanolone may be effective in treating Cyclic Neutropenia.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients with the inherited form of Cyclic Neutropenia and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Plasmapheresis may be of benefit in some cases of Cyclic Neutropenia. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. This therapy is still under investigation to analyze side effects and effectiveness. More research is needed before plasmapheresis can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of Cyclic Neutropenia.
In other studies, scientists are investigating the use of recombinant growth factor Granulocyte Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) in treatment of Cyclic Neutropenia. Patients treated with G-CSF appear to have a decrease in symptoms, but more research is neeed to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness on patients with Cyclic Neutropenia.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Cyclic Neutropenia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Blood & Lung Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals for the inherited form of Cyclic Neutropenia:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 529.
HUMAN CYCLIC NEUTROPENIA: CLINICAL REVIEW AND LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF
PATIENTS: D.G. Wright, et al.; Medicine (Baltimore) (January, 1981: issue 60(1)). Pp. 1-13.
CYCLIC HEMATOPOIESIS: HUMAN CYCLIC NEUTROPENIA: R.D. Lange; Exp Hematol (July, 1983: issue 11(6)). Pp. 435-451.
ADULT-ONSET CYCLIC NEUTROPENIA IS A BENIGN NEOPLASM ASSOCIATED WITH
CLONAL PROLIFERATION OF LARGE GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTES: T.P. Loughran, Jr. & W.P. Hammond, 4th; J Exp Med (December 1, 1986: issue 164(6)). Pp. 2089-2094.
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681: Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
Hermans-Herzberg Phakomatosis
Nevus, Epitheliomatosis Multiplex with Jaw Cysts
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Malignant Melanoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome is a form of cancer, characterized by the appearance of lesions, and the development of multiple cysts and bony formations of the face and head. The lesions may be found on the first layer of the skin (epidermis), or in the mucous membranes of the mouth. The connective tissues, and the nervous and vascular (blood vessel) systems of the body may also be affected. The skin lesions are limited in size, but not in number, and are not usually due to any external causes.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma consist of multiple lesions on the neck, face, back and chest. The onset of this disorder is usually not before puberty, with the number of lesions increasing with age. With this disorder there may be swelling of the jaw due to multiple cysts, or a projection of the jaw beyond the forehead (frontal bossing). Late eruption of the teeth in children, abnormal contraction of the toes upon irritation of the soles of the feet (plantar reflexes), and mental retardation may also occur.
Vision problems, such as cataracts, and defects in the pigmented vascular coat of the eye from the ora serrata to the optic nerve (coloboma of choroid, optic nerve), are also symptomatic of this disorder. Other characteristics may be irregularities of the vertebrae, bifid (split) ribs, scoliosis (curvature of the spine) and a hardening of some areas of the brain (calcification of falk cerebri).
Causes
Scientists suspect that there may be a genetic predisposition for Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome which may be transmitted through autosomal dominant genes. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are a product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child. A genetic predisposition to an illness means that some people may carry the defective gene but never get the disorder unless something in the environment triggers the disease process.
Affected Population
Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Malignant Melanoma is a skin cancer that arises from the melanin cells of the upper layer of the skin (epidermis) or from similar cells that can be found in moles (nevi). This type of skin cancer may send down roots into deeper layers of the skin. Some of these microscopic roots can spread (metastasize), causing new tumor growths in vital organs of the body. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Malignant Melanoma" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Basal Cell Carcinoma is a common skin cancer. It may appear as a small, shiny, firm nodule; ulcerated, crusted lesions or flat, scar-like hardened patches that may bleed. This type of skin cancer is difficult to differentiate from psoriasis or localized dermatitis without a biopsy.
Squamous Cell Carcinomas usually appear on the sun-exposed areas of the skin, but may occur anywhere on the body. The lesions begin as a small red elevation or patch with a scaly or crusted surface. They may become nodular, sometimes with a warty surface. In some, the bulk of the lesion may lie below the level of the surrounding tissue. A biopsy is essential to diagnose this disorder.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome can sometimes be very difficult due to the location and the great number of lesions or tumors that are symptomatic of this disorder. When surgery has not been totally successful, chemotherapy (drug) treatment is being used. The oral drug, Etrinate, has proven to be effective in treating existing lesions, and inhibiting new tumor formation in many patients. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
At the present time, a study is being conducted on the effectiveness of the oral drug Isotretinoin on the maintenance and prevention of this disorder. More research must be conducted to determine long-term safety and effectiveness of this drug.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Skin Cancer Foundation
475 Park Avenue South
New York, NY 10016
(212) 725-5176
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp.90.
LONG-TERM RETINOID THERAPY IS NEEDED FOR MAINTENANCE OF CANCER
ETRINATE TREATMENT OF THE NEVOID BASAL CELL CARCINOMA SYNDROME.
THERAPEUTIC AND CHEMOPREVENTIVE EFFECT. E. Hodak, INT J DERMATOL, (November 1987; 26(9)). Pp. 606-609.
AROMATIC RETINOID IN THE CHEMOPREVENTION OF THE PROGRESSION OF NEVOID
BASAL-CELL CARCINOMA SYNDROME. M. Cristofolini, J DERMATOL SURG ONCOL, (October 1984; 10(10)). Pp. 778-781..
Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
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@$%$Copyright (C) 1986, 1988 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
75: Nezelof's Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Nezelof's Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cellular immunodeficiency with abnormal immunoglobulin synthesis
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Nezelof's syndrome is a disorder of the immune system. There are two important forms of immunity. The T-cells maintain "cellular" immunity, consisting of protection against many viruses, fungi, and related microorganisms; long-term immunity, such as that developed in response to vaccinations or childhood infections; and allergic reactions. The B-cells represent humoral immunity; they produce antibodies against many bacteria, some viruses, and other pathogens. In Nezelof's syndrome, cellular immunity is impaired; there may be abnormalities of humoral immunity in addition. Affected individuals are unable to ward off or overcome many infections, including infections by organisms that cannot cause illness in persons with intact immune systems (opportunistic infections).
Nezelof's syndrome is very rare. It affects both males and females. (A subgroup of about 12 patients has been found in whom a lack the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) appears to explain the immunodeficiency.) The prognosis for survival beyond childhood in this disorder is poor unless matched sibling bone marrow transplants are successful.
Symptoms
Infections are extremely frequent and severe from birth. Among the potentially fatal infections are pulmonary infections, oral candidiasis (thrush), diarrhea, skin infections, septicemia (blood poisoning), urinary tract infections, measles, and cow pox (vaccinia). Pneumonia due to the opportunistic organism Pneumocystis carinii is a characteristic and particularly serious manifestation. Infections may also be caused by such agents as cytomegalovirus, rubeola, pseudomonas, and mycobacteria. Growth retardation and general wasting are evident. Chronic diarrhea is a characteristic problem.
Cellular immunity impairment is associated with a lack of hypersensitivity reactions (delayed cutaneous anergy) to appropriate antigens applied to the skin, with an inability to reject foreign tissue grafts, potentially fatal reactions to immunization with live vaccines, and a high incidence of malignant tumors. Related to the inability to reject foreign tissue is the susceptibility to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). This occurs when the graft contains immunocompetant cells which react against the recipient's tissues, causing fever, skin reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhea, vomiting, intestinal obstruction and malabsorption, and hepatitis. Associated with Nezelof syndrome with PNP deficiency are a progressive neurological deterioration characterized by spastic paralysis of all the limbs, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and a tendency to bleed subcutaneously because of a deficiency of platelets (thrombocytopenic purpura).
Laboratory findings include very few T-cells and consequently, lymphopenia. Other white blood cell counts may be abnormal, too, with reduced numbers of neutrophils and high concentrations of eosinophils. Lymph glands are reduced in size. The thymus gland, where T-cells are produced, is small and histologically abnormal. All classes of antibodies are present, often in normal concentrations. Sometimes, there is a selective IgA deficiency. Substantial elevations of IgE and/or IgD antibodies may also occur. In PNP deficiency, uric acid levels in the blood and urine are very low.
Causes
Nezelof's syndrome is thought to be hereditary, but it is unclear whether it follows an autosomal or a sex linked mode of transmission. The mechanism of disease is also poorly understood. In PNP deficiency, it is thought that the substrate for PNP accumulates due to the enzyme deficiency, and is preferentially taken up by T-lymphocytes; within these cells, the high concentration of the substrate molecule inhibits DNA synthesis, and thus impairs the cells' functioning. An unidentified dysfunction of the thymus gland is suspected to cause the remaining cases of Nezelof's syndrome.
Related Disorders
Other immunodeficiency diseases involving cell mediated immunity include acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), severe combined immunodeficiency, DiGeorge syndrome, Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome, and ataxia-telangiectasia. AIDS in children may have very similar manifestations to Nezelof's syndrome. Analysis of the ratios of the different T-cell subgroups to each other and of the histologic characteristics of the thymus gland may serve to differentiate the two.
For more information on the above disorders, choose the following words as your search term in the Rare Disease Database: immunodeficiency, AIDS, SCID, DiGeorge, Wiscott, and ataxia.
Therapies: Standard
In many cases, only symptomatic treatment of each infection as it arises is possible. Bone marrow transplants from immunologically compatible sibling donors have been successful in several cases. In PNP deficiency, attempts to replace the missing enzyme, or at least to dilute the excess purine bases, using blood transfusions, have met with little success. So has deoxycytitdine therapy, which was based on the possibility that this substance might displace the toxic deoxyguanosine in the cells.
Infections must be treated vigorously with antifungal, antibiotic, and supportive measures. P. carinii pneumonia can be particularly difficult to treat; the two drugs usually used are trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and the orphan drug pentamidine isethionate. (For more information on treatment, see article on AIDS in the Rare Disease Database.) Cytomegalovirus and generalized herpes simplex infections are preferentially treated with idoxuridine, floxuridine, or cytarabine. Severe Candida and related fungi usually respond to amphotericin B therapy.
Patients must be protected as much as possible from infectious agents. They must not be immunized with live viral vaccines. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressant drugs, and removal of the spleen must be avoided. Should blood transfusions be necessary due to accidents or surgery, the blood must be irradiated or "washed" to remove all viable lymphocytes that might cause graft-versus-host disease.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Nezeloff's Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Immune Deficiency Foundation
3565 Ellicott Mill Drive, Unit B2
Ellicott City, MD 21043
(800) 296-4433
(410) 461-3127
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
Immunodeficiency. Buckley, R.H. J Allergy Clin Immunol Dec 1983; 72(6):627-641.
Combined immunodeficiency and thymic abnormalities. Webster, A.D. J Clin Pathol (Suppl) 1979; 13:10-14.
Metabolic defects in immunodeficiency diseases. Webster, A.D. Clin Exp Immunol 1982 Jul; 49(1):1-10....
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93: Niemann-Pick Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Niemann-Pick Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lipid Histiocytosis
Sphingomyelin Lipidosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Niemann-Pick Disease is a rare, familial disorder of lipid metabolism characterized by the accumulation of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in the reticuloendothelial cells. There are at least five different forms of this lipidosis (disorders of cellular lipid metabolism). The forms differ in the level of the enzyme sphingomyelinase; the enzyme is absent in the severe juvenile form of the disease.
Symptoms
Niemann-Pick Disease most often occurs in infants and children. Symptoms of the disorder may include poor feeding habits, physical and mental deterioration, distention of the abdomen and vomiting. There may be cachexia (general ill health and malnutrition). The liver, spleen and lymph nodes may be enlarged and the patient's skin may have a yellow-brown pigmentation. There may be severe neurological symptoms such as loss of speech, myoclonus, convulsions, and dementia. Occasionally, there may be visual impairment. Neurological disorders are absent in Type B of the disorder.
There are several variations of Niemann-Pick Disease and each will be discussed on the following pages.
TYPE A NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE
The "infantile", or Type A Niemann-Pick Disease is the most common form of the disorder which begins in the first few months of life. Feeding difficulties, gradual loss of early motor skills, and enlargement of the abdominal organs (liver and spleen) are usually present by six months of age. Children have an emaciated look as a result of poor feeding which is accompanied by abdominal distention. The skin may have a brownish-yellow pigmentation, and approximately one-third of these patients have a cherry-red spot in the eye. There is a gradual decline of motor and intellectual function resulting in a degenerative weakness and floppiness of the child.
TYPE B NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE
The Type B form of Niemann-Pick Disease may occur with abdominal organ enlargement beginning between the ages of six months to one year. There is no central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) involvement in this form of the disorder. Organ involvement progresses slowly. Growth rate is slow and there may be susceptibility to lung infections.
TYPE C NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE
Type C Niemann-Pick Disease may appear in a child following two or three years of normal development. The disorder may begin with a slow loss of speech as well as other central nervous system skills. Clumsiness and a lack of coordination progresses to seizures and continued degeneration of the central nervous system.
TYPE D NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE
The Type D form of Niemann-Pick Disease resembles the Type C form of the disorder, but the onset is later. The slower progressive course results in deterioration of mental function in early adult life. Patients with this form of the disease appear to all live in a coastal area of Nova Scotia and share a common ancestry.
TYPE E NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE
A number of adults who have exhibited some of the same tissue and chemical changes found in children with Niemann-Pick Disease, suggests an adult form of the disorder known as Type E. These patients have a very late onset of the symptoms of the disease.
Causes
Niemann-Pick disease is inherited as a recessive trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
While Niemann-Pick Disease affects all races, the incidence is greater in families of Jewish ancestry.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for patients with Niemann-Pick Disease is supportive and symptomatic.
Therapies: Investigational
Bone marrow transplantation is being tested as a treatment for Type A Niemann-Pick disease. Bone marrow transplantation is not recommended for patients with relatively advanced neurological symptoms. More research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of this procedure.
Researchers at the NIH are studying several cholesterol lowering drugs for Types C & D Niemann-Pick Disease. Patients who are interested in participating in this research project should contact:
Norman W. Barton, M.D., Ph.D., or Charles Argoff, M.D.
Clinical Care Unit
Bldg. 10, Room 3D03/NIH
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Niemann-Pick Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Niemann-Pick Type C Foundation
22201 Riverpoint Trail
Carrollton, VA 23314
(804) 357-6774
National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association, Inc.
2001 Beacon St, Rm. 304
Brookline, MA 02164
(617) 277-4463 or 277-3965
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Dr. Roscoe O. Brady
Chief, Developmental and Metabolic Neurology
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-3285
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1011.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1147-9.
Niemann-Pick Disease
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
746: Nocardiosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Nocardiosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lung Nocardiosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Actinomycosis
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Nocardiosis is an infectious pulmonary disease characterized by abscesses in the lungs. These abscesses may extend through the chest wall. The infection is spread through the bloodstream by a microorganism called Nocardia asteroides.
Symptoms
Most cases of Nocardiosis begin as pulmonary infections which develop into lung abscesses. Symptoms may include chest pain, cough, bloody sputum, sweats, chills, weakness, lack of appetite, weight loss and difficult or labored breathing. Nocardiosis symptoms are similar to those of pneumonia and tuberculosis.
The infection may spread through the bloodstream resulting in abscesses in the brain or, less frequently, the kidney, intestines or other organs. Approximately one-third of reported cases develop brain abscesses. Symptoms associated with brain abscesses may include severe headache and focal, sensory and motor disturbances.
Skin abscesses occur in approximately one-third of all cases of Nocardiosis, and are usually found scattered across the hand, chest wall and buttocks. In the individual who's immune system is suppressed due to corticosteroid or cytotoxic drugs, ulcerative colitis, malignancy of the lymph system or a variety of other diseases, progression of the disease can be very rapid.
Nocardiosis may last from several months to years. It is essential that the infection be diagnosed and differentiated from tuberculosis and pneumonia.
Causes
Nocardiosis is caused by the organism Nocardia asteroides which is found in the soil. The organism usually enters the body through the lungs, and more rarely through the gastrointestinal tract or the skin.
Affected Population
Nocardiosis occurs world wide. It is most common in the southern United States, Texas and in Latin American countries. The incidence is greater in older adults and Nocardiosis more commonly affects males than females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Nocardiosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Actinomycosis is a chronic infectious disease characterized by draining sinuses. The microorganisms which cause Acitnomycosis are often found on the gums, tonsils and teeth. Actinomycosis most commonly affects adult males. The most common entry into the body for the infecting microorganism is through decayed teeth. Pulmonary or abdominal disease may also occur due to this infection. The infection causes small abscesses which spread to adjoining tissue. The abdominal form of the infection produces symptoms of pain, fever, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation and emaciation. There may be an abdominal mass with signs of intestinal obstruction, and draining pus may develop in the abdominal wall. In the thoracic form of the infection, lung infection may resemble tuberculosis with chest pain, fever and a cough with sputum.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an acute or chronic bacterial infection found most commonly in the lungs. The infection is spread like a cold, mainly through airborne droplets breathed into the air by a person infected with TB. In the lungs these tubercules produce breathing impairment, coughing and release of sputum. Tuberculosis may also affect the kidneys, bones, lymph nodes, and membranes surrounding the brain. Initial symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, weakness, and dry cough. In later stages, symptoms may include blood in the sputum. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tuberculosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Pneumonia is a common bacterial infection of the lungs. Onset is sudden, and usually presents itself as fever and shaking chills. Symptoms may include fever, pain or difficulty in breathing, cough and the production of sputum. Fever rises rapidly, sometimes to 105 degrees F. There may also be nausea, vomiting and a general feeling of ill health. Initially there may be a dry cough that later worsens and produces blood-streaked sputum. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Pneumonia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Nocardia organisms are usually resistant to penicillin. Sulfonamide drugs may be prescribed, and treatment may be continued for several months since most cases respond slowly. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is often prescribed for immunosuppressed patients. Relapse is common. Other drugs sometimes prescribed are ampicillin, minocycline, cefoxitin, amikacin and erythromycin. Without treatment the disease can be fatal, so proper diagnosis is essential.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Nocardiosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 329-3534
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1766-1767.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 82-83.
PLEUROPULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS OF ACTINOMYCOSIS AND NOCARDIOSIS. J.E.
NOCARDIOSIS: A NEGLECTED CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE IN AFRICA? G.G. Baily et al.; THORAX (November, 1988; issue 43 (11)). Pp. 905-910.
PRESUMED INTRAOCULAR NOCARDIOSIS IN A CARDIAC-TRANSPLANT PATIENT. N.
Mamalis et al.; ANN OPTHALMOL (July, 1988; issue 20 (7)). Pp. 271-273, 276.
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@$<$Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
520: Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Glycinemia, Nonketotic
Hyperglycinemia, Nonketotic
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Acidemias, Methylmalonic
Isovaleric Acidemia
Glutaricaciduria II
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Propionic Acidemias
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia is a genetic disorder characterized by an error of amino acid metabolism. Large amounts of the amino acid glycine tend to accumulate in body fluids particularly in the cerebrospinal fluid. The metabolic block occurs in the conversion of glycine into smaller molecules. Severe illness usually occurs soon after birth and many patients become mentally retarded and/or develop seizure disorders.
Symptoms
Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia is characterized early in life by severe illness, failure to thrive, low muscle tone (hypotonia), and drowsiness or lethargy. Mental retardation may develop, relatively mild in some cases, but usually severe. Seizures, usually with jerking motions (myoclonus) may also occur. The amount of glycine in blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid is extremely high.
Causes
Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder caused by an impairment in the breakdown of the amino acid glycine. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia is a rare metabolic disorder that affects infants soon after birth. Males and females are affected in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Isovaleric Acidemia is a metabolic disease which is characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme isovaleryl CoA dehydrogenase. The disorder may occur in an acute and a chronic intermittent form. In the acute form, vomiting, refusal to eat, and listlessness usually occur. With treatment and a diet low in protein the disorder becomes chronically intermittent and a nearly normal life is possible.
Methylmalonic Acidemias are another type of organic acidemia. All organic acidemias are inherited as autosomal recessive traits. Each is caused by an enzymatic defect in the metabolism of one amino acid. Without treatment, this may result in an abnormally high level of acid in the blood and body tissues (metabolic acidosis). In acute cases, drowsiness, coma, and/or seizures may occur. Mental retardation is a long-term consequence. The disorders may be caused either by a deficiency of the enzyme methylmalonyl CoA mutase, methylmalonyl racemase, or of adenosylcobalamin synthetic enzymes. Excretion of methylmalonate (a product of amino acid metabolism) in the urine is abnormally high. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Methylmalonic Acidemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Glutaricaciduria II (Glutaric Acidemia II) occurs in two forms during two different stages of life. Both are forms of organic acidemia, a group of metabolic disorders characterized by the presence of excess acid in the blood and urine.
Glutaricaciduria IIA (Glutaric Acidemia IIA) is the neonatal onset form of Glutaricaciduria. It is a very rare, sex-linked hereditary disorder characterized by large amounts of glutaric and other acids in blood and urine. Some researchers believe the disorder is caused by a defect in the breakdown of acyl-CoA compounds.
Glutaricaciduria IIB (Glutaric Acidemia IIB; Ethylmalonic Adipicaciduria) is the milder adult onset form of the disorder. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Symptoms may include acidity of the body tissues (metabolic acidosis) and a low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia) without an elevated level of ketones in body tissues (ketosis). Large amounts of glutaric acid in the blood and urine are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme "multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase". (For more information on this disorder, choose "Glutaricaciduria II" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database".)
Maple Syrup Urine Disease is a hereditary disorder resulting from abnormal metabolism of the four "branched chain" amino acids (protein building blocks), leucine, isoleucine, valine, and alloisoleucine. Without treatment, spasticity alternating with poor muscle tone, convulsions, and sometimes coma characterize the disorder. It derives its name from the odor of the patients' urine and sweat. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Maple Syrup Urine Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Propionic Acidemia is a very rare genetic form of Ketotic Hyperglycinemia. The disorder is characterized by a deficiency of the coenzyme propionyl CoA carboxylase, one of the enzymes necessary in the process of breaking down amino acids. Propionic Acidemia occurs in two forms. One form begins at birth and the other is milder, occurring less frequently, with symptoms starting later during infancy. Without treatment, dehydration, drowsiness, lethargy, vomiting, and in some cases, coma may develop. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Propionic Acidemia as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Strychnine treatment for seizures has been a moderate success in a few cases of Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia. The tranquilizer diazepam and sodium benzoate, in combination with choline and folic acid (vitamins of the B complex) can sometimes also be beneficial to treat the seizures occurring in this disorder. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Genetic counseling is recommended for families of children with Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on enzyme replacement therapy is ongoing. It is possible that treatment of Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia will be enhanced when scientists learn how to replace or increase enzymes in children affected by enzyme deficiencies.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on this Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Organic Acidemia Association
522 Lander St.
Reno, NV 89512
(703) 322-5542
British Organic Acidemia Association
5 Saxon Rd.
Ashford, Middlesex TW15 1QL
England
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 561-569.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BENZOATE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SEIZURES IN NONKETOTIC
HYPERGLICINEMIA: J.A. Wolff, et al.; American Journal Dis Child (June 1986: issue 140(6)). Pp. 596-602.
NONKETOTIC HYPERGLYCINEMIA: TREATMENT WITH DIAZEPAM--A COMPETITOR FOR
GLYCINE RECEPTORS: R. Matalon, et al.; Pediatrics (April 1983: issue 71(4)). Pp. 581-584.
Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia
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!Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
412: Noonan Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Noonan Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Female Pseudo-Turner Syndrome
Male Turner Syndrome, also known as Turner Syndrome in Males
Turner Phenotype with Normal Karyotype
Turner-Ullrich Syndrome, also known as Ullrich-Turner Syndrome
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Turner Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" Section of this report.
Noonan Syndrome is a genetic disorder that can affect both males and females. The condition is characterized by a lack of sexual development, short stature, possible mental retardation, a webbed neck, skeletal and/or heart defects, and various other inborn deformities. Persons with Noonan Syndrome have normal chromosomes (karyotype is normal), while their physical appearance is different from their peers.
Symptoms
Persons with Noonan Syndrome can have widely varying symptoms. This disorder is mainly characterized by abnormal development of the reproductive system, short stature and possible mental retardation. Additionally, skeletal deformities may include undue prominence (pectus carinatum) or depression (pectus cavum) of the breastbone, and a deformity of the elbow (cubitus valgus).
Persons with Noonan Syndrome usually have curly hair with a low hairline in the back and a webbed neck (pterygium colli). The eyes may be set wide apart (hypertelorism) and the eyelids may droop (ptosis). The midface may not develop in proper proportion to the rest of the face and the ears may be low-set.
Narrowing of the pulmonary artery and its valves, a deficiency of blood clotting cells (thrombocytopenia), and accumulation of excess fluid in body tissues (hydrops or dropsy) may also occur.
Overdevelopment of the outer layer of the skin (hyperkeratosis), scar tissue (keloid), and pigmented birthmarks (nevus) are occasional dermatological symptoms.
The main reproductive system abnormality can vary from completely absent to underdeveloped primary sex organs. In males the testes may be undescended and the appearance of other male sexual characteristics (including pubertal hair) may be delayed.
Causes
Noonan Syndrome usually is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder. Some researchers believe it may be inherited in some cases through autosomal recessive genes. There is some evidence that the disorder may be caused by an abnormality in the Y chromosome (the male sex chromosome).
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Noonan Syndrome is estimated to occur in approximately 1 out of 1,000 to 2,500 persons. Because of the wide difference in severity of the symptoms, not all cases of this syndrome are diagnosed properly. Noonan's appears to affect persons whose genetic constitution is male more than genotypic females.
Related Disorders
Noonan Syndrome and Neurofibromatosis often occur simultaneously in the same patient. (For more information, choose "neurofibromatosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Turner Syndrome (Gonadal Dysgenesis, X0) is a genetic disorder affecting persons who have no definite sex identity, but have a female appearance (phenotype). This disorder is characterized by lack of sexual development, small stature, possible mental retardation, a webbed neck, heart defects and various other congenital defects. Persons with Turner's Syndrome have an X0 karyotype; i.e. they have neither the second X chromosome that characterizes females, nor the Y chromosome of males. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Turner" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment with the female sex hormone "estradiol", started early in life, may be useful to promote normal growth and maturation of the bones of children with Noonan Syndrome. The orphan drug somatrem (Protropin) (human growth hormone) has been known to increase stature in children with growth hormone deficiencies. (For information on additional therapies that have been designated as Orphan Drugs in the last few months, please return to the main menu of NORD Services and access the Orphan Drug Database).
Genetic counseling will be useful to families of children with Noonan Syndrome.
Therapies: Investigational
Balloon dilatation during heart catheterization has been known to relieve pulmonary valve stenosis in some cases of this disorder. This treatment may reduce the narrowness of the pulmonary artery where it joins the heart and may reduce blood pressure in the right ventricle while controlling the difference in pressure between the right part of the heart and the pulmonary veins (pulmonary valve gradient). If successful, balloon dilatation may make heart surgery unnecessary.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Noonan Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Noonan Syndrome Support Group
1278 Pine Ave.
San Jose, CA 95125
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
Association for Research into Restricted Growth
2 Mount Court
81 Central Hill
London SE19 1BS
England
01-678-2984
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
References
PERCUTANEOUS BALLOON VULVOPLASTY FOR PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS IN INFANTS AND
CHILDREN: I. D. Sullivan, et al.; British Heart Journal (October 1985: issue 54,4). Pp. 435-441.
NOONAN SYNDROME: THE CHANGING PHENOTYPE: J.E. Allanson, et al.; American Journal Med Gen (July 1985: issue 21,3). Pp. 507-514.
ARGON LASER THERAPY OF VULVAR ANGIOKERATOMA: D.J. Dotters, et al.; Archives Intern Med (November 1986: issue 146,11). Pp. 2233-2234.
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&s&Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
568: Norrie Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Norrie Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the synonym list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Norrie Disease
NDP
ND
Anderson-Warburg Syndrome
Whitnall-Norman Syndrome
Fetal Iritis Syndrome
Oligophrenia Microphthalmos
Atrophia Bulborum Hereditaria
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Chromosome Thirteen Trisomy Syndrome
Retinal Dysplasia
Usher Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Norrie Syndrome is a sex linked hereditary disorder which is characterized by blindness at birth. Deafness, diabetes and mental retardation may also occur. The lens of the eye is initially clear but may become covered by cataracts. Shrinking of the eyeball (phthisis bulbi) is usually apparent by the age of ten.
Symptoms
Norrie Syndrome is characterized by blindness in both eyes at birth. A white membrane (cataract) grows over the lens, followed later by shrinking of the eyeballs (Phthisis bulbi). The front chamber inside the eye is small and the pupil has no light reflex. The iris tends to adhere abnormally to the crystalline lens. A grey membrane or grey-yellow opaque mass with blood vessels is apparent behind the lens. Elongated hair-like attachments (ciliary) are often visible on the opposite side of the pupil. There may be retinal folds, detached retinas and pseudotumor (false tumor) formations inside the eyeball. By the age of ten years shrinking of the eye ball becomes apparent. By the age of fifty the lens is usually completely covered by cataracts. Patients may also have hearing loss, diabetes and/or mental retardation.
Causes
Norrie Syndrome is inherited as a recessive X-linked trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.)
Affected Population
Norrie Syndrome is a rare disease affecting only males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Norrie Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Trisomy 13 Syndrome is a genetic disorder. It affects infants who tend to be small at birth. Spells of interrupted breathing (apnea) during early infancy are frequent, and mental retardation is usually severe. Many affected children appear to be deaf. A moderately small head with sloping forehead, wide joints, and openings between the parietal bones of the head are present. The entire eye is usually small and a defect of the iris tissue and faulty development of the retina occur frequently. Cleft lip, cleft palate, or both are present in most cases. The ears are abnormally shaped and unusually low-set. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Trisomy 13" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Retinal Dysplasia is a hereditary condition characterized by an elevated retinal fold arising from the optic disc covering the macular area inside the eye, and widening toward the temporal fundus, which may cause blindness. This condition is thought to be inherited.
Usher Syndrome is characterized by nerve deafness as well as Retinitis Pigmentosa, a degeneration of the eye's retina leading to progressive loss of vision. The deafness may be complete or mild, and usually does not progress. Retinitis Pigmentosa can begin during childhood or later in life. Studies show that clear central vision may be maintained for many years even while pheripheral vision decreases. In some cases, the hearing and vision problems may be accompanied by mental retardation, psychosis, disturbances in walking related to inner ear problems, or cataracts. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Usher" and "RP" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Norrie Syndrome involves surgery to reattach the retina when and if it becomes necessary. In the cases of hearing loss the use of hearing aids is often recommended. Agencies providing services for vision and hearing impaired persons may be of benefit. Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Norrie Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute (NEI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
Eye Research Institute of Retina Foundation
20 Staniford St.
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 742-3140
National Federation of the Blind
1800 Johnson Street
Baltimore, MD 21230
(301) 659-9314
(800) 638-7518
American Council of the Blind, Inc. (ACB)
1155 - 15th St., NW, Suite 720
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 467-5081
(800) 424-8666
American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)
15 W. 16th St.
New York, NY 10011
(212) 620-2000
Regional offices:
Atlanta, GA (404) 525-2303
Chicago, IL (312) 245-9961
Dallas, TX (214) 352-7222
San Francisco, CA (415) 392-4845
Vision Foundation, Inc.
818 Mt. Auburn Street
Watertown, MA 02172
(617) 926-4232
1-800-852-3029 (Inside Massachusetts)
National Association for Parents of the Visually Impaired, Inc.
P.O. Box 180806
Austin, TX 78718
(512) 459-6651
(For braille or recorded publications contact)
National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped
Library of Congress
1291 Taylor Street NW
Washington, DC 20542
(202) 287-5100
Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness
1401 Mt. Royal Avenue
Baltimore, MD 21217
(800) 638-2300
(301) 225-9400
National Association for Parents of the Visually Impaired (NAPVI)
3329 Northaven Rd.
Dallas, TX 75229
(214) 358-1995
National Association for the Visually Handicapped (NAVH)
305 East 24th Street
New York, NY 10010
(212) 889-3141
or
3201 Balboa Street
San Francisco, CA 94121
(414) 221-3201
American Humane Association
P.O. Box 1266
Denver, CO 80201 (For Trained Hearing Dogs)
Deafness Research Foundation
55 East 34th Street
New York, NY 10016
(212) 684-6556
Deaf Communications Institute (DCI)
P.O. Box 247
Fayville, MA 01745
(617) 872-9496 (Voice & TDD)
National Information Center on Deafness
Gallaudet College
Kendall Green
Washington, DC 20002
Voice & tdd phone (202) 651-5109
National Association of the Deaf
814 Thayer Avenue
Silver Spring, MD 20910
(301) 587-1788
American Society for Deaf Children
814 Thayer Avenue
Silver Spring, MD 20910
(301) 585-5400 Voice/TTY
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1449.
NORRIE'S DISEASE: M. Warburg, Birth Defects (March, 1971, issue 7 (3)). Pp. 117-124.
FALCIFORM FOLD, RETINAL DETACHMENT, AND NORRIE'S DISEASE: H.N. Jacklin, Am J Ophthalmol (July, 1980, issue 90 (1)). Pp. 76-80.
NORRIE DISEASE CAUSED BY A GENE DELETION ALLOWING CARRIER DETECTION AND
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS: A. de la Chapelle, et al,; Clin Genet (October, 1985, issue 28 (4)). Pp. 317-320.
NORRIE'S DISEASE: A STUDY OF TWO FAMILIES: R.M. Liberfarb, et al.; Ophthalmology (October, 1985, issue 92 (10)). Pp. 1445-1451.
Norrie Syndrome
'pagetitle
568: Norrie Syndrome
04058.TXT
Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
422: Nystagmus, Benign Paroxysmal Positional
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Nystagmus) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
BPPN
Cupulolithiasis
Labyrinthine Positional Nystagmus
Paroxysmal Positional Nystagmus
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Meniere Disease
Vestibular Neuronitis of Dix and Hallpike
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources section of this report.
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Nystagmus is a disorder of the vestibular system in the middle ear which causes dizziness due to altered function of the semicircular canals, usually the posterior canal. The disorder is paroxysmal because the dizziness takes place without warning, it is positional because the symptoms increase with certain movements of the head or body, and abnormal eye movements or nystagmus accompanies the dizziness.
Symptoms
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Nystagmus (BPPN) is characterized by episodes of violent dizziness triggered by certain head positions, and often accompanied by nausea, vomiting and impaired muscle coordination (ataxia). Involuntary rhythmic oscillation of the eyes (nystagmus) in a horizontal, vertical or circular direction usually also occurs. The symptoms usually last only a few weeks or months, and may disappear spontaneously.
Causes
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Nystagmus (BPPN) may be caused by one of several different mechanisms affecting the semicircular canals of the inner ear. These may include spontaneous degeneration of the membranes in the labyrinth of the ear, head injuries, serious middle ear infection, ear surgery, and closing off of the anterior vestibular artery in the inner ear.
Affected Population
BPPN primarily affects females during middle or late adulthood.
Related Disorders
Meniere Disease is a disorder characterized by recurrent prostrating attacks of dizziness (vertigo), possible hearing loss and ringing sounds (tinnitus). (For more information on this disorder, choose "meniere" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Vestibular Neuronitis of Dix and Hallpike is a disorder of unknown cause, with abrupt onset during young adulthood and continuing through the fifth decade of life. It is characterized by dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Head movements may make the symptoms more severe. Hearing is usually not impaired. This disorder is often associated with upper respiratory tract infections and fever.
Therapies: Standard
Patients with BPPN are advised to avoid head movements that could bring on the attacks. Medications can be used to decrease dizziness, to control nausea or vomiting. If the dizziness is caused by bacterial infection in the ear, antibiotics may help.
A well-balanced diet is important. Salt, alcohol and caffeine intake should be reduced.
Therapies: Investigational
A surgical treatment used in some cases of acoustic nerve compression is known as the Jannetta procedure. This type of surgery may be helpful in some cases of BPPN. For more information on this type of experimental surgery, contact:
Dr. Margareta Moller
Presbyterian University Hospital
Room 9402, PUH
230 Lothrup Street
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
(412) 624-3376
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Benign Paroxysmal Positional Nystagmus, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
E.A.R. Foundation
Attn: Meniere's Network
2000 Church St.
Nashville, TN 37236
(615) 329-7808 (Voice & TDD)
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Dizziness and Balance Disorder Association
1015 N.W. 22nd Avenue
Portland, OR 97210
(503) 229-7348
References
VERTICAL VESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX IN PATIENTS WITH BENIGN PAROXYSMAL
POSITIONAL NYSTAGMUS: R.W. Baloh, et al.; American Journal Otolaryngol (March-April 1985: issue 6,2). Pp. 75-78.
POSTURAL DISTURBANCE IN PATIENTS WITH BENIGN PAROXYSMAL POSITIONAL
NYSTAGMUS: F.O. Black, et al.; Annals Otol Rhinol Laryngol (November-December 1984: issue 93,6,1). Pp. 595-599.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA, HEMIFACIAL SPASM, PAROXYSMAL
TINNITUS AND NYSTAGMUS BY NEUROVASCULAR DECOMPRESSION: T. Isu, et al.; Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi (November 1983: issue 58,6). Pp. 587-599.
Nystagmus, Benign Paroxysmal Positional
pagetitle
422: Nystagmus, Benign Paroxysmal Positional
04059.TXT
@,9,Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
515: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Obsessive Compulsive Neurosis
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia
Schizophrenia
Manic Depression, Bipolar
Tourette Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is characterized by recurrent habitual obsessive or compulsive thoughts or actions. These obsessions and compulsions may become very distressing and time-consuming. In severe cases they can significantly interfere with a person's normal routine, occupational functioning, usual social activities or relationships with others.
Symptoms
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is characterized by recurrent obsessive and compulsive actions. Obsessions are persistent ideas, thoughts, impulses, or images that the patient knows are senseless. Repetitive thoughts usually occur. Examples may include thoughts of violence (e.g., a person feeling repeated impulses to hurt another), contamination (e.g., becoming infected by shaking another person's hand), or doubt (e.g., wondering whether one has performed some act, such as repeatedly going back to check if a door is locked). Attempts are made to ignore or suppress such thoughts or impulses, or to counteract them with some other thought or action. The patient recognizes that the obsessions are the product of his or her own mind, but they are difficult to resist.
Compulsions are repetitive, purposeful, and intentional behaviors that are performed either in response to an obsessive thought, according to certain rules, or in a stereotyped fashion. The behavior is designed to neutralize or to prevent discomfort or some dreaded event or situation. However, either the activity is not connected in a realistic way with what it is designed to neutralize or prevent, or it is clearly excessive. Compulsions are usually accompanied by a desire to resist the compulsion (at least initially). The adult affected with this disorder recognizes that his or her behavior is excessive or unreasonable, but a young child may not recognize this. The person does not derive pleasure from carrying out the activity, although it does provide a release of tension. The most common compulsive actions involve excessive hand-washing, repeated counting, checking, and touching.
When the person with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder tries to resist a compulsion, there is a sense of mounting tension that can be immediately relieved by yielding to the compulsion. In the course of the illness, after repeated failure at resisting compulsions, the person may give in to them and no longer experience a desire to resist them.
Depression and anxiety are commonly associated with this disorder. Frequently patients feel they must avoid situations that trigger obsessive thoughts such as staying away from dirt or contamination. A person with obsessions about unsanitary conditions may avoid public restrooms, shaking hands with strangers, and may take several showers each day.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder may occur in a mild, moderate or a severe form. In rare cases, actions dictated by the compulsions may become the major activity in life which can be severely disabling. The disorder is usually chronic, with waxing and waning of symptoms.
Causes
The cause of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is not known. However, there is some evidence that the disorder may be genetic because it tends to occur in more than one member of a family. Several recent studies indicate that patients with this disorder have abnormally fast metabolism in certain areas of the brain. The findings point to the basal ganglia including their component, the caudate nuclei.
Affected Population
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder usually begins during adolescence or early adulthood. It affects males and females in equal numbers. The mild form of this disorder is relatively common; it is estimated that as many as five million Americans may have this disorder, but only a very small percentage of them are impaired significantly enough to warrant treatment.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may resemble those of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Anorexia Nervosa is an illness of self-starvation resulting in marked weight loss. It is characterized by a disturbed sense of body image and anxiety about weight gain. Women with this disorder may also experience absence of menstrual periods. The self-starvation is not a true compulsion because the person may wish to resist it only because of its harmful consequences. (For more information, choose "Anorexia Nervosa" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Bulimia is a psychiatric disorder consisting of binge eating, often followed by self-induced vomiting or purges with the use of laxatives and diuretics. The majority of patients are female. Persons with this disorder commonly fear they will be unable to stop eating voluntarily. In a calm, concerned, stable environment, and with supportive psychotherapy, patients can acquire a better self-image and develop more stable eating patterns. (For more information, choose "Bulimia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Some excessive activities such as aberrant sexual behavior, pathological gambling, alcohol and drug dependence or abuse, may be referred to as "compulsive". However, the activities are not true compulsions because the person derives pleasure from the particular activity, and may wish to resist it only because of harmful secondary consequences.
In Schizophrenia, stereotyped behavior is common, but it is usually due to delusions rather than to true compulsions. A person with a true delusion usually has a fixed conviction that cannot be shaken, while a person with an obsession usually recognizes the senselessness of the urge. However, in some cases of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, there may be bizarre delusions and other symptoms unrelated to the disorder that justify the additional diagnosis of Schizophrenia.
Bipolar Manic Depression is a mental illness marked by intense mood swings with possible remissions and recurrences. Depression may be most common and can last at least a full day and perhaps several weeks or longer. Manic symptoms involve hyperactivity and feelings of invincibility, happiness and restlessness. During a major depressive episode, obsessive brooding about potentially unpleasant circumstances, or about possible alternative actions, is common. However, these symptoms are usually not experienced as senseless but as meaningful, although possibly excessive. Therefore, these are not true obsessions. (For more information choose "Bipolar Manic Depression" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder may be associated with the following disorder as a secondary characteristic. It is not necessary for a differential diagnosis.
Tourette Syndrome is a neurological movement disorder which begins in childhood between the ages of 2 and 16. The disorder is characterized by involuntary muscular movements (tics), and uncontrollable vocal sounds. Sometimes inappropriate words and compulsive behaviors may occur. Tourette Syndrome and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder tend to occur in more than one member of the same family. Females in Tourette families tend to get Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder while males tend to get more severe Tourette Syndrome. (For more information, choose "Tourette" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Standard treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder consists in a combination of antidepressant medication and psychotherapy.
The tricyclic antidepressant drug Anafranil (clomipramine) has been approved for treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Studies indicate that a small number of patients (approximately seven per 1,000) may get an increased risk of seizures as a side effect of Anafranil, so the medication must be closely monitored by a physician. For most OCD patients, Anafranil controls the symptoms with few side effects.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials of the drug Fluoxetine for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder are underway. For more information, physicians can contact:
Eli Lilly & Company
Lilly Corporate Center
Indianapolis, IN 46285
(317) 261-2000
Intravenous use of Clomipramine (Anafranil) is under study for the treatment of OCD persons who have serious side effects to the oral form of the medication.
Clinical trials are under way on the drug Sertraline for treating OCD in children and adolescents.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Foundation
P.O. Box 9573
New Haven, CT 06535
(203) 772-0565
NIH/National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
(301) 443-4515 or (301) 496-1752
(800) 421-4211 (24 hrs.)
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
1901 N. Fort Meyer Dr., Suite 500
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 524-7600
National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse
311 S. Juniper St., Rm. 902
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 735-2481
National Mental Health Association
1021 Prince Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
Tourette Syndrome Association
42-40 Bell Blvd.
Bayside, NY 11361
(718) 224-2999
(800) 237-0717
References
WORLDWIDE USE OF CLOMIPRAMINE. M.R. Trimble, J Clin Psychiatry, (August, 1990, issue 51 (51-4), Discussion 55-58.
TREATMENT OF OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER: PSYCHOTHERAPIES, DRUGS, AND
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER., J.S. March, et al.; Am Fam Physician, (May, 1989, issue 39 (5)). Pp. 175-182.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
T-pagetitle
515: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
04028.TXT
Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
462: Myelitis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Myelitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Spinal Stenosis
Cervical Spondylosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Myelitis is a disorder of the spine marked by inflammation of the spinal cord. When inflammation is very limited, the condition may be called a "myelopathy". Injury to the spine, benign tissue growths, or blood vessel abnormalities may also cause this disorder. Major symptoms may initially include pain, followed by gradual paralysis and/or other central nervous system disturbances.
Symptoms
Myelitis is characterized by inflammation of segments of the spinal cord which can cause local back pain, usually followed by gradual spinal cord dysfunction. These symptoms are often accompanied by muscle spasms, a general feeling of discomfort, backache, headache, loss of appetite (anorexia), numbness or tingling of legs. Eventually, loss of sensation may be severe, associated with sensorimotor paralysis below the level of the lesion, urinary retention, and loss of sexual function and/or bowel (sphincter) control. Myelitis patients exhibit thick, rough, dry skin below the spinal lesion, and tendon reflexes may be lost. The upper spinal (thoracic) area is often involved, causing abdominal paralysis. Eventually, there may be slight improvement depending on the cause. Myelitis can be an acute or chronic disease.
Ascending Myelitis is marked by progression of paralysis and loss of sensation over time.
In Transverse Myelitis, congestion or obstruction of blood vessels, swelling, cellular infiltration or loss, and loss of the fatty tissue around the nerves (demyelination) may be seen on examining the involved segment of the spinal cord.
Disseminated Myelitis is characterized by more than one spinal cord lesion.
Brown-Sequard Syndrome involves spinal cord compression and lesions associated with inflammation, injury, presence of foreign bodies, or Meningovascular Syphilis. Only half of the spinal cord is involved.
Causes
Although the cause of Myelitis is not known in many cases, it can be caused by viral infections, spinal cord injuries, immune reactions, or insufficient blood flow through the blood vessels in the spinal cord. It can occur as a complication of loss of nerve sheath tissue (demyelination) particularly in Optic Neuromyelitis or Multiple Sclerosis. It can also be a complication of reactions to Smallpox, Measles, or Chickenpox vaccinations. Myelitis can be a symptom of Neurovascular Syphilis or Acute Encephalomyelitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord). (For more information on any of these disorders, choose the appropriate name as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Affected Population
Myelitis can begin at any time of life. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Myelitis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Spinal Stenosis is an uncommon form of Sciatica (disease of the sciatic nerve roots) which is characterized by severe pain in the lower back extending to the buttocks, thighs or calves. This pain is especially noticeable when walking, running or climbing stairs. Some limping or lameness may develop. Spinal Stenosis is often associated with spinal disk abnormalities usually following other illnesses or injuries. Pain may be somewhat relieved by resting, or in more severe cases surgery may be necessary. This disorder usually occurs in middle-aged or elderly persons. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Spinal Stenosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cervical Spondylosis is a degenerative spinal disease in which disk spaces collapse followed by thickening of ligaments and bony over-development leading to nerve root compression and narrowing of the spinal canal. Intermittent neck pain may spread to the shoulders and arms, possibly limiting motion.
Therapies: Standard
Corticosteroid drugs may be helpful treatment for spinal cord inflammation in Myelitis patients. Surgery may be necessary in some cases. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Experimental electric stimulation treatment is under investigation for treating some cases of Myelitis. The multiprogrammable spinal cord stimulator involves epidural spinal electrostimulation (ESES). This is an experimental medical device under evaluation for control of motor dysfunction. This device can be surgically implanted in the spine and may be of therapeutic benefit to patients with some types of Myelitis or Myelopathy as well as other neuromuscular disorders that do not respond to more conventional therapies. The goal is to increase the range of mobility while alleviating muscle spasms and pain.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Myelitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Paraplegia Society
432 Park Avenue South
New York, NY 10016
(212) 686-6770
American Spinal Injury Association
250 E. Superior Street Room 619
Chicago, IL 60611
(312) 649-3425
Spinal Cord Society
2410 Lakeview Drive
Fergus Falls, MN 56537
Spinal Cord Injury Hotline
2201 Argonne Drive
Baltimore, MD 21218
24-Hour-Hotline 1-800-526-3456
In Maryland, 1-800-638-1733
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
ACUTE TRANSVERSE MYELOPATHY IN CHILDHOOD: K. Dunne, et al.; Dev Med Child Neurol (April 1986, issue 28(2)). Pp. 198-204.
RECURRENT TRANSVERSE MYELITIS ASSOCIATED WITH COLLAGEN DISEASE: M
Yamamato; J Neurol (June 1986, issue 233(3)). Pp. 185-187.
EVOKED POTENTIALS IN ACUTE TRANSVERSE MYELOPATHY: C.H. Wulff; Dan Med Bull (October 1985, issue 32(5)). Pp. 282-286.
Myelitis
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462: Myelitis
04029.TXT
Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
244: Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
MOS
Myelofibrosis
Myelofibrosis and Myeloid Metaplasia
Leukoerythroblastic Anemia
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
Aleukemic Myelosis
Osteosclerosis
Myeloid Megakaryocytic Hepatosplenomegaly
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis (MOS) is a disorder characterized by proliferation of fibrous tissue in the bone marrow, causing anemia, weakness and fatigue due to replacement of normal bone marrow cells. Episodes of severe pain in the abdomen, the bones and joints also may occur.
Symptoms
Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis is characterized by the symptoms of anemia (a decrease of red blood cells) such as weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and headache. Affected persons may have ringing noises in their ears (tinnitus), see spots before their eyes, and suffer from drowsiness, irritability and sometimes bizarre behavior. Absence of menstruation in females, lack of sex drive, gastrointestinal (stomach and bowels) complaints, and jaundice may also occur. An enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) is usually present, and an associated enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) is common. Abdominal discomfort caused by pressure from the enlarged spleen may be the first complaint. Episodes of severe pain in the abdomen, the bones and joints are characteristic of this disorder.
Causes
A cause of Myelofibrosis which has a clinical picture similar to Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia is the spread of cancer (metastasis) to bone marrow from primary tumors. These tumors most often originate in the breast, prostate, kidney, lung, or adrenal or thyroid gland.
In children a rare cause of MOS is marble-bone disease of Albers-Schonberg.
Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis (MOS) may be a connective tissue reaction to several types of injury resulting in bone marrow tissue death.
A secondary type of MOS is frequently associated with tuberculosis and with exposure to toxic substances, such as benzene, fluoride or phosphorus.
Affected Population
MOS affects persons of both sexes usually during mid-adult life. Children are rarely affected.
Therapies: Standard
Therapy for Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis involves treating the underlying disorder. In cases where the cause is not known, treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Blood transfusions are prescribed if the anemia produces cardiovascular symptoms. In primary myelofibrosis, moderate success has been obtained using male hormones (androgens) and/or corticosteroids in an attempt to increase red blood cell production or decrease their destruction.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Myeloproliferative Research Center, Inc.
2220 Tiemann Ave.
Baychester, NY 10469
(718) 231-0270
(800) MPD-HELP
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton RD., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1142-3.
Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis
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244: Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis
04030.TXT
pagetitle
566: Myeloma, Multiple
(Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
566: Myeloma, Multiple
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Multiple Myeloma) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Plasma Cell Myeloma
Myelomatosis
Kahler Disease
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Smoldering Myeloma
Plasma Cell Leukemia
Nonsecretory Myeloma
Osteosclerotic Myeloma
Solitary Plasmacytoma of Bone
Extramedullary Plasmacytoma
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
Heavy Chain Disease
Primary Amyloidosis
Smoldering Myeloma
Plasma Cell Leukemia
NonSecretory Myeloma
Osteosclerotic Myeloma
Solitary Plasmacytoma of Bone
Extramedullary Plasmacytoma
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Multiple Myeloma is a rare form of bone marrow cancer. Major symptoms may include pain in the bones of the back or chest, weakness, fatigue, anemia and kidney problems.
Symptoms
Multiple Myeloma starts with pains in the bones of the chest or back which are triggered by movement of the body. Weakness, fatigue, anemia, kidney problems, and/or compressed nerves in the spine may also be present. Paleness of the skin is a common physical finding and there is increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, particularly pneumonia. Sometimes the liver and spleen become enlarged.
Causes
The exact cause of Multiple Myeloma is not known. Scientists suspect there may be a variety of causes such as the effects of radiation, asbestos, industrial or agricultural toxins, hereditary disposition or viruses. Multiple Myeloma is characterized by excessive new growth (neoplastic proliferation) of the plasma cells in bone marrow. It is initially found in the bones of the spine, skull, rib cage, pelvis or legs. The blood shows an increase in levels of certain immune system cells (suppressor T cells) and abnormally low levels of helper T cells.
Affected Population
Multiple Myeloma patients account for 1% of all types of cancer and 10% of all blood malignancies. It is found in men twice as often as women. It usually occurs between the fourth and seventh decades of life.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Multiple Myeloma. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Amyloidosis refers to a group of diseases characterized by extracellular depositions of a protein-like material (amyloid), in one or more sites of the body. Amyloid deposits, in large amounts, can cause a wide variety of organ abnormalities. The organ can take on a firm, rubbery consistency and have a waxy, pink or gray appearance. Organ enlargement (especially of the liver, kidney, spleen, or heart) may be prominent. (for more information on this disorder, choose "Amyloidosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia is a lymph and blood cell disorder. Abnormally large quantities of homogeneous protein molecules are present in the blood. The disorder tends to run in families and occurs mainly among older men. An enlarged spleen and liver with abnormalities of the lymph glands are the most frequent symptoms. Weakness, anemia, fatigue and excessive bleeding, especially from the nose and mouth, also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Waldenstrom " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Heavy Chain Diseases are characterized by the presence of too many plasma cells, or lymphocytes that resemble plasma cells, in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. This condition includes Gamma, Alpha and Mu Heavy Chain Disease, which are all disorders of the proliferative type. Gamma Heavy Chain Disease is characterized by a deletion of amino acids and anemia. The liver, spleen and lymph nodes are enlarged. Alpha Heavy-Chain Disease occurs most often in men of Mediterranean ancestry. It involves the digestive tract with severe malabsorption of nutrients, loss of weight, diarrhea, and loss of fat (steatorrhea). Symptoms are most often progressive.
Mu Heavy-Chain Disease is typified by a form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia or tumors of the lymph gland. Analysis of the blood serum usually reveals excessively low levels of antibodies in the blood (gammaglobulinemia).
The following disorders may be associated with Multiple Myeloma as secondary characteristics. They are not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Smoldering Myeloma is characterized by abnormally high levels of atypical plasma cells in the bone marrow without evidence of symptomatic disease. Many patients excrete protein in the urine but have no other evidence of either anemia, bone lesions or kidney failure.
Plasma Cell Leukemia is characterized by the presence of excessive amounts of plasma cells in the blood. Most patients initially have leukemia and approximately thirty percent already have well-documented cases of Multiple Myeloma.
Non-Secretory Myeloma exists when a patient with Multiple Myeloma does not produce M protein in either the urine or blood serum.
Osteosclerotic Myeloma patients usually have five percent or less of the normal amounts of plasma cells in their blood. One or more osteosclerotic lesions are present and lytic lesions develop in some cases. The disease is chronic and inflammatory, usually causing motor disabilities, high protein levels in the spinal fluid and/or low motor nerve conduction. The spleen and liver are usually enlarged, and discoloration of the skin occurs as well as fluid retention and clubbing of the fingers.
Solitary Plasmacytoma of Bone is characterized by only one lesion of the bone. Diagnosis relies on cell examination, no evidence of Multiple Myeloma in the bone marrow, and no M protein in the blood serum or urine.
Extramedullary Plasmacytoma occurs when plasma cell tumors arise outside the bone marrow. The upper respiratory tract, which includes the nasal cavity and sinuses, nasopharynx, and larynx, is the most frequent site of involvement. However, extramedullary plasmacytomas have been found in virtually every organ of the body, making a confirmed diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma necessary.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Multiple Myeloma usually involves chemotherapy and analgesic drugs for pain. If kidneys are involved, the administration of fluids may be necessary to avoid dehydration. Other treatment may include radiation therapy to reduce bone masses that may develop. The use of the biologic drug, Interferon, combined with chemotherapy drugs may also be recommended. Plasmapheresis may be of benefit in some cases of Multiple Myeloma. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. This therapy is still under investigation to analyze side effects and effectiveness. More research is needed before plasmapheresis can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases.
Therapies: Investigational
Studies are being conducted in the use of Sandoglobulin as a treatment for Multiple Myeloma. Further investigation is needed to determine it's safety and effectiveness.
The orphan product Melphalan (Alkeran for injection) is being studied by the FDA for the treatment of Multiple Myeloma in patients in whom oral therapy is not correct. The product is sponsored by Burroughs Wellcome Company, Research Triangle Park, NC.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Multiple Myeloma, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Kidney Foundation
2 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 889-2210
(800) 622-9010
American Kidney Fund
6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010
Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 881-3052
(800) 638-8299
(800) 492-8361 (MD)
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1104-1106.
EFFECTS OF PLASMAPHERESIS ON THE PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF PROTEINS USED TO
MONITOR THE DISEASE PROCESS IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA. A. Wahlin, et al.; Acta Med Scand (1988, issue 223 (3)). Pp. 263-267.
INTERFERONS IN THE TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA. M.R. Cooper, et al.; Cancer (February, 1987, issue 59 (3 Suppl)). Pp. 594-600.
THE USE OF INTERFERON IN THE TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA. J.J.
Costanzi, et al.; Semin Oncol (June, 1987, issue 14 (2 Suppl 2)). Pp. 24-28.24-28.
Myeloma, Multiple
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GCopyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
62: Myoclonus, General
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Myoclonus) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder Subdivisions:
Rhythmical Myoclonus (Segmental Myoclonus, including Nocturnal Myoclonus, Palatal Myoclonus and Respiratory Myoclonus)
Arrhythmic Myoclonus (Stimulus-Sensitive Myoclonus, including Pathologic Myoclonus)
Opsoclonus (Infantile Myoclonic Encephalopathy and Polymyoclonia)
Familial Arrhythmic Myoclonus
Intention Myoclonus (Action Myoclonus, including Postencephalitic Intention Myoclonus and Postanoxic Intention Myoclonus)
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Tourette Syndrome
Jumping Frenchmen of Maine
Huntington's Disease
Torsion Dystonia
Benign Essential Tremor
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Myoclonus is a neurological movement disorder characterized by sudden, involuntary contractions of skeletal muscles. Based on the various symptoms, there are three types of Myoclonus: Intention Myoclonus, Rhythmical Myoclonus, and Arrhythmic Myoclonus.
Intention Myoclonus (Action Myoclonus) includes Postanoxic Myoclonus and Postencephalitic Myoclonus.
Rhythmical Myoclonus includes (Segmental Myoclonus), Nocturnal Myoclonus, Palatal Myoclonus, and Respiratory Myoclonus.
Symptoms
Intention Myoclonus is characterized by episodes of sudden, involuntary muscle contractions that are triggered by voluntary movements, such as a purposeful action.
In Arrhythmic Myoclonus, the muscle jerks lack any particular rhythm (arrhythmic) and occur without warning. The jerking movements may be confined to a single muscle or involve all of the skeletal muscles. The severity of the muscle contractions may vary from episode to episode and may differ among patients. The jerking contractions may be very severe and involve both sides of the body at the same time. Muscle contractions may be brought on (stimulated) by something that the person sees (visual), hears (auditory), and/or touches (tactile). The stimulus may also be physical fatigue, stress, and/or anxiety. In women, Myoclonus is often more intense prior to the beginning of the menstrual flow (premenstrually).
Hyperexplexia (Essential Startle Response) is a form of Arrhythmic Myoclonus characterized by an exaggerated muscular response to sudden loud noises or other stimulus (startle reaction). The muscle jerks of Hyperexplexia come and go. Opsoclonus is a form of Myoclonus that is limited to one area of the body (localized). Typically Opsoclonus affects the eyes which jerk irregularly and together. When Opsoclonus occurs in infants with generalized Myoclonus, the infant is said to have Infantile Myoclonic Encephalopathy or Polymyoclonia Familial. Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy, which is potentially disabling, combines severe epilepsy with significant stimulus-sensitive Myoclonus. In advanced disease, dementia may appear. (For more information, choose "Hyperexplexia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome comprises many disorders including epilepsy, myoclonus, and degeneration of part of the brain (cerebellum) and spinal cord. Other neurological impairments may also be present. (For more information, choose "Epilepsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Rhythmical (segmental) Myoclonus has a distinctive symptom; the muscles jerk at a frequency of 10 to 180 jerks per minute. The affected muscles are generally those that get their nerve supply (innervated) from one or more of the spinal cord segments. Unlike Arrhythmic Myoclonus, Rhythmical Myoclonus is not relieved by sleep and is not triggered by sudden stimuli or voluntary movements.
In Nocturnal Myoclonus (Restless Legs Syndrome) there is frequent jerking of the body and/or the extremities, particularly the legs. The legs may jerk 2 to 3 times a minute when falling asleep, sleeping, or during deep relaxation during the day. Insomnia frequently accompanies attacks of Nocturnal Myoclonus. (For more information about Nocturnal Myoclonus, choose "Restless Legs" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
In Palatal Myoclonus there are quick rhythmical contractions of a section of the roof of the mouth (soft palate). Sometimes other muscles contract including those of the throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), eyes, face, and/or diaphragm. Respiratory Myoclonus causes rapid rhythmic contractions of the muscles of the diaphragm. This may lead to shortness of breath or difficulty breathing (dyspnea).
Causes
Several types of Arrhythmic Myoclonus are inherited. Hereditary Essential Myoclonus and Ramsay Hunt Syndrome are inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy, whether alone or with another hereditary disease such as Tay-Sachs or Kufs Disease, is usually inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
It is also possible that there is an X-linked form of Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions that are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
It is thought that in the majority of people with Myoclonus, symptoms develop due to abnormally high levels of electrical discharges along nerve cells. In Rhythmical or Segmental Myoclonus, local trauma to the nerves in the spinal cord that control muscles is usually responsible. Overactivity of certain areas within the brain (medullary reticular formation or cerebral cortex) causes Arrhythmic Myoclonus. Some types of Intention Myoclonus, Essential Myoclonus, and Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy may be associated with decreased activity of serotonin, a chemical (neurotransmitter) in the brain.
Viral infections, blood vessel disorders, benign growths, malignant tumors, and/or traumatic lesions to the central nervous system may precede either Rhythmical or Arrhythmic Myoclonus. A lack of oxygen to the brain, usually due to heart or respiratory failure, can cause Postanoxic Myoclonus. Certain toxins, including some drugs in high doses, and metabolic disorders have also been implicated as a cause of Myoclonus.
Affected Population
Myoclonus affects males and females in equal numbers. Some forms of Myoclonus are common and some forms are rare.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Myoclonus. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Tourette Syndrome is a neurologic movement disorder that is characterized by repetitive motor and vocal tics. The first symptoms are usually rapid eye blinking or facial grimaces. Symptoms may also include facial tics and involuntary movements of the extremities, shoulders, and the voluntary muscles. Inarticulate sounds or sometimes inappropriate words may occur. Tourette Syndrome is not a progressive or degenerative disorder; rather, symptoms tend to be variable and follow a chronic waxing and waning course. Symptoms usually begin before the age of 16 years. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tourette" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Jumping Frenchmen of Maine is a very rare disorder characterized by an extreme startle response. The symptoms occur as a response to sudden, unexpected noise or movement. The extreme startle reaction includes jumping, raising the arms, hitting, yelling, unintelligible speech, and/or imitation or repetition of another person's body movements (echopraxia). The intensity of the response increases with fatigue and stress. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Jumping Frenchmen of Maine" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Huntington's Disease (Huntington's Chorea) is a rare inherited, progressively degenerative neurological disorder characterized by involuntary muscle movements and dementia. Initially there are personality changes and uncontrolled rapid jerky muscle movements. In time, speech and memory become impaired and involuntary muscle movements become more frequent and severe. As Huntington's Disease progresses there is a further loss of cognitive abilities and dementia. The symptoms of this disorder usually begin during adulthood, generally after the age of forty. (For more information on this disorder choose, "Huntington's" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Torsion Dystonia is a rare inherited neurological disorder characterized by involuntary contortions of the muscles in the neck, torso, arms, and legs. Occasionally only one or a few muscles are involved. People with Torsion Dystonia typically have an awkward, sideways gait. Other symptoms may include foot drag, cramps on the hands and feet, difficulty in grasping objects, and unclear speech. The involuntary movements of Dystonia are slow writhing movements. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Torsion Dystonia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Benign Essential Tremor is a rare neurological disorder characterized by a rhythmical tremor that may be pronounced. This disorder typically affects the upper extremities and the tremors usually has a frequency of 4 to 12 times per second. The tremors may be aggravated by stress, anxiety, fatigue, and/or cold temperatures. Relief from the tremors may be achieved by rest and sedation. The symptoms of Benign Essential Tremor generally stabilize after a period of progression. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Benign Essential Tremor" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Clonazepam and other drugs known as benzodiazepine derivatives are commonly used to treat most forms of Myoclonus. These include Arrhythmic Myoclonus, including Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy, Ramsay Hunt Syndrome, Myoclonus associated with Idiopathic Epilepsy, Infantile Spasms, and Postencephalitic and Postanoxic Intention Myoclonus. The drug diazepam is also used to treat these types of Myoclonus. People with this disorder may become tolerant to these drugs after a course of several months. Side effects such as sleepiness, unsteady gait (ataxia), lethargy, and/or behavioral changes may occur.
Other anticonvulsant drugs with antimyoclonic activity may also be useful in the treatment of Myoclonus. Valproic acid is the most effective drug in the long-term treatment of Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy; it is less effective in other forms of Myoclonus.
ACTH or prednisone may be effective in treating a few forms of Myoclonus. These include Infantile Spasms, Infantile Myoclonic Encephalopathy, and Opsoclonus that occurs along with a brain tumor (neuroblastoma).
Rhythmical Myoclonus is more difficult to treat. Drugs that have shown some promising results in some patients include clonazepam, tetrabenazine, and haloperidol.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients with the inherited forms of Myoclonus and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
An experimental drug, L-5 hydroxytryptophan (L-5HTP), is being studied for use in the treatment of Myoclonus. This drug is chemically similar to the organic chemicals that form serotonin. L-5HTP is used in combination with the drug carbidopa. The combination treatment is being investigated for its use in the treatment of Postanoxic Intention Myoclonus, Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy, Essential Myoclonus, and Palatal Myoclonus. The side effects of this treatment mainly affect the gastrointestinal tract and may include diarrhea and nausea. These may be minimized by carefully managing the amount of carbidopa that is given. Combinations of clonazepam, valproic acid, and L-5HTP with carbidopa may be the treatment of choice in some patients with Myoclonus. L-5HTP is being developed by:
Circa Pharmaceuticals
130 Lincoln St.
Copiague, NY 11726
The drug Acetazolamide is being studied as a treatment for people with Ramsay Hunt Syndrome and severe Action Myoclonus. This drug is used in combination with clonazepam, sodium valproate, primidone and piracetam. The addition of acteazolamide to this combination may reduce the severity of muscle contractions in some patients. The long-term safety and effectiveness of this treatment is under study.
Piracetam (Nootripil) is a drug that has been approved in England for treatment of cortical Myoclonus. This drug is used in combination with other epilepsy drugs. More study is needed to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of piracetam as a treatment for Myoclonus.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Myoclonus, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Pediatric Myoclonus Center
Dept. of Neurology
Children's Hospital
111 Michigan Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20010-2970
Myoclonus Research Foundation
200 Old Palisade Avenue, Suite 17D
Fort Lee, NJ 07024
(201) 585-0770
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Epilepsy Foundation of America
4351 Garden City Dr.
Landover, MD 20785
(800) 332-1000
(301) 459-3700
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(301) 652-5553
(800) 336-GENE
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 737, 1574, 1928.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2136-2137.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 16th Ed.: Robert Berkow Ed.; Merck Research Laboratories, 1992. P. 1492.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.; Raymond D. Adams, M.D. and Maurice Victor, M.D., Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, 1989. Pp. 269, 311, 808-811.
MYOCLONUS. WHAT CAUSES IT, WHAT CONTROLS IT. Van Woert, M.H., Chung Hwang, E.; Consultant (April 1982). Pp. 263-273.
TREATMENT OF MYOCLONUS, Van Woert, M.H., Chung Hwang, E.; Current Status of Modern Therapy, vol. 8., ed. A. Barbeau. MTP Press: Lancaster, England, 1980.
HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY, Vol. 38; Vinken, P.J. and Bruyn, G.W. Ed.; North Holland Publishing Co., (Van Woert, M.H., Chung Hwang, E.) Myoclonus Pages 575-93.
EFFECT OF ANTIEPILEPTIC AND ANTIMYOCLONIC DRUGS ON SEROTONIN RECEPTORS IN
VITRO. M. R. Pranzatelli. Epilepsia (Jul-Aug 1988; issue 29 (4)). Pp. 412-419.
THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE ACTION MYOCLONUS. J. A. Obeso, et al.; Brain (Jun 1989; issue 112 (Pt 3)). Pp. 765-777.
ACETAZOLAMIDE IMPROVES ACTION MYOCLONUS IN RAMSEY HUNT SYNDROME.
L. Vaamonde et al., Clin Neuropharmacol (Oct 1992; 15(5)). Pp. 392-396.392-396.
Myoclonus, General
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
436: Myopathy, Scapuloperoneal
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Scapuloperoneal Myopathy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Scapuloperoneal Syndrome, Myopathic Type
Myogenic (Facio)-Scapulo-Peroneal Syndrome
Scapuloperoneal Muscular Dystrophy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Davidenkov's Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources section of this report.
Scapuloperoneal Myopathy is a genetic disorder characterized by a weakness and wasting of muscles. Symptoms are usually limited to the shoulder blade area (scapula) and the smaller of the two leg muscle groups below the knee (peroneal). Facial muscles may be affected in a few cases. The leg symptoms often appear before the shoulder muscles become weakened. Progression rates vary between cases. This condition can also occur in combination with several other disorders.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Scapuloperoneal Myopathy primarily include muscle weakness and wasting usually limited to the shoulder blade area and the legs below the knees. This disorder can begin in childhood or adulthood. The progression rate and severity can be variable, with some cases progressing more quickly than others.
Causes
Scapuloperoneal Myopathy is thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Scapuloperoneal Myopathy affects males and females in equal numbers. Symptoms may begin in childhood or during adulthood.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Scapuloperoneal Myopathy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Davidenkov's Syndrome (also known as Kaeser Syndrome or Neurogenic Scapuloperoneal Amyotrophy) is characterized by muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy) below the knees accompanied by foot abnormalities and an unusual walk. Following these symptoms, the shoulder muscles become involved. Nerve impulses may become measurably slowed, which does not occur in Scapuloperoneal Myopathy. Pain, unusual sensations in the legs, heart problems, and muscle contractures may also occur.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Scapuloperoneal Myopathy should include specified amounts of therapeutic exercise and physical therapy alternating with periods of rest. Genetic counseling will benefit patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Scapuloperoneal Myopathy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SCAPULOPERONEAL MYOPATHY: D.H. Todman, et al.; Clin Exp Neurol (1984, issue 20). Pp. 169-174.
SCAPULOPERONEAL SYNDROME WITH CARDIOMYOPATHY: REPORT OF A FAMILY WITH
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE AND UNUSUAL FEATURES: A. Chakrabarti, et al.; J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (Dec. 1981, issue 44(12)). Pp. 1146-1152.
ADULT ONSET SCAPULOPERONEAL MYOPATHY: P.K. Thomas, et al.; J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (Oct. 1975, issue 38(10)). Pp. 1008-1015.
Myopathy, Scapuloperoneal
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"Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
366: Myositis Ossificans
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title (Myositis Ossificans) may not be the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Myositis Ossificans Progressiva
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
Muenchmeyer Syndrome
Patin's Syndrome
Guy-Patin's Syndrome
Fibrosis Ossificans Progressiva
Stone Man
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Scoliosis
Pseudohypoparathyroidism, also known as Martin-Albright Syndrome or Seabright-Bantam Syndrome
Calcinosis Universalis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Myositis Ossificans is a rare progressive disorder marked by bone tissue-like formations (calcifications) which occur inside skeletal muscles. Stiffening or weakening of muscles may occur where calcifications are found. Other signs of this disorder may include shortened fingers or toes and curvature of the spine (scoliosis). Very rarely patients may experience deafness, baldness or mental retardation with this disorder.
Symptoms
Myositis Ossificans causes progressive weakening or stiffening of muscles where abnormal bone tissue-like formation (calcification) has occurred. Bands of tissue connecting muscles together, tissues connecting tendons to muscles, and tendons, may also become weak or stiff. Pain and tenderness during contraction of muscles is common. In some cases, swelling resembling bruises may appear on the skin at the site of calcifications.
In later stages, progression of the disorder may be unpredictable. Curvature of the spine (scoliosis) can occur. In the most serious cases, the ability to walk may be limited. Deafness, baldness or mental retardation may occur as rare symptoms of this disorder.
Causes
Myositis Ossificans is suspected to be inherited as a dominant trait. A non-hereditary disorder with similar muscle involvement consists of calcifications resulting from muscle injuries. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Only approximately 350 cases of Myositis Ossificans have been described in medical literature in this century. This disorder usually appears before ten years of age. Myositis Ossificans seems to affect males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
The following diseases are similar to Myositis Ossificans. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
A variant of Myositis Ossificans involves calcifications developing as a result of muscle injury which may not be related to genetic factors.
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Martin-Albright Syndrome) is also known as Seabright-Bantam Syndrome. This disorder is inherited as an X-linked trait. Although normal amounts of the parathyroid hormone are present, inadequate response to the hormone affects bone growth in Pseudohypoparathyroidism patients. Headaches, weakness, tiring easily, lethargy and blurred vision or sensitivity to light can occur. Unusual sensations, stiffness or cramps in arms or legs, palpitations and abdominal pain may be noticed. A round face, thick short stature, shortened fingers or toes, and mental deficiencies are also found in patients with Martin-Albright Syndrome. The prognosis is good for most patients. Hormonal and calcium replacement therapy is often useful, but the lack of growth may persist.
Calcinosis Universalis is a skin disorder with sore or tender skin due to excess calcium deposits. This progressive disorder can appear at any age. The skin lesions may be accompanied by calcium deposits around joints or in muscles. This may lead to muscle weakness and swelling. The kidneys, stomach or lungs may also have calcium deposits. The prognosis depends on the degree of involvement and treatment of associated infections.
The following disorders may be associated with Myositis Ossificans as secondary characteristics. They are not necessary for a differential diagnosis.
Scoliosis is a curvature of the spine often developing in pre- and early adolescence. A common disorder in the United States, it tends to affect more girls than boys. One form of Scoliosis is believed to be hereditary. Screening for Scoliosis is often a part of the normal physical examination provided annually to children. Early detection is helpful in stopping progression of the disorder. (For more information on Scoliosis, please contact the National Scoliosis Foundation. The address is listed in the Resources Section of this report).
Therapies: Standard
Symptoms of Myositis Ossificans can usually be treated without surgery. Use of steroid drugs and xylocaine (lidocaine) may reduce inflammation and muscle stiffness. Use of antibiotics to treat infections is often helpful. Surgery or biopsy of calcifications may sometimes worsen symptoms; surgery should be performed only in the most severe cases. Intramuscular injections, muscle injury, careless puncture of a vein or dental surgery may also make calcifications more severe.
Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Agencies and programs which assist handicapped individuals may be helpful to patients and their families. Families with the hereditary form of Myositis Ossificans can benefit from genetic counseling.
Therapies: Investigational
Sonotomography, X-ray and scintigraphy are all imaging procedures being tested to accurately pinpoint and monitor the size of calcifications in muscles in Myositis Ossificans. Sonograms are graphic representations of deep structures of the body using echoes of pulses of high frequency sound waves directed at the tissues. Scintigraphs are photographic two-dimensional maps of gamma ray concentration in specific tissues of the body. Imaging procedures are used at regular intervals to determine whether calcifications continue to grow.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Myositis Ossificans, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
For information about Scoliosis contact:
National Scoliosis Foundation, Inc.
72 Mount Auburn St.
Watertown, MA 02172
(617) 926-0397
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3300 E. Sunrise Dr.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
International FOP Organization
910 North Jerico
Casselberry, FL 32707
(407) 365-4194
For information on genetics, contact and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1274 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA. THE CLINICAL FEATURES AND NATURAL
HISTORY OF 34 PATIENTS: J.M. Connor, et. al.; J Bone Joint Surg [Br] (1982, issue 64(1)). Pp. 76-83.
DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS (AUTHOR' TRANSL):
P. Jenny, et. al.; Z Kinderchir (March 1982, issue 35(3)). Pp. 86-87.
TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS CIRCUMSCRIPTA; USE OF
ASPIRATION AND STEROIDS: J.C. Molloy, et. al.; J Trauma (Nov. 1976, issue 16(11)). Pp. 851-857.
Myositis Ossificans
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366: Myositis Ossificans
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649: Myositis, Inclusion Body
Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
649: Myositis, Inclusion Body
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Inclusion Body Myositis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
IBM
Disorder Subdivisions:
Inflammatory Myopathy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Dermatomyositis
Idiopathic Polymyositis
Distal Myopathy
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM) is a slowly progressive weakness of muscle groups located either away from the point of origin (distal) or nearest to the trunk or point of origin (proximal).
Symptoms
Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM) is characterized by a distinct, progressive muscle weakness of the proximal and distal muscles. It is recognized as an inflammatory disease of the skeletal muscles. IBM is not usually associated with skin rash, malignancy, or collagen vascular disease. However, exceptions to each of these general rules has been found in certain patients. Clinically IBM differs from dermatomyositis and polymyositis because it lacks the features of a collagen vascular disease which include symptoms of fever, headache, joint and muscle pain, and weakness. It has a relatively benign and protracted course.
In polymyositis and Inclusion Body Myositis there is evidence of macrophages (scavenger cells) which surround, invade, and destroy non-necrotic (living) muscle fibers.
Disorder Subdivisions:
Inflammatory Myopathy is an inflammation of the muscle groups, which causes progressive muscle weakness.
Causes
Inclusion Body Myositis seems to be a distinct type of inflammatory muscle disease. It's cause is unknown. A virus or possibly a neurogenic cause (related to or starting in the nervous system) has been suggested, but both theories remain unproven.
Affected Population
IBM occurs primarily in elderly persons with the average age of onset being 53. However, young adults in their teens have been affected. It seems to affect mostly males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Inclusion Body Myositis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Dermatomyositis is a systemic connective tissue disorder characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes in the muscles, subcutaneous tissues and skin. Symptoms may come and go, but the main symptom is muscle weakness, most often in the hip and shoulder, usually accompanied by a rash. There is often underlying cancer in 50% of adult cases. This disorder may possibly be an autoimmune disease. (Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.), against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue.) (For more information on this disorder, choose "Dermatomyositis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Idiopathic Polymyositis is a systemic connective tissue disorder characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes in the muscles leading to weakness and some degree of muscle atrophy. The areas primarily affected are the hip, shoulder, and chest. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Polymyositis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Distal Myopathy affects predominantly the small muscles of the extremities. Onset is usually after age 40, with weakness and wasting of small muscles of the hands. Autosomal dominant inheritance is thought to be a cause.
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) is a rheumatic disease characterized by overlapping features similar to those of systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), scleroderma and polymyositis. The cause is unknown, but it is suggested that the immune system may be involved. MCTD appears to be more common than polymyositis and less common than scleroderma. Symptoms of MCTD may include Raynaud's phenomena (cold and numbness of fingers), arthritis, swollen hands, inflammatory proximal muscle weakness, dysfunction of the esophagus, and lung disease. MCTD is often used to describe what may be an overlapping group of connective tissue diseases that cannot be diagnosed in more specific terms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "MCTD" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy usually occurs in adulthood. Extraocular muscles are involved initially and the muscles used for swallowing tend to become affected. The typical facial appearance, especially drooping of the eyelids, resembles that found in myasthenia gravis. The inheritance pattern often follows an autosomal dominant pattern. However, occasional sporadic cases and cases with autosomal recessive inheritance have occurred.
Therapies: Standard
Inclusion Body Myositis does not readily yield to treatment with steroids or other immunosuppressive drugs. Researchers are trying to understand the cause of IBM in order to develop more effective therapies. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Inclusion Body Myositis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Inclusion Body Myositis Association
1420 Huron Ct.
Harrisburg, VA 22801
(703) 433-7935 (write or if calling, between the hours of 9:00-11:30 a.m. and 6:30-7:30 p.m., please)
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3300 E. Sunrise Dr.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 427.
ONOCLONAL ANTIBODY ANALYSIS OF MONOCUCLEAR CELLS IN MYOPATHIES. V:
IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATION OF T8+ CYTOTOXIC AND T8+ SUPPRESSOR CELLS. K. Arahata, et. al; Ann. Neurol. (May, 1988, issue 23 (5)). Pp. 493-9.
INCLUSION BODY MYOSITIS: A CHRONIC PERSISTENT MUMPS MYOSITIS? S.M.
Chou; Hum. Pathol. (August, 1986, issue 17(8)). Pp. 765-77.
INCLUSION BODY MYOSITIS AND SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. R.A. Yood, et. al; J. Rheumatol. (June, 1985, issue 12(3)). Pp. 568-70.
Myositis, Inclusion Body
04035.TXT
"Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
313: N-Acetyl Glutamate Synthetase Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (N-Acetyl Glutamate Synthetase Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
NAGS Deficiency
Urea Cycle Disorders
Inborn Errors of Urea Synthesis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
N-Acetyl Glutamate Synthetase (NAGS) Deficiency is one of several hereditary urea cycle disorders. These disorders are caused by a deficiency of one of the enzymes needed for the breakdown of ammonia into urea, which is normally excreted in the urine. The deficiencies cause an excess of ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia). (For more information on the other Urea Cycle Disorders, choose "urea cycle disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
In NAGS Deficiency the deficient enzyme is N-acetyl glutamate synthetase. If left untreated, NAGS deficiency manifests itself by an elevated level of toxic ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia). Untreated this imbalance may lead to brain damage, coma, and eventually death.
Symptoms
NAGS Deficiency is characterized in infants by an excess of ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia). Differential diagnosis is based on the absence of citrulline and a low level of arginine in blood plasma and a low level of orotic acid in the urine. Immediate treatment after diagnosis in newborn babies is imperative. If left untreated, brain damage and coma usually occur, which may lead to death.
Causes
NAGS Deficiency is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder in which the activity of the enzyme N-acetyl glutamate synthetase is deficient. This deficiency causes an accumulation of excess ammonia in blood and body tissues. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
NAGS Deficiency is a very rare disorder affecting less than a thousand people in the United States. Males and females are affected equally. Onset of the symptoms occurs at birth.
Related Disorders
Organic Acidemias are characterized by hyperammonemia associated with metabolic acidosis, with an anion gap, and sometimes ketonuria. These disorders are also of genetic origin and affect the Urea Cycle as a secondary phenomenon.
Reye Syndrome is a combination of acute brain disease (encephalopathy), and fatty degeneration of the abdominal organs (viscera), which tends to follow some acute virus infections (such as flu and chickenpox) combined with certain toxins (usually aspirin). (For more information, choose "Reye" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
The following Urea Cycle Disorders can also be found in the Rare Disease Database. They are all characterized by deficiencies of enzymes that are needed for different steps in the incorporation of ammonium into urea. The symptoms of all Urea Cycle Disorders result from hyperammonemia, in different degrees of severity.
Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase (CPS) Deficiency
Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency
Citrullinemia
Arginino Succinic Aciduria
Arginase Deficiency
Therapies: Standard
As soon as a urea cycle disorder is suspected, a number of diagnostic tests should be performed, including measurement of pH to assess the acidity of blood and body tissues, plasma levels of ammonia, amino acids, and bicarbonate. However, before the results of these tests are in, treatment of hyperammonemia should be started to prevent coma and/or brain damage.
As soon as CPS Deficiency is diagnosed in a newborn baby, dialysis or exchange transfusion should be started. If hyperammoniac coma is present shortly after birth, a combined treatment needs to be started as soon as possible, which may include hemodialysis.
Genetic counseling is imperative for the family of children with CPS Deficiency.
Enzyme replacement therapy shows potential promise for treatment of urea cycle disorders including CPS Deficiency. Research on this type of therapy is in a preliminary stage. A regimen consisting of acute hemodialysis followed by a restricted intake of protein, plus sodium benzoate, sodium phenylacetate, and orginine or citrulline is being used on an experimental basis.
Two new investigational drugs, sodium (or calcium) benzoate, and sodium (or calcium) phenylacetate, are used to enhance waste nitrogen excretion. Thus they prevent toxic ammonia buildup in the blood. These orphan drugs have been developed by Dr. Saul Brusilow (see Resources section of this entry) who is also developing sodium (or calcium) phenylbutyrate which does not have an offensive smell.
The drug benzoate/phenylacetate (Ucephan) was approved in 1988 for use in the prevention and treatment of hyperammonemia in patients with urea cycle enzymopathy (UCE) due to enzyme deficiencies. The drug is manufactured by:
Kendall McGaw Laboratories, Inc.
P.O. Box 25080
Santa Ana, CA 92799-5080
For information on additional therapies that have been designated as Orphan Drugs in the last few months, please return to the main menu of NORD Services and access the Orphan Drug Database.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials are underway to study L-Carnitine in amino acid and fat metabolism. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Charles R. Roe, M.D.
Box 3028
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC 27710
(919) 684-2036
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on N-Acetyl Glutamate Synthetase Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Urea Cycle Disorders Foundation
4559 Vauxhall Rd.
Richmond, VA 23234-3556
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Saul Brusilow, M.D.
301 Children's Medical and Surgical Center
Johns Hopkins Hospital
600 N. Wolfe St.
Baltimore, MD 21205
(310) 955-0885
The National Kidney Foundation
2 Park Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 8689-2210
(800) 622-9010
American Kidney Fund
6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010
Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 881-3052
(800) 638-8299
(800) 492-8361 (MD)
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
DISORDERS OF THE UREA CYCLE: Saul W. Brusilow; Hospital Practice (October 15, 1985; issue 305). Pp. 65-72.
SYMPTOMATIC INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM IN THE NEONATE: Saul W. Brusilow and David L. Vallee; In: Current Therapy in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. Marcel Decker, 1985. Pp. 207-212.
N-Acetyl Glutamate Synthetase Deficiency
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313: N-Acetyl Glutamate Synthetase Deficiency
04036.TXT
1Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
892: Nager Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Nager Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Nager Acrofacial Dysostosis Syndrome
Acrofacial Dysostosis, Nager Type
Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
AFD
Split Hand Deformity-Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Miller Syndrome
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Goldenhar-Gorlin Syndrome
Oral-Digital-Facial Syndrome
Juberg-Hayward Syndrome
Hemifacial Microsomia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Nager Syndrome is a rare disorder that may or may not be genetic. Major symptoms may include underdevelopment of the cheek and jaw area of the face. Down-sloping of the opening of the eyes, a smaller than normal jaw, lack or absence of the lower eyelashes, lack of development of the internal and external ear with related hearing problems and cleft palate may also occur. There may be underdevelopment or absence of the thumb, shortened forearms and poor movement in the elbow. Breathing and feeding problems may be present in infants with this syndrome.
Symptoms
Nager Syndrome is characterized by underdevelopment of the bones of the cheek and jaw area of the face. The eyes may slant downward and there may also be an absence of eyelashes. A smaller than normal jaw, and internal and external ear deformities may also be present. Clefting of the soft and hard palate may occur as well as deformities of the thumbs and arms. Missing, overlapping or webbing of the toes may occur. Clubfeet, hip dislocation and underdeveloped ribs may occasionally be present. Some patients may have heart problems related to the syndrome. There may be hair growing on the sides of the face in an elongated sideburn effect. Feeding, breathing, hearing and speech problems need to be taken care of as soon as possible in order to aid in proper development of the child.
This syndrome is very closely related to Miller Syndrome and in some cases has also been misdiagnosed as Treacher Collins Syndrome.
Causes
The exact cause of Nager Syndrome is not known. However, scientists believe that it may be a genetic disorder inherited either through autosomal recessive or dominant inheritance.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Nager Syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. It is apparent at birth and may also be detected prenatally by ultrasound screening.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Nager Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Miller Syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder. Major symptoms may include shortening of the upper and lower limbs, cupped ears, lower eyelid abnormalities (coloboma) and lack of development of the lower jaw. There is a lack of development of the long bones in the arms and legs causing shortening of those limbs. There is sometimes clefting of the soft palate or lip. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Miller" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Treacher Collins Syndrome is characterized by underdevelopment of the cheek (malar), the lower jaw (mandibular) and jaw bones, slanted eyes, notching of lower eyelids, and a receding chin. Underdevelopment of the jaw may cause problems in swallowing or breathing for the newborn. Tubes may have to be inserted to aid the infant in feeding and breathing. The outer upper area of the ear (pinna) may be malformed as well as the external hearing canal (auditory meatus). The eardrum (tympanic membrane) may be replaced with a bony plate. The combination of a longer than normal face with a beaklike nose, receding chin and acute deafness, are characteristic of people with Treacher Collins Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Treacher Collins" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Goldenhar-Gorlin Syndrome is a rare congenital disorder that involves unusual facial characteristics. The facial structure of people with Goldenhar Syndrome may include partial absence of the upper eyelid or an unusual slant of the eyelid, abnormal shape of the skull (asymmetry), the forehead may be sharply prominent, the nostrils may be absent or closed, the roof of the mouth may be clefted (cleft palate), and there may be abnormal growth of the jaw. Paralysis of the eye muscles may occur. Unusual cysts on the eyeball, cysts in fatty tissue at the edge of the eye and skin growths around the ears (skin tags) may also occur. Malformations of the spinal column including open spine (spina bifida), fusion of the top of the spine to the lower edge of the skull, incomplete development of one side of the spinal column and more than the normal number of vertebrae may also be present. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Goldenhar" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by episodes of neuromuscular disturbances, split tongue, splits in the jaw, midline cleft lip, overgrowth of the membrane that supports the tongue (frenulum), a broad based nose, vertical folds of skin covering the inner angle where the eyelids meet (epicanthic folds), more than the normal number of fingers and/or toes, and shorter than normal fingers and/or toes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Oral-Facial-Digital" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Juberg-Hayward Syndrome (Orocraniodigital Syndrome) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by cleft lip and palate, a smaller than normal sized head, deformities of the thumbs and toes, and growth hormone deficiency resulting in short stature.
Hemifacial Microsomia (HFM) is a syndrome that affects one in 5,000 births. It can be confused with a Treacher Collins-like Syndrome. However, it is not genetic. Although it can cause abnormalities on both sides of the face, they are always uneven whereas in Treacher Collins Syndrome both sides of the face appear equally affected. The facial nerve is frequently paralyzed in Hemifacial Microsomia. The variety of features of HFM include: underdevelopment of the lower jaw, tilting of the face to one side, ear deformities (microtia), facial nerve weakness in forty percent of patients, cleft-like notching of the affected corner of the mouth (macrostomia), and underdevelopment of the cheek and eye on the affected side of the face. Other common abnormalities include fatty tumors over the eye, abnormalities of the vertebrae and ribs, cleft lip/palate, and heart and kidney abnormalities which are very rare.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Nager Syndrome may consist of surgery to insert breathing and feeding tubes in infants who are unable to breath or eat due to deformities of the palate or jaw. Surgery may be needed on the ears to aid in hearing in those with ear defects. There may be a need for multiple plastic surgeries to correct eye and jaw defects and cleft palate. Physical therapy often is necessary to improve use of hands and feet. Orthopedic surgery may also be necessary to try and correct deformities of the arms, hands, feet or toes. Speech therapy may be needed to aid in hearing and language development.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are studying various surgical methods to improve the appearance of patients with craniofacial and other birth defects affecting the head, eyes and jaw.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of birth defects in the future.
To participate in this study families with individuals with Miller Syndrome should contact:
Eric A. Wulfsberg, M.D.
Karen Supovitz, M.S.
Division of Human Genetics
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD 20201-1703
(410) 328-3815
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Nager Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Foundation for Nager & Miller Syndromes
721 South Carlisle St
South Bend, IN 46619
(219) 289-5611
NIH/National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
American Cleft Palate Cranial Facial Association
1218 Granview Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15211
(412) 681-1376
(800) 24CLEFT
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
Let's Face It
Box 711
Concord, MA 01742
(508) 371-3186
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle St., Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
(800) 535-3643
American Society for Deaf Children
814 Thayer Ave
Silver Spring, MD 20910
(301) 585-5400
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 597.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., Editor; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 216-217.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 44-45.
THE NAGER ACROFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS SYNDROME WITH THE TETRALOGY OF FALLOT, E.
Thompson, et al.; J Med Genet, October, 1985, (issue 22 (5)). Pp. 408-410.
A SIGNIFICANT FEATURE OF NAGER'S SYNDROME: PALATAL AGENESIS., I.T.
Jackson, et al.; Plast Reconstr Surg, August, 1989, (issue 84 (2)). Pp. 219-226.
NAGER ACROFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS: EVIDENCE FOR APPARENT HETEROGENEITY., D.J.
Goldstein, et al.; Am J Med Genet, July, 1988, (issue 30 (3)). Pp. 741-746.
Nager Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
567: Nail-Patella Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Nail-Patella Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
NPS
Hereditary Onychoosteodysplasia
Turner-Kieser Syndrome
Fong Syndrome
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Nail-Patella-Like Renal Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Alport's Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Nail-Patella Syndrome is a rare genetic nail, bone and kidney disorder linked to the ABO blood group. Major symptoms may include the absence or underdevelopment of finger and toe nails, and kneecaps (patella). The pelvic bone may be overgrown. Underdevelopment of the bones in the elbows is usually present and kidney problems may also occur.
Symptoms
The most common feature of Nail-Patella Syndrome is missing or excessively small kneecaps. Additionally, frequent dislocation of the kneecaps occurs due to joint deformity. The thumbnail is often affected and is either missing or cracked; it may have ridges or other deformities. The range of movement of the elbow is limited; either it is unable to extend properly or to relax its position completely. The pelvic bone develops bony overgrowths called iliac spurs. About half of the patients with Nail-Patella Syndrome also have kidney problems such as passing of protein or blood in the urine. Without treatment, kidney failure could occur.
Causes
The exact cause of Nail-Patella Syndrome is not known. It is thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait linked to the ABO blood group. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Nail-Patella Syndrome is a rare disorder affecting females approximately ten percent more often than males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Nail-Patella Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Alport's Syndrome is a hereditary kidney disease characterized by blood and protein in the urine, kidney function impairment, nerve deafness and eye abnormalities. It occurs more often in females than males. However, the disease is more serious in males than females. Often the females have few or no sign of the disease while the males develop kidney problems during their twenties or thirties. Nerve deafness is more frequently present than eye abnormalities, which may include cataracts and other problems. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Alport" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The following disorder may be associated with Nail-Patella Syndrome as secondary characteristics. They are not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Nail-Patella-Like Renal Disease (Nail-Patella Syndrome Type), involves the kidneys without the symptoms of the bone and nail syndrome. However, electron microscopic tests indicate that the internal abnormal changes are the same.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Kidney disease associated with Nail-Patella Syndrome may consist of the use of dialysis and possibly transplants when severe kidney problems arise. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Nail-Patella Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Kidney Foundation
2 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 889-2210
(800) 622-9010
American Kidney Fund
6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010
Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 881-3052
(800) 638-8299
(800) 492-8361 (MD)
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NKUDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp.513, 1153.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp.878.
AN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDER, WITH GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE
ABNORMALITIES SIMILAR TO THOSE SEEN IN THE NAIL PATELLA SYNDROME; REPORT OF A
KINDRED. J. R. Salcedo, Am J Med Genet (1984, issue 19). Pp. 579-584.
Nail-Patella Syndrome
STA)
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`3D3Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1990, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
55: Narcolepsy
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Narcolepsy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Gelineau's Syndrome
Paroxysmal Sleep
Sleep Epilepsy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Familial Periodic Paralysis
Sleep Apnea
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Narcolepsy is a rare disorder characterized by abnormal drowsiness during the day, sudden extreme muscle weakness (cataplexy), hallucinations, paralysis while sleeping, and disrupted sleep during the night.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Narcolepsy generally begin between the ages of 10 to 20 years. The development and severity of symptoms vary greatly from patient to patient. The onset of Narcolepsy symptoms initially occurs one at a time; appearance of new symptoms may be separated by years, and generally do not appear in any specific order. Narcolepsy usually begins in an adolescent whose initial symptoms are mild but become worse with age. Sometimes symptoms do not change for months or years, while at other times symptoms may change very quickly.
Exaggerated daytime drowsiness is usually the first symptom of Narcolepsy. People with Narcolepsy usually experience periods of sleepiness, tiredness, lack of energy, an irresistible urge to sleep ("sleep attack"), and/or an inability to resist sleep. This susceptibility to unending drowsiness and/or falling asleep may occur every day but the severity varies throughout each day. The total sleep time for people with Narcolepsy in every 24 hour period is generally normal because they sleep repeatedly for short periods during the day and night.
Another symptom of Narcolepsy is the sudden loss of voluntary muscle tone (cataplexy). This often occurs during times of intense emotions such as anger, elation, and/or surprise. Episodes of cataplexy may occur as short periods of partial muscle weakness. Occasionally, there may be an almost complete loss of muscle control that lasts for several minutes. This may result in sudden collapse. During a cataplectic attack, speech and movement become difficult or impossible although there is no loss of consciousness. People experiencing a cataplectic attack generally maintain partial awareness of their surroundings. Only some people with Narcolepsy will also have cataplexy, and cataplexy is not necessary for a diagnosis of Narcolepsy.
Hallucinations are frightening episodes that may occur during the beginning and/or end of a sleep period (hypnaogic hallucinations) in people with Narcolepsy. Hallucinations may pertain to any or all of the senses (i.e., taste, touch, smell, hearing, and/or vision). These hallucinations may be so intense that it may be impossible for the person to distinguish reality from fantasy.
People with Narcolepsy may experience "sleep paralysis." During sleep they may want to move but are unable to do so and as a result may experience panic. The occurrence of sleep paralysis typically coincides with falling asleep or waking up.
People with Narcolepsy may awaken during the night as a result of nightmares, the urge to urinate, and/or temporary, repeated interruptions of breathing (sleep apnea). At times there is no apparent reason for awakening, and frequently the awakenings are associated with a craving for food, especially something sweet. (For more information on Sleep Apnea, see Related Disorders section of this report.)
Causes
The exact cause of Narcolepsy is not known. This disorder is known to run in families and an association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR2) has been reported in some cases of Narcolepsy. HLAs are genetic markers that have been identified on human chromosome 6. Scientists suspect that inheritance of a gene makes a person susceptible to Narcolepsy, but they do not know the pattern of inheritance and how the gene may be transferred from one generation to another.
Affected Population
The exact number of people with Narcolepsy in the United States is unknown. The American Narcolepsy Association has estimated that Narcolepsy affects approximately 200,000 Americans but other estimates are lower. Approximately 5 percent of people with Narcolepsy experience symptoms by the age of 10 years; 5 percent of patients have symptoms after the age of 20 years, and 18 percent of people with Narcolepsy develop symptoms after the age of 30 years. Symptoms rarely begin after the age 40. Narcolepsy tends to remain a lifelong condition. Slightly more males are affected by this disorder than females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Narcolepsy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Symptoms resembling those of Narcolepsy may occur after brain tumors (intracranial), head trauma, hardening of the arteries in the brain (cerebral arteriosclerosis), psychosis, and/or excessive amounts of protein in the blood due to kidney failure (uremia).
Episodes of sudden extreme muscle weakness (cataplexy) may also occur because of Familial Periodic Paralysis. This disorder is characterized by periods of cataplexy that last for prolonged periods of time as compared with cataplexy associated with Narcolepsy. Familial Periodic Paralysis is a result of an inborn error of potassium metabolism that causes abnormally high levels of this mineral in the blood.
Sleep Apnea is a common sleep disorder characterized by temporary, recurrent interruptions of breathing during sleep. Symptoms of the disorder include wakefulness during the night, excessive sleepiness during the day, loud snoring, and/or obesity. In obstructive apnea, the most common form of Sleep Apnea, labored breathing is interrupted by airway tightening (constriction). The muscles of the diaphragm and chest build up sufficient pressure to force the airway open; partial awakening may then occur and the person may gasp for air. Sleep is resumed as breathing begins again. Untreated Sleep Apnea may be associated with high blood pressure, irregular heart beats, swelling in the arms and/or legs, hallucinations, anxiety, and/or irritability. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Apnea, Sleep" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Narcolepsy is made through sleep tests which monitor breathing, brain, and muscle activity throughout all the stages of sleep. A physician who is trained in sleep disorders is able to diagnose and treat Narcolepsy.
There are several drugs that may help to control the symptoms of Narcolepsy. The medications selected for a particular patient are based on their symptoms and response to previous therapy. In some patients, Narcolepsy may be accompanied by repeated episodes of cataplexy while in other patients, sleep attacks are the most compelling symptoms. Those people who are not seriously hampered by sleep attacks, sleepiness, or cataplexy may not require drug therapy.
Drugs used to treat people with Narcolepsy who experience sleep attacks and/or excessive sleepiness may include methamphetamines (such as Desoxyn) or amphetamines (such as Ritalin, Cylert, Dexedrine, or pemoline). Side effects of these drugs may include personality changes (particularly tenseness and irritability), and depression. These side effects typically occur in the late afternoon and evening as the drugs wear off, and/or on weekends when some individuals tend to reduce their drug dosage.
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is the preferred drug (a central nervous system stimulant) for the treatment of sleep attacks and drowsiness. Ritalin can be used together with other drugs used to treat cataplexy, whereas some other medications of this type can produce serious drug interactions.
Drugs used to treat people with Narcolepsy who experience cataplexy include imipramine (tofranil), desipramine, protriptyline, and chlorimipramine. Some people with Narcolepsy may experience drug tolerance leading to a need for higher dosages which may increase the risks of side effects. Sudden withdrawal of these types of medications may result in exaggerated drowsiness, a dangerously severe depression, and/or a very dramatic increase of cataplectic symptoms. Close medical supervision by a physician is necessary for patients taking these drugs or withdrawing from them.
Sleep habits are important for a person with Narcolepsy. Assuring regular bedtime hours and the prevention of sleep interruptions are important. Intervals of naps during the day may help to control excessive daytime sleepiness. A physician should help the patient in establishing a sleep schedule that is the most beneficial for the individual. Those Narcolepsy patients who also have sleep apnea will benefit from use of a device called a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). This medical device enables the patient to breathe normally during sleep so they are not deprived of oxygen and can achieve a more normal sleep pattern.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) support research in sleep disorders, including Narcolepsy.
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is an orphan drug that is being tested in sleep disorder centers as a treatment for Narcolepsy and cataplexy. Fewer episodes of sleep paralysis and hynagogic hallucinations have been reported in some patients taking this drug. Preliminary studies indicate that some patients with Narcolepsy can stop or reduce their use of stimulant medications while taking gamma-hydroxybutyrate. The experimental drug is manufactured by Biocraft Laboratories, P.O. Box CN0200, Elmwood Park, New Jersey, 07407.
Vitoxazine hydrochloride is another experimental drug currently being studied, especially for the control of cataplectic symptoms associated with Narcolepsy. For further information about this drug contact Stuart Pharmaceuticals, Division of ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware, 19897.
Scientists are beginning to study human brain tissue from people with Narcolepsy. Preliminary reports suggest that the brains of people with Narcolepsy may have abnormally high numbers of specialized chemical sites (receptors) in their brain cells that bind to the neurotransmitter dopamine. These dopamine receptors are located deep within the brain in the basal ganglia, an area that regulates movement and emotions. This abnormality of dopamine receptors may be associated with the fact that emotional extremes can trigger attacks of cataplexy. More study of brain tissue is needed to confirm these findings. However, since people do not die of Narcolepsy, it is difficult for scientists to obtain enough postmortem brain tissue for study.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Narcolepsy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Narcolepsy Association, Inc.
425 California St.
San Francisco, CA 94104
(415) 788-4793
Narcolepsy Network
Box 1365, FDR Station
New York, NY 10150
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 752-753.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2065-2066.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1214-1215.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.; Raymond D. Adams, M.D. and Maurice Victor, M.D., Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, 1989. Pp. 314-317.
NARCOLEPSY UPDATE. J.W. Richardson et al.; Mayo Clin Proc (July 1990; 65(7)). Pp. 991-998.
NARCOLEPSY. M.S. Aldrich; Neurology (July 1992; 42(7 Supp 6)). Pp. 34-43.
NarcolepsyY4
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
484: Nelson Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Nelson Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pituitary Tumor after Adrenalectomy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Nelson Syndrome is a disorder characterized by abnormal hormone secretion and enlargement of the pituitary gland (hypophysis). It occurs in 5 to 10 percent of patients following surgical removal of the adrenal glands for Cushing Disease (for more information on this disorder, choose "Cushing" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database). Symptoms include intense skin discoloration (hyperpigmentation), headaches, visual field disturbances and the cessation of menstrual periods in women.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Nelson Syndrome include intense skin pigmentation, headaches, visual field disturbances and the cessation of menstrual periods in females. Blood levels of the pituitary hormones adrenocorticotrope hormone (ACTH) and beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) are abnormally high. The pituitary gland gets abnormally large in Nelson Syndrome, causing headaches and visceral symptoms.
Causes
Nelson Syndrome can be caused by surgical removal of the adrenal glands on both sides of the body. Removal of the adrenal glands is a treatment for Cushing Syndrome. Following removal of these glands 5 to 10% of cases will develop Nelson Syndrome. Growth of a pre-existing or a concealed (occult) tumor of the pituitary gland may also cause this disorder.
Affected Population
Nelson Syndrome affects approximately 5 to 10% of people who have undergone surgical removal of their adrenal glands. It affects males and females in equal numbers. Cases caused by tumors are very rare.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Nelson Syndrome consists of radiation to limit abnormal growth of the pituitary gland. If the pituitary gland increases so much in size that it encroaches on surrounding brain structures, it may be surgically removed.
Therapies: Investigational
Microsurgical removal of Nelson Syndrome's ACTH adenomas through the bone at the base of the skull (transsphenoidal) is an experimental treatment for Nelson Syndrome. More research is needed before this procedure will be deemed acceptable for general use.
In another study it was found that treatment with the drugs bromocriptine (a dopamine agonist) and cyproheptadine (a serotonin antagonist) caused a marked drop in plasma ACTH levels stimulated by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). However, after a longer period of treatment with cyproheptadine, plasma ACTH levels rose again. Thus the usefulness of the drug appears limited. More research is necessary to determine the safety and effectiveness of these drugs for Nelson Syndrome.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Nelson Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
TRANS-SPHENOIDAL MICROSURGICAL TREATMENT OF NELSON'S SYNDROME: T.
Fukushima; Neurosurg Rev (1985: issue 8(3-4)). Pp. 185-194.
EFFECTS OF BROMOCRIPTINE AND CYPROHEPTADINE ON BASAL AND CORTICOTROPIN-
RELEASING FACTOR (CRF)-INDUCED ACTH RELEASE IN A PATIENT WITH NELSON'S
SYNDROME: Y. Hirata, et al.; Endocrinol Jpn (October 1984: issue 31(5)). Pp. 619-626....
Nelson Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
151: Nemaline Myopathy
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Nemaline Myopathy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Rod Myopathy
Congenital Rod Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Nemaline myopathy is a hereditary muscular disease characterized by weakness and "floppiness" of skeletal muscles. The disease derives its name from the presence of very fine threads or rods called "nemaline rods" in the microscopic muscle fibers.
Symptoms
Nemaline myopathy is evident from birth. Thighs and upper arms are thin and extremely weak. The muscles of the trunk (i.e., the chest, back, and abdomen) are also weak so that posture may be abnormal. Deep tendon reflexes (such as knee or ankle jerks) may be absent. Muscle tone is very poor, and the muscles are soft and the child seems "floppy".
If the muscles involved in swallowing or breathing become severely involved, the disease may be life threatening. Otherwise, the prognosis is indeterminate. The muscular dysfunction progresses during childhood, but overall growth of muscle mass may counterbalance this, so that the condition may improve overall as the child grows.
Causes
Nemaline Rod Disease is inherited, either through a dominant or recessive mode of transmission.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
The biochemical defect involved is not known, although the nemaline rods suggest an abnormal accumulation of some protein.
Related Disorders
Nemaline myopathy may occur in the same families as Central core Disease, a milder, less progressive, but similar muscle disease.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Nemaline Myopathy is symptomatic and supportive. Symptoms of the disease often improve as the child gets older.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Nemaline Myopathy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1452.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th ed.: Charles R. Scriver, et al.; eds., McGraw Hill, 1989. P. 2892.
Nemaline Myopathy
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#Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
831: Neurasthenia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Neurasthenia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cardiac Neurosis
Chronic Asthenia
Da Costa's Syndrome
Effort Syndrome
Functional Cardiovascular Disease
Irritable Heart
Nervosism
Neurocirculatory Asthenia
Soldier's Heart
Subacute Asthenia
Weak Nerves
Disorder Subdivisions:
Angiopathic Neurasthenia (also called Angioparalytic Neurasthenia, or Pulsating Neurasthenia)
Gastric Neurasthenia
Neurasthenia Gravis
Neurasthenia Precox (or Primary Neurasthenia)
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hyperthyroidism
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
Myasthenia Gravis
Panic-Anxiety Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Neurasthenia is a mental disorder triggered by stress or anxiety. Symptoms may include weakness or fatigue, which may be accompanied by chest pain. A rapid intense heartbeat which may be irregular (palpitations, tachycardia), and/or cold, clammy hands and feet may also be present. Breathing too fast (hyperventilating), feeling dizzy or faint, sighing periodically, or sweating for no apparent reason may also occur.
Symptoms
Major symptoms of Neurasthenia include a feeling of weakness or fatigue, which may be accompanied by chest pain. A rapid intense heartbeat which may be irregular (palpitations, tachycardia) can occur. The individual may have cold, clammy hands and feet. Hyperventilation causes a dizzy or faint feeling. Sighing periodically, or sweating for no reason are other symptoms of Neurasthenia. It may occur along with or after depression or other psychological disorders.
Angiopathic Neurasthenia (also called Angioparalytic Neurasthenia, or Pulsating Neurasthenia) refers to a mild form of Neurasthenia in which the patient feels a pulsing or throbbing sensation throughout the entire body. Gastric Neurasthenia is a mild form of Neurasthenia accompanied by digestive dysfunction and stomach enlargement (distention), and by indigestion (dyspepsia). Neurasthenia Gravis refers to an extreme and persistent form of Neurasthenia. Neurasthenia Precox (or Primary Neurasthenia) tends to occur most often in adolescents and is characterized by nervous exhaustion.
Causes
Neurasthenia is a mental disorder caused by emotional stress or anxiety. It is not caused by any underlying physical (organic) problems even though physical discomfort can be present.
Affected Population
Neurasthenia is a fairly common disorder which may occur in childhood, adolescence or adulthood. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Neurasthenia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
In Hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland is overactive and produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones. Symptoms may include sweating, nervousness, emotional instability, fatigue, insomnia, increased appetite, weight loss, or diarrhea. A rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) or rapid twitching of the muscle of the heart's upper chambers (atrial fibrillation) may occur. Other symptoms may include sensitivity to heat (heat intolerance), trembling of the hands, or muscle weakness. A slight swelling in the neck just below the Adam's apple (due to thyroid gland enlargement), warm smooth skin, or bulging of the eyes (exophthalmos) may be present. In older people depression or heart failure may occur. A blood test for hyperthyroidism can rule it out as a cause for Neurasthenia. (For more information on disorders of the thyroid, choose "thyroid" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis is thought to be an infectious disorder affecting the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous systems and the muscles. Major symptoms may include general exhaustion, headache, muscle pain, weakness, and possible mental changes. The exact cause of this disorder is unknown, but researchers believe a virus associated with an immune system abnormality may be responsible. Adults are most commonly affected, with more cases seen in females than in males. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Myalgic Encephalomyelitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a chronic neuromuscular disease characterized by weakness and abnormally rapid fatigue of the voluntary muscles, with improvement following rest. Any group of muscles may be affected, but those around the eyes and the muscles used for swallowing are the most commonly involved. In the majority of cases, the course of the disease is punctuated with periods of greater and lesser weakness. Short term aggravation of symptoms can be provoked by a host of factors, including excessive physical activity, emotional upset, menstruation, and pregnancy. Complete spontaneous disappearance of symptoms has been reported in rare instances. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Myasthenia Gravis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The main feature of Panic-Anxiety Syndrome is the recurrence of panic attacks. Psychological symptoms may include intense apprehension, unreasonable fear of dying or impending doom, fear of becoming insane, or dread of losing control of the self. Physical manifestations are generally those commonly associated with panic or anxiety such as difficulty in breathing, irregular heartbeat, sweating, trembling and faintness. In addition, patients may experience chest pain, feelings of unreality, abnormal sensations (burning or pricking), dizziness, or hot and cold flashes. The symptoms usually become apparent in late adolescence or early adulthood. Attacks, which can occur at any time, usually last only minutes, though in rare cases they may last hours. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Panic-Anxiety" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Testing can be done to rule out any underlying physical (organic) causes that might lead to the symptoms of Neurasthenia. Treatment includes reassuring the patient that the symptoms are not due to any physical (organic) causes. Counseling will be of benefit to the patient in learning how to control feelings of stress and anxiety. If necessary, biofeedback, sedatives or tranquilizers may be prescribed.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Neurasthenia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Mental Health Association
1021 Prince Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 684-7722
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
1901 N. Fort Meyer Dr., Suite 500
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 524-7600
National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse
311 S. Juniper St., Rm. 902
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 735-2481
NIH/National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
(301) 443-4515 or (301) 496-1752
(800) 421-4211 (24 hrs.)
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1322, 1324, 2124-2125, 2286.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 374-375.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp, and Dohme Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 345.
FEELINGS OF FATIGUE AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: A CONCEPTUAL HISTORY. G.E.
Berrios; Compr Psychiatry (Mar-Apr 1990; issue 31 (2)). Pp. 140-151.
OLD WINE IN NEW BOTTLES: NEURASTHENIA AND 'ME'. S. Wessely; Psychol Med (Feb 1990; issue 20 (1)). Pp. 35-53.
NEURASTHENIA IN THE 1980's: CHRONIC MONONUCLEOSIS, CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, AND ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. D. B. Greenberg; Psychosomatics (Spring 1990; issue 31 (2)). Pp. 129-137.
Neurasthenia
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3Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
3: Neurofibromatosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Neurofibromatosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Recklinghausen's Phakomatosis also known as Phakomatosis Recklinghausen
(RF 1) Von Recklinghausen Disease, also known as Recklinghausen's I and Recklinghausen Disease
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
NF 1
NF 2
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Acoustic Neuroma
McCune-Albright Syndrome
Proteus Syndrome
Tuberous Sclerosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Neurofibromatosis is a term used to describe what are now known to be two distinctly different disorders: The more common type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF 1), and the less common type 2 (NF 2). Both disorders are inherited through autosomal dominant genes, but the genes involved are on separate chromosomes. Major symptoms include numerous benign tumors (neurofibromas) and discolored spots on the skin. NF 2 causes hearing impairment as well as other symptoms.
Symptoms
Both types of Neurofibromatosis are characterized by the occurrence of multiple benign (noncancerous) tumors, arising most frequently from the peripheral nervous system. These tumors (neurofibromas) appear on or under the skin or in deeper areas within the body.
Symptoms of NF 1 usually appear during childhood. The disease is progressive and tends to become more active at puberty and during pregnancy, although the course and symptoms of NF vary and are unpredictable. Brown spots (cafe-au-lait) on the skin are usually the first sign. These spots measure approximately 0.5 cm in diameter in children and grow to 1.5 cm in diameter in adults. Six or more cafe-au-lait spots (macules) and two or more neurofibromas (tumors) are diagnostic in a child. Freckling under the arm (axillary) or in the area of the groin (inguinal), or two or more small grayish neuromas in the iris of the eye (Lisch nodules) are important diagnostic criteria.
Tumors (neurofibromas) occur in NF 1 and can form under the skin or in deeper areas in the body. Pain may or may not occur. Tumors can produce disfigurement and orthopedic problems, including curvature in the spine (scoliosis) and bone loss on the weight bearing long bones of the body (pseudoarthrosis). This can result in the bending or even the fracture of these bones. Sexual development may be delayed or early (precocious) and learning disabilities may occur. Optic tumors (glioma), local or widespread benign tumor-like nodules (hamartomas), and other central nervous system lesions are common.
NF 2 develops later than NF 1, usually during the teens or 20's. Fewer cafe-au-lait spots and skin (cutaneous) neurofibromas develop. NF 2 is characterized by progressively enlarging benign tumors in both auditory canals (bilateral acoustic neuromas). It may also be associated with brain and spinal cord tumors. Buzzing and ringing in the ears and eventual loss of hearing occur as result of these neuromas.
Causes
NF 1 and NF 2 are inherited as autosomal dominant traits; however, about half of all cases are due to new mutations that are not inherited from parents.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
The gene for NF 1 is on chromosome 17 (17q11.2). The gene for NF 2 is on chromosome 22 (22q). The NF2 gene is a new type of tumor suppressor gene that has been associated with the non-inherited as well as inherited forms of cancer. Neurofibromatosis 2 results when the gene is activated. This same gene is also implicated in approximately thirty percent of brain tumors that occur sporadically. The NF2 gene produces a protein termed "merlin" that is an acronym for moesin-ezrin-radaxin-like-protein. These proteins are thought to act like links between proteins in the cell membrane, that hold cells together, and the cytoskeleton, a lattice-work of tiny filaments that act to support the cell.
A localized form of neurofibromatosis appears to be caused by a somatic mutation, with little risk of recurrence in offspring.
Affected Population
Neurofibromatosis affects approximately 100,000 Americans, both male and female. It is estimated that NF 1 affects 1:4,000 individuals; NF 2 affects 1:50,000.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Neurofibromatosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Acoustic Neuroma is a benign tumor (neuroma) of the 8th cranial nerve. This nerve lies within the internal auditory canal. Symptoms of this disorder include ringing in the ears (tinnitus), hearing loss, or both. The tumor may grow in the direction of the brain stem. Increasing pressure inside the brain may led to personality changes and impaired thinking. As pressure increases on the facial nerve, facial twitching can occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Acoustic Neuroma" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
McCune-Albright Syndrome is a multi-system disorder primarily characterized by abnormal fibrous tissue development (dysplasia) in one or more bones, abnormally early puberty, and brown (cafe-au-lait) spots on the skin. Other symptoms may include an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism), other endocrine abnormalities, and a variety of bone and soft-tissue tumors. (For more information on this disorder, choose "McCune-Albright" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Proteus syndrome is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by abnormal and asymmetric growth. Diverse abnormalities of the skin, face, eyes, ears, lungs, muscles and nerves are present. The symptoms of this disorder become apparent during the first year of life. Skin lesions may occur as well as hemangiomas, lipomas and lymphangiomas. Abnormal growths in the abdominal cavity may occur as well. It was once believed that the broadway show, "The Elephant Man", was based on a person with neurofibromatosis, but it was later discovered that this patient actually had Proteus syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Proteus Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Tuberous Sclerosis is a rare disorder characterized by seizures, mental retardation, developmental delay, lesions of the eyes and skin and brain tumors. Seizures, which occur in 90 percent of patients, are often the first symptoms. Abnormalities may be seen on an electroencephalograph (EEG). Approximately 60 to 90 percent of infants have brownish skin spots (hypomelanotic macules) at birth. Fibromas may present on the area around or under the nails (periungual or subungual). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tuberous Sclerosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Surgical removal of troublesome Neurofibromatosis tumors may be beneficial when they cause discomfort. Physical therapy is occasionally useful and orthopedic devices can improve disabilities in some cases. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Neurofibromatosis research is ongoing in numerous areas including recombinant DNA and nerve growth factor to understand the formation of neurofibromas. Recent genetic studies have led to the development of genetic tests. Once the gene that causes NF 1 and NF 2 can be cloned, research on prevention and new treatments will be pursued.
Research Projects:
Families with one or more members who have central Neurofibromatosis (NF II) with Bilateral Acoustic Neuromas are being sought for a clinical research study at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) in Bethesda, MD. The goal of the study is to establish methods for early detection and diagnosis of this type of Neurofibromatosis. Doctors who wish to refer potential candidates or obtain additional information should contact:
Dr. Donald Wright
Surgical Neurology Branch
NINCDS, Bldg. 10A, Rm. 3E68
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-2921
Researchers are studying learning disabilities and neurological changes in NF children aged birth to eighteen years. A controlled study is underway among children with NF along with siblings who do not have the disorder. Testing is being performed in conjunction with Children's Hospital, Washington, DC.
Neurofibromatosis Clinic
Children's Hospital
111 Michigan Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20010
(202) 745-2187
Ongoing research is directed toward understanding the genetic changes in tumor formation in Neurofibromatosis. Tissue is requested from any known or suspected malignancy. Samples of neurofibromas from female patients is also requested. Understanding of the genetic basis of tumor formation represents a major step toward a improved diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. Patients undergoing such surgery should contact:
Dr. Gary R. Skuse or Dr. Peter T. Rowley
University of Rochester Medical Center
Division of Genetics
Box 641
601 Elmwood Ave.
Rochester, NY 14642
(716) 275-3461
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Neurofibromatosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Neurofibromatosis, Inc.
3401 Woodridge Ct.
Mitchellville, MD 20716
(301) 577-8984
National Neurofibromatosis Foundation, Inc.
141 Fifth Ave.
New York, NY 10010
(212) 460-8980
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424 For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Ave.
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
CLINICAL FACILITIES
Massachusetts General Hospital
Neurofibromatosis Clinic
Department of Neurosurgery
15 Parkman St., Room 312
Boston, MA
(617) 726-3776
Att: Robert Marthuza, MD
Children's Hospital
Neurofibromatosis Clinic
111 Michigan Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20010
(202) 745-2187
Att: Kenneth Rosenbaum, MD
Children's Hospital
Neurofibromatosis Clinic
34th and Civic Center Blvd., Room 9028
Philadelphia, PA
(215) 596-9645
Att: Anna Meadows, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
Neurofibromatosis Clinic
1 Baylor Plaza
Houston, Texas 77030
(713) 799-6103
Att: Vincent Riccardi, MD
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Neurofibromatosis Clinic
100th St. and Madison Ave.
New York, NY
(212) 650-6500
Att: Alan Rubinstein, MD
References
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1233-34.
CLINICAL REVIEW OF NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, J. Rosner; J Am Optom Assoc (August, 1990, Issue 61 (8)). Pp. 613-618.
LISCH NODULES IN NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE I, Marie-Louise E. Lubs, et al.; N Eng J. Med., (May 2, 1991, issue 324 (24)). Pp. 1264-1266.. Pp. 1264-1266.
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#Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
763: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Heat Stroke
Tardive Dyskinesia
Malignant Hyperthermia
Anaphylaxis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is a potentially fatal reaction to any of a group of antipsychotic drugs or major tranquilizers (neuroleptics). These drugs are commonly prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia and other neurological, mental or emotional disorders. Phenothiazines are one type of neuroleptic and may occasionally be prescribed as a treatment for nausea and vomiting. Several of the most commonly prescribed neuroleptics include thioridazine, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, fluphenazine and perphenazine.
Major tranquilizers or neuroleptics have a strong effect on thought disturbances associated with paranoid thinking, delusions, anxiety and agitation. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome occurs when a person taking these drugs reacts with a high fever and other heart, respiratory and muscle symptoms which is a side effect of these drugs.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome may include very high fever (102 to 104 degrees F), irregular pulse, accelerated heartbeat (tachycardia), increased rate of respiration (tachypnea), muscle rigidity, altered mental status, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, high or low blood pressure, seizures, tremors and profuse perspiration. Respiratory failure may occur as the result of infection, shock or aspiration. Other symptoms may include liver or kidney failure, abnormally high potassium levels (hyperkalemia), major destruction of skeletal muscle tissue (rhabdomyolysis) or blood clots in veins and arteries.
Causes
The exact cause of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is not known. Scientists believe that the disorder may be due to a major disturbance of the mechanism that controls normal body temperature. This disturbance may occur when phenothiazines block transmission of the brain chemical (neurotransmitter) dopamine, or when the drug interferes with other neurotransmitters in the brain. This disorder may also be related to Malignant Hyperthermia, a genetic disorder characterized by an abnormal reaction to anesthesia drugs. (See related disorders section for more information about Malignant Hyperthermia.)
Affected Population
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome may affect any individual who is taking phenothiazines. Men appear to be at higher risk than women. Scientists believe that the drugs most commonly involved are the stronger neuroleptic medications including major tranquilizers such as haloperidol, fluphenazine, trifluoperazine and perphenazine.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Heat Stroke is a very serious condition characterized by an abrupt and rapid increase in body temperature which may reach as high as 104 to 106 degrees F. Heat stroke usually results from exposure to an extremely hot environment. The skin may become hot, flushed and dry. Rapid loss of fluids may result in the inability to sweat. Sweating is necessary to cool the body. Sweating is necessary to cool the body. There may also be an increase in pulse rate and respiration. The affected individual may become disoriented and eventually experience convulsions or slip into unconsciousness. Measures such as wrapping the individual in cold, wet sheets should be taken immediately to lower body temperature. An individual suffering from heat stroke should be hospitalized as quickly as possible. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hyperthermia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Malignant Hyperthermia is a genetic disorder characterized by an abnormal response to muscle relaxants and general anesthesia drugs. Symptoms of Malignant Hyperthermia are apparent only after the patient has been placed under general anesthesia. Along with rapidly elevating body temperature which may rise as high as 110 degrees, muscle rigidity and/or muscle twitching occurs. The patient may also exhibit a very rapid and irregular heartbeat, abnormally low blood pressure, sickly sweet breath, headache, nausea and vomiting. It is not known whether Neuroleptic Malignant Hyperthermia is a variant form of Malignant Hyperthermia, but some researchers have suggested that these disorders may be related. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Malignant Hyperthermia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Anaphylaxis is an abnormally severe allergic reaction to a substance. Major symptoms may include severe itching, hives, flushing, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing and unconsciousness. High fever is not a symptom of this disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Anaphylaxis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
The following disorder may be associated with the extended use of neuroleptic drugs. It is not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Tardive Dyskinesia is a disorder which results from the long-term use of neuroleptic drugs and is characterized by involuntary and abnormal movements of the jaw, lips and tongue. Typical symptoms include grimacing, sticking out the tongue, and sucking or fishlike movements of the mouth. A high percentage of schizophrenic people who have spent long periods of time in mental hospitals taking neuroleptic drugs, have a high risk of developing Tardive Dyskinesia. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tardive Dyskinesia" for your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome consists of withdrawal of neuroleptic medications under a doctor's supervision, prompt and intensive care with adequate hydration and nutrition, and immediate measures to lower body temperature. Medications prescribed as treatment may include dantrolene, bromocriptine, amantadine, cogentin or diazepam. Secondary complications such as decreased alkalinity of the blood and tissues (acidosis), a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues (hypoxia), and kidney (renal) insufficiency must be treated independently. Once patients have recovered from Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, they are sometimes slowly and cautiously reintroduced to other neuroleptic medications. The patient must be carefully monitored as reoccurrences of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome have been reported.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Mental Health Association
1021 Prince St.
Alexandria, VA 22314
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
1901 N. Ft. Meyer Dr., Suite 500
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 514-7600
National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse
311 S. Juniper St., Rm. 902
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 735-2481
NIH/National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
(301) 443-4515 or (301) 496-1752
(800) 421-4211 (24 hrs.)
Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the U.S.
Box 3231
Darien, CT. 06820
References
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 2489-2490.
RECURRENCE OF NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME. V.L. Susman et al.; J NERV MENT DIS (April, 1988: issue 176 (4)). Pp. 234-241.
PATIENTS WITH NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME HISTORIES: WHAT HAPPENS
WHEN THEY ARE HOSPITALIZED? A.J. Gelenberg et al.; J CLIN PSYCHIATRY (May, 1989: issue 50 (5)). Pp. 18-25.
CLINICAL DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN LETHAL CATATONIA AND NEUROLEPTIC
MALIGNANT SYNDROME. E. Castillo et al.; AM J PAYCHIATRY (March, 1989: issue 146 (3)). Pp. 324-328.
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Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
752: Mucha-Habermann Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Mucha-Habermann Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pityriasis Lichenoides et Varioliformis Acuta
PLEVA
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Vasculitis
Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Erythema Multiforme
Pityriasis Rosea
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mucha-Habermann disease is an uncommon skin disorder characterized by recurrent red, round and elevated lesions (papules), hemorrhages under the skin (purpura), and blister-like lesions (vesicles). It occurs most often in young adults and children.
Symptoms
Mucha-Habermann disease is an uncommon skin disorder that usually occurs during childhood or young adulthood. It is characterized by a recurrent itchy and burning rash that appears red with round and elevated skin lesions (papules), hemorrhages under the skin (purpura), and blister like lesions (vesicles). These lesions usually become scaly, crusted, and can ulcerate leaving scars. Other symptoms associated with this disease may be headache, chills, a feeling of ill-health (malaise), and joint pain (arthralgia).
Causes
The exact cause of Mucha-Habermann Disease is not known. Some scientists believe it may be an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.), against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue.
Affected Population
Mucha-Habermann Disease is an uncommon skin disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. It usually occurs in young adults, but it can affect children as well.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Mucha-Habermann Disease. They may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Vasculitis is an inflammation of the blood vessel system which includes the veins, arteries and capillaries. Vasculitis can affect the skin causing lesions that are flat and red (macules), nodules, or hemorrhages under the skin (purpura). These lesions can occur on any part of the body. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Vasculitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome is a rare skin disease affecting children between the ages of nine months to nine years. Major symptoms may include blisters on the skin of the legs, buttocks or arms. This disorder is usually preceded by a viral infection. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Gianotti" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Varicella-zoster infection is a herpes virus that causes chickenpox during childhood, and shingles (herpes zoster) during adulthood. It is characterized by a blister-like rash, fever, and sore throat. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Varicella-Zoster" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Erythema Multiforme is an inflammatory skin disorder characterized by symmetric red and blistery (bullous) lesions of the skin or mucous membranes of the hands, feet and eyelids. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Erythema Multiforme" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Pityriasis Rosea is a self-limited, mild, inflammatory skin eruption characterized by scaly lesions found most commonly on the trunk. The disorder is possibly due to an unidentified infectious agent. It may occur at any age but is seen most frequently in young adults. In temperate climates, incidence is highest during the spring and autumn.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Mucha-Habermann Disease with the antibiotic drug tetracycline, or corticosteroid or cytotoxic drugs, has provided relief to some people with this disease. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
At the present time, a study is being conducted on the effectiveness of the antibiotic drug Erythromycin, and the use of ultraviolet light as treatments for Mucha-Habermann Disease. More research must be conducted to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of these treatments.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Mucha-Habermann Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, M.D. et al.; ed.-in-chief; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2328.
MUCHA-HABERMANN DISEASE IN CHILDREN -- THE ASSOCIATION WITH RHEUMATIC
DISEASES. J. Ellsworth, et al.; J RHEUMATOL (March - April 1982, issue 9 (2)). Pp. 319-324.
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT TREATMENT OF A PATIENT WITH PITYRIASIS LICHENOIDES ET
VARIOLIFORMIS ACUTA (MUCHA HABERMAN DISEASE). J. Mackinnon; PHYS THER (October 1986, issue 66(10)). Pp. 1542-1543.
CLINICAL AND HISTOLOGIC FEATURES IN PITYRIASIS LICHENOIDES ET
VARIOLIFORMIS ACUTA IN CHILDREN. J. Longley, et al.; ARCH DERMATOL (October 1987, issue 123 (10)). Pp. 1335-1339.
Mucha-Habermann Disease
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`AMACopyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
688: Mucopolysaccharidosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Mucopolysaccharidosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy
Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency
I-Cell Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
The Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of hereditary diseases of lysosomal storage. They are characterized by deposits of mucopolysaccharides in the arteries, skeleton, eyes, joints, ears, skin and teeth. These deposits may also be found in the respiratory system, liver, spleen, central nervous system, blood cells and bone marrow.
Symptoms
MPS consists of a group of hereditary diseases. These diseases are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of mucopolysaccharides, especially in the cartilage and bone tissue. In general these disorders are progressive and usually disabling. The child may appear normal at birth and around the age of one begin to show signs of both growth and mental retardation. After the age of three or four growth may seem to cease. This growth retardation occurs in all of the MPS disorders except the Scheie Syndrome. Many patients develop serious vision and hearing problems. Stiff joints occur in all but the Morquio Syndrome. Excessive hairiness (hirsutism), dwarfism, and heart problems (especially Angina Pectoris) are common features of most of the syndromes. Breathing problems may occur as a result of the narrowing of the airways due to skeletal deformities. The liver and spleen are enlarged in most MPS patients. The central nervous system and brain may also be affected.
Disorder Subdivisions:
Mucopolysaccharidoses I in the severe form is Hurler Syndrome. It is characterized by high concentrations of dermatan and heparan sulfates, in the urine. Symptoms of the disorder first become evident at six months to two years of age. There is developmental delay, recurrent urinary and upper respiratory tract infections, noisy breathing and a persistent nasal discharge. Swelling of the head (hydrocephalus) is common after the age of two. Other physical problems may include clouding of the cornea of the eye, an unusually large tongue, misaligned teeth, severe deformity of the spine, joint stiffness and clawlike hands. Mental development begins to regress at about the age of two. (For more information on this disorder choose "Hurler" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Scheie Syndrome is the milder form of MPS I. The patient has a normal intelligence, stature and life expectancy, but suffers from physical symptoms such as stiff joints, clouding of the cornea, and the backward flow of blood into the heart (aortic regurgitation). The onset of symptoms in patients with Scheie Syndrome usually occurs after the age of five years. However, diagnosis is commonly delayed to between ten to twenty years of age. (For more information on this disorder choose "Hurler" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Hurler-Scheie Syndrome is an intermediate form of MPS I and is characterized by normal intelligence but progressive physical involvement which is milder than Hurler Syndrome. Corneal clouding, joint stiffness, deafness and valvular heart disease can develop by the early to mid-teens, causing significant impairment. (For more information on this disorder choose "Hurler" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Mucopolysaccharidoses II, Hunter Syndrome, is the most prevalent form of MPS. In the severe form, physical and mental development reach a peak at two to four years with subsequent deterioration. Recurrent urinary and upper respiratory tract infections, a chronic runny nose, liver and spleen enlargement, joint stiffness and growth failure commonly occur. There is coarsening of the facial features with thickening of the nostrils, lips and tongue. Swelling of the head (hydrocephalus) is commonly found in this form of Hunter Syndrome as is thicker than normal skin, short neck, widely spaced teeth, and hearing loss of varying degree. Skin lesions on the arm or the posterior chest wall, extra-high arched feet and diarrhea may also occur. (For more information on this disorder choose "Hunter" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
The milder form of Hunter MPS II is characterized by less severe physical deterioration and normal intelligence. Complications of the mild form of the disorder may include heart disease, hearing impairment, reduced circulation and joint stiffness in the hands. (For more information on this disorder choose "Hunter" as your search term in the Rare Disease.)
The autosomal form of Hunter MPS II can have a combination of the symptoms of both the severe and mild forms of Hunter Syndrome. (Choose "Hunter" as your search term on the Rare Disease Database.)
Mucopolysaccharidosis III is titled Sanfilippo Syndrome and is characterized by progressive mental retardation and the excretion of heparan sulfate in the urine. There is variability in the degree of mental retardation. The patient will usually begin to show hyperactivity and sleep disorders around the age of two or three. The child may be able to start school but will usually become a "behavior problem" and loose the ability to speak.
The excretion of heparan sulfate is the strongest evidence of MPS III. MPS III A, B, C, and D range in severity from A the most severe to D the least severe. The means of classification of the various types of MPS III rests in the lack of specific enzymes in the process of eliminating heparan sulfate.
Type A lacks the enzyme heparan N-sulfatase. Type B lacks the enzyme acetylated glucosamines initially present in heparan sulfate. Type C lacks the enzyme N-acetyltransferase reaction. Type D lacks the enzyme sulfatase reaction.
(For more information on this disorder choose "Sanfilippo" as you search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV is characterized by the excretion of keratan sulfate in the urine. This syndrome is also known as the Morquio Syndrome. The developmental abnormalities may be detected as early an eighteen months to two years of age. The skeletal abnormalities are milder in Morquio B than in Morquio A. These may include an enlarged head, a broad mouth, prominent cheekbones, an unusually small nose, widely spaced and thinly enameled teeth, and widely separated eyes with corneal clouding. Later, patients tend to develop abnormally short necks, short barrel chests, disproportionately long arms, enlarged and possibly hyperextensible wrists, stubby hands and "knock knees". Together with the misaligned knees and knobby joints, the child may be "pigeon-toed", causing a wobbly gait. There may also be enlargement of the liver, curvature of the spine, heart problems and hearing loss. The intelligence of the patient is usually normal. (For more information on this disorder choose "Morquio" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Mucopolysaccharidosis V, (The Scheie Syndrome) is now designated as MPS I because of the close relationship to the Hurler syndrome. (Choose "Hurler" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI, also known as Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome, is classified by severe, mild and intermediate types. It is characterized by growth retardation beginning around two to three years of age. There is a coarsening of facial features and abnormalities in the bones of hands and spine creating a dwarflike appearance. Stiff joints, a hunched spine, prominent chestbone, and pain in the hip bone all tend to appear after the first four years. There may also be noisy and strained breathing, intermittent deafness and an enlarged liver and spleen. (For more information on this disorder choose "Maroteaux" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII is also called Sly Syndrome. It is characterized by an increased amount of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in the urine. Sly Syndrome usually results in mental retardation. Other symptoms may include short stature and skeletal abnormalities such as joint contractures, dislocated hips, and spinal malformations. The liver and spleen may be enlarged, there may be hernias in the groin and navel areas and there may also be clouding of the cornea of the eye. This type of Mucopolysaccharidoses VII is very rare and affects less than twenty persons worldwide. (For more information on this disorder choose "Sly" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Mucopolysaccharidoses VIII, DiFerrante Syndrome is not a valid disorder, and it is no longer used.
Causes
All of the MPS diseases result from deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes involved in the breaking down of dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, or keratan sulfate, either alone or together. These mucopolysaccharides accumulate in tissues and organs and are also excreted in the urine. All of these diseases are inherited as autosomal recessive except for the Hunter Syndrome which is X-linked recessive.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Affected Population
All of the MPS disorders affect males and females in equal numbers with the exception of the Hunter Syndrome which affects only males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of MPS. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder, characterized by onset in childhood, painless joint stiffness, decreased mobility, short stature, some coarseness of the facial features, mild mental retardation, evidence of multiple defective bone formations and aortic valve (heart) disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Pseudo-Hurler" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency is characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme ganglioside sialidase which causes abnormalities of connective tissue cells, defects of the cornea and retardation of physical and mental development. The first symptom usually is clouding of the eye's cornea. The development of physical and mental retardation usually begins after the child's first year of life. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ganglioside" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
I-Cell Disease begins very early in life. By the age of six months children have begun to show symptoms such as coarse facial features (e.g., as depressed nasal bridge), a long and narrow head, excessive hair growth, and a low forehead. They may also show severe skeletal changes including curvature of the spine, a lumbar hump, problems with their vertebra, widening of the ribs, and pointing of the long bones of the hands. Mental and physical retardation is common. Frequent respiratory infections and severe joint contractures occur as do opacities of the cornea of the eye. (For more information on this disorder, choose "I-Cell" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of all of the Mucopolysaccharidoses disorders is symptomatic and supportive. If hernias, joint contractures, hydrocephalus and eye problems occur, surgery to correct the problem may be indicated. Physical therapy may also be of benefit.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit to families of patients with MPS disorders.
Therapies: Investigational
Since prenatal diagnosis is possible through the use of amniocentesis and tissue sampling of the embryo, new diagnostic interventions are being developed. Experimental treatments scientists are trying to develop include replacing defective enzymes via enzyme replacement therapy and/or bone marrow transplants. Scientific study of gene replacement in animal models raises the hope that gene replacement therapy may someday be made available to people with serious genetic disorders.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Mucopolysaccharidoses, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
MPS (Mucopolysaccharidoses) Research Funding Center, Inc.
1215 Maxfield Road
Hartland, MI 48029
(313) 363-4412
National MPS Society
17 Kramer Street
Hicksville, NY 11801
(516) 931-6338
Society of MPS Diseases
30 Westwood Drive
Little Chalfont, Bucks, England
Society of Mucopolysaccharide Diseases, Inc.
382 Parkway Blvd.
Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada R8A OK4
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th Ed.: Charles R. Scriver, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1989. Pp. 1565-1588.
THE MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES AND ANAESTHESIA: A REPORT OF CLINICAL
EXPERIENCE. I.A. Herrick, et al.; Can J Anaesth (January, 1988, issue 35 (1)). Pp. 67-73.
MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES AND ANAESTHETIC RISKS. P. Sjogren, et al.; Acta Anaesthesiol Scand (April, 1987, issue 31 (3) ). Pp. 214-218.
ELECTRORETINOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN THE MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES. R.C. Caruso, et al.; Ophthalmology (December, 1986, issue 93 (12)). Pp. 1612-1616.
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15: Multiple Sclerosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Multiple Sclerosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
MS
Demyelinating Disease
Disseminated Sclerosis
Insular Sclerosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Dejerine-Sottas Disease
Friedreich's Ataxia
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
Leukodystrophy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that causes the destruction of the covering (myelin sheath) over the nerves. The course of this disease is variable; it may advance, relapse, remit, or stabilize. The demyelinating plaques or patches scattered throughout the central nervous system interfere with the ability of the nerves to communicate (neurotransmission) and can cause a wide range of neurological symptoms.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis may vary greatly. Some people may have visual impairment (including blind spots), double vision (diplopia), or involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes (nystagmus). People with Multiple Sclerosis may also experience impairment of speech, numbness or tingling sensation in the limbs and difficulty walking. Dysfunction of the bladder and bowel may also be present. Multiple Sclerosis is rarely fatal; the average life expectancy is 93 percent of that of the general population. One in 5 Multiple Sclerosis patients experience one attack, followed by little or no advance in the disorder. Two-thirds of patients can walk independently 25 years after diagnosis. Approximately 50 percent of those with Multiple Sclerosis pursue most of the activities they engaged in prior to their diagnosis. In some cases, however, paralysis of different severities may make it necessary to use a cane, crutches, and other aids while walking. In a very small number of cases, the disease accelerates and may result in life-threatening complications.
Causes
The exact cause of Multiple Sclerosis is not known. An autoimmune association, possibly in a viral or environmental setting, has been suggested. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.), against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack perfectly healthy tissue.
The human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) has been proposed as another possible cause. The HTLV-1 virus is a retrovirus that has been associated with other central nervous system disorders and certain blood malignancies.
An hereditary predisposition has been suggested, but it seems that other factors need to be present as well. A genetic predisposition means that a person may carry a gene for a disease but it may not be expressed unless something in the environment triggers the disease.
It has been proposed that a Multiple Sclerosis "susceptibility gene" (MSSG) exists. There is, as yet, no definite genetic pattern that can be discerned.
Studies have shown that the siblings of a person with Multiple Sclerosis are at a 10 to 15 percent higher risk of developing the disorder than the general population, whose risk is 0.1 percent. A Canadian study indicated that the daughters of mothers with Multiple Sclerosis have a 5 percent risk of developing the disease. This may be accounted for the by an immune system that may or may not foster the development of the disorder (histocompatible antigens).
A 1989 Australian study implied that a virus carried by cats might be responsible. Approximately 7 percent of domestic cats have been shown to have a demyelinating disease that closely resembles Multiple Sclerosis. Both infected cats and patients have been tested and shown to be carrying a morbillivirus (a virus that resembles the measles virus). More research is needed to determine whether this virus has a role in Multiple Sclerosis and if it can be transmitted from cats.
Affected Population
Multiple Sclerosis affects approximately 58 in every 100,000 people, numbering around 130,000 individuals. The disorder may appear at any age, although the diagnosis is most often made between 20 and 40 years of age.
Multiple Sclerosis is more common in Caucasian Americans than in Americans of African or Oriental heritage. In a few ethnic societies (Eskimos, Bantus and American Indians), Multiple Sclerosis is rare or absent. This may hint at a genetic link to this disorder. Multiple Sclerosis seems to occur more often the moderate regions (temperate climates) of the world.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Multiple Sclerosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease of the motor neurons that send signals to the skeletal muscles. It generally affects both the upper and the lower muscle groups and results in the progressive weakness and wasting away of the muscles involved. There are several varieties of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The early symptoms may include slight muscular weakness, clumsy hand movements and difficulty performing fine motor tasks. Weakness in the legs may result in clumsiness and tripping, and a slowing of speech may also be present. Other symptoms may include muscle stiffness and coughing. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (also known as CMT Disease) is a hereditary neurological disorder characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy, primarily in the muscles of the legs. Symptoms of Type I Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease usually begin in middle childhood or teenage years with a deformity of the foot characterized by a high arch and hyperextension of the toes (gampsodactyl or claw-foot). This produces a "stork leg" deformity. With time, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease spreads to the upper extremities and produces a "stocking-glove" pattern of diminished sensitivity. There is a decrease in the sensitivity to vibration, pain and temperature. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Dejerine-Sottas Disease is a rare progressive hereditary disorder that causes the enlargement of the peripheral nerves and the loss of myelin. This results in a burning or tingling sensation in the limbs, generalized muscle weakness and the loss of coordination in the hands and forearms. Weakness in the back of the legs eventually spreads to the front of the legs resulting in difficulty and pain when walking. Mild vision problems may also be present. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Dejerine-Sottas Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Friedrich's Ataxia is a progressive hereditary disorder that affects the neuromuscular system. It is generally diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. There are slow degenerative changes of the spinal cord and the brain that affect speech and motor coordination. These changes may produce an unsteady walk or numbness and weakness in the arms and legs. The legs generally become progressively weaker resulting in a staggering, lurching walk or trembling when standing still. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Friedreich's Ataxia" as your search term on the Rare Disorder Database).
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Acute Idiopathic Polyneuritis) is a rare rapidly progressive polyneuropathy. Although the exact cause is not known, a gastrointestinal virus or respiratory infection precedes the onset of the syndrome in almost half the cases. The myelin sheath that covers the nerves is damaged and results in muscle weakness. The symptoms may include a burning or tingling sensation in the feet followed by weakness of the legs. Eventually the torso, upper limbs and face may be affected. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Guillain-Barre Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a rare disorder in which there is swelling of the nerve roots and the destruction of the covering (myelin sheath) over the nerves. This causes weakness, paralysis and impairment of motor function especially in the limbs. Symptoms may include burning, numbness or tingling of the hands and feet or the arms and legs. Reflexes may be weakened or absent, and the muscles of the face may become weak. Other symptoms may include difficulty in walking and respiratory problems. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy" as your search term on the Rare Disease Database).
Leukodystrophy is the name given to a group of very rare, progressive, metabolic, genetic diseases that affect the brain, spinal cord and often the peripheral nerves. Each of the leukodystrophies will affect one of the chemicals that make up the myelin sheath that covers the nerve fibers or it may affect the white matter of the brain. Most of the leukodystrophies are present at birth but some may appear more slowly over time and even into adulthood. Leukodystrophy causes the patient to have problems with movement, vision, hearing, feeling and thinking. This can result in difficulty walking, stiffness, a "floppy" feeling in the muscles, paralysis or convulsions. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Leukodystrophy" as your search term on the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Multiple Sclerosis has no known prevention or cure. Common treatments may include the administration of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), prednisone or other corticosteroid drugs to help reduce the severity of recurrent attacks. These drugs do not slow down or stop the progression of this disorder. A wide variety of drugs are prescribed to treat symptoms. These may include muscle relaxants and anticonvulsants to help reduce muscle spasms. Antidepressants, aspirin or acetaminophen may also help ease pain. Physical therapy and exercise programs (especially aquatic or water therapy) may be of value in some patients.
Therapies: Investigational
Research into the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis is vigorously underway. The drug cyclophosphamide is being tested and some patients experience temporary beneficial effects. Maintenance booster shots of cyclophosphamide are now being tested to see if these effects can be prolonged.
Beta-interferon injections given directly into the spinal canal (intrathetically) appear to cut the rate of progressive recurrent episodes in half for some Multiple Sclerosis patients in experimental trials.
Other trials are underway using blood plasma replacement (plasmapheresis) in Multiple Sclerosis. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is transfused back into the patient. This therapy is still under investigation to analyze side effects and effectiveness. More research is needed before plasmapheresis can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of Multiple Sclerosis.
Also under study is the use of monoclonal antibodies, alpha-interferon, amantadine, and the anti-gout drug colchicine for use in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
A two-year clinical trial of the orphan drug copolymer I (COP-1), a synthetic polypeptide developed in Israel indicated that in fifty patients with relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis the average number of attacks per patient was significantly lower for the group treated with copolymer I. An International trial of several hundred patients is currently underway. This orphan drug is manufactured by Lemmon Pharmaceuticals, P.O. Box 904, Sellersville, PA, 18960. This drug is currently available under a "Treatment IND" to patients who are not in a clinical trial. Contact Lemmon Pharmaceuticals for more information.
Intravenous injection of 4-aminopyridine is also being studied in the hope that this drug may be capable of improving conduction in demyelinated nerve pathways. Twelve Multiple Sclerosis patients were treated at Rush Medical College in Chicago with 4-aminopyridine. Of the twelve patients treated, ten showed varying degrees of improvement in vision, eye movement, coordination and walking. These effects lasted for about four hours. More study of this drug is needed to determine its safety and find a way to prolong its effects.
Studies of hyperbaric oxygen treatment for Multiple Sclerosis has led to the conclusion that it is not helpful in the management of this disorder.
Researchers working with specific antibody treatments (monoclonal antibodies) are trying to find a way to halt disease progression in Multiple Sclerosis patients. These antibodies may block the autoimmune process of Multiple Sclerosis, and appear to have caused no adverse effects in initial clinical testing. One promising candidate is an antibody to the immune response antigen, which may interrupt the symptoms of the disorder but leave the immune system intact. Chimeric M-T412 (Human Murine) IgG monoclonal Anti-CD4 is one of these new antibody treatments being tested. It is manufactured by Centocor, Inc., 244 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355.
Another biologic agent being tested for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis is Myelin, developed by Autoimmune, Inc., 75 Francis St., Boston, MA, 02115.
Other research is aimed at immune suppressing drugs. Recent research, however, on the use of Cyclosporine (an immune suppressant prescribed for organ transplant patients to avoid rejection of a transplanted organ) has indicated that the therapeutic dose required for Multiple Sclerosis patients is much to high. This can lead to unacceptable side effects.
The orphan drug Betaseron is being tested on patients with a relapsing and remitting form of Multiple Sclerosis. Betaseron is manufactured by Triton Biosciences. More research is needed to determine if Betaseron (a form of beta-interferon) will be a safe and effective treatment for Multiple Sclerosis.
Infusion of the drug Baclofen by a surgically implanted pump is being studied by scientists for the treatment of spasticity associated with Multiple Sclerosis. Infusion of the drug directly into the spinal space, rather than oral administration, seems to provide patients with better relief of spasticity and may improve muscle tone for longer periods of time. Smaller quantities of Baclofen seem to be needed when it is infused rather than given orally. More research is needed to provide evidence of the safety and effectiveness of this type of Baclofen administration.
Alpha interferon has been used experimentally on people with Multiple Sclerosis. Preliminary evidence suggests that alpha interferon may delay attacks, leading to progressively fewer attacks of Multiple Sclerosis in some people.
Radiation treatments are being used experimentally to reduce tissues that produce T cells (cells that are produced in the bone marrow and mediate immune responses) in Multiple Sclerosis patients. Lymphoid irradiation is directed at the spleen and lymph nodes in the neck, armpit, chest, abdomen and groin.
Elan Drug Co., is testing EL-970 as a treatment for Multiple Sclerosis. It is hoped that this drug may improve nerve conduction in a number of Multiple Sclerosis patients, increasing their visual and motor abilities. EL-970 was licensed from Rush-Presbyterian-St. Lukes Medical Center in Chicago.
Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania are studying the use of Photopheresis as a treatment for Multiple Sclerosis. Photopheresis has been used to treat other types of diseases such as cancer and skin problems. In this method of treating the blood, the drug 8-MOP is given to the person orally. Then the blood is removed and radiated with ultraviolet light, and then returned to the body. The patient does not receive radiation, but the treated blood's cell structure is altered to stimulate the immune system. It is hoped that this may lead to an increase the body's defense against Multiple Sclerosis.
Clinical trials are underway to study the role of T-cell receptor repertoire in Multiple Sclerosis. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. David H. Mattson
University of Rochester
601 Elmwood Ave., Box 605
Rochester, NY 14642
(716) 275-7854
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Multiple Sclerosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Multiple Sclerosis Society maintains over 120 chapters throughout the United States which provide direct services to people with MS and their families, including occupational and physical therapy, support groups, clinics, and professional and public education. Information about chapters can be obtained from the national office.
National Multiple Sclerosis Society, National Headquarters
733 Third Ave.
New York, NY 10017-3288
(212) 986-3240
(800) 624-8236
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 317-318.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2196-2102.
INTRATHECAL BACLOFEN FOR SEVERE SPASTICITY, R.D. Penn, et al.; New Eng J Med (June 8, 1989, issue 320 (23)). Pp. 1517-1521.
TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS WITH HYPERBARIC OXYGEN. RESULTS OF A
NATIONAL REGISTRY, E.P. Kidwell et al.; Arch Neurol (Feb. 1991; 48(2)): Pp. 195-199.
THE SUPRASPINAL ANXIOLYTIC EFFECT OF BACLOFEN FOR SPASTICITY, S.R.
Hinderer; Am J Med Rehabil (Oct. 1990; (69(5)): Pp. 254-258.
HIGH DOSE ORAL BACLOFEN: EXPERIENCE IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS,
G.D. Ehrlich et al.; Neurology (March 1991; (41(3)): Pp. 335-43.3)): Pp. 335-43.
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&Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
552: Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
DOC 13 (Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency)
Disorder of Cornification 13 (Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency)
Mucosulfatidosis
Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency Syndrome
Sulfatidosis, Juvenile, Austin Type
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (Arylsulfatase-A Deficiency; Metachromatic Form of Diffuse Cerebral Sclerosis; Cerebroside Sulfatase Deficiency; Metachromatic Leukoencephalopathy; Sulfatide Lipidosis; Sulfatidosis)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency is a very rare hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by impairment of all known sulfatase enzymes. Major symptoms include coarse facial features, deafness, and an enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly). Abnormalities of the skeleton may occur such as curvature of the spine (lumbar kyphosis) and in the breast bone. The skin is usually dry and scaly (ichthyosis). Before symptoms are noticeable, children with this disorder usually develop more slowly than normal. They may not learn to walk or speak as quickly as other children.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency usually start during the first or second year of life. Children with this disorder usually have coarse facial features and they are often deaf. The liver and spleen are usually enlarged. Curvature of the lower portion of the spine, and an abnormal breast bone usually also occur. In addition, the skin is dry, scaly and itchy (ichthyosis). Development is usually delayed in children with this disorder. Children with Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency may not walk normally and their speech is usually impaired.
Laboratory tests show abnormalities in cells of the bone marrow and in white blood cells. The bone behind the nasal bones (sella turcica) is J-shaped and the little bones of fingers and toes (phalanges) are broader than normal. Levels of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in the urine are higher than normal. A deficiency of several enzymes (arylsulfatase A, B, and C, two steroid sulfatases and four other sulfatases) occurs. In normal concentration, these enzymes are needed to break down certain carbohydrates known as "mucopolysaccharides".
Causes
Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency is a hereditary disorder transmitted through autosomal recessive genes. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.) Symptoms are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme arylsulfatase A, B, and C, 2 steroid sulfatases, and 4 other sulfatases that are needed for the breakdown of certain carbohydrates known as "mucopolysaccharides".
Affected Population
Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency is present at birth, although symptoms of this disorder don't become noticeable until the first or second year of life. It is a very rare disorder affecting males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can resemble those of Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome (Arylsulfatase-B Deficiency; Mucopolysaccharidosis VI; Polydystrophic Dwarfism) is a form of mucopolysaccharidosis. These are a group of genetic disorders caused by the deficiency of one of ten specific lysosomal enzymes, resulting in an inability to metabolize certain complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) into simpler molecules. The accumulation of these large, undegraded mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the body causes a number of symptoms. This syndrome can occur as a severe type, an intermediate type, and a mild type. Growth retardation generally occurs from 2-3 years of age, with coarsening of facial features and abnormalities in the bones of hands and spine. Joint stiffness also occurs. The intellect is usually normal. (Choose "Maroteaux-Lamy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (Arylsulfatase-A Deficiency; Metachromatic Form of Diffuse Cerebral Sclerosis; Cerebroside Sulfatase Deficiency; Metachromatic Leukoencephalopathy; Sulfatide Lipidosis; Sulfatidosis) is a hereditary disorder transmitted through autosomal recessive genes. It affects the brain and spinal cord. The disorder is characterized by progressive paralysis and dementia. It can appear in a late infantile, juvenile, or an adult form. (Choose "Metachromatic Leukodystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ichthyosis can be a symptom of Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency. "Ichthyoses" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (Use "Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for the symptoms of skeletal abnormalities in Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency is symptomatic and supportive. An orthopedist can provide treatment for curvature of the spine. Dermatologic symptoms (ichthyosis) are treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association, Inc.
2001 Beacon St, Rm. 304
Brookline, MA 02164
(617) 277-4463 or 277-3965
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
Association Europeenne contre les Leucodystrophies
7 Rue Pasteur
54000 NANCY
France
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M. Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-1258.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 888-889.
VARIOUS SULFATASE ACTIVITIES IN LEUKOCYTES AND CULTURED SKIN FIBROBLASTS
FROM HETEROZYGOTES FOR THE MULTIPLE SULFATASE DEFICIENCY (MUCOSULFATIDOSIS):
Y. Eto, et al.; Pediatr Res (February 1983: issue 17(2)). Pp. 97-100.
MULTIPLE DEFICIENCY OF MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE SULFATASES IN MUCOSULFATIDOSIS: R.
Basner, et al.; Pediatr Res (December 1979: issue 13(12)). Pp. 1316-1318.
Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency
) 651'
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
741: Mumps
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Mumps) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Parotitis
Infective Parotitis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Meningitis
Orchitis
Arthritis, Infectious
Oophoritis
Pancreatitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mumps is an acute viral illness that causes a painful inflammation and swelling of the saliva glands. These glands include the parotid, submaxillary, sublingual and buccal salivary glands. Mumps used to be a common infectious disease of childhood until a vaccine was developed in 1967 to immunize children against the virus that causes the disorder. However, recent outbreaks of mumps among adolescents and young adults have raised questions about lifetime immunity from the vaccine.
Symptoms
Mumps is a very contagious viral illness that has an incubation period of about 14-24 days after exposure. The onset of this illness is characterized by headache, loss of appetite, a general feeling of ill-health (malaise), and a low to moderate fever. Within 24 hours the temperature may suddenly rise to about 104 degrees Fahrenheit and be associated with a painful swelling of the parotid glands in front of the ears and under the jaw. In most cases, the salivary glands on both sides of the jaw are affected. The submaxillary and sublingual glands (principally in the floor of the mouth) and the buccal glands (that are scattered beneath the mucous membranes of the cheeks) may also be swollen and tender. The skin over the affected area may be stretched, opening the mouth can be difficult, and there may be a sensitivity to pressure on the jaw. Chewing and swallowing is painful and foods that are sour or acidic should be avoided. The disease lasts between 5 to 6 days and usually results in a lifelong immunity to the virus.
Mumps can involve other organs especially in those people past puberty. Males who contract mumps can develop a painful inflammation of the testes. This inflammation can damage the testes and may cause sterility. Females with mumps can develop inflammation of the ovaries (oophoritis).
Causes
Mumps is a contagious disease that is caused by a virus. It is transmitted through saliva by direct contact, or in the form of airborne droplets from the nose, throat or mouth. The virus enters the body through the upper respiratory tract.
Affected Population
Since the mumps vaccine was developed in 1967, this disorder has become an uncommon viral disease. It affects males and females in equal numbers. If a person is not immunized against mumps the disease will occur most often in children between the ages of five and fifteen, but adults can also be affected. In recent years there have been outbreaks of mumps on college campuses in the United States which has raised question about long-term immunity from the mumps vaccine. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is trying to determine whether people during specific years should be re-vaccinated.
Related Disorders
People with Mumps may develop the following disorders as a complication of this disease:
Infectious Arthritis may occur as a complication of mumps. It is characterized by fever, chills, general weakness and headaches, followed by inflammation of one or more joints. The affected joint or joints often become painful, swollen, slightly red, and stiff within hours or days. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Arthritis, Infectious" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Meningioencephalitis can be a complication of mumps. It is characterized by inflammation of the membranes (meninges) around the brain or spinal cord and also the brain tissue. It can begin suddenly (acute) or develop gradually (subacute). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Meningitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Orchitis causes very painful swelling of the testes, headache, nausea and vomiting. This infection can cause damage to the testes which may include wasting (atrophy) and sterility.
Oophoritis is a painful inflammation of the ovaries. It is characterized by lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge or irregular bleeding. Excessive menstrual bleeding may also be symptomatic of this disorder.
Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas. Pancreatitis can be caused by many different conditions or infections including mumps. The pancreas produces enzymes to help break down carbohydrates and proteins during digestion. It is characterized by nausea and vomiting, fever, chills, severe abdominal pain and abdominal distention.
Therapies: Standard
Mumps is a self-limiting disease that requires little or no treatment. A soft, bland diet may help the pain caused by chewing. Acetaminophen (e.g.,Tylenol), given every 4 hours, will help reduce the fever and pain. Aspirin should NOT be given to children with Mumps because it can cause Reye's Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Reye Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Cases of the Mumps have been greatly reduced with the introduction of the live attenuated mumps virus vaccine in 1967. All children should be immunized with this vaccine. It can be given singularly or together with the measles and rubella vaccine (MMR), around 15 months of age.
Because of recent outbreaks of measles, mumps, and rubella in those persons previously immunized, lifetime immunity with only one vaccination is in question. It may be advisable to ask a pediatrician whether a second immunization be given before entering school. Adults who have been exposed to mumps or question their immunity to the mumps virus, should consider being immunized as a precaution.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Mumps, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 329-3534
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1580-1582.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 2, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed-in-chief; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1982. Pp. 2039-2041.
MUMPS IN THE WORKPLACE. FURTHER EVIDENCE OF THE CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF
A CHILDHOOD VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASE. K. Kaplan, et al.; JAMA (September 9, 1988; issue 260(10)). Pp. 1434-1438.
A LARGE OUTBREAK OF MUMPS IN THE POSTVACCINE ERA. M. Wharton, et al.; J INFECT DIS (December 1988; issue 158(6)). Pp. 1253-1260.
ADULT IMMUNIZATION. J. Korn, et al.; PRIM CARE (March 1989; issue 16(1)). Pp. 177-196.
IMMUNIZATIONS DURING THE ADOLESCENT YEARS. R. Brookman; PRIM CARE (March 1987; issue 14(1)). Pp. 25-39.
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES: THE EMERGENCE OF MUMPS.
W. Williams, et al.; J AM COLL HEALTH (March 1989; issue 37(5)). Pp. 197-203.
Mumps
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
139: Muscular Dystrophy, Batten Turner
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Benign Congenital Muscular Dystrophy Syndrome
BTMD
Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy Syndrome
Batten Turner Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about the disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy Syndrome is a benign congenital form of muscular dystrophy characterized by frequency in stumbling and falling in early childhood. Unlike the Duchenne variety of muscular dystrophy which typically is present in young boys, Batten Turner Syndrome affects both sexes.
Symptoms
Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy Syndrome usually follows the myopathic pattern of muscular disease manifesting itself in early childhood. Symptoms may first appear as a floppiness in infancy. This is followed by frequent falling and stumbling which are associated with a mild muscular weakness and generalized loss of muscle tone (hypotonia). There may be a slight delay on reaching milestones or early motor development. In particular, the pelvic girdle, neck and shoulder girdle may be affected.
Although walking usually becomes normal later in life, there may be a residual handicap in the performance of physical activities. Fractures and paralysis are not a problem.
Causes
The precise cause of Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy is not known. However, the disorder may be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the other. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy Syndrome affects infants and young children. Both sexes are equally affected.
Therapies: Standard
Patients with Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy should be encouraged to exercise. It is important to guard against obesity. The prognosis is favorable with minimal muscular deficiency. Quite often, the patient encounters no major physical handicaps.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3300 E. Sunrise Dr.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Nattrass House
35 Macaulay Road
London, England SW4 0QP
01-720-8055
Society for Muscular Dystrophy International
P.O. Box 479
Bridgewater, Nova Scotia, Canada B4V 2X6
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2272-5.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1451.
Muscular Dystrophy, Batten Turner
pagetitle
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!l!Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
598: Muscular Dystrophy, Becker
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Becker Muscular Dystrophy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
BMD
Progressive Tardive Muscular Dystrophy
Benign Juvenile Muscular Dystrophy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Leyden-Moebius Muscular Dystrophy
Gower's Muscular Dystrophy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Becker Muscular Dystrophy is a rare inherited muscle wasting disease usually beginning during the second or third decade of life. This slowly progressive disorder affects males almost exclusively. Muscles of the hips and shoulders are weakened, walking abnormalities develop, and mild mental retardation may be present. Eventually, other more severe symptoms may involve the heart and lungs.
Symptoms
Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD) is characterized by slowly progressive weakness of the hip and shoulder muscles. These muscles tend to be firm and rubbery. Deep tendon reflexes may be lost early in the course of this disorder. Ability to walk is affected, and mild mental retardation may be present. Joint contractures, curvature of the spine (scoliosis), restrictive lung disease, and in rare cases heart problems, can develop with time. Female carriers of BMD are usually not affected, although most have an elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentration in the blood system.
Causes
Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD) is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.) Scientists recently discovered the specific protein deficiency that causes symptoms of this disorder. The protein is known as dystrophin. Symptoms result when the body produces either too little or an abnormal form of this protein.
About 30% of Muscular Dystrophy cases have no history of the disease in their family. It was difficult to diagnose these people until a test to detect dystrophin in muscles was developed. The cause of spontaneous (non-genetic) cases of Muscular Dystrophy is still unknown.
Affected Population
Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD) affects males almost exclusively. Females are usually not affected, although they may carry the genetic trait. This disorder occurs in approximately one in 30,000 live births.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD). Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is the most rapidly progressive form of muscular dystrophy and one of the most common. This muscle-wasting disorder, which affects boys almost exclusively, typically begins between the ages of two and five and progresses rapidly. The protein known as dystrophin which causes symptoms of DMD is the same as that of Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD). However, BMD patients produce too little or an abnormal form of dystrophin whereas DMD patients do not produce any of this protein.
Leyden-Moebius Muscular Dystrophy (Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy) is a progressive disorder that usually begins during pre-adolescence. The pelvic area is the most severely affected with weakness and muscular deterioration. Muscles of the face, shoulders and arms are also affected. This disorder is inherited by a different mode of transmission than that of Becker Muscular Dystrophy.
Gower's Muscular Dystrophy is a rare, slowly progressive weakness that begins in the hands and feet, then extends to other nearby areas of the body causing only moderate weakness. This disorder usually begins during adulthood.
(For more information on these disorders, choose "muscular dystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
At this time, no specific treatment exists for Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD). However, exercise combined with physical therapy and orthopedic devices may benefit most patients. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families because genetic tests are available to identify this disorder. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Tests are available to detect Muscular Dystrophy prenatally and postnatally. The prenatal test is a genetic test to learn if a person is carrying the MD gene. Postnatal tests use antidystrophin antibodies which allow detection of dystrophin in muscle tissue. People with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy are deficient in dystrophin, while those with Becker Muscular Dystrophy have a dystrophin molecule that is either smaller or larger than normal, but present in normal quantities in the muscles.
Therapies: Investigational
The gene abnormality which causes Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD) and the protein deficiency linked to symptoms have both been identified. Researchers hope to learn how they may alter this process, thus curing or treating this disorder in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Becker Muscular Dystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3300 E. Sunrise Dr.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Nattrass House
35 Macaulay Road
London, England SW4 0QP
01-720-8055
Society for Muscular Dystrophy International
P.O. Box 479
Bridgewater, Nova Scotia, Canada B4V 2X6
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
PREFERENTIAL DELETION OF EXONS IN DUCHENNE AND BECKER MUSCULAR
DYSTROPHIES: S.M. Forrest, et al.; Nature (October 15-21, 1987, issue 329 (6140)). Pp. 638-640.
EVALUATION OF CARRIER DETECTION RATES FOR DUCHENNE AND BECKER MUSCULAR
DYSTROPHIES USING SERUM CREATINE-KINASE (CK) AND PYRUVATE-KINASE (PK) THROUGH
DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS: M. Zatz, et al.; Am J Med Genet (October 1986, issue 25(2)). Pp. 219-230.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1427-1428.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 2238-2239.
Muscular Dystrophy, Becker
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'Copyright (C) 1985, 1988, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
37: Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pseudohypertrophic Muscular Dystrophy
Childhood Muscular Dystrophy
DMD
Muscular Dystrophy, Classic X-linked Recessive
Progressive Muscular Dystrophy of Childhood
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Glycerol Kinase Deficiency
Muscular Dystrophy, Batten Turner
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is a rare inherited neuromuscular disorder and one of the most prevalent types of muscular dystrophy. This disorder is characterized by rapid progression of muscle degeneration which occurs early in life. Almost all affected children are male.
Symptoms
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is a rare inherited disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness. Early symptoms usually begin between the ages of 2 to 5 years. Muscle wasting is initially limited to the shoulder and pelvic areas. Infiltration of fat and connective tissue into the muscles may produce an enlargement (hypertrophy) of the calf muscles in the legs. Within several years Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy affects the muscles of the upper trunk and arms. Eventually all the major muscles are affected.
The early symptoms of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy may include falling, a waddling walk (gait) and awkwardness. Generally these earliest signs are attributed to clumsiness. By the age 3 to 5 years, generalized muscle weakness becomes more obvious. Parents may be falsely encouraged by a seeming improvement between the ages of 3 and 7, but this may be due to natural growth and development. Weakness progresses rapidly after age 8 or 9, resulting in the inability to walk or stand alone. Leg braces may make walking possible for a year or two, but by early adolescence walking becomes impossible.
In the late stages of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy there is a noticeable shortening of muscles and the loss of muscle tissue. This may result in the inability to move the major joints of the body (fixed contractures). There may also be a noticeable increase in the curvature of the spine (scoliosis). Lung capacity may decrease, resulting in an increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.
Tests are available to detect muscular dystrophy either before or after birth. The prenatal genetic test determines whether the fetus is carrying the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy gene. The postnatal test uses antidystrophin antibodies to locate dystrophin in muscle tissue.
Dystrophin is a protein normally found in muscles. People with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy are deficient in dystrophin whereas people with Becker Muscular Dystrophy have a normal amount of dystrophin in the tissue, but the molecule is abnormally small or large. People with Becker Muscular Dystrophy generally have the same symptoms as those with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. However, the symptoms of Becker Muscular Dystrophy generally appear later in life than those of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, and they do not progress as quickly.
Causes
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is a rare neuromuscular disorder that is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. The gene that is responsible for this disorder has been identified on the short arm of the X chromosome. Symptoms develop due to a lack of the protein dystrophin in the muscles.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions that are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Approximately 30 percent of patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy have no family history of the disorder. This can mean that the genetic mutation is new in those families (spontaneous). The disorder is diagnosed by finding a deficiency of dystrophin in the muscles.
Affected Population
All of the muscular dystrophies combined together affect approximately 40,000 people in the United States. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is one of the most prevalent forms of Muscular Dystrophy. This type of Muscular Dystrophy affects males almost exclusively. It is estimated that approximately 1 in every 4,000 newborn males has Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in the United States.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Glycerol Kinase Deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism that produces adrenal cortical insufficiency and adrenal atrophy. The major characteristics of this disorder are muscular weakness and developmental delays. The muscle atrophy seen in Glycerol Kinase Deficiency is almost indistinguishable from that in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Many patients have muscle wasting and weakness with elevated creatine kinase levels that can be identified through laboratory tests.
Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy is a rare form of muscular dystrophy that is present at birth. The initial symptoms of this disorder in the infant may be a generalized "floppiness" and lack of muscle tone (hypotonia). Later muscular weakness may make the child prone to falling and stumbling. Early motor development and milestone achievements may be minimally delayed. As a rule, walking becomes normal later in life, but physical activities may be hampered. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is symptomatic and supportive. Physical therapy and orthopedic devices can alleviate some of the symptoms of this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
The gene that is defective in people with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy appears to serve as the blueprint for the manufacture of the protein dystrophin in muscle tissue. Symptoms occur when dystrophin is completely absent from the muscles. With this knowledge, scientists are investigating how to replace dystrophin in the body of people with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
Scientists are studying the use of the corticosteroid drug, prednisone, as a treatment for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Preliminary results suggest that prednisone improves muscle strength in patients affected by this disorder. It is not yet clear whether prolonged treatment with corticosteroids will be safe and effective since these drugs can have severe side effects.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3561 E. Sunrise Dr.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Nattrass House
35 Macaulay Road
London, England SW4 OQP
01-720-8055
Society for Muscular Dystrophy International
P.O. Box 479
Bridgewater, Nova Scotia, Canada B4V 2X6
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
800-336-GENE
301-652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1916-1922.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2253-2255.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.; Raymond D. Adams, M.D. and Maurice Victor, M.D., Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, 1989. Pp. 118-121.
RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND SIX-MONTH TRIAL OF PREDNISONE IN DUCHENNE'S
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. J.R. Mendell, et al.; new Eng J of Med (June 15, 1989, issue 320(24)). Pp. 1592-1597.
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne+(
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
590: Muscular Dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
EMD
Rigid Spine Syndrome
Dreifuss-Emery Type Muscular Dystrophy With Contractures
Tardive Muscular Dystrophy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy is a rare, often slowly progressive form of muscular dystrophy affecting the muscles of the arms, legs, face, neck, spine and heart. Major symptoms may include muscle wasting and weakness particularly in the elbows, Achilles tendons, and upper back muscles as well as the heart.
Symptoms
Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy is usually first noticed in early childhood, around the age of four or five, with the onset of slowly progressive muscle weakness in the legs causing the child to walk on the toes. Shoulder muscles eventually show a marked weakness and walking takes on a characteristic waddle. Later the neck may be involved and the spine may become rigid. Heart problems are a very prominent feature and may result in serious complications.
Causes
The cause of Emery-Dreifuss is thought to be a defective gene and it is inherited as an X-linked trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.) Recently, however, a new form of the disease has appeared that affects females with very similar symptoms to those of Emery-Dreifuss. This may suggest more than one mode of inheritance.
Affected Population
Emery-Dreifuss is a very rare disorder affecting males almost exclusively.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Emery-Dreifuss. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is characterized by damage to muscle fibers. It starts in very early childhood or even before birth, but visible symptoms of weakness generally do not appear before the age of two or three. Neck muscles and the large muscles of the legs and the lower trunk are the first to be affected. Over a period of several years, muscle wasting progresses to the upper trunk and the arms, eventually involving all the major muscle groups. Usually around the age of eight or nine, the child is no longer able to stand or walk. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy has an X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance affecting boys almost exclusively. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Duchenne" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Myotonic Dystrophy is an inherited disorder involving the muscles, vision, and endocrine glands. It may also produce mental deficiency and loss of hair. It usually begins during young adulthood and is marked initially by an inability to relax muscles after contraction. Loss of muscle strength, mental deficiency, cataracts, reduction of testicular function, and frontal baldness are also symptomatic of this disorder. Tripping, falling, difficulty in moving the neck, lack of facial expression and a nasal sounding voice are among many symptoms that can result from selective muscle involvement. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Myotonic Dystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Becker Muscular Dystrophy is a late onset, X-linked, type of muscular atrophy. Usually developing in young men during their twenties or thirties, it has a slowly progressive, relatively mild course.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Emery-Dreifuss may include physical therapy and active and passive exercise. Agencies which provide services to handicapped people and their families may be of benefit. In the case of serious heart involvement cardiac pacemakers are usually implanted and treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs may become necessary. Genetic counseling will be of benefit to families affected by this disorder. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Heart transplantation has been attempted in Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy patients with serious cases of heart involvement. More research is required to determine the long-term outcome of this procedure on patients with this form of muscular dystrophy.
Clinical trials are underway to define the functionally impaired cardiac and skeletal muscle physiology and the cardiac status of carrier females. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Louis J. Elsas, II, M.D.
Emory University, Division of Medical Genetics
2040 Ridgewood Drive
Atlanta, GA 30322
(404) 727-5863
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3300 E. Sunrise Dr.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Nattrass House
35 Macaulay Road
London, England SW4 0QP
01-720-8055
Society for Muscular Dystrophy International
P.O. Box 479
Bridgewater, Nova Scotia, Canada B4V 2X6
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp.1432-1433.
X-LINKED MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY WITH EARLY CONTRACTURES AND CARDIOMYOPATHY
(EMERY-DREIFUSS TYPE). A. E. Emery, Clin Genet (November, 1987, issue 32 (5)). Pp. 360-367.
CARDIOLOGIC EVALUATION IN A FAMILY WITH EMERY-DREIFUSS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. G.
Pinelli, et al.; G. Ital Cardiol (July, 1987, issue 17 7)). Pp. 589-593.
LETHAL CARDIAC CONDUCTION DEFECTS IN EMERY-DREIFUSS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY.
A. H. Oswald, et al.; S Aft Med J (October, 1987, issue 72 (8) ). Pp. 567-570.
Muscular Dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss
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Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
921: Muscular Dystrophy, Fukuyama Type
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Fukuyama Type Muscular Dystrophy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cerebromuscular Dystrophy, Fukuyama Type
FCMD
Fukuyama Disease
Micropolygyria With Muscular Dystrophy
Muscular Dystrophy, Congenital With Central Nervous System Involvement
Muscular Dystrophy, Congenital Progressive With Mental Retardation
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Fukuyama Type Muscular Dystrophy is a rare form of Muscular Dystrophy that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Symptoms of this disorder begin before the age of nine months and include mental retardation, loss of muscle tone or tension and weakness of the muscles. This disorder is predominantly found in Japan.
Symptoms
Patients with Fukuyama Type Muscular Dystrophy are floppy at birth and usually have problems sucking and swallowing. They have a weak cry and there is a loss of muscle tone as well as weakness of the muscles. The joints in the knees and elbows may be in a fixed position (contractures) and reflexes of the tendons are poor. Few patients with this form of Muscular Dystrophy learn to walk.
Mental retardation is found in all patients and some have seizures. A sunken chest, and a severe form of grand mal seizures called Status Epilepticus has been found in a few patients with Fukuyama Type Muscular Dystrophy.
Causes
Fukuyama Type Muscular Dystrophy is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Fukuyama Type Muscular Dystrophy affects males slightly more often than females. This form of Muscular Dystrophy has been found in Japan almost exclusively. In recent years there have been a few Caucasian cases reported in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Fukuyama Type Muscular Dystrophy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy is a congenital form of Muscular Dystrophy. The precise cause of Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy is not known. However, the disorder may be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. This disorder manifests itself in early childhood and may first appear as a floppiness in infancy. This is followed by frequent falling and stumbling which is associated with a mild muscular weakness and generalized loss of muscle tone (hypotonia). Although walking usually becomes normal later in life, there may be a residual handicap in the performance of physical activities. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is the most rapidly progressive form of muscular dystrophy and one of the most common. This muscle-wasting disorder, which affects boys almost exclusively, typically has it's onset between the ages of two and five and progresses rapidly. For a brief period, between ages three and seven, the child's natural growth and development may produce a deceptive improvement in this condition. But muscle degeneration continues, resulting in weakness that advances rapidly after the age of eight or nine. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Patients with Fukuyama Type Muscular Dystrophy may benefit from physical therapy to help prevent joints from becoming fixed.
For patients who have seizures, anti-convulsant drugs such as phenytoin, valproic acid, phenobarbitol, clonazepam, ethusuximide, primidone, corticotropin, and corticosteroid drugs are all being used to help prevent and control seizures. (For more information on seizures choose "Epilepsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
For patients who have Grand Mal Status Epliepticus, the orphan drug Fosphentoin is being tested. This experimental drug is manufactured by Warner-Lambert Co., 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor., MI, 48105.
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future. The genes that cause several types of muscular dystrophy have been identified, and scientists are studying ways to replace the proteins manufactured by these genes in the muscles of people with muscular dystrophy.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Fukuyama Type Muscular Dystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3300 E. Sunrise Dr.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Nattrass House
35 Macaulay Road
London, England SW4 OQP
01-720-8055
Society For Muscular Dystrophy International
P.O. Box 479
Bridgewater, Nova Scotia, Canada B4V 2X6
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914)-728-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. P. 1357.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. P. 1182.
Muscular Dystrophy, Fukuyama Type
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#Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
911: Muscular Dystrophy, Landouzy-Dejerine
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Landouzy-Dejerine Muscular Dystrophy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Facio-scapulo-humeral Dystrophy
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy, Infantile
FMD
FSHD
Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Central Core Disease
Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome
Scapuloperoneal Myopathy
Nemaline Myopathy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Landouzy-Dejerine Muscular Dystrophy is a neuromuscular disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Weakness of the facial muscles giving a mask-like appearance as well as weakness of the shoulder girdle typically appear anytime during the first two decades of life. The amount of muscle weakness can vary from slight to severe. A more severe form of Landouzy-Dejerine Muscular Dystrophy is apparent during infancy and has a rapid progression.
Symptoms
Landouzy-Dejerine Muscular Dystrophy is characterized by muscle weakness of the face and shoulder girdle. The amount of muscle weakness can be slight, slowly progressive, rapidly progressive or there can be a few muscles that cannot move at all.
Initially weakness of the facial muscles may cause the patient to have trouble blowing or puckering the lips. As the muscle weakness becomes more severe, a mask-like facial expression develops and the patient cannot close the eyes while sleeping.
When the shoulder girdle becomes affected it becomes difficult to lift the arms above the head. The muscles of the neck and shoulder blade become weak and waste away. Some patients may eventually not be able to raise their arms to eye level.
Landouzy-Dejerine Muscular Dystrophy can vary in how the symptoms manifest themselves even among related family members, and progression of the muscle weakness can vary widely between patients.
Some patients may have: a condition in which the wrist is flexed down and cannot be flexed up (wrist-drop); affected muscles of the hip girdle; forward curvature of the spine; a condition in which the foot is flexed down and cannot voluntarily be flexed up (foot drop); sensorineural hearing loss; abnormalities of the blood vessels in the retina of the eye; and/or part or all of certain muscles missing at birth.
A more severe form of Landouzy-Dejerine Muscular Dystrophy is present during infancy. This form of the disorder progresses rapidly causing severe weakness of the muscles and the inability to walk by the age of ten years.
Causes
Landouzy-Dejerine Muscular Dystrophy is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Landouzy-Dejerine Muscular Dystrophy is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. The incident rate varies among different locations and ethnic groups. There has been a high incidence of people in Utah and southern Germany afflicted with Landouzy-Dejerine Muscular Dystrophy.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Landouzy-Dejerine Muscular Dystrophy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Central Core Disease is an inherited muscular disorder characterized by weakness of muscles during childhood. The thigh and upper arm muscles are weak and soft, with diminished tone. The legs are usually most severely affected. This disorder does not progress and by about the age of six years, most children can walk. Central Core Disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Central Core Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome is a rare inherited disorder. Major symptoms may include wasting and weakness in the muscles of the arms and legs, twitching, clumsiness in walking, and eventually loss of reflexes. This disorder usually appears during the first ten to twenty years of life. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Scapuloperoneal Myopathy is a genetic disorder characterized by a weakness and wasting of muscles. Symptoms are usually limited to the shoulder blade area (scapula) and the smaller of the two leg muscle groups below the knee (peroneal). Facial muscles may be affected in a few cases. The leg symptoms often appear before the shoulder muscles become weakened. Progression rates vary between cases. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Scapuloperoneal Myopathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Nemaline Myopathy is a hereditary muscular disease characterized by weakness and "floppiness" of skeletal muscles. This disorder is evident from birth. Thighs and upper arms are thin and extremely weak along with the muscles of the trunk. Muscle tone is very poor, the muscles are soft and the child seems "floppy". (For more information on this disorder, choose "Nemaline Myopathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Physical therapy may help prevent contractures in patients with Landouzy-Dejerine Muscular Dystrophy. Orthopedic devices may be helpful depending on the extent of the disability.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Landouzy-Dejerine Muscular Dystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3300 E. Sunrise Dr.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Nattrass House
35 Macaulay Road
London, England SW4 OQP
01-720-8055
Society for Muscular Dystrophy International
P.O. Box 479
Bridgewater, Nova Scotia, Canada B4V 2X6
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914)-428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 626-7.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1183-4.
A CLINICALLY HOMOGENEOUS GROUP OF FAMILIES WITH FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL
(LANDOUZY-DEJERINE) MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY: LINKAGE ANALYSIS OF SIX AUTOSOMES:
S.J. Jacobsen, et al.; Am J Hum Genet (September, 1990, issue 47(3)). Pp. 376-88.
Muscular Dystrophy, Landouzy-Dejerine
d fo9$
<$pagetitle
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%Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
904: Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Erb Muscular Dystrophy
Leyden-Moebius Muscular Dystrophy
LGMD
Muscular Dystrophy I
Pelvofemoral Muscular Dystrophy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome
Muscular Dystrophy, Becker
Myopathy, Scapuloperoneal
Polymyositis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy is a rare disorder that may be inherited as an autosomal recessive or, in rare cases, an autosomal dominant trait. This disorder is characterized by weakness and wasting of the muscles of the hip and shoulders. The symptoms of Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy may first occur during childhood, the second decade of life or during middle age. The muscle weakness may spread from the upper limbs to the lower limbs or vice versa, and it typically progresses slowly although some patients experience a rapid progression of the disorder.
Symptoms
The major symptoms of Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy are a progressive wasting and weakness of the muscles of the hip and shoulder areas. This weakness may spread from the upper limbs to the lower limbs or vice versa. Typically the progression of Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy varies although severe disability in walking is usually seen within twenty to thirty years of onset.
The first sign of the disorder is usually difficulty in walking up the stairs or lifting the hands above the head.
The long muscles that stretch over the bone of the upper arm and forearm, and the muscles just under the skin on the thumb side of the forearm are weaker than the large muscles that run along the entire length of the back of the upper arm.
Some patients with Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy may also develop: neck muscle weakness and fixed joints (contractures) in later stages of the disorder; muscles that become swollen with deposits of fat and fiber-like tissue (pseudohypertrophy); and/or severe lower back pain.
Causes
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy is a rare form of muscular dystrophy which may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait or in some rare cases an autosomal recessive trait.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. Typically this disorder is detected between the ages of ten and twenty-five. A large affected Swiss family has been reported as well as a group of affected patients in Scotland.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Becker Muscular Dystrophy is a rare muscular disorder inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. This disorder is characterized by wasting of the muscles usually during the second or third decade of life. This slowly progressive disorder affects males almost exclusively. Muscles of the hips and shoulders are weakened, walking abnormalities develop, and mild mental retardation may be present. Eventually, other more severe symptoms may involve the heart and lungs. (For more information on this disorder choose "Becker Muscular Dystrophy as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome is a rare disorder that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Major symptoms of this disorder may include wasting and weakness in the muscles of the arms and legs, twitching, clumsiness in walking and eventual loss of reflexes. This disorder is not apparent at birth but usually appears during the first ten to twenty years of life. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Polymyositis is a systemic connective tissue disorder characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes in the muscles, leading to weakness and some degree of muscle atrophy. The areas mainly affected are the hip, shoulder and chest muscle. The symptoms of this disorder may start gradually or suddenly and often wax and wane for no apparent reason. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Polymyositis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Scapuloperoneal Myopathy is a genetic disorder thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. This disorder is characterized by a weakness and wasting of muscles. Symptoms are usually limited to the shoulder blade area and the smaller of the two leg muscle groups below the knee (peroneal). Facial muscles may be affected in a few rare cases. The leg symptoms often appear before the shoulder muscles become weakened. Progression rate varies between cases. This disorder may also occur in combination with several other disorders. (For more information on this disorder choose "Scapuloperoneal Myopathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Patients with Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy may benefit from physical therapy and support and bracing of weak joints or muscles (orthotics).
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
Since the genes for several types of muscular dystrophy have been identified by scientists, it is recommended that patients with Limb-Girdle MD receive genetic counseling in order to rule out diagnosis of other forms of muscular dystrophy.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3300 E. Sunrise DR.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Strokes (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Nattrass House
35 Macaulay Road
London, England SW4 OQP
01-720-8055
Society for Muscular Dystrophy International
P.O. Box 479
Bridgewater, Nova Scotia, Canada B4V 2X6
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 627, 1356.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1184-5.
CLINICAL AND GENETIC INVESTIGATION IN AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT LIMB-GIRDLE
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY: J.M. Gilchrist, et al.; Neurology (January, 1988, issue 38(1)). Pp. 5-9.
Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle
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904: Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle
04024.TXT
)Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
905: Muscular Dystrophy, Oculo-Gastrointestinal
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Oculo-Gastrointestinal Muscular Dystrophy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Intestinal Pseudoobstruction with External Ophthalmoplegia
Oculogastrointestinal Muscular Dystrophy
Ophthalmoplegia-Intestinal Pseudoobstruction
Viceral Myopathy-External Ophthalmoplegia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Intestinal Pseudoobstruction
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
Muscular Dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive External
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Oculo-Gastrointestinal Muscular Dystrophy is a very rare form of muscular dystrophy that affects females more often than males. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The major characteristics of this disorder are droopy eyelids (ptosis), loss of movement of the external muscles of the eye (external ophthalmoplegia), and a progressive condition in which the intestinal walls are unable to contract normally causing abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and malabsorption of nutrients (progressive intestinal pseudo-obstruction).
Symptoms
Symptoms of Oculo-Gastrointestinal Muscular Dystrophy may be apparent during childhood or may not appear until late adulthood. Patients with childhood onset tend to have a rapid progression of the disorder while patients with the adult onset type usually have a milder course.
The main symptoms of this disorder are droopy eyelids, loss of movement of the external muscles of the eye (external ophthalmoplegia), and a progressive condition in which the intestinal walls are unable to contract normally (progressive intestinal pseudo-obstruction).
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction is a digestive disorder in which the intestinal walls do not contract normally (peristalsis) and consequently food does not move forward normally through the digestive tract. This problem is often presumed to be caused by an intestinal obstruction, but no such blockage exists. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, malabsorption of nutrients leading to weight loss and/or (in infants) failure to thrive, enlargement of various parts of the small intestine or bowel and/or vomiting may occur.
Other symptoms found in some patients with Oculo-Gastrointestinal Muscular Dystrophy may be: weakness of the sides of the face; swelling and wasting of the nerves on the sides of the body, hands and feet; diminished sensitivity to stimulation and/or a decrease in deep tendon reflexes.
Causes
Oculo-Gastrointestinal Muscular Dystrophy is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Oculo-Gastrointestinal Muscular Dystrophy is a very rare disorder that affects females more often than males with a ratio of six females to every one male. This disorder may occur at birth or symptoms may first occur during the fifth decade of life.
There have been approximately seven cases of this type of muscular dystrophy reported in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Oculo-Gastrointestinal Muscular Dystrophy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Intestinal Pseudoobstruction is a digestive disorder that may occur with no known cause or as a component of various other disorders such as Scleroderma, Myxedema, Amyloidosis, Muscular Dystrophy, Hypokalemia, Chronic Renal Failure, or Diabetes Mellitus. Drug toxicity as result of anticholinergic drugs and opiate narcotics may also cause Intestinal Pseudoobstruction. Symptoms are thought to be caused by paralysis of the intestines or abnormalities of the nerves in the intestinal wall. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Intestinal Pseudoobstruction" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by paralysis of the eye, face and mouth muscles in combination with vision and hearing deficits. The heart muscle is always involved and in some patients brain function can be affected. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Kearns-Sayre Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy is a rare disorder that typically presents itself during the fourth to eighth decades and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Symptoms of this disorder are drooping of the upper eyelids, progressive difficulty in swallowing, weakness of the muscles of the throat and eventually, weakness of the muscles of the shoulder and pelvic girdles. Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy affects males and females equally.
Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia is a rare disorder in which there is drooping of both upper eyelids. This is followed by the loss of movement of the eye (ophthalmoplegia). Patients eventually develop a backward tilt of the head in order to compensate for the eye problems. This disorder is often associated with diabetes mellitus, hypoparathyroidism, hyperaldosteronism, thyroid disease, ataxia, spasticity, degeneration of the retina and other disorders. Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia can be a symptom of another disorder or it may be inherited.
Therapies: Standard
In severe cases of Intestinal Pseudoobstruction patients may require long-term parenteral or enteral nutrition. In parenteral feeding a patient is fed through a tube directly into the veins (intravenous), beneath the skin, into a muscle, or into the bone marrow of the spinal cord. Enteral feeding involves being fed through a tube directly into the stomach.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
The orphan drug cisapride, which induces motility in the intestines (peristalsis) is being tested for treatment of Intestinal Pseudoobstruction. Further testing is required since results have not been fully documented for all but the most severe cases of Intestinal Pseudoobstruction. The drug is manufactured by Janssen Pharmaceutica. For more information, physicians can contact:
Pediatric Gastrointestinal Motility Center
Dr. Paul Hyman, Chief
Harbor UCLA Medical Center
1124 W. Carson St., Trailer C-1
Torrance, CA 90502
Research on birth defects, inherited disorders and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future. The genes that cause several types of muscular dystrophy have been identified, and scientists are studying ways to replace the proteins manufactured by these genes in the muscles of people with muscular dystrophy.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Oculo-Gastrointestinal Muscular Dystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3300 E. Sunrise Dr.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Nattrass House
35 Macaulay Road
London, England SW4 OQP
01-720-8055
Society for Muscular Dystrophy International
P.O. Box 479
Bridgewater, Nova Scotia, Canada B4V 2X6
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
American Society of Adults with Pseudoobstruction
19 Carrol Rd.
Woburn, MA 01801
(617) 938-7571
North American Pediatric Pseudoobstruction Society
16 Mammmola Way
Medford, MA 02155
(617) 395-4255
For information on Parenteral or Enteral Nutrition, contact:
PEN Parent Education Network
203 Brookfield Dr.
Straford, WI 54484
(715) 687-4551
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1526.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1185-6.
OCULOGASTROINTESTINAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY: V. Ionasescu, Am J Med Genet (May, 1983, issue 15(1)). Pp. 103-12.
Muscular Dystrophy, Oculo-Gastrointestinal
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905: Muscular Dystrophy, Oculo-Gastrointestinal
04025.TXT
` [ Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
654: Mutism, Elective
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Elective Mutism) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
EM
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Aphasia
Pervasive Developmental Disorder
Autism
Developmental Expressive Language Disorder
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Elective Mutism is a rare psychiatric condition of childhood characterized by the refusal to speak in social situations. Ability to understand spoken language and to speak is usually not impaired. Excessive shyness, anxiety, depression, and controlling manipulative behavior may also occur.
Symptoms
Children with elective mutism most commonly refuse to speak at school, but usually talk normally at home. Less commonly, they refuse to speak in nearly all social situations. They may communicate by gestering, nodding their heads, or uttering sounds or one-syllable words.
Elective mutes may be excessively shy, socially isolated and withdrawn. Clinging, anxious, and depressed behavior may also occur. They may refuse to go to school, throw temper tantrums, and be manipulative. They may also refuse to do, do the opposite of, or do something else when asked to perform task (negativism).
Functioning in school and social situations may be impaired. Elective mutes commonly are compliant, reticent, and almost 'frozen' around strangers.
In most cases this condition lasts only a few weeks or months; however, a few have continued for several years.
Causes
Particular personal and family characteristics may contribute to the appearance of Elective Mutism. Children can be susceptible to Elective Mutism if they have recently immigrated, been hospitalized or traumatized at a young age, been socially isolated, have an underlying language or speech disorder or problem, or are mentally retarded. Elective mutes may come from families that are extremely shy and reserved. The term 'elective' means that these children choose not to speak rather than becoming mute due to an underlying physical abnormality.
Affected Population
Elective Mutism usually occurs before age five; however, it may only become evident with entry into school. This disorder is slightly more common in females than in males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Elective Mutism. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Delayed speech and language development can be signs of a nervous system abnormality, a thinking/learning (cognitive) difficulty, or a hearing problem. This delayed development can also be signs of emotional, social, family, or behavioral problems. The possibility of abnormalities of tracheal ('windpipe') and laryngeal ('voice box') function or oral-motor development should be investigated by a physician.
Aphasia is a defect or loss of language function. Comprehension or expression of words is impaired as a result of injury to the language centers in the brain. The most common form of aphasia occurs in people who have had a stroke or head injury. However, it can also occur in children as a congenital disorder. The severity of the brain injury determines the extent of impairment. Severe damage may cause the patient not to understand any information related to language. Smaller injuries may cause selective language impairment.
Pervasive Developmental Disorders comprise a group of uncommon psychiatric disorders characterized by impairment in social skills, in the development of verbal and nonverbal communication skills, and in imaginative activity. There may be delays in developing intellectual skills, language and speech, posture and movements. The severity and type of these impairments vary greatly from child to child. The most well-known Pervasive Developmental Disorder is Autism.
Autism is a lifelong neurological disorder characterized by onset before 30 months of age, retarded development of communication and language, lack of normal response to people, and extreme sensitivity to changes in their environment. About 75% of Autistic children have lower than normal IQ's. Occasionally, a child shows distinct and unusual skills in music, mathematics, or in using spatial concepts. Children with Autism may have mild, moderate, or severe symptoms. Boys are affected four times more frequently than girls. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Autism" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Developmental Expressive Language Disorder is an uncommon disorder characterized by impairment in the development of expressive language. Language development is slow with speech beginning late and progressing slowly. Severe forms usually occur before age three. Less severe forms may not be evident until early adolescence.
Therapies: Standard
Initially, children with Elective Mutism should undergo extensive medical evaluation to rule out other possible causes. The evaluation should include hearing tests to assure that the child is not deaf.
Treatment of Elective Mutism consists of psychotherapy and behavior management. The therapies that may be effective in treating Elective Mutism are reinforcement conditioning, counter-conditioning, and shaping (successive approximations). Reinforcement conditioning consists of rewarding the patient when something has been done correctly. Counter-conditioning involves developing new behaviors that are not compatible with the undesirable behaviors. Shaping is a method for developing complex behaviors by progressively reinforcing simple behaviors that will eventually lead to the desired complex behavior. To maintain the positive changes that the Elective mute has learned through behavior modification, any family problems must be resolved.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Elective Mutism, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Elective Mutism Support Group
99-52 - 66th Road, 1J
Forest Hills, NY 11375
NIH/National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
(301) 443-4515 or (301) 496-1752
(800) 421-4211 (24 hrs.)
National Mental Health Association
1021 Prince Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
1901 N. Fort Meyer Dr., Suite 500
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 524-7600
National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse
311 S. Juniper St., Rm. 902
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 735-2481
References
DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, 3d.--Revised: R.L. Spitzer, et al., eds; American Psychiatric Association, 1987. Pp. 32-33, 38-39, 45, 87-88.
STRANGER REACTION AND ELECTIVE MUTISM IN YOUNG CHILDREN: M. Lesser-Katz; Am J Orthopsychiatry (July, 1986: issue 56(3)). Pp. 458-469.
A COMPARISON OF ELECTIVE MUTISM AND EMOTIONAL DISORDERS IN CHILDREN: R.
Wilkins; Br J Psychiatry (February, 1985: issue 146). Pp. 198-203.
SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN: D.C. Van Dyke, et al.; Am Fam Physician (May, 1984: issue 29(5)). Pp. 257-268.
Mutism, Elective_!
b!pagetitle
654: Mutism, Elective
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$Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
50: Myasthenia Gravis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Myasthenia Gravis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
ERB
Goldflam Disease
Myasthenia Gravis Pseudoparalytica
MG
Familial Infantile Myasthenia Gravis
Transitory Neonatal Myasthenia Gravis
Congenital Myasthenia Gravis
Generalized Myasthenia Gravis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a chronic neuromuscular disease characterized by weakness and abnormally rapid fatigue of the voluntary muscles, with improvement following rest. Any group of muscles may be affected, but those around the eyes and the muscles used for swallowing are the most commonly involved. They also are the most resistant to therapy.
Symptoms
The onset of Myasthenia Gravis may be sudden with severe generalized weakness, but more often the symptoms in early stages are subtle and the progression so gradual that the disease is not readily identified.
Symptoms vary depending upon which muscles are affected. The muscles most frequently involved in the early stages are those used in talking, swallowing, and chewing. The patients's voice tends to become nasal and during conversation may fade until almost unintelligible. Muscle weakness in the throat and neck area represents a significant danger gravis since food can accidentally become trapped in the trachea.
Weakness of the eye muscles, resulting in drooping eyelids (ptosis) and diplopia is also an early sign. The condition becomes worse in the afternoon or evening and improves in the morning or after rest. Similarly, weakness of the limbs is a frequent characteristic of myasthenia gravis, and is most pronounced after exercise and at the end of the day.
In the majority of cases, the course of the disease is punctuated with periods of greater and lesser weakness. Short term aggravation of symptoms can be provoked by a host of factors, including excessive physical activity, emotional upset, menstruation, and pregnancy. Complete spontaneous disappearance of symptoms has been reported in rare instances.
The most feared complication of the myasthenia gravis patient is a "crisis". The term is applied to sudden, severe muscle weakness and especially a weakness of muscles involved in respiration. Myasthenic crisis is considered to be a sudden increase in severity of the basic disease that may occur during menstruation, infection (such as flu), excessive physical activity, emotional upset, and pregnancy. Cholinergic crisis, which has similar symptoms, is caused by over-dosage of anticholinesterase agents.
Infants of mothers with myasthenia gravis sometimes have a transient form of the disease. Weakness is present at birth and lasts from 18 to 50 days with return of normal function.
Causes
Recent scientific evidence indicates that Myasthenia Gravis may be caused by an autoimmune reaction involving binding of antibodies to a membrane protein which obstructs nerve transmission in the muscles. This obstruction causes the muscles to become weaker with repetitive use. Autoimmune disorders occur when the body's natural defenses against invading organisms (antibodies), for unknown reasons, suddenly begin to attack perfectly tissue.
Affected Population
Approximately 100,000 people in the United States have myasthenia gravis.
Myasthenia gravis can strike any individual at any age at any time. Symptoms generally appear earlier in females, with a peak age of onset between 15 and 35 years, compared with 40 to 70 years in males. Generalized myasthenia gravis is more common in younger females and conversely, symptoms limited to the eye muscles are more frequent in older males. However, any form can appear at any age and in either sex.
Therapies: Standard
For nearly 40 years the anticholinesterase drugs, especially pyridostigmine and neostigmine, have been the mainstays of symptomatic relief. A patient's condition may worsen temporarily before improving.
Recently, scientists at the National Institute of Neurological and Disorders and Stroke are employing a new treatment for Myasthenia Gravis -long-term use of a high-single-dose, alternate-day oral prednisone regimen. This has proven extremely beneficial over long periods in a majority of patients treated. Patients over age 40, especially males, appear to respond best to this treatment.
A surgical procedure for removing the thymus ("thymectomy") has benefited a number of myasthenia gravis patients, many of whom were severely affected. Recent studies have led a number of physicians to believe that thymectomy should be performed routinely in most myasthenia gravis patients.
Certain drugs can provoke worsening of symptoms in the myasthenic patient and should be avoided. These include curare, quinidine and quinine. Occasionally quinine may be unknowingly self-administered in the form of tonic water from a gin and tonic. Other drugs that may aggravate MG symptoms are some of the antibiotics.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) has studied plasmapheresis as a treatment for Myasthenia Gravis. Plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) is a method for removing unwanted elements (toxins, metabolic substances, and plasma parts affected by disease) from the blood. It is performed by removing blood, separating the plasma from the other blood products, and replacing the plasma with clean human plasma.
In Myasthenia Gravis, the immune system appears to attack the transmitter nerves at the muscle and nerve junctions, nerve pathways and certain nerve endings (acetylcholine receptors). Plasmapheresis has been used successfully to strengthen patients before surgical removal of the thymus gland (thymectomy), and during the postoperative period. It can also be valuable in lessening symptoms during immune suppression drug treatment and during acute crisis attacks. However, more research is needed before plasmapheresis becomes a standard therapy, particularly because side effects of this treatment have not been fully evaluated. The effects of plasmapheresis are temporary, and it is not commonly used for routine treatment because of high cost and the effects tend to wear off after a short period of time.
Cyclosporine, a potent drug that suppresses the immune system, is being tested as a treatment for Myasthenia Gravis. Some patients have shown gains in strength after using this drug. However, more research is necessary before cyclosporine can be used as a standard treatment for this disorder.
Studies are being conducted in the use of Sandoglobulin and the immunosuppressant drug azathioprine as treatments for Myasthenia Gravis. Further investigation is needed to determine it's safety and effectiveness.
In 1990 the Office of Orphan Drug Product Development awarded a New Grant Award to Dr. Donald B. Sanders of Duke University of Duke University, Durham, NC for his work in the use of 3,4-DAP in the treatment of Myasthenia Gravis and Lambert-Eaton Syndrome.
Intravenous gamma globulin is being tested for treatment of Myasthenia Gravis; however, so far the effects are temporary.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Myasthenia Gravis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Myasthenia Gravis Foundation, Inc.
53 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 660
Chicago, IL 60604
(800) 541-5454
(312) 427-6252
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3300 E. Sunrise Dr.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
For more information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1449.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2285-7.
Myasthenia Gravis
&pagetitle
50: Myasthenia Gravis
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,Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
458: Mycosis Fungoides
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Mycosis Fungoides) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Granuloma Fungoides
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Vidal-Brocq Mycosis Fungoides
Information on the following disorders may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Eczema
Leprosy
Lichen Planus
Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner (Benign Lymphocytic Infiltrate of the Skin)
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mycosis Fungoides is a chronic progressive lymphocyte disorder arising in the skin. In advanced cases, ulcerated tumors and infiltration of lymph nodes by diseased cells may occur. The disorder may spread to other parts of the body including the gastrointestinal system, liver, spleen, or brain.
Symptoms
STAGE I:
The first sign of Mycosis Fungoides is usually generalized itching (pruritus), and pain in the affected area of the skin. Sleeplessness (insomnia) may also occur. Red (erythematous) patches scattered over the skin of the trunk and the extremities appear. These lesions may resemble other skin disorders such as Psoriasis, Parapsoriasis, Lichen Planus, or Eczema.
STAGE II:
The second stage is called the plaque or infiltrating stage. Bluish red plaques develop which are initially small and elevated. The plaques may enlarge and run together resembling a skin disorder known as exfoliative dermatitis. The lymph nodes may develop another disorder (lipomelanotic reticulosis), characterized by abnormal development of cells called macrophages, and black colored fatty tissue. Additionally, inflammation of the lymph nodes (lymphadenitis) may occur.
STAGE III:
The third stage is the fungoid or tumor stage. Tumors appear resembling mushrooms which are round or lobulated. Lesions are 1 to 15 cm (1/2 to 6 inches) in diameter, bluish or red-brown in color, with ulcerations. Skin layers may thicken and atypical lymphoid cells may infiltrate the upper skin layer in bands. These cells may also infiltrate the clear spaces in the lower skin layers causing necrosis.
STAGE IV:
This disorder may next spread throughout the body, marked by fever, weight loss, and anemia. There may be gastrointestinal involvement with or without ulceration of the intestines. The liver and spleen may become enlarged. Coughing and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) may also occur. The heart muscle may also be affected. If the brain is involved, eye pain and loss of clear vision may occur.
Causes
The exact cause of Mycosis Fungoides is not known. It is probably a malignant growth of lymph tissue (lymphoma) originating in the skin, or possibly a young blood cell (reticulum cell) lymphoma.
Affected Population
Mycosis Fungoides rarely occurs before age 40. It affects males twice as often as females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following skin disorders may resemble those of Mycosis Fungoides. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus is a chronic and recurrent autoimmune disorder primarily affecting the skin. It is characterized by sharply circumscribed spots (macules) and plaques displaying redness (erythema), plugging of follicles, scales, vascular lesions (telangiectasia), and wasting (atrophy). There are two varieties: one with lesions above the chin, the other with or without facial involvement but causing skin lesions on the rest of the body. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lupus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Eczema (dermatitis) is a common superficial inflammation of the skin, characterized by extremely dry and cracked skin with blisters (when acute), redness, swelling, oozing, crusting, and scaling. It is usually itchy and commonly associated with allergies.
Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) is a chronic infectious disorder caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium leprae). It tends to occur in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Skin, mucous membranes, eyes and peripheral nerves may be involved. Nerve damage can result in loss of sensation and movement in the face, hands and feet. This in turn can lead to crippling and disfigurement. Blindness may result from eye complications. The prognosis with treatment is good. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Leprosy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Lichen Planus is a recurrent, itchy, inflammatory eruption of the skin which is characterized by small separate, angular spots that may flow together into rough scaly patches. It is often accompanied by lesions in the mouth. Women are most commonly affected by the disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lichen Planus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner (Benign Lymphocytic Infiltrate of the Skin) is a skin disorder characterized by benign accumulations of lymph cells in the skin, whereas Mycosis Fungoides is a malignant infiltration of lymph cells. These small lesions are solid, pink or red, and appear on itchy and reddened areas of the face, neck and/or back. Lesions may remain unchanged and then spontaneously resolve after several years, leaving no scars.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of lymph cells from the lymph nodes and tissues. These cells infiltrate the bone marrow and replace the normal blood forming elements. The disorder, almost three times more common in males than in females, occurs chiefly between the ages of 50 to 70, but may occur at any age.
Parapsoriasis Lichenoides Chronica (Parapsoriasis Varioliformis Chronica) is a relatively benign, chronic, scaly skin disorder characterized by elevated spots (papules). It may occur at any age and is not easily treatable. (For more information, choose "Psoriasis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Sezary Syndrome (Sezary Reticulosis Syndrome; Sezary Erythroderma) is a generalized redness of the skin (erythroderma) in which areas of the skin fall off in scales. It is caused by infiltration of the skin by young blood (reticular) cells. The disorder is associated with intense itching, loss of hair, swelling, and overdevelopment of the horn layer of the skin (hyperkeratosis). Changes in skin pigment, fingernails, and toe nails may occur. Bone marrow and lymph nodes are normal in patients with this disorder but abnormal young red blood cells may often be found.
Therapies: Standard
Mycosis Fungoides may be treated with electron beam radiation, local application of the cytotoxic alkylating drug mechlorethamine and psoralen. Ultraviolet A (PUVA) radiation or exposure to sunlight may also be helpful.
Therapies: Investigational
In advanced stages of Mycosis Fungoides, injections into the muscles with high-dose recombinant leukocyte A interferon was tested in clinical trials. Initial results indicate this treatment may be effective. Side effects can be reduced by lowering the dosage. However, more research is needed before this treatment can be approved for safe, general use.
Cyclosporine (Sandimmune) may be of potential benefit for treating a number of dermatologic diseases. These include Pemphigus and Bullous Pemphigoid, Posterior Uveitis and Behcet's Syndrome, collagen vascular disorders such as severe Dermatomyositis, Sjogren's Syndrome, and Scleroderma, Mycosis Fungoides, and Alopecia Areata. Certain types of skin grafts have also shown improvement after cyclosporine treatment, in some cases. However, this drug may also be associated with severe and life-threatening side effects which would limit its use in many patients.
Careful monitoring of this drug by a physician is necessary to guard against possible toxic side effects. Relapses can occur when the drug is discontinued. More research is needed before cyclosporine can be recommended as a treatment for all but the most severe cases of the disorders listed above. Even for the most severe cases its use is still experimental, and long-term effects are unknown.
The orphan drug Methotrexate USP with Laurocapram has received approval for testing from the FDA in the treatment of Mycosis Fungoides. The drug is manufactured by Whitby Research, Inc., Richmond, VA.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Mycosis Fungoides, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Mycosis Fungoides Network
Dept. of Dermatology, Pavillion A-3
U C Medical Center
Cincinnati, OH 45267-0523
(513) 558-4644
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
The Skin Cancer Foundation
475 Park Ave. South
New York, NY 10016
(212) 725-5176
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with many types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
References
ALPHA-INTERFERON TREATMENT OF CUTANEOUS T CELL LYMPHOMA AND CHRONIC
LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: K.A. Foon, et al.; Semin Oncol (December 1986: issue 13(4 Suppl 5)). Pp. 35-39.
COMBINED TOTAL BODY ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION AND CHEMOTHERAPY FOR
MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES: I.M. Braverman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (January 1987: issue 16 (1 Pt 1)). Pp. 45-60.
CUTANEOUS MALIGNANCIES AND METASTATIC SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA FOLLOWING
TOPICAL THERAPIES FOR MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES: E.A. Abel, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (June 1986: issue 14(6)). Pp. 1029-1038.
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806: Meningitis, Tuberculous
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** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Meningitis, Tuberculous) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Tuberculous Meningitis
TBM
Information on the following disorders may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Meningitis
Encephalitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) is a form of meningitis caused by a specific bacteria known as Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Meningitis is characterized by inflammation of the membranes (meninges) around the brain or spinal cord. This inflammation can begin suddenly (acute) or develop gradually (subacute). In Tuberculous Meningitis, the disorder develops gradually. Symptoms may include fever, headache, and a stiff neck, sometimes with aching muscles. Nausea, vomiting and other symptoms may occur. Treatment with antibiotics and other drugs is usually effective against the infection.
Symptoms
Tuberculous Meningitis involves the central nervous system. Headaches and behavioral changes may be noticed initially. Fever, headache, a stiff neck, and vomiting may also occur. Symptoms among older children and adults may progress from irritability to confusion, drowsiness, and stupor, possibly leading to coma.
Untreated, this disorder can lead to seizures, "communicating hydrocephalus" (accumulation of fluid in the brain cavity), deafness, mental retardation, paralysis of one side of the body (hemiparesis) and other neurological abnormalities. (For more information on communicating hydrocephalus, choose "hydrocephalus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Testing for Tuberculous Meningitis may include imaging techniques such as CT scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diagnosis is made by examination of the cerebrospinal fluid.
Causes
Tuberculous Meningitis is a rare complication that occurs in some patients who have or have had tuberculosis (TB), especially miliary tuberculosis. It can also occur in people who have been exposed to the bacteria that causes TB. This form of meningitis is caused by a specific bacteria known as Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. (For more information on tuberculosis, choose "tuberculosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Affected Population
Tuberculous Meningitis is a rare complication that occurs in some patients who have or have had tuberculosis (TB), or were exposed to the TB bacteria. It is usually found in children aged one to five years although it may occur at any age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may resemble those of Tuberculous Meningitis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
In general, Meningitis is characterized by inflammation of the membranes (meninges) around the brain or spinal cord. This inflammation may be caused by different types of bacteria, viruses, fungi, malignant tumors, or reactions to certain injections into the spinal canal. (For more information on other forms of meningitis, choose "meningitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Encephalitis is a brain infection. There are different types of this disorder which are caused by different types of viruses. Encephalitis may also be caused by hypersensitivity initiated by a virus or other protein that is foreign to the body. Symptoms may include headache, drowsiness, hyperactivity, and/or general weakness. This disorder may have some symptoms similar to those of Meningitis such as a stiff neck, altered reflexes, confusion, speech disorders, convulsions, paralysis and coma. (For more information choose "Encephalitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Meningitis is usually treated with antibiotic drugs used against the bacteria causing the infection. These may include isoniazid, rifampin, streptomycin, and ethambutol. Treatment should last for at least 9 months to one year. Corticosteroid drugs such as prednisone may also be of benefit.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tuberculous Meningitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1691.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1497, 1502.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp, and Dohme Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 121-122.
Gd-DTPA-ENHANCED MR IMAGING OF THE BRAIN IN PATIENTS WITH MENINGITIS: COMPARISON WITH CT. K. H. Chang, et al.; AJR Am J Roentgenol (April 1990; issue 154 (4)). Pp. 809-816.
TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS IN CHILDREN: TREATMENT WITH ISONIAZID AND
RIFAMPICIN FOR TWELVE MONTHS. P. Visudhiphan and S. Chiemchanya; J Pediatr (May 1989; issue 114 (5)). Pp. 875-879.'
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916: Meningococcemia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Meningococcemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Meningococcal Disease
Meningococcemia-Meningitis
Disorder Subdivisions:
Fulminant Meningococcemia (also known as Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome)
Chronic Meningococcemia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
Acute Vasculitis
Rheumatic Fever
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Bacterial Endocarditis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Meningococcemia is an infectious disease that occurs rarely. However, there are years when epidemics of the illness occur. Major symptoms may include upper respiratory tract infection, fever, skin rash and lesions, eye and ear problems and possibly shock (a sudden state of extreme physical depression which could cause a life-threatening situation).
Symptoms
Meningococcemia is characterized by sudden intense headache, nausea, fever, vomiting, skin rash and in cases associated with meningitis, a stiff neck. The patient may first complain of an upper respiratory infection. Chills may develop, then skin rash on the arms or legs and the trunk. Diarrhea may also be present. Later the rash may become widespread or develop into bleeding spots under the skin (petechiae, ecchymoses, or purpura). There may be associated swelling, muscle pain, skin deterioration or gangrene in the arms and legs. Pneumonia may also develop along with the other symptoms if the person has a suppressed immune system.
In cases where meningitis occurs along with meningococcemia, the patient may have the symptoms listed above along with the combination of headache, confusion, stiff neck, and muscle pain from irritation of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meningismus). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Meningitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Disorder Subdivision
Fulminant Meningococcemia is also known as Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome and is the most severe form of the disorder. The disease comes on very suddenly and the progression of the symptoms is very rapid. In less than a few hours the patient has very high fever, chills, weakness, vomiting and severe headache. A red rash appears on the arms and legs and spreads very quickly over the body including the eyes and nose. The patient's blood pressure may drop dangerously and the fever may also drop dramatically. The patient may go into shock. Without immediate medical treatment this disorder can be life-threatening.
Chronic Meningococcemia is a rarer form of the disease. It is characterized by fever that comes and goes over a period of weeks or months. Muscle and joint pain with headache as well as a skin rash may also come and go. This form of the disorder may also include an enlarged spleen.
Causes
Meningococcemia is caused by infection with the meningococci bacteria (Neisseria memingitidis) which are gram-negative diplococci bacteria. There are various groups of this bacteria that cause different forms of the disease and they are grouped by strains A,B,C,D,X,Y,Z, 29E and W135. These groups can be identified by testing the blood, scrapings of the skin rash and samples of the cerebrospinal fluid of the patient. Testing may take up to five days as the cultures are very slow growing.
Infection with the bacteria is usually caused by a carrier. The natural place for the bacteria to be located is in either the nose or throat of the carrier, and they can be spread by airborne or close contact methods. The carrier may spread the infection for weeks or months if they are not diagnosed and treated.
Affected Population
Meningococcemia affects males and females in equal numbers. However, most cases develop in persons twenty years of age or younger and half of these cases are in children under five years of age. In the United States 1.2 cases per 100,000 occur annually. Winter and spring are the most common seasons of the year when cases are reported. Epidemics occur under crowded conditions and tend to occur at 20 to 30 year intervals. In other parts of the world epidemics are usually caused by the Group A strain of the bacteria. During epidemics, rates of 5 to 24 cases per 100,000 persons have occurred. In Sao Paulo, Brazil, during 1974 the epidemic rate was 370 per 100,000 persons infected with Meningococcemia. In the United States, the most prevalent Group strains of the bacteria are B,C,Y, and W135.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Meningococcemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is a tick-borne disease that begins with an incubation period of from two to twelve days. A gradually or abruptly beginning fever may be followed after three to five days by a pink or purplish colored rash on the wrists and ankles. The fever and rash usually become more severe for seven to fourteen days. The rash may not develop in all cases, possibly making diagnosis difficult. A blood test is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Rocky Mountain" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Shoenlein-Henoch Purpura is one of a group of disorders characterized by purplish or brownish red discolorations on the skin. These spots may be large or small. Internal bleeding may occur in various areas of the body. This blood vessel disorder may affect the skin, joints, gastrointestinal system, kidneys, and in a very few cases the central nervous system. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Shoenlein-Henoch" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Vasculitis is a common disorder characterized by an inflammation of the blood vessel walls. This inflammation causes a narrowing of the inside of the vessel and can obstruct the flow of blood to the tissues. Red or purple patches of discoloration may develop under the skin. Arteries and veins of all sizes and in all parts of the body may be affected. It may be localized or affect multiple areas of the body with inflammatory and destructive lesions. There may be muscle pain, joint pain, fever, weight loss and loss of appetite, headache, and generalized weakness. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Vasculitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Rheumatic Fever is an inflammatory syndrome that can occur following a streptococcal infection. Patients initially experience moderate fever, a general feeling of ill health, a sore throat, fatigue and a red rash. Major complications can include heart disease, joint pain and arthritis, involuntary abrupt limb movements with characteristic grimaces and skin symptoms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Rheumatic" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Toxic Shock Syndrome symptoms appear very suddenly. Initially, there is a fever of 102 to 105 degrees F, headache, sore throat, and conjunctivitis. Other early symptoms include profound lethargy, periods of disorientation, vomiting, severe diarrhea, and a diffuse sunburn-like rash leading to sloughing of skin after several days. In severe cases, the syndrome may progress to shock (dangerously low blood pressure and circulatory collapse) within forty-eight hours. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Toxic Shock" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Infective Endocarditis usually has a very sudden onset. Complaints of low back pain, pain in the joints (arthralgia) or in one or more muscles (myalgia) are common. These symptoms usually appear early in the disease, occasionally as the only initial symptoms. Fever, night sweats, chills, headache and loss of appetite may also occur. Blood or blood cells may be present in the urine (hematuria), small red or purple spots composed of blood (petechiae) may cover the skin of the upper trunk and there may also be pale, oval spots on the retina of the eye. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Endocarditis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Meningococcemia is usually treated with Penicillin or Ampicillin. In adults the method of treatment is often through intravenous Penicillin G. In children penicillin is still the treatment of choice, however, other organisms must be ruled out before treatment is begun. For persons who are unable to take penicillin, other antibiotics are used such as: cefuroxime, cefotaxime or ceftriaxone.
In persons who survive severe meningococcal septicemia there may be ongoing problems with veins and arteries. There are usually serious orthopedic problems. If gangrene occurs amputation may be necessary. These patients should have continuing medical evaluations as a precaution against other conditions that can arise in later years.
During times of epidemics, chemoprophylaxis (Rifampin) is used to protect persons exposed to or in close contact with infected patients.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Meningococcemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1611-1617.
CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY, 2nd Ed.; Thomas P. Habif, M.D., Editor: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1990. Pp. 210-211.
CHONDRO-OSSEOUS GROWTH ABNORMALITIES AFTER MENINGOCOCCEMIA, A CLINICAL
AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY., Grogan, D.P., et al.; J Bone Joint Surg (AM), July, 1989, (issue 71 (6)). Pp. 920-928.
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603: Menkes' Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Menkes' Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Steely Hair Disease
Kinky Hair Disease
Trichopoliodystrophy
X-linked Copper Malabsorption
X-linked Copper Deficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Wilson's Disease
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Indian Childhood Cirrhosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Menkes' Disease is a genetic disorder of copper metabolism beginning before birth. Copper accumulates in excessive amounts in the liver, and is deficient in most other tissues of the body. Structural changes occur in the hair, brain, bones, liver and arteries.
Symptoms
Menkes' Disease primarily affects males and is characterized by stubby, tangled, sparse, steely or kinky hair that is easily broken. The hair is often white, ivory, or gray in color. Unusual facial features include pudgy cheeks and abnormal eyebrows. Affected infants are often born prematurely. Lower than normal body temperature (hypothermia) and excess bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia) may occur causing a yellow appearance (jaundice). Hypothermia may also occur in older infants. In some cases, early symptoms may resolve, and normal or slightly slowed development may proceed for two to three months. At approximately three months of age, severe developmental delay, loss of early development skills, and convulsions may occur. Brain abnormalities such as a blood clot at the base of the brain (subdural hematoma) and/or rupture or thrombosis of arteries in the brain may occur. Spastic dementia and seizures may eventually arise. Weakened bones (osteoporosis) due to abnormal copper metabolism can result in fractures. The combination of subdural hematoma and bone fractures may lead to an incorrect diagnosis of child abuse. Emphysema, bladder abnormalities, degeneration of the retina and cysts of the iris have also been described. In some cases, symptoms may be very mild and only a few typical symptoms may appear.
Causes
Menkes' Disease is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.)
Affected Population
An Australian study of Menkes' Disease from 1966 to 1971 suggested an incidence of 1 in 35,500 live births. A 1980 study modified this figure to 1 in 90,000 live births. Other scientists estimate the number of cases to be approximately 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Menkes' Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Wilson's Disease is a rare genetic disorder of copper metabolism characterized by excess storage of copper in the body tissues, particularly in the liver, brain and corneas of the eyes. It leads eventually to liver disease, brain dysfunction, and a characteristic rusty-brown colored ring around the cornea of each eye known as a Kayser-Fleischer ring. Symptoms usually do not appear in early infancy and patients do not have the characteristic kinky hair of Menkes' Disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Wilson" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), also known as Hanot's Cirrhosis, is a rare condition occurring mainly in women. Four pathologic stages occur in increasing severity. Gradual deterioration of the small bile ducts inside the liver causes a blockage in the flow of bile (cholestasis) and liver enlargement. In time, retention of chemicals in the liver cause further damage. Bile acids are absorbed abnormally from the liver into the blood and soft tissues, causing itching accompanied by yellow skin discoloration (jaundice). Dietary and bone problems can also result. Copper retention in the liver, also present in Menkes' Disease, can also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "PBC" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Indian Childhood Cirrhosis is a familial and probably genetically determined disease. An extremely large amount of copper accumulates in the liver, similar to that of Menkes' Disease.
Therapies: Standard
Prenatal diagnosis of Menkes' Disease and various forms of intravenous or oral copper supplementation begun early may be of some benefit. Copper nitriloacetate is the only form of copper that has proved to be absorbed from the intestine in Menkes' Disease patients. Genetic counseling may be recommended for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on Menkes' Disease is aimed at the discovery of a form of copper which can bypass the disturbance in copper transport and deliver the copper to the enzymes that require it, especially in the brain. Trials of monoamine oxidase inhibitors are underway since some of the more serious effects of the disease may be the result of defective catecholamine synthesis. Studies of the effects of Vitamin C on copper absorption are also underway to discover methods of releasing some of the high accumulations of copper in the liver and intestines. However, more research is needed to determine long-term effects of these experimental treatments.
An investigational treatment using the drug ethambutol is being tested by the members of The Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Doctors who wish to enroll patients in the study may contact:
Herbert Scheinberg or Janna C. Collins
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
1300 Morris Park Ave., Ullmann 517
Bronx, NY 10461
(212) 430-2091
Scientists are conducting genetic linkage studies to determine if Menkes' Disease and X-linked Ehlers-Danlos are located at the same place on the same gene. These disorders tend to display similar problems with copper metabolism. Families with more than one affected male or carrier females may wish to participate in studies to help determine the exact relationship of the genetic linkage in the two disorders. Interested persons may contact Dr. Yang at (510) 596-6916 or Dr. Packman at (415) 476-4337.
Another researcher working on Menkes Disease is Dr. Stephan Kaler. Dr. Kaler is persuing his work at the National Institute of Health, Bldg. 10, Rm. 9S-242, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, (301) 496-9101.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Menkes' Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Corporation for Menkes' Disease
5720 Buckfield Court
Fort Wayne, IN 46815
(219) 436-0137
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1414-1415.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th Ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1251-1266.
METALLOTHIONEIN GENE REGULATION IN MENKES' SYNDROME: D.H. Hamer; Arch Dermatol (October 1987, issue 123 (10)). Pp. 1384a-1385a.
LIFE-SPAN AND MENKES KINKY HAIR SYNDROME: REPORT OF A 13-YEAR COURSE OF THIS DISEASE: C. Sander, et al.; Clin Genet (March 1988, issue 33 (3)). Pp. 228-233.
MENKES SYNDROME IN A GIRL WITH X-AUTOSOME TRANSLOCATION: S. Kapur, et al.; Am J Med Genet (February 1987, issue 26(2)). Pp. 503-510.
GENETIC DISEASES OF COPPER METABOLISM: J.R. Prohaska; Clin Physiol Biochem (1986, issue 4(1)). Pp. 87-93.
Menkes' Disease
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
459: Mesenteritis, Retractile
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Retractile Mesenteritis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Mesenteric Panniculitis
Sclerosing Panniculitis
Non-specific Sclerosing Mesenteritis
Nodular Mesenteritis
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Weber-Christian Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Retractile Mesenteritis, also known as Mesenteric Panniculitis, is a disorder that affects the digestive tract membranes. It is characterized by infection, inflammation and intestinal obstructions. Major symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and fever.
Symptoms
Initial symptoms of Retractile Mesenteritis include a general feeling of ill health, fever, weight loss, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The mesentery is a double fold of thin membrane (peritoneum) surrounding part of the intestines and other abdominal organs. This double layered membrane connects the intestines with the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. Retractile Mesenteritis occurs if this connecting membrane becomes thickened, infiltrated with abnormal cells, fibers, or calcium infiltrated tissue (calcifications). Intestines may become obstructed, abnormally separated, kinked, or grown together.
In late stages, patients may have small bowel obstruction and intestinal lymphatic obstruction, producing protein-losing disease of the intestinal tract (enteropathy), excess fat in the stools (steatorrhea), and accumulation of fluid in spaces between tissues and organs in the abdominal cavity (ascites). Since nutrients are not properly absorbed by the body, rapid weight loss can occur if the condition is not properly treated.
Causes
The exact cause of Retractile Mesenteritis is not known. The changes in the abdominal cavity membrane (mesentery) may be caused by infection, or obstructed blood flow into the membrane due to narrowing of arteries by spasms or other diseases.
Affected Population
Retractile Mesenteritis tends to affect elderly persons, and occurs in males more often than females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Retractile Mesenteritis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Weber-Christian Disease is characterized by fever and the formation of crops of nodules in fatty tissue under the skin (subcutaneous tissue). The abnormal nodules may be similar to changes found in abdominal cavity membrane (mesentery) in patients affected by Retractile Mesenteritis. Retractile Mesenteritis is also called "Mesenteric Weber-Christian Disease". However, Weber-Christian usually affects adult women between the ages of twenty and forty years. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Weber-Christian" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of infection or inflammation in patients with Retractile Mesenteritis usually consists of the steroid drug prednisone and the immunosuppressant drug azathioprine. Surgery may be necessary if an intestinal blockage does not respond to drug treatment. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Retractile Mesenteritis, please contact
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
References
SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF A PATIENT WITH RETRACTILE MESENTERITIS WITH
PREDNISONE AND AZATHIOPRINE: G.N. Tytgat, et al.; Gastroenterology (August 1980, issue 79(2)). Pp. 352-356.
SCLEROSING MESENTERITIS. RESPONSE TO CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE: R.W. Bush, et al.; Arch Intern Med (March 1986, issue 146(3)). Pp. 503-505.
RETRACTILE MESENTERITIS INVOLVING THE COLON: BARIUM ENEMA, SONOGRAPHIC,
AND CT FINDINGS: F.J. Perez-Fontan, et al.; AJR (November 1986, issue 147 (5)). Pp. 937-940.
Mesenteritis, Retractile
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
636: Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, McKusick Type
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, McKusick Type) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia
Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia with Short-Limbed Dwarfism
CHH
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hypochondroplasia
Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, Jansen Type
Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, Schmid Type
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia (McKusick Type) is a progressive genetic bone disorder. It is characterized by progressive short-limbed dwarfism caused by abnormal development of the cartilage at the ends of the long bones. Fine sparse hair on the head, eyebrows and eyelashes also occurs.
Symptoms
Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia (McKusick Type) is characterized by progressive short-limbed dwarfism. Bones at the periphery of the body such as hands, feet and knees are primarily affected. Fingers are usually excessively flexible (hypermobile). The spine may be affected. The hair is fine and sparse on the head, eyebrows and eyelashes. Adults with this disorder may reach a height of about 4 feet. Symptoms vary greatly in severity, ranging from mild to severe.
Causes
Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia (McKusick Type) is inherited through autosomal recessive genes.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If a person receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, he or she will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is 25 percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia (McKusick Type) is a rare disorder affecting males and females in equal numbers. The disorder is more common in Finland than in other countries. It was first identified in Amish communities in the United States
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia (McKusick Type). Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hypochondroplasia is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by small stature with disproportionately short limbs. Hands and feet are short and broad. The relative shortening of the limbs may be mild. Mild bowleg and heel abnormalities may also be present. The head tends to be broad, with a prominent forehead.
Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia (Jansen Type), also known as Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, Murk Jansen Type, is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by progressive, short-limbed dwarfism. The spine, pelvis and lower legs are distorted. The chin recedes and the fingers are very short. Sclerosis occurs in the skull bones, including those of the inner ear, leading to deafness.
Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia (Schmid Type) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by moderate, progressive shortening of stature. Bowed legs and a waddling gait also occur. Adult height reaches about 140 cm (4 ft., 8 in.).
Therapies: Standard
Physiotherapy and orthopedic treatment may be helpful for patients with Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia (McKusick Type). Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, McKusick Type, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
Little People of America
P.O. Box 633
San Bruno, CA 94066
(415) 589-0695
Parents of Dwarfed Children
11524 Colt Terrace
Silver Spring, MD 20902
(301) 649-3275
Short Stature Foundation
17200 Jamboree Rd., Suite J
Irvine, CA 92714-5828
(714) 474-4554
800-24 DWARF
Short Stature Foundation
P.O. Box 5356
Huntington Beach, CA 92615-5356
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 488-489, 1107.
THE JANSEN TYPE OF METAPHYSEAL CHONDRODYSPLASIA: CONFIRMATION OF
DOMINANT INHERITANCE AND REVIEW OF RADIOGRAPHIC MANIFESTATIONS IN THE NEWBORN
AND ADULT: J. Charrow, et al.; American Journal Med Genet (June 1984: issue 18(2)). Pp. 321-327.
METAPHYSEAL CHONDRODYSPLASIA, SCHMID TYPE. CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC
DELINEATION WITH A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE: R.S. Lachman, et al.; Pediatr Radiol (1988: issue 18(2)). Pp. 93-102.
Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, McKusick Type
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Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
870: Metatropic Dysplasia I
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Metatropic Dysplasia I) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Chondrodystrophy, Hyperplastic Form
Dwarfism, Metatropic
Metatropic Dwarfism
Metatropic Dwarfism Syndrome
Metatropic Dysplasia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Kniest Syndrome
Morquio Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Metatropic Dysplasia I is a rare genetic disorder characterized by extremely small stature, with short arms and legs. Other characteristics of this disorder are a narrow thorax, short ribs, and kyphoscoliosis which develops into short trunk dwarfism.
Symptoms
Metatropic Dysplasia I is characterized by abnormal skeletal development. Patients with this disorder typically have short ribs, short deformed arms and legs, kyphoscoliosis (abnormal curvature of the spine) and extremely short stature. A long narrow thorax, bulging joints with limited mobility of the knees and hips, and unusual increased extension of the finger joints are typical features.
An unusually long torso, which later develops into short trunk dwarfism due to curvature of the spine, is an early feature of Metatropic Dysplasia I. The spine develops a forward hump-like curvature causing a humpback.
X-rays show growth insufficiency of the vertebral column with flattening of vertebrae and often growth insufficiency in the arm and leg bones at the hip and shoulder joints. A crescent-like iliac causing a hump at the end of the spine is also apparent.
Causes
Metatropic Dysplasia I can be inherited as an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive trait.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Metatropic Dysplasia I is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Metatropic Dysplasia I. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Kniest Syndrome is a rare type of dwarfism that is characterized by unusually short arms and legs, a round face with hollow or depressed areas, swelling and stiffness of the joints, and a stiff drawing up (contractures) of the fingers. A cleft palate, curvature of the spine (scoliosis), vision and hearing problems may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Kniest" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Morquio Syndrome is a metabolic disorder characterized by an accumulation of keratan sulfate. Bony abnormalities of the head, chest, hands, knees, and spine may occur as a result of this defect. Intelligence is usually normal. The bony abnormalities of the spine can result in spinal cord compression. There also may be enlargement of the liver, curvature of the spine, a back flow of blood from the aortic valve of the heart into the left ventricle of the heart, as well as a loss of hearing. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Morquio" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Metatropic Dysplasia I is symptomatic and supportive. When partial dislocation of the segments of the spinal column at the top of the spine (cervical vertebrae) is present, the joint between the two vertebrae can be fused together. This procedure should be done in order to prevent damage to the cervical part of the spinal cord.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Metatropic Dysplasia I, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Metatrophic Dysplasia Helpline
3393 Geneva Dr.
Santa Clara, CA 95051
(408) 244-6354
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Parents of Dwarfed Children
11524 Colt Terr.
Silver Spring, MD 20902
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1323.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., Editor; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 318.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1135-36.
ODONTOID HYPOPLASIA WITH VERTEBRAL CERVICAL SUBLUXATION AND
VENTRICULOMEGALY IN METATROPIC DYSPLASIA: M. Shohat, et al.; J Pediatr (February, 1989, issue 114(2)). Pp. 239-43.
Metatropic Dysplasia IE
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
709: Microvillus Inclusion Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Microvillus Inclusion Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Congenital Familial Protracted Diarrhea
Congenital Microvillus Atrophy
Davidson's Disease
Familial Enteropathy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Lactose Intolerance
Familial Chloride Diarrhea
Infantile Diarrhea With Abnormal Hair
Congenital Sodium Diarrhea
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Microvillus Inclusion Disease causes chronic, severe, watery diarrhea in infants starting at birth or within seventy-two hours after birth. The disorder progresses as the child matures.
Symptoms
Microvillus Inclusion Disease is characterized by severe, large amounts of watery diarrhea appearing at birth or within seventy-two hours. The diarrhea persists even after oral feeding is stopped and does not decrease with age. Infants affected by this disorder require total intravenous feeding. The diarrhea often results in dehydration and acidosis which may cause kidney failure, requiring the infant to be hospitalized. There may also be related growth retardation and developmental delay.
Causes
Microvillus Inclusion Disease is thought to be caused by a basic defect in the cells in the intestinal wall (brush-border assembly and differentiation) of the small intestine and colon. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Microvillus Inclusion Disease affects males and females in equal numbers. It is evident at birth or within seventy-two hours after birth.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Microvillus Inclusion Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Lactose Intolerance is a malabsorption syndrome which results from impaired absorption of a sugar found in milk (lactose). This nutrient are normally absorbed in the small bowel. Lactose Intolerance is characterized by diarrhea and abdominal distention causing stomach pain and gas (flatulence) occuring after ingestion of milk. A lack of one or more intestinal enzymes results in an inability to digest certain carbohydrates. Lactase, maltase, isomaltase, and sucrase usually split complex sugars into simple sugars. In patients with an intolerance for Lactose, the enzyme lactase which digests this sugar in the small bowel is lacking. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lactose" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Familial Chloride Diarrhea is a malabsorption syndrome of autosomal recessive inheritance. This disorder is apparent during the first few weeks of life and is characterized by an abnormally large number of watery stools containing an excess of chloride. Infants born with this disorder are often premature.
Infantile Diarrhea with Abnormal Hair is another malabsorption syndrome of autosomal recessive inheritance. The disorder usually develops around the third week of life with a rapidly progressive course. It is characterized by severe unexplained diarrhea, low birth weight and large, low-set, simple ears, flat nasal bridge, and large mouth. Black, kinky hair that easily falls out and a lack of normal amino acids is another feature of this syndrome.
Congenital Sodium Diarrhea is inherited as a recessive genetic trait. It occurs as a result of a defective sodium exchange in the bowels. The disorder is usually present at birth and is characterized by profuse watery diarrhea and a swollen abdomen.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Microvillus Inclusion Disease is accomplished through intravenous feeding. There may be long-term complications of the intravenous feeding such as: blood poisoning (septicemia), liver failure (cirrhosis), and gallbladder disorders that affect children with Microvillus Inclusion Disease. Therefore, the affected child must be carefully monitored by a physician. Other treatment of Microvillus Inclusion Disease is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists have been testing an analogue of somatostatin (Sandostatin) for treatment of prolonged diarrhea. It shows some promise in decreasing the amount of diarrhea which results in excessive loss of fluid (dehydration).
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Microvillus Inclusion Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MICROVILLUS INCLUSION DISEASE: AN INHERITED DEFECT OF BRUSH-BORDER
ASSEMBLY AND DIFFERENTIATION, E. Cutz, et al.; New Eng J of Med, (March, 9, 1989, issue 320 (10)). Pp. 646-651.
BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITY IN BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE PROTEIN OF A PATIENT
WITH CONGENITAL MICROVILLUS ATROPHY. L. Carruthers, et al.; J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr (December, 1985, issue 4 (6)). Pp. 902-907.
MICROVILLUS INCLUSION DISEASE: SPECIFIC DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES SHOWN BY
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE HISTOCHEMISTRY. B.D. Lake, J Clin Pathol (August, 1988, issue 41 (8)). Pp. 880-882.
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Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
205: Mikulicz Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Mikulicz Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Dacryosialoadenopathy
Dacryosialoadenopathia
Mikulicz-Sjogren Syndrome
Mikulicz-Radecki Syndrome
von Mikulicz Syndrome, also known as Mikulicz Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mikulicz Syndrome is a benign chronic lymphocytic infiltration and enlargement of the tonsils, and glands near the ear (parotid), beneath the upper jaw bone (submaxillary), tear (lacrimal), and salivary glands. This condition causes excessive dryness of the mouth and eyes.
Symptoms
Mikulicz Syndrome is characterized by dryness of the mouth which may cause difficulty in swallowing and tooth decay, absent or decreased tears, and blurred vision. Symmetric, painless, hard swellings (tumefactions) of the tear and salivary glands occur and recur during the course of the disease, which waxes and wanes.
Causes
The causes of Mikulicz Syndrome are unknown, although it is suspected to be an autoimmune disorder. The disease may be associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's Disease, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis or systemic lupus erythematosus. It can also be part of a familial disorder which often occurs in combination with Sjogren Syndrome. Some scientists have speculated that Mikulicz Syndrome and Sjogren Syndrome may actually be the same disorder.
Related Disorders
Sjogren Syndrome is a degeneration of the tear and salivary glands which may be associated with arthritis. Malignant and benign salivary gland tumors can also cause swelling of the salivary glands. Mumps is an acute, contagious, generalized viral infection usually causing the painful enlargement of the salivary glands, most commonly those near the ear (the parotids). Parotid enlargement can also be drug-related (e.g., caused by iodides or guanethidine). Obstruction of the duct from the parotid gland to the mouth (Stensen's duct) by a stone can also cause swelling of the parotid gland.
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Mikulicz Syndrome is accomplished by means of a biopsy. Treatment of this disorder is symptomatic. A soft moist diet can reduce the pain caused by chewing and swallowing. In severe cases, artificial saliva can be used to moisten the mouth, and, in most cases, artificial tears should be used to keep the eyes moist and thus avoid infection.
Therapies aimed at treating the underlying cause of the disease may also be initiated. Examples include radiation therapy if the primary condition is Hodgkin's Disease or a lymphosarcoma, antibiotics if the underlying disease is syphilis or tuberculosis, and corticosteroids are applied if the cause is sarcoidosis. If lymphocytic leukemia is the underlying cause, it is usually treated with cancer chemotherapy drugs. If the primary condition is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) or Sjogren Syndrome, anti-inflammatory and anti-malarial drugs are prescribed for treating the mild forms of these disorders and corticosteroids are used when the disease is more severe. (For more information of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Sjogren Syndrome, please choose "Lupus" and "Sjogren" as your search terms in the Rare Disease database.)
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Mikulicz Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4261
Sjogren Syndrome Foundation
382 Main St.
Port Washington, NY 11050
(516) 767-2866
National Sjogren Syndrome Association
3201 W. Evans Dr.
Phoenix, AZ 85023
(800) 385-6772 or (602) 993-7227
References
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th ed., Robert Berkow, M.D., ed in chief, published by Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Labs, Rahway, NJ, 1987. Pp. 2040, 2323.
Mikulicz Syndrome
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.c.Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
891: Miller Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Miller Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Postaxial Acrofacial Dysostosis
Acrofacial Dysostosis, Postaxial Type
Genee-Wiedemann Syndrome
Acrofacial Dysostosis, Type Genee-Wiedemann
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Nager Syndrome
Goldenhar-Gorlin Syndrome
Oral-Digital-Facial Syndrome
Juberg-Hayward Syndrome
Hemifacial Microsomia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Miller Syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder. Major symptoms may include shortening of the upper and lower limbs, cupped ears, lower eyelid abnormalities (coloboma) and lack of development of the lower jaw.
Symptoms
Miller Syndrome is characterized by a lack of development of the lower jaw sometimes with clefting of the soft palate or lip. There is a lack of development of the long bones in the arms and legs causing a shortening of those limbs. The nose may be very broad at the base.
There may be missing, webbed or incompletely formed fingers or toes. Downward slanting of the eyelids and incomplete development (coloboma) of the lower eyelid may result in chronic eye infections. The ears may be cupped forward and be lower on the head than normal. Some deformities may cause breathing and swallowing difficulties in the newborn making insertion of breathing and feeding tubes necessary.
Occasionally, there may be other problems such as heart defects, the backward flow of stomach or kidney contents, extra nipples, problems with joints in the arms, legs and hips and hearing loss.
Causes
Miller Syndrome is thought to be caused by autosomal recessive inheritance. However, the exact mode of transmission is still under investigation. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Miller Syndrome is a rare disorder that affects males slightly more often than females in the number of cases reported so far.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Miller Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Treacher Collins Syndrome is characterized by underdevelopment of the cheek (malar), the lower jaw (mandibular) and jaw bones, slanted eyes, notching of lower eyelids, and a receding chin. Underdevelopment of the jaw may cause problems in swallowing or breathing for the newborn. Tubes may have to be inserted to aid the infant in feeding and breathing. The outer upper area of the ear (pinna) may be malformed as well as the external hearing canal (auditory meatus). The eardrum (tympanic membrane) may be replaced with a bony plate. The combination of a longer than normal face with a beaklike nose, receding chin and acute deafness, are characteristic of people with Treacher Collins Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Treacher-Collins" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Nager Acrofacial Dysostosis (Mandibulofacial Dysostosis) is a rare hereditary disorder marked by unusual facial development. Cleft lip and palate, defective development of bones in the jaw and arms, smaller than normal thumbs, hearing loss, and ear deformities are characteristics of this disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Nager" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Goldenhar-Gorlin Syndrome is a rare congenital disorder that involves unusual facial characteristics. The facial structure of people with Goldenhar Syndrome may include partial absence of the upper eyelid or an unusual slant of the eyelid, abnormal shape of the skull (asymmetry), the forehead may be sharply prominent, the nostrils may be absent or closed, the roof of the mouth may be clefted (cleft palate), and there may be abnormal growth of the jaw. Paralysis of the eye muscles may occur. Unusual cysts on the eyeball, cysts in fatty tissue at the edge of the eye and skin growths around the ears (skin tags) may also occur. Malformations of the spinal column including open spine (spina bifida), fusion of the top of the spine to the lower edge of the skull, incomplete development of one side of the spinal column and more than the normal number of vertebrae may also be present. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Goldenhar" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by episodes of neuromuscular disturbances, split tongue, splits in the jaw, midline cleft lip, overgrowth of the membrane that supports the tongue (frenulum), a broad based nose, vertical folds of skin covering the inner angle where the eyelids meet (epicanthic folds), more than the normal number of fingers and/or toes, and shorter than normal fingers and/or toes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Oral-Facial-Digital" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Juberg-Hayward Syndrome (Orocraniodigital Syndrome) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by cleft lip and palate, a smaller then normal sized head, deformities of the thumbs and toes, and growth hormone deficiency resulting in short stature.
Hemifacial Microsomia (HFM) is a syndrome that affects one in 5,000 births. It can be confused with a Treacher Collins-like Syndrome. However, it is not genetic. Although it can cause abnormalities on both sides of the face, they are always uneven whereas in Treacher Collins Syndrome both sides of the face appear equally affected. The facial nerve is frequently paralyzed in Hemifacial Microsomia. The variety of features of HFM include: underdevelopment of the lower jaw, tilting of the face to one side, ear deformities (microtia), facial nerve weakness in forty percent of patients, cleft-like notching of the affected corner of the mouth (macrostomia), and underdevelopment of the cheek and eye on the affected side of the face. Other less common abnormalities include fatty tumors over the eye, abnormalities of the vertebrae and ribs, cleft lip/palate, and heart and kidney abnormalities which are very rare.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Miller Syndrome may consist of surgery to insert breathing and feeding tubes in infants who are unable to breath or eat due to deformities of the palate or jaw. Tubes may also need to be inserted into the ears. There may be a need for multiple plastic surgeries to correct eye and jaw defects. Physical therapy is necessary for aid in walking and using hands. Surgery and speech therapy is often necessary when cleft palate or lip is present.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are studying various surgical methods to improve the appearance of patients with craniofacial and other birth defects affecting the head, eyes and jaw.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of birth defects in the future.
To participate in this study, families with Miller Syndrome should contact:
Eric A. Wulfsberg, M.D.
Karen Supovitz, M.S.
Division of Human Genetics
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD 20201-1703
(410) 328-3815
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Miller Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Foundation for Nager & Miller Syndromes
721 South Carlisle ST
South Bend, IN 46619
(219) 289-5611
NIH/National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
The American Cleft Palate Foundation, Inc.
331 Salk Hall
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, PA 15621
(412) 681-9620
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
Let's Face It
Box 711
Concord, MA 01742
(508) 371-3186
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle St., Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
(800) 535-3643
American Society for Deaf Children
814 Thayer Ave
Silver Spring, MD 20910
(301) 585-5400
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1435-1436.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., Editor; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 214-215.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-in-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 45-46.
MILLER'S SYNDROME. ANAESTHETIC MANAGEMENT OF POSTAXIAL ACROFACIAL
DYSOSTOSIS. Richards, M., Anaesthesia, August, 1987, (issue 42 (8)). Pp. 871-874.
PATHOGENESIS OF CLEFT PALATE IN TREACHER COLLINS, NAGER, AND MILLER
SYNDROMES., Sulik, K.K., et al,; Cleft Palate J, July, 1989, (issue 26 (3)). Pp. 209-216. discussion 216.
A ADAPTATION OF THE MILLER PATIENT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR THE
POSTANESTHESIA CARE UNIT AT CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF EASTERN ONTARIO., Kay, J. et al,; J Post Anesth Nurs, August, 1990, (issue 5 (4)). Pp. 239-246.
Miller Syndrome
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`#T#Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
564: Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the synonym list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
MVPS
Mitral Leaflet Syndrome
Systolic Murmur
Click Syndrome
Billowing Posterior Mitral Leaflet Syndrome
Mitral Click-Murmur Syndrome
Ballooning Posterior Leaflet Syndrome
Barlow Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Marfan Syndrome
Rheumatic Endocarditis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome is a heart disorder. The exact cause is unknown. It can be a symptom of other disorders such as connective tissue diseases or muscular dystrophy, or it may occur by itself. Major symptoms include chest pain and/or palpitations, accompanied by a heart murmur. An Shortness of breath, fatigue, light-headedness and dizzy spells may, in some cases, progress to an inability to breathe except when sitting in an upright position. There is a characteristic click heard through a stethoscope upon physical examination. Blood may flow back through the heart valve (mitral regurgitation) causing other complications.
Symptoms
Most patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome have no noticeable symptoms. When symptoms appear, fatigue, weakness, palpitations and dizzy spells occur. Others may experience chest pains or have a history of heart murmur. An irregularity of the normal rhythm of the heart (arrhythmia) may develop. Examination with a stethoscope may reveal sounds of multiple clicks and nonejection clicks. The murmurs are identifiable by soft blowing sounds which are variable and may be heard separately or only at certain times. The flow of blood back through the valve (mitral regurgitation) does not occur in all cases and may be trivial, slowly progressive, or sudden and severe. Serious complications may be associated with the use of oral contraceptives in women with mitral valve prolapse. The rest of the cardiac system usually functions normally. In rare cases, mitral valve prolapse may result in inflammation of the sac around the heart (endocarditis), stroke, or congestive heart failure.
Causes
Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single abnormal gene, contributed by either parent, "overrides" the normal gene contributed by the other parent causing disease. Individuals with one affected parent have a fifty percent chance of inheriting the disorder. Males and females will be affected in equal numbers.)
Some cases of Mitral Valve Prolapse may develop as a result of neuroendocrine or autonomic nerve dysfunction. The loosening of the connective tissue which acts as the flap of the valve (mitral valve leaflets) may occur. Additionally the fibrous cords that hold the mitral valve to the interior of the heart wall (chordae tendineae) may become elongated and cause this disorder. Abnormally contracting left ventricular wall segments may also be a cause of MVP, or it may develop after rheumatic fever if the heart is affected. Changes in heart valves may also occur as a consequence of connective tissue disorders. (For more information, choose "Connective Tissue Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Affected Population
Mitral Valve Prolapse affects males and females, but it most often appears in women of childbearing age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Mitral Valve Prolapse. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Marfan Syndrome is an inherited disorder of connective tissue that primarily affects the bones and ligaments, the eyes, the cardiovascular system, and the lungs. People with this disorder are unusually tall, and they have large hands and feet. The most serious symptoms of Marfan Syndrome involve the heart. Untreated, the disorder can cause sudden death; with treatment patients can live a normal life span. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Marfan" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Rheumatic Fever is an infectious disease that can occur following streptococcal infections such as strep throat. A few days or weeks after recovery from the strep infection patients experience feelings of ill health (malaise), fatigue and swelling of one or more joints. Major complications can include heart disease, joint pain and arthritis, involuntary abrupt limb movements (chorea) with characteristic facial grimaces, and possible skin symptoms. Treatment should begin as soon as possible, and be maintained for months or even years to help prevent serious complications such as rheumatic heart disease. Rheumatic fever can be avoided if strep throat is vigorously treated and cured with antibiotics. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Rheumatic Fever" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Testing for mitral prolapse usually involves the following diagnostic tests: chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization and angiography, radionuclide studies, exercise testing or ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. Surgery is not usually recommended. However, in rare cases mitral valve prolapse may be treated by replacement of the affected valve. The use of oral contraceptives by women with mitral valve prolapse is contraindicated, and antibiotics should be prescribed before surgical procedures (such as tooth extractions and other minor or major surgery) as a preventive measure to avoid infection.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs such as beta blockers and moricizene (Ethmozine) may alleviate many of the heart rhythm abnormalities (arrhythmias and tachycardias) associated with mitral valve prolapse. Other symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and fainting spells may also respond to these drugs.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Mitral Valve Prolapse, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Ave.
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
Coaltion of Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue
c/o National Marfan Foundation
382 Main St.
Port Washington, NY 11050
(516) 944-5412
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
This Rare Disease Database entry is based upon outlines prepared by medical and dental students (1984-1986) at the Medical College of Virginia for their course in human genetics, and the following articles:
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 475-482.
MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE SYNDROME. EVIDENCE OF HYPERADRENERGIC STATE; H.
Boudoulas, et al.; Postgrad Med (February 29, 1988, Spec No:). Pp.152-162.
COMPLEX VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
SYNDROME. EFFECTIVENESS OF MORICIZINE (ETHMOZINE) IN PATIENTS RESISTANT TO
CONVENTIONAL ANTIARRHYTHMICS; C.M. Pratt, et al.; Am J Med (April, 1986, issue 80(4)). Pp. 626-632.
MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE IN WOMEN WITH ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE-RELATED
M.B. Elam, et al.; Arch Intern Med (January, 1986, issue 146 (1)). Pp. 73-77.
Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndromem$
p$pagetitle
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`![!Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
338: Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Mixed Connective Tissue Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Connective Tissue Disease
MCTD
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease is a collagen disorder. MCTD is often used to describe what may be an overlapping group of connective tissue disorders that cannot be diagnosed in more specific terms. The syndrome is characterized by arthritic, cardiac, pulmonary and skin manifestations, kidney disease, muscle weakness, and dysfunction of the esophagus.
Symptoms
Raynaud's Phenomenon may precede disease manifestations by months or years, and is consists of coldness or numbness of the fingers and/or toes. Raynaud's occurs in approximately eighty-five percent of patients with MCTD. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Raynaud" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database). Pain in multiple joints (polyarthralgia) or arthritis similar to rheumatoid arthritis, occurs in almost all patients. Muscle weakness due to inflammation (myopathy) with or without tenderness is also common.
Puffiness of the hands with swelling (edema) and increased collagen content in the skin (found in two-thirds of patients with MCTD), may be also be present. Other frequent skin findings include lupus-like rashes (including reddish brown patches), erythematous patches (redness) over the knuckles, violet discoloration of the eyelids, non-scarring loss of hair (alopecia), and dilation of small blood vessels around the fingernails (periungual telangiectasia).
Dysfunction of the esophagus (hypomotility) may be found in eighty percent of patients with MCTD, including many who show no other symptoms. Abnormalities in lung function have been found in eighty percent of patients tested. In some patients, lung involvement may lead to breathing difficulties.
Heart involvement appears to be less common in MCTD than lung problems. However, two-thirds of children in one pediatric study had evidence of pericarditis, myocarditis and aortic insufficiency.
Kidney disease occurs in only ten percent of patients with MCTD and is often mild. On occasion, however, it can become a major problem.
Neurologic abnormalities are noted in only ten percent of patients with MCTD. These findings may include a functional disturbance of facial sensation due to involvement of the fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal sensory neuropathy), a cognitive disorder caused by or associated with impaired brain tissue function (organic mental syndrome), blood vessel constriction causing "vascular" headaches, a mild form of meningitis (aseptic meningitis), seizures, blockage of a cerebral vessel (cerebral thrombosis) or hemorrhage, and various sensory disturbances in multiple areas of the body (multiple peripheral neuropathies).
Moderate anemia and a reduction in the white blood cell count (leukopenia) occur in thirty to forty percent of cases. Fever, disease of the lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly), enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly), and intestinal involvement may also occur in a few cases.
MCTD may be similar to, or overlap with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) and polymyositis. For more information on the above disorders, choose the following words as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database: Lupus, Scleroderma, PSS, or Polymyositis.
Causes
The exact cause of Mixed Connective Tissue Disease is unknown, although certain findings suggest that a dysfunction of the immune system may be involved, or in some cases it may be genetic. MCTD appears to be an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune syndromes are caused by the body's natural defenses (antibodies) against invading organisms which, for unknown reasons, begin to attack healthy tissue.
Affected Population
Onset of Mixed Connective Tissue Disease can occur from four years of age to eighty years. Average age of onset is thirty seven-years. Approximately eighty percent of patients are female. The disease may occur worldwide.
Related Disorders
Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory connective tissue disease that can affect many parts of the body including the joints, skin and internal organs. Lupus is a disease of the body's immune system, most often striking young women between the ages of fifteen and thirty five years.
Scleroderma, also known as progressive systemic sclerosis, refers to a group of chronic connective tissue disorders characterized by fibrosis, degenerative changes, and vascular abnormalities in the skin. Scleroderma is characterized by chronic hardening and shrinking of the connective tissues of any part of the body, although the term literally means "hardening of the skin."
Polymyositis is a connective tissue disease characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes in the muscles with some degree of muscle atrophy.
For more information on the above disorders, choose "Lupus," "Scleroderma," and "Polymyositis" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Although no controlled studies have been performed, many of the manifestations of MCTD appear to respond to therapy with corticosteroids. Mild forms of the disease appear to be controlled by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or low doses of corticosteroids. When more severe involvement of major organs occurs, larger doses of corticosteroids may be of benefit. This drug treatment also seems to improve skin symptoms and functioning of the esophagus and lungs.
Therapies: Investigational
Research into connective tissue diseases is ongoing. The primary goal at this time is to understand the cause. Discovery of the mechanisms which cause this group of diseases would be a major step forward in discovering better treatment or a cure.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Coalition of Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue
c/o National Marfan Foundation
382 Main St.
Port Washington, NY 11050
(516) 944-5412
Arthritis Foundation
1314 Spring Street NW
Atlanta, GA 30309
(404) 872-7100
Scleroderma Society
1725 York Ave., Suite 29F
New York, NY 10128
United Scleroderma Foundation
P.O. Box 350
Watsonville, CA 95077
1-800-722-HOPE (outside CA)
Scleroderma Info Exchange
106 Quaker Drive
West Warwick, RI 02893
Sjogren's Foundation
29 Gateway Drive
Great Neck, NY 11021
(516) 487-2243
National Lupus Foundation
5430 Van Nuys Blvd., Suite 206
Van Nuys, CA 91401
Lupus Foundation of America
1717 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Suite 20
Washington, DC 20036
(209) 328-4550
Lupus Foundation of America Inc.
P.O. Box 2446
Victorville, CA 92393
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Foundation
149 Madison Ave., 10th Floor
New York, NY 10016
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
PRIMER ON THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES, 8th Ed: Gerald P. Rodnan, M.D., et. al., eds.; Published by the Arthritis Foundation, Atlanta, GA 1986. Pp. 65-66.
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)u"
x"pagetitle
338: Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
451: Moebius Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Moebius Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Mobius Syndrome
Congenital Facial Diplegia Syndrome
Congenital Oculofacial Paralysis
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Facioscapulohumoral Muscular Dystrophy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Moebius Syndrome is a hereditary disorder predominately characterized by paralysis of the face. Facial nerve development is absent or diminished causing abnormalities of the facial muscles and jaw. Other central nervous system dysfunctions may cause abnormalities in the hands, hips, and feet. This disorder is thought to be genetic and is present at birth. Mental retardation occurs in approximately ten percent of cases.
Symptoms
Moebius Syndrome is identifiable at birth by a masklike expression most apparent during crying or laughing. The mouth and eyes may remain open during sleep due to facial nerve or muscle abnormalities. Eyes may become ulcerated because they are not lubricated with sufficient tears in the absence of blinking. Facial weakness or paralysis may cause difficulty in feeding during infancy and later can contribute to speech problems. Muscle paralysis can also cause oral fluid secretions to be breathed into the lungs possibly leading to bronchopneumonia. Abnormal skin folds on each side of the nose next to the eyes (epicanthus), abnormally small eyes, and defective development of the jaw and tongue may also occur.
Children with this disorder may have more than five or fewer than five fingers on a hand. Fingers may also be webbed, stiffened, and/or shortened. Toes may also be stiffened in some cases, clubfeet may be present, and the hips may be dislocated at birth. This disorder may also occur in conjunction with Poland Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Poland" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Causes
Moebius Syndrome is thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) Symptoms may be caused by incomplete development of facial nerves, other cranial nerves, and other parts of the central nervous system.
Affected Population
Moebius Syndrome is present at birth and affects males and females in equal numbers. It is a very rare birth defect.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Moebius Syndrome. Comparison may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Facioscapulohumoral Muscular Dystrophy, also known as Landouzy-Dejerine Muscular Dystrophy, involves muscle weakness and wasting of the face, shoulders, and arms. This disorder is genetic and usually begins between nine and twenty years of age although it can begin during early childhood. The face is masklike, flattened and expressionless. Patients are often unable to raise their arms above the head. Shoulder blades are prominent. In later stages, weakness extends to the pelvis and legs.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Moebius Syndrome involves muscle transfer surgery or cosmetic surgery. Abnormal eye muscle alignment due to paralyzed muscles and other muscle abnormalities affecting the face, jaw, hands and/or feet may be corrected. Local eye medication may be helpful if eyes become too dry or ulcerated. A special diet may help prevent aspiration of fluid into the lungs and tube feeding may be necessary during infancy to maintain good nutrition. Speech therapy in conjunction with corrective vocal cord surgery may improve articulation. Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Moebius Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Moebius Syndrome Support Group
6449 Gerald Ave.
Van Nuys, CA 91406
(818) 908-9288
Moebius Syndrome Support Group
21 Shields Rd.
Whitley Bay, Tyne and Wear, NE25, 8UT, England
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Association for Congenital Facial Paralysis
928 Hanover Lane
Dyer, IN 46311
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
Society for the Rehabilitation of the Facially Disfigured, Inc.
550 First Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 340-5400
About Face
99 Crowns Lane
Toronto, Ontario M6R 3PA
Canada
(416) 944-3223
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE APLASIA IN MOEBIUS SYNDROME: E.I. Traboulsi, et al.; J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus (May-June 1986, issue 23(3)). Pp. 120-122.
ABNORMAL B.A.E.P. IN A FAMILY WITH MOEBIUS SYNDROME: EVIDENCE FOR
SUPRANUCLEAR LESION: M. Stabile, et al.; Clin Genet (May 1984, issue 25(5)). Pp. 459-463.
MOEBIUS SYNDROME. CASE REPORT WAS A 30-YEAR FOLLOW-UP: D.C. Morello, et al.; Plast Reconstr Surg (September 1977, issue 60(3)). Pp. 451-453.
Moebius Syndrome
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$Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
299: Morquio Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Morquio Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV
MPS IV
Morquio Disease
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Morquio Syndrome A
Galactosamine-6-Sulfatase Deficiency
Morquio-Brailsford Syndrome
Osteochondrodystrophy Deformans
Chondroosteodystrophy
Morquio Syndrome B
Beta-Galactosidase Deficiency Morquio Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS Disorders) are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by the deficiency of one of ten specific lysosomal enzymes, resulting in an inability to metabolize complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) into simpler molecules. The accumulation of these large, undegraded mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the body causes a number of physical symptoms and abnormalities.
Morquio Syndrome (MPS IV) exists in 2 forms: Morquio Syndromes A and B are due to a deficiency in the enzyme N-acetyl-galactosamine-6-sulfatase and beta-galactosidase, respectively. Deficiency of either enzyme leads to an accumulation of keratan sulfate and bony abnormalities of the head, chest, hands, knees and spine may occur as a result of this metabolic defect, with preservation of intellect. The skeletal abnormalities in MPS IV-B are usually milder than in MPS IV-A.
Symptoms
Developmental abnormalities occurring in Morquio Syndrome may be detected as early as 18 months to 2 years of age. The skeletal abnormalities are milder in Morquio Syndrome A than in Morquio Syndrome B. These may include an enlarged head, a broad mouth, prominent cheekbones, an unusually small nose, widely spaced and thinly enameled teeth, and widely separated eyes with corneal clouding. Later, patients tend to develop abnormally short necks, short barrel chests, disproportionately long arms, enlarged and possibly hyperextensible wrists, stubby hands and "knock knees". Together with the misaligned knees and knobby joints, the child may be "pigeon-toed", causing a wobbly gait. The joint laxity and bony abnormalities of the spine can result in life-threatening spinal cord compression. Surgery to stabilize the upper cervical spine, usually by spinal fusion, can be lifesaving.
There may also be enlargement of the liver, curvature of the spine (thoracic kyphoscoliosis), flow of blood from the aorta back into the left ventricle of the heart (aortic regurgitation), and hearing loss.
Causes
Morquio Disease is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder in which a deficiency of galactosamine 6 sulfatase in type A of the disorder, and a deficiency of beta-galactosidase in type B, leads to an accumulation of keratan sulfate in the urine. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Morquio Syndrome affects males as often as females. The disorder occurs in less than 1 in 100,000 live births except in the French-Canadian population where it is known to be the most common type of mucopolysaccharidoses.
Related Disorders
There are many types of Mucopolysaccharidosis. Information about each of these types of MPS can be located in the Rare Disease Database. (For more information, choose "MPS Disorders" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
DiFerrante syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis VIII) is a disorder described in a single patient with clinical and biochemical features of Morquio and Sanfilippo syndromes. The disorder had been reported to be due to a deficiency of glucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase. Subsequently, this disorder was called MPS VIII (DiFerrante syndrome). Dr. DiFerrante later found that the enzyme was normal in his patient, and the disorder had been misdiagnosed. Therefore, DiFerrante syndrome is not a valid medical disorder.
The Mucolipidoses are a family of similar disorders, producing symptoms very much like those of the Mucopolysaccharidoses.
I-cell disease, or Mucolipidosis Type II, resembles Hurler syndrome and the two disorders are very difficult to distinguish. I-cell disease has similar physical and mental deterioration as MPS I, but usually occurs earlier and is more severe. I-cell diseases is characterized by diffused deficiency of lysosomal enzymes with the cell and is not associated with excretion of mucopolysaccharides in the urine.
Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy (Mucolipidosis III) is also transmitted by autosomal inheritance, but it is characterized by a deficiency of multiple lysosomal enzymes needed to break down mucopolysaccharides. ML III affects males more often than females, and can be identified by such symptoms as claw-like hands, somewhat coarse facial features, dwarfism and pain in the hands. Intelligence tends to be normal in most patients, but mild mental retardation is sometimes present.
Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency (Mucolipidosis IV) is a disorder of unknown cause characterized by early clouding of the cornea, mild to moderate mental retardation and enlargement of spleen and liver.
(For more information on the Mucolipidoses, choose "ML Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Morquio Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Physical therapy and special educational services may be helpful. Genetic counseling may be helpful to the parents of patients with Morquio Syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis is now possible for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Since prenatal diagnosis is now possible through amniocentesis and sampling of a tissue layer in the embryo (chorionic villus sampling), new treatments aimed at checking early development of Morquio Syndrome are now under study. One method involves replacing defective enzymes via enzyme replacement therapy and/or bone marrow transplants. Scientific study of gene replacement in animal models raises the hope that gene replacement may someday be made available to people with genetic disorders such as Morquio Syndrome.
The Mayo Clinic is investigating the use of Alpha Interferon as a treatment for Morquio Syndrome. For more information, physicians can contact:
Morie A. Gertz, M.D.
Dept. of Hematology & Internal Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN 55905
(507) 284-2511
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Morquio Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
MPS (Mucopolysaccharidoses) Research Funding Center, Inc.
1215 Maxfield Road
Hartland, MI 48029
(313) 363-4412
National MPS Society
17 Kramer Street
Hicksville, NY 11801
(516) 931-6338
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Society of Mucopolysaccharide Diseases, Inc.
382 Parkway Blvd.
Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada R8A OK4
Society of MPS Diseases
30 Westwood Drive
Little Chalfont, Bucks, England
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MPS Society Brochure.
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed.: Daniel Bergsma, ed: March of Dimes, 1979. P. 732.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 6th ed.: Victor A McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. Pp. 840-841..
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- -Copyright (C) 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
656: Motor Neuron Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Motor Neuron Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Motor Neurone Disease
Motor Neuron Syndrome
Motoneuron Disease
Motoneurone Disease
Disorder Subdivisions:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's Disease)
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Benign Congenital Hypotonia
Nemaline Myopathy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Motor Neuron Disease is a group of serious disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons (neurons combine to form nerves). Motor neurons control the behavior of muscles. Motor Neuron Diseases may affect the upper motor neurons, nerves that lead from the brain to the medulla (a part of the brain stem) or to the spinal cord, or the lower motor neurons, nerves that lead from the spinal cord to the muscles of the body, or both. Spasms and exaggerated reflexes indicate damage to the upper motor neurons. A progressive wasting (atrophy) and weakness of muscles which have lost their nerve supply indicate damage to the lower motor neurons.
Symptoms
Generally, a Motor Neuron Disease is characterized by muscle weakness, wasting (atrophy), and normal intellectual functioning. For specific symptoms, see each of the forms of Motor Neuron Disease in the Disorder Subdivision section. The different forms affect certain motor neurons, thus certain symptoms are associated with each of them. Also, there may be overlap of the different forms, thus overlap of their associated symptoms.
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Debate still exists on whether there are distinct forms of Motor Neuron Disease or if they are variants of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Symptoms of the different forms may overlap.
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (LOU GEHRIG'S DISEASE) or 'ALS' is the most well known Motor Neuron Disease. It affects both the upper and lower motor neurons. Clumsy hands, weakness in the legs, or difficulty in swallowing and slow speech may be the first signs. The disease progresses to involve muscles all over the body. Coughing, difficulty in breathing, progressive wasting and weakness, and spasticity or stiffness of muscles may occur. ALS affects adults, men more than women, usually between the ages of 40 and 70. (For more information on this disorder, choose "ALS" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
PRIMARY LATERAL SCLEROSIS affects adults. It is characterized by progressive degeneration of the upper motor neurons. Difficulty in speech and swallowing, semi- or complete paralysis of the legs and/or arms, and muscle twitching and spasticity may occur. Males and females are affected equally by this rare disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Primary Lateral Sclerosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
WERDNIG-HOFFMANN DISEASE (INFANTILE SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY) is a severe Motor Neuron Disease that affects infants. It is characterized by weakness, twitching, and wasting of the muscles of the body. Breathing, excretory, and feeding difficulties may occur. It is a hereditary form of Motor Neuron Disease. The more serious and progressive form of Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease becomes evident within the first few months of life. This rare disease is estimated to occur in 1 out of every 1,000,000 live births per year. It affects males and females equally. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Werdnig-Hoffmann" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
KUGELBERG-WELANDER SYNDROME (JUVENILE SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY) is a serious disorder usually appearing in the first ten to twenty years of life. It is characterized by muscle wasting and weakness in the arms and legs, twitching, difficulties in walking, and eventual loss of reflexes. The muscles of the eye, heart, and anal sphincter (ring of muscles that prevents passage of feces) may be affected causing vision problems, irregular heartbeat, and loss of bowel control. Kugelberg-Welander is a hereditary form of Motor Neuron Disease. This rare disease tends to have a higher incidence and severity in males than in females. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Kugelberg-Welander" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
PROGRESSIVE SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY is a slowly progressive Motor Neuron Disease. Muscle weakness and wasting may begin in the hands and eventually affect the arms, shoulders, legs, and the rest of the body. Muscle twitching may occur in the limbs and tongue.
PROGRESSIVE BULBAR PALSY is a severe Motor Neuron Disease usually occurring in childhood. It affects the muscles of the tongue, lips, palate, pharynx (back of the throat), and larynx ('voice-box'). Weakness and wasting of these muscles may cause difficulties in chewing, swallowing, and talking. Respiratory problems may also occur.
Causes
The exact cause of most types of Motor Neuron Disease is not known.
Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease, Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome, and Progressive Bulbar Atrophy are forms of Motor Neuron Diseases that effect children or young adults. They are inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
The affected populations of the different forms of Motor Neuron Disease varies. In general, all forms are rare. For more information, see the specific forms in the Disorder Subdivisions section.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Motor Neuron Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Benign Congenital Hypotonia is a nonprogressive neuromuscular disorder affecting newborns. It is characterized by muscle weakness or 'floppiness.' The cause of this disorder is not known and symptoms may improve with age. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hypotonia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Nemaline Myopathy is a hereditary muscular disease affecting newborns. It is characterized by muscle weakness or 'floppiness.' The limbs and trunk are affected which may affect posture. Reflexes may be absent. There may be swallowing and breathing problems. Although progression occurs, some improvement may be seen as the muscles grow. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Nemaline" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Symptoms of other neuromuscular diseases may mimic Motor Neuron Disease. Examination by a neurologist is necessary to determine if the patient has motor neuron disease or another type of neuromuscular disease.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Motor Neuron Disease is symptomatic and supportive.
Certain drugs may be used to control muscle symptoms: baclofen for spasticity, quinine for cramps, diazepam for muscular contractions, and pyridostigmine to improve nerve-to-muscle message transmission.
Various respiratory aids can be used to help a patient breathe. When swallowing becomes difficult, nutrition can be maintained by the use of various devices or by the use of softer more nutritious foods. Methods that help control excess saliva if the patient has difficulty swallowing may also be used.
Devices that help the patient continue daily activities such as braces, hand splits, limb supports, or a wheelchair are important. Bedridden patients can be made more comfortable with sheepskins or water mattresses.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit to patients and their families with a hereditary form of Motor Neuron Disease.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are conducting extensive ongoing research on Motor Neuron Diseases in the areas of nerve growth factors, axonal transport, androgen receptors in motor neurons, DNA/RNA changes, and metabolic studies of the neuromuscular junction. Several drug studies are underway to learn if pharmaceuticals may slow the progression of these disorders.
Syntex-Synergen Neuroscience of Boulder, CO, is sponsoring an orphan product for the treatment of motor neuron diseases. The chemical name is ciliary neurotrophic factor, recombinant human.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Motor Neuron Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Society
21021 Ventura Blvd., Suite 321
Woodland Hills, CA 91364
(818) 340-7500
For information about Motor Neuron Diseases that occur during childhood:
Families of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
P.O. Box 1465
Highland Park, IL 60035
(708) 432-5551
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals for inherited Motor Neuron Diseases:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
NIH/National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health (NCEMCH)
38th & R Streets, NW
Washington, DC 20057
(202) 625-8400
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 683.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 2243-2244.
Motor Neuron Disease#.
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
619: Mountain Sickness, Acute
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Acute Mountain Sickness) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
AMS
Mountain Sickness
High Altitude Illness
Hypoxia
Puna
Soroche
Mareo
Disorder Subdivisions:
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)
High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Subacute Infantile Mountain Sickness
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Acute Mountain Sickness is a group of symptoms that may occur in some people who ascend rapidly to altitudes higher than 8200 ft. (2500 m). Major symptoms may include headaches, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia.
Symptoms
Acute Mountain Sickness may occur during the first 8 to 24 hours after a person reaches a high elevation (altitude). The occurrence, severity, and duration of Acute Mountain Sickness varies with the rate and ultimate height of the climb and with an individual's susceptibility. Headache, poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, tiredness, and poor sleep may occur. There may be abnormal sounds during breathing (rales), bleeding of the retina (light-sensitive layer inside the eye), and excess fluid under the skin (peripheral edema). Decreased urination (oliguria), inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements (ataxia), and impaired thinking may also occur. Severe (Chronic) Mountain Sickness patients may develop oxygen-deficient tissues (hypoxia) and excessive amounts of red blood cells (polycythemia).
Causes
Symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness occur because there is less oxygen at higher altitudes, and the body's tissues receive less oxygen. People may be susceptible to Acute Mountain Sickness if their cells need more oxygen than normal or if they cannot tolerate decreased oxygen levels at high altitudes. People that urinate infrequently are especially susceptible to Acute Mountain Sickness.
Affected Population
Acute Mountain Sickness affects males and females in equal numbers when they ascend to high altitudes very rapidly.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Acute Mountain Sickness. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Subacute Infantile Mountain Sickness is a severe disorder of infants. It may occur when infants are born at low altitudes and then taken to higher elevations. Thickening of the arteries to the lungs and enlargement of their openings may occur. There may also be thickening and enlargement of the cavities of the heart.
The following disorders may be associated with Acute Mountain Sickness as secondary characteristics. They are not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) is a severe complication of Acute Mountain Sickness which involves high levels of fluids, proteins and cells in the lung. Symptoms may include breathing difficulties, coughing, abnormal sounds during breathing, and rapid heart beat. The skin may turn blue or purple (cyanosis). Headaches, vomiting, memory problems, disorientation, loss of consciousness, bleeding of the retina, and excessive fluid in the optic disks (papilledema) may also occur.
High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) is a severe consequence of Acute Mountain Sickness which involves extra fluid in the brain. It may occur when the central nervous system is deprived of oxygen. Symptoms may include headaches, inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements (ataxia), and loss of consciousness. Double vision (diplopia), visual and auditory (hearing) hallucinations, and papilledema may also occur.
Therapies: Standard
Descending from a high altitude is the most successful treatment for Acute Mountain Sickness. For mild cases, rest, frequent small meals, no alcohol, and acetaminophen for headache may be all that is needed. Dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic drug, and the diuretic acetazolamide may be used for more severe cases. To prevent Acute Mountain Sickness , a slow climb, staying 2 to 5 days at a middle altitude (staging), or the use of the drug dexamethasone or acetazolamide may be recommended.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers are investigating oxygen therapy and the combination of dexamethasone and acetazolamide for the treatment of Acute Mountain Sickness.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Acute Mountain Sickness, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Public Affairs Office
P.O. Box 12233
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
(919) 541-3345
References
CURRENT CONCEPTS: ACUTE MOUNTAIN SICKNESS: T.S. Johnson, et al.; N Engl J Med (September 29, 1988: issue 319(13)). Pp. 841-845.
CLINICAL FEATURES OF PATIENTS WITH HIGH-ALTITUDE PULMONARY EDEMA IN
JAPAN: T. Kobayashi et al.; Chest (November, 1987: issue 92(5)). Pp. 814-821.
HIGH ALTITUDE CEREBRAL OEDEMA: C. Clarke; Int J Sports Med (April, 1988: issue 9(2)). Pp. 170-174.
Mountain Sickness, Acute
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"Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
617: Moyamoya Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Moyamoya Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Moya Moya Disease
Moya-moya Disease
Moyamoya Syndrome
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or (Stroke)
Cerebral Vascular Malformations
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Moyamoya disease is a progressive disease that effects the blood vessels in the brain (cerebrovascular). It is characterized by narrowing and/or closing of the main artery to the brain (carotid). This lack of blood may cause paralysis of the feet, legs or the upper extremities. Headaches, various vision problems, mental retardation, and psychiatric problems may also occur.
Symptoms
Moyamoya disease may occur at any age. The age of onset tends to determine the various symptoms. Cerebral bleeding (hemorrhage) and anemia, headaches, speech disorders, and sudden onsets of recurrent paralysis usually occur in juvenile Moyamoya patients. Children afflicted with Moyamoya disease may have convulsions or involuntary movements. Some may show signs of mental retardation. Patients tend to develop one or more of the following visual disturbances: blindness in one half of the visual field of one or both eyes (hemianopia), double vision (diplopia), bilaterally (right and left) decreased visual clearness (acuity), and the inability to recognize objects. Fainting, intracranial hemorrhage below the middle covering of the brain (subarachnoid) followed by accumulation of excessive amounts of watery fluid in the optic disks (papilledema) may also occur. Neurosis (mainly anxiety) usually occurs in adult Moyamoya patients. Patients usually have sudden insufficiencies of blood supplies in the brain (cerebral infarctions) which can lead to brain tissue death.
Causes
The exact cause of Moyamoya disease is not known. It is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in a small number of cases. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.)
Studies suggest oral contraceptive use may possibly contribute to a small number of Moyamoya cases in women, although this has not been definitely confirmed. Pregnancy may also contribute to the development of Moyamoya.
Affected Population
Moyamoya disease occurs mainly in females under the age of 20, particularly of Japanese origin. In one Japanese study, 7% of the cases were familial. Familial cases, including identical twins, have also been reported in Europe.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Moyamoya disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
A Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke) occurs because the blood supply to the brain has been cut off or decreased. Thrombotic strokes occur when a clot has narrowed or completely closed an artery in the neck or head. This is the result of the buildup of fat-containing materials and calcium (plaque) on the inner linings of the blood vessels. Embolic strokes occur when a clot breaks away from the diseased artery in another part of the body and clogs a smaller artery in the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a blood vessel ruptures in or around the brain, depriving that area of blood. Each type of stroke has its own symptoms, progression, and prognosis. Clumsiness, headaches, speech difficulties, weakness or complete paralysis of one or both sides of the body may occur. Stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and unconsciousness are also common symptoms.
Vascular malformations (abnormal blood vessels) of the brain are classified into arteriovenous malformations (abnormal arteries and veins), cavernous malformations (enlarged channels of blood vessels), venous malformations (abnormal veins), and the telangiectasias (enlarged capillary-sized vessels). Malformations in the brain may cause recurrent headaches, seizures, and hemorrhaging. Hemorrhaging in the brain may cause cerebrovascular accidents (strokes).
Therapies: Standard
Angiograms and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are diagnostic tests that can show the brain's blood vessels to see if they are indicative of Moyamoya disease. Effective treatment of Moyamoya has been unsuccessful in the past; however, surgical treatment and drug therapy research is encouraging. There are five surgical treatments currently in use: Encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS), Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS), Encephalomyoarteriosynangiosis (EMAS), Superficial Temporal-to-Middle Cerebral Artery (STA-MA) Bypass, and Indirect Non-Bypass Revascularization. Response of patients to these complex and very complicated surgeries varies.
Drug therapy now in use is intravenous administration of verapamil, a calcium-channel blocker which dilates certain blood vessels.
The disease may also stabilize after a progressive course.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families if they have the hereditary form of Moyamoya Disease. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers are investigating two types of drugs that may be effective in treating Moyamoya disease: calcium-channel blockers and anti-aggregating (anti-blood clotting) drugs.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Moyamoya Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Families with Moyamoya Network
14197 E. Kansas Pl., #105
Aurora, CO 80012
1282 Skylark Dr., RR #3
Cedar Rapids, IA 52403
(319) 362-8315
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Children's Brain Diseases Foundation for Research
350 Parnassus, Suite 900
San Francisco, CA 94117
(415) 566-5402
(415) 565-6259
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1068.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 2213-2214.
CEREBRAL INFARCTION DUE TO MOYAMOYA DISEASE IN YOUNG ADULTS: A. Bruno, et al.; Stroke (July, 1988: issue 19(7)). Pp. 826-833.
OCULAR SYMPTOMS OF MOYAMOYA DISEASE: S. Noda, et al.; Am J Ophthalmol (June 15,1987: issue 103(6)). Pp. 812-816.
PITFALLS IN THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF MOYAMOYA DISEASE. OPERATIVE
TECHNIQUES FOR REFRACTORY CASES: S. Miyamoto et al.; J Neurosurg (April, 1988: issue 68(4)). Pp. 537-543.
TREATMENT OF ACUTE DEFICITS OF MOYAMOYA DISEASE WITH VERAPAMIL: M.J.
McLean et al.; Ann Acad Med Singapore (January, 1985: issue 14(1)). Pp. 65-70.
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+Copyright (C) 1987, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
336: Measles
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Measles) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Rubeola
Morbilli
Nine Day Measles
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Measles is a highly contagious disease occurring primarily in children. This disease is characterized by fever, cough, acute nasal mucous membrane discharge (coryza), inflammation of the lining of the eyelids (conjunctivitis), a spreading rash, and eruption of small, irregular, bright red spots (Koplik's spots) on the inner cheeks in the mouth with a minute bluish or white speck in the center of each.
Because measles can be contracted from someone whose symptoms have not yet appeared, it is often difficult to avoid exposure. Measles ceases to be contagious four days after appearance of the rash.
Although concerted efforts have been made to eliminate measles in the United States, increasing numbers of cases have been reported recently in some areas. This may be due in part to a drastic rise in the cost of vaccine, shortage of supplies due to liability insurance problems, or fear by the public of possible side effects of vaccines. This is in spite of strict observance of immunization/attendance requirements by school officials. However, parents may underestimate the need for this immunization. Usually measles and the danger of its complications can be avoided by timely immunization.
Symptoms
Measles usually begins like a common cold after a seven to fourteen day incubation period, with sinus congestion, a runny nose, a cough, and red, irritated eyes. Two days later, although often unnoticed, Koplik's spots (small red spots with blueish-white specks in the center) form inside the mouth opposite the molars. After four days of these worsening symptoms, a telltale rash appears first on the face and neck, then on the trunk, arms and legs. Patients may have some degree of sensitivity to light. After two to four days of listlessness, the rash, cough, stuffiness and red eyes (conjunctivitis) abruptly improve. If no complications have set in, measles has run its course by the tenth day.
Measles patients can have lowered resistance to infections such as bronchitis, ear infections, or other bacterial infections. Possible direct complications may include pneumonia and inner ear infections such as otitis media and mastoiditis which can possibly lead to deafness. Encephalitis, which occurs in up to one out of 1,000 measles cases, can result in mental retardation. In some extreme cases, corneal ulceration may occur.
Measles virus may also be associated with Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE), a slow virus infection. (Slow viruses may stay dormant in humans for extended periods of time, then for reasons yet unknown, may become reactivated.) SSPE is a chronic brain disease of children and adolescents that can occur months to years (usually years) after an attack of measles. SSPE can cause intellectual deterioration, convulsive seizures, coma and motor abnormalities. (For more information on this disorder, choose "SSPE" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Causes
Measles is caused by a paramyxovirus. The virus infiltrates the nose and mouth (nasopharynx), and is highly contagious.
Affected Population
Measles affects males and females equally, and can occur worldwide. Supposedly on the verge of extinction in the United States in 1983 when only 1,497 cases were reported, measles (rubeola) rebounded to a total of 2,813 in 1985. As of May 1986, a total of 1,976 Americans (more than in all of 1983) had been afflicted. The licensing of the first widely used measles vaccines in 1963, followed shortly by an improved version, reduced the number of reported cases from a pre-vaccine total of 525,000 annually to the record low in 1983, which reflects a ninety-nine percent decline.
Related Disorders
Rubella, or three-day measles, is marked by mild constitutional symptoms that may result in abortion, stillbirth, or congenital defects in infants born to mothers infected during the early months of pregnancy. Other symptoms may include a two to three week incubation period with no recognizable symptoms, mild course of short duration, low fever, rash (less extensive than other types of measles), a reddish flush simulating that of scarlet fever which may be noticed on the face, enlargement of lymph nodes, and a normal blood count.
Symptoms are usually mild in children with Rubella. Adults characteristically experience fever, discomfort, headache, weakness or exhaustion, stiff joints, and mild nasal membrane inflammation (rhinitis). Encephalitis is a rare complication that has occurred during extensive outbreaks of rubella among young adults in the armed services. Transient testicular pain is also a frequent complaint in affected adult males.
(For more information on rubella, choose "rubella" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database, and see the related article in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services.)
Scarlet Fever is an infection caused by a bacteria that usually affects the mouth/throat area (pharynx), but may also affect the skin or birth canal. Patients may experience headache, abdominal pain, nausea, and a skin rash. Rarely, complications are lymphocytic meningitis and hepatitis. A reddish flush may be apparent on the face, chest and extremities, with tiny red spots in some cases. The disease is much milder now than in the past, and complications are rare when properly treated.
Roseola Infantum (Exanthem Subitum or Pseudorubella) is an acute disease of infants or very young children characterized by high fever, absence of localizing symptoms or signs, and appearance of red spots (a rubelliform eruption) simultaneously with, or following, lowering of the fever (defervescence). The cause and mode of transmission are not known, but the disease is probably communicable and caused by a neurodermotropic virus. It occurs most often in the spring and fall. Minor local epidemics have been reported.
Atypical Measles Syndrome (AMS) is most common in adolescents and young adults and usually associated with prior immunization using the original killed measles vaccines, which are no longer in use. However, live measles vaccine administration has also been known to precede development of AMS, perhaps as a result of inadvertent inactivation due to improper storage. Presumably, inactivated measles virus vaccines do not prevent wild virus infection and can sensitize patients so that disease expression is altered significantly. AMS may begin abruptly, with high fever, toxicity, headache, abdominal pain, and cough. The rash may appear one to two days later, often beginning on the extremities. Swelling (edema) of the hands and feet may occur, pneumonia is not uncommon, and nodular densities in the lungs may persist for three months or longer.
Therapies: Standard
In general, once a person is infected, there is little to do other than let measles run its course, and make the patient as comfortable as possible. The use of aspirin to treat viral diseases in children and young adults should be avoided because of the risk of Reye Syndrome, a rare but life-threatening condition. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Reye" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Bed rest and a light diet seem to be of benefit.
Vaccination for measles is the most effective method found to prevent outbreaks of measles. Vaccine failure occurs in just ten percent of cases. The vaccine approved in 1963 is no longer in use. Anyone who received one of these vaccines between 1962 and 1969 should be reimmunized with the current vaccine. This new live vaccine is strong enough to produce immunity to measles, but not so strong as to produce severe reactions.
The age for vaccination has also changed. Currently, measles vaccination is now recommended at fifteen months - after antibodies passed on by the mother have disappeared. Some authorities advocate lowering the age to twelve or even six months, with revaccination at fifteen months, when measles is usually epidemic. Children should be vaccinated before exposure to measles, or within seventy-two hours of exposure, if the protection is to be effective. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that an initial immunization of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) be given at fifteen months of age and a second MMR immunization be given at the beginning of middle school or junior high school.
The new recommendation for measles immunization consists of two doses of vaccine - one at 15 months of age and the second one at four to six years of age. Students entering college and medical personnel with direct patient contact should also have a second vaccination.
(For more information concerning vaccination schedules, see "New Recommended Schedule for Active Immunization of Normal Infants & Children" in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services.)
Pregnant women exposed to measles should have their immunity tested to avoid possible risk to their unborn babies. Rubella, more than any other type of measles, can pose a great risk to fetuses.
Therapies: Investigational
The number of anti-viral agents which may be useful in treating measles is still limited. Immunoglobulins and interferons, as well as a variety of immune stimulators or immune modulators, are possible therapies that are still undergoing further investigational evaluation at this time.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Measles, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
MEASLES ON THE REBOUND: Stephen J. Ackerman; FDA Consumer (October 1986, issue). Pp. 18-21.
IMMUNOTHERAPY IN VIRUS DISEASES: H. Schulte-Wissermann, et. al.; Monatsschr Dinderheilkd (April 1986, issue 134(4)). Pp. 172-81.
Measles
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661: Meckel Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Meckel Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Meckel-Gruber Syndrome
Gruber Syndrome
Dysencephalia Splanchnocystica
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Meckel Syndrome is a rare inherited disorder. Major symptoms may include, congenital deformities of the brain resulting in mental retardation. Malformations of the hands and feet, and bone deformities of the arms and legs may also occur. In males genitals may fail to develop properly. Kidney, pancreas and liver may also be abnormal.
Symptoms
The symptoms which identify Meckel Syndrome consist of brain abnormalities and failure of the brain to fully develop. Additionally, cystic growths in the kidneys and fibrous growths in the ducts of the liver and pancreas may occur. More than five fingers on the hands may be present as well as more than five toes on the feet and shortening or bowing of the long bones of the arms and legs. In males the testicles may contain abnormal cysts and they may fail to descend or grow properly.
Causes
Meckel Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal). Meckel Syndrome can be identified in pregnant women during the fifth month of pregnancy either through ultrasound testing or by checking cells taken from the fluid surrounding the fetus (amniocentesis).
Affected Population
Meckel Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. The incidence of this syndrome worldwide varies from 1 in 140,000 to 1 in 9,000 births. Higher than usual concentrations of people with Meckel Syndrome occurs in India and Finland.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Meckel Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLO Syndrome; RSH Syndrome), is a rare hereditary neurological disorder characterized by a smaller than normal size head, mental retardation, low pressure in the fluid of the eyes, incomplete development of the male genitalia, short nose with displaced nostrils and a smaller than normal size opening of the stomach (pyloric stenosis). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Smith-Lemli-Opitz" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Joubert Syndrome is a very rare hereditary neurological disorder marked by malformations of the area of the brain which controls balance and coordination, neuromuscular and eye movement disturbances. Additionally, psychomotor retardation, and/or respiratory abnormalities may develop. Some of the symptoms may decrease with age. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Joubert Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Potter's Syndrome is a rare hereditary disorder marked by congenital cysts of the Kidneys and liver. The patients also suffer from cerebral hemorrhage, aortic aneurysm and high blood pressure.
Ullrich-Feichtiger Syndrome exhibits the same symptoms as Meckel Syndrome with the addition of some facial deformities including small jaws and cleft palate. It also is marked by extra fingers.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Meckel Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling is recommended for families affected by this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Meckel Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp.606-607, 1096, 1250.
ARE BOWING OF LONG TUBULAR BONES AND PREAXIAL POLYDACTYOL SIGNS OF THE
MECKEL SYNDROME? F. Majewski, et al.; Hum Genet (1983, issue 65 (2)). Pp. 125-133.
THE MECKEL SYNDROME: CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN 67 PATIENTS; R. Salonen, et al.; Am J Med Genet (August, 1984, issue 18 (4)). Pp. 671-689.
A NEW SYNDROME WITH FEATURES OF THE SMITH-LEMLI-OPITZ AND MECKEL GRUBER
SYNDROMES IN A SIBSHIP WITH CEREBELLAR DEFECTS: A.C. Casamassima, et al.; Am J Med Genet (February, 1987, issue 26 (2)). Pp. 321-336.
STUDIES ON THE ELEVATED AMNIOTIC FLUID SP 1 IN MECKELS'S SYNDROME; MODIFIED GLYCOSYLATION OF SP1; M. Heikinheimo, et al.; Placenta (July-August, 1987, issue 8 (4)). Pp. 427-432.
Meckel Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
127: Mediterranean Fever, Familial
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Familial Mediterranean Fever) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Siegel-Cattan-Mamou Syndrome
Armenian Syndrome
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis
Familial Paroxysmal Polyserositis
Mediterranean Fever
Periodic Amyloid Syndrome
Periodic Peritonitis Syndrome
Recurrent Polyserositis
Reimann's Syndrome
Reimann Periodic Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Familial mediterranean fever (FMF) is a hereditary disorder characterized by recurrent bouts of fever and inflammation of the serous membranes, which line the inside of the body cavity and the various organs that protrude into it. FMF occurs in persons of Armenian, Arabic, or Sephardic Jewish ancestry, and affects males more often than females. The disorder has a good prognosis in the absence of complications. The causes of Familial Mediterranean Fever are not known.
Symptoms
The first symptoms of Familial Mediterranean Fever usually appear between the ages of five and fifteen, although onset occasionally occurs in young adulthood or early middle age. Attacks recur at intervals of weeks or months, and usually last twenty-four to forty-eight hours, although sometimes they can last as long as one week. In women, attacks may correspond with menstrual periods.
Fever, sometimes severe abdominal and stabbing chest pain (due to inflammation of the pleural and peritoneal membranes), and occasionally, arthritis and skin lesions, characterize the attacks. The patient may feel unable to breathe deeply because of pain (pleurisy). Pain occurs in the larger joints and lasts 2 to 3 days. Skin lesions consist of painful, reddish, swollen areas, usually on the lower legs.
A major complication of Familial Mediterranean Fever is amyloidosis particularly affecting the kidneys. (For more information on Amyloidosis, choose "amyloidosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) This can lead to kidney failure. In the United States, drug addiction is an important complication, usually resulting from the use of narcotics to alleviate pain during attacks.
Causes
Familial Mediterranean Fever is inherited through an autosomal recessive mechanism. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Scientists have located the gene that results in the development of Familial Mediterranean Fever in non-Ashkanazi Jews on the short arm of chromosome 16.
The biochemical or structural defect in this disease is not known. Inherited metabolic or endocrine defects are possibilities.
Affected Population
Familial Mediterranean Fever preferentially affects persons of Armenian, Arabic, or Sephardic Jewish ancestry. More males than females are affected.
Therapies: Standard
Colchicine prevents attacks for reasons that are not understood. In larger quantities, it stops attacks that are already in progress. Narcotics should not be used routinely to control pain because of the possibility of drug addiction. Surgery is of no benefit. When amyloidosis has destroyed the kidneys, renal transplantation or renal dialysis may be necessary.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Familial Mediterranean Fever, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive & Kidney Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 147, 795, 1196-9.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 255.
Mediterranean Fever, Familial
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585: Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Medium-Chain
Nonketotic Carnitine Deficiency
Carnitine Deficiency
MCAD Deficiency
MCADH Deficiency
Dicarboxylicaciduria
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Glutaricaciduria II
Reye Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCAD) is a metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme medium chain CoA dehydrogenase which is needed for the breakdown of medium chain fatty acids. This enzyme plays a central role in the metabolism of fats. Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), lack of energy (lethargy) and possibly coma, as well as fatty changes in the liver, may also occur. During hypoglycemic periods, tests usually show massive amounts of dicarboxylic acid in the urine.
Symptoms
Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency is a form of organic acidemia. It is characterized by intermittent low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia) after fasting, as well as fatigue, and sometimes coma. During periods of hypoglycemia, tests usually show excessive amounts of dicarboxylic acids in the urine of 6 to 8 carbon atoms in length. The chemical compound suberylglycine appears to be diagnostic for this condition. Fatty changes in the liver may also occur. Symptoms first appear during childhood or early adolescence.
Causes
CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency is a hereditary disorder transmitted through autosomal recessive genes. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If a person receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, he or she will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is 25 percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency has an incidence of about 1 in 10,000 live births. It first appears during infancy and early childhood and males and females are affected in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders are similar to those of Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Glutaricaciduria II: There are two forms of this disorder which occur during different stages of life. They are both forms of organic acidemias which are a group of metabolic disorders characterized by excess acid in the blood and urine.
1) Glutaricaciduria IIA (GA IIA). This neonatal form of Glutaricaciduria II is a very rare, sex-linked hereditary disorder characterized by large amounts of glutaric and other acids in blood and urine. Some researchers believe the disorder is caused by a defect in the breakdown of acyl-CoA compounds.
2) Glutaricaciduria IIB (GA IIB; Ethylmalonic Adipicaciduria) is the milder, adult form of Glutaricaciduria II. This disorder, inherited through autosomal recessive genes, is characterized by acidity of the body tissues (metabolic acidosis), and a low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia) without an elevated level of ketones in body tissues (ketosis). Large amounts of glutaric acid in the blood and urine are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme "Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase". (For more information, choose "Glutaricaciduria II" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Reye Syndrome is a combination of acute brain disease (encephalopathy) and fatty degeneration of the abdominal organs. This disorder tends to follow some acute viral infections such as flu or chicken pox in combination with certain toxic substances such as aspirin. In addition to these viruses and toxins, deficiencies of the enzymes needed in the breakdown of ammonia to urine appear to be a contributing factor. Symptoms occur suddenly and progress quickly, leading to coma. (For more information, choose "Reye" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Symptoms of Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency may be prevented by not allowing children with this deficiency to fast for prolonged periods of time. Sometimes children have to be awakened at night for feedings. Others may be fed intravenously or parenterally overnight. The usefulness of restricting the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine and tryptophan (which generate glutaric acid when they are metabolized) is not established at the present time. Acute episodes of acidity in blood and body tissues (acidosis) and dehydration are treated with fluids and bicarbonate. Many of the adverse effects of organic acidemias are due to secondary carnitine depletion. Such patients should have plasma carnitine measured and, if deficient, begin a supplement of 100-300 mg/kg/day of oral l-carnitine. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on medium Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Support Group for Medium Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCAD)
805 Montrose Dr.
Greensboro, NC 27410
(919) 547-0196
Organic Acidemia Association
522 Lander St.
Reno, NV 89512
(702) 322-5542
British Organic Acidemia Association
5 Saxon Rd.
Ashford, Middlesex TW15 1QL
England
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 800-801.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds; McGraw Hill, 1983. P. 238.
CATALYTIC DEFECT OF MEDIUM-CHAIN ACYL COENZYME A DEHYDROGENASE
DEFICIENCY: LACK OF BOTH COFACTOR RESPONSIVENESS AND BIOCHEMICAL
HETEROGENEITY IN EIGHT PATIENTS: B.A. Amendt, et al.; J Clin Investi (1985: issue 76). Pp. 963-969.
DICARBOXYLIC ACIDURIA: DEFICIENT 1-(14)C-OCTANOATE OXIDATION AND MEDIUM-CHAIN ACYL-CoA DEHYDROGENASE IN FIBROBLASTS: W.J. Rhead, et al.; Science (1983: issue 221). Pp. 73-75.
Medium-Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
226: Medullary Cystic Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Medullary Cystic Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Familial Juvenile Nephronophthisis
Renal-retinal Dysplasia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Medullary Cystic disease is a diffuse kidney disease, either genetic or congenital in origin, which usually appears in children or young adults (juvenile nephropthisis). It is characterized by a gradual increase of urea and other by-products of protein breakdown in the blood (uremia) due to progressive failure of kidney function.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Medullary Cystic disease usually begin during the first two decades of life, though the disease has been observed in patients in their sixties. Passing large amounts of urine (polyuria) due to the inability of the kidneys to concentrate the salts dissolved in the urine is often the earliest symptom; this condition is resistant to treatment with vasopressin. Patients commonly pass excessive amounts of sodium in the urine which may be severe enough to require extra sodium intake to prevent extracellular volume depletion. Acidity of the body tissue (acidosis) with or without relatively high chloride in the blood (hyperchloremia) may be present. Retarded growth and evidence of bone disease are common in these children.
In many patients, these problems develop slowly over a period of years; the body may, in fact, compensate for the problems so much that they are not recognized until significant uremia symptoms appear later in life due to kidney failure (uremia).
Laboratory findings are similar to those in patients with chronic renal failure. Protein in the urine (proteinuria) is minimal or absent, and the urinary sediment is not remarkable. X-rays of the urinary tract demonstrates only small kidneys, but ultrasound and special X-rays (arteriography) may reveal medullary cysts.
Causes
Medullary Cystic disease is possibly a recessive hereditary disorder. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Fifty percent of patients with Medullary Cystic disease are diagnosed in childhood.
Related Disorders
Medullary Sponge Kidney is characterized by tubular dilatation or faulty development of the collecting tubules of the kidney. It leads to urinary stasis and kidney stones (nephrocalcinosis).
Polycystic Kidney disease is an inherited kidney disorder characterized by many bilateral cysts which cause enlargement of the kidney size, while reducing, by compression, the normal functioning kidney tissue.
Therapies: Standard
The treatment of Medullary Cystic disease consists of careful management of uremia when it occurs. Diet must be carefully monitored. An increase of caloric intake should be coupled with a reduction in the total content of dietary protein. Sufficient carbohydrates and fats should be consumed to provide energy and prevent the body from metabolizing its own proteins.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Medullary Cystic Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NKUDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
The National Kidney Foundation
2 Park Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 889-2210
(800) 622-9010
American Kidney Fund
6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010
Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 881-3052
(800) 638-8299
(800) 492-8361 (MD)
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1631.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 645-8.
Medullary Cystic DiseaseG
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
223: Medullary Sponge Kidney
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Medullary Sponge Kidney) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Sponge Kidney
Tubular Ectasia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Medullary Sponge Kidney is a hereditary congenital defect characterized by dilation of the terminal collecting ducts in the kidneys. Often small calcium oxalate stones (calculi) appear in these ducts. This condition may affect one or both kidneys.
Symptoms
One or both kidneys may be affected in Medullary Sponge Kidney. Some of the papillary collecting ducts in the kidneys are dilated. This disorder is commonly associated with blood in the urine (hematuria) which can be recurrent.
Infections of the urinary tract often are the first sign of an underlying abnormality. Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) with renal colic, loin pain, and the excretion of small stones is one of the more prominent features of Medullary Sponge Kidney. The stones form in the dilated portions of the collecting ducts. They may consist of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and other types of calcium salts. The disease seldom progresses to end stage renal failure, although reduced glomurular filtration rates have been observed.
The most common functional abnormalities include the inability of the kidney to concentrate the salts that are excreted as urine, and acidity of the body tissues (systemic acidosis) secondary to renal tubular acidosis. Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) are a common clinical problem for patients with this disorder; it has been observed that 13% of patients who develop kidney stones have Medullary Sponge Kidney.
Causes
Medullary Sponge Kidney is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
A possible relationship between hyperparathyroidism and Medullary Sponge Kidney has been suggested.
Affected Population
Medullary Sponge Kidney is more common in males than in females.
Therapies: Standard
Patients with Medullary Sponge Kidney should take sufficient fluids in order to excrete about 2 liters of urine each day. Patients with too much calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria) may benefit from long-term therapy with thiazide diuretics as well as a high fluid intake. For patients with calcium urolithiasis and normal calcium excretion, oral phosphate therapy may be useful. A low calcium diet may prevent stone formation and thereby reduce obstruction complications. Patients should visit a physician at least yearly for routine urinalysis.
Therapies: Investigational
Calcium Acetate is a new orphan drug being used in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in end stage renal disease (ESRD). It is manufactured by Pharmedic Co., 130 Exmoor Ct., Deerfield, IL 60015.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Medullary Sponge Kidney, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NKUDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
The National Kidney Foundation
30 East 33rd St.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 889-2210
(800) 622-9010
American Kidney Fund
6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010
Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 881-3052
(800) 638-8299
(800) 492-8361 (MD)
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1631.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 645-8.
Medullary Sponge Kidney
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
300: Medulloblastoma
_________________________
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
A Medulloblastoma is a tumor in the cerebellum (a part of the brain), located in the lower rear portion of the skull (posterior fossa). About half of medulloblastomas are confined to the connecting bridge between the two halves of the cerebellum (vermis), and the other half actually invade the cerebellum or the brainstem (pons and medulla).
Symptoms
In infants with Medulloblastoma, the first sign of a brain tumor may be increased head size with no indication of discomfort or other symptoms. Two general categories of symptoms can be identified: those due to increased pressure inside the skull and those resulting from the tumor's effect on tissues of the brain.
Increased pressure in the skull may be due to several factors. Because the skull is composed of bone and cannot expand to accommodate a growing mass, the tumor may press on and displace normal brain tissue which is very easily damaged. Or the tumor may cause swelling (edema) of the brain or interfere with spinal fluid excretion which add to the "mass effect".
The most common initial symptom of a Medulloblastoma is vomiting, with or without nausea, just after waking up in the morning. This type of vomiting may be caused by, and an indication of increased intracranial pressure. However, vomiting can also occur in the absence of pressure due to a disturbance of the brain itself. Headache, often severe enough to wake the child and frequently present in the early morning, is also attributed to increased intracranial pressure. After vomiting the child often feels fine again. Because this unusual pattern of vomiting is often ignored, confused with the flu, or attributed to emotions, the tumor often progresses until other, more specific symptoms occur.
Other symptoms associated with increased intracranial pressure are irritability, sluggishness or drowsiness (lethargy), personality change and impaired attention or memory. The vomiting pattern tends to occur with increasing frequency as the tumor grows.
The cerebellum coordinates skilled muscle activity such as walking and speech; signs of cerebellar involvement may be present as the Medulloblastoma affects normal tissue. The initial signal of a cerebellar problem is commonly a change in the way a child walks such as stumbling, or uncoordinated movements (ataxia or ataxic gait).
Depending on the exact location of the tumor, a variety of additional symptoms may be present. Muscle weakness, increased involuntary muscle contraction (spasticity), change in reflexes such as the knee tap, limp muscles (hypotonicity), stiff neck often causing a tilt of the head, imperfect eye coordination such as crossed eyes (strabismus), and rapid movement of the eyeballs (nystagmus) are frequent signs. They may also indicate which brain structures the tumor is affecting.
Neurologists and neurosurgeons are the appropriate medical professionals to diagnose and treat Medulloblastomas.
Causes
The cause of Medulloblastoma, like most brain tumors, is unknown.
Affected Population
Although Medulloblastomas have been found in newborn babies as well as people in their 70's, this tumor is most commonly found in children between 4 and 8 years of age, with a peak incidence at 5 1/2 years.
Boys of this age are twice as likely to have this type of tumor as girls, but the sexual predisposition tends to lessen with increasing age. Two other peaks of occurrence have been reported during childhood; one at 3 years and one at 7-9 years. A smaller peak exists between 20 and 24 years of age. Eighty percent of all Medulloblastomas occur in children 15 years or younger.
Therapies: Standard
It is common for Medulloblastoma to block the normal flow of spinal fluid, causing it to accumulate in the brain. Shunting may be necessary to remove the excess fluid and decrease intracranial pressure prior to removal of the tumor. The use of this procedure is controversial, due to the risk of spreading the tumor (metastasis) via the shunt to other parts of the body.
SURGERY--Surgical removal of the tumor (posterior fossa craniectomy) is the treatment of choice. This surgery is necessary to remove the bulk of the tumor and to allow other treatment methods, such as chemotherapy or radiation, to be more effective.
RADIATION--This tumor tends to be easily destroyed by radiation. Radiation therapy usually begins about a week after surgery and should include irradiation of the entire brain and spine, with a booster dose to the posterior fossa. The Medulloblastoma may spread throughout the brain and spinal cord (neuroaxis), hence the entire central nervous system must be irradiated. Some hospitals report a 60%-70% 5 year survival rate in Medulloblastoma patients when the tumor has been apparently totally removed, followed by radiation treatment.
CHEMOTHERAPY--High risk patients with Medulloblastoma are those who are less than 3 years old, having extensive tumor before surgery, marked residual tumor after surgery, or those whose tumor has spread beyond the cerebellum. They may benefit from chemotherapy such as Vincristine or CCNU. This additional drug treatment is prescribed in the hope that it will delay or prevent recurrence of the tumor.
Therapies: Investigational
Ongoing research into new treatments for Medulloblastoma is conducted at the National Cancer Institute (see "Resources" section of this entry).
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Medulloblastoma, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Association for Brain Tumor Research
2910 West Montrose Ave.
Chicago, IL 60618
(312) 286-5571
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
References
ABOUT MEDULLOBLASTOMA; W. Kretzmer et al.: Association for Brain Tumor Research, 1985.
Medulloblastoma
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
235: Meige Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Meige Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Brueghel syndrome
Blepharospasm Oromandibular Dystonic syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Meige syndrome is a neurological movement disorder. It is characterized by abnormal jerky movements of the muscles of the face, jaw, eyebrows and spasm of the muscle around the eye. There may also be tongue, throat, and possible respiratory spasms.
Symptoms
Meige syndrome is characterized by impaired voluntary movements (dyskinesia), ceaseless rapid involuntary jerky movements (chorea), and disordered tension of all muscles (dystonia) of the facial musculature such as the jaws and the eyebrows. Rapid eye blinking and spasms of the muscles around the eye (blepharospasm) can cause the inability to control movement of the eyelids, resulting in involuntary closure of the eyes intermittently. The trunk and the extremities may be involved, but this is less common than facial involvement. Tongue, throat, and possible respiratory system spasms may also occur. Onset of Meige's syndrome is gradual, occurring usually in individuals over 50 years of age.
Causes
The specific cause of this neurological movement disorder is not known. Malfunction of brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) has been implicated in Meige's syndrome.
Affected Population
Meige's syndrome usually affects people over 50 years of age although it can occur at younger ages.
Related Disorders
Benign Essential Blepharospasm is a disorder affecting the circular muscle around the eye. It is characterized by strong involuntary contractions of this muscle resulting in intermittent loss of control over eyelid movements. The blepharospasm is similar, but other facial muscles are also involved in Meige's syndrome. (For more information on blepharospasm, choose Benign Essential Blepharospasm as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Drugs used to treat the blepharospasm of Meige syndrome include the following:
a. diazepam, a tranquilizer
b. levodopa, an anti-parkinsonian agent
c. methyldopa, an antihypertensive
d. trihexyphenidyl, an anticholinergic
e. lithium (which is also used to treat manic depression)
f. baclofen (Lioresal), a muscle relaxant
g. clonazepam (Clonopin), an anticonvulsant
Therapies: Investigational
Botulinum A Toxin is being used experimentally on Meige Syndrome. This orphan drug (brand name Oculinum) is injected into muscles in order to halt spasms by temporarily paralyzing the muscle. Treatment must be repeated within a few months when the spasms return.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Meige Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Dystonia Medical Research Foundation
8383 Wilshire Blvd.
Beverly Hills, CA 90211
(213) 852-1630
Dystonia Medical Research
1 E. Wacker Dr., Suite 2900
Chicago, IL 60601-20998
Benign Essential Blepharospasm Research Foundation, Inc. (BEBRF, Inc.)
P.O. Box 12468
Beaumont, TX 77726-2468
(409) 832-0788
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2150-1.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1421.
Meige Syndrome=
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)Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
684: Melanoma, Malignant
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Malignant Melanoma) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Melanoma
Nevus Pigmentosa
Melanocarcinoma
Melanoblastoma
Melanotic Carcinoma
Melanosarcoma
Melanoepithelioma
Melanoscirrhus
Disorder Subdivisions:
Acral Lentiginous Melanoma
Juvenile Melanoma
Malignant Lentigo (Melanoma)
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Kaposi's Sarcoma
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Malignant Melanoma is a common skin cancer that arises from the melanin cells of the upper layer of the skin (epidermis) or from similar cells that can be found in moles (nevi). This type of skin cancer may send down roots into deeper layers of the skin. Some of these microscopic roots can spread (metastasize) causing new tumor growths in vital organs of the body.
Symptoms
In early stages most melanomas do not produce any specific symptoms. Later they may appear as a lesion that does not heal, or an existing mole that shows changes in size or color. A physician should be consulted when any lesion, pigmented or not, becomes itchy, burns, softens or hardens, forms a scab, bleeds, becomes surrounded by a reddened or inflamed area, changes color, size or shape.
Disorder Subdivisions:
Acral Lentiginious melanoma is a malignant skin cancer that occurs in areas that are not excessively exposed to sunlight and where hair follicles are absent.
Juvenile Melanoma is a benign, elevated, pink to purplish-red papule, with a slightly scaly surface. It usually appears on the face, especially the cheeks. This type of melanoma most often occurs before puberty and has been mistaken for malignant melanoma.
Malignant Lentigo (Melanoma) is a precancerous area on the skin, that resembles a freckle. It can be brown or black in color, irregular in shape, and it usually occurs on the face. This type of Melanoma occurs most often in older people.
Causes
The exact cause of Malignant Melanoma is unknown. Excessive exposure to the sun, particularly before puberty, and living in areas that are closer to the sun, increases the risk of developing skin cancer. There may be a genetic predisposition for malignant melanoma which may be transmitted through autosomal dominant genes.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child. A genetic predisposition to an illness means that some people may carry the defective gene but never get the disorder unless something in the environment triggers the disease process.
Affected Population
Malignant Melanoma affects males and females in equal numbers. The incidence of these types of skin cancers is increasing at a far faster rate than any other cancers. The risk of melanoma is higher in Caucasians than in those of more darkly pigmented races. It is even a greater risk for those with blue eyes and fair complexion.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Malignant Melanoma. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Basal Cell Carcinoma is a common skin cancer. It may appear as small, shiny, firm nodules; ulcerated, crusted lesions; or flat, scar-like hardened patches which may bleed. This type of skin cancer is difficult to differentiate from psoriasis or localized dermatitis without a biopsy.
Squamous Cell Carcinomas usually appear on sun-exposed areas of the skin, but may occur anywhere on the body. The lesions begin as a small red elevation or patch with a scaly or crusted surface. They may become nodular, sometimes with a warty surface. In some, the bulk of the lesion may lie below the level of the surrounding tissue. A biopsy is essential to diagnose this disorder.
Kaposi's Sarcoma may appear as small pigmented (tan to purple) papules, plaques, nodules, tumors or ulcers. This type of skin cancer can infiltrate the body, involving the oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract, disseminating to other organs such as the liver, lung and bone. Chemotherapy has been helpful in treating Kaposi's Sarcoma. Until the last 10 years it was seen mostly in older men of Ashkenazi Jewish or Mediterranean descent, and those with a compromised immune system. The more recent increased incidence of Kaposi's Sarcoma is due to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome); about 30% of those with AIDS will also get Kaposi's Sarcoma.
Therapies: Standard
The treatment for Malignant Melanoma depends on the level, stage and location of the skin cancer at the time of diagnosis. For stage 1 disease, surgery to remove the affected area is a wide excision with 5-cm margins around the lesion. In some locations, such as the face, smaller margins must be accepted. If the cancer has progressed to the lymph nodes, Stage 2, a complete removal of the involved nodes (lymphadenectomy) must be done. Regular follow-ups are advisable and should include an annual chest X-Ray.
For patients with metastatic disease, certain chemotherapeutic agents (drugs), are being used alone or in combination with other drugs. Decarbazine, used in this manner has resulted in a temporary remission for some patients. A course of treatment that includes high-dose alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and carmustine, may also be effective as a treatment for Malignant Melanoma.
Therapies: Investigational
at the present time there are several new drug studies dealing with Malignant Melanoma. Scientists are trying to develop drugs to enhance the immune system, including a vaccine. The drug Interferon, used alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, is also being tested. Autologous bone marrow transplants are being done experimentally for treatment of Malignant Melanoma. More research must be conducted to determine long-term safety and effectiveness of these drugs and procedures.
The Office of Orphan Products Development has awarded a New Grant Award for the year 1990 to Dr. Jean Claude Bystryn of New York Medical Center, New York, NY, for clinical trial work of a Polyvalent Antigen Vaccine for treatment of Melanoma.
Clinical trials are underway to study Interleukin-2 and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in patients with Melanoma. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Timothy J. Eberlein, M.D.
Brigham and Women's Hospital
75 Francis St.
Boston, MA 02115
(617) 732-6799
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
The orphan product Melphalan, trade name Alkeran for injection, is being tested by the FDA as a treatment for Metastic Melanoma. The product is being sponsored by Burroughs Wellcome, Co., 3030 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Malignant Melanoma, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Melanoma Foundation
750 Menlo Avenue
Suite 250
Menlo Park, CA 94025
(415) 326-3974
Helping Hand
12 Arlington St.
Portland, ME 04101
The Skin Cancer Foundation
475 Park Avenue South
New York, NY 10016
(212) 725-5176
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 485.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1109, 1111, 1372.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories., 1982. Pp. 1164.
IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR MALIGNANT MELANOMA, VACCINES. JC Bystryn; MEL LET (Vol. 4; No. 2 1986).
CHANGING TRENDS IN MELANOMA. CM Balch, M.D.; ed.-in-chief; MEL LET (Vol. 5, No. 1, 1987).
MALIGNANT MELANOMA. TREATMENT WITH HIGH DOSE COMBINATION ALKYLATING AGENT
CHEMOTHERAPY AND AUTOLOGOUS BONE MARROW SUPPORT. TC Shea; ARCH DERMATOL, (June 1988; 124(6)). Pp. 878-884.
Melanoma, Malignant
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
599: Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Melkersson Syndrome
MRS
Cheilitis Granulomatosa
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Bell's Palsy
Amyloidosis, Type V
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome is a rare neurological disorder. Recurrent swelling (edema) of the face, especially the lip, is accompanied by intermittent paralysis and a fissured tongue (lingua plicata). This disorder usually begins during childhood.
Symptoms
Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome is characterized by chronic swelling of the face and peripheral facial paralysis (affecting one or both sides of the face) that tends to relapse. In some cases, a fissured tongue (lingua plicata) may also occur. Facial swelling may only involve one lip, although both lips can be affected. Long-term swelling may cause facial or lip tissue to eventually be increased by excessive fibrous tissue. Lengthy intervals may separate occurrences, and swelling may not occur at the same time as the paralysis. In rare cases, the facial paralysis may become permanent.
Causes
The exact cause of Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome is not known. It is believed to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance. (In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child. Incomplete penetrance means that all characteristics of a particular trait may not be manifested in all those who inherit the gene.) Other researchers believe that Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome is an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies) against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue. Some cases may be linked to abnormal immune reactions by blood cells which produce antibodies to a thyroid protein (thyroglobulin), organ wall (parietal) cells, adrenal cells, or thyroid.
Affected Population
Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome usually begins during childhood and tends to affect females more often than males. This disorder was originally identified in Europe.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Bell's Palsy is a unilateral facial paralysis of sudden onset resulting from ischemia or compression of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) in its canal in the temporal bone. It is non-progressive and benign, and may be partial or complete. The affected muscles usually regain their function after one or two months, although in cases of extensive nerve damage, all or part of the paralysis may be permanent. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Bell" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Amyloidosis, Type V, also known as cerebral arterial or Iceland type Amyloidosis, results from the extracellular accumulation of amyloid, a glycoprotein, in quantities sufficient to cause dysfunction. Symptoms such as facial paralysis or swelling similar to Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome may occur in some cases. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Amyloidosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of facial paralysis in Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome may involve surgery to decompress the facial nerve. However, caution should be used in recommending this procedure since it may not be effective in all patients. Abnormally swollen lips may be reduced by surgical intervention. Local injections of triamcinolone acetonide solution may provide improvement in some patients. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
A pilot study involving the anti-Leprosy drug clofazimine as a treatment for Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome is underway. The mode of action clofazimine takes in this disorder is not well understood. Therefore, more intensive research is necessary before complete therapeutic value can be evaluated.
Therapies: Investigational This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 486.
MELKERSSON-ROSENTHAL SYNDROME: M.W. Minor, et al.; J Allergy Clin Immunol (July 1987, issue 80 (1)). Pp. 64-67.
INTRALESIONAL T LYMPHOCYTE PHENOTYPES AND HLA-DR EXPRESSION IN
MELKERSSON-ROSENTHAL SYNDROME: L. Ronnblom, et al.; Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg (October 1986, issue 15 (5)). Pp. 614-619.
TOTAL FACIAL NERVE DECOMPRESSION IN RECURRENT FACIAL PARALYSIS AND THE
MELKERSSON-ROSENTHAL SYNDROME: A PRELIMINARY REPORT: M.D. Graham, et al.; Am J Otol (January 1986, issue 7 (1)). Pp. 34-37.
THE MELKERSSON-ROSENTHAL SYNDROME: W. B. Wadlington, et al.; Pediatrics (April 1984, issue 73 (4)). Pp. 502-560.
Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
650: Melnick-Needles Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Melnick-Needles Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
MNS
Melnick-Needles Osteodysplasty
Osteodysplasty of Melnick and Needles
Osteodysplasty
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Melnick-Needles Syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal bone development. Prominent eyes, an extremely small lower jaw, bowing of the bones in the arms and legs, and other bone abnormalities may occur.
Symptoms
Melnick-Needles patients have a particular facial appearance with prominent, widely-spaced eyes, full cheeks, small facial bones, and an unusually small lower jaw (micrognathia). The skull may be slow to develop. The way in which Melnick-Needles patients bring their teeth together (bite) may be abnormal.
The upper arms and the last bones in the fingers (distal phalanges) may be shorter than normal. One of the short bones of the arm (radius) and of the leg (fibula) may be bowed. The distal (farthest from the body) ends of the long bone of the arm (humerus) and of the two short bones of the leg (tibia, fibula) may be flared. The connection between the long bone of the leg (femur) and the hip may be misaligned (coxa valga), producing an unusual walking pattern (gait).
Melnick-Needles patients may also have a relatively small chest cavity (thoracic cage) with irregular ribbon-like ribs, a short collarbone (clavicle), and narrow shoulders. The lower part of their chest has a hollow shape (pectus excavatum). The vertebrae may be longer than normal. Part of the pelvis (ilium) may also be flared.
Occasionally, dislocation of the hip may occur. Also, the tube that runs from the kidney to the bladder (ureter) may be abnormally narrow. This may lead to urine retention and kidney problems.
Patients with Melnick-Needles Syndrome may develop osteoarthritis of the back and/or hip in later years. The shape of the pelvis in females may make normal childbirth difficult. Melnick-Needles patients may be unusually susceptible to respiratory infections. Height usually is not affected.
Causes
Confusion exists on the exact mode of inheritance of Melnick-Needles Syndrome. This disorder appears to be an X-linked dominant trait; however, autosomal recessive inheritance has also been suggested. Melnick-Needles Syndrome may also occur as a mutation without any family history of bone disease.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In X-linked dominant disorders the female with only one X chromosome affected will develop the disease. However, the affected male always has a more severe condition. Sometimes affected males die before birth so that only female patients survive.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Melnick-Needles Syndrome occurs at birth and affects more females than males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Melnick-Needles Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia is a hereditary bone disorder that affects females and males equally. It is detectable between two and five years of age with the appearance of a waddling gait. Patients may experience pain as a result of osteoarthritis in the joints. Body size tends to be almost normal, with the exception of the hands and feet which are disproportionately small.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Melnick-Needles Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Melnick-Needles Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
International Center for Skeletal Dysplasia
St. Joseph Hospital
7620 York Road
Towson, MD 21204
(301) 337-1250
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: K.L. Jones; W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 528-529.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1050, 1337.
MELNICK-NEEDLES SYNDROME IN MALES: M. Krajewska-Walasek, et al.; Am J Med Genet (May, 1987: issue 27(1)). Pp. 153-158...
Melnick-Needles Syndrome'
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
272: Meniere Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Meniere Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Endolymphatic Hydrops
Labyrinthine Hydrops
Labyrinthine Syndrome
Lermoyez Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Meniere's Disease is a disorder characterized by recurrent prostrating dizziness (vertigo), possible hearing loss and ringing sounds (tinnitus). It is associated with dilation of the membranous labyrinth (endolymphatic hydrops) in the ear.
Symptoms
The attacks of dizziness (vertigo) in Meniere Disease appear suddenly and usually last a few hours. Vertigo consists of the sensation that the room or objects are rotating around the patient. The dizziness often subsides gradually. The attacks may be associated with nausea and vomiting. The patient may have a recurrent feeling of fullness or pressure in the affected ear, and hearing tends to fluctuate. Over the years hearing may progressively worsen. The unusual noises heard by the patient (tinnitus) may be constant or intermittent. The sounds may be more intense before, after or during an attack of vertigo. Usually, one ear is affected, but both ears are involved in 10% to 15% of patients with Meniere's Disease. (For more information on tinnitus, choose "tinnitus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
In Lermoyez's variant of Meniere Disease, hearing loss and tinnitus may precede the first attack of vertigo by months or years, and the hearing may improve with onset of the vertigo.
Sometimes Meniere Disease can occur without vertigo. In this type of the disorder, the endolymphatic distention is limited to the cochlea, the snailshell-like spiral tube in the inner ear.
Causes
The cause of Meniere Disease is not known. Possibly the membrane between the inner and middle ear has become more porous, causing a change in the osmotic pressure in the labyrinth. Local disturbance of the salt/water balance leading to edema of the fluid inside the labyrinth (endolymph), characterizes this disorder but it is not clear why this occurs. Other possible causes are disturbance of the autonomic regulation of the endolymphatic system; local allergy of the inner ear; and vascular disturbance of a layer of fibrous vascular tissue covering the outer wall of the cochlear duct (stria vascularis). Stress and emotional disturbances are often associated with an increase in frequency of the attacks.
Affected Population
Onset of Meniere Disease is most common during the fifth decade of life. The disorder occurs somewhat more frequently in males than in females. A recent study suggests that 0.4 percent of the population in the United States may be affected by Meniere's Disease.
Therapies: Standard
Symptomatic relief of the dizziness can sometimes be obtained with anticholinergic drugs such as atropine or scopolamine. These minimize gastrointestinal symptoms mediated by the tenth cranial nerve. Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, meclizine or cyclizine can sedate the vestibular system. Barbiturates such as phenobarbital can be used for general sedation during severe attacks. Diazepam appears to be particularly effective in relieving the distress of severe dizziness by sedating the vestibular system.
An operation to implant a shunt to drain off excess fluid thus relieving pressure on the inner ear can lend temporary relief of dizziness and hearing loss. In order to keep dizziness messages from going to the brain, surgeons may also cut the vestibular nerve, although this is a high-risk procedure and may result in cutting the cochlear nerve (which governs hearing) or the nerve which controls the facial muscles. To avoid this, the RVN procedure was developed in 1978. Surgeons remove a small section of bone from behind the outer ear and attach an electrode on the cochlear nerve. A small earphone producing steady clicks is placed in the outer ear. The clicks are picked up by the inner ear, transmitted through the cochlear nerve, and monitored on a computer screen hook-up. A pattern change on the computer would signal any disturbance to the cochlear nerve. The fibers of the vestibular nerve are severed layer by layer. The first few days after this procedure may be difficult, but the dizziness may be relieved with almost no hearing loss.
Therapies: Investigational
When recurring attacks of vertigo become more frequent and severe, and intensive medical therapy has failed to control them, the patient with Meniere's disease becomes a potential candidate for surgery to help his/her symptoms.
Surgery for this disorder presently can be divided into two groups: Conservative and Destructive types.
Conservative--used if residual hearing is good or aidable through a hearing aid. Three approaches are used within this category: 1) the endolymphatic shunt; 2) the middle cranial fossa vestibular neurectomy, and 3) the retrolabyrinthine vestibular neurectomy.
Destructive--used if residual hearing is poor and cannot be helped with amplification. Three such operations are in use today: 1) the oval window labyrinthectomy; 2) the postauricular labyrinthectomy; and 3) the translabyrinthine vestibular neurectomy.
All modern surgical treatment of Meniere's disease involves microsurgical techniques and, in some instances, laser technology.
For further information on experimental surgery for Meniere Disease contact:
Dr. Margareta Moller
Presbyterian University Hospital, Room 948
230 Lothrup St.
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
(412) 647-0444
Ear Research Foundation
Dept. P, 1921 Floyd St.
Sarasota, FL 34239
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Meniere Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The E.A.R. Foundation
ATTN: Meniere's Network
2000 Church Street
Nashville, TN 37236
(615) 329-7807 (Voice & TDD)
Meniere Crouzon Syndrome Support Network
2375 Valentine Dr., #9
Prescott, AZ 96303
Vestibular Disorders Association
1015 22nd Avenue, D-230
Portland, OR 97210-3079
(503) 229-7348
American Tinnitus Association
P.O. Box 5
Portland, OR 97207
(502) 248-9985
NIH/National Institute of Deafness & Other Communication Disorders
(NIDCD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
References
The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy: Berkow et al., eds.: Merck Sharp & Dohme (1982).
Meniere Disease
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
301: Meningioma
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Meningioma) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma
Leptomeningioma
Dural Endothelioma
Meningeal Fibroblastoma
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Frontal Tumor
Temporal Tumor
Parietal Tumor
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Meningiomas are benign, slow-growing tumors, classified as brain tumors, but actually growing in the three protective membranes that surround the brain (meninges). Sometimes they cause thickening or thinning of adjoining skull bones. Meningiomas do not spread to other areas of the body.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Meningioma vary according to the size and location of the tumor.
FRONTAL TUMORS:
These type of tumors can produce progressive weakness on one side of the body or in a localized area such as a leg. They can also cause seizures that may be limited to one area (focal), or generalized. Mental changes may also occur.
Seizures are caused by a disturbance in the electrical activity of the brain. They are usually sudden, brief attacks of altered consciousness, unusual muscle movements, sensations, and/or behavior. The patient with seizures may fall, experience jerky movements, appear to be in a daze or asleep. A focal seizure is localized in one part of the body. (For more information, choose "Epilepsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease database).
Mental changes may include drowsiness, listlessness, dullness, or personality changes.
If the tumor is in the dominant hemisphere, which is the left side of the brain for right handed persons, it can produce speech difficulties (aphasia). Frontal lobe tumors can also produce loss of sense of smell, blurred or double vision, and loss of bladder control (incontinence or sudden, unexpected urination).
TEMPORAL TUMORS:
Temporal tumors, particularly in the non-dominant hemisphere, usually cause no symptoms other than seizures. However, some patients loose the ability to recognize and name objects (anomia) if the tumor is in the dominant hemisphere.
PARIETAL TUMORS:
Meningiomas over the parietal lobe, which lies behind the frontal lobe, may produce either generalized seizures or focal sensory seizures which are characterized by a strange sensation (paresthesia) in a particular part of the body. The inability to identify an object by touching it (astereognosis) can also be caused by meningiomas of the parietal lobe.
The most common symptom associated with brain tumors is headache. However, not all tumors cause headaches.
Causes
The cause of Meningioma is unknown. Meningiomas usually develop from cell clusters associated with arachnoidal villi.
Affected Population
Meningiomas most frequently occur in middle-aged persons. They are more common in women than in men by a ratio of 3:2. These types of tumors are rare in childhood, and they seldom affect black people in the United States.
Therapies: Standard
Many meningiomas can be completely removed surgically. Some, due to their location, can only be partially removed. In these areas of the brain, complete removal would carry the risk of damaging a major artery or of destroying a part of the brain. However, even partial removal should provide some relief from symptoms. Because meningiomas grow so slowly, it could be many years before further surgery may be necessary. Radiation and chemotherapy are usually not used to treat meningiomas.
If the patient with Meningioma has muscle weakness, coordination problems, or speech impairment, physical, occupational, or speech therapy may be helpful. Complete recovery from symptoms is possible after surgery.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Meningioma, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Association for Brain Tumor Research
2910 West Montrose Ave.
Chicago, IL 60618
(312) 286-5571
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
References
ABOUT MENINGIOMAS: B. Fine et al.; Association for Brain Tumor Research, 1982.
Meningioma
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301: Meningioma
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!Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
539: Meningitis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Meningitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Adult Meningitis
Infantile Meningitis
Neonatal Meningitis
Includes:
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
Information on the following disorder may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Encephalitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Meningitis is characterized by inflammation of the membranes (meninges) around the brain or spinal cord. The disorder can occur in three different forms: adult, infantile, and neonatal. This inflammation may be caused by different types of bacteria, viruses, fungi, or malignant tumors. Chemical reactions to certain injections into the spinal canal can also cause Meningitis. This inflammation can begin suddenly (acute) or develop gradually (subacute). Adult forms of Meningitis are characterized by fever, headache, and a stiff neck, sometimes with aching muscles. Nausea, vomiting and other symptoms may occur. Treatment with antibiotics is usually effective against the infection.
Symptoms
Meningitis in adults and children is often preceded by respiratory illness or a sore throat. In its acute form, the disorder is characterized by fever, headache, a stiff neck, and vomiting. Adults may become seriously ill within 24 hours. In children, the course of the infection may be even shorter. Symptoms among older children and adults may progress from irritability through confusion, drowsiness, and stupor, possibly leading to coma. Dehydration often occurs, and collapse of the blood vessels may lead to shock (Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome), especially when the Meningitis is caused by meningococcus bacteria which spreads to the blood (septicemia). Paralysis of one side of the body (hemiparesis) is uncommon early in the course of Meningitis, but may occur later as a result of tissue death in the brain (cerebral infarction). Meningitis may recur even after treatment with antibiotics.
Infantile Meningitis: The course of the disorder is less predictable among infants between 3 months and 2 years of age. Fever, vomiting, irritability, and convulsions usually occur. A high-pitched cry, and a bulging or tight soft spot (fontanel) on the crown of the head (where the parts of the still unhardened bones join) may also occur. Since the incidence of Meningitis is highest among this age group, any unexplained fever needs to be closely watched. Cerebral fluid may accumulate just inside the tough outer membrane covering the brain (subdural effusions) after several days. Typical signs of Meningitis include seizures, a persistent fever, and an enlarging head size. A brain abscess or subdural pus accumulation may also occur. Water accumulating in the brain (hydrocephalus), deafness and slowed mental and physical development are possible effects of Meningitis on the central nervous system.
Neonatal Meningitis: Meningitis in newborn babies can begin during the first 4 weeks of life. It may be caused by infections in parts of the body other than the brain or spine. Some cases may arise from complications occurring at birth. The disorder is characterized by subtle and non-specific signs such as jitteriness, interrupted breathing (apnea), vomiting, diarrhea, and a yellowish skin color (jaundice). Usually signs of infection elsewhere in the body (e.g. middle ear infection) are also present. The cerebrospinal fluid can be tested for a definite diagnosis.
Meningitis due to Group B pneumococcus bacteria may be present in the first 10 days of life, when it frequently accompanies a lung illness. Usually, however, this form of Meningitis occurs after 10 days of age as an isolated illness. Neonatal Meningitis is also characterized by symptoms such as fever, drowsiness, and seizures.
Causes
Meningitis can be caused by different bacteria, viruses and organisms such as Neisseria meningitis, Hemophilus influenzae b, Streptococcus (Diplococcus) pneumoniae, Group A Streptococcus, Escherichia coli or other gram-negative organisms (chiefly Pseudomonas), and Staphylococcus aureus.
Recurrent Meningitis occurs in special situations: 1) When there is a communication between the brain and the exterior that may be inborn or occur after an injury; 2) When infection occurs in areas close to the meninges as in mastoid infection, sinus infection, brain abscess, accumulation of pus under the outer meninge (subdural empyema), or spinal epidural abscess; 3) When the patient has impaired immunity against bacteria or other causes of illness.
Affected Population
Neonatal Meningitis usually occurs during the first 4 weeks of life, and predominantly affects infants of low birth weight who have had complications at birth. This form of the disorder occurs in approximately 2 out of 10,000 full-term infants, and in 2 out of 1,000 low birth weight infants. This form of Meningitis predominantly affects males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may resemble those of Meningitis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Encephalitis is a brain infection. There are different types of this disorder which are caused by different types of viruses. Encephalitis may also be caused by hypersensitivity initiated by a virus or other protein that is foreign to the body. Symptoms may include headache, drowsiness, hyperactivity, and/or general weakness. This disorder may have some symptoms similar to those of Meningitis such as a stiff neck, altered reflexes, confusion, speech disorders, possible convulsions, paralysis and coma. (For more information choose "Encephalitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Meningitis is usually treated with different types of antibiotics used against the specific bacteria causing the infection. These may include ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, penicillin, moxalactam, nafcillin, or in tuberculosis cases isoniazid.
Children over 2 years of age can be immunized against Meningitis with the Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine.
A vaccine composed of attenuated bacteria with added protein, has been approved for use in children under two years of age to protect them against Haemophilus influenzae type B Meningitis
Therapies: Investigational
The orphan product, Amphotericin B Lipid Complex, has been sponsored by the Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543, for the treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Meningitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd ed.: Jay H. Stein, et al., eds.; Little Brown, 1987. Pp. 1494-1502.
PREVENTION OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B INFECTIONS IN HIGH-RISK
INFANTS TREATED WITH BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDE IMMUNE GLOBULIN: M. Santosham, et al.; New England Journal Med (October 8, 1987: issue 317(15)). Pp. 923-929.
PROSPECTS FOR PREVENTION OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B DISEASE BY
IMMUNIZATION: D.M. Granoff, et al.; Journal Infect Dis (March 1986: issue 153(3)). Pp. 448-461.
CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B AS A VACCINE:
,u,Copyright (C) 1990, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
819: Meningitis, Bacterial
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Bacterial Meningitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Bacterial Meningitis
Pyogenic Meningitis
Information on the following disorder may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Meningitis
Encephalitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Bacterial Meningitis is a central nervous system disease caused by certain types of bacteria. Meningitis is characterized by inflammation of the membranes (meninges) around the brain or spinal cord. Inflammation can begin suddenly (acute) or develop gradually (subacute). Major symptoms may include fever, headache, and a stiff neck, sometimes with aching muscles. Nausea, vomiting and other symptoms may occur.
Symptoms
Bacterial Meningitis in adults and children is often preceded by respiratory illness or a sore throat. Most forms of bacterial meningitis are acute. In its acute form, the disorder is characterized by sudden fever, headache, a stiff neck, and vomiting. Adults may become seriously ill within 24 hours. In children, the course of the infection may be even shorter.
Symptoms among older children and adults may progress from irritability through confusion, drowsiness, and stupor, possibly leading to coma. Dehydration is common. Other symptoms may include chills, sweating, weakness, loss of appetite, or inability to tolerate bright light (photophobia). Later symptoms may include hydrocephalus (accumulation of fluid in the brain cavity), paralysis of one side of the body (hemiparesis), hearing loss, or other neurological abnormalities.
Among infants between 3 months and 2 years of age, fever, refusal of feedings, vomiting, irritability, and convulsions usually occur. A high-pitched cry, and a bulging or tight soft spot (fontanel) on the crown of the head (where the parts of the still unhardened bones join) may also occur. Since the incidence of Meningitis is highest among this age group, any unexplained fever needs to be investigated. Cerebral fluid may accumulate just inside the tough outer membrane covering the brain (subdural effusions) after several days. Typical signs of Meningitis include seizures, a persistent fever, and an enlarging head size. A brain abscess or subdural pus accumulation may also occur. Water accumulating in the brain (hydrocephalus), deafness and slowed mental and physical development are possible effects of Bacterial Meningitis on the central nervous system.
A neonatal form of Bacterial Meningitis in newborn babies up to 4 weeks old may be caused by infections in parts of the body other than the brain or spine. Some cases may arise from complications occurring at birth. The disorder is characterized by subtle and nonspecific signs such as jitteriness, interrupted breathing (apnea), vomiting, diarrhea, and a yellowish skin color (jaundice). Usually signs of infection elsewhere in the body (e.g. middle ear infection) are also present. The cerebrospinal fluid can be tested for a definite diagnosis.
Bacterial Meningitis due to Group B pneumococcus bacteria may be present in the first 10 days of life, when it frequently accompanies a lung illness. Usually, however, this form of Meningitis occurs after 10 days of age as an isolated illness. Other symptoms such as fever, drowsiness, and seizures may occur.
Causes
Bacterial Meningitis is the most common type of meningitis. Three types of bacteria are responsible for 80% of all Bacterial Meningitis. These are: 1) Hemophilus influenzae (type B), 2) Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus), and 3) Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus). (For more information on Meningococcal Meningitis, choose "meningococcal" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database). All three types occur most often in winter.
Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella-Entero, or Pseudomonas often cause Bacterial Meningitis in newborn infants. Other types of bacteria that may cause the disorder are Streptococci, Staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus) or listeria monocytogenes.
Bacterial Meningitis due to hemophilus influenza type B bacteria occurs most often in infants over 1 month old and young children. It usually does not occur in adults except in relation to another condition such as head trauma or impaired immunity. Bacterial Meningitis caused by pneumococcus occurs most often in adults, especially those with alcoholism, chronic otitis (inflammation of the ear), sinusitis (inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the sinuses that open into the nose), mastoiditis (infection of the bone located behind the ear), closed head injury, recurrent meningitis, pneumococcal pneumonia, or sickle cell anemia. (For more information choose "meningitis," or "sickle" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Bacterial Meningitis from gram-negative organisms such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella-Enterobacter is called Gram-negative Meningitis and frequently occurs after central nervous system trauma or surgery, or from blood poisoning). Newborns or people who have impaired immunity may also become infected.
Staphylococcal Meningitis (from Staphylococcus bacteria), another form of Bacterial Meningitis, occurs after blood poisoning (e.g., from endocarditis which is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart), open head trauma, or neurosurgery.
Listeria Meningitis is another form of meningitis that occurs in newborns, in patients who have chronic renal (kidney) failure, or adults taking immunosuppressive drugs (e.g. organ transplant patients). (For more information on Listeria, choose "Listeria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Intravenous drug use from unsterilized needles can cause blood poisoning that may lead to Bacterial Meningitis.
Of all bacteria causing Bacterial Meningitis, Hemophilus influenza type B is the most common and represents almost half of all Bacterial Meningitis cases. Meningococcal Meningitis represents about 27 per cent, and Pneumococcal Meningitis represents about 11 per cent.
Affected Population
In the United States, about 20,000 to 25,000 cases of Bacterial Meningitis are reported annually. About 70 per cent of all Bacterial Meningitis occurs in children aged 5 and under, especially those under the age of two. Males are affected more often than females. Bacterial Meningitis in general occurs most often during the first month of a newborn's life and is usually caused by gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli or by group B streptococcus. Bacterial Meningitis caused by Hemophilus influenzae type B occurs most often in infants over 1 month old and young children. Bacterial Meningitis caused by pneumococcus bacteria occurs most often in adults.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may resemble those of Meningitis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Meningitis is characterized by inflammation of the membranes (meninges) around the brain or spinal cord. This inflammation may be caused by different types of bacteria, viruses, fungi, malignant tumors, or chemical reactions to certain injections into the spinal canal. (For more information on other types of Meningitis, choose "meningitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Encephalitis is a brain infection. There are different types of this disorder which are caused by different types of viruses. Encephalitis may also be caused by hypersensitivity initiated by a virus or other protein that is foreign to the body. Symptoms may include headache, drowsiness, hyperactivity, and/or general weakness. This disorder may have some symptoms similar to those of Meningitis such as a stiff neck, altered reflexes, confusion, speech disorders, possible convulsions, paralysis and coma. (For more information choose "Encephalitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Testing for Bacterial Meningitis may include imaging techniques such as CT scans or MR imaging. Other testing may include examination of the patient's blood and/or skin. Diagnosis is made by examination of the cerebrospinal fluid.
Bacterial Meningitis is usually treated with different types of antibiotics used against the specific bacteria causing the infection. These may include ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, penicillin, moxalactam, nafcillin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, oxacillin, vancomycin, or rifampin. The addition of dexamethasone to the antibiotic treatment is also being used and is helpful in reducing meningeal inflammation.
For children under 5 who have come in close contact with a person having Meningitis caused by Hemophilus influenzae, the drug rifampin may be prescribed as a preventative measure.
Children over 2 years of age can be immunized against Meningitis with the Hemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine. A vaccine composed of attenuated bacteria with added protein, has been approved for use in children under two years of age to protect them against Hemophilus influenzae type B Meningitis.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Bacterial Meningitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 57, 65, 1604-1610.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1494-1502.
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN OLDER CHILDREN. W. A. Bonadio, et al.; Am J Dis Child (Apr 1990; issue 144 (4)). Pp. 463-465.
CEFTRIAXONE ALONE COMPARED TO AMPICILLIN AND CHLORAMPHENICOL IN THE
TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS. N. I. Girgis; Chemotherapy (1988; issue 34 (Suppl 1)). Pp. 16-20.
Gd-DTPA-ENHANCED MR IMAGING OF THE BRAIN IN PATIENTS WITH MENINGITIS: COMPARISON WITH CT. K. H. Chang, et al.; AJR Am J Roentgenol (April 1990; issue 154 (4)). Pp. 809-816.
Meningitis, Bacterial
-pagetitle
819: Meningitis, Bacterial
03995.TXT
@(0(Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
805: Meningitis, Meningococcal
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Meningitis, Meningococcal) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Meningococcal Meningitis
Bacterial Meningococcal Meningitis
Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis
Information on the following disorders may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Meningococcal Meningitis is a form of meningitis caused by a specific bacteria known as Neisseria meningitidis. Meningitis is characterized by inflammation of the membranes (meninges) around the brain or spinal cord. This inflammation can begin suddenly (acute) or develop gradually (subacute). Symptoms may include fever, headache, and a stiff neck, sometimes with aching muscles. Nausea, vomiting and other symptoms may occur. Skin rashes occur in about half of all patients with Meningococcal Meningitis. Treatment with antibiotics and other drugs is usually effective against this infection.
Symptoms
Meningococcal meningitis is one of the three most common types of bacterial meningitis. It progresses more rapidly than any other acute form of bacterial meningitis. Meningococcal Meningitis involves the central nervous system. In adults and children it is often preceded by respiratory illness or a sore throat. In its acute form, the disorder is characterized by fever, headache, a stiff neck, and vomiting. Adults may become seriously ill within hours. In children the course of the infection may be even shorter.
Symptoms among older children and adults may progress from irritability to confusion, drowsiness, and stupor, possibly leading to coma. Skin rashes occur in about half of all patients with Meningococcal Meningitis. Swelling or inflammation of the brain (cerebral edema, ventriculitis), or hydrocephalus (accumulation of fluid in the brain cavity) may also occur. Other symptoms may include chills, sweating, weakness, loss of appetite, muscle pain (myalgia) of the lower back or legs, or inability to tolerate bright light (photophobia). (For more information on hydrocephalus, choose "hydrocephalus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Dehydration often occurs, and collapse of the blood vessels may lead to shock (Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome) when the meningococcus bacteria spreads to the blood (septicemia). Later symptoms may include paralysis of one side of the body (hemiparesis), hearing loss, or other neurological abnormalities.
The course of Meningococcal Meningitis is less predictable among infants between 3 months and 2 years of age. Fever, refusal of feedings, vomiting, irritability, and convulsions usually occur. A high-pitched cry, and a bulging or tight soft spot (fontanel) on the crown of the head (where the parts of the skull's still unhardened bones join) may also occur. Since the incidence of most types of Meningitis is highest among this age group, any unexplained fever needs to be closely watched. Cerebral fluid may accumulate just inside the tough outer membrane covering the brain (subdural effusions) after several days. Warning signs may include seizures, a persistent fever, and an enlarging head size. A brain abscess or subdural pus accumulation may also occur. Water accumulating in the brain (hydrocephalus), deafness and slowed mental and physical development are possible consequences of Meningitis.
Causes
Meningococcal Meningitis is caused by a bacteria known as Neisseria meningitidis. There are several types, or serogroups, of Neisseria meningitidis. The most common of these serogroups are A, B, C, D, X, Y, 29E, and W135. Serogroups A, B, C, and Y are responsible for most meningococcal diseases.
The bacteria is spread by droplets in the air or close contact with an infected person. It collects in the nasopharynx, or post-nasal space, that connects the nasal cavities with the throat. The bacteria is transported to the membranes (meninges) around the brain or spinal cord by the blood. It usually spreads from nearby infected areas such as the nasal sinuses, or from the cerebrospinal fluid.
Affected Population
Meningococcal Meningitis primarily affects infants, children, and young adults. Males are affected slightly more than females. Meningococcal Meningitis can occur as an epidemic in subgroups such as people in the military services or students in dormitories. Vaccines can help control meningitis epidemics caused by serogroups A, C, Y, or W135.
In the United States, most cases of Meningococcal Meningitis involve infants and military recruits, and tend to be caused by serogroup B of the bacteria. It occurs most often during winter or spring. Between 1984 and 1986, 2,400 to 2,700 cases of meningococcal infection were reported annually in the United States.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may resemble those of Meningococcal Meningitis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
In general, Meningitis is characterized by inflammation of the membranes (meninges) around the brain or spinal cord. This inflammation may be caused by different types of bacteria, viruses, fungi, malignant tumors, or reactions to certain injections into the spinal canal. (For more information on other types of Meningitis, choose "meningitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Encephalitis is a brain infection. There are different types of this disorder which are caused by different types of viruses. Encephalitis may also be caused by hypersensitivity initiated by a virus or other protein that is foreign to the body. Symptoms may include headache, drowsiness, hyperactivity, and/or general weakness. This disorder may have some symptoms similar to those of Meningitis such as a stiff neck, altered reflexes, confusion, speech disorders, convulsions, paralysis and coma. (For more information choose "Encephalitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is an acute infectious disorder transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick, usually in wooded areas of the midwest, eastern and southeastern United States. Fever and rash are among major symptoms. The rash may not develop in all cases, possibly making diagnosis difficult. Swelling (edema), headache, chills, weakness and muscle pains may also occur. Severe headaches, lethargy, confusion, delirium, focal neurological deficits, increased pressure in the skull leading to pressure on and swelling of the optic disk (papilledema), seizures and/or coma may occur in untreated cases as the nervous system is progressively affected. Some patients may have a stiff neck due to muscle pain (myalgia) or irritation of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord tissue (meningismus). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Testing for Meningococcal Meningitis may include imaging techniques such as CT scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Other testing may include examination of the patient's blood and/or skin. Diagnosis is made by examination of the cerebrospinal fluid.
Meningococcal Meningitis is usually treated with antibiotic drugs used against the bacteria causing the infection. Penicillin G or ampicillin are often prescribed. Alternative drugs include chloramphenicol, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or ceftizoxime. Family members of those infected can be treated with Rifampin as a preventative measure; however, for pregnant women, ceftriaxone is recommended.
Epidemics caused by the bacteria (Neisseria meningitidis) serogroups A, C, Y, or W135 can be controlled with a meningococcal vaccine that prevents infection in vaccinated people.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Meningococcal Meningitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 65, 1604-1621.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1494-1502, 1666-1669.
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN OLDER CHILDREN. W.A. Bonadio, et al.; Am J Dis Child (Apr 1990; issue 144 (4)). Pp. 463-465.
CEFTRIAXONE ALONE COMPARED TO AMPICILLIN AND CHLORAMPHENICOL IN THE
TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS. N.I. Girgis; Chemotherapy (1988; issue 34 (Suppl 1)). Pp. 16-20.
CONTROL OF AN OUTBREAK OF GROUP C MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS WITH A
POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE. R. G. Masterton, et al.; J Infect (Sept 1988; issue 17 (2)). Pp. 177-182.
Gd-DTPA-ENHANCED MR IMAGING OF THE BRAIN IN PATIENTS WITH MENINGITIS: COMPARISON WITH CT. K. H. Chang, et al.; AJR Am J Roentgenol (April 1990; issue 154 (4)). Pp. 809-816..
Meningitis, Meningococcal
shoM)
P)pagetitle
805: Meningitis, Meningococcal
03964.TXT
FuFCopyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
449: Manic Depression, Bipolar
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Bipolar Manic Depression) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
BMD
Bipolar Disorder, Manic Depression
Bipolar Disorder, Mixed
Manic Depression
Manic Depressive Disorder
Manic Depressive Illness
Manic Depressive Psychosis
Includes:
Bipolar Disorder, Manic
Bipolar Disorder, Depressed
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Atypical BMD
Bipolar II
Bipolar Disorder, Atypical
Cyclothymic Disorder
Dysthymic Disorder (Depressive Neurosis)
Major Depression, Single Episode
Major Depression, Recurrent
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Bipolar Manic Depression is a mental illness in which intense mood swings occur, usually with remissions and recurrences. Depressive symptoms may be most common and can last at least a full day and perhaps several weeks or longer. Manic symptoms may involve hyperactivity and feelings of invincibility, happiness and restlessness.
Symptoms
Bipolar Manic Depression consists of two distinct episodes which can alternate every few days or weeks. A manic episode usually consists of an elevated mood with hyperactivity, while a major depressive episode is marked by depression, anxiety, tearfulness and excessive sleepiness, possibly leading to stupor. The course of the disorder varies widely from mild to severe forms. Some individuals may have episodes separated by many years of normal functioning; others may have clusters of episodes; and still others experience an increased frequency of episodes as they get older. However, 20% to 35% of cases follow a chronic course with considerable residual symptomatic and social impairment.
MANIC EPISODES:
During a manic episode, the patient's predominant mood is either elevated, expansive, or irritable. Associated symptoms of the manic phase include hyperactivity, excessive talking, flights of ideas, inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in activities which may have an unrecognized potential for painful consequences (i.e. charging large sums of money to credit cards without a thought as to the consequences of having to pay off the loans).
The elevated mood may be described as euphoric, cheerful, or "high". Often this good mood has an infectious quality for the uninvolved observer, but is usually recognized as excessive by those who know the individual well. The expansive quality of the mood disturbance is often characterized by unceasing and unselective enthusiasm for interacting with people. Although an elevated mood is considered the most recognizable manic symptom, the predominant mood may also appear as irritability, which may become apparent when the individual's efforts or ideas are thwarted.
The hyperactive mood may also involve excessive planning of, and participation in multiple activities (e.g., sexual, occupational, political, religious). Increased sociability, including efforts to renew old acquaintances or calling friends at all hours of the night can also occur. The intrusive, domineering, and demanding nature of these behaviors is not recognized by the person with Manic Depressive illness. Expansiveness, unwarranted optimism, grandiosity, and lack of realistic judgment can frequently lead to irresponsible activities such as buying sprees, reckless driving, foolish business investments, and sexual behavior unusual for the individual. Sometimes these activities have a disorganized, flamboyant, or bizarre quality such as dressing in exceptionally colorful or strange garments, wearing excessive or poorly applied make-up, or distributing candy, money, or advice to passing strangers.
Manic speech is typically loud, rapid, and difficult to interrupt. Often it is full of jokes, puns (plays on words), and amusing irrelevancies. In severe cases, it may become theatrical, with dramatic mannerisms or singing. If the manic mood is more irritable than expansive, there may be complaints, hostile comments, and angry tirades.
Frequently Bipolar Manic Depression patients experience a nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic, usually based on understandable associations, distracting stimuli, or plays on words. When this "flight of ideas" is severe, the patient's speech may become disorganized and incoherent.
Distractibility is usually intense. The patient may overreact to various irrelevant external stimuli, such as background noise or pictures hanging on the wall.
Characteristically, there is inflated self-esteem ranging from intense self-confidence to marked grandiosity, which is often a delusion. For instance, the patient may offer advice on matters about which he/she has no special knowledge, such as how to run a hospital or the United Nations. Despite a lack of any particular talent, a novel may be started, music composed, or publicity sought for some impractical invention. In severe cases, grandiose delusions involving a special relationship to God or some well-known figure from the political, religious, or entertainment world are also common.
Almost invariably the patient experiences a decreased need for sleep during manic periods. The individual may awaken several hours before the usual time, full of energy. When the sleep disturbance is severe, the individual may go for days without any sleep at all and yet not feel tired.
DEPRESSIVE EPISODES:
Mood swings marked by rapid shifts from manic episodes to anger or depression often occur. Depression, expressed by tearfulness, suicidal thoughts, excessive sleep or other depressive symptoms, may last hours, days or weeks. At times, the depressive and manic symptoms may intermingle, occurring together, but more commonly, they alternate. In Mixed Bipolar Disorder, the depressive symptoms tend to be more prominent and last at least a full day.
Rarely, hallucinations may appear. Their content is usually clearly consistent with the predominant mood (e.g., the patient may hear God's voice explaining that the individual has a special mission). Persecutory delusions may be based on the idea that the individual is being persecuted because of some special relationship or attribute. Less commonly, the content of the hallucinations or delusions has no apparent relationship to the predominant mood (mood-incongruent).
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE EPISODES:
Major depressive episodes are primarily characterized by either a bad mood, a loss of interest in all (or almost all) usual activities and pastimes, and often a need to sleep excessively. This disturbance is prominent, relatively persistent, and associated with other symptoms including appetite disturbance, change in weight, sleep disturbance, decreased energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty concentrating or thinking, and thoughts of death or suicide.
An individual experiencing a depressive episode will usually describe his or her mood as depressed, sad, hopeless, discouraged, down in the dumps, etc. Sometimes, however, the mood disturbance may be expressed as "not caring anymore", or as a painful inability to experience pleasure.
Loss of interest in pleasure is always present in a major depressive episode to some degree, but the individual may not complain of this or even be aware of it, although family members may notice. Withdrawal from friends and family, and neglect of avocations that were previously a source of pleasure, are common.
Appetite can be either markedly decreased or increased, with attendant loss or gain in weight. Sleep patterns are commonly disturbed, including either an inability to fall asleep (insomnia), or more often an increased need to sleep (hypersomnia) for many hours each day. Insomnia may be characterized as difficulty falling asleep (initial insomnia), waking up during sleep and then returning to sleep with difficulty (middle insomnia), or early morning awakening (terminal insomnia).
Psychomotor agitation may also occur. This symptom is characterized by an inability to sit still, pacing, fidgeting, handwringing, possible pulling or rubbing of hair, skin, clothing, or other objects, outbursts of complaining or shouting, or excessive speech. Psychomotor retardation can also be present and may take the form of slowed speech, increased pauses before answering, low or monotonous speech, slowed body movements, a markedly decreased amount of speech, or an absence of speech (muteness). A decrease in energy level is almost invariably present during an episode of depression. Fatigue persists even in the absence of physical exertion. The smallest task may seem difficult or impossible to accomplish during severe depressions.
A sense of worthlessness varies from feelings of inadequacy to completely unrealistic negative evaluations of one's worth. The individual may reproach himself or herself for minor failings that are exaggerated, and may search for some confirmation of the negative self-evaluation from others. The sense of worthlessness and guilt may be delusional.
Difficulty in concentrating, slowed thinking, and indecisiveness are also frequent symptoms. The individual may complain about loss of memory and may appear easily distracted. Thoughts of death or suicide are common. There may be fear of dying, the belief that the individual or others would be better off dead, wishes to die, or planned or attempted suicide.
The symptoms of Bipolar Manic Depressive illness can be so mild that they may not be recognized, or so severe that a patient may be completely disabled.
ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS OF MAJOR DEPRESSION INCLUDE:
A depressed appearance, tearfulness, feelings of anxiety, irritability, fear, brooding, excessive concern with physical health, panic attacks and phobias.
Causes
Bipolar Manic Depression can be a genetic disorder inherited through dominant genes, either autosomal or sex-linked. A chromosome marker has been identified in some people with this disorder which may lead to the discovery of the defective gene that causes this illness.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In X-linked dominant disorders the female with only one X chromosome affected will develop the disease. However the affected male always has a more severe condition.
The exact causative mechanism of this illness is not well understood, but metabolic abnormalities of chemicals in the brain may interfere with the normal transmission of electrical impulses between the nerve cells of the brain. These chemicals (neurotransmitters) include norepinephrine, dopamine, or serotonin.
Drugs such as steroidal contraceptives, sedatives, and amphetamines can cause depressive episodes, while corticosteroids, amphetamines, and tricyclic antidepressants may cause manic episodes.
Certain infectious diseases such as influenza, mononucleosis, and syphilis can also cause depression and/or manic episodes. The autoimmune disease Lupus, and neurologic disorders such as Parkinson's Disease or Multiple Sclerosis, may also cause depressive mood swings. Stress can trigger these episodes in people who are susceptible to these mood swings. (For more information on these disorders, choose the following words as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database: lupus, ms and Parkinson. Information on syphilis and mononucleosis can be found in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services.)
Affected Population
0.4% to 1.2% of the adult population may have Bipolar Manic Depression although only a small portion may have symptoms severe enough to interfere with functioning. Average age of onset of Bipolar Manic Depression is 35 years old. The disorder appears to affect more females than males.
Related Disorders
Major Depression is a common mental disorder affecting perhaps 2 million adults in the United States.
Recurrent Major Depression involves all the symptoms of a Major Depressive episode, but episodes are recurrent.
Cyclothymic Disorder is characterized by a chronic mood disturbance of at least two years' duration, involving numerous periods of depression and a mild form of over-elation and hyperactivity (hypomania). Symptoms may be less severe than those of major depressive and manic episodes.
Dysthymic Disorder (Depressive Neurosis) is characterized by a mild chronic depression or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities and pastimes. Severity and duration of episodes are often less than in a major depressive episode.
Atypical Bipolar Disorder is a category for individuals with manic symptoms who cannot be classified as having Bipolar Disorder or Cyclothymic Disorder. For example, an individual who previously had a major depressive episode and now has an episode with mild manic symptoms that are not of sufficient severity and duration to meet the criteria for a manic episode can be classified as Atypical Bipolar Disorder; this illness is also referred to as "Bipolar II".
Therapies: Standard
Standard treatment of Bipolar Manic Depression is usually with the drug lithium. Several tests should be performed to insure tolerance for this drug. Side effects of lithium therapy which occur often are a need for excessive fluid consumption and frequent urination. Tricyclic antidepressants may also be prescribed to treat depressive episodes. If the patient does not respond to the tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may be prescribed. Psychotherapeutic interventions with patient and family may also be helpful. In general lithium is an effective therapy for Bipolar Disease if a patient complies with the treatment regimen. Since some patients miss the euphoria of manic episodes, they may stop taking the medication against physicians advice.
For the depressive symptoms in Bipolar Manic Depression electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been used in the most serious cases.
Therapies: Investigational
Since the chromosome defect that causes Bipolar Disease has recently been identified it is hoped that a genetic test may be developed in the near future. Furthermore, discovery of the gene may lead to a better understanding of Bipolar illness so that it may someday be prevented or more adequately controlled by improved drugs.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Bipolar Manic Depression, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Manic & Depressive Support Group, Inc.
15 Charles Street, 11 H
New York, NY 10014
(212) 924-4979
Manic Depressive/Depressive Association
P.O. Box 753
Northbrook, IL 60062
(312) 446-9009
NIH/National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
(301) 443-4515 or (301) 496-1752
(800) 421-4211 (24 hrs.)
National Mental Health Association
1021 Prince Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 684-7722
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
1901 North Fort Meyer Drive, Suite 500
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 524-7600
National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse
311 South Juniper Street, Room 902
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 735-2481
Helping Hands
109 Chestnut Street
Andover, MA 01810
(617) 475-6888
(617) 475-3388
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
LITHIUM AUGMENTATION IN PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION REFRACTORY TO COMBINED DRUG
TREATMENT: J.C. Nelson, et al.; American Journal Psychiatry (March 1986: issue 143(3)). Pp. 363-366.
ATTEMPTED SUICIDE IN MANIC-DEPRESSIVE DISORDER: N. Goldring, et al.; American Journal Psychother (July 1984: issue 38(3)). Pp. 373-383.
ECT IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DEPRESSION: C.F. Zorumski, et al.; Journal Clin Psychiatry (June 1986: issue 47(6)). Pp. 298-300.
DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, 3d ed.: R.L. Spitzer, et al., Eds; American Psychiatric Association, 1984.) Pp. 206-218.
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
420: Mannosidosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Mannosidosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lysosomal Alpha-D-Mannosidase Deficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Mucopolysaccharidosis, Type I
Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mannosidosis is a genetic disorder characterized by a lysosomal enzyme deficiency resulting in progressive mental and physical deterioration. A deficiency of the enzyme alpha-D-mannosidase causes the symptoms of this disorder which can vary in severity. Symptoms of the most severe form may begin within the first year of life while a milder form may begin during juvenile or adult years.
Symptoms
Symptoms of the most severe form of Mannosidosis may begin within the first year of life. This form is characterized by rapid progression of mental retardation, liver and spleen enlargement, skeletal abnormalities, and coarse facial features. A milder form of this disorder involves normal early development although mild to moderate mental retardation may develop during childhood or adolescence. The clinical progression of the disease appears to slow down or stop beyond school age in some patients.
Facial abnormalities such as a prominent forehead and jaw, a flattened nose, widely spaced or unevenly developed teeth, a thick tongue and lips, and clouded eye lenses or corneas may develop in both forms of Mannosidosis. The abdomen may become distended with enlargement of the liver and spleen. Growth rates can fluctuate with accelerated early growth, but subsequent impaired growth causing short stature. Thin arms and/or legs with stiff joints may develop. Spinal abnormalities may lead to extreme curvature in some cases. A diminished immune system response can make patients overly susceptible to bacterial infections, particularly of the respiratory system. Hearing loss may occur in either form of Mannosidosis.
Causes
Mannosidosis is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Symptoms are caused by an inborn error of enzyme metabolism involving abnormal accumulations of carbohydrate compounds (mannose-rich glycoproteins and oligosaccharides) in various tissues and body fluids.
Affected Population
Mannosidosis is a very rare disorder probably affecting only a few hundred people in the United States. This disorder affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to Mannosidosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS disorders) are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by the deficiency of one of ten specific lysosomal enzymes, resulting in an inability to metabolize complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) into simpler molecules. The accumulation of these large, undegraded mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the body causes a number of physical symptoms and abnormalities. A deficiency of the enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase causes symptoms of Type I MPS disorders. (For more information on MPS Disorders, choose "MPS" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy (Mucolipidosis III) is a genetic disorder beginning during childhood. This disorder is characterized by symptoms such as painless joint stiffness, decreased mobility, short stature, some coarseness of the facial features, mild mental retardation, multiple defective bone formations, and aortic valve heart disease. Mobility may gradually diminish until puberty after which no further changes occur. Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy is a milder form of I-cell Disease (Mucolipidosis II). (For more information on Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy, use "I-Cell" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Mannosidosis is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Bone marrow transplants as a means of enzyme replacement is under investigation for treatment of lysosomal storage disorders, such as Mannosidosis. More research is needed before direct enzyme replacement therapy or bone marrow transplants can be recommended for use in treating patients with Mannosidosis.
Pediatric hematologists are developing an international registry for Blackfan-Diamond Anemia. Families are urged to contact:
Dr. Blanche P. Alter
Mt. Sinai Medical Center
Division of Hematology
One Gustave Levy Place
New York, NY 10029
(212) 241-8109
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Mannosidosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 736-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
Mannosidosis[
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
131: Maple Syrup Urine Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Maple Syrup Urine Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the synonyms and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Ketoaciduria
Branched Chain Ketonuria
Menke's Syndrome I
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Maple syrup urine disease results from abnormal metabolism of the four "branched chain" amino acids (protein building blocks), leucine, isoleucine, valine, and alloisoleucine. Spasticity alternating with poor muscle tone, convulsions, and possibly fatal coma characterize the disease. It derives its name from the odor of patients' urine and sweat. Maple syrup urine disease is a hereditary condition.
Symptoms
Newborns afflicted with Maple syrup urine disease appear normal at first, but develop symptoms several days later. These include the characteristic odor of sweat and urine, poor feeding, lethargy, and lack of awareness or alertness. Brain damage can occur rapidly and is manifested by spasticity or excessively strong reflexes alternating with periods of flaccidity. If the infant survives past a few months, mental retardation becomes apparent.
Blood tests reveal high levels of leucine, isoleucine, and valine.
Causes
Maple syrup urine disease results from a defective enzyme blocking the decarboxylation of branched chain keto-acids, which include the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, and alloisoleucine. The excessive accumulation of these substances cause severe neurological damage.
The disorder is transmitted by an autosomal recessive gene. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Both sexes are affected. Maple syrup urine disease is extremely rare.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Maple Syrup Urine Disease should start as early as possible after birth. Toxins are removed by peritoneal dialysis with exchange transfusions lacking leucine, isoleucine, and valine, or with multiple or prolonged exchange transfusions. Positive calorie supplementation is also recommended. Children with this disorder must stay on a strict diet established by a physician avoiding certain amino acids.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Maple Syrup Urine Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Families with Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Route 2, Box 24-A
Flemingsburg, KY 41041
(606) 849-4679
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 2084.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1150, 1159.
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Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
833: Marcus Gunn Phenomenon
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Marcus Gunn Phenomenon) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Jaw-winking
Maxillopalpebral Synkinesis
Marcus Gunn Ptosis (with jaw-winking)
Marcus Gunn (Jaw-Winking) Syndrome
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Facial Nerve Injury
Marin-Amat Syndrome (Inverse Marcus Gunn Phenomenon)
Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome
Faciopalpebral Synkinesis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Marcus Gunn Phenomenon is a rare genetic disorder that is usually present at birth. Major symptoms include the upper eyelid of one eye raising rapidly upon movement of the jaw. This disorder can be corrected with surgery.
Symptoms
The upper eyelid of one eye droops in most patients with Marcus Gunn Phenomenon. The major symptom of this disorder is that upon movement of the lower jaw, the eyelid of the affected eye involuntarily and rapidly raises, causing the eye to open wider. This first becomes apparent soon after the baby is born when, during feeding, sucking causes the eyelid to move up and down. In some patients, one eye may be either crossed or looking away; i.e., deviates in a different direction from the normal eye (strabismus), or one eye may have better sight than the other. Other eye problems (anisometropia, superior rectus muscle palsy) may also be present.
Causes
Marcus Gunn Phenomenon may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Marcus Gunn Phenomenon is a rare genetic disorder present at birth. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Marcus Gunn Phenomenon may occur in conjunction with certain other eye disorders such as Duane Syndrome, or possibly Retinitis Pigmentosa. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Duane," or "Retinitis Pigmentosa" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Certain types of injury to the facial nerve may produce symptoms similar to Marcus Gunn Phenomenon.
Marin-Amat Syndrome is similar to Marcus Gunn Phenomenon except that the eye closes, rather than opens wider, when the jaw moves to open the mouth. This disorder is also referred to as "Inverse Marcus Gunn Phenomenon."
Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder. In patients with Type III of this syndrome, upon movement of the lower jaw the eyelid involuntarily and rapidly raises, causing the eye to open wider (jaw-winking). More than the normal number of teeth are usually present. Other major symptoms may include disturbances involving the nervous and muscle (neuromuscular) systems, congenital (present at birth) malformations such as cleft palate, other facial deformities, malformation of the hands and feet, shortened limbs and various degrees of mental retardation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Oral-Facial-Digital" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Faciopalpebral Synkinesis is a rare disorder characterized by the upper eyelid of one eye raising when the individual smiles.
Therapies: Standard
Surgery can correct the eyelid abnormalities of Marcus Gunn Phenomenon. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other related eye problems such as strabismus, amblyopia, etc., can be corrected with eyeglasses, surgery and/or drugs.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are trying to identify the gene that causes Marcus Gunn Phenomenon. Research and genetic studies are ongoing.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Marcus Gunn Phenomenon, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 599.
AUDITORY BRAIN-STEM RESPONSES IN MARCUS GUNN PTOSIS. D. J. Creel, et al.; Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol (Jul 1984; issue 59 (4)). Pp. 341-344.
LEVATOR SLING FOR MARCUS GUNN PTOSIS. S. M. Betharia and S. Kumar; Br J Ophthalmol (Sep 1987; issue 71 (9)). Pp. 685-689.
THE MARCUS GUNN PHENOMENON. A REVIEW OF 71 CASES. S. G. Pratt, et al.; Ophthalmology (Jan 1984; issue 91 (1)). Pp. 27-30.
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Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
895: Marden-Walker Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Marden-Walker Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Connective Tissue Disorder, Marden-Walker Type
MWS
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita
Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome
Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Marden-Walker Syndrome is a rare connective tissue disorder that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Patients with this disorder typically have a distinct face, a cleft or high-arched palate, bone joints in a fixed position, growth delay and limited control of muscle movement. Marden-Walker Syndrome affects males more often than females.
Symptoms
Patients with Marden-Walker Syndrome have distinct facial features including an abnormality of the jaw, droopy eyelids, a flat bridge of the nose, low-set ears, and a fixed facial position.
Other characteristics of this disorder are curvature of the spine causing a hunchback, bent joints that will not move (joint contractures), a cleft or high-arched palate, growth delay, and slow muscle movement.
Other symptoms of Marden-Walker Syndrome may include a small head circumference, heart abnormalities, an irregular sexual and urinary system, a decrease in bone mass, a breastbone that pushes out or sinks in, a small projecting piece of tissue on the front of the outer ear (preauricular tag), abnormally small eyes, a short neck, a small mouth and/or a low hairline.
A condition in which extra tissue causes obstruction of the small intestine (duodenal bands); narrowing of the ring that separates the stomach from the first part of the small intestine causing a blockage in the flow of partly digested food (pyloric stenosis); and/or loss of appetite, failure of the body to absorb nutrients adequately, stomach pain and weight loss caused by a condition in which there are not enough pancreatic hormones or enzymes (pancreatic insufficiency) have all been associated with Marden-Walker Syndrome.
Causes
Marden-Walker Syndrome is inherited through an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Marden-Walker Syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects males more often than females with a ratio of 11 to 3. There have been approximately twenty cases reported in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Marden-Walker Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita is a rare congenital disease characterized by reduced mobility of multiple joints at birth due to proliferation of fibrous tissue. Typically the range of motion of the joints of all limbs is limited. (For more information on this disorder choose "Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome is a genetic degenerative disorder of the brain and spinal chord that is present at birth. The disorder is characterized by an extremely small head, abnormally small eyes, clouding of the eye's lens (cataract), a horizontally narrow opening between the eyelids, abnormally large ears, a small jaw, fixed bending of the elbows and knees, and/or a hunched back. Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome is a rare disorder inherited through an autosomal recessive trait. People with this disorder have muscles that do not relax after contracting (myotonia). The main characteristics of Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome are abnormal bone formation and abnormalities of the face and eyes. Other abnormalities that may be found in some patients with this disorder are short stature, low birth weight, a short neck, a pigeon breast, curvature of the spine causing a hunchback and/or a condition in which the joints are bent and will not move (joint contractures).
Therapies: Standard
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Marden-Walker Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203)-746-6518
Coalition of Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue
c/o National Marfan Foundation
382 Main Street
Port Washington, NY 11050
(516) 944-5412
American Cleft Palate Cranial Facial Association
1218 Granview Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15211
(412) 681-1376
(800) 24CLEFT
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
FACES
National Association For The Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4464
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1309.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1103-1104.
CONGENITAL MYOPATHY WITH OCULO-FACIAL ABNORMALITIES (MARDEN-WALKER
SYNDROME): N. Linder, et al.; Am J Med Genet (June, 1991, issue 39(4)). Pp. 377-9.
EXPANDED SPECTRUM OF FINDINGS IN MARDEN-WALKER SYNDROME: G.P. Pineda, et al.; Am J Med Genet (August, 1990, issue 36(4)). Pp. 495-9.
A 26-MONTH-OLD CHILD WITH MARDEN-WALKER SYNDROME AND PYLORIC STENOSIS: D. Gossage, et al.; Am J Med Genet (April, 1987, issue 26(4)). Pp. 915-9.
Marden-Walker Syndrome
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5Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
27: Marfan Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Marfan Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Arachnodactyly
Contractural Arachnodactyly
Dolichostenomelia
Marfanoid Hypermobility Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Acromegaly
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Homocystinuria
Beals Syndrome
Cohen Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Marfan Syndrome is an inherited disorder that effects the connective tissues of the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular system). The musculoskeletal system (ligaments and muscles) is also affected. Major symptoms also include unusual height, large hands and feet, and involvement of the lungs and the eyes.
Symptoms
People with Marfan Syndrome are unusually tall and thin. Both the face and the limbs are abnormally long. Other features may include excessive joint mobility, flat feet, muscle weakness (hypotonia), a protruding or indented breast bone (sternum) and curvature of the spine (scoliosis). The teeth may be crowded because of an abnormally high palate. Stretch marks (striae) may appear on the skin.
Patients with Marfan Syndrome may have significant cardiovascular problems. The most common of these is mitral valve prolapse, which is often without symptoms. Mitral valve prolapse is characterized by the incomplete closure of the heart valve and the backward flow of blood in the heart. Enlargement and degeneration of the aorta, aortic aneurysm (a bulge of the wall of the aorta), and aortic regurgitation (backward flow of blood) are also common. Untreated, these cardiac complications account for most deaths from Marfan Syndrome.
About 50 percent of patients with Marfan Syndrome experience an abnormal displacement of the lens within the eyes (ectopia lentis). Another major symptom is nearsightedness (myopia). Other findings that relate to the eye may include an increased axial globe length, flatness of the cornea and occasionally retinal detachment. These conditions are diagnosed by an ophthalmologist (a physician who specializes in eye disease.
Emphysema, which causes destructive changes and the loss of elasticity of the lungs, develops in almost all patients with Marfan Syndrome. A collapsed lung (pneumothorax) occurs in 5 percent of patients, either spontaneously or traumatically, and requires immediate attention.
Causes
Marfan Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
The single mutation that causes this disorder has been located on chromosome 15. Penetrance is complete but expression of symptoms (clinical manifestations) may be variable. Penetrance is the regularity with which an inherited trait expresses symptoms in the person who carries the gene.
The exact nature of the connective tissue abnormalities that are present in patients with Marfan Syndrome is not well understood by scientists.
Affected Population
Marfan Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. In the United States, about 25,000 to 30,000 people have Marfan Syndrome, many of whom have not been diagnosed. Early diagnosis is crucial to avoid or delay the heart complications of Marfan Syndrome.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Marfan Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Acromegaly is a slowly progressive disorder characterized by an excess of growth hormone (GH). An excessive amount of this hormone causes an abnormal enlargement of the bones, especially those of the arms, legs and skull. The bones of the forehead and the jaw tend to be the most affected. The jaw protrudes and there is generally an overbite that may lead to the wide separation of teeth. There is thickening of the soft tissues of the body including those of the heart. The liver, spleen and kidneys may also become enlarged as the disease progresses. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Acromegaly" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) describes a group of inherited disorders of connective tissue. The various forms are labeled I to X and the symptoms vary according to the form of the disease, which always effects the joints and skin. Characteristic symptoms include very elastic, fragile skin and a tendency toward easy bruising and bleeding. Another major symptom is the ability to flex the joints beyond their normal range (hyperextensibility). Soft tumor-like growths may be present. Facial characteristics may be normal or the eyes may be widely spaced. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Homocystinuria is a rare metabolic disorder that is characterized by an abnormal amount of homocystine and methionine in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid and the urine. The symptoms of this disorder include abnormal displacement of the lens of the eyes (ectopia lentis), cataracts, a thinning of the bones (osteoporosis), seizures, mental retardation, blood clots in the lungs (pulmonary emboli), and heart problems. Patients with Homocystinuria may have the signs and symptoms of Marfan Syndrome such as an elongated body and extremities, a depression of the breast bone, and cardiovascular defects. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Homocystinuria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Beals Syndrome is a rare inherited connective tissue disorder. The major features of this disorder include long, thin, "spider-like" fingers and toes; joints that are in the bent position from birth; and deformity of the ears that causes a "crumpled" appearance. Generally the joints that are affected are the fingers, elbows, knees and ankles. There may be severe curvature of the spine (kyphoscoliosis), a forward projection of the breast bone (pectus carinatum) and a cone-like bulge of the eye that may result in blurred vision (keratoconus). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Beals Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cohen Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by multiple facial, mouth, and eye abnormalities. There is muscle weakness, obesity and mental retardation. Generally there is low birth weight, an unusually small head and prominent lips. Other characteristics of Cohen Syndrome may include narrow hands and feet with long fingers and toes and the ability to extend the joints beyond their normal range (hyperextensitivity). There may be deformities of the knees, elbow and spine as well as a slight curvature to the spine (scoliosis). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cohen Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
All Marfan Syndrome patients should avoid sports, heavy lifting and any exercise that increases the strain on the aorta produced by vigorous beating of the heart. Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs such as propranolol and atenolol have proven useful in treating the cardiovascular symptoms. Both drugs help to reduce the strength and frequency of the contractions of the heart. In doing so, they may reduce the strain on the aorta. Beta-blockers generally produce few side effects and may delay, or possibly prevent the need for heart surgery. The dosage needs to be adjusted to the individual patients needs, and therapy should be closely monitored. However, surgical replacement of the aorta may eventually become necessary.
In the skeletal system, scoliosis and deformity of the chest may represent a serious problem for people with Marfan Syndrome. Curvatures of the spine of more than 10 degrees should be referred to an orthopedic surgeon for correct management. Some children have been treated with hormones such as estrogen to accelerate the growth cycle and the onset of puberty. This reduces the number of years during which the spine is the most susceptible to deformity. Hormonal treatment has been most effective in females. Although medical side effects are generally minimal and adult height may be reduced by this treatment, the child must deal with the social and psychologic difficulties of becoming sexually mature before his or her peers.
Deformities of the sternum in patients with Marfan Syndrome (both protruding and inverted breast deformities) may be corrected surgically. Repair of a chest deformity is best delayed until mid-adolescence at the earliest.
The eyes require careful attention from early childhood. Failure to detect any of the several abnormalities that can affect the eyes may result in a dimness of vision and other visual impairment. Increased risk of retinal detachment does demand special attention. The eyes should receive special protection from injury during work or sports. Sports that may involve trauma to the head, such as football, boxing, and diving, should be avoided.
Every person with Marfan Syndrome should have a yearly electrocardiogram to check the size and function of the heart and aorta. Impaired functioning of the heart valves may respond to various cardiac medications. However, surgical replacement with an artificial valve may become necessary.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Other beta-adrenergic blocking drugs are being investigated as possible therapies for the cardiovascular symptoms of Marfan Syndrome. Basic research is being conducted on the cause of Marfan Syndrome, including studies of the biochemistry of connective tissue. Scientists are also studying the nature of the genetic defect that causes this disorder.
Clinical trials are underway to study all patients with a diagnosis of Marfan Syndrome who are 25 years of age or younger. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. Bruce S. Alpert
University of Tennessee, Division of Cardiology
848 Adams Ave.
Memphis, TN 38103
(901) 522-3380
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Marfan Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
National Marfan Foundation
382 Main Street
Port Washington, New York, NY 11050
(516) 883-8712
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 696-698.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th Ed.: Charles R. Scriver, et al., Editors; McGraw Hill, 1989. Pp. 2833-2834.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, Editor-In-Chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1361.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1122-1123.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1104-1105.
MARFAN SYNDROME. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW, E.M. Woerner et al.; Postgrad Med (April 1990; 87(5)): Pp. 229-236.
THE MARFAN SYNDROME, R.E. Pyeritz; Am Fam Physician (Dec 1986; 34(6)) Pp. 83-94. 83-94.
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868: Marinesco-Sjogren Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Marinesco-Sjogren Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Freidreich's Ataxia
Lowe's Syndrome
Telangiectasia Ataxia
Cryptorchidism
Peripheral Neuropathy
Epilepsy
Hypotrichosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Marinesco-Sjogren Syndrome is a rare disorder that is inherited through autosomal recessive genes. The major features of this disorder are a loss of muscle coordination as a result of disease in the cerebellum (cerebellar ataxia), loss of clearness in the eye's lens (cataract), increased muscle tone or tension (spasticity), and mental deficiency.
Symptoms
Marinesco-Sjogren Syndrome is a neuromuscular disorder causing a lack of coordination of the muscles used for voluntary movement (cerebellar ataxia). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hereditary Ataxia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database). Increased muscle tone or spasticity also occurs. Most patients are able to walk during childhood but will need a wheelchair as an adult.
Other common features of Marinesco-Sjogren Syndrome are a disease of the eye in which the lens looses it's clearness (cataract), mental retardation, imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbance of muscle control (dysarthria), involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyes (nystagmus), and a condition in which the eyes are crossed (strabismus).
Some patients with Marinesco-Sjogren Syndrome may have a small head (microcephaly), a condition in which the joint is bent and will not move due to wasting of muscle fibers (contractures), short stature and/or overproduction of hormones causing the ovaries in females and testes in males not to function properly (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).
Puberty may be delayed and skeletal deformities such as a bulging sternum, curvature of the spine (scoliosis), short bones in the arch of the foot (metatarsals) and fingers (metacarpals), outward twisting of the forearm (cubitus valgus) and a defect in the hip joint making it angle out to the side of the body (coxa valga ) may also occur.
Causes
Marinesco-Sjogren Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Marinesco-Sjogren Syndrome is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. There have been approximately 100 documented cases of this disorder in the medical literature. It occurs more frequently in Italy, Scandinavia and sections of Alabama in the United States.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Marinesco-Sjogren Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Friedreich's Ataxia is a hereditary neuromuscular syndrome characterized by slow degenerative changes of the spinal chord and brain. Dysfunction of the central nervous system affects coordination of the muscles in the limbs. Speech can be affected and numbness or weakness of the arms and legs may develop. Various transitional and overlapping forms of Friedreich's Ataxia can occur. This disorder is inherited through a recessive trait, but it does not start during infancy. (For more information on this disorder choose "Friedreich's Ataxia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Lowe's Syndrome is a rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by eye abnormalities such as congenital cataracts and glaucoma, bone malformations caused by Vitamin D Resistant Rickets, mental retardation and impairment of kidney function. Symptoms of this disorder become apparent in early infancy. This disorder affects only males and is most common in those with fair coloring. The muscles may be flabby, the joints unusually flexible and there may be little or no muscle reflexes. Other symptoms may include bowed legs, underdeveloped testes, cataracts, excess fatty tissue and wide ranging weight fluctuation. (For more information on this disorder choose "Lowe's Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Telangiectasia Ataxia, also known as Louis Bar Syndrome, is an inherited progressive form of cerebellar ataxia that usually begins during infancy. Symptoms of this disorder are progressive loss of coordination in the limbs, head and eyes, and lower than normal immune response against infection. Mental deficiency is not present initially, but may appear as the disorder progresses. Telangiectasia Ataxia is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ataxia, Telangiectasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The following disorders may be associated with Marinesco-Sjogren Syndrome as secondary characteristics. They are not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Hypotrichosis is a deficiency of hair.
Cryptorchidism is a failure of one or both of the testes to move down into the scrotum.
Peripheral Neuropathy is a syndrome characterized by sensory, motor, reflex and blood vessel symptoms. These symptoms can occur singly or in any combination. The symptoms of Peripheral Neuropathy are produced by a disease of a single nerve or several nerves in asymmetric areas of the body, or many nerves simultaneously. These symptoms may involve sensory, motor, reflex, or blood vessel function. Lesions, usually degenerative and rarely accompanied by signs of inflammation, may occur in the nerve roots or peripheral nerves. (For more information on this disorder choose "Peripheral Neuropathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder that is characterized by a sudden, aimless, uncontrollable discharge of electrical energy in the brain. This discharge is sometimes preceded by a strange feeling (aura) and is characterized by a convulsion and/or loss of consciousness. The disease is not usually life threatening and those affected can lead a full and active life if medication controls their symptoms. (For more information on this disorder choose "Epilepsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Marinesco-Sjogren's Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive.
Surgery is used to remove some types of cataracts. The lens is removed and may be replaced with an implant. Contact lenses may help improve sharpness of vision. During recent years lasers have been used increasingly to remove cataracts.
Scoliosis and other orthopedic defects may be helped with surgery and/or orthopedic appliances.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
After removal of the affected lens in children with congenital cataracts an intraocular lens (IOL) has been implanted. If technically feasible, the IOL is implanted in the lens capsule. More research is needed before this implantation can be used more generally to preserve vision and reduce double vision.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Marinesco-Sjogren Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Ataxia Foundation
500 Twelve Oaks Center
15500 Wayzata Blvd.
Wayzata, MN 55390
(612) 473-7666
PACK (Parents of Cataract Kids)
179 Hunters Lane
Devon, PA 1933
(215) 293-1917
(215) 721-9121
Association for Retarded Citizens of the U.S.
P.O. Box 6109
Arlington, TX 76005
(817) 640-0204
(800) 433-0525
National Scoliosis Foundation, Inc.
72 Mount Auburn St.
Watertown, MA 02172
(617) 926-0397
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1309.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1105-6.
THE MARINESCO-SJOGREN SYNDROME EXAMINED BY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, MAGNETIC
RESONANCE, AND 18F-2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE AND POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY: M.B. Bromberg, et al.: Arch Neurol (November 1990, issue 47(11)). Pp. 1239-42.
Marinesco-Sjogren Syndromei,
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@$3$Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
283: Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Arylsulfatase-B Deficiency
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI
MPS VI
Polydystrophic Dwarfism
MPS Disorder
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by the deficiency of one of ten specific lysosomal enzymes, resulting in an inability to metabolize complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) into simpler molecules. The accumulation of these large, undegraded mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the body causes a number of physical symptoms and abnormalities.
Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome (MPS Type VI) occurs in three types: a classic severe type, an intermediate type, and a mild type. The syndrome is characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme arylsulfatase B (also called N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase), which leads to an excess of dermatan sulfate in the urine.
In general, growth retardation occurs from 2-3 years of age, with coarsening of facial features and abnormalities in the bones of hands and spine. Joint stiffness also occurs. The intellect is usually normal.
Symptoms
Signs of Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome usually appear between 2 and 3 years of age, the most readily detectable symptoms being coarse facial features such as thick nostrils and lips and development of a dwarf-like appearance.
Bone abnormalities such as large hands with stubby fingers, stiff joints, a hunched spine, prominent chestbone, and pain in the hip bone all tend to appear after the first 3 to 4 years. Also evident at this time may be a wobbly gait, resulting from inwardly pointed knees and toes.
Noisy and strained breathing, intermittent deafness and enlargement of the liver and spleen may also occur.
Possible complications include blindness, progressive hearing loss and excessive fluid on the brain (hydrocephalus). (For more information, choose "hydrocephalus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Causes
Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder in which a deficiency of the enzyme arylsulfatase B causes an excess of dermatan sulfate in the urine. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome affects males and females equally. The incidence of this disorder is unknown.
Related Disorders
There are many types of Mucopolysaccharidoses. For more information about each of these disorders, choose "MPS Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
DiFerrante syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis VIII) is a disorder described in a single patient with clinical and biochemical features of Morquio and Sanfilippo syndromes. The disorder had been reported to be due to a deficiency of glucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase. Subsequently, this disorder was called MPS VIII (DiFerrante syndrome). Dr. DiFerrante later found that the enzyme was normal in his patient, and the disorder had been misdiagnosed. Therefore, Diferrante syndrome is not a valid medical disorder.
The Mucolipidoses are a family of similar disorders, producing symptoms very much like those of the Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS).
I-cell disease, or Mucolipidosis Type II, resembles Hurler syndrome and the two disorders are very difficult to distinguish. I-cell disease has similar physical and mental deterioration as MPS I, but usually occurs earlier and is more severe. I-cell disease is characterized by diffused deficiency of lysosomal enzymes within the cell and is not associated with excretion of mucopolysaccharides in the urine.
Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy (ML III) is also transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance, but it is characterized by a deficiency of multiple lysosomal enzymes needed to break down mucopolysaccharides. This disorder can be identified by such symptoms as clawlike hands, somewhat coarse facial features, dwarfism and pain in the hands. intelligence tends to be normal in most patients, but mild mental retardation is sometimes present.
Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency (ML IV) is a disorder of unknown cause characterized by early clouding of the cornea, mild to moderate mental retardation and enlargement of liver and spleen.
(For more information about the Mucolipidoses, choose "ML Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Hernias and joint contractures may be corrected by surgery. Physical therapy and hearing aids may benefit patients.
Genetic counseling may be helpful to patient and family. Prenatal diagnosis is now possible for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Since prenatal diagnosis is now possible through amniocentesis and sampling of a tissue layer in the embryo (chorionic villus sampling), new treatments aimed at checking early development of Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome are now under study. One method involves replacing defective enzymes via enzyme replacement therapy and/or bone marrow transplants. Scientific study of gene replacement in animal models raises the hope that gene replacement may someday be made available to people with genetic disorders such as Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome.
Bone marrow transplantation to treat a young girl with Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome greatly decreased the size of her enlarged liver and spleen, and improved her cardiopulmonary function, joint mobility, and visual acuity. The successful outcome of the bone marrow transplant demonstrates that toxic compounds that accumulate in the tissues can be removed and metabolized by transplanted cells. However, more research is needed before this treatment will be available for general use.
Therapies: Investigational The Mayo Clinic is investigating the use of Alpha Interferon as a treatment for Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome. For more information, physicians can contact:
Morie A. Gertz, M.D.
Dept. of Hematology & Internal Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN 55905
(507) 284-2511
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
MPS (Mucopolysaccharidoses) Research Funding Center, Inc.
1215 Maxfield Road
Hartland, MI 48029
(313) 363-4412
National MPS Society
17 Kramer Street
Hicksville, NY 11801
(516) 931-6338
Society of Mucopolysaccharide Diseases, Inc.
382 Parkway Blvd.
Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada R8A OK4
Society of MPS Diseases
30 Westwood Drive
Little Chalfont, Bucks, England
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MPS Society Brochure.
MPS Research Funding Center Bulletin.
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed.; Daniel Bergsma, ed; March of Dimes, 1979. P. 733.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 6th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press. 1983. P. 841.
Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome
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879: Marshall Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Marshall Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Deafness-Myopia-Cataract-Saddle Nose, Marshall Type
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita
Congenital Syphilis
Stickler Syndrome
Wagner Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Marshall Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder. Major symptoms may include a distinct face with a flattened nasal bridge and nostrils that are tilted upward, widely spaced eyes, nearsightedness, cataracts and hearing loss. Marshall Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
Symptoms
Patients with Marshall Syndrome have a distinct flat sunken midface with a flattened nasal bridge (saddle nose), nostrils that turn upward, and a wide space between the eyes (hypertelorism). The domelike upper portion of the skull (calvaria) is thicker than normal and calcium deposits can be found in the skull (cranium). Eye defects found in patients with Marshall Syndrome are nearsightedness, a disease of the eye in which the lens loses it's clearness (cataract), and a wide space between the eyes making the eyeballs appear to be larger then normal. Hearing loss may be slight or severe and is due to nerve damage distorting sound (sensorineural).
Other symptoms that have been found in some patients with Marshall Syndrome are: crossed eyes (esotropia), a condition in which the line of vision is higher in one eye than the other (hypertropia), retinal detachment, glaucoma, protruding upper incisors (teeth) and a smaller than normal or missing nasal bone.
Causes
Marshall Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Marshall Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. There have been only approximately 21 cases of this disorder reported in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Marshall Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita (SED Congenita) is a rare hereditary disorder with symptoms that can range from mild to severe. It is characterized by flat facial features, nearsightedness (myopia), retinal detachment, cleft palate, clubfoot, short-trunk dwarfism, a waddling gait and normally sized hands and feet. This disorder is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Congenital Syphilis is a chronic infectious disease caused by a spirochete (treponema pallidum) acquired by the fetus in the uterus before birth. Symptoms of this disease may not show up until several weeks or months after birth and in some cases they may take years to appear. Congenital Syphilis is passed on to the child from the mother who acquired the disease prior to or during pregnancy. Symptoms of early congenital Syphilis include fever, skin problems and low birth weight. In Late Congenital Syphilis the symptoms of the disease do not usually become apparent until two to five years of age. Symptoms of Late Congenital Syphilis may be bone pain, peg-shaped upper central incisors (teeth), blurred vision, eye pain and insensitivity to light, saddle nose, bony prominence of the forehead, short upper jaw bone and deafness. In rare cases the disease may remain latent for years with symptoms not being diagnosed until well into adulthood. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Congenital Syphilis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Stickler Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. This disorder is characterized by congenital abnormalities of the eye, a small jaw and a cleft palate. Degenerative changes in some joints with bone abnormalities may occur early in life. In the past some scientists felt that Marshall Syndrome and Stickler Syndrome were the same disorder. It is now thought that there are distinct differences between the two. Patients with Stickler Syndrome have flat cheekbones and a small jaw which is often described as a flat midface. Patients with Marshall Syndrome have a retracted midface with abnormal frontal sinuses and calcification in the skull. Patients with Stickler Syndrome have a cleft palate while patients with Marshall Syndrome rarely are afflicted with this condition. Deafness is rarely a part of Stickler Syndrome and is often a major part of Marshall Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Stickler Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Wagner Syndrome is a rare disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. This disorder can be expressed in mild, moderate or severe form. It is characterized by facial abnormalities, an underdeveloped jaw, saddle nose, cleft palate, and vision abnormalities. Joint hyperextensibility in the fingers, elbows and knees, and hip deformities may also occur. Patients with Wagner Syndrome do not have retinal detachment as do the patients with Marshall and Stickler Syndromes.
Therapies: Standard
Marshall Syndrome is treated according to the specific symptoms. Plastic surgery can be performed to improve the saddle nose.
Surgery is used to remove some types of cataracts. The lens is removed and may be replaced with an implant. A patch is then worn temporarily. Contact lenses may help improve sharpness of vision. Laser techniques are used to loosen either the cornea, the lens capsule, or other material when they are adhering to the lens.
The use of a hearing aid may be beneficial in some cases.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
After the removal of the affected lens in children with congenital cataracts, an intraocular lens (IOL) may be implanted. If technically feasible, the IOL is implanted in the lens capsule. More research is needed before this implantation can be used more generally to preserve vision and reduce double vision.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Marshall Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812
(203) 746-6518
National Association for Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
615-266-1632
Let's Face It
Box 711
Concord, MA 01742
(508) 371-3186
National Foundation for Facial Reconstruction
550 First Ave.
New York, NY 11016
(212) 340-6656
American Society for Deaf Children
814 Thayer Avenue
Silver Spring, MD 20814
(301) 585-5400 Voice/TTY
PACK (Parents of Cataract Kids)
179 Hunters Lane
Devon, PA 19333
(215) 293-1917
(215) 721-9121
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
301-496-5133
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 108-9, 480, 601.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., Editor; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 212.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 504-5.
Marshall Syndrome
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820: Marshall-Smith Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Marshall-Smith Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
MSS
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Weaver Syndrome
Gigantism
Sotos Syndrome
McCune-Albright Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Marshall-Smith Syndrome is characterized by unusually quick physical growth and bone development (maturation), usually starting before birth. Other symptoms can include respiratory difficulties, mental retardation, and certain physical characteristics. (Note: Marshall-Smith Syndrome is not to be confused with "Marshall" Syndrome, which is very different from "Marshall-Smith" Syndrome).
Symptoms
In patients with Marshall-Smith Syndrome growth and bone development (maturation) occur faster than normal. The individual is underweight in relation to his or her height and does not thrive well. Other symptoms include diminished muscle tone (hypotonia), muscle weakness, hernias in the abdomen (umbilical hernias), and/or mental retardation. Slow development of voluntary movements (psychomotor retardation) may also occur.
Breathing (respiratory) difficulties commonly occur in patients with Marshall-Smith Syndrome. High-pitched noisy breathing which sounds similar to the wind blowing (stridor), extension of the neck beyond normal limits (hyperextension), or the tongue obstructing the air passage may occur.
Physical characteristics of Marshall-Smith Syndrome include excessive hair growth (hypertrichosis), a long head with a prominent forehead, prominent eyes, and/or an upturned nose with a low nasal bridge. The white of the eye (sclerae) may appear bluish. The angle of the lower jawbone on each side of the face as it joins in the front to form the chin (mandibular ramus) may be smaller than average. Generally, the bones of the fingertips (distal phalanges) are narrow but the rest of the bones in the fingers (proximal and middle phalanges) are broad.
Infrequently, the leaf-shaped structure in the throat which normally prevents food or liquid from passing into the windpipe (epiglottis) may not develop properly in some patients with Marshall-Smith Syndrome. Absent and/or smaller than normal openings leading from the nasal passages into the post-nasal space (choanal atresia and/or stenosis), an abnormal larynx and/or soft cartilage of the larynx (laryngomalacia), a short breastbone (sternum), or a deep crease between the big toe (hallux) and second toe may occur in some patients.
Occasionally, brain abnormalities such as atrophy (cerebral atrophy), larger than normal convolutions of the cerebral cortex (macrogyria), or an absent corpus collosum may occur. (For more information on absence of the corpus collosum, choose "corpus collosum" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database). Defects in the immune system (immunologic defect) are sometimes present. Although rare, some babies with Marshall-Smith Syndrome are born with a sac containing part of the intestines protruding outside the abdominal wall, with the umbilical cord attached (omphalocele).
Causes
The exact cause of Marshall-Smith Syndrome is unknown. There is no evidence that it is genetic.
Affected Population
Marshall-Smith Syndrome is a rare disorder present at birth affecting males and females in equal numbers. Symptoms of the syndrome are usually present before birth (prenatal onset).
Related Disorders
Weaver Syndrome is similar to Marshall-Smith Syndrome in that growth and bone maturation occur faster than normal. However, patients with Weaver Syndrome have normal to above normal weight in relation to their height whereas patients with Marshall-Smith Syndrome are underweight in relation to their height. There are other differences as well. For example, Marshall-Smith Syndrome patients have different physical characteristics, respiratory difficulties, and other symptoms that patients with Weaver Syndrome do not have. (For more information on Weaver Syndrome, choose "Weaver" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Gigantism occurs before puberty and is caused by oversecretion of growth hormone. It is characterized by excessive growth during childhood with relatively normal body proportions and sexual development. Height sometimes reaches 7 or 8 feet. Soft tissues are also enlarged. In extreme cases, disease of muscle tissue (myopathy) and abnormalities of nerves distant from the brain and spinal cord (peripheral neuropathy) may occur. Certain hereditary syndromes such as Klinefelter Syndrome, Marfan Syndrome, and some of the lipodystrophies, may include tallness among their symptoms. (For more information choose "gigantism, ""giant," or "peripheral neuropathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Soto's Syndrome is a rare, hereditary disorder characterized by excessive growth (over the 90th percentile) during the first 4 to 5 years of life. Abnormalities of the nervous system, including aggressiveness, irritability, clumsiness, an awkward gait, and mental retardation sometimes also occur. Physical characteristics also include eyes which appear to be abnormally far apart (hypertelorism) and slanted. (For more information, choose "Soto" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
McCune-Albright Syndrome (Osteitis Fibrosa Disseminata) is characterized by an early (precocious) sexual development, a change in bone integrity which produces pain, increasing deformity and disability, and possible changes in skin pigmentation. This syndrome involves the endocrine, muscle and bone systems. Excessive secretion of growth hormone as well as other hormones occurs in some cases. Children with McCune-Albright Syndrome are excessively tall during childhood, but their growth stops early and they usually don't reach normal height during adulthood. (For more information, choose "McCune-Albright" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Marshall-Smith Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Aggressive treatment of breathing (respiratory) difficulties is necessary. Special education and related services will be necessary during school years.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Marshall-Smith Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 134-135.
MARSHALL-SMITH SYNDROME: NEW ASPECTS. A. M. Roodhooft, et al.; Neuropediatrics (Nov 1988; issue 19 (4)). Pp. 179-182.
MARSHALL-SMITH SYNDROME: TWO CASE REPORTS AND A REVIEW OF PULMONARY
MANIFESTATIONS. J. P. Johnson, et al.; Pediatrics (Feb 1983; issue 71 (2)). Pp. 219-223.
THE SYNDROMES OF MARSHALL AND WEAVER. N. Fitch; J Med Genet (Jun 1980; issue 17 (3)). Pp. 174-178.
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
441: Mastocytosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Mastocytosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Systemic Mastocytosis
Systemic Mast Cell Disease
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Mast Cell Leukemia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Urticaria Pigmentosa
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources section of this report.
Mastocytosis is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal accumulations of specific cells (mast cells) normally found in connective tissue. The liver, spleen, lungs, bone, skin, and sometimes the membrane surrounding the brain and spine (meninges) may be affected. Cases beginning during adulthood tend to involve the inner organs more than the skin, whereas during childhood, the condition is often marked by skin manifestations with minimal organ involvement.
Symptoms
Mastocytosis is initially characterized by a vague feeling of discomfort or ill health, weakness, nausea, vomiting, heart beat irregularities, weight loss, and/or diarrhea. In adults, this disorder usually occurs with minimal skin involvement. When cases begin during childhood, the skin tends to be affected more than the other organs. Discolored, thickened spots which can join or run together, and dilated blood vessels may appear on the skin. Other skin manifestations may include patches associated with progressive overdevelopment of white blood cells, and chronic flat, patterned skin growths. Discoloration may be minimal in affected skin areas although light rubbing or stroking may produce redness and swelling.
The mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and rectum may be involved. The liver, spleen, and lymph nodes may become enlarged. Bones affected by Mastocytosis may become softened and deteriorate, although some new bone growth may occur with thickening of the outer portions or spongy inner areas of bones. Duodenal ulcer is a rare complication of mastocytosis and may be associated with upper abdominal pain and bleeding.
Causes
Mastocytosis is a genetic disorder although the exact mode of inheritance is not known. Symptoms may be caused by a an overproduction and release of histamine from connective tissue (mast) cells. These cells accumulate in various organs or in the skin. Histamine is a natural chemical produced by the body that normally causes reactions in smooth muscles and capillaries, and stimulates gastric secretions.
Affected Population
Mastocytosis affects males and females in equal numbers. It can begin during childhood, but most commonly affects adults.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Mastocytosis. Comparison may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Urticaria Pigmentosa is a form of mast cell disease limited to the upper skin layer. A chronic eruption occurs characterized by brownish elevated spots (papules) which may be surrounded by reddened itchy skin when stroked. On the other hand, Mastocytosis is characterized by involvement of various organs with or without the skin symptoms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Urticaria Pigmentosa" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Mastocytosis is directed at both controlling overproduction and release of mast cells, and blocking the potential effects of too much histamine. Use of a combination of antihistamine drugs such as chlorpheniramine and cimetidine, or cromolyn sodium may be helpful. In advanced stages of mast cell accumulations, surgery may be indicated to improve the functioning of affected organs. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
A new drug, oral cromolyn sodium (Gastrocrom R) is being used to stabilize the mast cell membrane, thereby preventing attacks from occuring as well as relieving symptoms of Mastocytosis. The manufacturers of the drug, Fisons Corporation, have in place a Patient Assistance Program, established to provide Gastrocrom R free of charge to needy patients. For more information, patients can write to: Fisons Corp., Gastrocrom Patient Assistance Program, Box 1776, Rochester, NY 14603. Physicians can call the Gastrocrom Mastocytosis Hotline at 1-800-727-6100.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials are underway to study systemic mast cell stimulation. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. L. Jackson Roberts, II
514 Medical Research Bldg.
Vanderbilt University
Division of Clinical Pharmacology
Nashville, TN 37232
(615) 322-3304
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Mastocytosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
References
MASTOCYTOSIS: A REVIEW: D.H. Stein; Pediatr Dermatol (November 1986, issue 3(5)). Pp. 365-375.
Mastocytosis;
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Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
906: Maxillofacial Dysostosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Maxillofacial Dysostosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hypoplasia of the Maxilla, Primary Familial
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Acrodysostosis
Hemifacial Microsomia
Nager Syndrome
Treacher Collins Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Maxillofacial Dysostosis is a rare disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Major characteristics include an underdeveloped upper jaw, delayed speech as well as poor articulation, down-slanting of the eyelids, and malformations of the external ear.
Symptoms
The primary symptoms of Maxillofacial Dysostosis are delayed speech with poor articulation, an underdeveloped upper jaw, down-slanting of the eyelids and malformations of the external ear.
Other symptoms that have been found in some patients with Maxillofacial Dysostosis are: involuntary movement of the eyes (nystagmus); crossed eyes (strabismus); an indent in the chest (pectus excavatum); incomplete or underdeveloped nipples; a flat skull in the back; and/or a beaked nose with a flat nasal bridge.
Although most patients with Maxillofacial Dysostosis have normal intelligence, they are often thought to be mentally retarded due to their language problems. Their progress should be carefully monitored and educators should be informed of this potential problem.
Causes
Maxillofacial Dysostosis is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Maxillofacial Dysostosis is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers and is detectable at birth. There have been approximately twelve cases reported in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Maxillofacial Dysostosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Acrodysostosis is a rare disorder characterized by underdevelopment of the jaw, improper alignment of the teeth, extremely short hands and feet, a flattened nose, short stature, mental retardation, widely spaced eyes, deformity of the bones in the arms, legs and elbows, and an abnormally short broad head. (For more information on this disorder choose "Acrodysostosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hemifacial Microsomia is a syndrome that affects one in 5,000 births. Major features of this disorder may include: underdevelopment of the lower jaw, tilting of the face to one side, deformities of the ear, facial nerve weakness, underdevelopment of the cheek and eye, abnormalities of the vertebrae and ribs, cleft lip/palate, and possibly heart and kidney abnormalities which are very rare.
Nager Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by underdevelopment of the cheek and jaw area of the face, down-sloping of the opening of the eyes, a smaller that normal jaw, lack of development of the internal and external ear with related hearing problems, absent or sparse lower eyelashes, and/or cleft palate. (For more information on this disorder choose "Nager Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Treacher Collins Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by underdevelopment of the cheek, lower jaw and jawbones, slanted eyes, notching of the lower eyelids, and a receding chin. Underdevelopment of the jaw may cause problems in the newborn with swallowing or breathing. The outer upper area of the ear may be malformed as well as the external hearing canal. The eardrum may be replaced with a bony plate. The combination of a longer than normal face with a beaklike nose, receding chin and acute deafness, are characteristic of people with Treacher Collins Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder choose "Treacher Collins" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
The facial features in patients with Maxillofacial Dysostosis improve with age often giving a near normal appearance by adulthood. When the malformations of the face are severe, plastic surgery and orthodontic repair may be necessary.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Maxillofacial Dysostosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
Let's Face It
Box 711
Concord, MA 01742
(508) 371-3186
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle St., Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
1-800-535-3643
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. P. 602.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. P. 1109.
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%Copyright (C) 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
951: Maxillonasal Dysplasia, Binder Type
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Maxillonasal Dysplasia, Binder Type) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Binder Syndrome
Maxillonasal Dysplasia
Nasomaxillary Hypoplasia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Chondrodysplasia, Punctata, Rhizomelic Type
Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome
Fetal Warfarin Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Binder Type Maxillonasal Dysplasia is a rare disorder that may occur for no apparent reason (sporadically) or may be inherited as an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive genetic trait. Individuals affected with this disorder have distinct facial features that typically include a small, flat, low-set nose and a protruding chin. Crossed eyes, cleft lip and palate, as well as abnormalities of the cervical spine have also been found in some affected patients.
Symptoms
Binder Type Maxillonasal Dysplasia is characterized by distinct facial features that include a small, flat, low-set nose with a short underdeveloped partition separating the two nasal cavities (nasal septum). The nasal openings (apertures) may have a "half-moon" appearance and the nasal spine may be absent or underdeveloped. The upper lip may be elevated and rounded and the chin may protrude outward.
Other features that have been found in some affected individuals have been crossed eyes (convergent strabismus), a cleft of the lip, upper jaw and palate (labiomaxillopalatine cleft), abnormalities of the cervical spine, protrusion of the lower jaw, and abnormal contact of the teeth of the upper and lower jaws (malocclusions).
Some researchers feel that Binder Type Maxillonasal Dysplasia may be a mild form of Chondrodysplasia Punctata that is not properly diagnosed because affected individuals typically seek help at an older age, and the x-ray features of Chondrodysplasia Punctata have disappeared by then. (See related disorders section for information about Chondrodysplasia Punctata.)
Causes
Binder Type Maxillonasal Dysplasia may appear for no apparent reason (sporadically) or be inherited as an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive genetic trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Binder Type Maxillonasal Dysplasia is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. It is detectable at birth but may not be diagnosed until years later. There have been over one hundred cases of this disorder reported in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Binder Type Maxillonasal Dysplasia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic Type, is a rare disorder inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. A flattened face, vision problems, and an accumulation of calcium (calcification) in the hip and shoulder joints may also be present. Spasticity and mental retardation have also occurred in affected patients.
Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome is a mild form of Chondrodysplasia Punctata that is inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait. Individuals affected with this disorder have distinct facial features with a flattened tip and bridge of the nose. Mild to moderate growth deficiencies typically occur as a result of calcium buildup (calcification) at the ends of the bones (epiphyses). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Fetal Warfarin Syndrome is a disorder of altered fetal development. This disorder results from a woman taking the drug warfarin (an anticoagulant) during pregnancy. Affected infants may have facial features similar to Binder Type Maxillonasal Dysplasia. The most consistent feature of this disorder is depression of the bridge of the nose resulting in an upturned, flattened appearance and a deep groove between the nostrils. Growth deficits, recurrent infections and mental retardation may also occur.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Binder Type Maxillonasal Dysplasia may consist of surgery to correct the abnormalities of the nose and jaw when the child is older. A team of orthodontists, oral and plastic surgeons may be used.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Binder Type Maxillonasal Dysplasia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
Craniofacial Family Association
170 Elizabeth St., Suite 650
Toronto, Ontario
M5G, 1X8 Canada
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle St., Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
(800) 535-3643
National Foundation for Facial Reconstruction
550 First Ave.
New York, NY 11016
(212) 340-6656
(212) 340-5400
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed., Victor A. McKusick, Editor; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 700-701.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1110-1111.
MAXILLONASAL DYSPLASIA (BINDER'S SYNDROME): A CRITICAL REVIEW AND CASE
STUDY: B.B. Horswell, et al., J Oral Maxillofac Surg (February, 1987, issue 45(2)). Pp. 114-22.
MAXILLONASAL DYSPLASIA (BINDER'S SYNDROME): I.R. Munro, et al., Plast Reconstr Surg (May, 1979, issue 63(5)). Pp. 657-63.
SURGICAL CORRECTION OF THE NOSE AND MIDFACE IN MAXILLONASAL DYSPLASIA
(BINDER'S SYNDROME: H Holmstrom, Plast Reconstr Surg (November, 1986, issue 78(5)). Pp. 568-80.
THE CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY IN PERSONS WITH MAXILLONASAL DYSPLASIA
(BINDER SYNDROME). A LONGITUDINAL CEPHALOMETRIC STUDY OF ORTHODONTICALLY
TREATED CHILDREN: M. Olow-Nordenram, et al., Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop (February, 1989, issue 95(2)). Pp. 148-58.
CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF MAXILLONASAL DYSOSTOSIS (BINDER
SYNDROME): J. Delaire, et al., Head Neck Surg (Nov-Dec, 1980, issue 3(2)). Pp. 105-22.
FAMILIAL VARIANT OF MAXILLONASAL DYSPLASIA: E. Gross-Kieselstein, et al., J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol (1986, issue 6(3)). Pp. 331-4.
Maxillonasal Dysplasia, Binder Type
gene7&
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
160: May-Hegglin Anomaly
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (May-Hegglin Anomaly) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Leukocytic Inclusions with Platelet Abnormality
Dohle's Bodies-Myelopathy
Hegglin's Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
The May-Hegglin Anomaly consists of abnormalities of the platelets (blood elements important in clotting after injuries) and certain leukocytes (white blood cells). Symptoms may or may not be present. Treatment is not always necessary, and the prognosis is usually good. This anomaly occurs most often in Greek or Italian populations.
Symptoms
May-Hegglin Anomaly may be detected at birth although it may remain asymptomatic. When symptoms do occur, they include purpura (a purplish or brownish red discoloration of the skin due to subcutaneous bleeding), nosebleeds, excessive bleeding from the mouth during dental work, headaches, and muscular weakness on one side of the body due to intracranial bleeding. Withdrawal of steroid therapy used to treat some other disorder may precipitate excessive bleeding.
Laboratory investigations reveal giant, oddly shaped platelets and characteristic inclusions in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (a certain kind of white blood cells involved with defense against disease). Platelets may also be mildly reduced in quantity.
Causes
The May-Hegglin Anomaly is a hereditary condition transmitted by an autosomal dominant gene. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Related Disorders
Other disorders of platelet function include Thrombasthenia, Bernard-Soulier Syndrome, Chediak-Higashi Syndrome, the Gray Platelet Syndrome, and various defects of collagen induced platelet aggregation. Platelet disorders are also associated with congenital conditions such as Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, Down's Syndrome, Thrombocytopenia with Absent Radius Syndrome, and von Willebrand's Disease.
Affected Population
The May-Hegglin anomaly occurs primarily in families of Italian or Greek descent.
Therapies: Standard
No therapy is required for May-Hegglin Anomaly.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on May-Hegglin Anomaly, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1164.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 1048.
May-Hegglin Anomaly
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"Copyright (C) 1987, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
395: McArdle Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (McArdle Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Glycogenosis Type V
Glycogen Storage Disease Type V
Myophosphorylase Deficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Forbes Disease
Pompe Disease
Tarui Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
McArdle Disease is a glycogen storage disease. Symptoms of this hereditary metabolic disorder are caused by an inborn lack of the enzyme myophosphorylase. This enzyme is needed for the breakdown of glycogen (the body's form of stored energy) into sugar (glucose) in muscle tissues. In McArdle Disease the breakdown of glucose cannot take place. Severe muscle cramps occur as a result of heavy exercise.
Symptoms
Diagnosis of McArdle Disease usually does not occur before 10 years of age due to the relatively mild course of the disorder. Children with McArdle Disease usually develop normally. Muscles usually function normally while at rest or during moderate exercise. Only during strenuous exercise do severe muscle cramps occur, usually during late childhood or adolescence. Myoglobin (released during muscle breakdown) can often be detected in urine after strenuous exercise. In severe cases kidney failure may occur if the condition is not treated promptly. The biomedical literature suggests that an abnormality in oxygen transport to the skeletal muscles may also be present in individuals with McArdle Disease.
Causes
McArdle Disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. It is caused by a lack of the enzyme myophosphorylase. This enzyme is needed for the breakdown of stored energy (glycogen) into sugar (glucose). The lack of sugar during strenuous exercise causes the severe muscle cramps of McArdle Disease. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
All Glycogen Storage Diseases together affect less than 1 in 40,000 persons in the United States. Females and males are affected in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Glycogen Storage Diseases are caused by inborn errors of metabolism in which the balance between stored energy (glycogen) and available energy (sugar or glucose) is disturbed. Too much glycogen tends to be stored in the liver and muscles and too little sugar is available in the blood.
The following diseases are similar to McArdle Disease. These can be compared to McArdle Disease for a differential diagnosis:
Pompe Disease is a hereditary glycogen storage disease. This hereditary metabolic disorder is caused by a lack of the enzyme alpha-1,4 glucosidase (lysosomal glucosidase; acid maltase). In this disorder, glycogen tends to accumulate in all body tissues, especially in the heart muscle.
Forbes Disease (Glycogenosis III; Cori Disease) is another glycogen storage disease inherited through autosomal recessive genes. Symptoms are caused by a lack of a debrancher (amylo-1,6 glucosidase) enzyme. This enzyme deficiency causes excess amounts of glycogen derived from carbohydrates to be deposited in the liver, muscles, and heart. The nerves in the back of the legs and on the sides of the heel and foot (sural nerves) also tend to accumulate excess glycogen. The heart may be involved in some cases.
Tarui Disease (Phosphofructokinase Deficiency) is another type of glycogen storage disease. Symptoms of this genetic metabolic disorder are caused by an inborn lack of the enzyme fructophosphokinase in muscle, and a partial deficiency of this enzyme in red blood cells. The deficiency prevents the breakdown of glucose into energy. Tarui Disease is characterized by pain and muscle cramps during muscle stress, but often to a less severe degree than in McArdle Disease.
For more information on the above disorders, choose "Pompe," "Forbes," and "Tarui" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of McArdle Disease is made from a history of painful muscle cramps during exercise, and from functional testing. Demonstration of a lack of the enzyme muscle phosphorylase (myophosphorylase) confirms the diagnosis. The functional testing consists of a muscle exercise test with blood supply reduced using a blood pressure cuff. A failure to see a rise in the blood lactate, one of the normal breakdown products of glucose in muscle, confirms the diagnosis of McArdle Disease.
A muscle biopsy (withdrawal of a very small part of a live muscle through a needle), is performed and tested for myophosphorylase enzyme. Phosphorylase activity will be lacking or absent in the muscles of a patient with McArdle Disease.
Treatment usually consists of the avoidance of strenuous exercise. Variable results have been obtained with oral glucose and fructose treatment.
For women with McArdle Disease who need a Caesarean section during delivery, special consideration should be given to appropriate anesthesia.
Therapies: Investigational
Dr. Y.T. Chen at Duke University Medical Center, at the request of the Glycogen Storage Disease Association, is collecting DNA from patients with Glycogen Storage Disease Type I to form a DNA bank for GSDI. Interested patients may contact the Glycogen Storage Diseases Association for further information. The address and phone number of the organization are listed in the Resources section of this report.
Clinical trials are underway to study the role of NH3 in ventilary control during exercise. Interested persons may wish to contact:
David M. Systrom, M.D.
Pulmonary & Critical Care Unit
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 726-3734
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on McArdle Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Association for Glycogen Storage Diseases
Box 896
Durant, IA 52747
(319) 785-6038
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1135.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 2078.
McArdle Disease
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!Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
183: McCune-Albright Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (McCune-Albright Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Albright Syndrome
Polyostotic, Fibrous Dysplasia
Osteitis Fibrosa Disseminata
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Neurofibromatosis, Type I (Von Recklinghausen Disease or Peripheral Neurofibromatosis)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
McCune-Albright Syndrome is a multi-system disorder primarily characterized by abnormal fibrous tissue development (dysplasia) in one or more bones, abnormally early puberty, and brown (cafe-au-lait) spots on the skin. Other symptoms may include an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism), other endocrine abnormalities, and a variety of bone and soft-tissue tumors.
Symptoms
Individuals with McCune-Albright Syndrome are affected by abnormal fibrous bone tissue growth which may be progressively painful and disabling. These lesions may affect any bone in the body, but most frequently are found in the arms, legs, pelvis, fingers or toes, as well as the ribs and the base of the skull. Susceptibility to fractures, shortening of the limbs, and other bone deformities may occur.
Skin abnormalities consist of large brown (cafe-au-lait) spots which tend to have an irregular contour. These spots do not appear in every case of McCune-Albright Syndrome, thus are not necessary for a diagnosis.
Early or "precocious" puberty manifests itself more often among female than among male patients. The premature onset of puberty may occur as early as three months of age. In females, the monthly menstrual period occurs followed years later by the development of breasts and growth of axillary hair. Fertility among young patients is very rare, but has been found. Fertility among adults with McCune-Albright Syndrome appears to be normal.
Enlargement of the nose, jaw, fingers and toes (acromegaly) may result from an excess of growth hormone secreted by the pituitary gland and possibly excessive growth (gigantism) during childhood. However, growth may stop at an early age, leaving the patient at a shorter height than normal adults. (For more information on this disorder, choose "acromegaly" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Causes
The exact cause of McCune-Albright Syndrome is not known. Most cases seem to occur sporadically. Although scientists suspect the disorder may be inherited, this has not yet been proven. The early (false or pseudoprecocious) puberty in females with McCune-Albright may be linked to increased ovarian function caused by increased thyroid gland function (hyperthyroidism), hypercortisolism, excessive growth hormone and hypophaasphatemia or premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Scientists believe that in many cases McCune-Albright Syndrome is caused by a mutation of the Gsx gene in early development.
Affected Population
McCune-Albright Syndrome can affect both sexes. Early or pseudoprecocious puberty occurs in approximately thirty percent of patients, most often among affected females. Since this disorder was first identified by Albright in 1937, hundreds of cases have been described in the American medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of McCune-Albright Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Neurofibromatosis (NF), Type I, also known as Von Recklinghausen's Disease or Peripheral Neurofibromatosis, is characterized by multiple brown (cafe-au-lait) colored spots on the skin, nerve tumors of varying sizes under the skin, and curvature of the spine or other bones. Disturbances of puberty may also occur. This disorder is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, whereas the exact cause of McCune-Albright Syndrome is not known. The discolorations of the skin found in Neurofibromatosis I patients are different from those found in McCune-Albright Syndrome patients. (For more information on this disorder, choose "NF" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of McCune-Albright Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. In some severe cases, surgical removal of the thyroid gland may improve persistent increased thyroid function (hyperthyroidism). In other cases, physicians may try to delay puberty through use of hormones. Bone fractures and orthopedic problems are treated by orthopedists.
Therapies: Investigational
Experimental treatment for premature puberty in females with McCune-Albright Syndrome consists of a trial of the aromatase inhibitor testolactone, which blocks the synthesis of estrogens. More research is required before this therapy can be recommended as a safe and effective therapy for this disorder.
Cortical bone grafting has been investigated as a possible treatment for fibrous bone tissue development (fibrous dysplasia), especially when a fracture has occurred. The objective of this experimental procedure is to attain pain relief, union of the fracture, and prevention of deformity. Again, more research is necessary before benefits can be adequately assessed.
Investigators in the Reproductive Endocrine Unit at Massachusetts General Hospital are currently studying more about the reproductive function in teenage and adult females with McCune-Albright Syndrome. Interested females will be sent a questionnaire. Patients or parents of patients wishing to learn more about this study can contact:
Dr. Lauren S. Frisch
Reproductive Endocrine Unit
Bartlett Hall Ext., 5th Floor
Massachusetts General Hospital
Fruit Street
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 726-8433, ext. 337
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on McCune-Albright syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
McCune-Albright Syndrome Division of the MAGIC Foundation
30 Beloak Ct.
Baltimore, MD 21236
(301) 529-0653
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
International Center for Skeletal Dysplasia
St. Joseph Hospital
7620 York Road
Towson, MD 21204
(301) 337-1250
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
TREATMENT OF PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY IN THE MCCUNE-ALBRIGHT SYNDROME WITH
THEAROMATASE INHIBITOR TESTOLACTONE: J.D. Malley, et al.; N Eng J Med (October 30, 1986, issue 315 (18)). Pp. 1115-1119.
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS AND ALBRIGHT'S SYNDROME: V.M. Riccardi; Dermatol Clin (January 1987, issue 5 (1)). Pp. 193-203.
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF THE FEMORAL NECK. TREATMENT BY CORTICAL BONE-GRAFTING:
W.F. Enneking, et al.; J Bone Joint Surg [AM] (December 1986, issue 68(9)). Pp. 1415-1422.
ACTIVATING MUTATIONS OF THE STIMULATORY G PROTEIN IN THE MCCUNE-ALBRIGHT
SYNDROME, Weinstein, L.S., et al.; N Eng J Med, December 12, 1991 (issue 325 (24)). Pp. 1688-1695.
THE MCCUNE-ALBRIGHT SYNDROME, THE WHYS AND WHEREFORES OF ABNORMAL SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION, (editorial) Levine, Michael A., New Eng J of Med., December 12, 1991 (issue 325 (24)). Pp. 1738-1740.
McCune-Albright Syndrome
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@3*3Copyright (C) 1986, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
238: Lyme Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Lyme Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
LD
Lyme Arthritis
Lyme Borreliosis
Information about the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Brachial Neuritis (Parsonnage-Turner Syndrome)
Bell's Palsy
Babesiosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Lyme disease is an infectious tick-transmitted inflammatory disorder characterized by an early focal skin lesion, and subsequently a growing red area on the skin (erythema chronicum migrans or ECM). The disorder may be followed weeks later by neurological, heart or joint abnormalities.
Symptoms
The first symptom of Lyme disease is a skin lesion. Known as erythema chronicum migrans, or ECM, this usually begins as a red discoloration (macule) or as an elevated round spot (papule). The skin lesion usually appears on an extremity or on the trunk, especially the thigh, buttock or the under arm. This spot expands, often with central clearing, to a diameter as large as 50 cm (c. 12 in.). Approximately 25% of patients with Lyme disease report having been bitten at that site by a tiny tick 3 to 32 days before onset of ECM. The lesion may be warm to touch. Soon after onset nearly half the patients develop multiple smaller lesions without hardened centers. ECM generally lasts for a few weeks. Other types of lesions may subsequently appear during resolution. Former skin lesions may reappear faintly, sometimes before recurrent attacks of arthritis. Lesions of the mucous membranes do not occur in Lyme disease.
The most common symptoms accompanying ECM, or preceding it by a few days, may include malaise, fatigue, chills, fever, headache and stiff neck. Less commonly, backache, muscle aches (myalgias), nausea, vomiting, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, and an enlarged spleen may also be present.
Most symptoms are characteristically intermittent and changing, but malaise and fatigue may linger for weeks.
Arthritis is present in about half of the patients with ECM, occuring within weeks to months following onset and lasting as long as 2 years. Early in the illness, migratory inflammation of many joints (polyarthritis) without joint swelling may occur. Later, longer attacks of swelling and pain in several large joints, especially the knees, typically recur for several years. The knees commonly are much more swollen than painful; they are often hot, but rarely red. Baker's cysts (a cyst in the knee) may form and rupture.
Those symptoms accompanying ECM, especially malaise, fatigue and low-grade fever, may also precede or accompany recurrent attacks of arthritis. About 10% of patients develop chronic knee involvement (i.e. unremittent for 6 months or longer).
Neurological abnormalities may develop in about 15% of patients with Lyme disease within weeks to months following onset of ECM, often before arthritis occurs. These abnormalities commonly last for months, and usually resolve completely. They include:
1. lymphocytic meningitis or meningoencephalitis
2. jerky involuntary movements (chorea)
3. failure of muscle coordination due to dysfunction of the cerebellum (cerebellar ataxia)
4. cranial neuritis including Bell's palsy (a form of facial paralysis)
5. motor and sensory radiculo-neuritis (symmetric weakness, pain, strange sensations in the extremities, usually occurring first in the legs)
6. injury to single nerves causing diminished nerve response (mononeuritis multiplex)
7. inflammation of the spinal cord (myelitis).
Abnormalities in the heart muscle (myocardium) occur in approximately 8% of patients with Lyme disease within weeks of ECM. They may include fluctuating degrees of atrioventricular block and, less commonly, inflammation of the heart sack and heart muscle (myopericarditis) with reduced blood volume ejected from the left ventricle and an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly).
When Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, the fetus may or may not be adversely affected, or may contract congenital Lyme Disease. In a study of nineteen pregnant women with Lyme Disease, fourteen had normal pregnancies and normal babies.
If Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, possible fetal abnormalities and premature birth can occur.
Causes
Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete bacterium (Borrelia Burgdorferi) transmitted by a small tick called Ixodes dammini. The spirochete is probably injected into the victim's skin or bloodstream at the time of the insect bite. After an incubation period of 3 to 32 days, the organism migrates outward in the skin, is spread through the lymphatic system or is disseminated by the blood to different body organs or other skin sites.
Lyme Disease was first described in 1909 in European medical journals. The first outbreak in the United States occurred in the early 1970's in Old Lyme, Connecticut. An unusually high incidence of juvenile arthritis in the area led scientists to investigate and identify the disorder. In 1981, Dr. Willy Burgdorfer identified the bacterial spirochete organism (Borrelia Burgdorferi) which causes this disorder.
Some researchers believe that genetic factors may determine whether a person with Lyme Disease will be cured with antibiotics, or if they will not respond to antibiotics and consequently suffer from chronic arthritis. Their response is determined by their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes located on the 6th chromosome.
Affected Population
Lyme Disease occurs in wooded areas with populations of mice and deer which carry ticks, and can be contracted during any season of the year. Since first identified in 1975, Lyme Disease has become more common. In 1989, 7400 cases were reported. Lyme disease has spread to at least 45 states. New York accounts for at least 50 percent of the reported cases.
Related Disorders
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a disorder similar in appearance to Lyme disease. However, the pain in rheumatoid arthritis is usually more pronounced. Morning stiffness and symmetric joint swelling more commonly occur in rheumatoid arthritis, and knotty lumps under the skin may be present over bony prominences. Bony decalcification which can be prominent in Rheumatoid Arthritis is detected on X-rays. (For more information on Rheumatoid Arthritis, please see articles in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services).
Brachial Neuritis, also known as Parsonnage-Turner Syndrome, is a common inflammation of a group of nerves that supply the arm, forearm, and hand (brachial plexus). It is characterized by severe neck pain in the area above the collarbone (supraclavicular) that may radiate down the arm and into the hand. There also may be weakness and numbness (hyperesthesia) of the fingers and hands. Although many cases have no apparent cause, this syndrome may occur following an immunization (tetanus or diptheria), surgery, or infection with Lyme Disease. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Parsonnage-Turner" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Bell's Palsy is characterized by sudden onset of facial paralysis resulting from a decreased blood supply to part of the head and compression of the facial nerve. It occurs rapidly over several hours, sometimes following exposure to cold or draft. A slight fever, pain behind the ear, a stiff neck, and unilateral facial weakness and stiffness are among the earliest symptoms.
Babesiosis is an infection carried and transmitted by deer ticks. It can cause disease when the tick attaches to humans. Symptoms include a malaria-like illness, fever, lack of appetite, headache, chills, stomach pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. In most people the diseases causes mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. However, in very young children, the elderly and immunosuppressed persons the disease can be life-threatening if left untreated. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Babesiosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
For adults with Lyme disease the antibiotic tetracycline Doxycycline and minocycline is the drug of choice. Penicillin V and erythromycin have also been used. In children penicillin V is recommended rather than tetracycline. Penicillin V is now recommended for neurological abnormalities. It is not yet clear whether antibiotic treatment is helpful later in the illness when arthritis is the most predominant symptom. Treatment should be started as soon as the rash appears, even before the Enzyme Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA) test is completed. Results of this test may be inaccurate if patients have had antibiotics soon after contracting Lyme Disease, or in those who have weakened immune systems.
If Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, careful monitoring by physicians is highly recommended to avoid possible fetal abnormalities and/or complications. Treatment with penicillin should begin immediately to avoid the possibility of fetal abnormalities.
For tense knee joints due to increased fluid flowing in the joint spaces (effusions), the use of crutches is often helpful. Aspiration of fluid and injection of a corticosteroid may be beneficial. If the patient with Lyme disease has marked functional limitation, excision of the membrane lining the joint (synovectomy) may be performed for chronic (6 months or more despite therapy) knee effusions, but spontaneous remission can occur after more than a year of continuous knee involvement.
In 1989 a new Lyme Disease antibody test, manufactured by Cambridge Biosciences Corp., was approved by the FDA. This test is being used by local laboratories throughout the nation, making tests more available to the general population. However, it is 97% specific for antibodies to Lyme disease when compared to Western blot tests, but it cannot identify the live bacteria in patients who have not yet developed the antibodies.
Lyme Disease may reoccur in some patients resulting in chronic neurologic disorders such as Polyneuropathy and Encephalopathy. These after-effects are treated with antibiotics.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers are trying to develop a test that will identify the Lyme disease bacteria in patients who have not yet developed the antibodies. This would enable doctors to diagnose Lyme disease very early in the course of the illness.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lyme Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Lyme Disease Foundation, Inc.
P.O. Box 462
384 Merrow Rd.
Tolland, CT 06084-0462
(203) 871-2900
American Lyme Disease Foundation, Inc.
Royal Executive Park, 3 International Dr.
Rye Brook, NY 10573
(914) 934-9155
(800) 876-LYME
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
Lyme Disease Clinic
Yale New Haven Hospital
333 Cedar St.
New Haven, CT 06510
Lyme Disease Clinic
Marshfield Clinic
1000 North Oak Ave.
Marshfield, WI 54449
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 1251.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1726-9.
ASSOCIATION OF CHRONIC LYME ARTHRITIS WITH HLA-DR4 AND HLA-DR2, Allen C. Steere, et al.; N. Eng. J. Med, (July 26, 1990, issue 323 (4)). Pp. 219-223.
CHRONIC NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF LYME DISEASE, Eric L. Logigian, M.D., et al.; N Eng J Med, (November 22, 1990, issue 323 (21)). Pp. 1438-1444.38-1444.
Lyme Disease;4
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439: Lymphadenopathy, Angioimmunoblastic with Dysproteinemia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy with Dysproteinemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
AILD
Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Chronic Lymphadenopathy Syndrome
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources section of this report.
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy with Dysproteinemia (AILD) is a progressive immune system disorder possibly caused by viral infections, chronic stimulation of immune responses or drug treatments prescribed for other conditions. This disorder occurs mostly among persons over fifty years of age. Fever, chills, sweating, a general feeling of discomfort, weight loss, and/or skin rashes are the major symptoms. In some cases, AILD may evolve into a severe form of lymphoma (a type of cancer).
Symptoms
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy with Dysproteinemia (AILD) is characterized by acute onset with fever, chills, sweating, general discomfort, weight loss, and/or skin rashes. Enlargement of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes, anemia and the presence of excessive immune system defense antibodies (gammaglobulins) in the blood may occur. Infections are common. This disorder may evolve into a severe form of lymphoma (cancer of the lymph tissue) in some cases.
Causes
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy with Dysproteinemia (AILD) is thought to be caused by an over-reaction of the immune system. It may be an early stage in malignant lymphoproliferative disorders, which are cancers of the lymph tissues. Frequently, there is a history of recent drug exposure, insect bite, immunization, viral infections, or other potential immune system stimulations.
Affected Population
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy with Dysproteinemia (AILD) usually affects persons over fifty years of age. Males and females are affected in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy with Dysproteinemia (AILD). Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Dermatopathic Lymphadenopathy, also known as Lipomelanic Reticulosis, is characterized by lymph node enlargement with over-production of cells known as histiocytes and macrophages containing fat and the black pigment known as melanin. This disorder may be caused by other skin conditions, particularly those characterized by itching (pruritus) or scaly shedding (exfoliation).
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is characterized by progressive deterioration of the body's ability to ward off infection. Organisms which in a healthy person would either fail to cause disease, cause mild disease, or at least provoke immunity, completely overwhelm the AIDS patient. Patients with severe AIDS also contract various uncommon, life-threatening infections, particularly pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and have an unusually high incidence of a rare cancer, Kaposi's Sarcoma. Individuals in the early stages of the disease are unusually susceptible to many milder infections. (For more information on this disorder, choose "AIDS" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database and see the AIDS Update section of NORD Services).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy with Dysproteinemia (AILD) involves cyclophosphamides or corticosteroid drugs. These may reduce abnormally large lymph nodes and improve blood cell abnormalities. Infection must be carefully guarded against. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy with Dysproteinemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Immune Deficiency Foundation
3565 Ellicott Mill Drive, Unit B2
Ellicott City, MD 21043
(800) 296-4433
(410) 461-3127
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with many types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
EFFECT OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE THERAPY ON ONCOGENE EXPRESSION IN
ANGIOIMMUNOBLASTIC LYMPHADENOPATHY: D.M. Klinman, et al.; Lancet (November 8, 1986, issue 2(8515)). Pp. 1055-1058.
MODULATION OF C-MYB TRANSCRIPTION IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE BY
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE: J.D. Mountz, et al.; J Immunol (October 1985, issue 135(4)). Pp. 2417-2422.
Lymphadenopathy, Angioimmunoblastic with Dyspro...nemia
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
646: Lymphangioma, Cavernous
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Cavernous Lymphangioma) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Chylangioma
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report.
Lymphedema, Hereditary
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Cavernous Lymphangioma is a congenital disorder of the lymph vessels. It is characterized by a mass of lymphoid tissue under the skin. Lymphangioma is usually present at birth but may develop later in life as well.
Symptoms
Cavernous Lymphangioma is characterized by deep-seated gray, yellowish, or pink lesions on the upper extremities and/or in the neck area. These lesions may also appear on the mouth, tongue, eyelids or eyes and the lower extremities as well. They are considered benign (noncancerous), soft tumors of the lymphatic vessels. They may vary in size and shape. Lymphangiomas may produce prolonged drainage of lymphatic fluid if they are cut or punctured.
Causes
The exact cause of Cavernous Lymphangioma is not known.
Affected Population
Cavernous Lymphangioma is a disorder which is usually present at birth and seems to affect males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Cavernous Lymphangioma. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hereditary Lymphedema is characterized by swelling of subcutaneous tissues. This may be due to obstruction, destruction or underdevelopment of lymph vessels and accumulation of excessive lymph fluid under the skin. This disorder causes swelling (edema) of the foot, leg or arm. Swelling is usually on one side (unilateral) and it is worse during warm weather, prior to menstrual periods, and after an extremity has been hanging downward for a prolonged period of time. There is usually no pain or discomfort. The edema causes a typical mound of swelling on the instep of the foot or the back of the hand. There are usually no skin surface changes and no evidence of obstruction of blood flow in the veins. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lymphedema" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Cavernous Lymphangioma is usually the removal through surgery of the affected tissue and replacement of the overlying skin. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Cavernous lymphangioma, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd.
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
References
CAVERNOUS LYMPHANGIOMA OF THE DUODENUM: CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE
LITERATURE. M. Davis, et al.; Gastrointest Radiol (1987, issue 12 (1)). Pp. 10-12.
CAVERNOUS LYMPHANGIOMA OF THE LIP: REPORT OF A CASE. B.L. Eppley, et al.; J Am Dent Assoc (April, 1985, issue 110 (4)). Pp. 503-504.
Lymphangioma, Cavernous
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
410: Lymphangiomyomatosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Lymphangiomyomatosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pulmonary Lymphangiomyomatosis
Pulmonary Lymphangiomyomatosis Syndrome
Lymphangioleiomatosis
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Tuberous Sclerosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Lymphangiomyomatosis is a progressive lung disorder which primarily affects women during childbearing years. It is marked by progressive breathlessness caused by growth of abnormal spindle shaped smooth muscle cells in the lungs which can block airways. The lymph nodes, thoracic duct or liver may also be affected. Weight loss may occur despite adequate nutrition. Some cases of this disorder have been triggered by injections of hormones such as chorionic gonadotropin.
Symptoms
Lymphangiomyomatosis affects women exclusively. The first noticeable symptom is usually shortness of breath caused by the progressive abnormal growth of smooth muscle tissue inside the lungs. Air or excess fluid may appear inside the lining (pluera) of the lungs. Eventually, bleeding inside the lungs may occur accompanied by expectorations of blood.
The abnormal growth of smooth muscle tissue may also occur in the lymphatic vessels (particularly of the intestines or liver) and in one of the main lymphatic ducts known as the thoracic duct. Chlyus is the milky fluid absorbed by intestinal lymphatic vessels during digestion which normally passes through the thoracic duct and into the veins where it mixes with the blood. When tissue grows abnormally in lymphatic vessels causing blockage or rupture, chlyus or other fluids may also accumulate in the abdominal cavity wall or chest cavity wall. Weight loss may be caused by excessive loss of fat cells through the urine which gives it a milky appearance.
Pregnancy or hormone injections may make symptoms of this disorder more severe, and in some rare cases hormones have been implicated as the cause of the disorder. Very rarely, symptoms of Lymphangiomyomatosis may be limited to the lymphatic vessels in the legs.
Causes
The exact cause of Lymphangiomyomatosis is not known. The disorder may be caused by hormone therapies used to treat other diseases or conditions. Since this illness affects only women, it may also be inherited as a sex-linked trait or possibly people may inherit a genetic disposition to the disorder.
Affected Population
Lymphangiomyomatosis affects women exclusively, usually during childbearing years.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to Lymphangiomyomatosis. Comparison may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Tuberous Sclerosis is a genetic neurological disorder characterized by benign tumors of the brain, internal organs and skin lesions. Lung symptoms (abnormal growth of tissue blocking airways) are much the same as those of Lymphangiomyomatosis. However, the additional symptoms of Tuberous Sclerosis and the earlier onset of symptoms (during infancy or childhood) tend to differentiate these conditions. Tuberous Sclerosis involves additional neurological symptoms including epileptic seizures and varying degrees of mental retardation. Males or females may be affected. Tuberous Sclerosis has been found in conjunction with Lymphangiomyomatosis in a small number of cases. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tuberous Sclerosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Lymphangiomyomatosis is directed at controlling symptoms. Accumulated fluid may be drained through tubes or shunts. A bronchodilator may alleviate breathing difficulties. In some cases, removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy) may result in improvement. The antiestrogen drug tamoxifen may control progression of symptoms. Surgical insertion of a tetracycline irritant (tetracycline pleurodesis) into the membrane surrounding the lungs reduces fluid accumulations. A carefully controlled diet to replace lost fat may or may not improve symptoms. In severe cases, surgical removal of tissue growth from the lungs may be helpful.
Therapies: Investigational
Additional investigation into the relationship of hormone therapy to the onset of Lymphangiomyomatosis is under way. Hereditary factors are also under study to help determine whether a genetic predisposition is necessary to develop this disorder. The therapeutic use of the synthetic form of the hormone progesterone (progestin) is also being researched, although a complete evaluation of safety and effectiveness as a therapy for Lymphangiomyomatosis is not yet available.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lymphangiomatosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF PULMONARY LYMPHANGIOMYOMATOSIS WITH OOPHORECTOMY AND
PROGESTERONE: D. Adamson, et al.; Am Rev Respir Dis (October 1985, issue 132(4)). Pp. 916-921.
PULMONARY LYMPHANGIOMYOMATOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS.
TREATMENT WITH TAMOXIFEN AND TETRACYCLINE-PLEURODESIS: C.M. Luna, et al.; Chest (September 1985, issue 88(3)). Pp. 473-475.
LYMPHANGIOMYOMATOSIS WITH CHYLOUS ASCITES: TREATMENT WITH DIETARY FAT
RESTRICTION AND MEDIUM CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES: P.R. Calabrese, et al.; Cancer (August 1977, issue 40(2)). Pp. 895-897.
Lymphangiomyomatosis
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
239: Lymphedema, Hereditary Types I and II
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hereditary Lymphedema) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Congenital Hereditary Lymphedema (Type I)
Milroy Disease (Type I)
Nonne-Milroy-Meige Syndrome (Type I)
Meiges Lymphedema (Type II)
Lymphedema, Hereditary (Type I)
Lymphedema, Hereditary (Type II)
Familial Lymphedema Praecox (Type II)
Disorder Subdivisions:
Type I Hereditary Lymphedema
Type II Hereditary Lymphedema
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hereditary Angioedema
Traumatic Lymphoedema
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hereditary Lymphedema is a genetic disorder of the lymphatic system. Major symptoms may include swelling of the tissue under the skin (subcutaneous) resulting from obstruction, destruction or underdevelopment of lymph vessels, and accumulation of excessive lymph fluid.
Symptoms
A patient with Hereditary Lymphedema has swelling (edema) of the foot, leg or an entire extremity . Swelling usually occurs on one side (unilateral) and it is worse during warm weather, prior to menstrual periods, and after an extremity has been hanging downward for a long period of time. There is usually no pain or discomfort. The edema causes a typical mound of swelling on the instep of the foot or the back of the hand. There are usually no skin surface changes and no evidence of obstruction of blood flow in the veins (venous insufficiency).
Milroy's Disease or Congenital Hereditary Lymphedema (Type I), is present from birth, painless, without a tendency to form an ulcer (ulcerate) and may be associated with an obstruction in the gall bladder or stretching of the lymph vessels (lymphangiectasia) in the intestines.
Meige's Disease or Hereditary Lymphedema Praecox (Type II), tends to cause particularly severe symptoms below the waist. Onset is usually in the first or second decade of life, often presenting with redness, swelling, pain, and inflammation and possibly a number of related abnormalities, including an extra row of eyelashes (distichiasis), cysts on the covering of the brain (extradural), abnormalities of the vertebrae in the spine, malformation of vessels in the brain (cerebrovascular), yellow nails or hearing loss. Several cases have been reported with an associated cleft palate. Some cases of fluid in the lungs (pleural effusion) have also been noted. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Meige" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Causes
Hereditary Lymphedema is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. (In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child).
Affected Population
Hereditary Lymphedema usually affects females more often than males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hereditary Lymphedema. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hereditary Angioedema symptoms include swelling of parts of the skin, mucous membranes, and sometimes the internal organs due to obstruction of the lymph system. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hereditary Angioedema" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Traumatic Lymphoedema is caused by injury to the lymph system such as bruising that can cause blockage of the lymph vessels.
Therapies: Standard
The goal in treatment of Hereditary Lymphedema is to eliminate the swelling. This is accomplished by elevation or air (pneumatic) compression of the limb, and then followed by a firm elastic support stocking to be worn from the time the patient arises until he or she retires. Occasionally, diuretics may be helpful by increasing fluid loss. Treatment of related anomalies is symptomatic and supportive.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hereditary Lymphedema, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Lymphedema Network
2215 Post St., Ste. 3
San Francisco, CA 94115
1-800-541-3259
National Lymphatic & Venous Diseases Foundation, Inc.
P.O. Box 80
218 Monsignor O'Brien Highway
Cambridge, MA 02140
(617) 784-4104
(800) 225-2292
NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 471.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 706.
PULMONARY DISEASES AND DISORDERS, 2nd Ed.: A.P. Fishman, M.D.; McGraw-Hill, 1988. Pp. 2134.
Copyright (C) 1987, 1989, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
447: Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Benign Lymphocytic Infiltrate of the Skin
Jessner-Kanof Lymphocytic Infiltration of the Skin
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Lymphocytoma Cutis
Mycosis Fungoides
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Leprosy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner is a skin disorder characterized by benign accumulations of lymph cells in the skin. These small lesions are solid, pink or red in color, and appear on the face, neck, and/or back. Skin surrounding these lesions is itchy and reddened. The lesions may remain unchanged for several years and then spontaneously disappear leaving no scars.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner are itchy lesions, most commonly on the upper face, eyelids, and cheeks. The back and neck may also be affected. These pink or red lesions are typically smooth with no plugging of hair follicles, and may occasionally have clear centers. The skin surrounding the lesions may be reddened and itching. Sensitivity to sunlight may occur, but is unusual. Generally the symptoms disappear after several years.
Causes
The exact cause of Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner is not known. For unknown reasons, lymph cells abnormally accumulate in the skin.
Affected Population
Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner affects males and females in equal numbers. The first case identified in the medical literature in the United States occurred in 1953.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Lymphocytoma Cutis is characterized by a skin nodule caused by dense accumulation of lymph cells and histiocytes which are cells that are usually found in connective tissue. These lesions often form purplish, yellow-brown, glistening, spherical masses. They may be widespread or limited to a small area, and are separated from the outer layer of the skin (epidermis) by a narrow noninfiltrating layer.
Mycosis Fungoides is a chronic progressive lymph disorder which initially resembles eczema or other inflammatory skin disorders. Later, tumors resembling mushrooms tend to appear on the skin. Thickened layers of skin (acanthosis) and a band-shaped infiltration of the upper skin layer by two kinds of atypical lymphoid cells occurs. In advanced cases, ulcerated tumors and cellular infiltrations of lymph nodes may occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Mycosis Fungoides as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus is a form of Lupus Erythematosus in which only skin lesions are present. These degenerative plaques commonly appear on the face causing redness, roughness (hyperkeratosis), plugged hair follicles, and dilated blood vessels (telangiectasia). In some cases, this disorder can progress to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Lupus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) is a progressive, contagious disorder usually found in warmer climates and characterized by abnormal cell (granulomatous) formations around the nerves in the skin. It is caused by a type of airborne bacteria known as Hansen's Bacillus (Mycobacterium Leprae). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Leprosy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner usually consists of chloroquine or other antimalarial drugs for six weeks to three months. The lesions may also respond to small doses of superficial X-Ray. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
When Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner is resistant to other treatment, the experimental drug thalidomide may provide improvement. This drug should not be taken during pregnancy. Thalidomide is not approved for use in the United States. Thalidomide is available from Penn Pharmaceuticals of Tredegar, South Wales.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATION OF THE SKIN (JESSNER AND KANOF): W. Kenneth Blaylock; In Clinical Dermatology. Demis, et al.; Harper & Row, Publishers, 1982.
TREATMENT OF JESSNER-KANOF DISEASE WITH THALIDOMIDE: G. Moulin, et al.; Ann Dermatol Venereol (1983, issue 110(8)). Pp. 611-614.
LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATION OF THE SKIN (JESSNER): A T-CELL
LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE: R. Willemze, et al.; Br J Dermatol (May 1984, issue 110(5)). Pp. 523-529.
Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner
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Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
773: Lymphoma, Gastric, Non-Hodgkins Type
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Gastric Lymphoma) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Stomach Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkins Type
Non-Hodgkins Gastric Lymphoma
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Gastric Carcinoma
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Polyposis, Familial
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Non-Hodgkins Type Gastric Lymphoma is a very rare form of stomach cancer. It's major symptoms may include abdominal pain, anemia and an abdominal mass.
Symptoms
Non-Hodgkins Type Gastric Lymphoma is a very rare form of cancer that affects, the stomach. It accounts for approximately five percent of all primary malignant tumors of the stomach, making it one of the rarest forms of stomach cancer. Patients are usually ten years younger than most patients with carcinoma of the stomach. X-rays usually show a bulky mass often associated with lesions such as a stress ulcer, hemorrhagic gastritis, or monilial gastritis.
Causes
There are approximately 200 different forms of cancer. The exact cause of cancer is unknown, although the immune system and in some cases genetic factors are thought to play a role in the development of certain cancers. There is no known cause of Non-Hodgkins Gastric Lymphoma.
Affected Population
Gastric Lymphoma affects males more often than females. It occurs at an earlier age ( about ten years earlier) than carcinoma of the stomach. It is more common in persons of Finnish, Thai and Japanese heritage, as well as people living in the mountains of Columbia, South America.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Gastric Lymphoma. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Gastric Carcinoma is the third most common gastrointestinal cancer in the United States. Symptoms include lack of the stomach's ability to stretch (distensibility), an ulcerated mass in any portion of the stomach, enlarged gastric folds, and obstructing lesions. The disease occurs predominantly in males over fifty years of age. People with a high consumption of foods high in nitrates and salt seem to develop this type of cancer more readily than persons with diets consisting of more fresh fruits and vegetables.
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is an unusual ulcerative condition characterized by small tumors of the pancreas, lower stomach wall, spleen or lymph nodes close to the stomach. Large amounts of gastric acid can be found in lower stomach areas where ulcers can form. Pain from these persistent ulcers may be severe. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Zollinger" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Familial Polyposis is a hereditary condition characterized by multiple, benign growth (polyps) which develop around puberty in the mucous lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the polyps themselves are initially benign, untreated patients with the disorder eventually develop cancer of the large bowel, often during their late thirties. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Polyposis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome is characterized by the development of numerous polyps in the stomach, small intestine, and colon occuring with pigmented spots on the skin and mucous surfaces. Low grade malignancies develop in about a a fifth of the untreated patients by their early forties. (For more information on this disorder choose "Peutz-Jeghers" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Tests to determine whether or not a patient has Gastric Lymphoma or another form of stomach disease can be determined by x-rays, or the use of endoscopic biopsy (tissue obtained through a tube placed in the stomach), or brushing cytoloty (cells obtained by brush washing the stomach).
Treatment of Gastric Lymphoma may consist of surgery, radiation therapy, multi-agent chemotherapy or a combination of chemotherapy and radiation. Surgery to resect the stomach may be necessary. The most successful current chemotherapy program is C-MOPP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine (Oncovin), procarbazine, and prednisone). Another chemotherapy in use is the CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) regimen which is used along with radiation and other drugs to treat Non-Hodgkins Gastric Lymphoma.
The drug Leukine, manufactured by Immunex Corp., has received FDA approval as a treatment for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.
Therapies: Investigational
A drug used in the investigational treatment of Hairy Cell Leukemia, 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2CdA) is also being tested in the treatment of other leukemias and malignant lymphomas such as Gastric Lymphoma.
The orphan product Technetium Tc-99 Murine Monoclonal Antibody (IgG2a) to BCE (Immuraid-LL-2(99mTc) is being investigated for use in evaluating the extent of disease in patients with Non-Hodgkin's B-cell Lymphoma and in some forms of Leukemia. The product is sponsored by Immunomedics, Inc., 150 Mt. Bethel Rd., Warren, NJ, 07059.
The orphan product Cladribine (Leustatin Injection) is being investigated for the treatment of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma. The product is sponsored by:
R.W. Johnson Research Institute
Route 202, South
P.O. Box 300
Raritan, NJ 08869-0602
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Gastric Lymphoma, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute (NCI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5583
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1010-1011.
RECENT RESULTS OF MULTIMODAL THERAPY OF GASTRIC LYMPHOMA. M.H. Shiu, et al.; Cancer, (October l, 1986, issue 58 (7)). Pp. 1389-1399.
PRIMARY GASTRIC LYMPHOMA AND PSEUDOLYMPHOMA. S.S. Jung, et al.; Am Surg (October, 1988, issue 54 (10 )). Pp. 594-597.
THE ROLE OF BRUSHING CYTOLOTY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF GASTRIC MALIGNANCY.
I.J. Cook, et al.; Acta Cytol (July-August, 1988, issue 32 (4)). Pp. 461-464.
Lymphoma, Gastric, Non-Hodgkins Type3
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773: Lymphoma, Gastric, Non-Hodgkins Type
03955.TXT
,Copyright (C) 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
953: Lynch Syndromes
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Lynch Syndromes) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (Lynch Syndromes I & II)
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Carcinoma
Disorder Subdivision:
Lynch Syndrome I (Hereditary Site Specific Cancer)
Lynch Syndrome II (Cancer Family Syndrome)
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Familial Polyposis
Crohn's Disease
Peutz-Jegher's Syndrome
Carcinoid Syndrome
General Discussion
**REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
The Lynch Syndromes are rare hereditary disorders that usually cause cancer to develop either in the colorectal area or in other sites. Primary cancers may develop in the female genital tract, stomach, brain, breasts, or urological system. The cancers of the colorectal area associated with the Lynch Syndromes usually develop at a younger age than is normally found in other persons with such cancers.
Symptoms
The Lynch Syndromes are characterized by rare, hereditary cancers that develop at a younger age than normal usually in the colorectal area or in close by areas such as the pancreas. Primary cancers can also develop in other areas of the body in persons of any age who have the genes that predispose a person to the development of these cancers. Rectal bleeding, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss are usually the first signs when Lynch Syndrome is present. When examined by a doctor polyps or growths in the mucous lining of the small bowel are usually present.
Lynch Syndrome I is characterized by hereditary cancers that usually develop in the rectum or colon or in closely related areas such as the small bowel.
Lynch Syndrome II is characterized by cancers that develop in the colorectal area or in other sites throughout the body.
Often the first sign of the probable development of colorectal cancer is the growth of polyps in the colon or rectum which may be accompanied by pain or bleeding. These polyps are not associated with the growth of multiple polyps as in the disease known as Familial Polyposis (for more information on this disorder, choose "Polyposis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database). Often the polyp is the first sign that cancer may develop later, especially if other family members have developed colon or rectal cancer. It is also an important sign if these cancers occur at a younger than normal age (colorectal cancer usually occurs after the age of sixty). In some people with this disorder cancer will develop in areas other than the colorectal area such as: the urological system, brain, stomach, breasts, or female genital tract.
Causes
The Lynch Syndromes are rare cancers believed to be inherited because of a autosomal dominant genetic predisposition (a genetic predisposition means that a person may carry a gene for a disease but it may not be expressed unless something in the environment triggers the disease).
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant predispositions a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) may be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and if environmental conditions trigger the gene it can result in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the gene from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Some researchers believe that the location of the gene that may be responsible for these forms of hereditary cancers is located on the long arm (q) of the 18th chromosome. More study is necessary to determine if this theory is accurate.
Affected Population
The Lynch Syndromes affect 5 to 6% of all of the diagnosed forms of colorectal cancers involving 160,000 new cases annually in the United States. The average age of the Lynch syndrome patient is ten to twenty years younger than the average age of most colorectal cancer patients (in the sixth decade). Other forms of cancer associated with the Lynch Syndrome can occur at any age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Lynch Syndromes. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Familial Polyposis is a hereditary condition characterized by multiple, benign growths (polyps) that develop during puberty in the mucous lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the polyps themselves are initially benign, (non-cancerous) untreated patients with Familial Polyposis will eventually develop cancer of the large bowel, often during their late thirties or an earlier age. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Polyposis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Crohn's Disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by severe chronic inflammation of the wall or any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Pain, bloating, and diarrhea are often present. A solid mass may often be felt (palpated) in the abdomen. Fissures, abscesses, scarring, obstruction to varying degrees, and fistulas develop as a result of the chronic inflammation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Crohn" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome is a hereditary condition characterized by multiple, benign growths (polyps) on the mucous lining of the intestinal wall, and dark discolorations on the skin and mucous surfaces. Low grade malignancies develop in about a fifth of the patients. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Peutz-Jeghers" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Carcinoid Syndrome is a rare, malignant disease affecting the small bowel, stomach and/or pancreas. Very slow growing tumors can spread (metastasize) to the liver, lungs, and ovaries. Major symptoms include diarrhea, flushing, and wheezing. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Carcinoid" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
The Lynch Syndromes are treated by surgery to remove the colon (colectomy). Other measures that can be taken by members of a family affected by Lynch Syndrome are to begin having examinations of the colon (colonoscopy) at an early age (e.g., 25 years of age) or earlier if malignant polyps have been found; every two to three years; and tests to determine if blood is found in the stool (fecal occult blood test) should be done at this time also. Education about these rare inherited forms of cancer is important to help family members become aware of the possibilities for disease and the need for frequent medical examinations.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Investigational drugs being developed for the treatment of colorectal cancers include fluorouracil with interferon alfa-2a, which is being developed by Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc.
In the treatment of colorectal cancers that have metastasized to other locations in the body other drugs are being tested including: anti-TAP immunotoxin being developed by Xoma Corporation, disaccharide tripeptide glycerol dipalmitoyl by Immuno Therapeutics, Inc., Leucovorin adjunct with fluorouracil 2,3 by Burroughs Wellcome Co., Levoleucovorin with fluorouracil by Lederle Laboratories, and trimetrexate glucuronate 2,5 by U.S. Bioscience, Inc.
Further studies are also being carried out to determine the exact location of the gene that causes these inherited forms of colorectal cancers. It is hoped that a genetic test will be developed to identify people susceptible to the Lynch Syndromes, and preventive measures may be developed.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lynch Syndromes, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812
(203) 746-6518
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute (NCI)
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
(800) 4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call: Cancer Information Service (CIS) 1-800-4-CANCER In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700 In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070 In Oahu, Hawaii, 808-524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect).
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Ave.
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800)-336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 180-181, 183-184.
GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DIAGNOSIS MANAGEMENT, 4th Ed.: Marvin H. Sleisenger, W.B. Saunders Co., 1989. Pp. 1525-1528.
THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF COLON CANCER., Rustgi, A.K., et al.; Annu Rev Med, 1992, (issue 43). Pp. 61-68.
GENETICS OF COLON CANCER, Ahnen, D.J., West J Med, June, 1991, (issue 154 (4)). Pp. 700-705.
HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS COLORECTAL CANCER (LYNCH SYNDROMES I & II).
GENETICS, PATHOLOGY, NATURAL HISTORY, AND CANCER CONTROL, PART I., Lynch, H.T., et al.; Cancer Genet Cytogenet, June, 1991, (issue 53 (2)). Pp. 143-160.
ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE SMALL BOWEL IN LYNCH SYNDROME II., Lynch, H.T., et al.; Cancer, November 15, 1989, (issue 64 (10)). Pp. 2178-2183.
THE LYNCH SYNDROME II AND UROLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES., H.T. Lynch, et al.; J Urol, January, 1990, (issue 143 (1)). Pp. 24-28.
Lynch Syndromes
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333: Macroglossia
Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
333: Macroglossia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Macroglossia) may not be the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Giant Tongue
Enlarged Tongue
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Congenial Macroglossia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Macroglossia can be either a congenital or acquired disorder in which the tongue is disproportionately larger than other oral structures. Sometimes the tongue may protrude from the mouth.
Symptoms
Macroglossia is a disorder characterized by a tongue that is large in proportion to other structures in the mouth. In the congenital type of the disorder, protrusion of the tongue from the mouth may interfere with feeding of the infant. Later, talking may be affected. The large size of the tongue may also cause abnormal development of the jaw and teeth, resulting in misaligned or protruding teeth. Ulceration and dying tissue on the tip of the tongue may be other symptoms of the disorder.
Causes
Macroglossia may be congenital, and is often associated with syndromes such as Myxedema, cretinism, acromegaly, amyloidosis, or glycogen storage disease.
Macroglossia may be a symptom of Acromegaly, Apert syndrome, Down's Syndrome, Craniofacial Dysostosis, Sturge-Weber syndrome, Hurler syndrome, Greig hypertelorism, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, or mandibulofacial dysostosis.
Cystic tumors of the lymph vessels (lymphangiomas) also may be a cause of Macroglossia.
For more information on the above disorders, choose the following words as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database: acromegaly, amyloidosis, glycogen storage, Apert, Down, Sturge, Hurler, and Beckwith.
Affected Population
Congenital Macroglossia affects newborn infants. The disorder may affect males and females of all ages.
Related Disorders
Macroglossia may be an early sign of Acromegaly.
In people who have lost their teeth (edentulous), in the absence of dentures, enlargement of the tongue may occur.
In Moeller's Glossitis, the tongue is slick, glossy, or glazed. The lesions can be very distressing and persistent.
Median Rhomboid Glossitis is a developmental lesion of the tongue. This lesion consists of a smooth, reddish, nodular area on the back portion of the middle third of the tongue.
Hairy Tongue is characterized by yellowish, brownish, blackish or bluish discoloration of the tongue. Excessive growth of the threadlike elevations (filiform papillae) in front of the taste buds also occurs.
Geographic Tongue is an inflammation of the tongue that may go into remission and recur again. This form of inflammation is characterized by smooth areas on the tongue which may feel slightly sore and sometimes itchy.
Severe Acute Glossitis can be caused by local infection, burns, or injury to the tongue. This type of Glossitis may develop rapidly, producing marked tenderness or pain with swelling. In the most severe cases the swelling may be sufficient to cause the tongue to block air passages.
For more information on the above disorders, choose tongue, acromegaly, hairy tongue, and geographic tongue as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
In Congenital Macroglossia the size of the tongue may decrease with maturity, relative to other oral structures such as the teeth.
In people whose Macroglossia was caused by loss of teeth, the size of the tongue may return to normal when they start wearing dentures.
The tongue may be reduced in size by surgery with remodeling of the mouth and orthodontic procedures.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Macroglossia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Association for Glycogen Storage Diseases
Box 896
Durant, IA 52747
(319) 785-6038
NIH/National Institute of Dental Research
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4261
Clinical Smell and Taste Research Center
University of Pennsylvania Hospital
3400 Spruce Street, G1
Philadelphia, PA 19104
(215) 662-2653
Department of Oral Biology
Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center
University of Connecticut Health Center
Farmington, CT 06032
(203) 674-2459
References
MACROGLOSSIA: ETIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES: F. M.
Rizer, et al.; International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology (July 1985, issue 9,5) Pp. 189-194.
SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION OF ANTERIOR OPEN BITE FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF
MACROGLOSSIA: Maisels; British Journal of Plastic Surgery (October 1979, issue 32,4). Pp. 309-314.
Macroglossia
03957.TXT
#Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
314: Macular Degeneration
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Macular Degeneration) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Macula Lutea, degeneration
Tapetoretinal Degeneration
Macular Dystrophy
Foveal Dystrophy, Progressive
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Behr 1 (infantile optic atrophyataxia)
Behr 2 (adult or presenile macula lutea retinae degeneration)
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Macular degeneration is a common hereditary eye (retinal) disorder with several subdivisions:
Behr 1 (infantile optic atrophyataxia)
Behr 2 (adult or presenile macula lutea retinae degeneration)
This disorder is characterized by a gradual bilateral decrease of vision. Although usually inherited as a dominant trait, a recessive type (Stargardt's disease) is a possible form of central Retinitis Pigmentosa with macular degeneration. (For more information, choose "RP" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database). Ordinary RP does not affect the macula. X-linked hereditary macular dystrophy can be observed in males with color blindness.
Macular degeneration can be a static condition for many years but then becomes slowly progressive. Senile macular degeneration patients may be mislabeled as colorblind. This form of the disease could also be associated with neurological dysfunction.
Symptoms
Central vision is impaired or absent in macular degeneration while peripheral vision remains normal. A vision disturbance in which shapes seem distorted or changing (metamorphopsia) can occur. An area of depressed vision within the visual field surrounded by an area of normal vision (central scotoma) is also symptomatic of this disorder.
The onset of Macula Lutea, degeneration (infantile type or Behr disease) is usually before the age of seven years. The juvenile type (Stargardt's) has an onset between eight and fifteen years. The adult form of Behr disease starts at about age twenty. The presenile form (Behr) begins between forty and fifty years of age, and the senile type occurs later in several forms known as atrophic chorioretinitis or exudative disciform degeneration (Junius-Kuhnt disease and Haab senile macular degeneration).
Macular degeneration can remain a static condition for many years following a period of slow progression.
Causes
Macular degeneration is a hereditary disorder. Although usually dominant, a recessive form also exists. The X-linked hereditary trait is observed in males with color blindness. It is also possible that the macular lesions (or the predisposition to have them) are associated with failure of retinal development due to an intrauterine infection while in the womb.
In senile macular degeneration, atherosclerosis could be a contributing factor to the genetic predisposition.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.)
Related Disorders
Polymorphic Macular Degeneration is a group of eye disorders that includes Sorsby disease and Best disease. This dominant hereditary form of vision disorder is marked by impairment of vision and slightly abnormal color vision. Sorsby disease usually begins between the ages of twenty and forty years and is also called macular cyst or cystoid macular degeneration. Best disease, also called vitelline macular dystrophy, is usually diagnosed between five and fifteen years of age. (For more information, choose "macular degeneration" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Ongoing ophthalmic examination and treatment is indicated in macular degeneration, as well as other supportive measures. Genetic counseling for families affected by these disorders can be helpful.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers at the Cullen Eye Institute of the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas are studying inherited retinal diseases including macular degeneration. Families with at least two affected members and both parents living are needed to participate in this program. Other disorders being included in the study are Leber's Congenital Amaurosis, Usher Syndrome (Types I and II), Polymorphic Macular Degeneration, Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome, Rod Monochromacy (Complete Congenital Achromatopsia).
Other inherited retinal disorders of interest include blue cone monochromacy (Congenital Incomplete X-linked Achromatopsia), Choroideremia, the Oculo-Cerebro-Renal Syndrome of Lowe, Hereditary X-linked cataracts, and other hereditary diseases with significant visual impact.
Laser treatments may be useful in treating macular degeneration. Krypton red laser (KRL) photocoagulation seems to be more suitable than argon blue-green or argon green laser treatments, according to one study, especially in the treatment of swelling (edema) resulting from the degeneration.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Macular Degeneration, please contact:
Smiddy, W.E.; Fine, S.L.; Quigley, H.A.; Hohman, R.M.; Addicks, E.A.: Comparison of krypton and argon laser photocoagulation. Results of stimulated clinical treatment of primate retina. ARCH OPHTHALMOL 1984 July; 102(7) : 1086-92.
Public Affairs Pamphlet No. 610, A VISION IMPAIRMENT OF THE LATER YEARS: MACULAR DEGENERATION; Irving R. Dickman; Distributed as a public service by the American Foundation for the Blind.
Macular Degeneration#$
&$pagetitle
314: Macular Degeneration
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
315: Macular Degeneration, Polymorphic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Polymorphic Macular Degeneration) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Polymorphic Macula Lutea Degeneration
Vitelline Macular Dystrophy, also known as Best Disease
Cystoid Macular Degeneration, also known as Macular Cysts, or Sorsby Disease
Hereditary hemorrhagic Macular Dystrophy
Coloboma of Macula
Sorsby Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Polymorphic Macular degeneration is a dominant hereditary vision disorder which includes Best Disease and Sorsby Disease. Best disease is also called vitelline macular dystrophy. The disorder affects both eyes and is usually diagnosed between five and fifteen years of age. Sorsby disease is also called macular cyst, or cystoid macular degeneration. Symptoms usually begin between twenty and forty years of age. This form of the disorder is marked by impairment of vision, possible color vision abnormality, and can be progressive in nature.
Symptoms
Polymorphic macular degeneration usually affects the macular region in both eyes. In Sorsby disease, swelling (edema), hemorrhage, exudate and cyst formation are noted. The cysts may vary in size and appearance. The cystic manifestations of the disorder may also appear in other family members. In advanced stages considerable atrophy may be observed.
The initial cystic lesion may be overlooked during eye examination because the cyst may be hidden by an overlying or surrounding layer of retinal pigment cells. These cells, in the center of the macula, eventually atrophy.
After bursting, the anterior wall of these cysts may become absorbed or covered by pigmentation.
In Best disease, changes in the macular region as well as other areas of the eye may be noted before visual impairment occurs. The macular area may show a yellow mass resembling the yolk of an egg. This vitelline lesion may possibly be present at birth. Deep irregular pigmentation inside the eye may develop later.
Causes
Polymorphic macular degeneration is inherited as a dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
The gene for Best Disease has been mapped on chromosome 11.
Affected Population
Polymorphic macular degeneration may affect several members of the same family. Sorsby disease may begin between the ages of twenty and forty. The onset of Best disease is usually between the ages of five and fifteen years. Both conditions are rare.
Related Disorders
Macular degeneration (macula lutea degeneration) is a similar hereditary vision disorder involving both dominant and recessive inheritance patterns. Several subgroups are included in this variant group, including Behr 1 and 2, Stargardt's, disciform macular degeneration, and senile macular dystrophy. (For more information, choose "macular degeneration" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Ongoing ophthalmic examination and treatment is indicated in macular degeneration, as well as other supportive measures. Genetic counseling for families affected by these disorders can be helpful.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers at the Cullen Eye Institute of the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas are studying inherited retinal diseases including Polymorphic Macular Degeneration. Families with at least two affected members and both parents living are needed to participate in this program. Other disorders being included in the study are Leber's Congenital Amaurosis, Usher Syndrome (Types I and II), Macular Degeneration, Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome, Rod Monochromacy (Complete Congenital Achromatopsia).
Other inherited retinal disorders of interest include blue cone monochromacy (Congenital Incomplete X-linked Achromatopsia), Choroideremia, the Oculo-Cerebro-Renal Syndrome of Lowe, Hereditary X-linked cataracts, and other hereditary diseases with significant visual impact.
Laser treatments may be useful in treating macular degeneration. Krypton red laser (KRL) photocoagulation seems to be more suitable than argon blue-green or argon green laser treatments, according to one study, especially in the treatment of swelling (edema) resulting from the degeneration.
Scientists at the University of Iowa have determined that the gene that results in Polymorphic Macular Degeneration (also known as Best's Disease) is located on chromosome 11. The researchers are hoping that this information will lead to the discovery of the exact gene that causes this disorder.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Polymorphic Macular Degeneration, please contact:
Smiddy, W.E., Fine, S.L., Quigley, H.A., Hohman, R.M., Addicks, E.A.: Comparison of Krypton and Argon Laser Photocoagulation: Results of Stimulated Clinical Treatment of Primate Retina. ARCH OPHTHALMOL, July 1984; 102(7):1086-92.
Public Affairs Pamphlet No. 610; A VISION IMPAIRMENT OF THE LATER YEARS: MACULAR DEGENERATION; Irving R. Dickman; Distributed as a public service by the American Foundation for the Blind.
Macular Degeneration, Polymorphic
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Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
778: Madelung's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Madelung's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Benign Symmetrical Lipomatosis
Launois-Bensaude
Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis
MSL
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Madelung's Disease is a disorder of fat metabolism (lipid storage) that results in an unusual accumulation of fat deposits around the neck and shoulder areas. Adult alcoholic males are most often affected, although women and those who do not drink alcohol can also get Madelung's disease.
Symptoms
Madelung's Disease is characterized by massive deposits of fat predominantly around the head and neck and sometimes in the upper trunk. It is often associated with excessive use of alcohol. There may also be glucose (sugar) intolerance, liver disease and malignant tumors of the lungs.
Causes
The exact cause of Madelung's Disease is not known. The body's inability to properly metabolize fat indicates that it may be an endocrine disorder. Some scientists believe a predisposition to the disorder may be inherited. However, the mode of transmission has not been determined.
Affected Population
Madelung's Disease most frequently affects middle aged males. The condition is most common in those who abuse alcohol. However, this disease is also found in women and persons who do not consume alcohol. It is seen more often in Europe than in America.
Related Disorders
Information on other Lipid Storage and endocrine disorders can be found by typing the word "Lipid" or "Endocrine" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Madelung's Disease consists of surgical removal of the fatty deposits from the areas around the head, neck, shoulders and trunk. Liposuction has been used successfully to remove single fatty tumors. Ultrasound is a helpful tool in the diagnosis of Madelung's Disease.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Endocrine Society
9650 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
301-530-9660
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
References
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th Ed.: Scriver, Beaudet, Sly and Valle, eds.; McGraw Hill, 1989. Pp. 1129-1266.
MULTIPLE FAMILIAL ANGIOLIPOMATOSIS; TREATMENT OF LIPOSUCTION. W. R.
Kanter, et al.; Ann Plast Surg, (March, 1988, issue 20 (3)). Pp. 277-279.
MADELUNG'S LIPOMATOSIS OF THE NECK--A SONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS, M. Drockur, et al.; HNO (March, 1989, issue 37 (3)). Pp. 117-119.
MADELUNG'S LIPOMATOSIS OF THE NECK--EXPRESSION OF AN ALCOHOL-INDUCED
ENDOCRINE DISORDER. D. Knovver, et al.; HNO (November, 1986, issue 34 (11)). Pp. 474-476.
MADELUNG'S DISEASE (BENIGN SYMMETRIC LIPOMATOSIS). N.A. Plotnicov, et al.; Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, (August, 1988, issue 66 (2)). Pp. 171-175.
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433: Maffucci Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Maffucci Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Multiple Angiomas and Endochondromas
Dyschondrodysplasia with Hemangiomas
Enchondromatosis with Multiple Cavernous Hemangiomas
Kast Syndrome
Hemangiomatosis Chondrodystrophica
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ollier Disease
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome
Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources section of this report.
Maffucci Syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by multiple benign skin and bone lesions which in some cases, may be progressive. The lesions appear at birth or shortly thereafter, but may not become evident for several years.
Symptoms
Maffucci Syndrome is marked by benign growths on the skin, cartilage and/or bones. Twenty-five percent of patients exhibit lesions during the first year of life while seventy-eight percent experience symptoms before puberty. Some of the more commonly associated vascular lesions are:
1) Large growths containing blood-filled spaces due to dilation and thickening of the walls of the capillary loops (cavernous hemangiomas)
2) Small thick masses of capillaries (capillary hemangiomas)
3) Dilation of the veins (phlebectasia)
Growths of dilated lymph vessels (lymphangiomas) and Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome may also occur in conjunction with this disorder. Calcium deposits in veins (phleboliths) are usually found within vascular lesions and may be seen on radiographs. The location of the sites of skin lesions does not necessarily correspond with bone lesions. There may also be lesions of the esophagus, third portion of the small intestine (ileum), and anal mucous membranes. Lesions in the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat (oral mucosa) are common. These lesions often persist.
The long bones are affected by abnormal growth of cartilage in the midsection (dyschondroplasia) due to a defect in the bone hardening process (endochondral ossification). During early childhood, cartilaginous tumors (endochondromas) may develop in the small bones of the hands and feet, as well. Skin lesions are firm, fixed, easily palpable nodules that occur on only one side of the body in approximately forty-eight percent of patients. They do not correspond in size if they occur on both sides of the body.
Patients are usually short in stature, with thirty-six percent showing significant discrepancies between the length of both legs, often causing curvature of the spine (scoliosis). The bones tend to fracture easily. Occasionally, the internal lesions may ulcerate causing pain from pressure on nerves and blood vessels.
Twenty-five to thirty percent of patients with Maffucci's Syndrome develop associated malignancies especially chondrosarcomas. These malignancies develop from bone and soft-tissue lesions. Other malignant connective tissue neoplasms including fibrosarcomas, angiosarcomas, lymphangiosarcomas, interstitial tissue cell tumors (gliomas), embryonic tissue cell (mesenchymal) ovarian tumors, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas have also been described.
Causes
The exact cause of Maffucci Syndrome is not known, although it is thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Maffucci Syndrome is a very rare disorder affecting males and females in equal numbers. Less than 105 cases have been documented in the medical literature in the United States since this disorder was first identified in 1881.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Maffucci Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Ollier Disease is a rare abnormal development of the bones (skeletal dysplasia) usually beginning in childhood. The disease affects bones and cartilage in joints of the arms and legs. Dwarfism can occur when both sides of the body are affected. Pain usually occurs only when bones fracture. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ollier" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome is a blood vessel disorder combining Nevus Flammeus (a birth mark that is the color of a Port Wine Stain), excessive growth of soft tissue and bone, and varicose veins. Cases range from mild to severe with a variety of complications possible. Onset usually occurs before birth or during early childhood. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Klippel Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome is a genetic blood vessel disorder characterized by benign growths in the skin and gastrointestinal tract that are present at birth. The growths in the skin are usually elevated, blue or purplish-red in color, and contain thin-walled sacs that are easily compressed. Other skin lesions may be large, disfiguring, and irregular in size with blue spots (macules), or black dots that merge with normal skin. Additional lesions may develop with age.
Therapies: Standard
Maffucci Syndrome should be treated on an individual basis due to the wide variety of possible symptoms. The discrepancies in leg length, curvature of the spine (scoliosis), and bone deformities may improve with orthopedic treatment or surgery. Reconstructive surgery may remove or reduce the size of large hemangiomas or lymphangiomas. The malignant neoplasms may be treated by surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of these therapies.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Maffucci Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with many types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
ENCHONDROMATOSIS WITH HEMANGIOMAS (MAFFUCCI'S SYNDROME): E. Gutman, et al.; South Med J (April 1978, issue 71(4)). Pp. 466-467.
CHONDROSARCOMA IN MAFFUCCI'S SYNDROME: T.C. Sun, et al.; J Bone Joint Surg [Am] October 1985, issue 67(8)). Pp. 1214-1219.
ANGIOSARCOMA ARISING IN A PATIENT WITH MAFFUCCI SYNDROME: T.I.
Davidson, et al.; Eur J Surg Oncol (December 1985, issue 11(4)). Pp. 381-384.
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3Copyright (C) 1988, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
434: Malaria
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Malaria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Babesiosis
Toxoplasmosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources section of this report.
Malaria is a communicable parasitic disorder spread through the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Major symptoms may vary depending on which species of parasite causes the infection and the stage of development of the parasite. Chills and fever commonly occur, although not every case follows the same pattern. Each recurrence becomes milder. Although the disorder was once thought to be under control throughout the world, Malaria is a wide spread infection especially in the tropics where certain types of mosquitos are becoming resistant to pesticides. The annual number of cases reported in the United States has increased in recent years.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Malaria vary depending on which of the four parasite species is the cause. Severity of symptoms may differ as the parasite goes through three different stages of development in humans. It is possible to contract more than one kind of Malaria at a time. Symptoms may begin a week after exposure to the mosquito or it may show up months later, even with preventive treatment.
An incubation period ranging from nine to forty days is usually followed by a feeling of listlessness, loss of appetite, headaches, muscle aches, low fever, and other flu-like symptoms. Then onset of rigidity or spasms usually lasting twenty to thirty minutes may occur. Following this, teeth rattling chills and fever (possibly reaching 107 degrees F.) may last from three to eight hours. Profuse sweating and a feeling of exhaustion mark the end of the feverish stage. Cold sores may appear on the lips or nose, skin may be pale, slightly bluish, or dry and flushed in appearance. An increased heart rate may be associated with heavy breathing. The spleen may become enlarged. Bloody diarrhea rarely may occur. If the brain is involved, headaches or depression may develop. Anemia, marked weight loss, mild yellowish discoloration of the skin (jaundice), swelling of the ankles, digestive difficulties, and muscle weakness can occur.
Until drugs are administered, symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting or nausea may recur. Between episodes of these symptoms, patients may feel well except for tiredness. Without treatment, symptoms often redevelop months or even years later. Although subsequent attacks are often milder due to built-up immunity, the infection can last from one to twenty years. With treatment, patients usually recover and live a normal life span. Cerebral Malaria is a form of Malaria which occurs when the immune system produces a certain protein called "Tumor Necrosis Factor" (TNF) or "cachectin." This complication develops in less than one percent of cases and is often fatal in third world countries.
Causes
Malaria is most commonly transmitted through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito which is infected by a malaria parasite (Plasmodium). Plasmodium Falciparum, Plasmodium Ovale, Plasmodium Malariae and Plasmodium Vivax are the four species of the parasite which can affect humans. Additionally, transfusion of blood from an infected donor, or sharing contaminated needles may transmit the infection from one person to another. In very rare cases, the disorder has been transmitted from an infected mother to a fetus.
Affected Population
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, GA, Malaria is uncommon in the United States where less than 1,100 cases are diagnosed each year, usually having been contracted abroad. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates Malaria to be one of the world's major health problems, with at least 100 million new cases reported annually, resulting in more than 1 million deaths. Cerebral complications account for more than half of all Malaria deaths even though this condition develops in less than one percent of cases.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Malaria. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Babesiosis is a communicable parasitic infection of animals which on rare occasions may occur in humans. The parasites are transmitted by tick bites and cause premature destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia). Babesiosis may be fatal in people who have had their spleens removed. In other individuals, the disorder usually resolves spontaneously. Initial symptoms may include abdominal pain, headache, chills and fever, lack of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea. Most cases in the United States seem to have been contracted on islands off the coast of New York and Massachusetts. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Babesiosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disorder that is caused by a parasite (Toxoplasma Gondii). This infection is found worldwide and may be either acquired or transmitted to a fetus from an infected mother. When the disorder is acquired, cases may either resemble mononucleosis or involve lesions of the lungs, liver, heart, skin, muscle, brain, and spinal cord membranes. Lesions are often accompanied by inflammation and in some cases, hepatitis. Acute cases are often characterized by rash, high fever, chills, and prostration. The prognosis for the acquired forms of Toxoplasmosis (of moderate severity) is usually good with treatment and complications are uncommon. However, without treatment this disorder may persist for many months. It is rarely fatal in adults. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Toxoplasmosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Prevention is the most effective means of controlling Malaria. Americans traveling to third world countries where the disease is rampant are advised to begin Chloroquine drug therapy at least two weeks before traveling to areas at risk. These areas include Africa, areas of South and Central America, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and areas of Oceania (Papua, New Guinea or Irian Java, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu). This drug should continue to be taken during travel and for six weeks thereafter. The drug not only helps prevent malaria, but can suppress and eliminate the disease in those who have already been infected by the parasite.
Where parasites are known to be resistant to Chloroquine such as Africa, parts of Southeast Asia, and some South Pacific Islands, the drug Fansidar may be used, although some people may have severe reactions to it. This drug must be discontinued if itching, rash, sore throat, or lesions in the mouth or genital areas appear. Quinine or tetracycline drugs can be substituted. The drug Primaquine may be effective if parasites persist in the liver after other drug treatments have been used.
Rural areas carry a higher risk for Malaria than cities. Travelers should remain in well screened areas, especially at night when mosquitos usually feed. Clothes should cover most of the body and mosquito netting should be used around the bed. A good insect repellent such as DEET should be used on any exposed area of the skin, and living and sleeping areas should be sprayed with a flying-insect spray containing pyrethrum. Health information for travelers is available from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, GA at (404) 329-2572 or from state and local health departments. The publication, "Health Information for International Travel" is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or (202) 783-3238.
The orphan drug Larium has received FDA approval as standard therapy in the prevention and treatment of mild to moderate Malaria. It is manufactured by Hoffman LaRoche, 340 Kingsland St., Nutley, NJ 07110.
Therapies: Investigational
Experimental treatment for a potentially fatal form of Malaria known as Cerebral Malaria involves blocking the reaction of the immune system protein which causes it. Research on special agents to block this reactive protein known as "tumor necrosis factor" (TNF) or "cachectin" are being studied to determine safety and effectiveness.
During the past ten years the number of cases of Malaria in the United States caused by the Plasmodium Falciparum parasite increased tenfold, mostly due to Americans traveling to areas of endemic malaria such as Africa and Thailand. This type of Malaria has typically been treated with intravenous quinine dihydrochloride available only from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). In an effort to avoid delays in treatment of malaria patients, a new treatment of continuous fusion of intravenous quinidine gluconate has been developed. Preliminary reports indicate that this treatment appears effective. More research is needed to determine the long term safety and effectiveness of this treatment.
The drug mefloquine is being investigated as a possible treatment for Malaria associated with the Plasmodium Falciparum parasite. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has awarded a research grant to A.G. Mephra, Switzerland, for studies on mefloquine HCT (Mephaquin) as a treatment/vaccination for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. In a few cases, the drug Amodiaquine was investigated for therapeutic value, but was found to be less effective than the drug Chloroquine. These drugs are still under study to analyze side effects and effectiveness. More research is needed before they can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of Malaria.
For information on additional therapies that have been designated as Orphan Drugs in the last few months, please return to the main menu of NORD Services and access the Orphan Drug Database.
Smith-Kline Beecham Pharmaceutical, P.O. Box 1510, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, is sponsoring a new orphan drug, Halofantrine, for the treatment of Malaria caused by strains of P. Falciparum and P. Vivax.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Malaria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
World Health Organization
525 23rd Street Northwest
Washington, DC 20037
(202) 861-3200
(202) 861-3305 (Library)
References
TRAVELERS' ADVISORY: MALARIA STILL THREATENS MUCH OF THE GLOBE: Evelyn Zamula; FDA Consumer (May 1987). Pp. 8-13.
AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF MEFLOQUINE ON MALARIA
PARASITES: G.H. Jacobs, et al.; Am J Trop Med Hyg (January 1987, issue 36(1)). Pp. 9-14.
AMODIAQUINE LESS EFFECTIVE THAN CHLOROQUINE IN THE TREATMENT OF
FALCIPARUM MALARIA IN THE PHILIPPINES: G. Watt, et al.; Am J Trop Med Hyg (January 1987, issue 36(1)). Pp. 3-8.
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$Copyright (C) 1984, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
8: Malignant Hyperthermia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Malignant Hyperthermia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Fulminating Hyperpyrexia
Hyperthermia of Anesthesia
Malignant Fever
Malignant Hyperpyrexia
MH
Pharmacogenic Myopathy
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Noonan Syndrome
King Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Malignant Hyperthermia is hereditary disorder in which a person does not react appropriately to certain drugs due to a genetic abnormality. The patient develops a rapid, high fever after the administration of general anesthesia or certain muscle relaxants. Drugs that could cause this respond include halothane, cyclopropane, or succinylcholine.
Symptoms
Malignant Hyperthermia occurs in patients who may have been previously unaffected by anesthesia or injection of muscle relaxants, although a few may have reported previous episodes of muscle cramps or weakness following the administration of certain medications. After certain anesthetic drugs or muscle relaxants are administered, the patient quickly develops a very high fever, sometimes as high as 110 degrees. Muscles twitch and become hard, stiff and rigid. Headache, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure (hypotension), rapid heart beat (tachycardia) and irregular heartbeat (cardiac arrhythmias) may be present. Major life threatening complications include skeleton muscle degeneration (rhabdomyolysis), renal (kidney) failure, accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) and disruption of blood clotting mechanisms. Levels of creatine phosphokinase are elevated in the patient.
Causes
People may inherit a predisposition to malignant hypothermia through an autosomal dominant gene. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or the father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Malignant Hyperthermia may also be related to abnormally high levels of calcium in muscle tissue (sarcoplasmic tissue). The gene that regulates the release of calcium from muscles and causes this disorder has been mapped to region q13.1 of chromosome 19.
Affected Population
Malignant Hyperthermia is extremely rare. Males and females are affected equally. Since most people have no symptoms unless they take certain drugs, the great majority of people with Malignant Hyperthermia are not diagnosed. Anyone with a relative who died during surgery for an unknown reason may want to be tested for Malignant Hyperthermia.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Malignant Hyperthermia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Boys affected with King syndrome (slanted low set eyes, receding chin, webbed neck, spinal abnormalities and short stature) or perhaps Noonan syndrome may experience Malignant hyperthermia and should be monitored closely during procedures requiring anesthesia. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Noonan Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
A similar syndrome may also occur in myotonic disorders, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, branchial hypertonic myopathy, central core disease or in a congenital myopathy with dysmorphic features. It is not yet known exactly what percentage of patients with these muscle disorders are at risk. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is a potentially fatal reaction to any of a group of antipsychotic drugs or major tranquilizers (neuroleptics). These drugs are commonly prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia and other neurological, mental or emotional disorders. Symptoms of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome include a very high fever (102 to 104 degrees), irregular pulse, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), increased rate of respiration (tachypnea), muscle rigidity, altered mental states, high or low blood pressure and profuse perspiration. (For more information on this disorder choose "Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome" as your search term on the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Malignant Hyperthermia is best prevented by presurgical detection of those at risk. The most successful test for early detection involves a biopsy of muscle from the thigh. This test is generally reserved for patients from families where a Malignant Hyperthermia episode has occurred, or for patients who have had a suspicious reaction to anesthesia. The test is available at a few test centers in the United States.
In those who are susceptible to Malignant Hyperthermia, surgery is often performed under regional or local anesthesia. Malignant Hyperthermia patients should be certain that the drug dantrolene sodium is available at a hospital where they are to undergo surgery. Dantrole sodium is a drug that can stop progress of symptoms if given immediately when the reaction to anaesthesia is identified as Malignant Hyperthermia.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists studying Malignant Hyperthermia are attempting to develop a less invasive diagnostic test for this disorder and are also trying to develop more effective therapies for the syndrome.
Dr. Ron Gregg and Dr. Kirk Hogan at the University of Wisconsin are trying to develop a test to identify persons at risk for Malignant Hyperthermia. Members of families in which two or more persons have developed Malignant Hyperthermia are needed for the study. Interested parties may contact:
Dr. Kirk Hogan
University of Wisconsin
Dept. of Anesthesiology
CSC B6/387
600 Highland Ave.
Madison, WI 53792
(608) 262-6042
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Malignant Hyperthermia please contact:
National Organization of Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 847-0407
Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States
P.O. Box 191
Westport, CT 06881-0191
(203) 847-0407
The North American MH Registry
Department of Anesthesia
Penn State College of Medicine
P.O. Box 850
Hershey, PA 17033
For names of on-call physicians available to treat MH emergencies, call 24 hours a day:
Medic Alert Foundation International
(209) 634-4917
Ask for: INDEX ZERO, Malignant Hyperthermia Consultant List.
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
Following is a list of Malignant Hyperthermia clinics:
Mayo Clinic Dept. of Anesthesiology
200 1st St., SW
Rochester, MN 55905
(507) 285-5601
University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
Dept. of Anesthesiology
Galveston, TX 77550
(409) 761-1906
Hahnemann University Medical School
Dept. of Anesthesiology
Broad and Vine Streets
Philadelphia, PA 19102
(215) 448-7960
Massachusetts General
Dept. of Anesthesiology
Room ACC3
Fruit Street
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 726-8800
University of Toronto
MH Investigatory Unit Room 5268
Medical Sciences Building
Toronto, Ontario M5S-1A
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 499-500.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders., 1990. Pp. 2262-2263.
MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA. J.L. Moore & E.L. Rice. American Family Physician (May 1992; 45(5)). Pp. 2245-51.
MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA. R.E. Larew. Postgrad Med (June 1989; 85(8)). Pp. 117-8, 128-9.
Malignant Hyperthermia
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'Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
734: Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Mallory-Weiss Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Mallory-Weiss Laceration
Mallory-Weiss Tear
Gastroesophageal Laceration-Hemorrhage Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Boerhaave Syndrome
Esophagus Perforation
Gastritis, Chronic Erosive
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Hiccups
Peptic Ulcer
Esophageal Varices
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome is a laceration of the mucous membrane in the junction between the esophagus and the stomach (gastroesophageal). It is usually caused by severe vomiting and can lead to hemorrhaging.
Symptoms
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome is characterized by a tear in the mucous membrane of the junction between the stomach and esophagus. It is most commonly characterized by abdominal pain, a history of severe vomiting, and vomiting blood (hematemesis). The blood is often clotted and has the appearance of "coffee grounds". The stools will be black and tarry (melena). In cases where there is a substantial loss of blood there may be shock and collapse. A diagnosis of this disorder can be made by visual examination of the esophagus membrane through an endoscope.
Causes
In Mallory-Weiss Syndrome the tear between the stomach and esophagus is usually caused by severe vomiting. It can also result from a severe trauma to the chest or abdomen, chronic hiccups, intense snoring, lifting and straining, alcoholism, an inflammation of the lining of the stomach (gastritis) or esophagus (esophagitis), hiatus hernia, convulsions or CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy may get this disorder as a complication of chemotherapy.
Affected Population
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome accounts for about 10% of all gastrointestinal bleeding episodes. It is more common in alcoholics and affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Mallory-Weiss Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by small tumors (usually in the pancreas) which secrete a hormone that produces excess amounts of stomach acids that cause ulcers. These tumors can also appear in the lower stomach wall, spleen or lymph nodes close to the stomach. Large amounts of gastric acid can be found in lower stomach areas where many ulcers form. Ulcers can appear suddenly even in areas where they are rarely found, may persist following treatment, and can be accompanied by diarrhea. Prompt medical treatment of these ulcers is necessary to prevent complications such as bleeding and perforation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Zollinger" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Chronic Erosive Gastritis is a common inflammation of the stomach characterized by multiple lesions in the mucous lining, causing ulcer-like symptoms. These symptoms may include a burning and heavy feeling in the pit of the stomach, mild nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and weakness. In severe cases there can be bleeding of the stomach which may result in anemia. Some people with this disorder, especially chronic aspirin users, may show no apparent symptoms until the disease has advanced. An accurate diagnosis can be made by a physician's visual inspection of the stomach using a gastroscope. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Gastritis, Chronic Erosive" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Boerhaave's Syndrome is a very serious disorder that is characterized by a rupture of the esophagus. It usually occurs from severe vomiting after excessive eating. Those with this disorder may have severe stomach and chest pain, shortness of breath (dyspnea), rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), a blue discoloration of the skin (cyanosis) and eventually circulatory failure due to the loss of blood (shock) through the esophagus. Surgery is usually required to repair this type of rupture. It is important that this disorder be diagnosed promptly so that medical treatment may be administered as soon as possible.
Esophagus Perforation is a rupture of the esophagus. When the rupture occurs in the throat area there may be swelling of the neck and continuous pain that extends from the chest to the back. If it occurs in the chest, there may be vomiting, upper abdominal pain, shortness of breath (dyspnea), and severe chest pain. This disorder can be caused by chemical burns in the throat, complications due to an inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis), peptic ulcer, or an abnormal growth (neoplasm). Diagnostic medical procedures such as endoscopy or gastroscopy can also cause perforation of the esophagus.
Peptic Ulcer is a very common disorder characterized by lesions of the mucous membranes of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum. These lesions are caused by an over-secretion of acid or pepsin and are characterized by pain, heartburn, nausea and vomiting.
Esophageal Varices are dilated, enlarged, and tortuous veins, arteries or lymphatic vessels at the lower end of the esophagus as a result of portal hypertension; they are superficial and liable to ulceration and massive bleeding.
The following disorder may be associated with Mallory-Weiss Syndrome. It is not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Chronic hiccups are sudden, involuntary repeated spasms of the diaphragm. They can last for hours or days, or they recur very often with only a few hours relief between spasms. The persistence of hiccups may indicate a serious illness. Some of the illnesses that include persistent hiccups as a symptom are: pleurisy of the diaphragm, pneumonia, uremia, alcoholism, disorders of the stomach or esophagus, and bowel diseases. Hiccups may also be associated with pancreatitis, pregnancy, bladder irritation, liver cancer, hepatitis, surgery, tumors, lesions and gastroesophageal tears. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hiccups" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
In many cases, bleeding caused by Mallory-Weiss Syndrome will stop without treatment. In cases where the bleeding persists, treatment may include sealing the lesion by applying heat or chemicals (cauterization) or high frequency electrical current (electrocoagulation). Blood transfusions and/or the vasopressive drug, pitressin, may be required. Direct pressure may also be used by inserting a catheter which is surrounded by a balloon. The balloon is then inflated (balloon tamponade) to stop the bleeding. Surgery is usually not necessary unless the bleeding cannot be controlled by conservative measures. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers are studying the effectiveness of embolization as a treatment for massive uncontrolled bleeding of the esophagus. This procedure consists of inserting a substance, such as gelfoam, bucrylate, or alcohol (ethanol) and stainless steel coils into the affected area. Further studies will be necessary to determine long-term safety and effectiveness of this treatment.
The orphan drug sodium tetradecyl sulfate (Sotradecol) is being used as an experimental treatment for bleeding esophageal varices. For more information on the Orphan Drug sodium tetradecyl sulfate, physicians can contact Elkins-Sinn, Inc., 2 Esterbrook Lane, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003-4099.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Mallory-Weiss Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 82.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1987. Pp. 724.
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING. J. Lancaster; PRIM CARE, (March 1988, issue 15 (1)). Pp. 31-41.
MULTIPOLAR ELECTROCOAGULATION IN THE TREATMENT OF ACTIVE UPPER
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT HEMORRHAGE. A PROSPECTIVE CONTROLLED TRIAL. L. Laine; N ENGL J MED, (June 25, 1987, issue 316 (26)). Pp. 1613-1617.
MALLORY-WEISS TEAR. A COMPLICATION OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY. M. Fishman, et al.; CANCER, (December 1, 1983, issue 52 (11)). Pp. 2031-2032.
SNORE-INDUCED MALLORY-WEISS SYNDROME. J. Merrill; J CLIN GASTROENTEROL, (February 1987, issue 9 (1)). Pp. 88-89.
MALLORY-WEISS SYNDROME. A STUDY OF 224 PATIENTS. C. Sugawa, et al.; AM J SURG, (January 1983, issue 145 (1)). Pp. 30-33.
PERCUTANEOUS TRANSHEPATIC EMBOLIZATION OF GASTROPHAGEAL VARICES: RESULTS
IN 400 PATIENTS. C.L. Hermine, et al.; (April 1989, issue 152 (4)). Pp. 775-760.
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome%(
((pagetitle
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@+:+Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
858: Leukemia, Chronic Lymphocytic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia
CLL
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Hodgkin's Disease
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the Resources section of this report.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia is a malignant blood disorder in which there is an increased number of white blood cells formed in the lymphoid tissue. This uncontrolled buildup and enlargement of lymphoid tissue can occur in various sites of the body such as the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and lungs. There are many different forms of Leukemia which are all characterized by an overabundance of white blood cells. In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia the disease occurs in the lymphoid tissue.
The lymph vessels, which return fluids to the circulatory system, and the lymph nodes, which are a mass of tissue separated into compartments by connective tissue, make up the immune system. The lymph nodes serve as filters, removing foreign particles, tissue debris, and bacterial cells from the circulation. When this system is not working properly, the body's defenses cannot fight off foreign particles.
In the majority of cases, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia is the result of a rapid production of B lymphocyte cells (a short-lived type of white blood cell that is responsible for the production of vertebrate serum proteins that include antibodies). A small percentage of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia cases stem from the overproduction of T lymphocyte cells (a type of white blood cell that have a long life and are important in the resistance of disease).
Symptoms
One quarter of the patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia have no symptoms when first diagnosed. The disease is discovered during a routine exam or blood test.
Early signs of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia may be fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite (anorexia), labored breathing, low-grade fever, a feeling of fullness in the abdomen due to an enlarged spleen, and night sweats. Bacterial infections such as skin infections, fluid and inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia), and inflammation of the sinuses (sinusitis) often occur.
As the disorder advances, the patient loses the ability to fight off infections. Viral infections become an increasing concern. An abnormally high sensitivity to insect bites may also occur.
In the later stages of the disorder, the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes may steadily increase in size. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia may also invade other tissues such as the skin, eye socket (orbit), mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids (conjunctivae), lungs, sacs that line the chest (pleura), heart, and gastrointestinal tract. Swelling and a yellow pigment of the skin (jaundice) may also occur.
Causes
Like most other forms of leukemia, the exact cause of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia is not known. When the disorder results from a rapid production of B Lymphocyte cells, it is often inherited through autosomal dominant genes. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia occurs in multiple family members more often than any other type of leukemia. Sibling, especially brothers, seem to have the highest occurrence.
Other types of leukemia can occur from exposure to radiation. However, the cause is unknown in most cases.
Affected Population
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia is twice as common in males as in females. This is the most common type of leukemia occuring in multiple family members. The average age of patients is sixty, and the occurrence increases with age. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia almost never affects children and is rare under the age of thirty.
In the United States, three out of every 100,000 people will be afflicted with this disorder.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Chronic Neutropenia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
Hairy Cell Leukemia is a type of blood cancer characterized by the presence of abnormal mononuclear blood cells called "hairy cells," and by a deficiency of other blood cell elements. Symptoms of this disorder may include fatigue, weight loss, abdominal pain, weakness, and easy bruising. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hairy Cell Leukemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Hodgkin's Disease is a form of cancer of the lymphatic system, especially the lymph nodes (places where lymphatic vessels unite). Fever, night sweats, swollen glands, and weight loss may occur. Most often a lymph node in the neck is affected. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hodgkin's Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Infectious Mononucleosis is a very prevalent disorder characterized by fever, fatigue, swollen glands, and an abnormally large number of lymphocytes (type of white blood cells) in the blood. It is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. This disorder is most prevalent in places where young people live in close quarters such as colleges or military.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas are a group of cancers of the lymphatic system. Swollen lymph nodes in the neck or groin occur and usually spread throughout the body. Symptoms of this disorder may be anemia (abnormally low levels of red blood cells), weight loss, fever, night sweats, and weakness. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia is a malignant lymph node and blood cell disorder. Large quantities of homogenous immunoglobulin-M (IgM) protein molecules are present in the blood. The most frequent symptoms are an enlarged spleen and liver, abnormalities of the peripheral lymph glands, weakness, anemia, fatigue, and excessive bleeding, especially from the nose and mouth. This disorder tends to run in families and occurs mainly in older males. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Waldenstrom" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia includes platelet transfusions which are used for bleeding associated with a persistent decrease in the number blood platelets (thrombocytopenia). When anemia is present, transfusions of packed red blood cells are usually given. Antibiotics are used to combat bacterial infections usually related to a decrease in the number of leukocytes (lymphopenia) and a low level of gammaglobulin in the blood.
Radiation, anticancer, and corticosteroid drugs may be used to prevent the spread of white cells in the lymph tissues.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and families if they have the hereditary form of this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Various antibodies (MoAbs) derived from a single cell are being used in large quantities against the spreading of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. MoAbs combined with other drugs are also being tested at this time.
The orphan drug Marinol is currently under investigation as a treatment for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. The drug is manufactured by Warner Lambert Company, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI, 48105-2430.
The orphan product Technetium Tc-99m Murine Monoclonal Antibody (IgG2a) to BCE (Immuraid-LL-2(99mTc) is being investigated for use in evaluating the extent of disease in patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and some forms of non-Hodgkin's type Lymphoma. The product is sponsored by Immunomedics, Inc., 150 Mt. Bethel Rd., Warren, NJ, 07059.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Leukemia Society of America
733 Third Ave.
New York, NY 10017
(212) 573-8484
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 570-71.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 994-98.
HEMATOLOGY, 4th Ed.: William J. Williams, et al., Editors; McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1990. Pp. 1005-20.
Leukemia, Chronic Lymphocytic
thiQ,
T,pagetitle
858: Leukemia, Chronic Lymphocytic
03933.TXT
%Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
695: Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia
Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia
GML
CGL
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Polycythemia Vera
Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia is characterized by an excessive amount of white blood cells in the bone marrow, spleen, liver and blood. As the disease progresses, the leukemic cells invade other areas of the body including the intestinal tract, kidneys, lungs, gonads and lymph nodes.
There are two phases to chronic myelogenous leukemia. The first phase, or chronic phase, is characterized by an overproduction of white blood cells. An advanced phase is called the acute phase or blast crisis. At this point, over 50% of the cells in the bone marrow are immature malignant cells (blast cells or promelocytes). In the acute phase, the leukemia is very aggressive and does not respond well to therapy. Approximately 85% of all patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia enter the acute phase.
Symptoms
Many patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia show nonspecific symptoms at the time of diagnosis. The most common symptoms are fatigue, weakness, itchiness, night sweats, abdominal discomfort or weight loss. An enlarged spleen is usually discovered upon physical examination. Chronic myelogenous leukemia is commonly diagnosed when a patient is undergoing blood tests for some other reason.
When the acute phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia occurs, the patient experiences severe weight loss, high fever, bone pain, enlargement of the liver and spleen, pain in the joints (arthralgia), excess calcium in the blood and hemorrhages appearing as patches of purplish discoloration on the skin and mucous membranes.
Causes
The exact cause of chronic myelogenous leukemia is not known. It is believed that in some cases excessive exposure to radiation increases an individual's chances of developing the disease.
Blood samples of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia show the presence of abnormal and useless cells that reproduce more rapidly than normal cells. Ninety percent of these neoplastic cells show a consistent rearrangement of chromosomes. This rearrangement is the result of a transference of genetic material from chromosome 22 to chromosome 9 and vice versa. As a result of this transference, chromosome 22 ends up shorter than normal. This shortened chromosome is known as the Philadelphia chromosome, and the possibility that it plays a role in the onset of the disease or in the reproduction of neoplastic cells is being investigated.
Affected Population
Chronic myelogenous leukemia is slightly more prevalent in males than in females. It may occur at any age, but predominately appears between the 30's and 40's.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Polycythemia Vera is a chronic disorder of the bone marrow. It is characterized by an increase in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytosis) and hemoglobin concentration in the blood. The initial symptoms are fatigue, drowsiness, itchiness and dizziness. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Polycythemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis is a disorder characterized by the growth of fibrous tissue in the bone marrow causing anemia, weakness and fatigue due to constant replacement of normal bone marrow cells. Episodes of severe pain in the abdomen, the bones and joints also may occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Myelofibrosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
There are many other types of leukemia that may mimic chronic myelogenous leukemia. The leukemias are malignant disorders of white blood cells.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia includes radiation therapy to the spleen and chemotherapy. The objective is to reduce both the spleen size and the white blood cell count, inducing a remission. The most commonly prescribed drugs are hydroxyurea or busulfan.
Since decreasing the bone marrow's production of white blood cells does not ordinarily change the natural course of chronic myelogenous leukemia toward the acute stage, more aggressive therapies are also being tried. These include other chemotherapeutic drugs, early removal of the spleen, and bone marrow transplantation. The most success has been achieved with bone marrow transplantation.
The best recipients for bone marrow transplantation are under the age of 40. Transplantation must be done before the onset of the acute phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, since successful results of marrow transplantation after the acute phase has begun are not as high.
The acute phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia proceeds aggressively and rapidly. Some patients seem to respond temporarily to vincristine and prednisone therapy, but in general chemotherapy may be ineffective. There is less chance of a second remission during the acute phase.
The FDA recently approved the orphan drug Idamycin (Idarubicin hydrochloride) for use in the treatment of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. Idarubicin is manufactured by Adria Laboratories.
Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Interferon Alfa-2a, Recombinant (Roferon-A) is a new orphan drug being used in the treatment of Chronic Myelogenous leukemia (CML). It is manufactured by Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., 340 Kingsland St., Nutley, NJ 07110. Of ninety-six patients treated with this therapy, remission occurred in seventy for up to a period of thirty months.
Amgen, Inc., 1840 Dehavilland Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, is developing an orphan drug to be used in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. The name of the drug is Recombinant-Methionyl Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (Neupogen).
The Office of Orphan Products Development gave a New Grant Award to Dr. Walter A. Blatter in 1990 for his work with immunotherapy of Myelcid Leukemia using Anti-9-blocked Ricin Immunoconjugate. Dr. Blatter is with ImmunoGen, Inc. of Cambridge, MA.
For acute attacks of CML, Medarex, Inc., 12 Commerce Ave., West Lebanon, NH, 03784, has developed the biologic Monoclonal Antibody PM81.
Idarubicin (Idamycin) is a new orphan product being used in the treatment of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. The drug is manufactured by:
Adria Laboratories
P.O. Box 16529
Columbus, OH 42316-6529
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Leukemia Society of America
733 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10017
(212) 573-8484
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1081-1083.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D. ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1982. Pp. 755-756.
BLAST CRISIS Of PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME-POSITIVE CHRONIC MYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CML). B. Anger et al; BLUT, (Sep. 1988; 57(3):131-7.
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FOR CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA IN CHRONIC
PHASE. J.M. Goldman et al; ANN INTERN MED, (Jun 1988; 108(6):806-14.
INTERFERON-ALPHA PRODUCES SUSTAINED CYTOGENIC RESPONSES IN CHRONIC
MYELOGENOUS LEKUEMIA., M. Talpaz, et al., Ann Intern Med, (April 1, 1991, issue 114). Pp. 532-538.
Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
269: Leukemia, Hairy Cell
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hairy Cell Leukemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Leukemic Reticuloendotheliosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Leukemias
Letterer-Siwe Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hairy Cell Leukemia is a type of blood cancer characterized by the presence of abnormal mononuclear blood cells called "hairy cells", and by a deficiency of other blood cell elements (pancytopenia).
Symptoms
Onset of Hairy Cell Leukemia is usually gradual. Symptoms include vague abdominal pain, a feeling of abdominal fullness, malaise, fatigue, weakness, weight loss and easy bruising. A heavy infiltration of red pulp and sinuses of the spleen by hairy cells occurs. Similar hairy cells infiltrate bone marrow, lymph nodes and liver.
The disorder may be chronic. If the spleen is removed (splenectomy) a long survival rate is common. In some cases the onset of Hairy Cell Leukemia may be acute. In these cases the prognosis may not be as good as with the chronic type.
Causes
The cause of Hairy Cell Leukemia is unknown.
Affected Population
Hairy Cell Leukemia affects about 6,000 persons in the United States. Most of the patients are males of fifty years old or older.
Related Disorders
Leukemias are the generalized cancerous (neoplastic) disorders of the blood forming tissues, such as bone marrow. They primarily affect tissues forming the white blood cells (leukocytes). There are many different types of Leukemias.
Letterer-Siwe disease (Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease, or Systemic Aleukemic Reticuloendotheliosis) is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder characterized by generalized enlargement of lymph nodes, liver and spleen, combined with a persistent, spiking, low-grade fever. Symptoms include pallor, discrete yellowish-brown spotty elevated (maculopapular) lesions, sometimes with ulceration.
Therapies: Standard
Until recently, treatment of Hairy Cell leukemia consisted of surgically removing the spleen. The drug methotrexate (with leucovorin as an antidote against its toxic effects) was commonly used to treat this disorder. Glucocorticoids (i.e., for vasculitic symptoms), and alkylating agents are other commonly used drugs.
The orphan drug Alpha Interferon has been approved by the FDA for use in treatment of Hairy Cell Leukemia. The drug is manufactured by Hoffman-LaRoche and Schering Plough. Interferon is a hormone naturally produced by the body to fight viral infections. Clinical trials conducted prior to FDA approval indicate that two years after treatment with Alpha Interferon was begun, 92%-94% of treated patients were alive, compared to fewer than 50% of patients treated with conventional therapies. The disease went into remission in 75% to 90% of patients treated with Alpha Interferon.
Treatment with Alpha Interferon may include daily injections for up to 6 months, followed by maintenance injections 3 times weekly. Side effects mimic flu-like symptoms which diminish over time.
The orphan drug Nipent has been approved by the FDA for patients who do not respond to ordinary therapy for Hairy Cell Leukemia. The drug is manufactured by Warner-Lambert.
The drug Leustatin (cladribine or 2CDA) has been approved for treatment of HCL. This drug has proved to be an effective drug in the therapy of Hairy Cell Leukemia.
Therapies: Investigational
Interleukin-2 has been used on an experimental basis to restore natural killer cell activity in Hairy Cell Leukemia.
The drug deoxycoformycin is being used in clinical trials on patients with Hairy Cell Leukemia. Information about obtaining this drug can be located through the Comprehensive Cancer Center (Dr. Eric Kraut), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, or the Investigational Drug Branch of the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hairy-Cell Leukemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation
P.O. Box 72
Newtonville, MA 02160
(617)-244-8478
Leukemia Society of America
733 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10017
(212) 573-8484
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
References
Recombinant Alpha-2 Interferon in the Treatment of Hairy Cell Leukemia: Thompson JA et al.: Cancer Treatment Rep 69 (7-8): 791-3 (1985 Jul-Aug).
Splenectomy for Hairy Cell Leukemia; A Clinical Review of 63 Patients: Van Norman AS et al.: Cancer 57 (3): 644-8 (1986 Feb 1).
Therapeutic Options in Hairy Cell Leukemia: Groopman JE: Seminaries in Oncology 12 (4 Suppl 5): 30-4 (1985 Dec).
LASTING REMISSIONS IN HAIRY-CELL LEUKEMIA INDUCED BY A SINGLE INFUSION OF
2-CHLORODEOXYADENOSINE, Piro, Lawrence, et al.; N Eng J Med, (April 19, 1990, issue 322 (16)). Pp. 1117-1121.
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
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B|BCopyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
676: Leukodystrophy
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Leukodystrophy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder Subdivisions:
Refsum's Disease
Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Globoid Leukodystrophy (Krabbe's Disease)
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Sudanophilic Leukodystrophy (Schilder's Disease
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Brain Sclerosis
Canavan's Disease
Alexanders Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Multiple Sclerosis
Gaucher's Disease
Tay-Sachs Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Leukodystrophy is the name given to a group of very rare, progressive, metabolic, genetic diseases that affect the brain, spinal cord and often the peripheral nerves. Each of the leukodystrophies will affect one of the chemicals that make up the myelin sheath or white matter of the brain, causing the various types of leukodystrophy. The myelin sheath, which acts as insulation of the nervous system, is composed of different lipids (fatty substances). Thus defects in production and degradation of these lipids can lead to the many ways in which these diseases can manifest themselves.
Symptoms
Leukodystrophy affects the white matter of the brain or insulation (myelin sheath) of the nervous system made up of the brain, the spinal cord and nerves. The symptoms of the disease tend to get worse as the patient gets older. Most of the leukodystrophies are present at birth though some may appear more slowly over time. The particular chemical defect determines the type of leukodystrophy a person will have.
The myelin sheath is made up of a number of fatty substances or lipids that protect and insulate it. When this protection is defective the brain, spinal cord and nerves can be seriously impaired. Leukodystrophy causes the patient to have problems with movement, vision, hearing, feeling and thinking.
Infants or children who initially appear healthy will begin to change as they mature. Parents will notice the child's mental abilities are deteriorating, or the way the child walks has changed, or the child's vision is poor. There can also be muscle stiffness or floppiness, paralysis or convulsions. These symptoms may occur slowly or they can happen quickly according to the type of leukodystrophy affecting the child.
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Refsum Syndrome is a type of leukodystrophy inherited as a recessive trait. Symptoms may include a degenerative nerve disease, peripheral neuropathy, impaired muscle coordination, walking difficulties (ataxia), a progressive vision disorder (retinitis pigmentosa), and bone and skin changes. This disorder is believed to be due to the absence of phytanic acid hydroxylase in the blood, an enzyme needed for the metabolism of phytanic acid which is found in dairy products, beef, lamb and some seafoods. It is characterized by the accumulation of phytanic acid in the plasma and tissues. (For more information on this disorder please choose "Refsum" as you search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis is a type of Leukodystrophy which is related to the chemical cholestanol in the myelin sheath. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis is characterized by deposits of lipid granulomatosis especially in the brain and other tissues. The plasma shows high cholesterol levels but the cholesterol level in the blood is normal. Progressive cerebellar ataxia, (usually beginning after puberty), juvenile cataracts, and spinal cord involvement are symptoms of the disorder. It is possible to detect persons who are carriers of this disorder, as well as a prenatal diagnosis for pregnant women.
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. It affects the brain and spinal cord. The disease is characterized by progressive paralysis and dementia. It occurs in the following forms: Infantile, Juvenile, and Adult onset MLD, and a form of MLD which is due to a deficiency of Cerebroside Sulfatase Activator. MLD usually begins gradually in a child or adult who previously appeared healthy. Some subtle change in the patient's thought processes, memory, behavior, or walking pattern is noticeable. Sometimes a disturbance in vision, or less commonly in hearing, or numbness in parts of the body may be the first symptoms. (For more information on this disorder choose "Metachromatic" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Krabbe's Leukodystrophy is a rare genetic lipid storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme galactoside beta-galactosidase (galactosyl-ceramidase). This causes the myelin sheath surrounding nerves in the brain to degenerate (demyelination). Characteristic globoid cells appear in affected areas of the brain. It is characterized by progressive neurological dysfunction such as mental retardation, paralysis, blindness, deafness and pseudobulbar palsy. Symptoms of Krabbe's usually first occur between three and five months of age. A later-onset form occurs at eighteen months of age or later. (For more information on this disorder choose "Krabbe's" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) can be inherited in two ways: x-linked or autosomal recessive. Both are characterized by destruction of the lipid sheaths surrounding the nerves in the brain. All types of ALD are characterized by an accumulation of very long chain fatty acids, which is a type of fat molecule that accumulates in the body's tissues, especially in the adrenal gland and the white matter of the brain. There are three different types of Adrenoleukodystrophy, each distinguished by the time of onset and by the features that are present.
Childhood ALD affects only males between the ages of four and eight years. There are behavioral changes, signs of decreased adrenal gland function and neurological symptoms.
Adolescent or adult onset ALD affects only males and first appears around the age of twenty one. It includes progressive leg stiffness, paralysis of the legs and gait abnormalities (ataxia).
Neonatal ALD begins at birth and affects both males and females. It is characterized by seizures, decreased muscle tone, mental retardation, vision problems, enlargement of the liver and adrenal insufficiency. It affects both the white and grey matter of the brain. (For more information on this disorder choose "ALD" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Schilder's Disease is an infantile form of leukodystrophy. It is similar to Neonatal ALD in that the chemical missing from the myelin sheath is also a very long chain fatty acid. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive disease and affects males and females equally.
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Brain Sclerosis usually appears in early infancy, although there is also a type that occurs later in childhood. The child fails to develop normal head control and grows very slowly. There is lack of eye control and involuntary motor movements. Later, there may be tremors, grimacing, weakness, unsteady gait, and muscle contractures. In cases of later onset, speech deteriorates, arms and legs become spastic and mental retardation occurs. (For more information choose "Peliazeus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Canavan's Leukodystrophy occurs in early infancy with the development of microscopic fluid filled spaces in the white matter of the brain. The first symptoms are loss of muscle control. Floppiness and weakness occur in the muscles supporting the head. There are feeding problems, mental retardation, and apathy. The head becomes enlarged as the brain swells, and the bones of the skull do not fuse normally. This very rare form of leukodystrophy most frequently affects male and female infants of Eastern European Jewish ancestry. (For more information on this disorder choose "Canavan's" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Alexander's Disease is the rarest of the leukodystrophies. The destruction of the white matter in the brain is accompanied by the formation of fibrous, deposits known as Rosenthal fibers. Onset occurs in infancy, affecting mostly males and resulting in mental and physical retardation. As in Canavan's Leukodystrophy there is progressive enlargement of the brain and head, spasticity of the limbs, and in some cases seizures. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. The exact myelin chemical which causes the disorder is unknown. (For more information choose "Alexander's" as your search term in The Rare Disease Database).
Causes
Leukodystrophy is caused by a breakdown in the chemicals that make up the myelin sheath in the nervous system or white matter in the brain. Leukodystrophy in infants and children can occur because of either autosomal recessive or X-linked genetic traits.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If a person receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Leukodystrophy that occurs in adults is caused by autosomal dominant genetic traits. In autosomal dominant disorders, a single abnormal gene, contributed by either parent, "overrides" the normal gene contributed by the other parent causing disease. Individuals with one affected parent have a 50% change of inheriting the disorder. Males and females are affected in equal numbers. (For more detailed information about the genetic transmission of all forms of Leukodystrophy, choose "Leukodystrophy" as you search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Affected Population
The Leukodystrophies can affect either adults or children. However it is more common in children. It can also affect males and females equally but in some types it affects only males. Some types of Leukodystrophy tend to affect persons of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, and other types affect persons of all heritages.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Leukodystrophy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic disease affecting the myelin sheath of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). It may be progressive, relapsing and remitting, or stable. MS consists of small lesions called plaques that form randomly throughout the brain and spinal cord. These plaques on the myelin sheath prevent proper transmission of nervous system signals. Symptoms may include visual and speech problems, numbness, walking difficulty and loss of bladder or bowel control. MS affects adults, and its cause is unknown. (For more information on this disorder, choose "MS" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Gaucher's Disease is a genetic disease of lipid metabolism caused by the failure to produce the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. It is the most common of the lipid storage diseases. There are three types of Gaucher's disease. All three are characterized by the presence of lipid-laden (Gaucher) cells in the bone marrow and other organs such as the spleen and liver. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Gaucher" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Tay-Sachs Disease is a genetic disorder that causes the progressive destruction of the central nervous system in children. It is generally found among children of Eastern European Jewish heritage. Children with Tay-Sachs appear normal at birth and seem to develop normally until the age of about six months when they begin to deteriorate. There is general weakness, loss of vision, feeding difficulties and absence of normal development. The disease is progressive. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tay-Sachs" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of most leukodystrophies is symptomatic and supportive. There are treatments for Refsum's Disease and Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis. The treatment for Refsum's consists of a diet which restricts the intake of foods containing phytanic acid. Therapy for Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis is with chenodeoxycholic acid. Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers are studying ways to control metabolism of long chain fatty acids with the hope of developing treatments for several forms of leukodystrophy. Additionally, geneticists are trying to identify the genes that cause certain types of leukodystrophy in order to understand the biochemical defects that cause these disorders. For more information about clinical and genetic research projects contact the United Leukodystrophy Foundation which is listed in the resources section of this report.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Leukodystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
United Leukodystrophy Foundation
2304 Highland Drive
Sycamore, IL 60178
(815) 895-3211
(800) 728-5483
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association, Inc.
2001 Beacon St, Rm. 304
Brookline, MA 02164
(617) 277-4463 or 277-3965
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) Project
Hugo M. Moser, M.D.
John F. Kennedy Institute
707 North Broadway
Baltimore, MD 21205
(301) 522-5405
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
Association Europeenne contre les Leucodystrophies
7 Rue Pasteur
54000 NANCY
France
Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association
17 Sydney Road
Barkingside, Ilford, Essex, England 01-550-8989
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 205, 573.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th Ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp.857-905.
Leukodystrophy}C
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
157: Leukodystrophy, Canavan's
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Canavan's Leukodystrophy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Spongy Degeneration of the Brain
Van Bogaert-Bertrand Syndrome
Familial Idiocy with Spongy Degeneration of Neuraxis
Canavan-Van Bogaert-Bertrand Disease
Canavan's Disease
Spongy Degeneration
Spongy Degeneration of CNS
Spongy Degeneration of White Matter
Spongy Disease
Van Bogaert-Bertrand Type Spongy Degeneration
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Canavan's Leukodystrophy is a rare brain disease affecting infants which usually becomes evident after the first six months of life. Individuals with this disorder lack sufficient quantities of an enzyme known as aspartoacylase which is responsible for breaking down a chemical (N-acetylaspartic acid or NAA) present in high concentrations in the brain. The appropriate breakdown of this chemical may either prevent damaging buildup in the brain or trigger chemical reactions necessary for proper brain function. A slow progressive degeneration of the brain occurs in this type of Leukodystrophy, as well as progressive paralysis and blindness.
Symptoms
Onset of Canavan's Leukodystrophy is in early infancy, with the loss of previously acquired skills. The first symptoms include feeding difficulties, progressive mental retardation, apathy, muscular flaccidity (floppiness) and weakness, especially in the muscles supporting the head. The head becomes progressively enlarged as the brain swells and the bones of the skull fail to fuse normally. Vision, and sometimes hearing, deteriorate due to nerve degeneration. Spasticity and paralysis develop. Mental deterioration progresses with time.
Neurologic examination reveals decreased muscle tone (floppiness) and optic atrophy. The brain itself is enlarged. Cyst-like spaces pervade the white matter, and the myelin sheath "insulating" the neuron's axons is destroyed in most parts of the brain.
Computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) demonstrates severe white matter changes, and helps to rule out hydrocephalus. Pneumonia may develop due to depressed chest movement while breathing.
Causes
Canavan's Leukodystrophy is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Canavan's Leukodystrophy affects people of East European Jewish ancestry. The disorder is familial; infants of both sexes are affected.
Related Disorders
Alexander's Disease is an infantile form of leukodystrophy characterized by an enlarged brain, mental retardation, failure to thrive, spasticity and possibly seizures.
Adrenoleukodystrophy (Schilder's Disease or Schilder's Encephalitis Periaxalis Diffusa) is a rare, sex-linked recessive metabolic disorder that occurs in males and is characterized by adrenal atrophy and widespread, diffuse demyelination (destruction of the myelin sheath of nerve cells). This produces mental deterioration, corticospinal dysfunction and blindness.
For more information on the above disorders, choose "Alexander" and "Adrenoleukodystrophy" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Canavan's Leukodystrophy is symptomatic and supportive. Discomfort may be alleviated by means of supportive care.
Therapies: Investigational
The enzyme responsible for Canavan's Leukodystrophy has been identified. This finding may lead to the development of prenatal diagnostic tests and possibly development of therapies to treat this disorder. A study is underway to establish reliable diagnostic urine, blood and enzymatic tests for Canavan's patients. A group of researchers is currently doing studies on peroxisomal diseases such as Canavan's Leukodystrophy. They seek to obtain blood and urine samples, and possibly skin biopsies, from affected patients and families. Liver biopsy tissue and tissues obtained postmortem can also be extremely valuable in furthering this research. Prior arrangements are advisable for the latter. These studies are for research purposes only. They offer no immediate promise of any help for affected children, nor of improved counseling for families. For more information, please contact:
Dr. Anne B. Johnson
Dept. of Pathology--K427
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
1300 Morris Park Avenue
Bronx, NY 10461
(212) 430-2492
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Canavan's Leukodystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
United Leukodystrophy Foundation
2304 Highland Drive
Sycamore, IL 60178
(815) 895-3211
(800) 728-5483
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Association Europeenne contre les Leucodystrophies
7 Rue Pasteur
54000 NANCY
France
National Foundation for Jewish Genetic Diseases
250 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10177
(212) 682-5550
National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association, Inc.
2001 Beacon St, Rm. 304
Brookline, MA 02164
(617) 277-4463 or 277-3965
For more information on genetics and genetic counseling, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 2216.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1013.
Leukodystrophy, Canavan's
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03937.TXT
%Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
379: Leukodystrophy, Krabbe's
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Krabbe's Leukodystrophy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Galactocerebrosidase Deficiency
Galactoside Beta-Galactosidase Deficiency
Galactosylceramidase Deficiency
Galactosyl Ceramide Lipidosis
Globoid Leukodystrophy
Krabbe's Disease
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell
Sphingolipidosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Canavan's Leukodystrophy
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Alexander's Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Krabbe's Leukodystrophy is a very rare hereditary lipid storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme galactoside beta-galactosidase (galactosyl-ceramidase). This causes the myelin sheath surrounding nerves in the brain to degenerate (demyelination). Characteristic globoid cells appear in affected areas of the brain. This metabolic disorder is characterized by progressive neurological dysfunction such as mental retardation, paralysis, blindness, deafness and pseudobulbar palsy.
Symptoms
Onset of Krabbe's Leukodystrophy in the predominant infantile form (90% of cases) occurs between 3 and 5 months of age. A late-onset form of the disorder occurs at 18 months or a later age.
Infants affected by Krabbe's Leukodystrophy are fretful and apathetic. Vomiting and partial unconsciousness are other possible symptoms. The lower extremities may have spastic contractions. Seizures characterized by alternating contraction and relaxation (clonic), or by continuous tension (tonic), may also occur. Affected infants are hypersensitive to sounds and noises. Mental and physical development may be slow. Because of degeneration of certain parts of the brain, the legs are sometimes rigidly extended at the hip and knee; the arms may be rotated at the shoulder and extended at the elbow; and the ankles, toes and fingers may be flexed (decerebrate rigidity). Blindness caused by brain cortex degeneration may also occur. Patients with Krabbe's Leukodystrophy may also have difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).
Causes
Krabbe's Leukodystrophy is a hereditary disorder transferred to offspring through recessive genes. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme galactoside beta-galactosidase (galactosyl ceramidase). This enzyme is needed for the metabolism of galactocerebroside (galactosyl ceramide), a component of the fatty sheath around the nerves (myelin). The demyelination of the nerve cells in the large hemispheres of the brain (and in the brain stem) causes the neurological symptoms of Krabbe's Leukodystrophy.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
About 1 in 40,000 newborn babies in the United States is affected with Krabbe's Leukodystrophy. Males are affected as often as females.
Related Disorders
There are many related forms of Leukodystrophy. For more information on these disorders, choose "Leukodystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD, or Schilder's Disease) is one of many different leukodystrophies. The disorder may appear in two distinct genetic forms: sex-linked and Neonatal ALD. Both are characterized by destruction of the lipid sheaths surrounding the nerves (demyelination) in the brain. However, they differ in the mode of inheritance, severity and type of symptoms. All types of ALD are characterized by an accumulation of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids (VLCFA), which is a type of fat molecule that accumulates in the body's tissues, especially in the adrenal gland and the white matter of the brain. An accumulation of lymph and plasma cells around the blood vessels in the central nervous system may also occur.
Canavan's Leukodystrophy (Spongy Degeneration of the Brain) is a form of leukodystrophy which causes the white matter of the brain to be replaced by microscopic fluid-filled spaces. This disorder, a hereditary disease in children, is characterized by structural abnormalities and deterioration of motor, sensory, and intellectual functions. It seems to affect persons of Eastern European Jewish ancestry most frequently. The disorder is progressive and degenerative.
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disease which affects the brain and spinal cord. The disease is characterized by progressive paralysis and dementia.
Alexander's Disease is an infantile form of leukodystrophy characterized by an enlarged brain, mental retardation, failure to thrive, spasticity and possibly seizures.
For more information on the above disorders, choose "Adrenoleukodystrophy," "Canavan," "MLD," and "Alexander" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Krabbe's Leukodystrophy can be diagnosed by testing the activity of the enzyme galactocerebrosidase (galactosylceramidase) in fibroblast cells obtained from an infant or from a fetus by amniocentesis.
Treatment for Krabbe's Leukodystrophy is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling may be helpful for families of children affected by this illness.
Therapies: Investigational
Current research is directed toward the identification and cloning of genes, and defining the specific gene abnormality responsible for the leukodystrophy. Bone marrow transplantation is being researched as a possible treatment for Krabbe's Leukodystrophy patients. This involves extracting cross-matched bone marrow from a healthy donor and injecting it into a patient. The healthy bone marrow cells enter the general circulation and migrate through the blood to marrow cavities in the patient's bones. The new marrow cells begin to grow and produce new white blood cells and platelets. This procedure involves risks which must be balanced against possible benefits. It is used experimentally in the most severe cases of this disorder.
Bone marrow transplantation is being tested as a treatment for infantile Krabbe's Leukodystrophy. Bone marrow transplantation is not recommended for patients with relatively advanced neurological symptoms. More research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of this procedure.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Krabbe's Leukodystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
United Leukodystrophy Foundation
2304 Highland Drive
Sycamore, IL 60178
(815) 895-3211
(800) 728-5483
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) Project
Hugo M. Moser, M.D.
John F. Kennedy Institute
707 North Broadway
Baltimore, MD 21205
(301) 522-5405
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
Association Europeenne contre les Leucodystrophies
7 Rue Pasteur
54000 NANCY
France
For more information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
A CORRELATIVE SYNOPSIS OF THE LEUKODYSTROPHIES: P. Morell; Neuropediatrics (September 1984: Suppl. 15). Pp. 62-65.
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF KRABBE DISEASE USING A FLUORESCENT DERIVATIVE OF
GALACTOSYLCERAMIDE: M. Zeigler, et al.; Clinica Chimica Acta (October 15, 1984: issue 142,3). Pp. 313-318.
Leukodystrophy, Krabbe's
&pagetitle
379: Leukodystrophy, Krabbe's
03938.TXT
Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
212: Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Metachromatic Leukodystrophy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
MLD
Arylsulfatase A Deficiency
ARSA
Metachromatic Form of Diffuse Cerebral Sclerosis
Diffuse Cerebral Sclerosis
Cerebroside Sulfatase Deficiency
Greenfield Disease
Leukoencephalopathy
Metachromatic Leukoencephalopathy
Sulfatide Lipidosis
Sulfatidosis
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Late Infantile Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Juvenile MLD, also known as Juvenile Onset Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Adult Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Due to Lack of Cerebroside Sulfatase Activator
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disease which affects the brain and spinal cord. The disease is characterized by progressive paralysis and dementia. It appears in the following forms:
(Late) Infantile Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Onset of this form of the disorder is usually in the second year of life. Clinical features are motor impairment, rigidity, mental deterioration and sometimes convulsions.
Juvenile Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Onset of Juvenile MLD occurs between the ages of 4 and 10 years.
Adult Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Onset of this form of MLD occurs after 16 years of age. Dystonia (abnormal muscle tone) and impaired articulation or stuttering (dysarthria) is a symptom of Adult MLD.
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Due to Deficiency of Cerebroside Sulfatase Activator
The clinical picture for this type of Leukodystrophy is the same as Juvenile MLD.
Symptoms
The manifestations of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) usually begin gradually in a child or adult who previously has appeared healthy. Most commonly, some subtle change in the patient's thought processes, memory, behavior, or gait will be noticeable. Sometimes a disturbance in vision, or less commonly in hearing, or numbness in parts of the body may be the first symptom.
Often in the early stages of the disorder, the signs and symptoms of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy are vague and difficult to recognize or diagnose.
Causes
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme arylsulfatase A. Arylsulfatase A is an enzyme which acts on the sulfatide of the fatty white sheath (myelin) of the nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy affects persons of both sexes and all nationalities.
Related Disorders
Amaurotic Familial Idiocy (Tay-Sachs disease) is a genetic Disorder occurring in children which causes progressive deterioration of the central nervous system. It is generally found among children with Jewish heritage and becomes clinically evident at about 6 months of age. Sandhoff Disease, a variant of Tay-Sachs Disease, is clinically indistinguishable from the more common form of Tay-Sachs Disease, but occurs in the general population. (For more information on the above disorders, choose "Tay-Sachs" and "Sandhoff" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Current research is directed toward the identification and cloning of genes, and defining the specific gene abnormality responsible for the leukodystrophy. Bone marrow transplantation is being researched as a possible treatment for Metachromatic Leukodystrophy patients. This involves extracting cross-matched bone marrow from a healthy donor and injecting it into the patient. The healthy bone marrow cells enter the general circulation and migrate through the blood to marrow cavities in the patient's bones. The new marrow cells begin to grow and produce new white blood cells and platelets. This procedure involves risks which must be balanced against possible benefits. It is used experimentally in the most severe cases of this disorder.
Bone marrow transplantation is being tested as a treatment for late infantile Metachromatic Leukodystrophy. Bone marrow transplantation is not recommended for patients with relatively advanced neurological symptoms. More research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of this procedure.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
United Leukodystrophy Foundation, Inc.
2304 Highland Drive
Sycamore, IL 60178
(815) 895-3211
(800) 728-5483
National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association, Inc.
2001 Beacon St, Rm. 304
Brookline, MA 02164
(617) 277-4463 or 277-3965
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Association Europeenne contre les Leucodystrophies
7 Rue Pasteur
54000 NANCY
France
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1013.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 2215-6.
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
229: Lichen Planus
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Lichen Planus) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing the find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Csillag's Disease
Guttate Morphea
Guttate Scleroderma
Lichen Planus Sclerosus Atrophicus
Zambusch's Disease, also known as von Zambusch's Disease
White Spot Disease
Hallopeau's Disease I
Lichen Ruber Planus
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Lichen Planus is a recurrent, itchy, inflammatory eruption of the skin which is characterized by small separate, angular spots that may coalesce into rough scaly patches. It is often accompanied by oral lesions. Women are most commonly affected by the disorder.
Symptoms
Onset of Lichen Planus may be abrupt or gradual. The initial attack persists for weeks or months, and intermittent recurrences may be noted for years. The primary spots are 2 to 4 mm in diameter with angular borders, a violet color and a distinct sheen in cross-lighting. Rarely, blisters may develop. Moderate to severe itching may be present, and it often does not respond to treatment.
The lesions are usually distributed symmetrically, most commonly on the joint surfaces of the wrists and on the legs, trunk, glans penis, and mucous membrane of the mouth and vagina. Lesions are occasionally generalized, but the face is rarely involved. The lesions may become large, scaly and warty (Hypertrophic Lichen Planus), particularly on the lower legs. During the acute phase, new spots may appear along a site of minor skin injury such as a superficial scratch. Hyperpigmentation and sometimes atrophy may develop as lesions persist. Rarely, a patchy scarring baldness of the scalp is present.
The mucous membrane of the mouth is involved in approximately 50% of patients with Lichen Planus, often before skin lesions develop. The mucous membrane of the cheek, tongue margins and in areas without teeth show asymptomatic ill-defined bluish-white linear lesions; these lesions may be net-like at first and increase in size in an angular configuration. An erosive form may occur in which the patient complains of shallow, often painful recurrent ulcerations of the mouth. Chronic increases in severity and remissions are common.
Causes
The cause of Lichen Planus is not known. Some metals such as arsenic, bismuth, gold, or exposure to certain chemicals used in developing color-photography may cause an eruption indistinguishable from Lichen Planus. Quinacrine taken for long period of time may produce hypertrophic Lichen Planus of the lower legs as well as other dermatological and systemic disturbances.
Affected Population
Lichen Planus affects 6 to 7 times as many women as men. Onset usually occurs around 40 to 50 years of age. Children are rarely affected.
Related Disorders
Candidiasis is a chronic infection of the skin, nails, scalp, and mucous membranes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Candidiasis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Erythema Multiforme is an inflammatory eruption characterized by symmetric red, swollen or blistery lesions of the skin and mucous membranes.
Therapies: Standard
Asymptomatic Lichen Planus does not require treatment. If a drug or chemical is suspected to be the cause, its use should be discontinued. In symptomatic Lichen Planus, antihistamines may decrease itching. Localized itchy or hypertrophic areas may be treated with triamcinolone acetonide suspension diluted with saline and superficially injected into the lesion, or with occlusive corticosteroid therapy. Tretinoid solution may also be beneficial in treating Lichen Planus. For erosive oral lesions, viscous lidocaine mouthwashes before meals and triamcinolone acetonide in emollient dental paste may be helpful.
Erosive oral lesions and widespread severely itchy skin lesions often require a systemic corticosteroid such as oral prednisone. Unfortunately, skin lesions may return after systemic prednisone has been stopped. In this case, continued low dosage of a systemic corticosteroid may be tried.
Therapies: Investigational
In a 1989 study of thirteen patients with Lichen Planus who had not responded to other therapies, the investigational drug Temarotene appeared to help most patients after four to six months of therapy. Temarotene (RO-15-0778) is manufactured by Hoffman LaRoche. More research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of this drug.
Scientists are studying the use of Cyclosporine (a drug that suppresses the immune system, normally used by organ transplant patients) on Lichen Planus. Rubbed into the skin three times each day, preliminary tests indicate that cyclosporine may be an effective treatment in Lichen Planus. More study is needed, however, to determine long-term safety and effective treatment for this disorder.
Cyclosporine is also being investigated as a mouth wash treatment for patients with oral Lichen Planus. Preliminary studies suggest that this drug may be an effective treatment for oral symptoms. It is also used experimentally on certain autoimmune disorders since modification of the immune system may stop antibodies from attacking normal tissue. The drug is manufactured by Sandoz drugs.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1990 . Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lichen Planus, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 2286.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2326-8.
EFFECT OF TOPICAL CYCLOSPORINE RINSE ON ORAL LICHEN PLANUS, A Double-Blind Analysis, Drore Eisen, et al.; N Eng J Med (August 2, 1990, issue 323 ( )). Pp. 290-2394.
Lichen Planus
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229: Lichen Planus
03940.TXT
Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
252: Lichen Sclerosus
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Lichen Sclerosus) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus
White-spot disease
Csillag's disease
Hallopeau I Disease
Guttate Morphea
Guttate Scleroderma
Von Zambusch Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Scleroderma
Lichen Planus
Carcinoma of the Vulva
Hyperplastic Dystrophy
Paget's Disease of the Vulva
General Discussion
** IMPORTANT **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Lichen Sclerosus is a chronic skin disorder that most commonly affects women between forty and sixty years of age, although cases have been identified among younger females as well. This disorder is characterized by skin changes of the vulva, although other body sites can be affected as well. In some very rare cases, males have also been affected. Lichen Sclerosus can develop concurrently with other skin abnormalities.
Symptoms
Lichen Sclerosus usually affects the vulva in women. It is characterized by abnormal changes in the external genitalia and usually occurs between the ages of forty and sixty. Skin tissue often becomes thin, shiny, and parchment-like. Fissures, cracks, and purplish patches (ecchymoses) appear frequently. An eruption of white pimples, either separate or joined together, containing a central depression or a black plug of hard skin (visible microscopically) occurs. Swelling of the skin, overgrowth of the superficial skin layer (epidermal hyperkeratosis), atrophy, and mid-dermal inflammation are accompanied by soreness and itching. Atrophy and shrinkage of the skin of the vagina and vulva, often accompanied by a chronic inflammatory reaction in the deeper tissues (kraurosis vulvae) may also occur. Lichen Sclerosus is not a premalignant disease.
In males, Lichen Sclerosus is characterized as disease of the foreskin of the penis although it may occur in other areas of the body. The opening in the end of the foreskin narrows and may become scarred. Discoloration and skin changes also occur.
Causes
The exact cause of Lichen Sclerosus is not known. It may be due to an autoimmune process, an injury, or may follow radiation therapy. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses against foreign substances (antibodies) suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue. Some cases of Lichen Sclerosus may be linked to formation of antibodies to a thyroid protein (thyroglobulin), organ wall (parietal) cells, adrenal cells, or the thyroid. Some scientists believe that a genetic predisposition to Lichen Sclerosus exists.
Affected Population
Lichen Sclerosus predominantly affects females, usually between the ages of forty and sixty. Cases involving younger females and males have also been identified in the medical literature in the United States. Females are affected at a ratio of six to seven times more often than males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Lichen Sclerosus. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Scleroderma refers to a group of chronic disorders characterized by fibrosis, degenerative changes, vascular abnormalities, and excess collagen in the skin. Scleroderma is the chronic hardening and shrinking of the connective tissues of any part of the body, although the term literally means "hardening of the skin". Lichen Sclerosus can occur concurrently with Scleroderma. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Scleroderma" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Lichen Planus is a recurrent, itchy, inflammatory eruption of the skin which is characterized by small separate, angular spots that may merge into rough scaly patches. It is often accompanied by oral lesions. Women are most commonly affected by the disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lichen Planus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Carcinoma of the Vulva is a malignant neoplasm associated with a number of disorders and is characterized by abnormal changes in skin layer cells of the vulva. Changes can resemble those of Lichen Sclerosus in very serious cases, but will continue to progress or may occur in other areas of the body as well. Cases of Lichen Sclerosus occurring in conjunction with this condition have been identified.
Hyperplastic Dystrophy affecting the vulva represents an epithelial cell response to an injury and is usually accompanied by itching. It may be caused by ingestion of foods with high acid content or contact with a chemical such as a laundry detergent, body soap, hygiene sprays, dye in toilet paper, or other various substances that come in contact with the skin. Some fabrics or tight clothing may cause this condition, or there may be no apparent cause in some cases. Corticosteroid cream often clears up the skin symptoms. This medication may be used as a continued maintenance treatment in patients who have recurrences when applications are stopped.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus consists of applications of testosterone to the affected areas in females. Surgical removal of affected skin layers may be of benefit in very severe cases.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on the use of the drug Etretinate (Tigason) as a treatment for Lichen Sclerosus is underway. However, more tests to determine safety and effectiveness are necessary before this drug can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of Lichen Sclerosus.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lichen Sclerosus, please contact:
For more information on Lichen Sclerosis et Atrophicus, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 1419, 2341.
Lichen Sclerosus
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nFnFCopyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders,
460: Lipodystrophy
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Lipodystrophy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Barraquer-Simons Disease
Koebberling-Dunnigan Syndrome
Simons Syndrome
Smith Disease
Hollaender-Simons Disease
Lawrence-Seip Syndrome
Whipple Disease
Leprechaunism
Congenital Lipodystrophy
Acquired Lipodystrophy
Acquired Partial Lipodystrophy
Insulin Lipodystrophy
Cephalothoracic Lipodystrophy
Unilateral Partial Lipodystrophy
Familial Lipodystrophy
Lipoatrophic Diabetes Mellitus
Mesenteric Lipodystrophy
Membranous Lipodystrophy
Nasu Lipodystrophy
Centrifugal Lipodystrophy
Progressive Lipodystrophy
Berardinelli-Seip Syndrome
Seip Syndrome
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Total Lipodystrophy
Partial Lipodystrophy
Localized Lipodystrophy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Diencephalic Syndrome
Cushing Syndrome
Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Lipodystrophies are a group of rare metabolic disorders which can be either inherited or acquired. They are characterized by abnormalities in fatty (adipose) tissue associated with total or partial loss of body fat, abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, severe resistance to naturally occurring and synthetic insulin, and immune system dysfunction. These disorders are differentiated by degrees of severity, and by areas or systems of the body affected. Lipodystrophies can also be associated with other disorders and various developmental abnormalities.
Symptoms
Lipodystrophies may affect a small area of the body, a large part of the body, or the entire body.
Extreme decreases of fat tissue over the entire body (Total Lipodystrophy) may be inherited or acquired. The inherited form is present at birth (congenital) and is characterized by marked absence of fat tissue in the face, trunk and limbs with prominent muscles. The acquired form usually begins during childhood or adulthood with loss of fatty tissue also noticeable in the face, trunk, and limbs. Congenital generalized Lipodystrophy is another inherited form of Lipodystrophy present at birth which is characterized by generalized absence of fat tissue under the skin, but without prominent muscles. Abnormal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism occur in both the inherited and the acquired forms.
Leprechaunism is a rare inherited form of Total Lipodystrophy that includes characteristic facial features, growth retardation before birth, enlargement of sex organs, marked deficiency of fatty tissue under the skin, and other skin abnormalities. Metabolic problems can occur, and many affected infants exhibit extreme failure to thrive. (For more information on Leprechaunism, please choose "Leprechaun" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other symptoms of Total Lipodystrophies may include prominent-appearing muscles due to the lack of fat tissue under the skin, jaw muscles that appear to stand out, sunken cheeks, and a wrinkled forehead. The bones and muscles may be clearly outlined, and the abdomen is often distended. Skeletal growth and maturation appear to be accelerated in some cases. Mild to moderate high blood pressure may occur, and the liver tends to become enlarged (hepatomegaly). In some cases, metabolic abnormalities may not develop until Diabetes Mellitus first appears, usually after the onset of puberty. Excessive fatty acids in the blood (hyperlipidemia), and over-production of body heat (hypermetabolism) may then occur.
The following conditions may be associated with forms of Total Lipodystrophy: Acanthosis Nigricans (a skin disorder characterized by gray or black darkening and thickening of the skin which occurs frequently in Lipodystrophy patients around the onset of puberty), Acromegaly (gigantism), excessive hair growth (hirsutism or hypertrichosis), eruptive yellowish spots on the skin, and thickened skin. Generalized hyperpigmentation, liver disease, central nervous system disorders, an enlarged heart, and enlargement of external genitalia may also develop. Mental retardation has been associated with a few cases of Lipodystrophy. (For more information on any of the above mentioned disorders or conditions, choose the appropriate name as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Partial Lipodystrophy may be either inherited or acquired and is usually marked by the absence of fat tissue under the skin. Facial involvement, and wasting (atrophy) of the extremities or the trunk may or may not occur. The acquired form of partial Lipodystrophy is the most common form of Lipodystrophy, and is also known as "cephalothoracic progressive lipodystrophy". This condition is often progressive and may occur on only one side of the body. It has been associated with kidney disease, Diabetes Mellitus, hyperpigmentation, excessive hairiness (hirsutism), an enlarged liver, and the presence of excessive amounts of fatty acids in the blood (hyperlipemia). A cold sensation in involved areas, vague abdominal complaints or vomiting, frequent diarrhea, headaches, nervousness and fatigue are the major symptoms of Partial Lipodystrophy. A rapid heartbeat, lack of nerve conduction in fingers or toes resulting in tingling and/or coldness (Raynaud's phenomenon), and excessive sweating may also occur.
Various conditions are associated with Partial Lipodystrophy including central nervous system dysfunction, Hyperthyroidism, Diabetes Mellitus, menstrual disorders, ovarian abnormalities, and underdevelopment of sex organs (hypogonadism). Liver enlargement and kidney dysfunction (which is more serious) have been observed in some patients. Loss of protein through the urine occurs more frequently in Partial Lipodystrophy than in other forms of Lipodystrophy. (For more information on Diabetes Mellitus, or any other disorders or conditions mentioned above, choose the appropriate name as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
When Partial Lipodystrophy occurs in conjunction with Diabetes Mellitus (Lipoatrophic Diabetes), it can be either inherited or acquired, and generalized or partial. The acquired form may begin during childhood or adulthood and may involve part of the body or the entire body. It often develops following an acute illness, but may arise without warning. Both the congenital and acquired forms are associated with abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism, which can be manifested by low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), excessive loss of glucose through the urine (glucosuria), increased plasma insulin levels, and insulin resistance. The inherited form is characterized by fat atrophy of the limbs and trunk without involvement of the face and neck. The disorder usually begins at puberty but may not appear until middle age.
Other conditions which may be associated with Lipoatrophic Diabetes include insulin resistance, high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), severely elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood (hypertriglyceridemia) and eruptive yellow nodules or plaques on the skin (xanthomas). In affected females, the vaginal labia are enlarged, and the ovaries tend to develop cysts. Acanthosis Nigricans (a skin disorder characterized by gray or black darkening and thickening of the skin which occurs frequently in Lipodystrophy patients around the onset of puberty), is usually present. Kidney and liver disease usually do not occur.
Acquired Lipoatrophic Diabetes usually begins during adolescence or early adulthood. It resembles congenital Total Lipodystrophy due to the occurrence of Acanthosis Nigricans, excessive amounts of lipid in the blood (hyperlipidemia), and liver-spleen enlargement (hepatosplenomegaly) which may be due to cirrhosis of the liver. Insulin-resistant Diabetes Mellitus is almost always present, but neurologic, heart, and kidney abnormalities are usually absent.
Partial Lipodystrophy associated with developmental abnormalities is inherited, non-progressive and involves the face and buttocks. It begins during infancy or early childhood, and is associated with vision problems (Rieger's Anomaly), short stature, underdevelopment of the midface, lack of normal hair growth on the scalp (hypotrichosis), and insulin-deficient Diabetes. Tooth abnormalities also occur.
Localized Lipodystrophies have easily identifiable, multiple lesions often associated with inflammation of part of the abdominal wall (lymphocytic panniculitis).
Mesenteric Lipodystrophy is a form of localized Lipodystrophy involving fat deposits in lymph nodes near the small intestines. It is also known as "mesenteric panniculitis", "lipogranuloma of the mesentery" or Whipple's Disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Whipple" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Membranous Lipodystrophy is an inherited, localized lipodystrophy characterized by multiple cystic bone lesions on both sides of the body. Progressive neuropsychiatric symptoms including dementia, seizures, lack of muscle coordination (ataxia), tremors, and loss of consciousness may also occur. Additionally, the lens of the eyes may be involved.
Centrifugal Lipodystrophy is a rare localized condition characterized by a small skin depression enlarging in a circular pattern. The depression is due to a marked wasting of fatty tissue just under the skin. Localized Lipodystrophies are usually characterized as small, well-defined points of wasting (atrophy) with or without other associated diseases.
Causes
Total Lipodystrophy is inherited as a recessive trait. The exact cause of Partial Lipodystrophy is not known, although researchers believe it may be either inherited, infectious, an immune system abnormality, or originating within nerve tissue (neurogenic dysfunction). It may also be associated with other disorders as a symptom. Lipoatrophic Diabetes may be either inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or acquired. Localized Lipodystrophies are thought to be caused by inflammation of affected tissue. Mesenteric Lipodystrophy (Whipple's Disease) is thought to be caused by fat deposits in lymph nodes near the small intestine. (For more information on Whipple Disease, choose "Whipple" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Membranous Lipodystrophy is inherited by an unknown mode of transmission. Centrifugal Lipodystrophy is caused by wasting in the fat tissue just under the skin for unknown reasons.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
All of the Lipodystrophies are rare disorders affecting more females than males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Lipodystrophy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Diencephalic Syndrome begins during infancy and is characterized by profound emaciation after initial normal growth, hyperactivity, and euphoria. Skin pallor, low blood pressure, and low blood sugar levels are present. This disorder is usually caused by a brain tumor.
Cushing Syndrome consists of a group of symptoms attributable to an excess of cortisol and certain other hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland. It is usually caused by hormone secreting tumors of either the adrenal gland or the pituitary gland, or a hyperfunctioning pituitary gland. Sometimes hormone secreting tumors may develop in other organs. Cushing Syndrome occurs more frequently in females than in males, particularly women in their thirties, following a pregnancy. The prognosis is good if the causative tumors can be removed and/or drug therapy suppresses adrenal corticosteroid production. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cushing" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of disorders resulting from defective synthesis of the corticosteroid hormones of the adrenal gland. The adrenal gland becomes enlarged because it tries to produce more and more of the hormones to compensate for their lack of effectiveness. The adrenal gland produces "male" sex hormones (androgens) in both males and females; because these are overproduced in certain forms of CAH, the external genitalia of some females with this disorder are masculinized to various degrees. Lack of glucocorticoids, especially cortisol, causes various kinds of metabolic problems. Lack of mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone, causes salt and water imbalances. In some cases, this can be fatal. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Adrenal Hyperplasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
There is no known specific drug treatment for the Lipodystrophies. Long-term use of the dopamine receptor blocking drug Pimozide has not been effective. Diet therapy has been shown to be of some value in the control of metabolic problems. The use of small, frequent feedings and partial substitution of medium-chain triglycerides for polyunsaturated fats appears to be beneficial. Plastic surgery with implants of monolithic silicon rubber for correction of the deficient soft tissue of the face has been shown to be effective. False teeth may be useful in some cases for cosmetic reasons. Long-term treatment usually involves therapy for kidney and endocrine dysfunction.
If the patient has a genetic form of Lipodystrophy, genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Late stages of some cases of Lipodystrophy with severe kidney disease may necessitate kidney transplantation. This experimental procedure is recommended only in cases where more conventional treatment has not shown clinical improvement. More research is necessary before the long-term effects of this therapy can be evaluated for patients with Lipodystrophy.
Clinical trials are underway to study the pathogenic mechanisms and genetic defects in patients. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. Abhimanyu Garg
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
5323 Harry Hines Blvd.
Dallas, TX 75235
(214) 688-2895
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lipodystrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Endocrine Society
9650 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20014
(301) 530-9660
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
American Diabetes Association
1660 Duke Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
1-800-232-3472
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contract:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
ULTRASTRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE LIVER IN TOTAL LIPODYSTROPHY: A. Klar, et al.; Arch Pathol Lab Med (February 1987, issue 111(2)). Pp. 197-199.
FAMILIAL PARTIAL LIPODYSTROPHY: TWO TYPES OF AN X LINKED DOMINANT
SYNDROME, LETHAL IN THE HEMIZYGOUS STATE: J. Kobberling, et al.; J Med Genet (April 1986, issue 23(2)). Pp. 120-127.
LIPOLYSIS: PITFALLS AND PROBLEMS IN A SERIES OF 1,246 PROCEDURES: S. Cohen; Aesthetic Plast Surg (1985, issue 9(3)). Pp. 209-214.
MEMBRANOUS LIPODYSTROPHY (NASU DISEASE): CLINICAL AND NEUROPATHOLOGICAL
STUDY OF A CASE: M. Minagawa, et al.; Clin Neuropathol (Jan-Feb 1985, issue 4(1)). Pp. 38-45.
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454: Lissencephaly
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Lissencephaly) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lissencephaly Syndrome
Agyria
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Miller-Dieker Syndrome
Norman-Roberts Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
HARD plus/minus-E Syndrome
Neu-Laxova Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Lissencephaly is a brain formation disorder characterized by the lack of normal convolutions or folds in the brain. It is thought to be inherited. Two major subdivisions including Miller-Dieker Syndrome and Norman-Roberts Syndrome have been identified, although as many as eight variants of Lissencephaly may exist. An abnormally small head and an unusual facial appearance, as well as abnormalities of the brain, kidney, heart and gastrointestinal tract may occur. This disorder may occur alone or as a symptom of other medical conditions.
Symptoms
Lissencephaly means "smooth brain". It is characterized by an abnormally small head, an unusual facial appearance, difficulty in swallowing, failure to thrive, and severe psychomotor retardation. Abnormalities of the hands, fingers or toes, muscle spasms, and seizures may also occur. Patients with the Miller-Dieker variant of Lissencephaly tend to have a high, narrow forehead, prominent back of the head, clouded corneas of the eyes, minor abnormalities of the ears, underdeveloped jaw, lips with a "carp mouth" appearance, and the skin of the forehead may be abnormally wrinkled.
A low, sloping forehead and prominent bridge of the nose are often present in those with the Norman-Roberts variant of Lissencephaly. No chromosomal abnormality exists in the Norman-Roberts form of Lissencephaly.
Excessive hair growth (hirsutism) may cover many areas of the body. Symptoms in males may include undescended testicles and hernias. Other developmental problems such as congenital heart disease, absence of one kidney, and closure of the normal opening in the part of the intestine called the duodenum (duodenal atresia) may also occur. Infants with Lissencephaly may have a bluish coloration of the skin (cyanosis), a feeble cry, and breathing difficulties while sleeping. Diminished muscle tone (floppiness) and feeding problems may develop. Initial lack of movement may gradually be replaced by seizures, rigidity, and spasms marked by an extreme backward bend of the entire body. Patients may not respond to stimuli, but may be severely hyperactive at times. Some infants may have enlarged livers and spleens, prolonged yellow discoloration of the skin (jaundice), and urinary tract infections.
Causes
Lissencephaly is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Medical researchers have found specific chromosomal abnormalities in some Lissencephaly patients and speculate that this may be the cause of Miller-Dieker Syndrome. Symptoms may develop due to interruption of normal fetal brain development during the fourth month of pregnancy.
Affected Population
Lissencephaly is a very rare disorder beginning before birth which is thought to affect males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
The following disorders can include Lissencephaly as a symptom. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
HARD plus/minus-E Syndrome is an acronym for a combination of Hydrocephalus, Agyria (smooth brain), and Retinal Dysplasia. This disorder is also known as HARD Syndrome, Warburg Syndrome, Chemke Syndrome, Pagon Syndrome, Walker-Warburg Syndrome, Cerebroocular Dysgenesis, or COD. The "E" in the name is included when an abnormal opening of the skull termed "encephalocele" occurs.
Neu-Laxova Syndrome is marked by intrauterine growth deficiencies and multiple defects present at birth. Abnormalities of the membrane tissue connection between the wall of the uterus and the fetus (placenta) occur. Additionally, the fetus is born with a small head, lack of normal convolutions and folds of the brain (Lissencephaly or "smooth brain"), and developmental abnormalities of the limbs, skin, and external genitalia.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Lissencephaly is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling will be of benefit to patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lissencephaly, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Lissencephaly Network
7121 Baer Rd.
Ft. Wayne, IN 46809
(219) 747-1075
Dr. William B. Dobyns
Indiana University School of Medicine
Riley Hospital for Children
Neurology Dept., Rm. N102
702 Barnhill Dr.
Indianapolis, IN 46202
(317) 274-8747
Lissencephaly Network
7121 Baer Rd.
Ft. Wayne, IN 46809
(219) 747-1075
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
The Children's Brain Diseases Foundation for Research
350 Parnassus, Suite 900
San Francisco, CA 94117
(415) 566-5402
(415) 565-6259
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MILLER-DIEKER SYNDROME: LISSENCEPHALY AND MONOSOMY 17P: W.B. Dobyns, et al.; J Pediatr (April 1983, issue 102(4)). Pp. 552-558.
LISSENCEPHALY AND PACHYGYRIA: AN ARCHITECTONIC AND TOPOGRAPHICAL
ANALYSIS: R.M. Stewart, et al.; Acta Neuropathol (Berl) (1975, issue 31(1)). Pp. 1-12.
SYNDROMES WITH LISSENCEPHALY. I: MILLER-DIEKER AND NORMAN ROBERTS
SYNDROMES AND ISOLATED LISSENCEPHALY: W.B. Dobyns, et al.; Am J Med Genet (July 1984, issue 18(3)). Pp. 509-526.
Lissencephaly
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601: Listeriosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Listeriosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Listeria Infection
Neonatal Listeriosis
Perinatal Listeriosis
Listeria Meningitis
Disorder Subdivisions:
Listeriosis of Pregnancy
Granulomatous Infantiseptica
Listeria Sepsis
Listeria Meningoencephalitis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Salmonellosis
Botulism
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Listeriosis is a disorder caused by a bacterial infection (Listeria monocytogenes) transmitted to humans through contaminated food products, usually improperly pasteurized milk or cheese. Some cases have been transmitted through contact with other infected persons or animals. Cases range in severity from a transient carrier state with no apparent symptoms, to acute suddenly occurring (fulminant) spread of bacteria throughout the blood stream (septicemia). Many factors may contribute to development of symptoms which are not well understood. However, prompt recognition and treatment of the disease is necessary to avoid complications.
Symptoms
Listeriosis can occur in different forms including a carrier state with no symptoms (asymptomatic), listeriosis of pregnancy, granulomatous infantiseptica, listeria sepsis, listeria meningoencephalitis, and localized listeria infections. Most forms of Listeriosis are primarily characterized by flu-like symptoms.
Listeriosis of pregnancy may exhibit no symptoms or may be marked only by a fever and back pain. This condition can be mistaken for a bacterial infection of the kidney (pyelonephritis). The diagnosis can be confirmed by a blood test. Most commonly occuring during the last three months of pregnancy, this infection can seriously affect the fetus, even though many cases have been documented without fetal damage.
Granulomatous Infantiseptica results from Listeria infection transmitted from a pregnant woman to the fetus through the membrane connection (placenta) before birth. This form of Listeriosis is characterized by widespread abscesses and abnormal grainy tissue (granulation) in internal organs of the infant. Babies should be treated promptly if this disease is suspected. Cultures of blood, spinal fluid and intestinal discharges of the newborn infant (meconium) should be tested for the presence of the bacterial infection (listeria monocytogenes) to confirm the diagnosis. Skin and/or eye infections may be associated with Granulomatous Infantiseptica.
Listeria Sepsis may occur in infants infected during vaginal delivery or in immunosuppressed adults. The presence of the bacteria (listeria monocytogenes) can be determined by a blood culture. Flu-like symptoms and lowered blood pressure (hypotension) occur. Marked reduction in blood platelets necessary for clotting (coagulation) with reduction in other clotting factors, occur as a result of widespread clotting inside veins (consumptive coagulopathy).
Listeria Meningoencephalitis can occur in immunosuppressed patients or newborns. Persons with cirrhosis of the liver, or those with no apparent disease may also contract this form of Listeriosis. The onset may be gradual or acute and sudden, with lack of appetite (anorexia), abnormal tiredness (lethargy), behavioral changes and/or low-grade fever. Throat infection (pharyngitis), middle ear infection (otitis media), and cranial nerve palsies may be present. Signs of inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meningitis) and inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) may also be found. This disorder may be mistaken for viral (aseptic) meningitis.
Localized listeria infection may follow direct contact with the listeria monocytogenes bacteria on the skin or eyelids (conjunctiva). Other cases may result from the presence of the bacteria in circulating blood (bacteremia). In these cases inflammation of joints (arthritis), inflammation of bone marrow and adjacent bone (osteomyelitis), inflammation of the membrane lining the heart (endocarditis), or inflammation of the membrane lining the abdominal cavity (peritonitis) may occur.
Causes
Listeriosis is caused by the infectious bacteria "listeria monocytogenes". Several epidemics have been traced to ingestion of contaminated food products such as improperly pasteurized milk, cheese, unwashed vegetables, and raw meat. This common bacteria is found worldwide in soil, water, and dust, and in the meat of many wild and domestic animals. Fecal matter has been found to contain the bacteria, and it has been cultured in the human vagina in females and urethra in males. Infants have contracted the infection from infected mothers through the connecting membrane (placenta) or by the presence of the bacteria in the vagina at the time of delivery.
Affected Population
Listeriosis occurs most often in the summer months. It is found most commonly in patients whose immune system is suppressed, newborns, the elderly, and pregnant women. An epidemic in California in 1985 affected nearly 200 persons and was attributed to contaminated cheese manufactured in Mexico. According to the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, GA, approximately 1,850 cases occur and 425 deaths result from Listeriosis each year in the United States.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Listeriosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Salmonellosis is an infectious food-borne bacterial disorder caused by any of the ten identified types of salmonella bacteria. This disorder occurs worldwide. In the United States the major reservoirs of infection include poultry, reptiles and insects. Infection can be transmitted from animal-to-animal or human-to-human by ingestion of contaminated food or water, or by bulk handling of food in slaughter houses or processing plants. Salmonella infections can occur in epidemics usually attributable to specific food-related sources. This disorder is the most common cause of outbreaks of food-borne bacterial infection.
Symptoms of Salmonellosis include acute gastrointestinal inflammation (gastroenteritis), fever, or localized infection with or without blood poisoning (septicemia).
Botulism is an infection caused by a bacillus known as clostridia botulinum that is transferred to humans through contaminated food. Improperly canned low-acid fruits and vegetables, fish and fish products, or relishes and chili peppers are responsible for the vast majority of cases, which statistically occur most often during the summer and fall. Restaurant-associated outbreaks have also occurred. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Botulism" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
The first symptoms of botulism can appear between six hours and eight days after ingestion of the contaminated food, although most cases begin after eighteen to thirty six hours. The severity of the illness is inversely proportional to the length of the incubation period. Initial symptoms are gastrointestinal including nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps or diarrhea. In some cases, blurred or double vision, disturbance of muscles used for speaking (dysarthria), or difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) may occur. Muscle weakness, and in severe cases, breathing difficulty can also develop. Fatigue, dizziness, sore throat, and unusual sensations (paresthesias) have also been reported. Rapid treatment is required to avoid severe complications.
Wound botulism has been caused by the presence of the toxin in soil which enters the body through breaks in the skin, or the sharing of contaminated needles by drug abusers. In these cases, the gastrointestinal problems do not occur.
Therapies: Standard
Prevention is the most important way to combat the spread of Listeriosis. Cook all foods of animal origin thoroughly. Cooking kills the organism that causes the disease. Keep hot foods hot, above 145 degrees F. Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating if eating raw. Keep cooked and uncooked foods apart. Do not eat or drink raw (unpasteurized) milk or milk products. Keep away from soft cheeses. Keep all cooking utensils washed as well as keeping your hands clean. This advice is importrant for avoiding other types of food poisoning as well as Listeriosis. This information is most important for those persons of high risk groups such as pregnant women and persons who are immunosuppressed.
The treatment of choice for Listeriosis usually includes the antibiotic drugs penicillin, penicillin G, or ampicillin with or without aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, or netilmicin). Alternative therapies include Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, or cephalothin. Penicillin in conjunction with ampicillin and the aminoglycosides may be more effective than penicillin alone. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are studying the factors that lead to Listeriosis in humans including the degree of infectiousness, the severity of the resulting disease as well as the high susceptibility of some individuals to contract the illness. When these factors are better understood, measures may be developed to prevent and better treat patients. Additionally, new tools called "DNA Probes" to help prevent outbreaks of Listeriosis are under investigation. DNA Probes can detect the presence of the Listeria monocytogenes bacteria in food samples usually in only two days, whereas conventional methods take much longer. New pasteurization procedures are also being studied which may be able to help control or prevent the presence of the Listeria monocytogenes bacteria in milk and milk products.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Listeriosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Rd. NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
Office of Consumer Affairs
5600 Fishers Lane (HFE-88)
Rockville, MD 20857
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1657-1658.
PERINATAL LISTERIOSIS (EARLY-ONSET): CORRELATION OF ANTENATAL
MANIFESTATIONS AND NEONATAL OUTCOME: M. Boucher, et al.; Obstet Gynecol (November 1986, issue 68(5)). Pp. 593-597.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF EPIDEMIC NEONATAL LISTERIOSIS: A.J. Teberg, et al.; Pediatr Infect Dis J (September 1987, issue 6(9)). Pp. 817-820.
LISTERIA: BATTLING BACK AGAINST ONE 'TOUGH BUG': K.J. Skinner; FDA Consumer (July-August 1988). Pp. 12-15.
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472: Locked-In Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Locked-In Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
De-Efferented State
Cerebromedullospinal Disconnection
Pseudocoma
Information on the following disorders may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Akinetic Mutism
Quadriplegia
Reye Syndrome with Total Paralysis
Spinal Cord Injuries
General Discussion
** IMPORTANT **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Locked-In Syndrome is characterized by complete paralysis except for voluntary eye movements. It is usually caused by lesions in the nerve centers which control muscle contractions, or a blood clot that blocks circulation of oxygen to the brain stem.
Symptoms
In the Locked-In Syndrome, all voluntary muscles controlling movement are paralyzed, except for those performing eye and eyelid movements. Patients with Locked-In Syndrome are conscious, but unable to speak. However, they can learn to communicate through an eye blink code.
Causes
Locked-In Syndrome is caused by lesions cutting across corticospinal and corticobulbar nerve tracts, which cut off all motor nerves except for those to the eye muscles. Tissue death may also occur on both sides of the body caused by lack of oxygen circulated to the internal capsule of the brain. In some cases the circulation may be blocked by a blood clot in a blood vessel in the brain stem. If circulation can be restored the patient's condition may improve.
Affected Population
Locked-In Syndrome is a very rare disorder. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may resemble those of Locked-In Syndrome. Comparisons can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Akinetic Mutism is a disorder characterized by the patient appearing to be in an awake state with open eyes, but without communication. Immobility occurs as a result of lesions causing bilateral frontal lobe damage or destruction of the reticular activating system of the brain. The response of muscles to painful stimuli is poor.
Quadriplegia (quadriparesis; tetraplegia) is a term denoting paralysis of all four limbs. Spinal cord injury is one of the more common causes of Quadriplegia.
Reye Syndrome is a combination of acute brain disease (encephalopathy) and fatty degeneration of the abdominal organs, which tends to follow some acute virus infections such as flu or chicken pox, combined with certain precipitating agents such as aspirin. Seizures may occur. A complete recovery is possible. However, permanent brain damage, ranging from a slight decrease in I.Q. to total paralysis, may occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Reye" as your search term in the Rare Diease Database.)
Spinal Cord Injury can be caused by trauma to the spine. Symptoms include retention of urine, possibly incontinence, reflex spasm below the site of the injury, and/or paralysis with sensory loss.
Therapies: Standard
Functional neuromuscular stimulation may help activate paralyzed muscles. Several devices to facilitate communication for people who cannot speak are on the market. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Locked-In Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
LOWER EXTREMITY FUNCTIONAL NEUROMUSCULAR STIMULATION IN CASES OF SPINAL CORD
INJURY: G.R. Cybulski, et al.; Neurosurgery (July 1984: issue 15(1)). Pp. 132-146.
ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR C6 QUADRIPLEGIA: AN APPROACH TO EFFECTIVE, SIMPLE, AND INEXPENSIVE DEVICES: J.R. Basford, et al.; Archives Phys Med Rehabil (December 1985: issue 66(12)). Pp. 829-831.
RECOVERY FROM LOCKED-IN SYNDROME AFTER POSTTRAUMATIC BILATERAL DISTAL
VERTEBRAL ARTERY OCCLUSION: J.M. Cabezudo, et al.; Surg Neurol (February 1986: issue 25(2)). Pp. 185-190.
Locked-In Syndrome3
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)*)*Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993 National Organization
for Rare Disorders, Inc.
109: Lowe's Syndrome
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Lowe's Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lowe's Disease
Oculocerebrorenal Dystrophy
Cerebro-Oculorenal Dystrophy
Lowe-Bickel Syndrome
Lowe-Terry-Mclachlan Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Fanconi II Syndrome
Cystinuria
Glaucoma
Cataracts
Vitamin D Resistant Rickets
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Lowe's Syndrome is a rare inherited, metabolic disorder characterized by eye abnormalities such as congenital cataracts and glaucoma, bone malformations caused by Vitamin D resistant rickets, mental retardation and impairment of kidney function.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Lowe's Syndrome become apparent in early infancy. It affects only males (of all races), but is most common in those with fair coloring. The muscles may be flabby, the joints unusually flexible (hypermobility) and there may be little or no muscle reflexes (areflexia). Other symptoms of Lowe's Syndrome may include bowed legs (rickets), underdeveloped testes, a distention of the eyeballs due to fluid buildup (hydropthalmos), cataracts and glaucoma during infancy, a vertical fold on either side of the nose and between the eyelids (epicanthal folds), excess fatty tissue, wide ranging weight and temperature fluctuations, excessive activity level (hyperactivity), and mental retardation. There may be a high level of amino acids (aminoaciduria) and phosphates (phosphaturia) in the urine, a low level of ammonia, and an impairment of kidney function (tubular acidosis). The blood may be slightly acidic, and have elevated nitrogen levels and electrolyte abnormalities.
Microscopic studies may show abnormalities in the kidneys, testes, eye and brain.
Female carriers, who have a single gene for the disorder, sometimes have opacities in the lens of the eye.
Causes
Lowe's Syndrome is a metabolic disorder transmitted through X-linked recessive genes. Scientists believe they have located the gene responsible for the disease. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
In 1992 researchers located the gene on the X chromosome that causes Lowe's Syndrome.
Prenatal diagnosis of Lowe's Syndrome may be possible with the discovery of the gene that causes the syndrome as well as a test to determine who is a carrier of the disease gene.
Affected Population
Lowe's Syndrome is very rare and affects only males. It is usually recognized in early infancy.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Lowe's Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Fanconi II Syndrome usually accompanies some other inherited disease, most commonly the inherited metabolic disease, cystinosis. It is characterized by abnormal renal proximal tubular function, particularly in the reabsorption of glucose, phosphates, amino acids, bicarbonate, uric acid, water, potassium and sodium. This form of Fanconi's Syndrome may result from drug toxicity, kidney transplantation, multiple myeloma and other malignancies, amyloidosis, certain other hereditary amino acid syndromes, and certain toxins. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cystinosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cystinuria is an inherited disorder characterized by abnormal intestinal and kidney transport of the dibasic amino acids cystine, lysine, and arginine. This results in excessive amounts of cystine stones in the kidney and urinary tract. Cystinuria is the most common of a group of disorders involving abnormal amino acid transport. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cystinuria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The following conditions can be associated with Lowe's Syndrome:
Glaucoma is a disease of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure which results in changes to the optic nerve and may cause blindness. This disorder tends to occur in older people and is prevalent in the elderly.
Cataracts are abnormalities in the lens of the eye which causes a loss of transparency (opacity). They can occur in either one or both eyes, and are quite common in the elderly. Congenital cataracts affect babies or young children and are considered to be a rare birth defect. Cataracts tend to cause cloudy vision, and in many cases may result in blindness when left untreated.
Vitamin D Resistant Rickets is a condition caused by abnormal Vitamin D metabolism and lower than normal calcium in the blood. It occurs most often in infancy and early childhood and is characterized by a bending and distortion of the bones, a delayed closing of the fontanels of the head, pain in the muscles and excessive sweating. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Vitamin D Resistant Rickets" in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Lowe's Syndrome consists of appropriate medications necessary to reduce or alleviate symptoms and to correct the behavioral and kidney (renal) problems.
The low level of phosphorus in the blood of males with Lowe's Syndrome is treated with oral replacement of phosphorus alone, or phosphorus in combination with Vitamin D to prevent the onset of rickets. To prevent the onset of acidosis (accumulation of acid in the blood and bloody tissues), an alkaline solution is often prescribed. Surgery or drugs may be considered for treatment of eye problems such as cataracts and glaucoma; cataracts can be removed in infancy. Boys with this disorder may need to wear eyeglasses or contact lenses. In some cases, prenatal diagnosis may be possible. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
At the present time, studies are being conducted on the effectiveness of the drugs carnitine and thyrocalcitonin as possible treatments of Lowe's Syndrome. More research must be conducted to determine long-term safety and effectiveness of these drugs as a treatment for this disorder. Researchers at Cullen Eye Institute of the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas are studying inherited retinal diseases including Lowe's Syndrome. Families with at least two affected members and both parents living are needed to participate in this program. Other disorders included in the study are Leber's Congenital Amaurosis, Usher Syndrome (Types I and II), Macular Degeneration and Polymorphic Macular Degeneration, Lawrence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome, Rod Monochromacy (Complete Congenital Achromatopsia), Blue Cone Monochromacy (Congenital Incomplete X-linked Achromatopsia), Choroidermia, Hereditary X-linked cataracts, and other hereditary diseases with significant visual impact.
Another important investigation on Lowe's Syndrome is currently underway at the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Health under the direction of Lawrence Charnas, M.D., NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bldg. 10, Rm. 8C-429, Bethesda, MD, 20892, (301) 496-6683).
Current research strongly suggests that the Lowe's Syndrome gene controls production of a specific enzyme, inositol-polyphosphate-5-phosphatase. This enzyme discovery will open the door to further investigations into the metabolic defect and how it relates to various medical problems.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lowe's Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Lowe's Syndrome Association
222 Lincoln Street
West Lafayette, IN 47806
(317) 743-3634
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
ORAL CARNITINE THERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH CYSTINOSIS AND RENAL FANCONI
SYNDROME. w. Gahl et al.; J CLIN INVEST (February 1988, issue 81 (2)). Pp. 549-560.
EFFECT OF THYROCALCITONIN ON RENAL REABSORPTION OF BICARBONATE.
BIOMEDICINE (December 1979, issue 31 (8)). Pp. 230-233.
THE OCULOCEREBRAL SYNDROME OF LOWE, Charnas, L. and Gahl, W; National Institutes of Health Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 1991.
CLINICAL LABORATORY FINDINGS IN THE OCULOCEREBRAL SYNDROME OF LOWE, WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GROWTH AND RENAL FUNCTION, Charnas, L., et al.; N Eng J Med, May 9, 1991, (issue 324). Pp. 1318-1325.
Lowe's Syndrome
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HCopyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
38: Lupus
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Lupus) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
SLE
Lupus Erythematosus
Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Scleroderma
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
Osteoarthritis
Sjoren's Syndrome
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
Raynaud's Disease and Phenomenon
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) is an inflammatory disease of the connective tissue. Tissue damage occurs when the body's own immune system attacks healthy tissue causing inflammation and malfunction of various organ systems. Many different symptoms are associated with Lupus, and most patients do not get all of the symptoms.
Symptoms
Lupus is an inflammatory disease of the connective tissue. The initial symptom of Lupus is usually excessive fatigue. Other early symptoms may include fever, swollen glands, loss of appetite (anorexia), weight loss, headaches, loss of hair (alopecia), and swelling due to fluid retention (edema).
Over 90 percent of people with Lupus experience inflammation and swelling of joints (arthritis), joint pain (arthralgia), and generalized muscle pain (myalgia). The knees, fingers, and wrist joints are the most likely to be affected by arthritis-like pain associated with Lupus. In some cases these arthritis symptoms may precede the onset of Lupus by months or even years. Frequently joints on both sides of the body are affected. The inflammation and joint pain associated with Lupus often moves from one area of the body to another, and generally does not destroy the cartilage or bones within the joints (non-erosive).
Over 80 percent of people with Lupus experience dermatological (skin) problems. Light sensitive (photosensitive) rashes and other lesions may include: ring-shaped eruptions surrounded by a clear unaffected disk of skin (annular lesion), scaly red spots (discoid lesions), and/or thin walled blisters on the skin greater than one centimeter in diameter containing clear fluid (bullae). About 50 percent of people with Lupus will get a classic red (erythematous) "butterfly rash" across the bridge of the nose and cheeks. This rash may last for hours or days. Lesions of the mucous membranes that line the mouth and nose occur in about 35 percent of patients with Lupus.
Lupus may also affect the vascular (blood vessel) system. Vascular involvement may include: a permanent increase in the diameter (dilation) of very small blood vessels (capillary telangiectasia), painfully cold fingers and toes caused by spasms of small vessels in response to cold (Raynaud's phenomenon), and/or inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis).
Respiratory involvement may also occur with Lupus. Symptoms may include inflammation of the membranes (parietal pleura) that surround the lungs (pleurisy), a persistent cough, and inflammation of the lungs (pneumonitis). Lupus may also affect the heart. Cardiac abnormalities may include: inflammation of the membranous sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), inflammation of the muscles of the walls of the heart (myocarditis), and/or coronary artery disease.
Lupus may affect the blood and its various components (hematological system). Symptoms may include: low levels of hemoglobin (anemia), an unusual decrease in the number of white blood cells (leukopenia), a decrease in the number of lymphocytes associated with the immune function of the body (lymphocytopenia), a decrease in the number of platelets (thrombocytopenia), and/or disorders of the lymph nodes or lymphatic vessels (lymphadenopathy). These abnormalities of the blood often occur early in the course of Lupus.
People with advanced Lupus may sustain kidney and urinary system problems. Elevated levels of protein in the urine (proteinuria), inflammation of the kidneys (interstitial nephritis), and inflammation of the glomerulus (a cluster of blood vessels and nerve fibers) of the kidney (glomerulonephritis), may occur.
Behavioral (neuropsychiatric) symptoms of Lupus may include depression, anxiety or psychosis. Seizures and stroke may also occur. Other neurological symptoms may include inflammation and degeneration of the nerve fibers outside the brain and spinal cord (peripheral neuropathy), and inflammation of the membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).
A tentative diagnosis of Lupus can be made if 4 of the following criteria are present: arthritis involving 2 or more major joints, a rash on the cheeks (malar rash), discoid rash, oral or nasal ulcers, photosensitivity, pleuritis or pericarditis, positive LE cell test, presence of anti-DNA or anti-Sm, or a chronic false positive blood test for syphilis, increased levels of protein in the urine (proteinuria over 0.5 grams/day), cellular casts in the urine, seizures or psychosis, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, or thrombocytopenia, and/or an abnormal antinuclear antibody blood test (titer).
People with Lupus sometimes experience a temporary flare-up or worsening of symptoms. Flare-ups may occur several times a year or once every few years. These episodes of severe symptoms may be triggered by such factors as stress, infections and exposure to sunlight.
Causes
Lupus is an autoimmune disease of the connective tissue. The cause of Lupus is unknown. Immunologic, genetic, environmental, hormonal and/or infectious factors may be involved. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural immune defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.), against invading organisms mistakenly attack healthy tissue.
Scientists suspect a genetic basis for Lupus. Based on studies of twins, researchers have found that one that even if one twin has Lupus and the other is healthy, both twins manufacture abnormal antibodies. However, the healthy twin manufactures fewer antibodies than the twin with Lupus. Scientists do not yet understand the pattern of inheritance of the gene that makes people susceptible to Lupus.
"Lupus-like" symptoms have also been induced by some drugs, including hydralazine, procainamide, isoniazid, methyldopa and chlorpromazine.
Affected Population
Lupus primarily affects females. Ninety percent of the cases of Lupus occur in women of any age although it commonly begins between the ages of 15 to 55 years. African American women are 3 times more likely to get Lupus than Caucasian women. Lupus is also commonly seen in Asian women. Estimates of the prevalence of Lupus in the United States vary considerably. However, the most reliable estimate is that Lupus affects approximately 50 in 100,000 people in the United States.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Lupus. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Scleroderma is a rare connective tissue disorder. The cause is unknown. Scleroderma is characterized by skin thickening, painfully cold fingers and toes caused by spasms of small vessels in response to cold (Raynaud's phenomenon), and a wide range of multi-system disorders. The early symptoms of Scleroderma may include: skin rashes, joint pain, morning stiffness, fatigue, and/or weight loss. As the disease progresses the skin becomes rigid, dry, and smooth and may be yellowish or ivory-colored (morphea). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Scleroderma" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Polymyositis is a rare connective tissue disease. The cause is unknown. Polymyositis is characterized by inflammatory degenerative changes in the muscle fibers and the supportive collegen of connective tissue. The major early symptom of this disorder is muscle weakness usually in the neck, trunk and shoulders. Eventually it may become difficult to rise from a sitting position, climb stairs, lift objects and/or reach overhead. Occasionally, joint pain and tenderness also occur. Other symptoms may also include: inflammation of the lungs (interstitial pneumonitis), difficulty breathing, coughing, painfully cold fingers in response to cold (Raynaud's phenomenon), digestive problems, and/or heart irregularities. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Polymyositis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Dermatomyositis is a rare connective tissue disease. The cause is unknown. Dermatomyositis is identical to Polymyositis but with the addition of a characteristic red skin rash. These red rashes generally occur before the muscle weakness and usually appear on the face, knees, shoulders and hands. In some patients the skin changes caused by Dermatomyositis are similar to those of Scleroderma. The skin may become dry, hard and have a brownish color. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Dermatomyositis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Osteoarthritis is a common autoimmune disease in which one or many joints undergo degenerative changes. Osteoarthritis is characterized by the loss of cartilage, deformities of bones and joints, and the thickening of the surrounding ligaments and membranes. Osteoarthritis develops when joint repair does not keep pace with bone degeneration. It may also occur as a result of trauma to the bone, aging, obesity, or other underlying disease. Symptoms include pain and joint stiffness particularly in the morning.
Sjogren's Syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder that is characterized by the degeneration of mucous-secreting glands, particularly those of the eyes and mouth. Sjogren's Syndrome can also be associated with rheumatoid arthritis and Lupus. The major symptoms of this disorder include a dry mouth (xerostomia) caused by decreased production of saliva, and dry eyes caused by decreased production of tears. Sjogren's Syndrome primarily affects women, and it often includes muscle pain and arthritis along with mucous membrane symptoms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sjogren" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) is a rare inflammatory disorder of the connective tissue. The symptoms of this disorder overlap with those of Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus), scleroderma and polymyositis. Early symptoms may include: a fever of unknown origin, painfully cold fingers in response to cold (Raynaud Phenomenon), swollen hands, fatigue, and/or non-deforming arthritis. Arthritis occurs in almost every case of MCTD, but rarely results in deformities similar to those seen in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Muscle pain and skin rashes are also very common. These rashes may be similar to those in people with Lupus. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Mixed Connective Tissue Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Raynaud's Disease is a rare disorder characterized by spasms of the blood vessels in the fingers and skin and is considered to be a benign form of Raynaud's Phenomenon which occurs along with other systemic disorders. The major symptom of this disorder is a dramatic stark white pallor of the affected fingers and toes when exposed to cold, although a blue or red color may also be present from time to time. Other symptoms in the affected fingers and toes vary in response to cold and may include: a feeling of numbness or cold, severe aching or pain, tingling or throbbing, a sensation of tightness, "pins and needles," and/or a profound loss of sensation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Raynaud" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
The symptoms of Lupus such as joint pain and fever commonly respond to aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Anti-malarial drugs such as hydorxychloroquine and chloroquine may treat skin rashes effectively. Precaution should be used when taking anti-malarial medications. Prolonged treatment with these drugs may cause side effects such as visual disturbances and nausea.
The standard treatment for the more severe symptoms of Lupus is the administration of corticosteroid drugs. Prednisone or its equivalent are the most frequently used drugs in this category. Initial treatment and maintenance dosages vary according to what organ system or systems are involved, the patient's response to these medications, possible side effects and duration of use.
Corticosteroid creams and lotions may effectively control some rashes and skin irritation that are caused by Lupus. These creams should be used with caution on the face and in the presence of skin infection. Since infections can be a major problem for people with Lupus, any infection should be treated immediately and aggressively with antibiotics.
People with Lupus should avoid over-exposure to ultraviolet light. This includes exposure to direct sunlight. They should also avoid the use of oral contraceptives. For Lupus patients who experience severe kidney damage, hemodialysis may be prescribed when kidney function is lost.
Therapies: Investigational
Immunosuppressive therapies (drugs that suppress the immune system) for the treatment of people with Lupus are sometimes used in cases where the kidneys are involved. It is thought that suppression of the immune system will also suppress the formation of the antibodies which appears to cause the widespread destruction of tissue characteristic of Lupus.
An important side effect of immunosuppressive drugs is an increased susceptibility to infections. However, some common immunosuppressive drugs that are sometimes used to treat Lupus include azathioprine and cyclophosphamide in combination with corticosteroids. Deflazort is an anti-inflammatory cortico-derivative drug that may cause less bone loss than prednisone with equal effectiveness. Research is underway to determine the possible long-term side effects and effectiveness of Deflazort for use as a treatment for Lupus.
Researchers are studying the use of Cyclophosphamide for people with Lupus who have kidney or central nervous system involvement. Cyclophosphamide is a powerful drug used to treat certain types of cancer. Intravenous cyclophosphamide given once per month may enable people who have Lupus to significantly reduce their daily doses of prednisone. Further research is needed on this treatment.
Studies are being conducted on the use of immune globulin as an intravenous treatment for Lupus. Further investigation is needed to determine its safety and effectiveness.
Other experimental treatments include corticosteroids given intravenously and attempts at plasmapheresis to physically remove the damaging combinations of antibodies and associated proteins from the circulating blood of people with Lupus. Plasmapheresis is a method for removing unwanted substances (in this case antibodies and associated proteins) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is transfused back into the patient. More research is needed before plasmapheresis can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of Lupus.
Lymphoplasmapheresis (a similar procedure involving lymphocytes) is also being investigated as a possible treatment for people with advanced Lupus.
An orphan drug is being tested in the treatment of Lupus Nephritis. The drug is monoclonal antibody for immunization against this type of nephritis. The drug is sponsored by: Medclone, Inc., 2435 Military Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90064.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lupus, please contact:
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Lupus Foundation of America, Inc.
4 Research Place, Suite 180
Rockville, MD 20850
(301) 670-9292
(800) 558-0121
Lupus Foundation of America, Inc.
P.O. Box 2446
Victorville, CA 92393
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Foundation, Inc.
95 Madison Avenue, Room 1402
New York, NY 10016
(212) 685-4118
The American Lupus Society
3914 Del Amo Blvd., Suite 922
Torrance, Ca 90503
(213) 542-8891
(800) 331-1802
The National Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1274.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 675-676.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1522-1530.
TREATMENT OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, M.L. Miller; Curr Opin Rheumatol (Oct 1991 3(5)): Pp. 803-808.
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOUS, M.C. Hochberg; Rheum Dis Clin North Am (Aug 1990 16(3)): Pp. 617-639.
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM: M. Reichlin, et al.; Arthritis and Rheumatism (April, 1992, issue 35 (4)). Pp. 457-64. 457-64.
Lupus
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$Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
414: Lyelles Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Lyelles Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
TEN
Scalded Skin Syndrome
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
Ritter-Lyell Syndrome
Ritter Disease
Lyell Syndrome
Acute Toxic Epidermolysis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Lyelles Syndrome is a serious skin disorder characterized by severe redness, blisters and peeling. Onset can begin during any stage of life. The infantile form may follow an infection. In adults the disorder is often caused by a drug reaction. Treatment of cases caused by infection may differ from those caused by drug reactions.
Symptoms
Symptoms of infantile or childhood onset Lyelles Syndrome may have a preliminary stage marked by fever, sore throat, eye inflammation (conjunctivitis), nasal discharge, vomiting, diarrhea and/or back pain. Development of crusted lesions around the nose or ear can be followed within twenty-four hours by intense redness in the same area. Skin redness may spread with tenderness, itching and separation of skin layers possibly developing within thirty-six to forty-eight hours. Skin may peel away in large sheets when touched. Blisters of various sizes may form along with peeling. The severity of peeling skin is often related to the degree of fever, severe discomfort, and loss of appetite. With healing, peeled areas may become dried and yellowish crusts may appear in affected areas.
Large, easily broken blisters may be the first apparent symptom of adult onset Lyelles Syndrome. These blisters may be associated with other skin conditions such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme Bullosum). Large sheets of skin can peel due to slight injury or simply touching an object and the mucous membranes may also be involved. Lyelles Syndrome usually progresses rapidly and within a few days may become severe. Fluid may be lost after extensive peeling occurs possibly leading to dehydration like that which occurs in burn victims. Scars resembling those of burns may develop when the skin begins to heal.
Causes
Lyelles Syndrome is often caused by bacterial (staphylococcal) infections when infants or children are affected. A common staphylococcal skin infection with blisters and crusting called Impetigo may also precede this disorder. Lyelles Syndrome can occur sporadically or in epidemic proportions in nurseries. An allergic reaction to a drug often causes symptoms to develop during adulthood. Very rarely, some childhood cases may be linked to a drug reaction.
Affected Population
Lyelles Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Lyelles Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) is the name of a group of rare, hereditary skin disorders in which blisters develop on many areas of the body. Severe forms of the disease may include involvement of the mucous membranes, internal digestive tract and other organs. Infection must be guarded against and often scars cannot be avoided. (For more information on this disorder, choose "EB" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome is another blistering skin disorder usually affecting children and young adults. It is marked by severe reddening and blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. A preliminary stage may last from one to two weeks consisting of fever, discomfort, coughing linked to an acute allergic reaction, sore throat, chest pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and joint or muscle pain. Lesions may then appear in the mouth and throat as well as on reproductive organs and the anal area. Progressive eye inflammation can lead to diminished vision. Crusting with bleeding may develop on the lips. Symptoms may heal within three to six weeks, but can recur at any time. The cause of this disorder is not known, although more severe cases are possibly associated with collagen disease, malignancy, contact dermatitis or drug reactions. Stevens-Johnson usually appears in the fall or spring, for reasons not yet understood by scientists. (For more inforation on this disorder, choose "Stevens-Johnson" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Early treatment of infantile or childhood onset Lyelles Syndrome is recommended because of the rapid progression of symptoms. Antibiotic (e.g., penicillin) drug therapy may be helpful for treatment of infection. Fluid and electrolyte balance may need correction. Children should be watched carefully to prevent them from touching peeled or blistered areas which could possibly worsen the condition. Hospitalization and/or isolation may be required to assure a sterile environment. Healing may rapidly follow appropriate treatment.
Treatment of adult onset Lyelles Syndrome is usually similar to therapy for severe burns. Contact with peeled skin surface should be minimal. Hospitalization with isolation in a sterile environment to minimize infection may be necessary. Severe loss of fluid and electrolytes may require replacement on an ongoing basis to prevent dehydration. If the disorder is caused by a drug reaction, systemic corticosteroids may be able to control the reaction but do not seem to improve skin symptoms. Blood poisoning and lung infections should be anticipated and treated promptly if they occur. Other therapy is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Experimental plasmapheresis may be of benefit in cases of Lyelles Syndrome caused by a severe reaction to drugs. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. This therapy is still under investigation to analyze possible side effects and effectiveness. More research is needed before plasmapheresis can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of Lyelles Syndrome.
Research is underway in the areas of new wound healing drugs, antibiotics and the inhibition of blister formation at dermatology research centers listed in the Resources section of this report.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information on this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lyelles Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Research Association of America (DEBRA)
141 Fifth Ave., Suite 7-South
New York, NY 10010
(212) 995-2220
D.E.B.R.A.
7 Sandhurst Lodge
Wokingham Road
Crowthorne
Berkshire RG11 7QD
England
Tel: 0344 771961
CLINICAL FACILITIES
University of Washington School of Medicine
Department of Dermatology
St. Louis, MO 63110
(314) 362-5000
Rockefeller University
Department of Investigative Dermatology
1230 York Avenue
New York, NY 10021
(212) 570-8000
Children's Hospital
Department of Pediatric Dermatology
Dermatology Clinic
34th and Civic Center Blvd.
Philadelphia, PA 19104
(215) 596-9100
University of Pennsylvania
Dermatology Clinic
34th and Spruce Street
Philadelphia, PA 19104
(215) 622-2737
References
IMPROVED BURN CENTER SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS
MANAGED WITHOUT CORTICOSTEROIDS: P.H. Halebian, et al.; Ann Surg (November 1986, issue 204(5)). Pp. 503-512.
PLASMAPHERESIS IN SEVERE DRUG-INDUCED TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS: D.
Kamanabroo, et al.; Arch Dermatol (December 1985, issue 121(12)). Pp. 1548-1549.
Lyelles Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
260: Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Landau-Kleffner Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Infantile Acquired Aphasia
Information about the following disorder can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Epilepsy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome is a disorder that occurs exclusively in childhood. It is primarily a speech disorder characterized by loss of ability to speak (aphasia), paroxysmal changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) and occasionally, epileptic seizures. It may also be associated with an inability to recognize the significance of sounds (auditory agnosia).
Symptoms
The symptoms of Landau-Kleffner Syndrome include regression in previous speech development, paroxysmal changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG), and occasionally epileptic seizures. A slowly evolving disorder, it may also be associated with an inability to recognize the significance of sounds (auditory agnosia). This disorder seems to improve with time in 60 percent of cases, and be persistent in forty percent of the cases reported. In general, the prognosis seems to be more serious in cases of very early onset, and less serious in cases of later onset.
Causes
The cause of Landau-Kleffner Syndrome is unknown at this time. It is a neurological disorder affecting the speech centers of the brain.
Affected Population
Landau-Kleffner syndrome seems to be exclusively a childhood disease. Identified in 1957, only eighty cases of this extremely rare disorder had been reported as of 1982.
Related Disorders
Other childhood aphasias may have similar symptoms to Landau-Kleffner. The major difference is that the later Landau-Kleffner begins, the better the prognosis for language development. The aphasia tends to vary greatly among patients. The type and severity of language loss are related to the location and extent of the brain dysfunction. Disabilities can range from a temporary slurring of speech to total loss of communication.
Epilepsy, which is a symptomatic component of Landau-Kleffner Syndrome, is a central nervous system disorder characterized by a sudden, aimless, and uncontrollable discharge of nerves in the brain. This discharge is sometimes preceded by an aura and is often characterized by a convulsion which is accompanied by the loss of consciousness. There are many different types of epilepsy. The disorder is not usually life-threatening and those affected can often lead a full and active life with medication. (For more information, choose "epilepsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Landau-Kleffner Syndrome is generally symptomatic and supportive. Antiepileptic drugs have not been consistently effective in all patients. Speech therapy may be of benefit in some cases. Neuroradiological investigations are useful for diagnostic purposes.
Therapies: Investigational
There is a need for more postmortem cerebral examinations to further research on Landau-Kleffner Syndrome. A new type of surgery is being investigated for children suffering from Landau-Kleffner Syndrome. The Subpial Transection may restore hearing and speech and eliminate seizures. For more information on this procedure, contact:
Rush Presbyterian, St. Lukes Medical Center
1753 West Congress Parkway
Chicago, IL 60612
(312) 942-5000 or (312) 942-5939
A new non-surgical treatment is being tested on Landau-Kleffner patients. Corticosteroid therapy, if given early, can in many cases restore speech and eliminate seizures. Further study is needed to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of this treatment.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Landau-Kleffner Syndrome, please contact:
NIH/National Institute of Deafness & Other Communication Disorders
(NIDCD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
10801 Rockville Pike
Rockville, Maryland 20852
References
THE LANDAU-KLEFFNER SYNDROME: INFANTILE "ACQUIRED" APHASIA, PAROXYSMAL
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND EPILEPTIC SEIZURES: M. Dugas; Nouv Presse Med. (Dec. 18, 1982: 11(51)). Pp. 3787-91. (Published in French).
AGE OF ONSET AND OUTCOME IN 'ACQUIRED APHASIA WITH CONVULSIVE DISORDER'
(LANDAU-KLEFFNER SYNDROME): D.V. Bishop; Dev Med Child Neurol (Dec. 1985: 27(6)). Pp.705-12.
CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE LANDAU AND KLEFFNER "ACQUIRED
APHASIA WITH EPILEPSY" SYNDROME: A. Lorizio and A. Franciosi; Riv Patol Nerv Ment. (Sept.-Oct. 1982 103(5)). Pp. 201-214. (Published in Italian).G
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
821: Laron Dwarfism
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Laron Dwarfism) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pituitary Dwarfism II
Laron Type Pituitary Dwarfism
LTD
Growth Hormone Receptor Deficiency
Growth Hormone Receptor
GHR
Growth Hormone Binding Protein
GHBP
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Coffin-Siris Syndrome
Cockayne Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Laron Dwarfism is a rare genetic disorder that results from the body's inability to use the growth hormone that it produces. People with this disorder produce normal levels of growth hormone but the levels in their plasma may be high because the body does not use the hormone properly. The Laron form of dwarfism is characterized by very small stature, peculiar facial features, and high levels of growth hormone in plasma.
Symptoms
Laron Dwarfism is characterized by proportionate severe short stature which is evident at birth or soon after. Along with growth retardation there are delays in tooth eruption. There is also disproportion between the growth of the head and jaw, a saddle nose and deep set eyes. Sexual development is slow but it does occur. The usual age of sexual maturation in boys with Laron Dwarfism is about 22 years of age. In females with the disorder sexual maturation usually takes place between 16 to 19 years of age. Hands and feet are smaller than normal. Obesity and a high-pitched voice may also be present.
There are always high levels of growth hormone in the plasma of people with Laron Dwarfism. A high percentage of patients have extremely low blood sugar levels (Hypoglycemia) which can have very serious consequences if not treated quickly by a doctor.
Causes
Laron Dwarfism is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
The gene for Laron Dwarfism is thought by scientists to be located on chromosome 5p 13.1-p12. The defect in this gene causes growth hormone receptor defects which are not yet clearly understood. If growth hormone receptors are abnormal, the body cannot use the hormone to grow. The disorder may differ from family to family.
Affected Population
Laron Dwarfism affects six females to every two males. The disorder was first recognized in persons of Middle Eastern Jewish ancestry and in Mediterranean populations. However, Laron Dwarfism may occur in any ethnic group. The disorder is usually evident at birth or shortly after.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Laron Dwarfism. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Coffin-Siris Syndrome is a disorder of unknown cause. It is present at birth and affects both sexes. It is chiefly characterized by feeding problems, frequent respiratory infections, and growth deficiencies. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Coffin-Siris" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cockayne Syndrome is a progressive disorder which manifests itself during the second year of life. It is characterized by a hypersensitivity to sunlight and growth retardation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cockayne" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
There are many disorders that can cause dwarfism. For more information on those disorders choose "Dwarf" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database or contact the Human Growth Foundation or the Short Stature Foundation noted in the resources section of this report.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Laron Dwarfism with human growth hormone (HGH) is not effective because the body cannot utilize the hormone to grow. If the patient has low blood sugar (Hypoglycemia) this condition must be treated to prevent further complications. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
The insulin-like growth factor 1, Somazom (somatomedin C), manuactured by Fujisawa Pharmaceutical's, is being studied as a treatment for Laron-type dwarfism. Early results are promising but further studies are necessary to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of this type of treatment.
Scientists continue their investigations into the causes and treatment of short stature and dwarfism.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Laron Dwarfism, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O.Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
703-883-1773
800-451-6434
Short Stature Foundation
17200 Jamboree Rd., Suite J
Irvine, CA 92714-5828
(714) 474-4554
800-24 DWARF
Little People of America
P.O. Box 633
San Bruno, CA 94066
(415) 589-0695
NIH/The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1426-1427.
LARON DWARFISM AND MUTATIONS OF THE GROWTH HORMONE-RECEPTON GENE, Serge Amelm, et al.; N Eng J Med. (October 12, 1989, issue 321 (15)). Pp. 1426-1427.
RECEPTOR-ACTIVE GROWTH HORMONE IN LARON DWARFISM. L.S. Jacobs, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, (February, 1976, issue 42 (2)). Pp. 403-406.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR GENE AND
DEMONSTRATION OF A PARTIAL GENE DELETION IN TWO PATIENTS WITH LARON-TYPE
DWARFISM. P.J. Godowski, et al.; Proc Nat Acad Sci USA, (October, 1989, issue 86 (20)). Pp. 8083-8087.
PUBERTY IN LARON TYPE DWARFISM. Z. Laron, et al.; Eur J Pediatr, (June, 1980, issue 134 (1)). Pp. 79-83.
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
497: Larsen Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Larsen Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Disease
Desbuquois Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Larsen Syndrome is a multi-system genetic disorder that is present at birth. It is characterized by multiple bone dislocations and abnormalities, an extremely high arch of the foot, non-tapering cylindrically shaped fingers, and an unusual facial appearance. In some cases, short stature, heart problems, cleft palate or lips, deafness, or mental retardation may also occur.
Symptoms
Larsen Syndrome is present at birth and is characterized by a prominent forehead, an upturned nose with a depressed bridge, and slightly protruding wide-spaced eyes. Multiple bone dislocations can occur in the joints of the knees, elbows and hips. The fingers are usually non-tapering and cylindrically shaped. Feet are often clubbed with extremely high arches (pes cavus). Abnormalities of the spine may be present. In males, the testes may be undescended (cryptorchidism).
Some patients may have webbed fingers (syndactyly), low-set ears, short stature, accumulation of fluid in the skull (hydrocephalus), a cleft or high arched palate or harelip, fingernail or toenail abnormalities, mild curvature of the spine (scoliosis), or softening of the bones (osteoporosis). Heart or respiratory difficulties may also be present at birth.
Causes
Larsen Syndrome can be inherited as either an autosomal dominant or recessive trait. Symptoms are thought to be caused by a generalized embryonic connective tissue (mesenchymal) disorder during gestation.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Larsen Syndrome is a very rare disorder which affects males and females in equal numbers. Approximately eighty cases had been identified in the medical literature of the United States as of June, 1983.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Larsen Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita is a congenital disorder characterized by reduced mobility of multiple joints at birth due to proliferation of fibrous tissue (fibrous ankylosis). The range of motion of the joints of all limbs is limited or fixed. The shoulders are bent inward and internally rotated, the elbows are extended, and the wrists and fingers are bent. The hips may be dislocated and are usually slightly bent, the knees are extended, and the heel is bent inward from the midline of the leg while the foot is bent inward at the ankle. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Arthrogryposis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is an inherited connective tissue disorder. It is characterized by the ability of patients to flex their bodies beyond the normal range (articular hypermobility), to abnormally stretch their skin (hyperelasticity of the skin), and widespread tissue fragility; i.e. skin, blood vessels and other tissues can rupture from even minor injuries. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ehlers-Danlos" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of infants with Larsen Syndrome consists of joint manipulation and corrective casts or traction. Later, orthopedic surgery may be recommended to correct skeletal dislocations or deformities. Reconstructive surgery is an appropriate treatment for heart valve and spinal abnormalities, and for cleft palate or harelip. Speech therapy may also be beneficial. Services which benefit physically handicapped or mentally retarded individuals and their families may also be of value. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disorder is namemd after Dr. Loren Larsen who first described the syndrome in the medical literature. Dr. Larsen is presently conducting genetic studies on families with Larsen Syndrome. Families who wish to participate in these studies are urged to contact:
Loren J. Larsen, M.D.
437 Twin Lake Circle
Santa Rosa, CA 95409
(707) 539-1438
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Larsen Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 451, 1079.
THE LARSEN SYNDROME, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT FORM: G.I. Sugarman; Birth Defects (1975, issue 11(2)). Pp. 121-129.
SPINAL DEFORMITIES IN LARSEN'S SYNDROME: J.R. Bowen, et al.; Clin Orthop (July-August 1985, issue 197). Pp. 159-163.
SEVERE CARDIAC ANOMALIES IN SIBS WITH LARSEN SYNDROME: P. Strisciuglio, et al.; J Med Genet (December 1983, issue 20 6)). Pp. 422-424.
CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATIONS IN THE LARSEN SYNDROME: E.A. Kiel, et al.; Pediatrics (June 1983, issue 20 (6)). Pp. 422-424.
SINDING-LARSEN-JOHANSSON DISEASE. IT'S ETIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY:
R.C. Medlar, et al.; J Bone Joint Surg [AM] (December 1978, issue 60 (8)). Pp. 1113-1116.
Larsen Syndrome
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"Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
104: Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome (LMB) is characterized by abnormalities of the retina, often leading to blindness, mental retardation, delayed or absent sexual maturation, obesity, and the presence of extra fingers or toes. Other anomalies or illness, especially of the kidney, may accompany these features. Almost 600 cases have been reported. Boys are affected twice as often as girls. The disorder is hereditary. Some researchers feel that Laurence-Moon-Bardet syndrome actually comprises two distinct syndromes, Laurence-Moon and Bardet-Biedl; the similarities between them, however, warrant considering them as one entity, at least until more information about how the various features develop becomes available.
Symptoms
The cardinal characteristics of Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome are retinitis pigmentosa (a disorder of the pigmented, light sensitive layer of the eye), mental retardation, hypogonadism (underdevelopment of the testes and ovaries), obesity from childhood due an unusually good appetite, and polydactyly (presence of extra digits). (For more information on retinitis pigmentosa, choose "RP" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
The earliest manifestations usually appear in childhood and include evidence of mental retardation and diminished night vision. Central vision, then peripheral vision deteriorate. Three quarters of LMB patients are blind by their early twenties. Cataracts, strabismus, and unusually small eyes also frequently occur. The other cardinal symptoms do not progress.
Associated with hypogonadism is delayed puberty and delayed development of secondary sex characteristics such as body hair, facial hair and voice changes in males, and breasts in females. Boys may have fat accumulations resembling breasts, and fail to develop sperm. Girls may fail to develop breasts or menstruate.
Various other abnormalities are found in some patients. Neuromuscular abnormalities include ataxia, problems coordinating muscle movements, paralysis of certain muscles, and rigidity or spasticity. There may be diabetes and malformations of the skull or urogenital tract. Kidney disease is common including abnormalities of renal structure, function, or both. Very rarely, the individual has congenital heart defects.
LMB can be diagnosed if retinal degeneration and three of the other cardinal features are present.
Causes
Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome appears to be transmitted by one or two autosomal recessive genes on the same chromosome. Hypogonadism may be due to unresponsiveness of the gonads to sex hormones. The cause of the abnormal appetite is not known, although obesity is often associated with delayed sexual maturation.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Related Disorders
Alstrom syndrome has similar symptoms, but there is no mental retardation, and there are no extra fingers or toes; instead, the individual has nerve deafness, baldness, and metabolic abnormalities. Weiss syndrome is characterized by deafness, hypogonadism, obesity, and mental retardation. Biemond II syndrome resembles LMB except that eye abnormalities consist of anomalies of the iris rather than retinitis pigmentosa.
Prader-Willi syndrome is also characterized by hypogonadism, obesity, and neurological and intellectual/behavioral abnormalities; it does not include blindness, however. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Froelich syndrome similarly exhibit delayed sexual development and obesity, but not visual problems.
Therapies: Standard
In Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome, the testes do not seem to respond to sex hormones; thus, stimulation with gonadotropic hormones does not seem to be a useful treatment. Abnormalities of the hands and feet may be corrected surgically if desired. Where blindness is not complete, visual aids may be useful. The appetite may be difficult to manage, but a strictly controlled diet helps reduce weight.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers at the Cullen Eye Institute of the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas are studying inherited retinal diseases including Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome. Families with at least two affected members and both parents living are needed to participate in this program. Other disorders being included in the study are Leber's Congenital Amaurosis, Usher Syndrome (Types I and II), Macular Degeneration and Polymorphic Macular Degeneration, and Rod Monochromacy (Complete Congenital Achromatopsia).
Other inherited retinal disorders of interest include blue cone monochromacy (Congenital Incomplete X-linked Achromatopsia), Choroideremia, the Oculo-Cerebro-Renal Syndrome of Lowe, Hereditary X-linked cataracts, and other hereditary diseases with significant visual impact.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Laurence-Moon-Biedl Support Network
76 Lincoln Ave.
Purchase, NY 10577
(914) 251-1163
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For services to blind people, please contact:
American Council of the Blind, Inc. (ACB)
1211 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 506
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 833-1251
(800) 424-8666
American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)
1010 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 1100
New York, NY 10011
(202) 393-3666
American Printing House for the Blind
P.O. Box 6085
Louisville, KY 40206-0085
(502) 895-2405
National Association for Parents of the Visually Impaired (NAPVI)
3329 Northaven Road
Dallas, TX 75229
(214) 358-1995
National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped
Library of Congress
1291 Taylor Street, NW
Washington, DC 20542
(202) 287-5100
National Society to Prevent Blindness
79 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 684-3505
Vision Foundation, Inc.
2 Mount Auburn Street
Watertown, MA 02172
(617) 926-4232
(800) 852-3029 (Toll-free in Mass.)
References
Bardet-Biedl syndrome and related disorders. Schachat, A.P. and Maumenee, I.H. Arch Ophthalmol 1982 Feb; 100(2):285-8.
The Spectrum of Renal Disease in Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome. J.D. Harnett, et al.; New England Journal of Medicine, (September 8, 1988, Vol. 319, (10)). Pp. 615-618).g#
Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome
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%Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
308: Leber's Congenital Amaurosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Leber's Congenital Amaurosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
LCA
Leber's Amaurosis
Congenital Retinal Blindness
Congenital Retinitis Pigmentosa
Leber's Congenital Tapetoretinal Degeneration or Dysplasia
Congenital Absence of the Rods and Cones
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Congenital Stationary Night Blindness
Macular Degeneration
Flecked Retina Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Leber's Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) is a retinal hereditary disorder of the eye. It is characterized by blindness at birth, roving eye movements, pupils that react poorly to light and dilate widely in the dark.
Symptoms
In Leber's Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) children are born with an absence of light-gathering cells (rods and cones) of the retina. A decrease in visual responsiveness at birth is the first sign of the disease. Often the eyes are deeply set and the child will rub the eyes to stimulate the retina to produce light (oculodigital stimulation). Absence or reduction of the electrical activity of the retina is always observed and is necessary for the diagnosis of LCA. This disorder is frequently associated with a family history of loss of eye muscle coordination.
Causes
Leber's Congenital Amaurosis is believed to be inherited as a recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Rarely, LCA has been inherited as a dominant trait. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Leber's Congenital Amaurosis can be seen as part of systemic disorders; for example, neurological dysfunction, kidney disease, and rarely chromosomal imbalance.
Affected Population
Leber's Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) is a rare eye disease that affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Leber's Congenital Amaurosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is one of a group of inherited vision disorders causing degeneration of the retina. Initially this causes reduced vision but it can progress to blindness. Retinitis Pigmentosa may also be associated with other conditions such as deafness (Usher's Syndrome), central nervous system disorders, metabolic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Difficulty in seeing at night is usually the initial symptom of RP. Onset of symptoms usually first occur during young adulthood. (For more information on this disorder, choose "RP " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Congenital Stationary Night Blindness is a hereditary nonprogressive disorder that begins in infancy. The main symptom is limited vision in dim light, but patients often have normal color perception and/or clearness of central vision. It may take between two and eight hours for the eyes of affected individuals to adapt to darkness. The inside back of the eye is normal when examined by a doctor and the retinal vessels stand out with clarity. The optic disk (part of the optic nerve) is normal. The electrical activity is abnormal and is characteristic of this disease.
Macular Degeneration is a more common hereditary eye (retinal) disorder with several subdivisions. This progressive disorder is characterized by a gradual loss of vision usually in both eyes. Symptoms of the various forms of Macular Degeneration may overlap with those of other degenerative retinal disorders. The primary symptoms of macular degeneration include perception of unclear shapes and blind spots within the field of vision. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Macular Degeneration" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Flecked Retina Syndrome is characterized by reduced clear vision and loss of night vision in some cases. To an ophthalmologist, the area behind the retinal vessels appears marked with white or yellow flecks. These flecks are similar to those found in persons with Leber's Congenital Amaurosis, but the retina is free from the abnormal markings characteristic of Leber's. The macula, retinal and choroidal vessels are usually not affected by this genetic disorder.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Leber's Congenital Amaurosis is symptomatic and supportive. Standard procedures such as genetic counseling, and services that benefit the sight impaired, can be helpful.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers at the Cullen Eye Institute of the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, TX, and The Hospital For Sick Children in Toronto, Canada are studying a group of inherited retinal disorders including Leber's Congenital Amaurosis. Families with at least two affected members whose parents are both living are needed to participate in the program. In Toronto, isolated cases are also being studied by DNA methods. For more information, please contact:
Richard A. Lewis, M.D.
Cullen Eye Institute
Department of Ophthalmology
Baylor College of Medicine
One Baylor Plaza
6501 Fannin Street
Houston, TX 77030
(713) 799-5942
Maria A. Musarella, M.D.
F.R.C.S. (C)
Hospital For Sick Children
Research Institute
555 University Avenue
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M5G 1x8
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Leber's Congenital Amaurosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
RP Foundation fighting Blindness
1401 Mt. Royal Avenue, 4th Floor
Baltimore, MD 21217
(301) 225-9400
(800) 638-2300
TDD (301) 225-9409 (for the deaf)
National Association for the Parents of the Visually Impaired, Inc.
(NAPVI)
P.O. Box 180806
Austin, Texas 78718
(512) 459-6651
National Association for the Visually Handicapped
305 East 24th Street
New York, NY 10010
(212) 889-3141
American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)
1010 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 1100
New York, NY 10011
(202) 393-3666
Richard A. Lewis, M.D.
Cullen Eye Institute
Department of Ophthalmology
Baylor College of Medicine
One Baylor Plaza
6501 Fannin Street
Houston, TX 77030
(713) 799-5942
Maria A. Musarella, M.D.
F.R.C.S. (C)
Hospital For Sick Children
Research Institute
555 University Avenue
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M5G 1x8
(416) 598-7506 or (416) 598-7506
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
LEBER'S CONGENITAL AMAUROSIS. IS MENTAL RETARDATION A FREQUENT ASSOCIATED
DEFECT? B. Nickel, et al.; Arch Ophthalmol (July, 1982, issue 100 (7)). Pp. 1089-1092.
AMAUROSIS CONGENITA (LEBER), T. Hirose, et al,; Ann Aphthalmos (January, 1975, issue 7 (1)). Pp. 59-63.
LEBER'S CONGENITAL AMAUROSIS. K. Mizuno, et al.; Am J Ophthalmol (January, 1977, issue 83 (1)). Pp. 32-42.G&
Leber's Congenital Amaurosis
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%Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
534: Leber's Optic Atrophy
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Leber's Optic Atrophy) is not the name you expected. Please check the synonym list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Leber's Disease
Hereditary Optic Neuroretinopathy
Leber's Optic Neuropathy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Macular Degeneration
Flecked Retina Syndrome
Oguchi's Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Leber's Optic Atrophy is a rare genetic disorder of the eye. It is characterized by a slow loss of vision usually beginning around the second decade, affecting one eye and then spreading to the other.
Symptoms
Leber's Optic Atrophy is noticed as the visual field begins to narrow. This disorder usually begins during the second decade of life, and continues with a progressive loss of vision. Leber's Optic Atrophy is marked by slow degeneration of cells in the retina (the part of the eye opposite the pupil). The involvement of the optic nerve follows causing severely reduced vision or blindness. The disorder may mimic glaucoma (an eye disorder caused by high pressure ) when accompanied by nearsightedness (myopia). Sometimes heart abnormalities may also occur.
Causes
Leber's Optic Atrophy is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is also suggested that Leber's Disease may be an x-linked recessive trait.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Affected Population
Leber's Optic Atrophy can affect both males and females. However, males tend to be affected more often than females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders are similar to Leber Optic Atrophy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is one of a group of inherited vision disorders causing degeneration of the retina. Initially this causes reduced vision but it can progress to blindness. Retinitis Pigmentosa may also be associated with other conditions such as deafness (Usher's Syndrome), central nervous system disorders, metabolic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Difficulty in seeing at night is usually the initial symptom of RP. Onset of symptoms usually occurs during young adulthood. (For more information on this disorder, choose "RP" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Macular Degeneration is a more common hereditary eye (retinal) disorder with several subdivisions. This progressive disorder is characterized by a gradual loss of vision usually in both eyes. Symptoms of the various forms of Macular Degeneration may overlap with those of other degenerative retinal disorders. The primary symptoms of macular degeneration include perception of unclear shapes and blind spots within the field of vision. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Macular Degeneration" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Flecked Retina Syndrome is characterized by reduced vision and impaired night vision in some cases. To an ophthalmologist, the area behind the retinal vessels appears marked with white or yellow flecks. These flecks are similar to those found in persons with Leber's Congenital Amaurosis, but the retina is free from the abnormal markings characteristic of Leber's. The macula, retinal and choroidal vessels are usually not affected by this genetic disorder.
Oguchi's Disease is also known as hereditary night-blindness and may be associated with vitamin A deficiency. This nonprogressive disorder occurs predominately in Japan and usually begins in infancy. The main symptom is limited vision in dim light, but patients often have normal color perception and/or clearness of central vision. It may take between two and eight hours for the eyes of affected individuals to adapt to darkness. The inside back of the eye appears gray or golden in color when examined by a doctor and the retinal vessels stand out with clarity. The optic disk (part of the optic nerve) is normal.
Therapies: Standard
Services which benefit the sight-impaired may be helpful to Leber's patients. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Leber's Optic Atrophy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
Eye Research Institute of Retina Foundation
20 Staniford St.
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 742-3140
National Federation of the Blind
1800 Johnson Street
Baltimore, MD 21230
(301) 659-9314
(800) 638-7518
American Council of the Blind, Inc. (ACB)
1155 - 15th St., NW, Suite 720
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 467-5081
(800) 424-8666
American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)
15 W. 16th St.
New York, NY 10011
(212) 620-2000
Regional offices:
Atlanta, GA (404) 525-2303
Chicago, IL (312) 245-9961
Dallas, TX (214) 352-7222
San Francisco, CA (415) 392-4845
Vision Foundation, Inc.
818 Mt. Auburn Street
Watertown, MA 02172
(617) 926-4232
1-800-852-3029 (Inside Massachusetts)
American Council of Blind Parents
6212 W. Franklin Street
Richmond, VA 23226
(804) 288-0395
Guiding Eyes for the Blind, Inc.
611 Granite Springs Rd.
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598
(914) 245-4024 (Information on Guide Dogs)
National Association for Parents of the Visually Impaired, Inc.
P.O. Box 180806
Austin, TX 78718
(512) 459-6651
National Association for the Visually Handicapped (NAVH)
305 East 24th Street
New York, NY 10010
(212) 889-3141
or
3201 Balboa Street
San Francisco, CA 94121
(414) 221-3201
National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped
Library of Congress
1291 Taylor Street NW
Washington, DC 20542
(202) 287-5100
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1411.
LEBER'S HEREDITARY OPTIC NEURORETINOPATHY, A MATERNALLY INHERITED
DISEASE. A GENEALOGIC STUDY IN FOUR PEDIGREES: E.K. Nikoskelainen, et al.; Arch Ophthalmol (May, 1987 issue: 105 (5)). Pp. 665-671.
THE CLINICAL FINDINGS IN LEBER'S HEREDITARY OPTIC NEURORETINOPATHY. E.K.
Nikoskelainen, Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK (1985, issue: 104 (Pt 8)). Pp. 845-852.
FUNDUS FINDINGS IN LEBER'S HEREDITARY OPTIC NEURORETINOPATHY. E.K.
Nikoskelainen, et al.; Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet (February, 1985 issue: 5 (1-2)). Pp. 125-130.
Leber's Optic Atrophy
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03922.TXT
Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
563: Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the synonym list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Coxa Plana
Osteochondrosis Deformans Juvenilis
Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Perthes Disease
Pseudocarolgia
Quiet Hip
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ankylosing Spondylitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome is a rare disease affecting the hip joint. Abnormalities in bone growth early in life may result in permanent deformity of the hip joint several years later.
Symptoms
Legg-Calve-Perthes symptoms may appear without warning. Onset is usually between the ages of 6 and 12 years with mild aching in the hip followed by inability to move the affected leg normally. Pain in the hip may eventually become more intense and muscle spasms can develop. While the pain usually resolves itself, the bone may become shorter than normal, causing a noticeable limp.
Causes
Legg-Calve-Perthes is thought to be a genetic disorder inherited through autosomal dominant genes. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) Legg-Calve-Perthes is characterized by atrophy of the hip joint and shortening of the long bone in the leg from the hip to knee (femur). Damage to the developing bone is caused by reduced blood supply to the joint part of the femur. The bone does not grow at a normal rate.
Affected Population
Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome is a rare bone disorder affecting males more often than females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Ankylosing Spondylitis usually begins gradually with episodes of low back pain, especially in the tailbone and hips (sacroiliac) and lower back (lumbar) regions. Pain may occur around the sciatic nerve, radiating from the back into the buttock and down a lower extremity. Well-defined morning back stiffness often occurs. Symptoms commonly become progressively worse, spreading from the low back frequently into the mid-back and occasionally the neck. The hips and shoulders may be affected at any stage of the disease. Symptoms usually begin between the ages of 10 and 35 years. It is now believed that the incidence of the disease is probably equal in males and females. However, some sources indicate that males may be affected three times as often as females. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ankylosing Spondylitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Patients with Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome usually find that pain can be reduced with anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Arthritis Foundation
1314 Spring St, NW
Atlanta, Ga. 30309
(404) 872-7100
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 453.
LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES DISEASE; M.P. McAndrew, et al; J Bone Joint Surg [AM] (July, 1984, issue 66 (6)). Pp. 860-869.
LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES DISEASE IN A FAMILY: GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL: M.
O'Sullivan, et al.; Clin Orthop (October, 1985, issue 199). Pp. 179-181.
LESIONS OF THE FEMORAL NECK IN LEGG-PERTHES DISEASE: F.N. Silverman, AJR (June, 1985, issue 144 (6)). Pp. 1249-1254.
Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome
kingO
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03923.TXT
Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
193: Legionnaire's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Legionnaire's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Legionellosis
Pontiac Fever
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Legionnaire's Disease is recognized as an acute respiratory pneumonia caused by the aerobic gram-negative microorganism, Legionella pneumophila, and other species. This microorganism may also affect other body systems. Afflicted patients may have pulmonary (lung and bronchi), gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system complications. Renal insufficiency may occur occasionally and can be severe enough to require dialysis.
Symptoms
The primary symptoms associated with Legionnaire's Disease appear to be pneumonia including a shaking chill, sharp pain in the involved side of the chest, cough with sputum or phlegm production, fever of up to 105 degrees F, and, in some cases, rapid and painful respiration. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, neurological signs such as headache, confusion, lethargy or agitation may also be present. Laboratory data may include an abnormal liver function test, low phosphorus in the blood (hypophosphatemia), blood in the urine (hematuria), and low blood sodium (hyponatremia).
Causes
Legionnaire's Disease is caused by the bacterium Legionella Pneumophila which has been isolated from cooling towers, evaporative condensers and air conditioning systems where there have been outbreaks of disease. However, it has also been found is sites where there has been no association with the illness. While the peak period of occurrence for the disorder is during the late summer months, Legionnaire's Disease may occur throughout the year.
Affected Population
Persons 50 years of age and older are at increased risk of acquiring Legionnaire's Disease.
Related Disorders
Pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is characterized by breathing difficulties, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and some neurological difficulties. Abnormal liver function test results, hypophosphatemia (low phosphorus level in the blood), and hematuria (blood in the urine) may also be present.
Hyponatremia (low blood sodium) within five days of the onset of pneumonia occurs more frequently in Legionnaire's Disease than in other forms of pneumonia.
Pontiac fever can be caused by the same Legionella species responsible for Legionnaire's Disease. This disorder is characterized by high fever, chills, myalgias (muscle pain) and headache, but without pneumonia or cough which are present in Legionnaire's Disease. Pontiac Fever also has a shorter incubation period (5-66 hours) than Legionnaire's Disease (1-18 days).
Therapies: Standard
Patients afflicted with Legionnaire's Disease may develop respiratory compromise requiring artificial ventilation and positive end expiratory pressure respirators to maintain adequate oxygenation. Erythromycin is the drug treatment of choice. In more severe cases, rifampin may be used in conjunction with erythromycin. Tetracycline may be substituted if the patient is allergic to erythromycin.
While the outbreak of Legionnaire's Disease has only occasionally been associated with a contaminated water system, appropriate treatment of the water system is recommended if this is the case.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Legionnaire's disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 1570.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 665.
Legionnaire's Disease
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193: Legionnaire's Disease
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03924.TXT
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392: Leigh's Disease
@*!*Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
392: Leigh's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Leigh's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Subacute Necrotizing Encephalopathy
SANE
SNE
Infantile Subacute Necrotizing Encephalopathy
Adult Subacute Necrotizing Encephalopathy
Encephalomyelopathy
Pyruvate Decarboxylase Deficiency
Leigh Necrotizing Encephalopathy
PC Deficiency
Ataxia with Lactic Acidosis II
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Leigh's Disease is a genetic metabolic disorder characterized by lesions of the brain, spinal cord, optic nerve and in some cases, an enlarged heart. The disorder is usually first diagnosed during infancy but may begin later. Symptoms during infancy may include low body weight, slow growth, tremors, skin changes and interrupted breathing patterns. Progressive neurological disturbances, mental retardation, slurred speech and loss of motor coordination (ataxia) may occur in cases beginning during or after infancy. Abnormalities of eye movement and other vision problems may develop in cases with later onset.
Symptoms
Symptoms of some forms of Leigh's Disease resemble those of a thiamine deficiency disorder known as Wernicke Encephalopathy. Symptoms of all forms of the disorder may vary from case to case. Typically, lesions may be found in areas of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve. These lesions may cause progressive loss of neurological function, mental retardation, tremors and/or loss of motor coordination (ataxia). The heart may be enlarged in some cases. Vision problems may include unusual eye movements, slowed focusing and/or loss of clear vision (optic atrophy).
In some infants, breathing disturbances may necessitate continuous monitoring.
Causes
Leigh's Disease is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Lactic acid, pyruvate, and alanine may be found in abnormal amounts in the blood. Some cases have been associated with a defect in the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
In 80% of known cases Leigh's Disease affects infants. The remaining 20% first show symptoms as late as adulthood. Both sexes are affected by Leigh's Disease. Leigh's Disease is very rare.
Related Disorders
The following disorders have similar symptoms to Leigh's Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Wernicke Encephalopathy is a degenerative brain disorder characterized by a deficiency of thiamine. It is marked by loss of coordination (ataxia) and apathy, confusion, disorientation or delirium. Various vision dysfunctions may also develop. This disorder often occurs in conjunction with Korsakoff Syndrome which involves a Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency usually caused by alcoholism. Wernicke Encephalopathy can be severely disabling and life threatening if it is not recognized and treated early. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Korsakoff" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Batten Disease is a hereditary lipid storage disorder transmitted as a recessive trait. It is characterized by rapidly progressive vision failure (optic atrophy), deterioration of intellect, seizures, loss of muscular coordination (ataxia) and a backward lateral curvature of the spinal column (kyphoscoliosis). Occurring mostly in white families of Northern European Scandinavian ancestry, Batten Disease usually begins between five and seven years of age. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Batten" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Kuf Disease is characterized by neurologic symptoms which may mimic mental illness, and dermatologic abnormalities resembling Ichthyosis. Symptoms of Kuf Disease may be linked to excess accumulations of pigments (lipofuscins) dissolved in fatty tissues that are found throughout the central nervous system. Kuf Disease, Batten Disease and Bielchowsky Disease are different forms of the same disorder and are differentiated by the age of onset. Major forms of this disorder may be difficult to distinguish diagnostically from other progressive degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Kuf" and "Ichthyosis" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Tay-Sachs Disease is a genetic disorder in children that causes the progressive destruction of the central nervous system. It is generally found among children of Eastern European Jewish heritage and becomes clinically apparent at about six months of age. Infants with Tay-Sachs Disease appear normal at birth and seem to develop normally until the age of about six months. The first signs of the disease vary and become evident at different ages. These signs may include slowed development, loss of peripheral vision, abnormal startle response, progression of feeding difficulties, weakness, restlessness and cherry spots on the retina. At the age of one year, recurrent convulsions, loss of previously learned skills and muscle coordination, blindness, mental retardation, flaccidity and/or paralysis may occur. This disorder is inherited as a recessive trait. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tay Sach" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Sandhoff Disease is a variant of Tay-Sachs Disease. It is clinically indistinguishable from Tay-Sachs and is found in people of all ethnic backgrounds. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sandhoff" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Leigh's Disease with pyruvate carboxylase deficiency includes high doses of thiamine and lipoic acid which may improve some symptoms. Genetic counseling is recommended for families of patients with this disorder. Services which benefit vision-impaired people may be helpful. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research is ongoing into possible causes of biochemical and genetic factors which may contribute to the development of Leigh's Disease.
Clinical trials are underway to study stable isotope technique in glucogenesis and Krebs cycle and patient response to treatment. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. W.N. Paul Lee
Harbor University of CA, Los Angeles Medical Center
Dept. of Pediatrics, Box-16
1000 W. Carson St.
Torrance, CA 90509
(213) 533-2503
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Leigh disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Leigh's Disease Foundation, Inc.
613 Childs St.
Corinth, MS 38834-4810
(601) 287-8069
Lactic Acidosis Support Group
P.O. Box 480282
Denver, CO 80248
(303) 287-4953
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Children's Brain Diseases Foundation for Research
350 Parnassus Suite 900
San Francisco, CA 94117
(415) 566-5402
(415) 565-6259
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
For information relating to vision problems, contact:
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
American Council for the Blind, Inc. (ACB)
1211 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 506
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 833-1251
(800) 424-8666
American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)
11010 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 1100
New York, NY 10011
(202) 393-3666
American Printing House for the Blind
P.O. Box 6085
Louisville, KY 40206-0085
(502) 895-2045
National Association for Parents of the Visually Impaired (NAPVI)
3329 Northaven Road
Dallas, TX 75229
(214) 358-1995
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 1225....
Leigh's Disease
03925.TXT
Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
362: Leiner Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Leiner Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Erythroderma Desquamativum, in infants
Erythrodermia Desquamativa Leiner
Leiner-Moussous Desquamative Erythroderma
Severe Infantile Dermatitis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ritter Disease, also known as Dermatitis Exfoliative Neonatorum
Sweet Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Leiner Disease is a skin disorder which usually first appears during the first two months of life. A reddish skin patch of thickened skin appears first on the buttocks and spreads to other parts of the infant's body. Scaling and peeling may occur with anemia, itching and diarrhea. The redness and scaliness usually decrease after a few weeks with treatment.
Symptoms
The initial symptom of Leiner Disease is thick reddish skin appearing first on the buttocks and soon involving the entire body. Redness (occasionally in patches) may be followed after a few days by crusty, dry, moist or greasy scaling on the scalp. Scaling may also appear behind ears, on the nose, eyebrows or around the mouth. In some cases, thin sheets of skin may peel from these areas. The skin symptoms usually decrease in a few weeks with treatment. Loss of protein or salts (electrolytes) can result from skin infections left untreated. Anemia, itching and diarrhea are also symptoms of this disorder.
Causes
Leiner Disease is inherited by an undetermined method of transmission. This disorder may also be influenced by unknown toxic substances either passed to infants through breast milk or originating in their intestinal tracts. A modification of blood complement C5 which governs the body's reaction to infection can also be a factor in the causes of this disorder. Some researchers believe Leiner Disease to be a variant of Ritter Disease. (See Ritter Disease in the Related Disorders section of this report).
Affected Population
Leiner Disease is a rare disorder which usually affects infants during the first two months of life. Breast-fed infants seem to have a higher incidence of this disorder than those who are on formulas. Males and females can be affected in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Ritter Disease (Dermatitis Exfoliativa Neonatorum) is a skin disorder of infants usually caused by a bacterial infection. Reddened skin may peel leaving raw areas which heal in dry crusty yellow patches. This disorder may follow upper respiratory infections, impetigo, or other improperly treated skin infections.
Sweet Syndrome is a skin disorder affecting adults which is characterized initially by general discomfort. Symptoms include small tender or painful skin lesions and fever. Circular bluish-red plaques appear on the arms, face, neck, legs, and less commonly on the legs and trunk. Careful treatment can usually clear up skin lesions without scarring. This disorder occurs mainly in middle-aged females. The exact cause of Sweet Syndrome is unknown.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of infants with Leiner Disease usually involves a controlled environment, such as hospitalization; to avoid complications due to nutritional deficiencies and skin infections. After a few weeks, redness and scaliness decrease with careful treatment and do not usually recur. Ten percent of cases may be fatal as a result of uncontrolled infection or severe loss of electrolytes.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Leiner Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please, contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
INHERITED DISORDERS OF COMPLEMENT: Lyn Guenther; J Am Acad Dermatol (December 1983, issue 9(6)). Pp. 815-839.
YEAST OPSONIZATION DEFECT AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN DEFICIENCY IN SEVERE
Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
887: Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
LGS
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
West Syndrome
Epilepsy
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome is a very rare childhood seizure disorder. It is usually apparent in infancy or early childhood. It is characterized by drop attacks (from simple dropping of the head to collapse of the entire body) and other seizures that occur many times a day.
Symptoms
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome may begin in infancy but the onset is usually between 1 and 6 years of age. It includes seizures that occur many times a day and until recently anti-convulsant medications have often been little or no help in controlling the seizures. It is considered by many scientists to be one of the most difficult seizure disorders to treat. As a result of the many seizures that occur daily the affected child's intellectual ability and neurological systems can suffer damage causing permanent handicaps.
There may be various types of seizures including "Drop Attacks" which result in a sudden loss of muscle tone that causes the child to drop to the ground. Tonic seizures and absence seizures also can occur in this disorder. Untreated it often continues into adulthood.
Causes
The cause of most types of epilepsy is unknown. Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome is associated with multiple lesions of the brain and diffuse slow (1-2 1/2 -HZ) spike-and-wave brain wave pattern on EEG test. The reason for the brain lesions and irregular brain wave pattern are unknown and may have a number of different causes.
Affected Population
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome is a rare form of epilepsy that effects males and females in equal numbers. Usually the symptoms begin between 1 to 6 years of age, however, the syndrome may occur earlier than 1 and even into adulthood.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
West Syndrome is characterized by unusual brain wave patterns on an EEG test, seizures/infantile spasms, movement disorders and mental retardation.
Epilepsy is a general term describing a central nervous system disorder that is characterized by a sudden, aimless, uncontrollable discharge of electrical energy in the brain. This discharge is sometimes preceded by a strange feeling (aura) and is characterized by a convulsion and/or loss of consciousness. There are many types of epilepsy. The disease is not usually life-threatening and those affected can lead a full and active life if medication controls their symptoms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Epilepsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy usually begins in mid to late childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by an unusual brain wave pattern on EEG testing, jerks of the neck and shoulders, no apparent loss of intelligence and usually a good response to anti-seizure medication.
Therapies: Standard
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome may be diagnosed by EEG tests and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of the brain to detect lesions. Anti-seizure medications may be used for treatment such as amantadine, clonazepam, sodium valproate, taurine, cinromide and gamma-vinyl-GABA. However, these drugs often have limited success on this type of epilepsy. A surgical procedure, known as corpus callosotomy usually stops the seizures for children with Lennox-Gastaut. The procedure separates the anterior halves of the corpus callosum of the brain and results in improvement of seizures and a decrease in the need for anti-seizure medication. The Orphan Product Topiramate (Topimax) has been approved by the FDA for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. The drug is manufactured by:
R.W. Johnson Pharm. Research Institute
Welsh and McKean Roads
Spring House, PA 19477-0776
Therapies: Investigational
Felbamyl (Felbamate) is an experimental anti-convulsant drug being tested for control of seizures in adults and children over two years of age. The drug is being studied for use in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome and it appears to have a promising therapeutic effect in some patients. Felbamyl is manufactured by Carter-Wallace Laboratories.
The Orphan Product Topiramate (Topimax) has been approved by the FDA for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. The drug is manufactured by:
R.W. Johnson Pharm. Research Institute
Welsh and McKean Roads
Spring House, PA 19477-0776
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Epilepsy Foundation of America
4351 Garden City Dr.
Landover, MD 20785
(301) 459-3700
(800) 332-1000
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. P. 2222.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.; Raymond D. Adams, M.D. and Maurice Victor, M.D., Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, 1989. P. 252.
DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED EVALUATION OF CINROMIDE IN PATIENTS WITH
THE LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. Renier, W.O. et al.; Epilepsia, July-August, 1989 (issue 30 (4)). Pp. 422-429.
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
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03927.TXT
Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
718: Leopard Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Leopard Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Multiple Lentigines Syndrome
Cardiomyopathic Lentiginosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Leopard syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by small, dark spots on the skin (lentigines). Other symptoms such as EKG abnormalities, retardation of growth and deafness commonly occur. Intelligence is usually unaffected.
The name "leopard" is composed of the first letters of the symptoms most commonly associated with this disorder. The "L" represents lentigenes, the "E" electrocardiogram abnormalities, the "O" ocular hypertelorism (wide spacing of the eyes), the "P" pulmonary stenosis, the "A" anomalies of the genital organs, the "R" retarded growth and the "D" deafness.
Symptoms
Leopard syndrome is most visibly characterized by small, dark spots on the skin which are unrelated to exposure to the sun and are potentially malignant (lentigines). These "lentigines", which resemble freckles, range between 1 and 5mm in size and are usually spread across the neck and torso. They tend to increase with age.
Individuals with Leopard syndrome commonly have other symptoms including an abnormal narrowing of the opening between the pulmonary artery adjacent to the right ventricle of the heart (pulmonary stenosis), a chronic disorder of the heart muscle (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy), mild growth deficiency, excessively wide spacing between the eyes, prominent ears, winged shoulder blades, undescended testicles in males (cryptorchidism) and late onset of adolescence.
Occasionally people with leopard syndrome have an impairment of the sense of smell, a missing or underdeveloped kidney and/or deafness.
Causes
Leopard syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant characteristic. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Leopard syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers.
Therapies: Standard
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for leopard syndrome patients and their families. Surgery may correct such problems as undescended testicles and certain heart abnormalities. A dermatologist should carefully monitor skin symptoms in order to identify possible malignancies. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Leopard Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 455-456.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed: Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 470-471.
Leopard Syndrome
pagetitle
718: Leopard Syndrome
03928.TXT
Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
387: Leprechaunism
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Leprechaunism) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Donohue Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report.
Pseudoleprechaunism
William's Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Leprechaunism is a progressive hereditary endocrine disorder characterized by overdevelopment (hyperplasia) of the pancreas, insulin resistance, and excessive amounts of estrogens. It may be associated with abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, and a large quantity of iron in the liver (hepatic siderosis). Physical and sometimes mental retardation occurs with facial abnormalities and abnormal external genitalia.
Symptoms
Leprechaunism is characterized by growth retardation starting before birth with shortness of arms and legs. However, hands and feet tend to be large. Fatty tissue under the skin (subcutaneous) tends to disappear with advancing age. Children with this disorder have an elfin face characterized by sunken cheeks, a pointed chin, a flat broad nose, eyes that are set wide apart and low set ears. Symptoms also include excessive hairiness (hirsutism), and dark pigmentation in skin creases. In girls ovaries may be enlarged and exhibit cysts. Nipples and clitoris are also enlarged. In boys, the penis may be larger than normal. Additionally, mental development may sometimes be retarded.
Patients with Leprechaunism have low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia) after fasting, and an elevated insulin level can be detected through blood tests (hyperinsulinemia). They are also more susceptible to infections.
Causes
Leprechaunism is a genetic disorder inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Parents of children with this disorder are often related (consanguineous). (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
The exact cause of Leprechaunism is not known. The genetic defect may cause an abnormality in the pancreas affecting production of insulin or may affect the way the insulin is bound to the insulin receptors. However, other body systems seem to be involved.
Affected Population
Leprechaunism affects less than 100 people in the United States, mostly female. Onset occurs before birth. Only 4 out of 15 reported cases were males. Usually the parents are closely related (second and first cousins once removed).
Related Disorders
Patterson Pseudoleprechaunism is a very rare disorder that has symptoms resembling Leprechaunism. Children with this syndrome may have a normal birth weight, bronze colored skin (hyperpigmentism), loose skin on the hands and feet, unusual facial characteristics, enlargement of the adrenal glands and the adrenal cortex (hyperadrenocorticism), and diabetes mellitus.
Williams Syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder which is characterized by heart abnormalities, an elfin face, mild mental and growth deficiencies, teeth set wide apart, and increased calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia) during infancy. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Williams Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Leprechaunism is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling may benefit families of affected children. Infections should be guarded against and aggressively treated.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Leprechaunism, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE PATTERSON SYNDROME, LEPRECHAUNISM, AND PSEUDOLEPRECHAUNISM: T.J. David, et al.; Journal of Medical Genetics (August 1981: issue 18,4). Pp. 294-298.
INSULIN RESISTANCE IN AN INFANT WITH LEPRECHAUNISM: H. Kashiwa, et al.; Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica (September 1984: issue 73,5). Pp. 701-704.
Leprechaunism
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387: Leprechaunism
03929.TXT
6Copyright (C) 1986, 1990, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
67: Leprosy
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Leprosy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hansen's Disease
Lepra
Disorder Subdivisions:
Indeterminate Leprosy
Tuberculoid Leprosy (Minor and Major)
Benign Type Hansen's Disease
Lepromatous Leprosy (Malignant Type Hansen's Disease)
Dimorphous Leprosy (Borderline Leprosy)
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Mycosis Fungoides
Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner
Lupus Miliaris Disseminatus Faciei
Lupus Vulgaris
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Leprosy is a progressive, chronic infectious disease caused by the bacteria, Mycobacterium leprae. This disease affects the nerves that are located outside the central nervous system (peripheral nerves), and the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes. In severe cases of Leprosy, loss of sensation, disfigurement, and/or blindness may occur.
There are several forms of Leprosy: Tuberculoid (Minor and Major, and Benign Hansen's Disease), Lepromatous (Malignant Hansen's Disease), Dimorphous (Borderline Leprosy), and Indeterminate Leprosy. This disease is rare in the United States but prevalent in third world countries.
Symptoms
Leprosy is a slowly progressive infectious disease that affects nerves and the skin of the face, hands, lower legs, and/or feet. The symptoms of nerve involvement include burning and tingling sensations (paresthesias), a lack of sensation or feeling in the affected areas (anesthesia), weakness, paralysis, and/or the loss of muscle tissue (atrophy). Nerve lesions tend to occur in the skin and along the areas where nerves are grouped together (nerve trunks). Skin lesions include flat, spotty discolorations (macules), raised areas of red skin (papules), small solid masses (nodules) and/or raised discolorations (plaques). Plaques may be reddish (erythematous) or pale (hypopigmented).
Leprosy is classified into the subtypes Tuberculoid and Lepromatous, and there are intermediate subtypes between these two. Tuberculoid Leprosy is the mildest subtype of the disease and is characterized by large plaques that are dry, hairless, and/or numb to the touch (anesthetic). The intermediate or borderline subtype of Leprosy is more severe and is characterized by numerous skin lesions but less loss of feeling. The symptoms of people with Intermediate or Borderline Leprosy tend to progress over time toward either the Tuberculoid or the Lepromatous form of the disease.
People with Lepromatous Leprosy have less severe loss of feeling. However, involvement of the skin and nerves is more extensive and invasive. Solid nodular skin lesions are characteristic of this subtype of the disease. The complications that may occur include eye involvement and deformities of the face, hands, and/or feet. Deformities of the face can result from destruction by the bacteria, causing deterioration of the partition in the nose that divides the nostrils (nasal septum), cartilage, and other facial tissues. People with Lepromatous Leprosy usually lose their eyebrows and eyelashes, and the earlobes may enlarge. Deformities of the hands and feet may result from repeated trauma that is not felt due to sensory loss.
Eye damage and visual impairment may occur in people with Leprosy. Symptoms may include inflammation of the membranes that line the eyes (conjunctivitis) and the corneas of the eyes (keratitis). Inflammation of the iris of the eyes (iridocyclitis) may lead to the loss of transparency in the lens of the eyes (cataracts). A lack of feeling in the cornea of the eyes (corneal anesthesia) may result from involvement of the nerves in the face (trigeminal nerve) and result in damage to the corneas and possibly blindness.
Another serious complication of Lepromatous Leprosy is Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL). This syndrome is characterized by high fevers, the decay (necrosis) of skin nodules, and pain as a result of inflammation of nerves. Erythema Nodosum Leprosum may also be associated with joint disease (polyarthralgia) and inflammation of the nerve fibers within the kidneys (glomerulonephritis).
Some patients with Intermediate or Tuberculoid Leprosy experience a worsening of disease while on therapy (reversal reaction). This appears to be the result of a reaction of the immune system. If this occurs, the skin lesions may become deeper and may ulcerate. Other neurological symptoms may also worsen.
The abnormal accumulation of a fatty substance in different parts of the body (Amyloidosis) is a complication of Leprosy. The prevalence of this disorder in association with Leprosy varies from one geographic region to another.
The characteristic lesion of Leprosy is a mass of nodular granulated tissue (granuloma). These may appear on the skin, lymph nodes, liver, and/or spleen.
The diagnosis of this disorder is made by skin biopsy, and it is important to examine a large specimen to be certain of the diagnosis of Leprosy. A biopsy that removes tissue from the affected area (excisional biopsy) is preferred to a small punch biopsy.
Causes
Leprosy is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae. These bacteria thrive in an acid environment and can only grow in living hosts.
The way in which Leprosy is transmitted is not fully understood. This disease may possibly spread by direct skin contact, by inhalation, or by sexual contact. However, prolonged exposure to the person affected with Leprosy is necessary. Breast feeding and transmission by insects have also been implicated as a possible mode of transmission for this disease.
Affected Population
Leprosy affects approximately 12 million to 15 million people worldwide. Children are more susceptible to infection than adults. Leprosy is a major problem in tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and South America. It is also prevalent in some islands of the South Pacific. In the rare cases of Leprosy in the United States, they occur in the southern most parts of the country (i.e., around the Gulf of Mexico), but most of the cases appear in people who have immigrated from other countries. North American Indians appear to be immune to this disease.
The number of cases of Leprosy is currently rising in the United States, due to large numbers of immigrants from regions where this disease is more common, particularly Southeast Asia. Approximately 8,000 cases had been identified in the United States in 1989, and were treated in U.S. Public Health Service Hospitals.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Leprosy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Mycosis Fungoides is a chronic progressive disorder of lymphocytes characterized by a red skin rash or psoriatic patches of dry blisters. The affected areas are very red and painful. These scattered red patches may appear on the trunk of the body, or on the arms and legs. As the disease progresses, lesions on the skin typically become bluish-red and elevated. Other symptoms may include anemia, weight loss, fever, and digestive difficulties. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Mycosis Fungoides" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner is a rare blood disorder characterized by benign solid lesions of the skin that may appear on the neck, face and/or back. The lesions are typically smooth and pink or red, have no hair follicles, and are sometimes clear in the center. The skin that surrounds the lesions is usually swollen and red. After several years, the lesions generally disappear. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lymphocytic Infiltrate of Jessner" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Lupus Miliaris Disseminatus Faciei is a chronic skin infection caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. It is characterized by soft, brownish-red papules that may appear alone or in clusters. Papules may appear on the face, neck, mouth, and/or nose. Healing is usually slow and scarring is common.
Lupus Vulgaris, another form of Tuberculosis that affects the skin, is a progressive infection that may cause scarring and deformities of the face. The yellowish-brown lesions are typically small and soft; they may appear as crusted ulcers. Lupus Vulgaris is more common in children and young adults.
Therapies: Standard
Leprosy can be cured if treatment begins early. Treatment may include the use of drugs such as diaminodiphenylsulfone, dapsone, rifampin, and ethionamide. The drug Dapsone is a standard treatment for this disease, but it does not kill the bacteria that cause Leprosy; it simply stops the bacteria from reproducing. The orphan drug clofazimine (Lamprene) is now approved as a treatment for people with Leprosy who are resistant to Dapsone. The drug is manufactured by Ciba-Geigy Pharmaceuticals.
A therapy that combines these drugs is currently recommended for the treatment of Leprosy. A typical drug regimen would include dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine. Therapy must be continued for 2 years in all cases, and longer in some. With combination drug therapy, the relapse rate is less than 10 percent. Reversal reactions and Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL) must be treated immediately.
In cases of reactions, corticosteroid drugs are initially administered. If the reaction persists, clofamizine may be prescribed. Moderate reactions have also been treated with potassium antimony tartrate (tartar ametic), stibophen, or chloroquine. Specific therapy for the disease should be maintained throughout the reactive episode unless the patient fails to respond to treatment, or serious side effects appear.
Corneal dryness is treated with eye drops and ophthalmic mucin substitutes. Ocular complications of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL) must be treated promptly to prevent permanent damage to the eyes. Local atropine and hydrocortisone eye drops may be used to keep the pupils dilated and reduce the inflammation until the reaction subsides. Supportive care is important. Any area that has lost sensation such as arms, legs, and eyes must be protected from injury that could lead to infection, mutilation, or blindness.
Some people with Leprosy may benefit from special shoes that compensate for foot deformities. Surgery may be necessary to treat eye problems or correct certain deformities of the hands and feet. The goal of surgery is to help improve function and improve the quality of life.
Therapies: Investigational
At the present time, studies are being conducted on the effectiveness of the drugs solasulphone and acedapsone for the treatment of Leprosy. Vaccines are also being studied. Progress is hampered because it is not possible to culture and grow the bacteria in the laboratory (in vitro).
The orphan drug thalidomide is also being tested for use as a treatment for Leprosy. This drug is not used in women of childbearing age due to the possibility of serious birth defects. For more information on Thalidomide, physicians may contact:
Pediatric Pharmaceuticals
379 Thornall Street
Edison, NJ 08837
Thalidomide is available in England under special license from Penn Pharmaceuticals of Tredegar, South Wales.
Research into the contagious aspects of Leprosy from person to person is ongoing because the mode of transmission is not understood. Since armadillos get a more serious infection than humans, scientists are trying to develop a vaccine from purified bacteria taken from armadillos. Another vaccine from monkeys is also being tested.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Leprosy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Hansen's Disease Center
United States Public Health Service Hospital
Carville, LA 70721
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1745-1751.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 16th Ed.: Robert Berkow Ed.; Merck Research Laboratories, 1992. P. 146.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.; Raymond D. Adams, M.D. and Maurice Victor, M.D., Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, 1989. P. 1054.
INSIDE THE SKIN: THE LOCAL IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY MILIEU IN LEPROSY.
D.M. Scollard; Am J Trop Med Hyg (April 1991; 44(4.2). Pp. 17-23.
LEPROSY. W.M. Meyers; Dermatol Clin (Jan. 1992; 10(1)). Pp. 73-96.
CLOFAZIMINE: A REVIEW OF ITS USE IN LEPROSY AND MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM
COMPLEX INFECTION. J.C. Garrelts; DICP (May 1991; 25(5)). P. 5.
Leprosy
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
389: Leptospirosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Leptospirosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorder covered by this article.
Synonyms
Canefield Fever
Canicola Fever
Field Fever
Mud Fever
Seven Day Fever
Spirochetosis
Swineherd Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report.
Weil Syndrome
Meningitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Leptospirosis is an inclusive term for all bacterial infections caused by any Leptospira bacteria, regardless of the type. A single type of bacteria may cause various clinical symptoms, or a single syndrome such as aseptic meningitis may be caused by many types of this bacteria.
Symptoms
Leptospirosis is an infection caused by Leptospira bacteria. This infection may occur in several domestic and wild animals. The disorder can vary from a form without apparent symptoms to a very serious life threatening form. Animals carrying the infection can pass leptospira bacteria in their urine for months. The infection seems to be passed to humans, usually during hot weather, through direct contact with an infected animal's urine or tissue. Sometimes the infection is transferred indirectly through contaminated water or soil. Breaks in the skin and exposed mucous membranes (such as the conjunctiva, nose, or mouth) are the usual portals of entry in man.
The incubation period for the Leptospira bacteria ranges from 2 to 20 days. The disorder characteristically occurs in two phases. The leptospiremic phase starts abruptly with headache, pain behind the eyeball (retroorbital), lack of appetite (anorexia), severe muscle aches, chills, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Constipation, diarrhea, symptoms of the common cold, coughing, chest pain, a stiff neck, and difficulty breathing (dyspnea) may also occur. Enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) and liver (hepatomegaly) are uncommon, but may occur. This phase usually lasts 4 to 9 days, with recurrent chills and fever that spikes to over 39 degrees C (102 F), and then abates.
On the 6th to 12th day of illness, the second (or immune) phase of Leptospirosis occurs. Antibodies appear in the blood serum. Fever and earlier symptoms may recur and symptoms of irritated membranes lining the brain (meningismus) may develop. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid after the 7th day shows a greater than normal number of cells (pleocytosis) in at least 50% of patients. Inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body behind the iris (iridocyclitis), the optic nerve (optic neuritis), and peripheral disease of the nerves (neuropathy) may occur infrequently. If acquired during pregnancy, Leptospirosis may cause abortion even during the period of convalescence.
Causes
Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira which can be found in the urine or tissue of an infected domestic or wild animal. It is transferred to humans through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes.
Affected Population
Leptospirosis may occur in people of all ages. At least 75% of persons infected with Leptospirosis are male. The infection can be an occupational disorder striking farmers, veterinarians, or sewer and abattoir workers, but most patients are exposed incidentally during recreational activities.
Related Disorders
Many types of bacterial infections may cause fever and other symptoms similar to the symptoms of Leptospirosis.
Weil Syndrome is a severe form of bacterial infection caused by Leptospira bacteria (Leptospirosis) causing abnormal liver and kidney function. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Weil Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Meningitis is an infection of the membrane lining the skull or the spinal cavity (meninges) by either bacteria or viruses. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Meningitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin, the tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin may be effective if used before the 4th day after onset of symptoms of Leptospirosis.
Mechanical ventilation has been used successfully in treating respiratory distress in Leptospirosis patients.
Peritoneal dialysis in combination with treatment with antibiotics has been used successfully to treat severe liver and kidney failure in patients with Leptospirosis.
Therapies: Investigational
Studies are underway to determine the role of antigens and antibodies in treating Leptospirosis infections. However, treatments have not been established as yet.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Leptospirosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
LEPTOSPIRAL EXPOSURE IN DETROIT RODENT CONTROL WORKERS: Demers; American Journal for Public Health (September 1985: issue 75,9). Pp. 1090-1091.
CURRENT CLINICAL ASPECTS OF LEPTOSPIROSIS: F. Suter, et al.; Minerva Medica (May 12, 1983: issue 74,20). Pp. 1187-1190. (Published in Italian.)
Leptospirosis
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
255: Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a sex-linked hereditary neurological disorder caused by an enzymatic defect. Onset occurs during infancy and it progresses to cause aggressive behavior (including self-mutilation) and mental retardation.
Symptoms
Onset of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome occurs during infancy in males. Babies affected by the disorder usually appear normal and healthy until they are a few months old when their condition begins to deteriorate. The defect in the enzyme that causes Lesch-Nyhan syndrome can be detected with almost 100% accuracy in people affected by the syndrome and in carriers through a biochemical study on cultured cells. This defect causes a marked elevation of uric acid in their blood (hyperuricemia). Affected male babies can be detected before birth through the same test.
Orange sand (from the urine) in the diaper is usually the first sign of the disorder. Stones in the urine (urolithiasis) and the appearance of chalky deposits of sodium urate (tophi) around joints and under the skin occur as early as age 8 years. As a consequence, kidney disease and arthritis (gout) may develop. Patients exhibit a startle reaction with arching of the head and back in response to sudden noise. They suffer from muscular weakness and perform ceaseless slow writhing movements of the fingers, arms, toes and face. Speech and swallowing becomes impaired. Patients vomit frequently.
Most children with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are severely underweight, and many are quite short. In addition, part of the respiratory tract is constricted and the breath makes a whistling sound (aspiration). Pneumonia is common in patients with this disorder. A peculiar characteristic of this syndrome is outbursts of aggressive behavior including self-mutilation. The children must be protected from themselves.
Causes
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is an X-linked hereditary disorder caused by a lack of hypoxanthine-guanine posphoribosyl transferase enzyme which participates in the metabolism of acid purines. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.)
People affected with the disorder, or carriers, can be detected through biochemical studies on cultured cells, even before birth. Female siblings and maternal aunts can be carriers of the disorder, but usually only males get Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
Affected Population
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome affects only males, though females can be genetic carriers of the disorder.
Therapies: Standard
Allopurinol is used to treat the symptoms related to excessive production of uric acid in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Children with this disorder require physical restraints such as hip, chest and elbow restraints so they do not hurt themselves. Elbow restraints keep the hands free. Biting of fingers and/or lips can be prevented by extracting teeth.
Therapies: Investigational
Investigational studies with a mouse virus are underway. If this virus is injected into humans, it is hoped that it may trigger production of the enzyme lacking in patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. This study is in its initial stages, and it may be some years before the technique moves out of the laboratory and into clinical trials.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome Registry
Dr. Lowell Anderson
New York University School of Medicine
Bellevue Hospital Medical Center
Dept. of Psychiatry
550 First Ave.
New York, NY 10012
(212) 263-6458
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Dr. William L. Nyhan
Professor of Pediatrics
UC School of Medicine, San Diego CA
La Jolla, CA 92093
(619) 534-4150
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism: Nyhan, in: Practice of Pediatrics: Kelley, Harper & Row (1982).
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
437: Keratosis, Seborrheic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Seborrheic Keratosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Keratosis Seborrheica
Seborrheic Warts
Senile Warts
Verruca
Acanthotic Nevus
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Malignant Melanoma
Pigmented Basal Cell Carcinoma
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources section of this report.
Seborrheic Keratosis is a skin disorder usually characterized by discolored lesions that appear to be "stuck on" the skin surface. Warts may appear and skin is often oily or greasy. These skin lesions are sometimes mistaken for cancerous growths and tend to appear predominately during middle age. Itching, irritation, inflammations or unsightliness of lesions may require surgical removal of affected skin areas.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Seborrheic Keratosis are limited to discolored skin lesions that appear to be "stuck on" the skin surface. These patches can appear suddenly, vary in size, and they tend to grow slowly. They are round or oval-shaped, and are either tan, yellowish, brown or black. They can be widespread over the trunk, back, and/or shoulders. Some cases may be limited to a small area such as the temples or the cheeks. The skin lesions may also be waxy, scaling or crusted. They tend to become darker and larger with age.
Causes
The exact cause of Seborrheic Keratosis is not known although researchers believe some forms may be inherited as a dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Seborrheic Keratosis predominately affects middle aged individuals, although in very rare cases, it can be present at birth.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Seborrheic Keratosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Malignant Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that is characterized by rapid growth of cells which form melanin (normal skin pigmentation). These melanomas can appear on any part of the body. In early stages, skin lesions of various sizes, shapes and colors may resemble those found in Seborrheic Keratosis. A skin biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. If left untreated, abnormal cells may invade various body organs.
Pigmented Basal Cell Carcinoma is characterized by localized, slow growing skin nodules which rarely spread to other parts of the body. These small, shiny and firm growths are associated with skin or hair follicle cells. Ulcerated, crusted lesions, and flat, scar-like plaques with hardened skin may also develop.
Therapies: Standard
Since Seborrheic Keratosis is not a form of skin cancer, treatment is not essential and removal of lesions is usually performed only to enhance comfort and/or cosmetic appearance. Treatment of Seborrheic Keratosis consists of removal of the skin lesions by scraping (curettage), sealing off blood vessels or destruction of lesions (electrodessication) with local anesthetic, shave excision, or freezing with CO2 snow or liquid nitrogen. Trichloroacetic acid may be used to eliminate lesions. Dermabrasion removal may also be performed. In most cases, scarring is not associated with removal of these skin lesions.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Seborrheic Keratosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information, contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SEBORRHEIC KERATOSES: A.H. Kettler, et al.; Am Fam Physician (August 1986, issue 34(2) ). Pp. 147-152.
DIFFERENTIATING SEBORRHEIC KERATOSIS FROM SKIN NEOPLASM: R.W. Cashmore, et al.; Geriatrics (July 1985, issue 40(7)). Pp. 69-71, 74-75.
DERMABRASION FOR THE TREATMENT OF A GIANT SEBORRHEIC KERATOSIS: E
Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
233: Kernicterus
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Kernicterus) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Bilirubin Encephalopathy
Posticteric Encephalopathy
Nuclear Jaundice
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Kernicterus is a condition characterized by an excess of bilirubin in the blood in infancy. The bilirubin is deposited in the basal ganglia of the brain and in the brainstem nuclei.
Symptoms
Early symptoms of Kernicterus in full term infants may include lethargy, poor feeding and vomiting, a spasm with head and heels bent backward and the body bowed forward (opisthotonus), upward deviation of the eyes, convulsions and muscular rigidity. Later in childhood, survivors may manifest the typical late triad of cerebral palsy marked by ceaseless jerky movements and slow sinuous writhing movements (choreoathetosis), sensorineural hearing loss, and loss of upward gaze. However, only minor problems characterized by perceptual-motor handicaps and learning disorders in school may be present in mild cases.
Causes
Historically, severe hemolytic jaundice of the newborn was the main cause of Kernicterus. Erythroblastosis Fetalis, another cause of jaundice in infancy, is a hemolytic anemia of the fetus or newborn. It is caused by transmission through the placenta of maternal antibody, which is usually evoked by maternal and fetal blood group incompatibility. Since new improved methods of treating jaundice have evolved, the disorder tends to develop only in premature or sick, very low birthweight infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, particularly in the presence of certain predisposing factors. These include:
1. low blood oxygen (hypoxemia)
2. acidosis (acidity of the blood)
3. infections
4. low albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
5. low body temperature (hypothermia).
Hyperbilirubinemia is an excess of bilirubin (the breakdown product of hemoglobin and other blood pigments) in the blood. Excess bilirubin causes jaundice which is characterized by a yellow color of the skin (which occurs shortly after birth in this disorder).
Related Disorders
Jaundice, the yellow skin color which indicates an increased amount of bilirubin in the blood, can have many causes including liver diseases and hemolytic anemias. (For more information on these disorders, choose "liver" and "hemolytic" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database, and see the related articles in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services (rdb-4)).
Affected Population
Kernicterus can affect newborn infants of both sexes.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Kernicterus consists of early, frequent feedings of all newborns to reduce the incidence and severity of too much bilirubin (a product of blood-breakdown) in the blood. These feedings increase the mobility of the bowels and frequency of stools, thereby minimizing the effects of the circulation of bilirubin in the liver and intestines.
Phototherapy is used to treatment hyperbilirubinemia. Exposing newborns with this disorder, particularly premature infants, to visible light in the blue range, is most effective for photo-oxidizing bilirubin. Phototherapy causes dermal photoisomerization of bilirubin, changing it to forms that the liver can excrete more readily without glucuronidation.
A Plexiglass shield should be placed between the phototherapy lights and the infant to screen out ultraviolet radiation that may be harmful, and the infant should be blindfolded to prevent eye damage from the light. Care must be taken to avoid nasal obstruction by the blindfold. The light should be turned off and the blindfold removed during feedings. Since bilirubin in the collection tubes may photo-oxidize rapidly, the light should also be off when blood is taken for bilirubin determinations.
Although data regarding the effects of phototherapy on distribution of bilirubin within the infant's body and long-term effects on mental development of treated infants are not yet available, this form of therapy has gained widespread use.
Phototherapy must never be started before the causes of the hyperbilirubinemia have been fully evaluated.
Traditionally, dangerous levels of bilirubin are treated by exchange blood transfusion via an umbilical vein catheter in order to prevent Kernicterus. This procedure is safe when done by experienced personnel, especially when it is done on otherwise healthy full-term newborns.
Therapies: Investigational
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has designated Zixoryn (flumecinol) as an orphan drug which can be used for investigational therapy of hyperbilirubinemia. Zixoryn can be used to treat newborn infants with hyperbilirubinemia who are unresponsive to phototherapy.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Kernicterus, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Liver Foundation
998 Pompton Avenue
Cedar Grove, NJ 07201
(201) 857-2626
(800) 223-0179
The United Liver Foundation
11646 West Pico Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90064
(213) 445-4204 or 445-4200
Children's Liver Foundation
14245 Ventura Blvd.
Sherman Oaks, CA 91423
(818) 906-3021
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1767, 1854, 1883.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 812, 1076.
Kernicterus
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
604: Kienboeck Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Kienboeck Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lunatomalacia
Osteochondrosis of the Lunate Bone
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Sudeck's Atrophy
Juvenile Osteoporosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Kienboeck Disease is an acquired bone disorder. Abnormalities of the lunate bone in the wrist develops following an injury or inflammation. Recurrent pain and stiffness occur in conjunction with thickening, swelling and tenderness in soft tissue overlying the lunate bone. The range of motion in the wrist may become limited.
Symptoms
Kienboeck Disease is characterized by degenerative changes in the lunate bone of the wrist. Softening, deterioration, fragmentation or compression of the affected bone can occur. These changes may produce pain, swelling, tenderness, thickening and/or stiffness in the overlying tissues of the wrist. The range of motion may become restricted. Healing occurs through formation of new bone in some cases.
Causes
Kienboeck Disease is caused by inflammation or injury of the wrist.
Affected Population
Kienboeck Disease usually begins during childhood and seems to affect females more often than males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Kienboeck Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a condition caused by compression of peripheral nerves in the wrist, affecting one or both hands. It is characterized by a sensation of numbness, tingling, burning and/or pain in the hand and wrist. Persons affected by this disorder may be awakened at night with the feeling that the hand has "gone to sleep". Various other diseases may occur in conjunction with this condition. With timely treatment, the prognosis in most cases is favorable. (For more information on this disorder, please choose "Carpal Tunnel" as your search term online.)
Sudeck's Atrophy, also known as post-traumatic osteoporosis, is marked by an acute atrophy of the bones. The wrist and ankle bones are most commonly affected, following a slight injury such as a sprain.
Juvenile Osteoporosis is marked by a porous condition or atrophy of bone tissue beginning before puberty. The exact cause has not been identified. This condition can lead to pain or fractures in many bones of the body including the wrist. Spontaneous remission may occur within several years.
Therapies: Standard
The treatment of Kienboeck's Disease may involve surgery on the lunate bone. Arthroscopic, CT scan and/or x-ray imaging may be used for diagnosis. If inflammation of the wrist has occurred, drug treatment may be recommended. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Kienboeck Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
EXCISION OF THE LUNATE IN KIENBOECK'S DISEASE. RESULTS AFTER LONG-TERM
FOLLOWUP: H. Kawai, et al.; J Bone Joint Surg [Br] (March 1988, issue 70(2)). Pp. 287-292.
ULNA-MINUS VARIANCE AND KIENBOECK'S DISEASE: P.A. Nathan, et al.; J Hand Surg (September 1987, issue 12(5 pt 1)). Pp. 777-778.
Kienboeck Disease
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604: Kienboeck Disease
03903.TXT
Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
861: Kikuchi's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Kikuchi's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis
HNL
Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease
Kikuchi's Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis
Necrotizing Lymphadenitis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Hodgkin Disease
Malignant Lymphoma
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Kikuchi's Disease is a rare noncancerous disorder in which there are lesions that typically affect the lymph nodes in the neck of young adults. This disorder is often mistaken for malignant Lymphoma because the symptoms are very similar. The lesions, or tissue abnormalities in this disorder cause the lymph nodes to become enlarged, inflamed and painful. The exact cause of Kikuchi's Disease is not known.
Symptoms
Kikuchi's Disease is a rare nonmalignant disorder that affects the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes are small oval structures that filters lymph fluid that draws from organs and tissues, fight infection and form white blood cells and blood plasma cells. In Kikuchi's Disease lymph nodes on the side of the neck and near the salivary glands are affected.
The lymph nodes may be swollen, hard, painful and tender. The patient may have a fever and pain in the area of the affected lymph nodes.
The abnormal tissue growths and inflammation in Kikuchi's Disease normally clear up within a few weeks or months without treatment.
Causes
The exact cause of Kikuchi's Disease is not known. Many researchers suspect that a virus may cause this disorder.
Affected Population
Kikuchi's Disease is an extremely rare disease. There have been less than 50 cases reported in the medical literature. This disorder particularly affects young adults. Kikuchi's Disease was originally identified in Japan in 1972.
Kikuchi's Disease may be more prevalent than has been previously recorded due to the fact that swollen glands are fairly common and ignored by many people. Since this disorder can only be determined by a biopsy of the tissue in the affected lymph nodes, it may be overlooked by many unsuspecting patients.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Kikuchi's Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Burkitt's Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that affects the lymph nodes as well as other areas of the body. Tumors may occur in the kidneys, sex glands, jaw, bone marrow, or central nervous system as well as the lymph nodes. Burkitt's Lymphoma may be infectious. This disorder occurs often in children living in Central Africa, and is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus.
Hodgkin's Disease is a form of cancer of the lymphatic system, especially the lymph nodes. Tumors occur in the lymph nodes. Fever, night sweats and weight loss may occur along with swollen lymph nodes. Examination of the affected lymph node tissue by a pathologist shows the presence of a type of cell called Reed-Sternberg cells. The exact cause of Hodgkin's Disease is not known. (For more information on this disorder choose "Hodgkin" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Malignant Lymphoma is a tumor of the lymphoid tissue that is cancerous. Lymphoid tissue contains a type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) in its spaces. The cell structure varies in the various types of lymphomas, but the effects of these tumors are usually similar. The appearance of large lymph nodes in the neck is usually followed by fever, weakness, weight loss and anemia. When there is widespread involvement of the lymphoid tissue, the spleen and liver may also enlarge.
The following conditions have been associated with Kikuchi's Disease in some patients. They are not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Pancytopenia - a reduction in the number of red and white blood cells and platelets in the circulating blood.
Splenomegaly - an abnormal enlargement of the spleen.
Still's Disease - also called Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis or Rheumatic Arthritis, is a form of arthritis that usually affects the larger joints of children. It may also occur in adulthood. The patient may have a high intermittent fever, rash, inflammation of several thin sheets of tissue that line certain areas of the body (serous membranes), a disease process that affects the lymph nodes (Lymphadenopathy), enlargement of the liver and spleen, an abnormal increase in the number of circulating white blood cells (leukocytosis), and a decrease in red cells in the blood (anemia). This disorder is often mistaken for leukemia or an infection. (For more information on this disorder, please choose "Rheumatic Arthritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Kikuchi's Disease is symptomatic and supportive. Usually the disorder resolves itself spontaneously within a few weeks or months.
Kikuchi's Disease is diagnosed by removing tissue with a fine needle that is attached to a syringe. The tissue is then examined under a microscope to determine if the patient has the disease.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Kikuchi's Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
KIKUCHI-FUJIMOTO DISEASE MIMICKING MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA: G.A. Chamulak, et al., Am J Surg Pathol (June 1990, issue 14(6)). Pp. 514-23.
NECROTIZING LYMPHADENITIS (KIKUCHI'S DISEASE). REPORT OF FOUR CASES OF
AN UNUSUAL PSEUDOLYMPHOMATOUS LESION AND IMMUNOLOGIC MARKER STUDIES: P.D.
Unger, et al.; Arch Pathol Lab Med (November 1987, issue 111(11)). Pp. 1031-4.
CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF KIKUCHI'S HISTIOCYTIC NECROTIZING
LYMPHADENITIS: T.T. Kuo; Am J Surg Pathol (September 1990, issue 14(9)). Pp. 872-6.
KIKUCHI-FUJIMOTO DISEASE MIMICKING MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA: G.A. Chamulak, et al.; Am J Surg Pathol (June 1990, issue 14(6)). Pp. 514-23.
NECROTISING LYMPHADENITIS WITHOUT GRANULOCYTIC INFILTRATION (KIKUCHI'S
DISEASE): M.H. Ali, et al.; J Clin Pathol (November 1985, issue 38(11)). Pp. 1252-7.
Kikuchi's Disease
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03904.TXT
Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
679: Kinsbourne Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Kinsbourne Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus
Myoclonic Encephalopathy
Opsoclonic Encephalopathy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Myoclonus
Leigh's Disease
Kernicterus
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Kinsbourne Syndrome is a rare seizure disorder. Major symptoms may include an unsteady gait, myoclonus, (uncontrollable jerky movements) and rapid eye movements.
Symptoms
Kinsbourne Syndrome is characterized by repeated, rapid eye movements in both horizontal and vertical directions (opsoclonus), an unsteady gait (ataxia), spasms or twitchings of a muscle or group of muscles (myoclonus) and behavioral abnormalities. Mental retardation may or may not be present.
Causes
The exact cause of Kinsbourne Syndrome is not known. In approximately forty-five per cent of all cases the cause of it is related to malignant tumors of embryonic nerve cells (neuroblastoma). These tumors can be located in various areas of the body, but they are most often located in the adrenal medulla of the brain. In some cases the disorder can occur after a viral infection such as chicken pox or measles.
Affected Population
Kinsbourne Syndrome is a rare disorder that usually affects infants and young children, although it is also known to affect adults. It is found in males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Kinsbourne Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Myoclonus is a group of movement disorders characterized by sudden, involuntary contractions of a skeletal muscle or group of muscles. It may be divided into two groups, rhythmical and arrhythmic myoclonus. Myoclonus may accompany a number of neurologic diseases, including seizure disorders, brain injuries, hereditary brain disorders, viral infections, and neuroblastomas. In arrhythmic myoclonus, the more common type, muscle jerks are irregular and unpredictable. Single muscles, or the entire skeletal musculature may be affected. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Myoclonus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Rhythmical, or segmental, myoclonus is characterized by synchronized muscle jerks with a constant frequency of between ten and one hundred and eighty jerks per minute. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Myoclonus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Leigh's Disease is a genetic metabolic disorder characterized by lesions of the brain, spinal cord, optic nerve and in some cases, an enlarged heart. The disorder is usually first diagnosed during infancy but may begin later. Symptoms during infancy may include low body weight, slow growth, tremors, skin changes and interrupted breathing patterns. Progressive neurological disturbances, mental retardation, slurred speech and loss of motor coordination (ataxia) may occur in cases beginning during or after infancy. Abnormalities of eye movement and other vision problems may develop in cases with later onset. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Leigh" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Kernicterus is a condition characterized by an excess of bilirubin in the blood during infancy. The bilirubin is deposited in the basal ganglia of the brain and in the brainstem nuclei. Early symptoms of Kernicterus in full term infants may include lethargy, poor feeding and vomiting, a spasm with head and heels bent backward and the body bowed forward (opisthotonus), upward deviation of the eyes, convulsions and muscular rigidity. Later in childhood the patient may show ceaseless jerky movements and slow sinuous writhing movements (choreoathetosis), sensorineural hearing loss, and loss of upward gaze. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Kernicterus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Kinsbourne Syndrome involves the use corticosteroid drugs, synthetic ACTH (Synacthen) and adrenocorticotropic hormones to relieve symptoms. When the cause of the disorder is a neuroblastoma surgery to remove the tumor is performed along with chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on Kinsbourne Syndrome is being pursued by the following physician. Patients who may be interested in participating in the study should ask their doctor to contact:
Michael R. Pranzatelli, MD
Neurology Department
Columbia University Health Sciences
630 West 168th Street
New York, NY 10032
(212) 305-1541
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Kinsbourne Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Kinsbourne Syndrome Support Group
8722 Beal
Dyer, IN 46311
or
Rt. 1, Box 305
Carrollton, VA 23314
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
National Myoclonus Foundation
845 Third Avenue, 4th Floor
New York, NY 10022
(212) 758-5656
References
POLYMIOCLONIA-OPSOCLONUS; KINSBOURNE SYNDROME. REPORT OF A CASE. J.B.
Vieira, et al.; Arq Neuropsiquiatr (June, 1985, issue 43 (2)). Pp. 194-197.
OPSOCLONIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IN CHILDHOOD (KINSBOURNE SYNDROME). A. Corriea, et al.; Pediatr Med Chir (May-June, 1985, issue 7 (3)). Pp. 437-441.
MYOCLONIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (KINSBOURNE SYNDROME). W. Kaulfersch, et al.; Padiatr Padol (1984, issue 19 (3)). Pp. 279-285.
KINSBOURNE DISEASE. STUDY OF FOUR CASES. E. Fernandez-Alvarez, et al.; An Esp Pediatr (June-July, 1978, issue 11 (6-7)). Pp. 461-470.
Kinsbourne Syndrome
nd a'
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679: Kinsbourne Syndrome
03905.TXT
Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
96: Klinefelter Syndrome
_________________________
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Klinefelter Syndrome, which is characterized by the presence of one or more extra x-chromosomes in at least one tissue, is the most frequent cause of primary hypogonadism. Hypogonadism is a condition in which abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads results in retardation of growth and sexual development). Klinefelter Syndrome is clearly evident only after puberty with evidence of infertility and/or eunuchoidism of varying degrees. Abnormally large mammary glands occur with high frequency.
Symptoms
The most common symptoms of Klinefelter Syndrome may include abnormally small testes which contain sclerosed (hard) tubules, lack of sperm, enlarged mammary glands, and abnormally small penis. Mental deficiency may also occur. Other clinical manifestations may include retarded development of external and accessory sex organs, absence of beard and body hair, a high pitched voice, and a striking lack of muscular development.
If mosaicism (cells consisting of male tissue in one part and female tissue in another part) with the XXY genotype occurs in only a few cell lines, many of these characteristics may be absent. In this case, the only manifestation of the disorder might be either infertility or decreased fertility.
Causes
Klinefelter Syndrome results from the presence of supernumerary X chromosomes.
Affected Population
Only males are predominantly affected with Klinefelter Syndrome. The rate
of occurrence is 1 in 500.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of male primary hypogonadism is with androgens to promote virilization. Testosterone enanthate or cypionate may provide satisfactory replacement. However, patients with Klinefelter Syndrome cannot become fertile so gonadotropin therapy need not be considered. Mastectomy may be necessary for cosmetic purposes in some patients.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Klinefelter Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Klinefelter's Syndrome Association of America
P.O. Box 93
Pine River, WI 54965
Klinefelter Syndrome and Associates
P.O. Box 119
Roseville, CA 95661-0119
Klinefelter's Syndrome Support Group of Canada
P.O. Box 5000
Pentanguishene, Ontario, LOK 1PO
Canada
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 167-70, 1412-13.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 2074-5, 2150.
Klinefelter Syndrome
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96: Klinefelter Syndrome
03906.TXT
Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
659: Klippel-Feil Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Klippel-Feil Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
KFS
Congenital Cervical Synostosis
Disorder Subdivisions:
Klippel-Feil Syndrome: Types I, II, and III
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Wildervanck Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Klippel-Feil Syndrome is a rare, congenital disorder of the spine. Major symptoms may include a short neck, low hairline at the back of the head and restricted mobility of the upper spine. There may also be associated hearing loss, neurologic, heart, kidney and breathing problems.
Symptoms
Three types of Klippel-Feil Syndrome have been identified. Symptoms common to all types include fusion of neck vertebrae, scoliosis (curvature of the spine), and low hairline.
Children born with Klippel-Feil Syndrome Type I show massive fusion of many neck and upper back vertebrae into bony blocks. Type II is characterized by fusion at only one or two interspaces (disks) such as the first vertebra of the neck.
Type III is characterized by fusion in neck and back or lower back. More than half of the cases of Klippel-Feil Syndrome also have kidney defects. The compression of vertebrae may also cause problems of the nervous system and contribute to heart and lung conditions. Following neurologic defects, hearing loss is the second most common associated feature. There is increased danger of head and neck injury in children and adults who exhibit craniocervical fusion.
Causes
Klippel-Feil Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Klippel-Feil Syndrome is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Klippel-Feil Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Wildervanck Syndrome consists of congenital perceptive deafness, fused cervical vertebrae and palsy of the eyes. It primarily affects females.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Klippel-Feil Syndrome is supportive and symptomatic. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Klippel-Feil Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 443, 1466.
AURAL ABNORMALITIES IN KLIPPEL-FEIL SYNDROME; I. Ohtani, et al.; Am J Otol (November, 1985, issue 6 (6)). Pp. 468-471.
Klippel-Feil Syndrome
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659: Klippel-Feil Syndrome
03907.TXT
)Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
453: Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome
KTW Syndrome
Angio-Osteohypertrophy Syndrome
Congenital Dysplastic Angiectasia
Elephantiasis Congenita Angiomatosa
Hemangiectatic Hypertrophy
Osteohypertrophic Nevus Flammeus
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Parkes-Weber Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome is a blood vessel disorder combining Nevus Flammeus (a birth mark which is the color of a port wine stain), excessive growth of the soft tissue and bone, and varicose veins. Cases range from mild to severe with a variety of complications possible. Onset usually occurs before birth or during early childhood.
Symptoms
Seventy-five percent of Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome cases involve wine colored birthmarks called "nevus flammeus" or "port wine stains". These birthmarks are apparent at birth and tend to deepen in color with age.
Masses of veins, lymph vessels and capillaries (with or without thickened walls) may be diagnosed before birth with the use of ultrasound tests. In eighty-five percent of affected patients, the limbs on one side of the body are affected with these vascular lesions. Usually one leg is affected, although an arm, leg, or both may be involved. Dilated varicose veins tend to develop as substitute channels for obstructed underlying veins during the first years of life. The underlying veins may be absent or underdeveloped and are often constricted by fibrous bands.
Gradual bone and soft tissue overdevelopment may occur underneath the abnormal vessel masses. An arm or leg (or both), is often lengthened to some degree and may be enlarged in circumference as well. Varicose veins are present in all patients, although they may be hidden by swelling. In a few cases, swelling may occur as a result of compression or malformations of lymph vessels. Occasionally wasting (atrophy) may occur in the affected limb.
Parkes-Weber Syndrome is a subdivision of Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome characterized by direct blood flow from veins to arteries, bypassing the capillary networks (arteriovenous shunts).
A variety of complications can result from Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome. The overdevelopment of a leg can cause compensatory curvature of the spine (Scoliosis) to occur. Varicose veins can lead to skin ulcerations, swelling and changes associated with constricted blood flow. Other possible dermatological changes may include eczema, atrophy, flesh colored warts, connective tissue inflammation (cellulitis), and profuse sweating in overlying skin areas. Veins may become inflamed and possibly blocked by a blood clot (Thrombophlebitis), but the clot is usually stationary and carries little danger of traveling to the lungs. Unexpected bleeding may develop in the abnormal blood vessels and/or capillaries due to diminished amounts of clotting factors in circulating blood. When certain abdominal veins become dilated, abnormal vein drainage may lead to bleeding in the rectum, vagina, area around the vagina (vulva), or bladder. Abnormal growths in the bladder and colon may lead to bleeding as well, and may compress the spinal cord possibly causing partial paralysis.
Other symptoms which may be associated with Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome include the presence of extra fingers with or without webbing, dilated veins in the lungs, partial overgrowth of the face without the associated port wine stain birthmark, an open spine (spina bifida), absence of the opening in the ear canal, absence of fingers or toes, an abnormally small number of clotting platelets in circulating blood (thrombocytopenia), an abnormally low concentration of a clotting factor in circulating blood plasma (hypofibrinogenemia), congenital dislocation of the hips, exceptionally large feet, and bilateral undescended testes in males. A few cases of this disorder have occurred in conjunction with Sturge-Weber Syndrome. (For more information on Sturge-Weber Syndrome, see the Related Disorders section of this report.)
Causes
The exact cause of Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome is not known, although it is presumed to be genetic. Symptoms may develop due to a defect in fetal development or a hereditary embryonic tissue weakness.
Affected Population
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome is a rare disorder affecting males and females in equal numbers. The disorder occurs worldwide.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Sturge-Weber Syndrome is usually a dominant hereditary disorder in which a port wine colored stain (angioma) on the face, and intracranial abnormalities are present at birth. Generalized seizures and additional neurological symptoms usually occur between one and two years of age. Vascular lesions (telangiectasias and angiomas) in the brain usually involve the occipital or parieto-occipital regions. Glaucoma may be present in the eye located on the same side of the face where the port wine stain occurs. This eye may also be enlarged. The iris may remain blue, even though the other eye may change to another color as the infant matures. Sight in half of the visual field may be defective or absent in the affected eye. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sturge-Weber" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome is usually directed toward controlling symptoms. The port wine colored stain birthmark may be lightened or removed with argon, yellow light, or carbon dioxide laser surgery. Application of makeup may be helpful as a temporary measure for cosmetic reasons. When blood vessel abnormalities occur in the colon, surgical resection of the intestines may be required. Lesions in the bladder may be removed by means of a high frequency electrical current aided by imaging with a flexible lighted tube (cystoscope).
Children with port wine stain birthmarks, minimal varicose veins and an oversized limb with a discrepancy of less than one centimeter usually require no surgical intervention. For patients with marked presence of varicose veins, wearing elastic support stockings may be helpful. Discrepancies in leg length may be corrected by placing a lift in the shoe on the healthy foot to prevent compensatory curvature of the spine (scoliosis). Diuretics, antibiotics, or iron supplements may be required for patients with complications involving blood cell or connective tissue inflammation (cellulitis), blood clots in veins (thrombophlebitis), recurrent bleeding or anemia. Ulcerations or eczema may require local treatment prescribed by a dermatologist.
Surgical removal or stripping of varicose or underlying veins may not be recommended because of possible complications or recurrences. Orthopedic procedures to correct extreme overgrowth of an affected limb may include surgery. If a discrepancy in leg length is found, X-rays should be taken and compared every six months to determine timing of surgery to correct the bone overgrowth.
Therapies: Investigational
The Flashlamp-Pulsed Tunable Dye laser is showing very good results in the treatment of port wine stain in the skin of children under age eighteen. This treatment has shown little or no side effects.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome Support Group
4610 Wooddale Ave.
Edina, MN 55424
(612) 925-2596
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
The Sturge-Weber Foundation
P.O. Box 460931
Aurora, CO 80046
(303) 360-7290
(800) 627-5482
Sturge-Weber Support Group
2036 Ridgewood Way
Bountiful, Utah 84010
(801) 292-8228
(801) 292-6639
Nevus Network
1400 S. Joyce St., #C1201
Arlington, VA 22202
(703) 920-2349
(405) 377-3403
Giant Congenital Pigmented Nevus Support Group
12 Twixt Hill Rd.
Ridgefield, CT 06877
(203) 438-3863
Nevus Support Group
58 Necton Rd.
Wheathampstead, Herts
AL4 8AU England
For Information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CT FINDINGS IN SPLENIC HEMANGIOMAS IN THE KLIPPEL-TRENAUNAY-WEBER SYNDROME:
R.L. Pakter, et al.; J Comput Assist Tomogr (Jan.-Feb. 1987, issue 11(1)). Pp. 88-91.
A RETROMEDULLARY ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA ASSOCIATED WITH THE KLIPPEL
SYNDROME: A CLINICOPATHOLOGIC STUDY: N. Benhaiem-Sigaux, et al.; Acta Neuropathol (Berl) (1985, issue 66(4)). Pp. 318-324.
CORRECTION OF LEG INEQUALITY IN THE KLIPPEL-TRENAUNAY-WEBER SYNDROME: M.
Peixinho, et al.; Int Orthop (1982, issue 6(1)). Pp. 45-47.
SURGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF KLIPPEL-TRENAUNAY SYNDROME: Peter P. Gloriezk, et al.; Ann Surg (March 1983, issue 197). Pp. 353.
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Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
872: Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Kluver-Bucy Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Bilateral Temporal Lobe Disorder
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Pick's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease
Korsakoff's Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is a very rare cerebral neurological (brain disorder. Major symptoms may include an urge to put all kinds of objects into the mouth, memory loss, extreme sexual behavior, placidity, and visual distractibility.
Symptoms
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is characterized by loss of memory. There may also be indiscriminate sexual behavior. However, other emotional behavior in response to stimuli is usually lacking (indifference or placidity). An almost uncontrollable appetite for food is also noted. There may also be other forms of dementia (loss of reason) as well. There is an excessive tendency to put all sorts of objects in the mouth, and easy extractability by external stimuli (particularly visual) is usually present.
Causes
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is the result of damage to the temporal lobes of the brain. This may be the result of trauma to the brain itself, or the result of other degenerative brain diseases, or it can be caused by some forms of herpes simplex encephalitis (a viral brain infection).
Affected Population
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is a very rare disease that affects males and females equally.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Pick's Disease is a very rare progressive neurological disease affecting the lobes of the brain. Major symptoms may include changes in intellect, behavior and personality. It is characterized by progressive deterioration of intellect with changes in behavior and personality. The memory is usually intact in the early stages of the disease and there is less disorientation than in Alzheimer's Disease. However, in later stages there is loss of motor control as well as confusion and severe dementia. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Pick" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Alzheimer's Disease is a common progressive disorder of the brain affecting memory, thought and language. Groups of nerve endings in the cortex of the brains of people with Alzheimer's degenerates and disrupts the passage of electrochemical signals between the cells. Affected individuals become increasingly forgetful. As memory losses increase, personality, mood and behavior also tend to change. Judgement, concentration, speech and physical coordination may also be affected. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Alzheimer" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Korsakoff's Syndrome is a deficiency of vitamin B-1 which causes cardiovascular, central and peripheral nervous system disturbances. Early symptoms of Korsakoff's syndrome include fatigue, irritation, poor memory, difficulty sleeping, chest pain, abdominal discomfort, poor appetite and constipation. Later symptoms are principally cardiovascular and neurological. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Korsakoff" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Kluver-Bucy is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Kluver-Bucy Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, Inc. National Headquarters
919 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1000
Chicago, IL 60611
(312) 335-8700
(800) 272-3900
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2080-2087.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.; Raymond D. Adams, M.D. and Maurice Victor, M.D., Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, 1989. Pp. 360-363, 451-452.
THE MERCK MANUAL OF GERIATRICS, 1st Ed.; William B. Abrams, M.D. and Robert Berkow, M.D., Editors; Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, 1990. Pp. 946.
KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME WITH SEVERE AMNESIA SECONDARY TO HERPES
ENCEPHALITIS, Conlon, P. et al.; Can J Psychiatry, November, 1988, (issue 33, (8)). Pp. 754-756.
KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME. A CASE REPORT., Fragassi, NA, et al.; Acta Neurol, April, 1990, (issue 12 (2)). Pp. 138-142.
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@!<!Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
755: Kniest Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Kniest Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Syndrome de Kniest
Swiss Cheese Cartilage Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Morquio Syndrome
Metatropic Dwarfism Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Kniest Syndrome is a type of dwarfism that is characterized by unusually short arms and legs, a round face with hollow or depressed areas, swelling and stiffness of the joints, and a stiff drawing up (contractures) of the fingers. A cleft palate, curvature of the spine (scoliosis), vision and hearing problems may also occur. Intellect is usually normal in people with this syndrome.
Symptoms
People with Kniest Syndrome are known to have disproportionately short stature with a short, barrel-shaped chest, short deformed arms and legs, and a relatively long trunk. Later in life, short trunk dwarfism develops due to curvature of the spine and enlargement of the joints.
The head and face of people with Kniest Syndrome is usually flat with protruding eyes, and a low nasal bridge. A cleft palate with speech impairment and frequent ear infections also occur. Involvement of the eyes may include nearsightedness (myopia) that can progress to retinal detachment and cataracts. Dislocated eye lenses, drooping of the eyelids (blepharoptosis), possible blindness with disease of the optic nerve, involvement of the spine or brain, and glaucoma may also occur. As the person matures, the joints may become enlarged causing limited movement and pain. Limbs are short, often bowed, and there may be irregularities of the ends of the long bones (epiphyses). Contracted hips may cause walking difficulties and there may be a congenital flattening of the vertebrae and a hump of the spine. Hernias of the groin (inguinal) and navel (umbilical), a small pelvis, short collarbones, slowed motor development and hearing loss may also occur.
In some cases of Kniest Syndrome there may be an excessive excretion of keratan sulfate in the urine, while a softening of the connective tissue in the trachea (tracheomalacia) causing a "Swiss-cheese" appearance has also been known to develop. People with this disorder usually have normal intelligence.
Causes
The exact cause of Kniest Syndrome is not known. In some cases it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Some scientists believe that some cases of this disorder may be due to a sporadic genetic mutation because no other family members have symptoms of the syndrome. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Kniest Syndrome is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Kniest Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Morquio Syndrome is a metabolic disorder characterized by an accumulation of keratan sulfate. Bony abnormalities of the head, chest, hands, knees, and spine may occur as a result of this defect. Intelligence is usually normal. The bony abnormalities of the spine can result in spinal cord compression. Surgery to stabilize the upper cervical spine, usually by spinal fusion, can prevent severe paralysis. There may also be enlargement of the liver, curvature of the spine (thoracic kyphoscoliosis), a back flow of blood from the aortic valve of the heart into the left ventricle of the heart (aortic regurgitation), as well as loss of hearing. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Morquio" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Metatropic Dwarfism Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by extremely small stature, with short and deformed arms and legs. Other characteristics of this disorder are a narrow thorax with short ribs, prominent joints with restricted mobility of the knees and hips, and unusual increased extension of the finger joints. There is also an unusually long torso, which later develops into short trunk dwarfism due to curvature of the spine and enlargement of the joints. This rare disorder is often recognized at birth because the spinal deformities tend to be severe during infancy. (For information about other forms of dwarfism choose "Dwarf" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Kniest Syndrome usually consists of stabilization of lax joints, surgery to prevent contractures, and repair of retinal detachments and cleft palate. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Kniest Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Parents of Dwarfed Children
11524 Colt Terr.
Silver Spring, MD 20902
Little People of America
P.O. Box 633
San Bruno, CA 94066
(415) 589-0695
Short Stature Foundation
17200 Jamboree Rd., Suite J
Irvine, CA 92714-5828
(714) 474-4554
800-24 DWARF
For Genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 492
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION. 4th Ed.: Kenneth Jones, M.D.; Saunders, 1988, Pp. 312, 313-314.
A DISTINCT CHONDRODYSPLASIA RESEMBLING KNIEST DYSOLASIA: CLINICAL,
ROENTGENOGRAPHIC, HISTOLOGIC, AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL FINDINGS. S. Sconyers, et al.; J PEDIATR (December 1983, issue 103 (6)). Pp. 898-904.
KNIEST DYSPLASIA IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN APPARENT ABNORMAL PROCESSING OF
THE C-PROPEPTIDE OF TYPE II CARTILAGE COLLAGEN RESULTING IN IMPERFECT
ASSEMBLY. A. Poole, et al.; J CLIN INVEST (February 1988, issue 81 (2)). Pp. 579-589.
THE OCULAR FINDINGS IN KNIEST DYSPLASIA. I. Maumenee, et al.; AM J OPTHALMOL (July 15, 1985, issue 100 (1)). Pp. 155-160.
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS IN KNIEST SYNDROME, SMITH-LEMLI-OPITZ SYNDROME,
HALLERMANN-STREIFF-FRANCOIS SYNDROME, RUBENSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME AND MEDIAN
CLEFT SYNDROME. A. Bardelli, et al.; OPHTHALMIC PAEDIATR GENET, (August 1985, issue 6 (1-2)). Pp. 343-347.
Kniest Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
800: Kohler Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Kohler Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Kohler's Disease (of the Tarsal Navicular)
Kohler's Osteochondrosis (of the Tarsal Navicular)
Navicular Osteochondrosis
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Freiberg's Disease
Burning Feet Syndrome
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Erythromelalgia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Kohler Disease is a rare bone disorder of the foot characterized by a painful, swollen foot, eventually causing the individual to limp. It generally occurs in children between the ages of three and five and affects males more often than females. Recovery usually occurs in less than a year.
Symptoms
Kohler Disease is a rare bone disorder characterized by a painful swollen foot. The foot is especially tender along the length of the arch. Putting weight on the foot or walking is difficult, causing further discomfort and a limp. Progressive degeneration of one of the bones in the foot (navicular bone) causes the symptoms to develop. The bone eventually regenerates and heals itself.
Kohler Disease tends to occur in children between the ages of three and five. With treatment, symptoms usually last for about three months. Bone restoration generally takes about eight months. Patients usually recover in less than a year, regaining full function of the foot. The disorder rarely lasts for more than two years. Recovery is permanent.
Causes
The exact cause of Kohler Disease is unknown. It does not appear to be hereditary and it is usually not associated with an injury.
Affected Population
Kohler Disease is a rare bone disorder of the foot that affects males more often than females. It usually occurs in children between the ages of three and five. Patients usually recover in less than a year, regaining full function of the foot.
Related Disorders
Freiberg's Disease is a rare bone disorder characterized by a painful foot which is especially tender toward the front. Putting weight on the foot or walking can cause further discomfort. Progressive degeneration (osteonecrosis) of part of one of the long bones in the foot (head of second metatarsal) causes the symptoms to develop. Surgery may be necessary to treat this disorder. (For more information on osteonecrosis, choose "osteonecrosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Burning Feet Syndrome, also known as Gopalan Syndrome, is thought to be caused by a possible deficiency of a B Vitamin or pantothenic acid. Severe burning, aching and cramp-like pains in the soles of the feet (and possibly palms of the hands) can occur. Often, patients experience a sensation like pins and needles in the feet.
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome involves pressure on nerves to the foot causing pain. The initial symptoms of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome are swelling of the feet, and painful burning, tingling or numb sensations in the lower legs. Symptoms can become more intense and extend to leg muscles after standing for long periods during the day. These symptoms usually diminish with successful treatment. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Erythromelalgia is a syndrome of sudden intense dilation of blood vessels (paroxysmal vasodilation). This causes intense burning pain, increased skin temperature, and redness of the feet and, less often, the hands. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Erythromelalgia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Kohler Disease can be made by X-ray. Treatment can include weight-bearing short-leg plaster casts or special shoes. Staying off the foot as much as possible helps in recovery. Symptoms usually resolve within one year.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers are trying to identify the cause of Kohler Disease so that it can be prevented.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Kohler Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp, and Dohme Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 2107-2108.
DORSIFLEXION OSTEOTOMY IN FREIBERG'S DISEASE. P. Kinnard and R. Lirette; Foot Ankle (Apr 1989; issue 9 (5)). Pp. 226-231.
FREIBERG'S INFRACTION OF THE SECOND METARSAL HEAD WITH FORMATION OF
MULTIPLE LOOSE BODIES. G. Scartozzi, et al.; J Foot Surg (May-Jun 1989; issue 28 (3)). Pp. 195-199.
KOHLER'S DISEASE OF THE TARSAL NAVICULAR. G. A. Williams and H. R. Cowell; Clin Orthrop (Jul-Aug 1981; issue 158). Pp. 53-58.
KOHLER'S DISEASE OF THE TARSAL NAVICULAR: LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF 12 CASES. E. Ippolito, et al.; J Pediatr Orthop (Aug 1984; issue 4 (4)). Pp. 416-417.
KOHLER'S OSTEOCHONDROSIS OF THE TARSAL NAVICULAR: CASE REPORT WITH
TWENTY-EIGHT YEAR FOLLOW-UP. K. M. Devine and R. E. Van Demark, Sr.; S D J Med (Sep 1989; issue 42 (9)). Pp. 5-6.
Kohler Disease
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
168: Korsakoff's Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Korsakoff's syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Beriberi
Thiamine Deficiency
Vitamin B-1 Deficiency
Endemic Polyneuritis
Nutritional Neuropathy
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Wet Beriberi, also known Beriberi Heart Disease and Shoshin Beriberi
Dry Beriberi, also known as Neuropathic Beriberi, Atrophic Beriberi and Paralytic Beriberi
Cerebral Beriberi, also known as Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and Acute Hemorrhagic Polioencephalitis, including Wernicke's (C) I Syndrome, also known as Gayet-Wernicke Syndrome, and Korsakoff Psychosis
Ship Beriberi
Infantile Beriberi
Primary Beriberi
Secondary Beriberi
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Korsakoff's syndrome is a deficiency of vitamin B-1 (or thiamine) which causes cardiovascular, central and peripheral nervous system disturbances. The disease results from either inadequate dietary intake or from impaired absorption or utilization of vitamin B-1. It is common in the Orient where excessive milling of rice reduces its thiamine content.
Symptoms
Early symptoms of Korsakoff's syndrome include fatigue, irritation, poor memory, difficulty sleeping, chest pain, abdominal discomfort, poor appetite and constipation. Later symptoms are principally cardiovascular and neurological.
Changes in the functioning of the peripheral nervous system (the motor and sensory nerves serving muscle, skin, and internal organs) are known as Dry Beriberi and affect primarily the legs and feet. The senses of touch, pressure, temperature, pain, position and vibration become progressively impaired in the toes and feet. The calf muscles have frequent cramps and become tender. The leg muscles become progressively weaker and atrophied, and the feet and toes become paralyzed. Reflexes such as ankle and knee jerks disappear. Eventually, the arms may become involved.
In acute cases of thiamine deficiency superimposed on Chronic Beriberi, Cerebral Beriberi (Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome) can result. It is characterized by psychotic symptoms known as Korsakoff's psychosis and by degeneration of other brain functioning known as Wernicke's encephalopathy. In Korsakoff's psychosis there is mental confusion, and the fabrication of imaginary events to fill in gaps in the memory. Other encephalopathic symptoms include nystagmus (an involuntary, rapid movement of the eyes, almost resembling a tremor), paralysis of the eye muscles, coma and death if untreated. Cerebral Beriberi usually occurs in thiamine deficiencies related to alcoholism.
Korsakoff's syndrome which involves primarily the cardiovascular system is known as Wet Beriberi. Congestive heart failure due to weakness of the heart leads to excessive accumulation of blood in the lungs (pulmonary congestion) and body tissues. This in turn causes edema (swelling) of the tissues which can be severe, difficulty breathing and further stress on the heart.
Infantile Beriberi occurs in infants who depend on breast feeding from thiamine deficient mothers. Symptoms appear during the 2nd to 4th months of life and include heart failure, a lack of deep tendon reflexes such as the knee jerk, and a lack of voice.
Ship Beriberi refers to Korsakoff's syndrome that used to occur primarily on Norwegian ships. It is characterized by edema and relatively few neurological symptoms.
Causes
Korsakoff's syndrome results from a deficiency of thiamine, or vitamin B-l, which is necessary for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates. Inadequate intake of thiamine results in Primary Beriberi and occurs most often in people who subsist on milled, or polished, rice (i.e., in the Orient).
Secondary thiamine deficiency results from increased requirements, impaired absorption or impaired utilization. Thiamine requirements increase during pregnancy, lactation, hyperthyroid disease and fever. Chronic diarrhea is the usual cause of poor thiamine absorption. The body cannot properly use thiamine in severe liver disease. Korsakoff's syndrome is often associated with severe alcoholism because alcoholics tend to eat few thiamine containing foods, absorb and utilize the vitamin poorly, and require larger than normal amounts of it. Frequent, prolonged, or highly concentrated dextrose (a form of sugar) infusions without vitamin supplementation are also associated with Korsakoff's syndrome.
Affected Population
Populations subsisting on milled, or polished, rice, alcoholics, and persons receiving dextrose for long periods of time intravenously (without vitamin supplementation) are susceptible to Korsakoff's syndrome.
Therapies: Standard
In mild cases of Korsakoff's syndrome, thiamine is given orally; in severe cases, it is given intravenously. Very rarely, a severe allergic reaction develops after intravenous administration of thiamine.
Edema associated with Wet Beriberi responds well to bed rest in addition to thiamine.
Boiling rice before removing husks rather than milling it while raw allows thiamine to saturate the whole grain. In this way the vitamin remains in the diet.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials are underway to study the genetic mechanism of alcoholic organic brain disease. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. Peter R. Martin
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
A-2205 MCN
Nashville, TN 37232
(614) 322-3527
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Korsakoff's syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA)
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
5600 Fishers Land
Rockville, MD 20892
References
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th ed., Robert Berkow, M.D., ed in chief, published by Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Labs, Rahway, NJ, 1987. Pp. 932, 1330, 1364.
THE CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 28, 2084, 2138.
Korsakoff's Syndrome
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&g&Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
349: Kufs Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Kufs Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Amaurotic Familial Idiocy, Adult
Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis, Adult form
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
Adult-Onset Ceroidosis
Generalized Lipofuscinosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Batten Disease
Gaucher Disease
Bielchowsky Disease
Tay Sachs Disease
Sandhoff Disease
Niemann-Pick Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
The chief characteristics of Kufs Disease are neurologic symptoms which may mimic mental illness, and dermatologic abnormalities resembling ichthyosis. Symptoms of Kufs Disease may be linked to excess accumulations of pigments (lipofuscins) dissolved in fat tissues that are found throughout the central nervous system. Kufs Disease, Batten Disease and Bielchowsky Disease are different forms of the same disorder and are differentiated by the age of onset (see Related Disorders section of this report). Both major forms of this disorder may be extremely difficult to differentiate from other progressive degenerative diseases of the central nervous system.
Symptoms
Kufs Disease is a very rare disorder marked initially by progressive weakness with diminished muscle coordination, seizures, rapid involuntary jerky movements (chorea), and rarely blindness. This disorder can be inherited as either a dominant or recessive trait and is usually slowly progressive.
Neurological symptoms of Kufs Disease usually begin after the age of twenty and can resemble mental illness. Confusion, stupor or psychotic behavior may mark the onset, leading to mental retardation and generalized convulsions. These symptoms are due to excess pigment in fat (lipofuscins) that accumulate in the brains of people with Kufs Disease.
A generalized skin disorder called ichthyosis vulgaris occurs and is marked by dryness, roughness and/or scaliness. This condition is a result of excess production or retention of keratin (a principal component of skin) which occurs in people with Kufs Disease. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Causes
Kufs Disease is an inherited disorder which involves excess accumulation of pigments (lipofuscins) throughout the central nervous system. The symptoms of both dominant and recessive forms of this disorder involve impaired muscle coordination (ataxia) with behavioral abnormalities. The dominant form of Kufs Disease tends to be less serious than the recessive form.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Kufs Disease is the adult form of Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis. This condition usually begins after the age of twenty, whereas Batten's Disease begins during early childhood and Bielchowsky's Disease begins later during childhood. All of these three related lipid storage disorders are very rare, perhaps affecting a few hundred people in the United States.
Related Disorders
There are many disorders caused by abnormal lipid metabolism.
Batten Disease is the juvenile form of Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis. It is a hereditary lipid storage disorder transmitted as a recessive trait. Batten Disease is characterized by rapidly progressive neurological degeneration and vision failure (optic atrophy). Symptoms usually begin between five and seven years of age. Batten Disease occurs mostly in white families of Northern European Scandinavian ancestry. (For more information, choose "Batten" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Gaucher's Disease is an inherited disease of lipid metabolism caused by the failure to produce the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. It is the most common of the fourteen known lipid storage disorders which includes Tay-Sachs Disease, Fabry's Disease, and Niemann-Pick Disease. There are three types of Gaucher's Disease - Type I, II and III. All three are characterized by the presence of Gaucher (lipid-laden) cells in the bone marrow and other organs such as the spleen and liver. (For more information, see below and choose "Gaucher," "Tay Sach," "Fabry," and "Niemann" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Bielchowsky Disease is a late infantile form of Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis This disorder is due to an inborn error of lipid metabolism. It is inherited as a recessive trait, and is found in all racial groups. Diagnosis of Bielchowsky Disease is ascertained by the presence of ceroid-lipofuscin pigments, and it is differentiated from Batten Disease and Kufs Disease by the age of onset.
Tay-Sachs Disease is a genetic lipid storage disease that causes the progressive destruction of the central nervous system. It is most common among children of Eastern European Jewish heritage and becomes clinically apparent at about six months of age.
Sandhoff Disease, also known as Gangliosidosis GM2 Type 2, is an inherited variant of Tay-Sachs Disease. It has greater visceral involvement than other forms of Lipofuscinosis and affects people of all heritages. (For more information on this disorder, choose " Sandhoff" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Niemann-Pick Disease is a rare, familial disorder of lipid metabolism characterized by the accumulation of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in the reticuloendothelial cells. There are at least five different forms of this type of lipidosis.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Kufs Disease is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for families of affected patients. Service agencies which aid the mentally disabled could also be helpful to the patient and family.
Therapies: Investigational
Research is ongoing into all lipid storage disorders. Recent advances in the treatment of Gaucher's Disease raises hope that other lipid storage disorders may be treatable in the near future. Scientific study of gene replacement therapy in animal models raises the hope that gene replacement therapy may someday be made available to people with these types of genetic disorders.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Kufs Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
The Children's Brain Disease Foundation for Research
350 Parnassus, Suite 900
San Francisco, CA 94117
(415) 566-5402
(415) 565-6259
National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association, Inc.
2001 Beacon St, Rm. 304
Brookline, MA 02164
(617) 277-4463 or 277-3965
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1274 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
ADULT CEROID-LIPOFUSCINOSIS: DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF BIOPSIES AND OF
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS : A. Vercruyssen, et. al.; J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (November 1982, issue 45(11)). Pp. 1056-1059.
FAMILIAL OCCURRENCE OF ADULT-TYPE NEURONAL CEROID LIPOFUSCINOSIS: M.
Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
536: Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the synonym list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Juvenile Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
KWS
SMA III
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome is a rare inherited disorder. Major symptoms may include wasting and weakness in the muscles of the arms and legs, twitching, clumsiness in walking, and eventual loss of reflexes. Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome is not apparent at birth, it usually appears during the first ten to twenty years of life.
Symptoms
People with Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome experience muscle wasting which causes the back to bend forward, difficulty in walking or climbing stairs and trouble arising from a lying position. This may also be accompanied by muscle twitching, slowed reflexes, and sometimes, loss of bowel control. Eye muscles are sometimes affected causing extreme nearsightedness and decreased vision. Occasionally the heart muscles are affected causing irregularities in the heart's rhythm.
Causes
This disorder is believed to be caused by the breaking down of motor nerve cells in the front part of the brain. Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome is usually inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Scientists think that Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome may occasionally be an autosomal dominant, or an x-linked recessive trait.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Affected Population
Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome tends to affect males more often than females. The symptoms are often milder in women than in men.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease is a rare hereditary disease. It is a severe and usually rapidly progressive neuromuscular disorder of infants. It is characterized by a generalized flaccid and symmetrical atrophy and weakness of the muscles of the trunk and extremities. These symptoms occur as a result of degenerative changes in the ventral horn cells of the spinal cord. This weakness, referred to as the amyotonia congenital syndrome, is also found in other neuromuscular diseases. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome is aimed at alleviating the symptoms. In most cases physical therapy and orthopedic devices may be prescribed. If the patient's heart muscles have been affected by atrophy, a cardiac pacemaker may be implanted.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Recently scientists have been investigating the use of lithium carbonate as a treatment for Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome. It is hoped that this drug may steady the progress of the disease. However, more research is needed before the benefits and side effects of this treatment can be determined.
The orphan product, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor, Recombinant Human, is being tested by the FDA. The product is used to treat spinal musvcular atrophies and is sponsored by Syntex-Synergen Neuroscience, 1885 - 33rd St., Boulder, CO, 80301.
The orphan product Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Recombinant Human is under investigation for the treatment of the spinal muscular atrophies. The product is sponsored by Syntex-Synergen Neuroscience, 1885 - 33rd St., Boulder, CO, 80301.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Families of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
P.O. Box 1465
Highland Park, IL 60035
(708) 432-5551
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
This Rare Disease Database entry is based upon outlines prepared by medical and dental students (1984-1986) at the Medical College of Virginia for their course in human genetics, and the following articles:
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1137.
LATE ONSET SPINAL MUSCLE ATROPHY--A SEX LINKED VARIANT OF KUGELBERG-
WELANDER: G.W. Paulson, et al.; Acta Neurol Scand (January, 1980 issue 61 (1)). Pp. 49-55.
CHRONIC PROXIMAL SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE: SEX
INFLUENCE: I. Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz, et al.; J Med Genet (December, 1984 issue 21 (6)). Pp. 447-450.
IS KUGELBERG-WELANDER SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY A FETAL DEFECT?: I.
Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz, et al.; Muscle Nerve (September-October, 1980 issue 3 (5)). Pp. 389-402.
OCULAR FINDINGS IN A PATIENT WITH KUGELBERG-WELANDER SYNDROME: P. H.
Wallar, et al.; J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus (January-February, 1978 issue 15 (1)). Pp. 15-18.
Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
117: Lactose Intolerance
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Lactose Intolerance) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lactase Deficiency
Disaccharidase Deficiency
Alactasia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Malabsorption syndromes result from impaired absorption of nutrients from the small bowel. Lactose Intolerance is characterized by diarrhea and abdominal distention. A lack of one or more intestinal enzymes results in an inability to digest certain carbohydrates.
Lactase, maltase, isomaltase, and sucrase usually split disaccharides (a class of sugars containing two or more simple sugars) into monosaccharides (simple sugars) in the small intestine. Lactase is an intestinal enzyme which splits lactose (a disaccharide commonly called milk sugar) into glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose are then absorbed by an active transport system in the small bowel. In patients with an intolerance for carbohydrates, the enzymes which digest these disaccharides in the small bowel are lacking. Symptoms generally develop after eating or drinking many kinds of carbohydrates.
Symptoms
Characteristically, children with an Lactose Intolerance, and thus the inability to tolerate types of sugar, have diarrhea and may be unable to gain weight. Symptoms in a adult may include rumbling noises in the intestines (borborygmi), bloating, and flatus. Nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps may also be present. Diarrhea may be severe enough to even purge other nutrients before they can be absorbed.
Patients with lactose intolerance may indicate a history of milk intolerance. Some individuals recognize the intolerance early in life and either consciously or sometimes unconsciously make an effort to avoid eating or drinking foods containing dairy products. Tests are available for diagnosis of lactose intolerance, which is a hereditary disorder usually getting worse with age.
Causes
The inability to digest carbohydrates caused by a lack of one or more intestinal enzymes results in Lactose Intolerance. Lactase deficiency is a genetic condition occuring fairly commonly among adults in all ethnic groups. Asians, Blacks and people of Jewish decent may have a higher than normal incidence of lactose intolerance.
An extremely rare congenital disorder is known as glucose-galactose intolerance. Sucrase and isomaltase deficiencies are also rare.
Therapies: Standard
Lactose Intolerance is easily controlled by a lactose-free diet. The disorder is often managed simply by abstaining from dairy products. (For more information, please the article "Dietary Strategies for Lactose Intolerance" in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services.
Several lactose reduced dairy products are available in grocery stores (including milk, ice cream, cottage cheese, etc. The enzyme that breaks down lactose is also available in tablets or drops that can be added to foods. Lactaid liquid can be added to milk to break down the lactose and make it digestible to people with this disorder. Lactaid tablets can be taken within one-half hour of eating dairy products which replaces the missing enzyme, enabling patients to eat a normal diet. For more information about availability of this enzyme (or free samples), please contact:
Lactaid, Inc.
P.O. Box 111
Pleasantville, NJ 08232
1-800-257-8650
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lactose Intolerance, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
For free information on Lactose Intolerance, contact:
Lactose Intolerance/HL
National Institutes of Health
Bldg. 31, Rm. 2B23
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 796.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 751.
Lactose Intolerance
.N. G
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117: Lactose Intolerance
03915.TXT
"Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
885: LADD Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (LADD Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lacrimo-Auriculo-Dento-Digital Syndrome
LADD
Levy-Hollister Syndrome
Limb Malformations-Dento-Digital Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
LADD Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder inherited through an autosomal dominant trait. The major feature of this syndrome is malformations of the upper limbs. Other symptoms of the disorder may include: malformations in the network of structures of the eye that secretes tears and drains them from the surface of the eyeball (Lacrimal malformations); abnormalities of the teeth; small cupped ears; absent or underdeveloped salivary glands; hearing loss; abnormalities of the sexual and urinary system of the body (genitourinary) and/or unusual skin ridge patterns.
Symptoms
The most constant feature of LADD Syndrome is malformations of the upper limbs. Defects of the forearm have been found in all patients with LADD Syndrome. These defects may be: shortening of one of the bones of the forearm (radius or ulna) and/or the union of the bones of the forearm (radius and ulna) forming a single bone (synostosis).
Other malformations of the upper limbs may be: an absent or underdeveloped thumb and/or second finger; three bones in the thumb instead of the usual two; bending of the fifth finger to the side (clinodactyly); and/or syndactyly (growing together) of the second and third fingers.
Malformations in the network of structures of the eye that secrete tears and drain them from the surface of the eyeball (lacrimal malformations) have been found in three quarters of the patients with LADD Syndrome. These malformations may be: an abnormal passage from the tear sac to the nasal opening; an underdeveloped or missing opening in the edge of each eyelid that is linked to the tear duct (lacrimal puncta) and/or an obstruction of the channel that carries tears from the tear sac to the nasal opening.
Other features found in the many of the patients with LADD Syndrome are: small, cupped ears; hearing loss; less than the normal number of teeth; abnormal enamel of the teeth; peg-shaped incisors; darkening of the teeth; thinning of the enamel on the teeth; and/or absent or underdeveloped salivary glands.
Symptoms that have been found in a small percentage of the patients with LADD Syndrome have been: malformations of the sexual and urinary system (genitourinary malformations); unusual skin ridge patterns; absence of a kidney; a condition where the urethra opens under the penis and/or hardening of the kidney.
Causes
LADD Syndrome is inherited through an autosomal dominant trait. There has been one reported case of this disorder possibly occuring sporadically. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
LADD Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. There have bee approximately twelve cases of this disorder described in the medical literature. The majority of the reported cases have been in the Caucasian-American and Mexican-American population.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of LADD Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasia-Clefting Syndrome is a genetic disorder which may be characterized by an absence of fingers and/or toes (ectrodactyly), an absence of tear ducts; cleft lip and/or palate; and sparse scalp hair, lashes and eyebrows. This disorder may be inherited through an autosomal dominant trait. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ectodermal Dysplasia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Split-Hand Deformity is a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of fingers or parts of fingers, commonly occuring with a cleft of the hand. This combination often gives the hand a claw-like appearance. When a cleft does occur it usually affects both hands and both feet. There are many types and combinations of deformities that appear in Split-Hand Deformity. It is believed that they are all the result of a common genetic defect that ranges widely in severity. This disorder is inherited through an autosomal dominant trait. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Split-Hand Deformity" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Ectodermal Dysplasias are a group of hereditary, nonprogressive syndromes in which the affected tissue derives primarily from the ectodermal germ layer. The skin, its derivatives, and some other organs are involved. A predisposition to respiratory infections, due to a somewhat depressed immune system and to defective mucous glands in parts of the respiratory tract, is the most life threatening characteristic of this group of disorders. The various syndromes have different inheritance patterns. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ectodermal Dysplasias" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Ladd Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive.
When the network of structures of the eye that secretes tears and drain them from the surface of the eyeball (lacrimal apparatus) has malformations, surgery may be performed.
Dental care should be given on a regular basis.
Some patients with Ladd Syndrome may benefit from the use of hearing aids.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of birth defects in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on LADD Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
International Skeletal Dysplasia
ST. Joseph Hospital
7620 York Road
Towson, MD 21204
(301) 337-1250
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 554.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., Editor; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 273.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1024.
LACRIMO-AURICULO-DENTO-DIGITAL (LADD) SYNDROME WITH RENAL AND FOOT
ANOMALIES: A.M. Roodhooft, et al.; Clin Genet (September, 1990, issue 38(3)). Pp. 228-32.
LADD Syndrome
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@#6#Copyright (C) 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
933: Jackson-Weiss Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Jackson-Weiss Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Craniosynostosis, Midfacial Hypoplasia, and Foot Abnormalities
Jackson-Weiss Craniosynostosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Apert Syndrome
Carpenter Syndrome
Crouzon Disease
Pfeiffer Syndrome
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Jackson-Weiss Syndrome is a rare disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait. This disorder is characterized by permanent premature closure of the bones of the skull (craniosynostosis) along with abnormalities of bones in the face and feet. Typically the deformities of the feet include fusion of the bones of the upper foot along with malformed great toes. Symptoms of this disorder can vary within a family from mild to severe.
Symptoms
Jackson-Weiss Syndrome is a rare disorder in which the symptoms may vary from mild to severe. The most common symptoms that have been found in affected patients include: premature closure of the bones of the skull (Craniosynostosis); an underdeveloped jaw; widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism); down-slanting eyes; drooping eyelids (ptosis); crossed eyes (strabismus); abnormalities of the outer ear; a flat bridge of the nose; a beaked nose; failure of the upper jaw bones to properly fuse together causing an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate); a high arched palate; and/or an accumulation of fluid in the skull (hydrocephaly). (For more information on these disorders choose "Craniosynostosis" or "Hydrocephalus" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Premature closure of the bones of the skull (craniosynostosis) may cause disturbances in vision, headaches and/or excessive pressure within the skull.
Other symptoms that have been found in some patients with Jackson-Weiss Syndrome include: fingers and/or toes that may be webbed (syndactyly), short, bent abnormally or may have bones missing; limited joint movement; mental retardation; and/or a condition in which the knees are close together with the ankles widely spaced (genu valgum).
Causes
Jackson-Weiss Syndrome is a rare disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait with incomplete penetrance. Symptoms varying from mild to severe.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Incomplete penetrance means that all characteristics of a particular trait may not be manifested in all those who inherit the gene.
Affected Population
Jackson-Weiss Syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. There have been over one hundred and thirty cases of this disorder reported in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Jackson-Weiss Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Apert Syndrome is a rare disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait. This disorder is characterized by fused or webbed fingers and toes (syndactyly), a pointed head (acrocephaly or oxycephaly), other skeletal and facial abnormalities, and mental retardation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Apert Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Carpenter Syndrome is a rare disorder inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. This disorder is characterized by an unusual shape of the head (oxycephaly) as well as deformities of the hands (branchysyndactyly) and feet (preaxial polydactyly). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Carpenter Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Crouzon Disease is a rare disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait. Symptoms of this disorder may be: abnormalities of the skull, face and brain due to premature closure of the bones of the skull; swelling of the optic disk inside the eye; impaired vision; hearing loss; a beaked-shaped nose; an underdeveloped lower jaw; and/or a high arched palate. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Crouzon Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Pfeiffer Syndrome is a rare disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait. This disorder is characterized by a short, pointed head (acrobrachycephaly) and abnormalities of the face, jaws and teeth. Webbed fingers or toes (syndactyly) and other abnormalities of the thumbs and big toes may also occur. Symptoms can vary from mild to severe. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Pfeiffer Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome is a rare disorder thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait. This disorder is characterized by a small head (microcephaly), premature closure of the bones of the skull (craniosynostosis), mildly fused webbed fingers and/or toes (syndactyly), and facial abnormalities. (For more information on this disorder choose "Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome" as your search term, in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Patients with Jackson-Weiss Syndrome may benefit from surgery to correct the craniosynostosis, cleft palate, and/or abnormalities of the hands and feet.
Speech therapy may be needed when cleft palate is present.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Jackson-Weiss Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203)-746-6518
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle Street, Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
(800) 535-3643
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
About Face
99 Crowns Lane
Toronto, Ontario M5R 3PA
Canada
(416) 944-3223
American Cleft Palate Cranial Facial Association
1218 Granview Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15211
(412) 681-1376
(800) 24CLEFT
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 279.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 467-68.
CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, MIDFACIAL HYPOPLASIA AND FOOT ABNORMALITIES: AN
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT PHENOTYPE IN A LARGE AMISH KINDRED: C.E. Jackson, et al.; J Pediatr (June, 1976, issue 88(6)). Pp. 963-8.
Jackson-Weiss SyndromeE$
H$pagetitle
933: Jackson-Weiss Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
704: Jarcho-Levin Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Jarcho-Levin Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Spondylothoracic Dysplasia
Spondylocostal Dysplasia - Type I
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Thanatophoric Dysplasia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Jarcho-Levin Syndrome is a progressive genetic disorder characterized by deformities of the head, face, thorax, spine and hands.
Symptoms
Jarcho-Levin Syndrome is characterized by multiple deformities that may include a broad forehead, a wide nasal bridge, nostrils that are tipped forward (antiverted nares), upwardly slanted eyelids, and an enlarged posterior skull. There may also be a short neck, thorax (the area between the neck and the diaphragm) and trunk, respiratory difficulties, rib deformities, and spinal abnormalities such as neural defects and multiple missing vertebrae. The fingers are usually webbed (syndactyly), elongated and permanently bent (campodactyly). Occasionally distention of the stomach and pelvis may occur due to an obstruction of the bladder. Undescended testicles, absent external genitalia, a double uterus, closed or absent anal and bladder openings, a single umbilical artery, and defects of the brain may also be present.
Causes
The exact cause of Jarcho-Levin Syndrome is unknown. It is believed to be inherited through autosomal recessive genes. There is also a mild variant thought to be transmitted very rarely through an autosomal dominant gene.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If a person receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Jarcho-Levin Syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. There seems to be a higher incidence of this disorder in people with Spanish heritage.
Related Disorders
Some of the symptoms of the following disorder may be similar to those of Jarcho-Levin Syndrome:
Thanatophoric Dysplasia is a progressive genetic disorder that is characterized by severe growth deficiencies, a large head (hydrocephalus), a low nasal bridge, and small face. There may also be a small thorax with short ribs, short flattened vertebrae, obstruction of the kidney (hydronephrosis), and a closed or absent anus (atresia).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Jarcho-Levin Syndrome is sympathetic and supportive. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for families of people with this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
The Titanium Rib Project is underway to implant expandable ribs in patients with disorders involving missing, underdeveloped or otherwise malformed ribs cages, ribs or chest walls. Absent areas due to surgery or birth defects, fused ribs or hypoplastic chests may be improved using the titanium ribs which can be expanded as the child grows. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Robert Campbell
Santa Rosa Children's Hospital
519 W. Hopuston St.
San Antonio, TX 78207-3198
(512) 567-5125
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Jarcho-Levin Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1226, 179.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 536.
PRENATAL FINDINGS IN A CASE OF SPONDYLOCOSTAL DYSPLASIA I (JARCHO-LEVIN)
SYNDROME). R. Romero et al.; OBSTET GYNECOL (June 1988; Issue 6 (2)). Pp. 988.
NEURAL DEFECTS IN JARCHO-LEVIN SYNDROME. M.G. Reyes et al.; J CHILD NEUROL, (January 1989; Issue 4 (1)). Pp. 51.
Jarcho-Levin Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
886: Jejunal Atresia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Jejunal Atresia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Apple Peel Syndrome
Christmas Tree Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Duodenal Atresia
Multiple Intestinal Atresia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Jejunal Atresia is a rare genetic disorder. Patients with this disorder are born with a partial absence of the fold of the stomach membrane that connects the small intestine to the back wall of the abdomen. As a result, one of the three portions of the small intestine (the jejunal) twists around one of the arteries of the colon called the marginal artery and causes a blockage (atresia). Symptoms in patients with this disorder are vomiting, a swollen abdomen and constipation.
Symptoms
Jejunal Atresia is a birth defect in which the patient has a partial absence of the fold of the stomach membrane that connects the small intestine to the back wall of the abdomen. This partial absence causes the portion of the small intestine (the jejunal) to twist around one of the arteries of the colon. The appearance of this condition resembles a Christmas tree or apple peel.
Symptoms of Jejunal Atresia may be: vomiting a bitter, yellow-green secretion of the liver (bile); an expanded or swollen upper middle part of the abdomen just below the breastbone (epigastric distension); and an absence of stools after birth.
Causes
Jejunal Atresia may be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or it may occur sporadically with no known cause. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Jejunal Atresia is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. There have been approximately 57 cases reported in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Jejunal Atresia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Duodenal Atresia is a rare disorder in which there is a blockage of the normal opening or canal (atresia) in the first division of the small intestine (duodenum). There are three types of duodenal atresia. The first division of the small intestine (duodenum) may have a discrepancy in size from one end to the other, the two ends of the duodenum may be connected by a short chord made of fiber-like tissue or there is no chord connecting the blind ends. This malformation in the small intestine causes eighty percent of the patients to vomit a bitter, yellow-green secretion of the liver (bile). Other symptoms of this disorder may be: a swollen upper abdomen; a yellowish coloring of the skin (jaundice); and/or in the pregnant mother of an affected child, an abnormal condition in which there is an excess of fluid around the fetus. The obstruction can be repaired with surgery.
Multiple Intestinal Atresia is a rare disorder in which there are multiple areas of the intestines in which there is an absence of a normal opening or space which causes an intestinal blockage. The atresias typically involve the shortest, widest part of the small intestine that joins the stomach (duodenum), one of the three portions of the small intestine that connects with the duodenum (jejunum), or the portion of the small intestine that opens into the large intestine (ileum), and the rectum. Infants born with this condition vomit continually, have swelling just below the breast bone, a hallow or boat shaped abdomen (scaphoid abdomen), and an empty anal canal. In some cases this disorder may be inherited through an autosomal recessive trait.
Therapies: Standard
Jejunal Atresia can be determined prenatally by testing the amniotic fluid. This procedure is suggested in cases where a sibling has been born with the disorder.
Surgery is performed immediately to repair the intestinal obstruction. Parenteral nutrition (food given by a vein or directly to the stomach, but not by mouth) is given for a period of time.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why that sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of birth defects in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Jejunal Atresia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
PEN Parent Education Network
203 Brookfield Drive
Straford, WI 54484
(715) 687-4551
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
P.O. Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1281.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 993-4.
FAMILIAL APPLE PEEL JEJUNAL ATRESIA: SURGICAL, GENETIC, AND RADIOGRAPHIC
ASPECTS: J.H. Collins, et, al.; Pediatrics (October, 1987, issue 80(4)). Pp. 540-4.
IDENTICAL TWINS WITH MALROTATION AND TYPE IV JEJUNAL ATRESIA: L.M. Olson, et, al.; J Pediatr Surg (November, 1987, issue 22(11)). Pp. 1015-6.
APPLE PEEL JEJUNAL ATRESIA: L.S. Ahlgren; J Pediatr Surg (May, 1987, issue 22(5)). Pp. 451-3.
Jejunal Atresia
14) #
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`'C'Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
856: Job Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Job Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Dermatitis, Atopic
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Job Syndrome is a rare disorder present at birth (congenital) in which there are large bacterial infections, particularly of the skin, with some swelling and redness (cold staphylococcal abscesses); a defect in the attraction of white blood cells (leukocytes) that destroy bacteria, fungi, and viruses to chemical stimuli (granulocyte chemotactic defect); an abundance of one of the antibodies that are concentrated in the lungs, skin and cells of mucous membranes (immunoglobulinemia E); inflammation, redness, pain or itching of the skin (chronic-eczematoid dermatitis); and a mild increase in the number of leukocyte white blood cells (mild eosinophilia). Job Syndrome is often inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
Symptoms
The main symptoms of Job Syndrome are:
1. Cold staphylococcal abscesses - pus filled holes caused by a bacterial infection (most often staphylococcal aureus bacteria). These abscesses are usually found on the skin, but may also be present on the bone behind the ear (mastoid), joints, gums, air passages in the lungs (bronchi), and in the lungs themselves.
2. Granulocyte chemotactic defect - The living substance of white blood cells that destroys bacteria, fungi and viruses (leukocytes) can be attracted or repelled by chemical stimuli in the body. Patients with Job Syndrome have a defect in this process allowing the bacteria to thrive.
3. Chronic eczema - swelling of the outer skin with itchy, small red blisters that become scaly, crusted and thick.
4. Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E - an unusual abundance of Immunoglobulin E is one of the five fluid antibodies produced by the human body and is concentrated in the lung, skin and cells of mucous membranes. This antibody defends against substances foreign to the body and reacts with them to release chemicals that cause reddening of the skin.
5. Mild eosinophilia - a mild increase in the number of leukocyte white blood cells (eosinophils). Eosinophils increase in number when infection and allergies are present.
Some (but not all) of the following additional conditions may be present in patients with Job Syndrome:
6. Mucocutaneous Candidiasis - a rare form of candida infection characterized by chronic infection of the skin, nails, scalp and mucous membranes. This disorder usually develops in people with immune deficiencies and in particular infants with Job Syndrome. It causes red, pustular, crusted and thickened lesions. (For more information on this disorder choose "Candidiasis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
7. Coarse facial features - broad nasal bridge, prominent nose, and irregularly proportioned cheeks and jaws.
8. Fair skin and reddish hair.
Causes
It is thought that immune complexes may impair the white blood cells (neutrophils) that destroy bacteria, cell debris and solid particles in the blood and their attraction to chemical stimuli.
Some patients with Job Syndrome inherit this disorder through an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Job Syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. Symptoms of this disorder are present at birth or early childhood.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Job Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Atopic Dermatitis, is a common chronic form of eczema. Eczema is a skin condition characterized by redness, swelling, oozing, crusting, scaling, burning pain, and itching. The causes of eczema fall into two classifications: 1) constitutional eczema (Atopic dermatitis), and 2) external eczema which is caused by allergies, irritations, or chemical reactions. (For more information on this disorder choose "Atopic Dermatitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Chronic Granulomatous Disease is a very rare blood disorder which primarily affects certain white blood cells (lymphocytes). It is characterized by widespread granulomatous tumor-like lesions, and an inability to resist infections. The exact cause of this disorder is not known but there is a genetic form that primarily affects males and is thought to be inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. (For more information on this disorder choose "Granulomatous Disease, Chronic" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome is a hereditary disorder characterized by a partial immune deficiency, eczema, and a deficiency of platelets and structures in the blood involved in clotting (thrombocytopenia). This disorder affects only males. An early sign of Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome is excessive bleeding from the site of circumcision or from other wounds. This disorder is transmitted to males by an X-linked recessive trait. (For more information on this disorder choose "Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Job Syndrome is treated with antibiotics. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is given continuously or intermittently depending on the longevity of the infections. These antibiotics are usually effective, but patients often experience repeated infections.
For treatment of Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis, amphotericin B, nystatin, clotrimazole, miconizole or 5-fluorocytosine are useful drugs. Antifungal and immune system-stimulating substances (such as the molecule that can transfer immunity from a sensitized to a non-sensitized individual) called transfer factor, thymosin, thymus epithelial cell transplantation, and levamisol, are also used in treatment.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
The effects of interferon gamma on excessive immunoglobulin E production in patients with Job Syndrome (HIE-hyperimmunoglobulinemia E) are being studied at this time. Long-term safety and effectiveness of this treatment is still under investigation.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
203-746-6518
Immune Deficiency Foundation
3565 Ellicott Mill Drive, Unit B2
Ellicott City, MD 21043
(800) 296-4433
(410) 461-3127
NIH/National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
301-496-5717
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
914-428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1281-82.
HEMATOLOGY, 4th Ed,: William J. Williams, et al,; Editors; McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1990. Pp. 823, 826.
CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY, 2nd Ed.; Thomas P. Habif, M.D., Editor: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1990. Pp. 200-1.
USE OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN INTERFERON GAMMA TO ENHANCE NEUTROPHIL
CHEMOTACTIC RESPONSES IN JOB SYNDROME OF HYPERIMMUNOGLOBULINEMIA E AND
RECURRENT INFECTIONS: J.D. Jeppson et al.; J Pediatr (March, 1991; issue 118(3)). Pp. 383-7.
THE HYPERIMMUNOGLOBULINEMIA E AND RECURRENT INFECTIONS SYNDROME IN THE
ADULT: J.P. L'Huillier et al,; Thorax (September, 1990; issue 45(9)). Pp. 707-8.
REGULATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION IN HYPERIMMUNOGLOBULIN E
RECURRENT INFECTION SYNDROME BY INTERFERON GAMMA: C.L. King et al.; Proc Natl Acad Sci (December, 1989; issue 86(24)). Pp. 10085-9.
Job Syndrome[(
^(pagetitle
856: Job Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
110: Joseph's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Joseph's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Stiatonigral Degeneration
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Type I Joseph's Disease
Type II Joseph's Disease
Type III Joseph's Disease (Machado's Disease)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Joseph's Disease is a disorder of the central nervous system with slow degeneration of particular areas of the brain.
Symptoms
The patient with Type I Joseph's Disease presents with the initial symptoms of a lurching, unsteady gait. This is often accompanied by difficulty in speaking (dysarthria) and muscle rigidity. Impairment of eye movements may also occur. Mental alertness and intellect are preserved.
Type II Joseph's Disease is less rapid in progression than Type I. Its clinical presentation is similar to that of Type I except there appears to be a stronger cerebellar component. The cerebellum is the part of the brain which coordinates balance and precise movements. Therefore, these patients have difficulty in walking and in coordinating movement of the extremities.
The initial symptom of Type III Joseph's Disease is an alteration in the patient's ability to walk due to impaired balance (ataxia). The distinguishing characteristic of this form of Joseph's Disease is a loss of muscle mass, and a disturbed sensation and movement of the extremities. Diabetes is also common in Type III Joseph's Disease.
Causes
Joseph's Disease is a disorder of the central nervous system which primarily affects people of Portuguese ancestry. It involves a slow degeneration of particular areas of the brain which result in neurological impairment. The disorder is inherited through an autosomal dominant mode of transmission.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Further studies will be necessary to determine whether the three types of Joseph's Disease are due to three different gene abnormalities or the expression of a single gene.
Affected Population
Joseph's Disease occurs primarily in individuals of Portuguese ancestry.
Type I usually begins about the age of 20 years, Type II Joseph's Disease usually begins later in life around the age of 30 years, and Type III (Machado's Disease) usually occurs after 40 years of age.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Joseph's Disease is symptomatic and supportive. Rigidity and spasticity of the muscles may respond to the drugs L-Dopa and baclofen. Genetic tests for this disorder are available to families in which at least one member has been affected with Joseph's Disease.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Joseph's Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
International Joseph Diseases Foundation, Inc.
P.O. Box 2550
Livermore, CA 94550
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Roger N. Rosenberg, M.D.
Professor of Neurology and Physiology
Chairman, Department of Neurology
University of Texas Southwestern Medical School
5323 Harry Hines Blvd.
Dallas, TX 75235
(214) 688-3703
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 88.
Joseph's Disease
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`"Z"Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
20: Joubert Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Joubert Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Dandy Walker Syndrome
Leber's Congenital Amaurosis
Hydrocephalus
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Joubert Syndrome is a very rare neurological disorder involving a malformation of the area of the brain that controls balance and coordination. Generally motor activity is slowed (psychomotor retardation) and there are abnormal eye movements. Respiratory irregularities, including rapid panting, may occur during infancy.
Symptoms
Joubert Syndrome is characterized by periods of cessation of breathing during sleep (sleep apnea). Periods of deep, abnormal breathing are common in infants and may be triggered by emotional stimulation such as crying. Unusually deep inhalations also occur. These respiratory irregularities generally decrease as the infant gets older.
Abnormal eye movements such as irregular jerking, eye rolling or crossing of the eyes may be present. Impaired coordination of movement and walking (ataxia), and difficulty in controlling the range of voluntary movement (dysmetria) are characteristic of Joubert Syndrome. Tremors may also be observed. Muscle weakness may be accompanied by clumsy or rapid alternating movements. Mental retardation may also occur.
Causes
The exact cause of Joubert Syndrome is not known. This disorder may be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Joubert Syndrome is extremely rare and generally appears during infancy. It is estimated that only 10 cases occur each year in the United States. Both males and females can be affected, and the disorder can occur more than once in the same family.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Joubert Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Dandy-Walker Syndrome is a rare inherited disorder that is characterized by congenital hydrocephalus that is an accumulation of fluid in the brain and an increase of pressure within the skull. This swelling of the head is generally accompanied by headaches, visual disturbances that come and go and swelling of the eyes (papilledema). (For more information, choose "Dandy Walker" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Leber's Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) is a rare inherited disorder that affects the eyes. Infants are born without the cells that gather light in the retina of the eye. It is characterized by blindness at birth, roving eye movements and pupils that react poorly to light and dilate widely in darkness. Often the eyes are deeply set and the infant will rub the eyes to stimulate the retina to produce light (oculodigital stimulation). This disorder is frequently associated with a family history of loss of eye muscle coordination. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Leber's Congenital Amaurosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which enlarged (dilated) cerebral ventricles in the brain restrict the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the skull and puts pressure on the brain tissue. The characteristic features in children include an enlarged head, a bulging forehead, a thin transparent scalp and a downward gaze. Other symptoms may include convulsions, abnormal reflexes, a slowed heartbeat and respiratory rate, headache and visual problems. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hydrocephalus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
The treatment for Joubert Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Special education services and physical therapy may be of benefit to children with this disorder. When hydrocephalus occurs, a shunt may be recommended to facilitate the drainage of fluid from the brain.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for Joubert Syndrome families.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project that is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Joubert Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Joubert's Syndrome Parents in Touch Network
12348 Summer Meadow Road
Rock, MI 49880
(906) 359-4707
Joubert Syndrome
5636 Secor Rd, #11
Toledo, OH 43627
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Children's Brain Diseases Foundation for Research
350 Parnassus, Suite 900
San Francisco, CA 94117
(415) 566-5402
(415) 565-6259
David B. Flannery, M.D., Director
Division of Medical Genetics
Department of Pediatrics
BG-121
Medical College of Georgia
Augusta, GA 30912
(404) 721-2809
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1487.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 995-996.
JOUBERT'S SYNDROME WITH RETINAL DYSPLASIA: NEONATAL TACHYPNOEA AS THE
CLUE TO A GENETIC BRAIN-EYE MALFORMATION, M.D. King et al.; Arch Dis Child (August 1984; 59(8)): Pp. 709-718.
DYSMORPHIC FEATURES OF JOUBERT SYNDROME, L.A. Squires et al.; Dysmorphol Clin Genet (May 1991; 5): Pp. 77-79.
JOUBERT'S SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH CONGENITAL FIBROSIS AND HISTIDINEMA,
R.E. Appleton et al.; Arch Neurol (May 1989; 46(5)): Pp. 579-582.
Joubert Syndrome_#
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
380: Jumping Frenchmen of Maine
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Jumping Frenchmen of Maine) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Jumping Frenchmen
Latah (Observed in Malaysia)
Myriachit (Observed in Siberia)
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Tourette Syndrome
Kok Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
"Jumping Frenchmen" is a disorder characterized by an unusually extreme startle reaction. The startle reaction is a natural response to an unexpected noise or sight. This disorder was first identified during the late nineteenth century in Maine and the Canadian province of Quebec. Lumberjacks of French Canadian descent were originally associated with this phenomenon but it has since been observed in other societies in many parts of the world as well. "Jumping Frenchmen" is suspected to be a genetic disorder and/or an extreme conditioned response to a particular situation possibly influenced by cultural factors. Symptoms tend to improve with age.
Symptoms
The symptoms of "Jumping Frenchmen" usually begin after puberty or during the teenage years. Individuals affected by this disorder display an extreme startle reaction consisting of jumping, raising the arms, yelling, hitting, obeying sudden commands, or involuntarily repeating sentences. The intensity of the response may be affected by the frequency of being startled, fatigue and/or stress. The affected person must be startled by an unexpected event in order to elicit the reaction. Consequently other people tend to tease and startle those affected by "Jumping Frenchmen" in order to cause the unusual reaction.
Causes
The cause of "Jumping Frenchmen" is unknown. It may be a hereditary neurological condition or it may have a strong cultural influence within relatively isolated groups of people. The startle reaction is a normal human response to sudden and unexpected noise or movement. Suddenly startling an individual who has "Jumping Frenchmen" causes an extreme startle reaction which is even more intense if the person is tired or anxious. In some cases, this reaction may include violence. Some medical researchers believe the phenomenon may be triggered by a specific situation as a conditioned response. Others believe it may be a hereditary neurological condition.
Affected Population
Originally, "Jumping Frenchmen" was identified in the Moosehead Lake region of Maine among French Canadian lumberjacks. It seems to have been common in the lumber camps of the region during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. However, "Jumping Frenchmen" is not limited to French Canadian lumberjacks. Similar behavior has been observed in specific populations in Malaysia, Siberia, India, Somalia, Yemen and the Philippines. The disorder tends to occur more often in males than in females.
Related Disorders
Tourette Syndrome is a hereditary neurological movement disorder which begins between the ages of two and sixteen. The disorder is characterized by involuntary muscular movements known as tics and uncontrollable vocal sounds; sometimes inappropriate words may occur. Tourette Syndrome is not a degenerative disorder and those affected can expect to live a normal life span. Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome has some similarities to "Jumping Frenchmen". Imitative repetition of words (echolalia) or actions (echopraxia) is common to both conditions. However, aside from these symptoms there is no relationship between these two disorders. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tourette Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hyperekplexia is characterized by an excessive startle response, falling without loss of consciousness, a history of resistance to stretching (hypertonia) in infancy, exaggeration of reflexes (hyperreflexia), and an unstable gait. Individuals with this disorder do not have the imitative repetition of words or actions, or the forced obedience response found in "Jumping Frenchmen". Hyperekplexia is thought to be a hereditary disorder.
"Startle Epilepsy" can occur after Hemiplegia (a syndrome characterized by muscle spasms of both limbs on one side of the body) or Infantile Encephalopathy (a degenerative brain disorder of infants). It is expressed as a brief muscular contraction predominating on one-half of the body in response to sudden noise or movement. This reaction is not as complex and directed as "Jumping Frenchmen". These patients often fall when startled and also have other seizure manifestations. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Epilepsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Kok Disease is a rare hereditary neurological disorder. Individuals with this disorder have an excessive startle reaction to sudden unexpected noise, movement, or touch. Arching of the head, jerking movements (myoclonic jerks), or falling swiftly to the ground (like a log) without loss of consciousness tend to occur when the individual is startled. Other symptoms may include extreme muscle tension sometimes causing stiffness (hypertonia), exaggeration of reflexes (hyperreflexia), and an unstable gait.
Therapies: Standard
Eliminating the practice of intentionally startling and/or teasing an individual so as to cause a jumping response can help to reduce or end episodes. The startle response can be avoided if the patient expects a sudden noise or movement. Symptoms tend to get milder with age, but more intense with stress or anxiety.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Jumping Frenchmen of Maine, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
JUMPING FRENCHMEN OF MAINE: M. Sainte-Hilaire, et al.; Neurology (September 1986, issue 36 (9)). Pp. 1269-1271.
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Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
920: Kabuki Make-up Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Kabuki Make-Up Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
KMS
Niikawakuroki Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Aarskog Syndrome
Coffin Lowry Syndrome
KBG Syndrome
Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome, Type II
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Kabuki Make-Up Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by mental retardation, short stature, unusual facial features, abnormalities of the skeleton and unusual skin ridge patterns on the fingers, toes, palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The majority of the reported cases of this disorder have occurred for no apparent reason (sporadic). However several cases have been cases have been reported to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
Symptoms
One of the most distinguishing features of Kabuki Make-Up Syndrome is the unusual facial features. The opening between the upper and lower eyelids is abnormally long and one third of the lower eyelid is turned outward. The tip of the nose may be broad and depressed and the ears may be large and malformed. The eyebrows of patients with Kabuki Make-Up Syndrome may be high and arched. The palate of the mouth may be cleft or have a high arch, and the upper and lower teeth may not meet properly (malocclusion). These unusual facial features resemble the make-up of actors in a Japanese traditional play called "Kabuki".
Many patients with Kabuki Make-Up Syndrome have a sideways curvature of the spine, a short fifth finger that curves inward, and abnormalities of the vertebrae, hands and hip joint.
All patients with Kabuki Make-Up Syndrome have mental retardation ranging from mild to severe. Short stature and abnormal skin ridge patterns on the fingers, toes, palms of the hands and soles of the feet are common.
Early development of breasts in females and heart defects have been found in a few patients with Kabuki Make-Up Syndrome.
Causes
The majority of cases of Kabuki Make-Up Syndrome are thought to occur for no apparent reason (sporadic). Three patients recorded in the medical literature had abnormalities on the Y chromosome leading researchers to believe it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Kabuki Make-Up Syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. There have been seventy cases reported in the medical literature. The majority of cases have occurred in people of Japanese ancestry.
Cases of Kabuki Make-Up Syndrome have also been reported in Canada, Italy, Latin America, Germany, Lybia, and the United States.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Kabuki Make-Up Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Aarskog Syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder marked by distinctive structural abnormalities. Major symptoms may include stunted growth, broad facial features, short broad hands and feet, genital abnormalities and mild mental retardation. This disorder affects males more often than females and the symptoms tend to be more serious in males. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Aarskog Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Coffin Lowry Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by short stature, facial abnormalities, lax joints, low muscle tone, and retardation in physical and mental development. Some symptoms of this disorder may be more severe in males than in females. This disorder is inherited as an X-Linked semi-dominant trait. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Coffin Lowry Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
KBG Syndrome is a very rare disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Symptoms of this disorder are mental retardation, short stature, an unusual face with bow shaped lips and abnormalities of the skeleton. KBG Syndrome affects males and females equally.
Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome , Type II is a rare disorder characterized by facial abnormalities and mild to moderate mental retardation in most cases. Loose wrinkled skin and multiple bony bumps (exostoses) develop, usually by the third or fourth year of life. Delayed speech, hearing loss, respiratory infections and hip dislocations may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Patients with Kabuki Make-Up Syndrome may benefit from orthopedic care for prevention of scoliosis. Physical therapy and cosmetic surgery may also be helpful.
Physical therapy may benefit in the prevention of scoliosis.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders and birth defects in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Kabuki Make-up Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203)-746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. P. 545.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 998-9.
Kabuki Make-up Syndrome
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&{&Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
848: Kallmann Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Kallmann Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hypogonadism with Anosmia
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism and Anosmia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Klinefelter Syndrome
Noonan Syndrome
Turner Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Kallmann Syndrome is a rare inherited disorder in which the organ that produces sex cells does not function properly (hypogonadism) and there is a loss of the sense of smell (anosmia). The impaired production of hormones as well as sperm and egg cells often causes delayed puberty, growth and infertility. This disorder affects both males and females , although it is more common in males.
Symptoms
Kallmann Syndrome consists of a combination of symptoms. The ovaries in females and testes in males (known as gonadal glands) do not function properly causing retardation of growth and sexual development. A impaired sense of smell (anosmia ) also occurs.
Other symptoms of this disorder may include delayed puberty, color blindness, cleft-lip or palate, hearing loss and abnormal or absent kidney development (renal agenesis).
In more severe forms of Kallmann Syndrome abnormalities of the skeleton such as webbing of two or more fingers or toes (syndactyly), a short fourth finger of the hand, mental retardation, or an absence of symmetry in the skull and face (craniofacial asymmetry) may occur.
Females with this disorder may have a deficiency in estrogen (a female sex hormone), pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia), a decrease in bone mass (osteoporosis), and hot flashes resembling those of menopause.
Symptoms of males with Kallmann Syndrome may be an absence of testes (male reproductive gland), testes that have not descended into the scrotum (cryptorchidism), a small penis (micropenis) or an absence of external genitals (sex organs).
A very rare form of Kallmann Syndrome includes partial or total paralysis of the muscles in the lower half of the body (spastic paraplegia).
Causes
People with Kallmann Syndrome experience abnormal development of the part of the brain concerned with the sense of smell (the rhinencephalon). This abnormal development interferes with the communication between part of the brain (the hypothalamus) and the gland at the base of the brain that secretes hormones into the blood (the pituitary). The result is an absence of the hormone that stimulates reproduction in men (LH or luteinize Hormone) and women (FSH or Follicle-stimulating hormone), which causes abnormal secondary sex characteristics and infertility.
Kallmann Syndrome can be inherited as an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive disorder. The X-linked form is thought to be caused by a deletion on the short arm of the X chromosome at the location of the KALIG-1 gene.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Affected Population
Kallmann Syndrome affects males five times more often than females. The occurrence of this disorder is one in ten thousand males and one in every fifty thousand females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Kallmann Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Klinefelter Syndrome is a rare disorder that effects males. It is characterized by the presence of one or more extra X-chromosomes in at least one tissue. Abnormally decreased functional activity of the sex glands (gonad) results in retardation of growth and sexual development.
Other symptoms of Klinefelter Syndrome may be abnormally large mammary glands in the breasts, small testes, lack of sperm, and abnormally small penis. (For more information on this disorder choose "Klinefelter Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Noonan Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that can affect both males and females. This disorder is characterized by a lack of sexual development, short stature, possible mental retardation, a webbed neck, skeletal and/or heart defects, and deformity of the elbow. (For more information on this disorder choose "Noonan" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Turner Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects females. This disorder is characterized by a lack of sexual development, small stature, possible mental retardation, a webbed neck, or heart defects. Individuals with this disorder have female characteristics, but they do not develop secondary sexual characteristics. (For more information on this disorder choose "Turner Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Patients with Kallmann Syndrome may be successfully treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) to stimulate secondary sex characteristics and sexual function.
Fertility in both sexes may be obtained with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH) therapy and in some cases a combination of GNRH and spermatogenesis (used to induce the formation of sperm in males).
The production of sex cells may be achieved with repeated injections of human clorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in males, and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) in females.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Kallmann Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
301-496-5751
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
914-428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 546, 1283, 1660.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, Editor-In-Chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1985-6.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1416-17.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1000.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.; Raymond D. Adams, M.D. and Maurice Victor, M.D., Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, 1989. Pp. 185.
OPHTHALMIC MIDLINE DYSGENESIS IN KALLMANN SYNDROME: M.J. Jaffe, et al.; Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet (November 1987, issue 8(3)). Pp. 171-4.
Kallmann Syndrome
'pagetitle
848: Kallmann Syndrome
03893.TXT
"Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
526: Kartagener Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Kartagener Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Kartagener Triad
Situs Inversus, Bronchiectasis and Sinusitis
Dextrocardia, Bronchiectasis and Sinusitis
Siewert Syndrome
Chronic Sinobronchial Disease and Dextrocardia
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Immotile Cilia Syndrome
Fibrosing Alveolitis
Bronchiectasis, Congenital and Acquired
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Kartagener Syndrome is a genetic disorder combining three major symptoms. These include chronic enlargement of the bronchial tubes (bronchiectasis), chronic inflammation of the lining of the sinuses (sinusitis), and abnormal cross-positioning of body organs during prenatal development (situs inversus).
Symptoms
Kartagener Syndrome begins before birth and is characterized by three major symptoms: chronic enlargement of the bronchial tubes (bronchiectasis), chronic inflammation of the lining of the sinuses (sinusitis) and abnormal cross-positioning of body organs during prenatal development (situs inversus). Symptoms usually become apparent during early infancy and continue into adulthood. Chronic sinusitis occurs, caused by an inability to clear mucous from the sinuses. Hearing loss can occur in some cases because of recurrent ear infections and possible inner ear abnormalities. Poor clearance of mucous from the lungs often leads to development of coughing and chronic bronchitis. Bronchiectasis may then develop because of recurrent infections over a period of two to three years.
Situs Inversus can be detected by X-rays.
Sterility among males affected by Kartagener Syndrome may occur, because sperm are unable to migrate normally from the testes. Female fertility may be reduced due to inadequate movement of the egg from the ovary through the fallopian tube. Heart problems among Kartagener patients may be present, particularly if the situs inversus is incomplete.
Causes
Kartagener Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with incomplete penetrance. Incomplete penetrance of a gene means that all characteristics of a particular trait may not be manifested in all those who inherit the defective genes. Thus, some cases may be mild and some severe. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Kartagener Syndrome is found in all races and is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 30,000 to 60,000 individuals.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Kartagener Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Immotile Cilia Syndrome is a form of ciliary dyskinesia. It is also known as Polynesian Bronchiectasis. This disorder primarily affects New Zealand Maoris and Samoan Islanders. Bronchial tube problems are accompanied by abnormalities of the cell lining structures (cilia) which limit their normal mobility. However, cilia abnormalities are different from those of Kartagener Syndrome which can be identified through laboratory tests.
Fibrosing Alveolitis is an inflammatory lung disorder characterized by abnormal formation of fibrous tissue between tiny air sacs (alveoli) or ducts in the lungs. Coughing and rapid, shallow breathing occur with moderate exercise. The skin may appear slightly bluish (cyanotic) due to lack of circulating oxygen. Complications such as infection, emphysema or heart problems may develop. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Alveolitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Bronchiectasis (Congenital and Acquired) are relatively rare disorders in which the bronchial tubes are enlarged due to a variety of causes. The congenital form is due to a prenatal developmental abnormality. Bronchiectasis may also be caused by Pneumonia, Cystic Fibrosis, chronic Bronchitis, Sinusitis, Emphysema, Measles, Silicosis, lung abscess, lung cancer, or breathing foreign substances into the lungs. (For more information on Cystic Fibrosis, Silicosis, Bronchitis, Measles, or rare forms of pneumonia or other lung conditions, please choose the appropriate name as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Persistent coughing may be dry in some cases, or can produce large amounts of thick, foul smelling sputum in others. Coughing is caused by an accumulation of mucous in the breathing tubes, which also increases the possibility of infection and inflammation of lung tissues. Inflammation may affect parts of one or both lungs. Only rarely is an entire lung involved. Treatment with antibiotic drugs may be helpful in controlling symptoms and preventing complications. Without treatment, the bronchial walls may deteriorate and spread infection.
Therapies: Standard
In most cases of Kartagener Syndrome, daily postural drainage treatments are necessary. This requires the patient to lie down in a prone head-down position which drains the lower back sections of the lungs. The position can be modified when treating other sections of the lung. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct abnormal systemic circulation. Antibiotic therapy should be started when fever and systemic symptoms occur, and should be monitored carefully by a physician. Genetic counseling is recommended for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Kartagener Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
NIH/National Heart, Blood & Lung Institute (NHLBI)
Office of Public Inquiries
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
This Rare Disease Database entry is based upon outlines prepared by medical and dental students (1984-1986) at the Medical College of Virginia for their course in human genetics, and the following articles:
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1060-1061, 1071-1072.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 691.
KARTAGENER'S SYNDROME WITH MOTILE CILIA AND IMMOTILE SPERMATOZOA:
AXONEMAL ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: L.J. Wilton, et al.; Am Rev Respir Dis (December 1986, issue 40(4)). Pp. 1233-1236.
Kartagener Syndrome
*#pagetitle
526: Kartagener Syndrome
03894.TXT
Copyright (C) 1986, 1990, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
186: Kawasaki Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Kawasaki Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorders subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome, also known as MLNS and MLN
Information on the following Diseases can be found in the Related Disorders Section of this report.
Measles
Streptococcal Infections
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Kawasaki disease is characterized by diseased lymph nodes in the neck with a high spiking fever and a rash, primarily over the trunk. Polyarteritis (multiple sites of inflammatory and destructive lesions in the arterial system) also occurs, especially in large and medium sized arteries. The coronary vessels are particularly vulnerable.
Symptoms
Kawasaki Disease is a childhood illness characterized by diseased lymph nodes in the neck, high fever, sore throat, irritability or fatigue, a bright red tongue, dry, cracked lips, and a rash primarily over the trunk. This syndrome predominantly affects people of Japanese ancestry. Multiple sites of inflammatory and destructive lesions in the arterial system (polyarteritis) occur, and may involve the coronary vessels in twenty percent of those affected.
Causes
Recent research suggests that Kawasaki disease may be caused by a retrovirus. Although they have not yet identified the virus, antibodies to retroviruses have been found in the white blood cells of Kawasaki patients.
Affected Population
Kawasaki Disease occurs mostly in children of Japanese descent under nine years of age. An estimated 4,000 Americans will acquire this disorder each year. There have been rare reports of this disorder in individuals up to twenty-seven years of age. The male to female ratio is 1.5 to 1, with serious complications found more often in males. Although the disease was first recognized as a clinical entity in Japan during 1961, cases have been reported throughout the world. It is presumed to occur most commonly in the Japanese, with fifteen cases per 100,000 population reported per year in children ages four years and under.
It is estimated that twenty percent of affected children develop heart complications from Kawasaki disease. The death rate in the United States from this disorder is only one percent of those affected.
Related Disorders
Measles, also known as rubeola, is a very contagious viral disease causing fever and rash. Measles is usually considered a disease of childhood; it can, however, affect persons of all ages. Symptoms include fever, white spots in the eyelids and mouth (Koplik spots), sore throat, cough, red eyes and runny nose, as well as a red rash. The illness usually lasts two weeks or more. There is no treatment for measles other than treating the symptoms of the illness. A vaccine is available for the protection of anyone fifteen months or older.
Streptococcal infections result from infection with the streptococcus bacteria. This infection usually results in illnesses such as sore throat, tonsillitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, chorea, and nephritis. Antibiotics are used for treatment of these types of infection.
Therapies: Standard
Early in the course of Kawasaki Disease, administration of high dose intravenous gamma-globulin plus aspirin often reduces the occurrence of coronary-artery abnormalities. This treatment significantly reduces fever, and may reduce inflammation of the respiratory tract mucous membranes, central nervous system, joints and skin. Guarding against infection is recommended. Further treatment should be symptomatic and supportive. Gammaglobulin appears to be an effective treatment in many cases.
ECG's should be checked frequently. Some authorities recommend close follow-up with two-dimensional electrocardiograph and possible coronary angiography whenever a coronary aneurysm is suspected. Long-term evaluation of patients with suspected coronary-artery abnormalities is recommended to hopefully prevent later development of coronary disease.
Aspirin therapy may prevent formation of coronary aneurysms. The duration of aspirin therapy is guided by the course of the disorder and is usually continued for several months. If coronary aneurysms develop, aspirin is often prescribed for a longer period of time to prevent clotting. In some cases, coronary artery bypass surgery may be beneficial. Corticosteroids are not recommended as routine therapy in this syndrome.
In 1990, the National Institutes of Health recommended that standard therapy for Kawasaki Disease should include intravenous immunoglobulin (gammaglobulin) and aspirin.
Therapies: Investigational
Investigators are trying to determine if a single high dose of intravenous gamma globulin with aspirin is a more effective initial treatment for Kawasaki Disease than four lower doses.
Kawasaki Disease is currently being studied by Jane W. Newburger, M.D., a senior associate in the Department of Cardiology at Children's Hospital in Boston, MA.
Fred S. Rosen, M.D. and James L. Gamble, who is a professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, have been studying this disorder.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Kawasaki Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3900
References
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th ed., Robert Berkowe, M.D., ed in chief, published by Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Labs, Rahway, NJ, 1987. Pp. 2050.
THE CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. 2323-2324, 1523.
Kawasaki Disease
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186: Kawasaki Disease
03895.TXT
Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
367: Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Kearns-Sayre Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Heart block-Retinitis Pigmentosa-Ophthalmoplegia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)
Ophthalmoplegia
Cardiac Arrhythmias
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome is a rare muscular disorder characterized by paralysis of the eye, face and mouth muscles in combination with vision and hearing deficits. The heart muscle is always involved and in some patients brain function can be affected.
Symptoms
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome affects muscle cells in several areas of the body. Cell structures (mitochondria) which release energy in muscles become impaired. The heart is a muscle which also can be affected. The wall of the heart becomes inflamed, occasionally leading to irregular heartbeats. The heart may become enlarged. Slowly progressive paralysis of the muscles controlling the eyes (ophthalmoplegia) can occur. Weakness of facial and mouth muscles, the eyelids (causing lid drooping) and muscles of the arms or legs are also symptomatic of this disorder.
Reduced brain function and retinal degeneration causing impaired vision can also occur in patients with Kearns-Sayre Syndrome.
Causes
The exact cause of Kearns-Sayre Syndrome is unknown. The change in cell structure (mitochondria) which affects eye, facial and heart muscles is under investigation. However, the significance and nature of the modified cells is not yet understood.
Affected Population
Males and females may be affected in equal numbers with Kearns-Sayre Syndrome. This disorder usually begins before twenty years of age.
Related Disorders
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is one of a group of inherited vision disorders causing degeneration of the retina. When the retina degenerates, vision decreases and may be lost. Retinitis Pigmentosa may be associated with other symptoms such as deafness (i.e., Usher Syndrome), central nervous system disorders, metabolic disorders and other hereditary conditions such as Turner's Syndrome. (For more information, choose "RP" and "Turner" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Ophthalmoplegia is defined as paralysis of the external muscles of the eye. This symptom can occur in conjunction with Kearns-Sayre Syndrome as well as other disorders. Ophthalmoplegia may be caused by neurological or muscle lesions.
Cardiac Arrhythmias are a variation of normal heart beat patterns. Any heart beat abnormality should receive prompt medical attention to avoid serious complications, but some arrhythmias may be benign such as those caused by caffeine or nicotine.
Therapies: Standard
A pacemaker and/or various anti-arrhythmic drugs can be useful in treating heart beat irregularities caused by Kearns-Sayre Syndrome. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Coenzyme Q10 is being investigated as a treatment for Kearns-Sayre Syndrome. This compound appears to improve release of energy by muscle mitochondria in preliminary tests. Heart, vision and neurologic symptoms may also improve with this therapy. More research on Coenzyme Q10 is needed to determine its long-term safety and effectiveness.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Kearns-Sayre Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Ave.
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
RP Foundation Fighting Blindness
1401 Mt. Royal Avenue, 4th Floor
Baltimore, MD 21217
(800) 638-2300
(301) 225-9400
TDD (301) 225-9409
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD
(301) 496-5248
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
HEART INVOLVEMENT IN PROGRESSIVE EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA (KEARNS-SAYRE
SYNDROME): ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC, HEMODYNAMIC AND MORPHOLOGIC FINDINGS.: B.
Schwartzkopff, et. al.; Z Kardiol (March 1986, issue 75(3)). Pp. 161-169.
TREATMENT OF KEARNS-SAYRE SYNDROME WITH COENZYME Q10: S. Ogasahara, et. al.; Neurology (January 1986, issue 36(1)). Pp. 45-53.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE INTRAMITOCHONDRIAL CRYSTALLOIDS IN
*Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
884: Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivision covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder of Cornification 15 (Keratitis Deafness Type)
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ichthyosis
Darier Disease (Keratosis Follicularis)
Ichthyosis Congenita
Ichthyosis, X-Linked
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness (KID) Syndrome is a very rare disorder, that occur most often for no apparent reason but has also been linked to an autosomal recessive trait. It is characterized by inflammation of the eye's cornea (keratitis), fixed hardened skin scales (plaques) on the extremities and face, thick hardened skin on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, and deafness.
Symptoms
Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness Syndrome is present at birth. The cornea of the eye is usually inflamed. A red, diffusely thickened skin rash is usually shed during the first week of life. Fixed, hardened (keratotic) skin plaques, often with a red base, usually occur on the extremities and face, producing an aged or lion-like appearance. Some patients have thickened and hardened skin (hyperkeratosis) and prominent hair sacs (follicles) over much of the body surface. In others, the involvement may be limited to the face and extremities. Overdevelopment of the outer layer of skin (hyperkeratosis) around the hair follicles on the scalp may result in significant baldness. The nails may be abnormal or underdeveloped, and teeth may be small and susceptible to decay.
Hardening and thickening of the outer skin layer of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet (keratoderma palmoplantare) makes them appear pebbly. Some patients develop recurrent skin infections, including candidiasis, multiple abscesses and uncommon granulomatous fungus infections. Squamous cell skin cancers may occur in some cases.
Nerve deafness, which may be severe in some cases, usually occurs. Eye involvement includes inflammation of the cornea and the membranes of the eye (conjunctiva), which may progress to abnormal formation of tiny vessels in the cornea.
Growth may be impaired in patients with KID Syndrome.
Causes
Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness Syndrome occurs for no apparent reason in the majority of cases. Several cases of this disorder have been linked to an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness Syndrome appears to affect females slightly more often then males. This syndrome usually starts during infancy. However, symptoms may begin as late as the second decade of life.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
"Ichthyoses" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (For more information on this disorder choose "Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Darier Disease is a gradually progressive, hereditary skin disorder. It is characterized by elevated spots (papules) on the scalp, forehead, face, neck, area behind the ears, and middle of the back. These spots may become darker and may be covered with grey/brown scales or crusts (ichthyosis). (For more information on this disorder choose "Darier Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Ichthyosis Congenita is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information on this disorder choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder affecting males. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme deficiency leads to biochemical alterations in the steroid sex hormone metabolism, including diminished estrogen production during fetal development. Cholesterol sulfate accumulates in blood, skin, and other tissues after birth, causing scaliness and abnormalities of the eye's cornea. Levels of sex hormones do not appear to be affected. (For more information on this disorder choose "X-Linked Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Netherton Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, and Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis. (Choose the proper name as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Dermatologic symptoms of KID Syndrome are treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate may also be effective against dermatologic symptoms of KID Syndrome, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women can cause severe defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness Syndrome. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness Syndrome
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
3640 Grand Avenue, Suite 2
Oakland, CA 94610
(415) 763-9839
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
National Eye Institute (NEI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
Eye Research Institute of Retina Foundation
20 Staniford St.
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 742-3140
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1272.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 935-6.
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZATION DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987, issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986, issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-58.
KID SYNDROME (KERATITIS, ICHTHYOSIS, AND DEAFNESS) AND CHRONIC
MUCOCUTANEOUS CANDIDIASIS: CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE: M.
Harms, et al,; Pediatr Dermatol (July 1984, issue 2(1)). Pp. 1-7.
Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness Syndrome
+pagetitle
884: Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
562: Keratoconjunctivitis, Vernal
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the synonym list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
VKC
Seasonal Conjunctivitis
Spring Ophthalmia
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis is a non-contagious, seasonal allergic disorder usually occuring during the Spring or warm weather. Major symptoms include inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eyes, sensitivity to light and intense itching.
Symptoms
Vernal Keratonconjunctivitis symptoms include inflammation of the outer membrane of the eye. This causes the eyes to become red and may cause blurred vision. The eyes become sensitive to light and itch intensely. Usually both eyes are affected and cobblestone-like changes appear in the upper palpebral conjunctiva. In other cases, a gelatinous nodule may develop in the tissue adjacent to the cornea (limbus).
Causes
The cause of Vernal Keratonconjunctivitis is a hypersensitivity or allergic reaction of the eyes to airborne allergens.
Affected Population
Vernal Keratonconjunctivitis affects males and females in equal numbers. It is a common disorder occuring most often during the spring or summer.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
Conjunctivitis or "Pink Eye" is caused by an infection of the outer lining of the eye and eyelids from bacteria or viruses. The eyes become red and irritated with a sandy or burning feeling. The disease may follow a cold or sore throat, and is most common in children. Sticky pus is visible in the eye and can cause the eyelids to stick together. Pink Eye is highly contagious.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis is symptomatic and supportive. Allergies that can trigger onset of symptoms should be treated appropriately.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical and laboratory investigations of the drug cromolyn sodium in the treatment of ocular allergies such as Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis are underway. The orphan drug Levocabastine is being used experimentally in the treatment of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis. For more information on this drug physicians may contact:
Iolab Pharmaceuticals
500 Iolab Drive
Claremont, CA 91711
The FDA has given approval for testing of the orphan drug Lodoxamide Tromethamine (Alomide Ophthalmic Solution) for treatment of Vernal Keraconjunctivitis to Alcon Laboratories, Inc., 6201 South Freeway, Ft. Worth, TX, 76134.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
NIH/National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1618-1619.
OCULAR ALLERGY AND MAST CELL STABILIZERS. M.R. Allansmith, et al.; Surv Ophthalmol (January-February, 1986, issue 30 (4)). Pp. 229-244.
VERNAL KARATOCONJUNCTIVITIS: NEW CORNEAL FINDINGS IN FRATERNAL TWINS.
W.N. Rosenthal, et al.; Cornea (1984-1985, issue 3 (4)). Pp. 288-290.
Keratoconjunctivitis, Vernal
pagetitle
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,Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
578: Keratoconus
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Keratoconus) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Conical Cornea
Congenital Keratoconus
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Keratoconus Posticus Circumscriptus
Autosomal Dominant Keratoconus
Autosomal Recessive Keratoconus
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Bullous Keratopathy
Interstitial Keratitis
Leber's Congenital Amaurosis
Down Syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Marfan Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Keratoconus is a slowly progressive enlargement of the curved transparent outer layer of fibrous tissue covering the eyeball (cornea). The resulting conical shape of the cornea causes blurred vision and other vision problems. Inherited forms of this disorder usually begin after puberty. Keratoconus can also occur in conjunction with a variety of other disorders.
Symptoms
Keratoconus is characterized by a slowly progressive conical projection of the curved transparent outer layer covering the eyeball (cornea). Symptoms begin in one eye and may later affect both eyes. Blurred or distorted vision (astigmatism) possibly caused by thinning of the outer layer of the cornea may occur. Keratoconus Posticus Circumscriptus is a form of Keratoconus which is characterized by mental retardation and lack of normal growth as well as the vision problems.
Causes
Keratoconus may occur alone or in some cases as a symptom of other disorders. This condition may be inherited as either an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive trait, or it may occur for unknown reasons.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Keratoconus can also occur in conjunction with Leber's Congenital Amaurosis, Down Syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome or Marfan Syndrome. (For additional information on these disorders, please choose the appropriate name as your search term in the Rare Disease Database or see the Related Disorders section of this report.)
Affected Population
Keratoconus affects females slightly more often than males, and tends to occur more often among adolescents than adults. One long-term study in the United States indicated a prevalence rate of 54.5 diagnosed cases of Keratoconus per 100,000 population. Involvement was limited to one eye in forty one percent of patients at the time of diagnosis, and both eyes were affected in 59 percent.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Keratoconus. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Bullous Keratopathy is a condition caused by excessive fluid accumulation in the cornea, and is thought to be the result of deterioration of the inside layer of the cornea which comes from aging. Symptoms may increase after surgery for cataracts. Fluid-filled blisters (bullae) on the corneal surface rupture, causing pain and impaired vision.
Interstitial Keratitis, also known as Parenchymatous Keratitis, is a chronic nonulcerative infiltration in the deep layers of the cornea of the eye, with inflammation in the part of the eyeball known as the uvea. Although this disorder is rare in the U.S., cases can occur in children as a late complication of congenital syphilis. One eye may be involved initially, but symptoms affect both eyes in time. In very rare cases, acquired syphilis or tuberculosis may lead to a form of Interstitial Keratitis among affected adults. Usually only one eye is affected in this form of the disorder. Light sensitivity (photophobia), pain, excessive tearing (lacrimation), and gradual loss of vision are common. Blisters begin in deep corneal layers, and eventually the entire cornea develops a ground glass appearance, obscuring the iris. New blood vessels grow and produce orange-red areas. Inflammation of the iris and choroid areas of the eyeball occur. Symptoms may subside after one or two months, but some vision impairment may remain even when the cornea clears completely.
The following disorders may be present in conjunction with Keratoconus. They can be useful in identifying an underlying cause of some forms of this disorder:
Leber's Congenital Amaurosis is a painless genetic optic nerve disorder. Progressive marked loss of central vision in one or both eyes is the primary symptom, which is determined by the amount of inflammation and resultant atrophy of the optic nerves. Normal optic disks and a congenital absence of light gathering bodies (rods and cones) of the retina occur initially, followed much later by swelling of the optic nerve head. There are no early changes in the optic nerves, blood vessels or retinas. Later, an absence or reduction of electrical activity of the retina is observed. This progressive disorder may also be transitional and overlapping with other similar diseases. Some cases may be complicated by Keratoconus, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Ophthalmoplegia, nerve deafness, or mental deterioration. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Leber" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Down Syndrome is the most common and readily identifiable genetic condition associated with mental retardation. It is caused by a chromosomal abnormality. One additional chromosome is present in each cell and this extra genetic material changes the orderly development of the body and brain. Keratoconus may occur in conjunction with Down Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Down" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is an inherited connective tissue disorder. It is characterized by the ability of patients to flex their bodies beyond the normal range (articular hypermobility), to abnormally stretch their skin (hyperelasticity of the skin), and widespread tissue fragility; i.e., skin, blood vessels and other tissues can rupture from even minor trauma. Keratoconus may occur in conjunction with this disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ehlers-Danlos" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Marfan Syndrome is an inherited condition, classified as a connective tissue disorder, that primarily affects the bones and ligaments (the skeletal system), the eyes, the cardiovascular system, and the lungs. People with Marfan Syndrome are unusually tall, have long arms and legs, and often have vision problems. Keratoconus may occur in conjunction with this disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Marfan" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of the diminished clear vision in Keratoconus may involve the use of hard contact lenses although this is a temporary measure. Corneal transplants (penetrating keratoplasty or epikeratoplasty) are the only known method of halting the disease. In some cases, progression may be so slow that no treatment is required. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients with inherited forms of Keratoconus.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Keratoconus, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
Eye Bank Association of America
1511 K Street NW, Suite 830
Washington, DC 20005-1401
(301) 628-4280
Eye Research Institute of Retina Foundation
20 Staniford St.
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 742-3140
Vision Foundation, Inc.
818 Mt. Auburn Street
Watertown, MA 02172
(617) 926-4232
1-800-852-3029 (Inside Massachusetts)
National Association for the Visually Handicapped (NAVH)
305 East 24th Street
New York, NY 10010
(212) 889-3141
or
3201 Balboa Street
San Francisco, CA 94121
(414) 221-3201
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
A 48-YEAR CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF KERATOCONUS: R.H. Kennedy, et al.; Am J Ophthalmol (March 15, 1986, issue 101(3)). Pp. 267-273.
CONTACT LENS FITTING RELATION AND VISUAL ACUITY IN KERATOCONUS: K
Zadnik, et al.; Am J Optom Physiol Opt (September 1987, issue 64(9)). Pp. 698-702.
LONG-TERM COMPARISON OF EPIKERATOPLASTY AND PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY FOR
KERATOCONUS: R.F. Steinert, et al.; Arch Ophthalmol (April 1988, issue 106(4)). Pp. 493-496.
McDonnell, et al.; Arch Ophthalmol (February 1988, issue 106(2)). Pp. 235-238.
CORNEAL REGRAFTS: F. Bigar, et al.; Dev Ophthalmol (1987, issue 14). Pp. 117-120.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 441, 1073-1074.
Keratoconus
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Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
762: Keratomalacia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Keratomalacia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Xerotic Keratitis
Xerophthalmia
Night Blindness
Vitamin A Deficiency
Retinol Deficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Sjogren's Syndrome
Keratoconus
Interstitial Keratitis
Bullous Keratopathy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Keratomalacia is an eye disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin A. Vitamin A (retinol) is found mainly in fish liver oils, liver, egg yolk, cream and butter. The human body stores vitamin A mainly in the liver. Once it is released by the liver, vitamin A is converted to light sensitive pigments in the retina that are involved in night, day and color vision. Vitamin A also helps maintain healthy body tissue.
Keratomalacia is very rare in North America and Western Europe, but is a leading cause of blindness in Southeast Asia, parts of Africa and Central and South America. In these areas vitamin A deficiency is usually caused by general malnutrition in infants and young children.
Symptoms
A deficiency of Vitamin A may interfere with the eye's ability to adapt to the dark, resulting in night blindness. It may also cause a lack of tears leading to abnormal dryness (xerosis) of the inner surface of the eyelid (conjunctiva) and the transparent covering (cornea) of the eyes. This dryness may result in a sensation of grittiness in the eyes and a painful sensitivity to light (photophobia). Shiny, pearled spots of triangular shaped tissue may occur on the inner surface of the eyelids (Bitot's spots). The cornea may become hazy and gradually dissolve, leading to rupture of the eyeball with extrusion of the eye's contents.
In vitamin A deficiency, cells in the lung, gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract may be keratonized. The senses of taste and smell may be defective, and there may be a thickening of the skin. Individuals with Keratomalacia may develop anemia and an increased susceptibility to infection. Growth retardation is a common symptom in children.
Causes
Keratomalacia is most commonly caused by prolonged dietary deprivation of sources of vitamin A. It occurs most frequently in areas such as southern and eastern Asia where rice is the staple (rice does not contain the necessary dietary pigment, carotene, which the body converts to vitamin A).
A secondary cause of Keratomalacia may be due to the body's inadequate conversion of carotene to vitamin A. Keratomalacia may also be caused by an interference with absorption, storage or transport of vitamin A. Interference with absorption or storage of vitamin A may be associated with digestive diseases (sprue), cystic fibrosis, surgery of the pancreas or the small intestine (duodenal bypass), obstruction of the small intestine, obstruction of the bile ducts, chronic diarrhea due to giardiasis and cirrhosis of the liver.
In the United States vitamin A deficiency in adults is most likely to be secondary to severe malabsorption of the vitamin, or to eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa.
Affected Population
Keratomalacia affects males and females in equal numbers. It occurs most commonly in developing countries in the Far East and India, affecting poorly nourished infants and adults.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Keratomalacia. A comparison may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Sjogren's Syndrome is an autoimmune disorder characterized by abnormally dry eyes and mouth. Membrane dryness may be widespread involving the nose, esophagus, trachea, upper gastrointestinal tract and the vagina. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sjogren's Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Keratoconus is a disorder characterized by slow and progressive expansion of the cornea of the eye. The abnormal cone shape that the cornea develops causes major changes in vision, and may require frequent changes in eyeglasses or contact lenses. It may progress to blindness. However, a cornea transplant can cure this eye disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Keratoconus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Interstitial Keratitis is a disorder characterized by a chronic inflammation of the deep layers of the cornea. It rarely occurs in the United States. Symptoms may include painful sensitivity to light (photophobia), pain in the eyes, an excess secretion of tears (lacrimation) and a gradual loss of vision. Interstitial Keratitis most commonly affects children and is a late complication of congenital syphilis.
Bullous Keratopathy is a disorder characterized by excessive fluid accumulation in the cornea. Symptoms may include pain in the eyes and decreased vision. Bullous Keratopathy most frequently affects the elderly and occasionally occurs after surgery for some other eye problem such as cataracts.
Therapies: Standard
In treating individuals with Keratomalacia, the cause must be corrected. When dietary deficiency of vitamin A is the cause, Vitamin A supplements must be administered. However, vitamin A can cause birth defects if given in high doses to pregnant women, so care must be taken in treating women of child bearing years. In general, individuals with Keratomalacia respond rapidly to vitamin A replacement therapy if the case is treated early. Dry eyes may be treated with artificial tears. If the eye complications have progressed to the most severe stage (blindness), little can be done to restore vision. Antibiotic sulfonamide ointments may be used for secondary infections. In mild cases of night blindness improvement is often shown following the administration of vitamin A or as a fish liver oil. More advanced cases may require higher doses daily for several months. Large doses of vitamin A should be monitored by a physician to avoid possible overdose.
If Keratomalacia is caused by an interference of absorption, storage or transport of vitamin A, the underlying disorder must be treated.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Keratomalacia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
Eye Research Institute of Retina Foundation
20 Staniford St.
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 742-3140
National Society to Prevent Blindness
79 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 684-3505
Vision Foundation, Inc.
818 Mt. Auburn Street
Watertown, MA 02172
(617) 926-4232
1-800-852-3029
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 282, 1264.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 922-923.
IMPRESSION CYTOLOGY: A PRACTICAL INDEX OF VITAMIN A STATUS. G.
Natadisastra et al.; AM J CLIN NUTR (September, 1988: issue 48(5)). Pp. 426-429.
VITAMIN A FORTIFIED MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE AND HEALTH, GROWTH, AND SURVIVAL
OF CHILDREN: A CONTROLLED FIELD TRIAL. Muhilal et al.; AM J CLIN NUTR (November, 1988: issue 48(5)). Pp. 1271-1276.
Keratomalacia
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"Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
546: Ichthyosis, Harlequin Type
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Harlequin Type Ichthyosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Harlequin Fetus
DOC 6 (Harlequin Type)
Disorder of Cornification 6 (Harlequin Type)
Ichthyosis Harlequin Type
Ichthyosis Congenita, Harlequin Fetus Type
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ichthyosis (Disorders of Cornification)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Harlequin Type Ichthyosis is a rare genetic skin disorder characterized by massive, thick skin plates that usually produce distorted facial features and often deformities in other parts of the body. At birth the chest and abdomen of patients are usually severely constricted. This makes breathing and eating difficult. The skin symptoms can be somewhat controlled with treatment.
Symptoms
At birth, babies with Harlequin Type Ichthyosis have massive, thick scales on the skin. An abnormally large amount of dead skin cells (squames) accumulates in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of the skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. The scaly plates formed by these dead skin cells cause the dermatological symptoms. The chest and abdomen of these infants are severely constricted at birth. This makes breathing and eating difficult.
Causes
Harlequin Type Ichthyosis is a hereditary disorder transmitted through autosomal recessive genes. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Harlequin Type Ichthyosis is a rare skin condition that affects infants before birth. Males and females are affected in equal numbers. It affects one in 500,000 persons or two per million. Harlequin type Ichthyosis affects about 500 persons and occurs in seven births annually in the United States.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may be similar to those of Harlequin Type Ichthyosis. Inversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of the skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be comparumulation of large amounts of dead cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin.
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme deficiency leads to biochemical alterations in steroid hormone metabolism. Cholesterol sulfate may accumulate in the blood and skin. (For more information, choose "X-Linked Ichthyosis " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Netherton Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis, etc. (Search under each name for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Harlequin Type Ichthyosis can be diagnosed before birth by removing a tiny skin sample from the fetus and examining this for abnormal cells. This test is called fetoscopy.
The skin symptoms of Harlequin Type Ichthyosis are treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing, while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate are often effective against the dermatologic symptoms of Harlequin Type Ichthyosis, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of Ichthyosis.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Harlequin Type Ichthyosis. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Harlequin Type Ichthyosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-1258.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 1059.
Ichthyosis, Harlequin Type
#pagetitle
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`$E$Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
It is possible that the main title of this article (Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder of Cornification 24
DOC 24
Siemens Syndrome
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis Congenita
X-Linked Ichthyosis
Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans is a rare skin disorder. The disorder is characterized by hardening of the skin (keratosis) around the hair follicles, leading to progressive scarring and baldness (alopecia).
Symptoms
Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans is a form of Ichthyosis, a group of scaly skin disorders. It is characterized by hardening of the skin around the hair follicles. This usually leads to scarring and baldness. Allergic reactions (atopy), reduced tolerance of bright light (photophobia), and inflammation of the eye's cornea (keratitis) can also occur.
Causes
Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans is thought to be inherited as a sex-linked dominant trait. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. Sex-linked (X-linked) disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a 50 percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a 50 percent chance of transmitting the disease to their sons.) In the case of this disorder, carriers (females) have a milder form of the disorder than males.
Affected Population
Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans is a rare disorder affecting males more severely than females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may be similar to those of Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans. Comparisons can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
"Ichthyosis" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (See "Ichthyosis" in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder affecting males, which is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme deficiency leads to biochemical alterations in steroid hormone metabolism. Cholesterol sulfate may accumulate in the blood and skin. (For more information, choose "X-Linked Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness (KID) Syndrome is a very rare disorder, thought to be inherited. It is characterized by inflammation of the eye's cornea (keratitis), fixed hardened skin scales (plaques) on the extremities and face, thick hardened skin on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, and deafness. (For more information, choose "Keratitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Netherton Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, and Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis. (Choose the appropriate name as your search term for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans is treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate can be effective against symptoms of Ichthyosis, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Keratitis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based on medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
TRICHOSTASIS SPINULOSA: M.C. Young, et al.; Int Journal Dermatol (November 1985: issue 24(9)). Pp. 575-580.
KERATOSIS SPINULOSA DECALVANS. REPORT OF TWO CASES AND LITERATURE
REVIEW: Arch Dermatol (January 1983: issue 119(1)). Pp. 22-26.
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-1258.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
" "Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
544: Ichthyosis, Lamellar Recessive
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Lamellar Recessive Ichthyosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder of Cornification 4
DOC 4 (Lamellar Recessive Type)
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Lamellar Recessive Ichthyosis is a serious skin disorder. Cornification, which is the conversion of the upper layer of the skin into scaly or platelike (squamous) type skin, is the major symptom. The entire body surface is involved, with large, dark, platelike scales. In serious cases, the eyelids and the lips may turn outward (ectropion).
Symptoms
Lamellar Recessive Ichthyosis is a serious skin disorder characterized by large, dark, platelike scales (cornification) over the entire body surface. The eyelids and lips are turned outward in the most serious cases. A slight redness (erythroderma) underlies the scales. Moderate thickening of the outer skin layer (keratoderma) on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet usually also occurs. The appearance of a newborn with Lamellar Recessive Ichthyosis is similar to that of Ichthyosis Congenita. Analysis of fats (lipids) from the stratum corneum of the skin shows increased free sterols and ceramides but normal hydrocarbon (alkane) content.
Causes
Lamellar Recessive Ichthyosis is a hereditary disorder transmitted through autosomal recessive genes. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Lamellar Recessive Ichthyosis is a very rare disorder occuring in less than one out of every 200,000 persons or five per million in the United States. There are about 1,250 persons with the disorder, and nineteen babies are born annually with this disorder.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may be similar to those of Lamellar Recessive Ichthyosis. Comparisons can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
"Ichthyoses" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme deficiency leads to biochemical alterations in steroid hormone metabolism. (For more information, choose "X-Linked Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Netherton Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, and Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis. (Search under each name for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Lamellar Recessive Ichthyosis is treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate can also be effective against symptoms of Lamellar Ichthyosis, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Lamellar Recessive Ichthyosis. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Ichthyosis Vulgaris, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-1258.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
Ichthyosis, Lamellar Recessive-#
0#pagetitle
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&Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
553: Ichthyosis, Netherton Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Netherton Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder of Cornification 9 (Netherton's Type)
Netherton Disease
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Netherton Syndrome is a rare hereditary skin disorder occurring almost exclusively in females. This disorder is characterized by scaling of the skin in a distinctive circular pattern (ichthyosis linearis circumflexa). Symptoms affecting the hair include hair shafts held back in the hair root
(trichorrhexis invaginata) or a fragile hair condition, called "bamboo hair". Both skin and hair abnormalities are caused by conversion of an abnormally large amount of epidermal skin cells into dead cells (cornification). Another characteristic of Netherton Syndrome is a predisposition to allergies such as asthma, or food allergies which cause skin eruptions.
Symptoms Netherton Syndrome may be diagnosed at birth by the presence of generalized redness of the skin, and a parchment-like membrane (collodion baby) that can be peeled off the skin. Later, abnormal thickening of the outer layer of the skin (hyperkeratosis) occurs in combination with shedding of scales. This results in circular reddish patches on the skin with distinctive double-edged scales along the margins (ichthyosis linearis circumflexa).
Itching may be present in different degrees of severity, ranging from mild to severe. Unusually deep skin markings around shiny quadrangles (lichenification) on one side of the arms and legs may occur as a manifestation of the skin allergy associated with Netherton Syndrome. The skin of the face and scalp is often affected. Instead of the circular pattern of scaly skin, some patients have a skin rash that resembles a form of lamellar ichthyosis. (For more information on this type of ichthyosis, choose "Lamellar Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Symptoms affecting the hair which are characteristic of Netherton Syndrome include a hair shaft abnormality (trichorrhexis invaginata) which is resembles a ball of yarn stuck in a socket. Kinky hairs (pili torti) or hair with fragile nodes (trichorrhexis nodosa) may also develop.
Causes
Netherton Syndrome is a hereditary disorder transmitted through autosomal recessive genes. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Netherton Syndrome is a rare disorder affecting females almost exclusively.
Related Disorders
"Ichthyoses" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme deficiency leads to biochemical alterations in steroid hormone metabolism. Cholesterol sulfate may accumulate in the blood and skin. (For more information, choose "X-Linked Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, and Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis. (Search under each name for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Skin symptoms of Netherton Syndrome are treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Foods that are known to cause an allergic skin reaction in a specific patient should be avoided.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate are often effective against dermatologic symptoms of Netherton Syndrome, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Netherton Syndrome. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Netherton Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
NETHERTON'S SYNDROME. REPORT OF A CASE AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE: S.L.
Greene, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (August 1985: issue 13(2 Pt 2)). Pp. 329-337.
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-1258.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1156-1157.
Ichthyosis, Netherton Syndrome-'
0'pagetitle
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03873.TXT
`!N!Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
575: Ichthyosis, Peeling Skin Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Peeling Skin Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Continuing Skin Peeling Syndrome
Disorder of Cornification 21
DOC 21
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis Congenita
X-Linked Ichthyosis
Psoriasis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Peeling Skin Syndrome is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by the periodic shedding of the outer layer of the skin. Redness, itching and other features may also occur.
Symptoms
Patients with Peeling Skin Syndrome have skin that is thicker than normal. The disorder is characterized by the periodic shedding of the outer layer of the skin (stratum corneum). Redness (erythroderma) and itching (pruritus) may also occur. In some cases, newly formed hair can be plucked more easily than normal. Some patients with Peeling Skin Syndrome have short stature.
Causes
Peeling Skin Syndrome is a form of Ichthyosis, which is a group of hereditary skin disorders. This form of Ichthyosis is transmitted by autosomal recessive genes. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is 25 percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Peeling Skin Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. It is a rare hereditary disorder.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may be similar to those of Peeling Skin Syndrome. Comparisons can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
"Ichthyosis" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder affecting males, caused by a deficiency of the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme deficiency leads to biochemical alterations in steroid hormone metabolism. Cholesterol sulfate may accumulate in the blood and skin. (For more information, choose "X-Linked Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Netherton Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, and Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis. (Choose the appropriate name as your search term for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.)
Psoriasis is a common chronic and recurrent skin disorder characterized by dry, well-circumscribed silvery gray scaling spots (papules) or plaques which usually appear on the scalp, elbows, or knees. (For more information, choose "Psoriasis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Peeling Skin Syndrome is treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate can be effective against symptoms of Peeling Skin Syndrome, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Peeling Skin Syndrome. The product is manufactured by;
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Peeling Skin Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
CONTINUAL SKIN PEELING SYNDROME: AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY: A.K.
Silverman, et al; Arch Dermatol (January 1986: issue 122(1)). Pp. 71-75.
PEELING SKIN SYNDROME: A CLINICAL, ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND BIOCHEMICAL
STUDY: British Journal Dermatol (January 1987: issue 116(1)). Pp. 117-125.
Ichthyosis, Peeling Skin Syndrome
ns Uu"
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%Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
555: Ichthyosis, Sjogren Larsson Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
DOC 10 (Sjogren-Larsson Type)
Disorder of Cornification 10 (Sjogren-Larsson Type)
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section:
Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis Congenita
X-Linked Ichthyosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Sjogren Larsson Syndrome is an inherited disorder characterized by scaling skin (ichthyosis), mental retardation, speech abnormalities, and spasticity. Affected infants develop various degrees of reddened skin, and fine scaling skin. Additionally, larger plate-like thick scales (hyperkeratosis) usually develop in the outer skin layer (hyperkeratosis). After infancy, skin on the arms, legs and the abdomen often displays dark scales and absence of redness. Speech abnormalities and seizures may accompany skin symptoms. Approximately half of the children affected with this disorder will have degeneration of the pigment in the retina of the eyes.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Sjogren Larsson Syndrome usually begin during infancy. This disorder is characterized by fine scales on the skin with varying degrees of redness. In time, larger thick platelike scales may appear on the skin surface. After infancy, one (the flexural) side of the arms and legs are affected by dark scaly areas without redness. Speech abnormalities, mental retardation and seizures usually occur during the first 2 or 3 years of life. Glistening spots in the back portion of the inside of the eyeball (ocular fundus) may be an early sign of the disorder.
Causes
Sjogren Larsson Syndrome is a hereditary disorder transmitted through autosomal recessive genes. It was first described by doctors Sjogren and Larsson who were Swedish physicians. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Sjogren Larsson Syndrome is a rare inherited disorder occurring in approximately 8.3 out of 100,000 persons in northern Sweden. It is less prevalent in the U.S. The disorder affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Sjogren Larsson Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
"Ichthyoses" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. These skin disorders are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of the skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme steroid sulfatase, which affects males. This enzyme deficiency leads to biochemical alterations in steroid hormone metabolism. Cholesterol sulfate may accumulate in the blood and skin. (For more information, choose "X-Linked Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Netherton Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, and Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis. (Search under each name for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Sjogren Larsson Syndrome can be diagnosed before birth by taking a tiny skin sample from the fetus and examining this for abnormal cells.
The disorder is treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for the dermatologic symptoms of this disorder.
Anti-convulsant medications may control seizures. Speech therapy and special education services may be helpful. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate are often effective against symptoms of Sjogren Larsson Syndrome, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis. Clinical improvement has been reported following limitation of dietary fat to medium-chain triglycerides.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Sjogren Larsson Syndrome. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-1258.
TREATMENT OF THE ICHTHYOSIS OF THE SJOGREN-LARSSON SYNDROME WITH
ETRETINATE (TIGASON): S. Jagell, et al.; Acta Derm Venereol (Stockholm) (1983: issue 63(1)). Pp. 89-91.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 1249.
Ichthyosis, Sjogren Larsson Syndrome
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(g(Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
554: Ichthyosis, Tay Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Tay Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder of Cornification 14 (Trichothiodystrophy Type)
DOC 14 (Trichothiodystrophy Type)
IBIDS Syndrome
Ichthyosiform Erythroderma with Hair Abnormality and Growth and Mental Retardation
Ichthyosis, Congenital, with Trichothiodystrophy
Trichothiodystrophy with Congenital Ichthyosis
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Tay Syndrome is a hereditary disorder characterized by brittle, twisted hair, scaly dry skin (ichthyosis), and abnormal finger and toe nails. Loss of subcutaneous fat results in a prematurely aged-looking face. Physical development is usually slowed and mental retardation may also be present. A wide variety of central nervous system abnormalities may include seizures, tremors, lack of muscle coordination (ataxia), and neurosensory deafness. The reproductive organs are usually underdeveloped. Very small cataracts often develop in the eyes. Abnormalities of the bones and teeth may also occur, as well as an increased susceptibility to infection.
Symptoms
Tay Syndrome is characterized by brittle, twisted hair that is low in sulfur content (trichothyodystrophy). The skin over most of the body surface is covered with fine, dark scales (ichthyosis). This so-called "disorder of cornification" of the skin may be present at birth as a parchment-like (collodion) membrane. The sulfur deficient nails are abnormally short, broad, and ridged, and they split easily. Loss of subcutaneous fat usually results in a prematurely old-looking face. A beaked nose, receding chin, and protruding ears are also characteristic of Tay Syndrome.
The central nervous system may be affected with seizures, tremors, lack of muscle coordination, and nerve deafness. The testes may fail to descend (cryptorchidism) in males, and female genitalia may be underdeveloped. In women, breast tissue may be completely absent in spite of normal development of the nipples. Very small cataracts often occur in the eyes. Bone and teeth abnormalities appear in some cases. Patients with Tay Syndrome may also have an increased susceptibility to infection.
Causes
Tay Syndrome is a hereditary disorder transmitted through autosomal recessive genes. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Tay Syndrome is usually present at birth. Males and females are affected in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may resemble those of Tay Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Amish Brittle Hair Syndrome (Hair-Brain Syndrome; BIDS Syndrome) is a rare hereditary disorder that tends to occur in people of Amish descent. It is characterized by brittle hair, intellectual impairment, decreased fertility, and short stature. It lacks the skin and facial abnormalities of Tay Syndrome.
Pollitt Syndrome (Trichorrhexis Nodosa Syndrome) is a hereditary disorder characterized by mental and physical retardation, an abnormally small head and fragile hair (trichorrhexis nodosa) that may fall out. The skin is usually scaly and the nails are underdeveloped and spoon-shaped. Some researchers believe this disorder may be the same as Amish Brittle Hair Syndrome.
"Ichthyoses" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Netherton Syndrome is a very rare form of ichthyosis that occurs almost exclusively in females. It is characterized by scaling of the skin in a circular pattern. Hair shafts are held back in the hair root (trichorrhexis invaginata). Fragile hair on the head characteristic of this disorder is called "bamboo hair" (trichorrhexis nodosa). Patients with Netherton Syndrome are usually predisposed to allergies such as asthma, or food allergies which can cause skin eruptions. (For more information, choose "Netherton Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, and Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis. (Choose the appropriate name as your search term for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Skin symptoms of Tay Syndrome are treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate can be effective against skin symptoms of Tay Syndrome, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin (accutane), when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling may be helpful for families of children with Tay Syndrome, and special education services may be required in school.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Tay Syndrome. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Tay Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
International Tremor Foundation
360 W. Superior St.
Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 664-2344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THE TAY SYNDROME (CONGENITAL ICHTHYOSIS WITH TRICHOTHIODYSTROPHY): R.
Happle, et al.; Eur Journal Pediatr (January 1984: issue 141(3)). Pp. 147-152.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1058, 1285.
Ichthyosis, Tay Syndrome
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&Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
545: Ichthyosis, X-Linked
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (X-Linked Ichthyosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Steroid Sulfatase Deficiency
DOC 2
Disorder of Cornification 2
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis Congenita
Ichthyosis Vulgaris
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
X-Linked Ichthyosis is a genetic skin disorder that affects males. It is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme defect leads to several biochemical alterations in the steroid sex hormone metabolism, including diminished maternal estrogen production in late pregnancy. Cholesterol sulfate may accumulate in the blood and skin. Normal functioning of sex hormones does not appear to be affected. Corneal opacities may be present, but do not interfere with vision.
Symptoms
Symptoms of X-Linked Ichthyosis usually begin between 1 and 3 weeks of age. The disorder is characterized by the development of brownish scales (ichthyosis) that usually adhere tightly to the underlying skin. Scales are most prominent on the skin covering muscles, especially areas on one side of the limbs (extensor muscles). The scales may spread to the surfaces where the flexing muscles are located. However, the skin in the hollow of the elbows and knees is usually affected less often than the back of the neck, which is almost always scaly. The face and scalp are usually free of scales, but the trunk is often involved. Palms of the hands and soles of the feet are almost always spared.
Marked improvement of symptoms often occurs during the summer.
When they are giving birth to a male fetus who has X-Linked Ichthyosis, women who are carriers of the disorder often experience a delay in labor and sometimes difficulties with cervical dilatation. Diminished estrogen production often develops among female carriers when they are pregnant with a male fetus who has this disorder.
Clouding of the eye's cornea may occur in about half of the men with X-Linked Ichthyosis during adulthood. Failure of the testicles to descend into the scrotum may occur in approximately 12 to 25% of patients with X-Linked Ichthyosis. Additionally, these patients may be at increased risk to contract malignancies of the testicles.
Causes
X-Linked Ichthyosis is a hereditary disorder transmitted by sex-linked genes. Symptoms are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme steroid sulfatase. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.)
Affected Population
X-Linked Ichthyosis is a rare disorder affecting one in 2,000 males. This means there are 500 cases per million with 62,500 persons affected in the United States, and occuring in about 1,865 births yearly. Female carriers may transmit the disorder without having any symptoms themselves.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may be similar to those of X-Linked Ichthyosis. Comparisons can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
"Ichthyoses" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of the skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (See "Ichthyosis" in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Netherton Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis, etc. (Search under each name for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
X-Linked Ichthyosis can be diagnosed before birth by taking a few cells from the fluid in the water sac that surrounds the fetus and testing these for abnormalities. This test is called amniocentesis.
X-Linked Ichthyosis is treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate are often effective against X-Linked Ichthyosis, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for the treatment of X-Linked Ichthyosis. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on X-Linked Recessive Ichthyosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-1258.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
TOPICAL CHOLESTEROL TREATMENT OF RECESSIVE X-LINKED ICHTHYOSIS: G
Lykkesfeldt, et al.; Lancet (December 10, 1983: issue 2(8363)). Pp. 1337-1338.
Ichthyosis, X-Linked#'
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
587: IGA Nephropathy
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (IGA Nephropathy) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Berger's Disease
Idiopathic Renal Hematuria
Mesangial IGA Nephropathy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Schonlein-Henoch Purpura
SLE Nephritis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
IGA Nephropathy is a kidney disorder occuring during childhood and young adulthood. It usually follows a viral infection of the upper respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts. The major symptom is the passing of blood in the urine (hematuria). There may be associated pain in the loin area.
Symptoms
The first recognizable symptom of IGA Nephropathy is bloody urine (hematuria) caused by inflammation of the kidney (acute nephritis or glomerulonephritis). There is often a mild loss of protein in the urine (proteinuria) with slowly progressive changes in the kidney. Pain in the loins may occur, but it is unusual for people with this condition to show signs of high blood pressure (hypertension) or swelling (edema) during the initial phase of the disease.
Causes
IGA Nephropathy usually occurs following flu-like (viral) infections of the upper respiratory tract or the gastrointestinal tract. This suggests it may be caused by a postinfectious process. There are some theories that the condition is an autoimmune disease because of the increase in the immunoglobulin IGA factor, but the mechanisms leading to glomerular immune deposit formation is unclear. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies) against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue.
Affected Population
IGA Nephropathy affects males two or three times more often than females. It usually occurs in adolescents or young adults between the ages of fifteen and thirty-five. It is one of the leading causes of acute nephritis in young people in the United States, Europe and Japan. IGA Nephropathy occurs significantly more often in American Indians than any other ethnic group tested. It is more prevalent in whites than in blacks. A study conducted in Finland showed an occurrence of approximately 94 cases detected annually per 100,000 young males tested upon induction into the military.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of IGA Nephropathy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Schonlein-Henoch Purpura is one of a group of blood vessel disorders characterized by purplish or brownish-red discoloration of the skin. These spots may be large or small. Internal bleeding may occur in various areas of the body. This blood vessel disorder may affect the skin, joints, gastrointestinal system, kidneys, and in a very few cases, the central nervous system. Little is known about the cause of this form of purpura although it may be an allergic reaction which more often occurs in children than in adults. Some cases of Schonlein-Henoch characterized by joint disease without gastrointestinal problems are termed Schonlein's Purpura. Another form, characterized by acute abdominal symptoms without joint disease is known as Henoch's Purpura. This disorder runs a limited course with a good prognosis in most cases. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Purpura" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
SLE Nephritis is a kidney disease associated with Lupus. In severe cases of Lupus, the kidneys are involved and may lead to kidney (renal) failure. The following symptoms may occur in patients with Lupus: headache, swelling of the eye area (periorbital edema) and swelling (edema) of the face, abdomen, feet or legs, loss of appetite, weakness, development of excessive fatigue upon exertion, malaise or weariness, mental and personality changes, seizures, dizziness or fainting, pallor, shortness of breath, numbness of the extremities, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and visual abnormalities. Tests including urinalysis, blood serum BUN or creatinine, 24 hour creatinine clearance and/or quantitative protein excretion are useful in detecting SLE Nephritis. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lupus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
No specific treatment for IGA Nephropathy has been shown to be effective to all patients. Some patients have responded to oral steroid therapy especially in the early stages of the disease. Patients who have been treated with the corticosteroid drug, cyclophosamide, have experienced long-term remission of symptoms even after therapy was withdrawn. The disease may progress slowly for several decades and can lead to other kidney (renal) diseases such as renal insufficiency. Kidney transplantation has been successful in many persons, although some patients have an immunologic recurrence of disease in the new kidney.
Therapies: Investigational
The immunomodulator drug cyclosporin (sandimmune) may be an effective treatment for certain patients with relapsing nephropathy. However, if the drug is discontinued, most patients will relapse. Further studies will be needed to determine the long-term effectiveness and safety of this drug in treating Nephropathy.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on IGA Nephropathy, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
IGA Nephropathy Support Network
234 Summit Ave.
Jenkintown, PA 19046
(215) 884-9038
National Kidney Foundation
2 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 889-2210
(800) 662-9010
American Kidney Fund
6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010
Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 881-3052
(800) 628-8299
(800) 492-8361 (MD)
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NKUDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 841.
STEROID THERAPY IN IGA NEPHROPATHY: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY IN HEAVY
PROTEINURIC CASES. Y. Kobayaski, et al.; Nephron (1988, issue 48 (1)). Pp. 12-17.
TONSILLAR DISTRIBUTION OF IGA AND IGG IMMUNOCYTES AND PRODUCTION OF IGA
SUBCLASSES AND J CHAIN IN TONSILLITIS VARY WITH THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF IGA
NEPHROPATHY. J. Nagy, et al.; Scand J Immunol (April, 1988, issue 27 (4)). Pp. 393-399.
PROTEINURIA IN IGA NEPHROPATHY. K. Neelakantappa, et al.; Kidney Int (March, 1988, issue 33 (3)). Pp. 716-721.
IGA NEPHROPATHY, THE MOST COMMON GLOMERULONEPHRITIS WORLDWIDE. A
NEGLECTED DISEASE IN THE UNITED STATES? Am J Med (January, 1988, issue 84 (1)). Pp. 129-132.
CYCLOSPORIN IN THE TREATMENT OF STEROID-RESPONSIVE AND STEROID RESISTANT
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IN ADULTS. E. Maher, et al.; NEPHROL DIAL TRANSPLANT, (1988; 3 (6)).
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409: Incontinentia Pigmenti
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Incontinentia Pigmenti) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
IP
Bloch-Sulzberger Syndrome
Bloch-Siemens-Sulzberger Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
Franceschetti-Jadassohn Syndrome
Caffey Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Incontinentia Pigmenti is a genetic dermatological disorder characterized by unusual patterns of discolored skin. These discolorations tend to improve with age. Abnormal deposits of normal skin pigment (melanin) cause these discolorations. Three stages of progression may overlap or even occur simultaneously in some cases. Other oral, visual and/or neurological symptoms may also occur.
Symptoms
Incontinentia Pigmenti is divided into three stages of progression. The first two stages may overlap or even occur at the same time. Inflammation (beginning between birth and six months of age) is accompanied by skin redness and spiral lines of small fluid-filled blisters. The number of white blood cells in the blood usually associated with inflammation or infection may be elevated during infancy. A second stage gradually develops with rough, warty skin growths often arranged in the same spiral or linear patterns as in the previous stage. Skin growths usually appear on the arms or legs and less often on the head or trunk. These lesions usually resolve during infancy or early childhood, although persistent growths have been reported in patients as late as age sixteen.
The third stage is characterized by discolorations (abnormal deposits of skin pigment known as melanin) appearing in unusual patterns. These often appear as the first two stages are resolving. This stage usually begins between three months and two years of age. Patchy brown or slate gray spots develop in spiral and linear patterns on the arms, legs or trunk. These spots do not seem to appear in previously affected areas. Additionally, they do not follow the lines of nerves, vessels, or cleavage areas. Skin discolorations gradually resolve during late childhood or adolescence, but occasionally they may persist into adulthood.
All three stages may frequently overlap or even appear together. A fourth stage may appear consisting of diminished pigmentation or atrophy in areas of previous discolorations. Hair loss with scarring may also occur in rare cases.
Other non-dermatological symptoms may occur in approximately fifty percent of affected individuals. Possible dental symptoms include delayed tooth growth or decay, missing or malformed teeth. Diminished vision may develop in approximately one-third of patients. Seizures, muscle spasms or slight paralysis may also occur in rare cases.
Deterioration of finger or toe nails is very rare in Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP). Developmental abnormalities may sometimes appear in this disorder but are not considered characteristic. These may include dwarfism or short stature, clubfoot, spina bifida, skull and ear deformities, cleft lip or palate, atrophy of one side of the body (hemiatrophy), abnormal development of cartilage (chondrodystrophy), congenital dislocation of the hip, incomplete development of one side of the spinal bones (hemivertebrae), extra ribs or webbed fingers (syndactyly). Extremely kinky or wooly hair (Wooly hair nevus) and an immune system dysfunction have also been reported in a small number of patients with IP.
Causes
Incontinentia Pigmenti is thought to be inherited as an X-linked dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In X-linked dominant disorders the female with only one X chromosome affected will develop the disease. However the affected male always has a more severe condition. Sometimes affected males die before birth so that only female patients survive.)
Affected Population
Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP) is an extremely rare disorder with approximately six hundred cases reported in medical literature in this century. It can occur world wide and affects females almost exclusively.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP). Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians is characterized by diminished skin pigmentations similar only in pattern to discolorations of Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP). The lack of skin coloration is easily contrasted with the excess discoloration characteristic of IP although diminished skin pigmentations can appear late in the course of some cases of IP. This disorder is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. A variety of other developmental abnormalities and/or conditions may also occur in conjunction with this illness. Skin color tends to normalize with aging.
Franceschetti-Jadassohn Syndrome is marked by skin pigmentation changes similar to those of Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP), but symptoms begin during adolescence and does not follow inflammatory skin changes. Additionally, skin may thicken on the hands and/or feet, ability to sweat may become impaired and yellow mottling of the teeth may occur. This disorder appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
Caffey Disease is characterized by discolorations accompanied by soft tissue swellings over benign bone growths typically capped by cartilage. Fever and irritability may also occur. Symptoms tend to fluctuate in severity. This disorder, also known as Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis, primarily affects infants under six months of age and often resolves with age. The exact cause is unknown although it is assumed to be genetic.
Therapies: Standard
Skin abnormalities characteristic of Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP) usually disappear by adolescence or adulthood without any treatment. Diminished vision may be treated using corrective lenses, medication or in severe cases, surgery. Dental abnormalities can often be treated effectively by a dentist. Hair problems may require the attention of a dermatologist in some cases, although they are usually not severe. Neurological symptoms such as seizures, muscle spasms or mild paralysis may be controlled with various drugs and/or medical devices. Since these symptoms are not typical, a neurologist should be consulted. Additionally, skeletal anomalies occurring in conjunction with some cases of IP should be dealt with on an individual basis. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers are trying to locate the gene that causes Incontinenti Pigmenti. Families with this disorder having two generations of affected individuals should contact:
Dr. Richard A. Lewis, Associate Professor Depts. of Ophthalmology, Medicine, Pediatrics, and the Institute for Molecular Genetics Baylor College of Medicine 6501 Fanin, NC 206 Houston, TX 77030 (713) 798-3030
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Incontinentia Pigmenti, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referral, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI. STUDY OF 3 FAMILIES: B. Garcia-Bravo, et al.; Ann Dermatol Venereol (1986, issue 113(4)). Pp. 301-308.
DOMINANT DISORDERS WITH MULTIPLE ORGAN INVOLVEMENT: Mary F. Kegel, M.D.; Dermatologic Clinics (January 1987, issue 5 (1)). Pp. 210-214.
Incontinentia Pigmenti
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103: Interstitial Cystitis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Interstitial Cystitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hunner's Ulcer or Syndrome
Submucosal Cystitis
Panmural fibrosis
Submucosal Ulcer of the Bladder
Elusive Ulcer
IC
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report.
Cystitis Colli
Bladder cancer
Endometriosis
Radiation Cystitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Interstitial cystitis is an ulcerative, slowly progressive, inflammatory disorder of the various layers of the wall of the urinary bladder. The patient experiences urinary frequency, small bladder capacity, and varying degrees of pain. It afflicts primarily middle aged women. Most patients respond to drug therapy, but surgery is required in some patients.
Symptoms
The urgent need to urinate often, including at night, and the ability to urinate only small amounts at a time are the primary characteristics of interstitial cystitis. Typically, there is also pain above the pubic area, which slowly disappears upon voiding. If urination must be delayed, the pain can be excruciating, and the urine may contain blood from cracks or fissures in the bladder wall. Patients are often tense and anxious. Symptoms gradually become more severe over the course of months or years. Painful sexual intercourse is also a common problem.
The most common complications are infections following the use of medical instruments in examination or treatment procedures, and hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis is the distention of parts of the kidney with urine that is backed up due to narrowing of the passage from the kidney to the bladder, or to reflux of urine from the bladder to the kidney. Prolonged hydronephrosis can damage the kidney.
Cytoscopic examination of the bladder reveals thickened, inelastic walls, small star shaped ulcerations, and a decreased volume. With distention, bleeding spots and fissures in the mucosal lining often appear. Inflammation and fibrosis (scarring) of bladder wall, replacement of muscle by fibrous tissue, a thin and patchy mucosal layer, increased numbers of blood vessels, which however show degenerative changes, and infiltration of the wall with white blood cells associated with inflammatory reactions characterize the microscopic pathology of the bladder.
Causes
The idea that interstitial cystitis is an autoimmune disease of the connective tissue is gaining more and more support. Many patients have a history of allergies, but few report having had infections. Radiation therapy and treatment with drugs such as cyclophosphamide, used in cancer therapy and as an immunosuppressant, can also cause cystitis which resembles interstitial cystitis.
Affected Population
Interstitial Cystitis usually women over the age of 40 years, although about 10% of the patients are men. Younger women occasionally have the disorder. Many patients have a history of frequent allergies. According to one study, about 1 in 5600 women develop this disorder. It is estimated that 20,000 to 90,000 cases of IC have been diagnosed in the United States.
Related Disorders
Cystitis colli (cystanchenitis) is characterized by inflammation of the neck of the bladder, whereas Interstitial Cystitis involves inflammation of the walls of the bladder.
Bladder cancer is marked by malignant growths on the bladder walls which may cause local destruction and spread or even recur after treatment.
Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrium tissue (which normally lines the uterus), found in abnormal locations. If the endometrium spreads to be bladder, symptoms may resemble those of Interstitial Cystitis.
Radiation Cystitis is characterized by formation of cysts inside the bladder as a result of radiation treatments.
Therapies: Standard
In Interstitial Cystitis, one of the most common treatments designed to increase bladder capacity is repeated hydraulic distention of the bladder, with or without anesthesia. Lavage with a silver nitrate solution, or electrofulguration (electrocoagulation) may permit healing of ulcerations. Other substances which may be applied directly to the lesions by irrigation include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), oxychlorosene sodium (e.g., clorpactin WCS- 90), and cortisone acetate. Glucocorticoids administered orally, and anticholinergic drugs such as propantheline bromide or oxybutinyn chloride may also relieve symptoms in some cases. Oral medications include anti-inflammatory drugs, antispasmodic drugs, antihistamines and muscle relaxants.
If these measures all fail, the bladder may be enlarged, using tissue from the intestine as a "patch" (ceco- or ileo- cystoplasty). In the most severe cases, it may be necessary to remove the bladder and divert the urine to the small or large intestine.
Therapies: Investigational
One of the most common treatments for Interstitial Cystitis is designed to increase bladder capacity by repeated hydraulic distention of the bladder, usually under general anesthesia.
One researcher used neodymium-YAG laser treatment on five patients with severe Interstitial Cystitis who failed to respond to conventional therapy. Cessation of severe bladder pain and frequency of urination within several days after therapy was noted in four of these patients. Bladder capacity was found to be increased overall, and complication rates from this modality of therapy were extremely low. The patients, who were followed for 3 to 15 months after treatment, have had no recurrent symptoms of severe disease, although some have had mild recurrent voiding symptoms. Long-term data on potential complications resulting from this kind of therapy is not yet available.
Elmiron (sodium pentosan polysulphate), an orphan drug used experimentally in treatment of Interstitial Cystitis, is now being distributed in the United States by:
Medical Market Specialties, Inc.
P.O. Box 150
Boonton, NJ 07005
(201) 263-4243
This company is seeking 150 people with Interstitial Cystitis to participate in clinical trials. Physicians are asked to contact the company at the above address if they are interested in this experimental treatment.
Anti-inflammatory drugs such as Benzydamine, antihistamines, and heparin sodium may be useful in some cases.
A five year research program began in 1987 at the University of Pennsylvania to develop a comprehensive database on Interstitial (IC) patients and examine possible causes of the disorder. Research is also being focused on the GAG layer which acts as a protective lining in the bladder and, if defective, might permit the penetration of substances in the urine which could cause IC. Researchers are also exploring substances in the urine which might irritate the bladder wall. Possible hormonal, immunological, and infectious causes of IC are also being investigated.
A research project at the Tufts New England Medical Center is exploring the role of mast cells (implicated in allergic reactions) and their possible relation to Interstitial Cystitis (IC).
A new drug, Nalmefene, has received approval from the FDA to begin clinical trials at various sites throughout the United States. Trials should begin this summer. Nalmefene is manufactured by Cummins Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
The FDA is testing Nifedipine, an orphan drug developed by Dr. Jonathan Fleischmann, for the treatment of Interstitial Cystitis.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Interstitial Cystitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Interstitial Cystitis Association of America (East Coast)
18 Cedar Lane
Ossining, NY 10562
(212) 979-6047
Interstitial Cystitis Association of America (West Coast)
P.O. Box 151323
San Diego, CA 92175
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NKUDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
References
Smith, Donald R. General Urology, tenth edition. Chapter 28, pp 470-84. Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, CA: 1981.
The treatment of interstitial cystitis by cystolysis with observations on cystoplasty. A review after 7 years. Worth, P.H. Br J Urol 1980 Jun; 52(3):32.
Successful treatment of interstitial cystitis with sodium pentosanpolysulfate. Parsons, C.L., et al. J Urol 1983 Jul; 130(1):51-3.
Interstitial cystitis. Observations on diagnosis and on treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly benzydamine. Walsh, A. Eur Urol 1977; 3(4):216-7.
Interstitial Cystitis
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@?)?Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
452: Intestinal Pseudoobstruction
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Intestinal Pseudoobstruction) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pseudointestinal Obstruction Syndrome
Hypomotility Disorder
CIIP
Congenital Short Bowel Syndrome
Pseudoobstructive Syndrome
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudoobstruction
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Intestinal Pseudoobstruction is a digestive disorder which may be present at birth. The intestinal walls are unable to contract normally in wave-like (peristaltic) motions (hypomotility). This condition resembles a true obstruction, but no such blockage exists. Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, malabsorption of nutrients leading to weight loss and/or failure to thrive, enlargement of various parts of the small intestine or bowel also occur.
Symptoms
Intestinal Pseudoobstruction is characterized by a lack of wave-like motions (peristalsis) of the intestinal walls which normally moves food through the digestive tract. Although symptoms appear to be caused by an intestinal obstruction, no such blockage exists. Enlargement of parts of the gastrointestinal tract may be accompanied by pain, and accumulations of air and/or fluid. Additionally, malabsorption of nutrients can lead to diarrhea or constipation, and eventually weight loss. Babies with this disorder may fail to thrive due to lack of nutrients.
Intestinal Pseudoobstruction is characterized primarily by "failure to thrive" during infancy. The intestine may be abnormally formed and the involuntary wave-like contractions which propel food through the digestive system (peristalsis) may be lacking. Intermittent pain, a swollen abdomen (abdominal distension), and forceful vomiting often occur as the esophagus and small intestine dilate. In some cases, central nervous system deterioration may occur, possibly resulting in impaired walking coordination, and an abnormal dilation of the pupils in the eyes. Additionally, speech disturbances, absent deep tendon reflexes, poor muscle sensation, and lack of sweating during warm temperatures may also develop.
Causes
Intestinal Pseudoobstruction may occur sporadically with no known cause or as a complication of various other disorders. It may also be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Disorders which may precede development of this disorder include Scleroderma, Myxedema, Amyloidosis, Muscular Dystrophy, Hypokalemia, Chronic Renal Failure, or Diabetes Mellitus. Drug toxicity as a result of anticholinergic drugs and opiate narcotics may also cause Intestinal Pseudoobstruction. Symptoms are thought to be caused by abnormalities of the nerves in the intestinal wall which deter normal wave-like contractions of the intestine.
Affected Population
Intestinal Pseudoobstruction is a rare disorder occurring worldwide which affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder may be similar to those of Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudoobstruction (CIIP). Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Irritable Bowel Syndrome, also known as spastic colon or mucous colitis, is a digestive disorder which involves both the small intestine and the large bowel. It is characterized by varying degrees of abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, and an apparent reaction to stress in susceptible individuals. However, this disorder usually appears in adults, and rarely in infants. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Irritable Bowel" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Megacystis Microcolon Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome (MMIHS) is characterized by a massively enlarged bladder (leading to displacement of other internal organs), a smaller than normal colon, and lack of the normal wave-like motions (peristalsis) of the intestines which aid absorption and digestion of nutrients. Bowel and bladder dysfunction can be treated with catheterization and anticholinergic drugs. Although there is no cure, management of the disorder can avoid complications and lead to temporary asymptomatic periods. In severe cases, surgical removal of the colon and/or ileum, catheterization, and parenteral or enteral nutrition may be recommended. Parenteral feeding is being fed through any pathway that does not involve the gastrointestinal tract or lungs, i.e., feeding through a tube directly into veins (intravenous), beneath the skin (subcutaneous), into a muscle (intramuscular), or into the bone marrow of the spinal cord (intramedullary). Enteral feeding involves being fed through a tube directly into the gastrointestinal tract.
Paralytic Ileus is caused by paralysis of the bowel wall. The paralysis is usually a result of localized or generalized inflammation of the membranous sac surrounding the abdominal cavity known as the peritoneum (peritonitis), or shock. Symptoms are similar to those of Intestinal Pseudoobstruction.
Acute Colonic Pseudoobstruction (Ogilvie's Syndrome) is characterized by lack of wave-like motions (peristalsis) of the colon section of the large intestine rather than the areas of the intestine affected by other forms of pseudoobstruction. Symptoms are similar to those of Intestinal Pseudoobstruction although treatment is different. Decompression of the enlarged colon with the use of a colonoscopic overtube is generally an effective treatment.
Intestinal Obstruction is a general term denoting any mechanical blockage of the passage of food through the intestinal tract which is detectable upon physical examination. Symptoms of this condition include lack of absorption of nutrients, diarrhea or constipation, and eventually, failure to thrive and/or weight loss. The obstruction can be a tumor, abscess or other mass that blocks the intestines.
The following disorders may precede the development of Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudoobstruction. They can be useful in identifying an underlying cause of some forms of this disorder:
Scleroderma is characterized by thickening and hardening of the skin and fibrous tissue, which may eventually affect the internal organs. This disorder is also known as Progressive Systemic Sclerosis. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Scleroderma" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Myxedema is a combination of hypothyroidism manifested by a relatively hard swelling (edema) of an inner layer of skin, dryness and loss of hair. Additionally, body temperature may be below normal. Hoarseness, muscle weakness, and slow return of a muscle to it's normal position after a tendon jerk may occur. This disorder can be caused by removal of the thyroid or loss of functioning of the thyroid gland.
Amyloidosis results from an excess accumulation of amyloid, a glycoprotein, in almost any organ system. Systemic amyloidosis occurs in three forms distinguished by certain biochemical and pathological characteristics. Primary Amyloidosis arises either independently of other disease, or in association with multiple myeloma. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Amyloidosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Batten Turner Muscular Dystrophy is a benign congenital form of muscular dystrophy characterized by frequent stumbling and falling during early childhood. Unlike the Duchenne variety of muscular dystrophy which typically is present in young boys, Batten Turner Syndrome affects both sexes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Muscular Dystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hypokalemia is characterized by an abnormally small concentration of potassium in the circulating blood. This condition can occur in conjunction with Familial Periodic Paralysis and in potassium depletion due to excessive loss from the gastrointestinal tract or kidneys. Muscle weakness may result from this deficiency. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hypokalemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Renal (kidney) Failure occurs as a result of a number of conditions or disorders wherein the kidney function deteriorates to an extreme degree. This has been known to cause some cases of Intestinal Pseudoobstruction.
Diabetes Mellitus (Insulin-dependent Diabetes) is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough insulin and is, therefore, unable to convert nutrients into the energy necessary for daily activity. The disorder affects females and males approximately equally. Although the causes of Insulin-dependent Diabetes are not known, genetic factors seem to play a role. Some cases of Intestinal Pseudoobstruction can be a complication of Diabetes Mellitus. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Diabetes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Anticholinergic Toxicity is an adverse reaction to a drug which would normally be administered to deter action of the cholinergic nerve fibers. Intestinal Pseudoobstruction occurs when these nerve fibers in the intestinal walls somehow become inactive and do not facilitate the wavelike motion (peristalsis) which normally moves nutrients through the intestinal tract. Obviously, if anticholinergic drugs are administered to an Intestinal Pseudoobstruction patient, further problems would result.
Opiate Toxicity is an adverse reaction to pain relieving drugs derived from the opium poppy such as morphine and similar compounds. Intestinal Pseudoobstruction is among the possible adverse side effects of these drugs.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for forms of Intestinal Pseudoobstruction which are secondary to kidney (renal) failure and drug toxicity involve treatment of the underlying disorder. Broad spectrum antibiotics can be useful for treating malabsorption or diarrhea caused by bacterial overgrowth which may occur when ingested food remains stationary in the intestines. Metroclopramide (Reglan) may increase intestinal motility in some cases. However, overall effectiveness is limited by side effects.
Oral administration of liquid, low-residue, complete nutrition preparations may provide and maintain adequate nutrition. In severe cases, patients may require long-term parenteral or enteral nutrition. Parenteral feeding is being fed through any pathway that does not involve the gastrointestinal tract or lungs, i.e., feeding through a tube directly into the veins (intravenous), beneath the skin (subcutaneous), into a muscle (intramuscular), or into the bone marrow of the spinal cord (intramedullary). Enteral feeding involves being fed through a tube directly into the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, surgical removal of enlarged loops of intestine may improve oral nutrition and relieve pain, but the effectiveness of this measure tends to vary greatly between patients.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for some patients with the hereditary form of this disorder and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Testing of the Orphan Drug cisapride, which induces motility in the intestines (peristalsis) in Intestinal Pseudoobstruction is being conducted. Further testing is required since results have not been fully documented for all but the most severe cases of Intestinal Pseudoobstruction. For more information, physicians can contact:
Pediatric Gastrointestinal Motility Center
Dr. Paul Hyman, Chief
Harbor UCLA Medical Center
1124 W. Carson St., Trailer C-1
Torrance, CA 90502
or
Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc.
40 Kingsbridge Rd.
Piscataway, NJ 08854
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Intestinal Pseudoobstruction, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
North American Pediatric Pseudoobstruction Society
16 Mammmola Way
Medford, MA 02155
(617) 395-4255
American Society of Adults with Pseudoobstruction
19 Carrol Rd.
Woburn, MA 01801
(617) 938-7571
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Frances Harley, M.D.
Department of Pediatrics, 4-120A, C.S.B.
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TG6 2G3
Canada
(003) 432-6631
For information on Parenteral or Enteral Nutrition, contact:
PEN Parent Education Network
203 Brookfield Dr.
Straford, WI 54484
(715)687-4551
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.; Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 154-155.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1065-1066.
PROBLEMS OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND VITAMINS DURING LONG-TERM PARENTERAL
NUTRITION: A CASE REPORT OF IDIOPATHIC INTESTINAL PSEUDO-OBSTRUCTION. H.
Kadowski, et al.; JPEN (May-June 1987, issue 11(3). Pp. 322-325.
CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC INTESTINAL PSEUDO-OBSTRUCTION CAUSED BY VISCERAL
NEUROPATHY LOCALISED IN THE LEFT COLON: REPORT OF TWO CASES. H. Suzuki, et al.; Jpn J. Surg (July 1987, issue 17 (4). Pp. 302-306.
FAMILIAL INTESTINAL PSEUDOOBSTRUCTION DOMINATED BY A PROGRESSIVE NEUROLOGIC
DISEASE AT A YOUNG AGE: J. Faber, et al.; Gastroenterology (March 1987, issue 92(3)). Pp. 786-790.
FAMILIAL VISCERAL NEUROPATHY WITH AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT TRANSMISSION: E.A.
Mayer, et al.; Gastroenterology (December, 1986, issue 91(6)). Pp. 1528-1535.
CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC INTESTINAL PSEUDO-OBSTRUCTION: CLINICAL AND
INTESTINAL MANOMETRIC FINDINGS: V. Stanghellini, et al.; Gut (January 1987, issue 28(1)). Pp. 5-12.
Intestinal PseudoobstructionK@
N@pagetitle
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
88: Irritable Bowel Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Mucous Colitis
Spastic Colon
Adaptive Colitis
Irritable Colon Syndrome
Unstable Colon
Colonic Neurosis
IBS
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
The Irritable Bowel Syndrome, commonly called Spastic Colon or Mucous Colitis, is a motility disorder which involves both the small intestine and the large bowel. It is characterized by varying degrees of abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, and an apparent reaction to stress in susceptible individuals. About fifty percent of all gastrointestinal problems are represented by this syndrome.
Symptoms
Symptoms of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome include abdominal distress, erratic frequency of bowel function, variation in the consistency of stools, bloating, nausea, headache, fatigue, lassitude and flatulence may result in disagreeable abdominal sensations.
This disorder is divided into two major clinical types or groups. The spastic colon type of the syndrome is characterized by variable bowel movements. Most patients experience pain over one or more areas of the colon which is associated with periodic constipation or diarrhea. Lower abdominal pain or discomfort in the area of the sigmoid colon is a complaint of many of these patients. The pain may be colicky or a continuous dull ache may be present. The symptoms of the spastic colon type of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome may be exacerbated by ingesting food. Either constipation or diarrhea may occur; some patients experience alternate bouts of both. Common nonspecific symptoms include fatigue, depression, and anxiety.
Painless diarrhea is another type of the syndrome. This group of patients may experience an urgent, precipitous diarrhea immediately upon arising. More typically, the diarrhea occurs during or immediately after a meal. Fecal incontinence may possibly occur. Nighttime diarrhea is uncommon.
There does not appear to be evidence of organic disease in patients with either variant of the this syndrome and they are generally in good physical health.
Causes
The Irritable Bowel Syndrome has no anatomic cause. Attacks of the disorder may coincide with periods of emotional stress and conflicts. A heightened sensitivity to increased GI motility may be precipitated or aggravated by diet, certain drugs, or hormones.
Affected Population
The phenomenon known as the Irritable Bowel Syndrome accounts for
approximately 50% of all gastrointestinal illnesses. It is especially prevalent in women between the ages of fifteen and forty-five years. The disease affects women about three times more often than men.
Therapies: Standard
The patient with the Irritable Bowel Syndrome needs to be reassured there is no organic disease present. Regular physical activity may help to relieve anxiety and is also important in assisting bowel function. Generally a normal diet can be followed; if flatulence is a problem, food containing fermentable carbohydrates such as beans and cabbage should be eliminated. Laxatives should be avoided if possible. Patients who suffer from spastic constipation may find the use of unprocessed bran helpful. Drug therapy may include the use of anticholinergic agents, mild tranquilizers or sedatives, and medication to relieve diarrhea.
Studies are being conducted in the use of Sandoglobulin as a treatment for Irritable Syndrome. Further investigation is needed to determine it's safety and effectiveness.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Ulcerative Colitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Foundation of Ileitis and Colitis, Inc.
National Headquarters
295 Madison Ave., Suite 519
New York, NY 10017
(212) 685-3440
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 656-61, 722-3.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 808...
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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!Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
758: Isaacs' Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Isaacs' Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Continuous Muscle Fiber Activity Syndrome
Neuromyotonia
Quantal Squander
Disorder Subdivisions:
Neuromyotonia, Generalized - sporadic
Neuromyotonia, Generalized - familial
Neuromyotonia, Focal
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hallervorden-Spatz Disease
Paraplegia, Hereditary Spastic
Stiff Man Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Isaacs' Syndrome is a peripheral motor neuron disorder characterized by muscular stiffness and cramping, particularly in the limbs. Continuous fine vibrating muscle movements (myokymia) can be seen. Muscle relaxation may be difficult especially after physical activity involving the particular muscle(s). These symptoms occur even during sleep.
Symptoms
In Isaacs' Syndrome, involuntary continuous muscle fiber activity may cause stiffness and delayed relaxation in the affected muscles. Continuous fine vibrating muscle movements (myokymia) may occur along with these symptoms. Walking may be difficult. Isaac's Syndrome may be generalized or focal. When it is focal, muscle relaxation following voluntary muscle movement is delayed in the affected muscle(s) so that the patient may be an unable to open his or her fist or eyes immediately after closing them tightly for a few seconds.
Diagnosis of Isaacs' Syndrome is accomplished by using an instrument that measures electrical activity occurring in a muscle (electromyography or EMG). A person with Isaacs' Syndrome will register abnormal electrical activity in the muscle(s), and the peripheral nerves.
Causes
Isaacs' Syndrome is caused by abnormal nerve impulses from the peripheral nerves. The impulses cause continuous muscle fiber activity which may continue even during sleep. There are three types of Isaacs' Syndrome; each one develops from a different cause:
In the generalized-sporadic type of Isaacs' Syndrome, intrathoracic malignancy such as a tumor (located between the neck and abdomen) may be the cause.
Peripheral neuropathy may be linked with the generalized-familial type of Isaacs' Syndrome, which tends to occur in families. This type of Isaacs' Syndrome may be inherited through an autosomal dominant gene.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child. (For more information, choose "Peripheral Neuropathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The focal form of Isaacs' Syndrome may occur as a result of lesions on the peripheral nerves. The cause of the lesions is often unknown.
Affected Population
Isaacs' Syndrome is a rare disorder affecting males and females of all ages in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Isaacs' Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
The patient with Hallervorden-Spatz Disease may develop symptoms resembling dystonia (a slow, steady muscle contraction distorting limbs, neck, face, mouth or trunk into certain positions), muscular rigidity (uncontrolled tightening of the muscles), and choreoathetosis (spontaneous, non-repetitive, slow writhing movements, usually of the extremities). Muscle spasms are present in one third of affected individuals. Less common symptoms are dysarthria (difficulty in speaking), mental retardation, facial grimacing, dysphasia (impaired speech), muscle atrophy (shrinking muscles) and seizures. Symptoms vary in different individuals. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Hallervorden-Spatz" or "Dystonia" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Initial symptoms of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia usually include weakness, muscle spasms, and stiffness of the legs. Leg muscles may contract or a heel deformity may occur making walking difficult. Speech disturbances can also appear. Difficulty in swallowing, exaggeration of tendon reflexes and general muscle weakening may develop as this disorder progresses. Symptoms can range from mild to severe depending upon the mode of inheritance (dominant or recessive genes), and the degree to which the nerves are compressed or damaged. (For more information on this disorder, choose "paraplegia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Stiff Man Syndrome is a very rare neurological disorder. It is characterized by progressive rigidity and spasms of the voluntary muscles of the neck, trunk, shoulders, and proximal extremities. It is caused by abnormal nerve activity most likely in the central, rather than peripheral, nervous system. The electrical activity measured by the EMG may begin in the spinal cord, rather than the peripheral nerves. (For more information on this disorder, choose "stiff-man" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Isaacs' Syndrome may be treated with anticonvulsant drugs such as phenytoin or carbamazepine, which may stop the abnormal impulses and prevent the symptoms from reoccurring.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families with inherited forms of Isaacs' Syndrome. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on Isaacs' Syndrome indicates that inhalation of oxygen may help muscle relaxation and hand spasms but not myokymia (continuous fine vibrating muscle movements). These movements are usually found to be relieved with the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin.
Surgery, entailing motor nerve block and/or block of the afferent sensitive fibers (which send impulses to the brain or spinal cord), may help some patients when drug therapies are ineffective.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Isaacs' Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2284.
HYPOXIA-SENSITIVE HYPEREXCITABILITY OF THE INTRAMUSCULAR NERVE AXONS IN
ISAACS' SYNDROME. K. Oda, et al.; Ann Neurol (February 1989 issue 25 (2)). Pp. 140-145.
ISAACS' SYNDROME. T.J. Brown; Arch Phys Med Rehabil (Jan 1984 issue 65 (1)). Pp. 27-29.
ISAACS' SYNDROME WITH MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY REVERSED BY PHENYTOIN THERAPY.
J. Zisfein, et al.; Arch Neurol (April 1983 issue 40 (4)). Pp. 241-242.
Isaacs' Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
740: Ivemark Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Ivemark Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Asplenia Syndrome
Bilateral Right-Sidedness Sequence
Splenic Agenesis Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Bilateral Left-Sidedness Sequence
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Ivemark Syndrome is a rare progressive disorder usually evident at birth. It is characterized by the absence of a spleen, malformations of the cardiovascular system and abnormal displacement of the abdomen and intestines.
Symptoms
Ivemark Syndrome is characterized by the absence of the spleen and multiple heart, lung, genitourinary and gastrointestinal abnormalities. There may be an abnormal displacement of the stomach to the right or left side of the body. The lungs are mirror imaged (isomerism) with both resembling a normal right lung. The bowel may be rotated improperly and may have an obstruction due to a knotting or twisting of the intestinal tract (volvulus). Other symptoms may include shortness of breath (dyspnea), a blue discoloration of the skin (cyanosis), lack of vitality, generalized wasting and cardiac failure due to the severe heart abnormalities. Physical and mental development may be retarded.
Diagnosis of Ivemark Syndrome is usually made by blood smears that show the presence of smooth, round nuclear particles (Howell-Jolly or Heinz bodies) seen in slides of stained red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Causes
The exact cause of Ivemark Syndrome is not known. Some scientists believe it may be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Ivemark Syndrome is a rare disorder that affects males three times more often than females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to Ivemark Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
Bilateral Left-Sidedness Sequence or Polysplenia Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by two or more spleens and multiple abnormalities of the heart, lungs and gastrointestinal tract. The stomach may be on either side of the body with a liver on both sides. The lungs are mirror imaged resembling a normal left lung and the intestines may be malrotated.
Therapies: Standard
Ultrasound examination of a pregnant woman can identify a fetus with Ivemark Syndrome prenatally. After birth, antibiotic therapy may be prescribed to help reduce the incidence of infection. Surgery may be indicated to relieve some of the symptoms or abnormalities associated with this syndrome. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Ivemark Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For genetic information and genetic counselling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 826
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed., Kenneth L. Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Co. 1988. Pp. 543.
IVEMARK SYNDROME IN SIBLINGS. R. Hurwitz, et al.; CLIN GENET, (July 1982, issue 22 (1)). Pp. 7-11.
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF ASPLENIA/POLYSPLENIA SYNDROME. D. Chitayat, et al.; AM J OBSTET GYNECOL, (May 1988, issue 158 (5)). Pp. 1085-1087.
PROLONGED AND FUNCTIONAL SURVIVAL WITH THE ASPLENIA SYNDROME. M. Wolfe, et al.; AM J MED, (December 1986, issue 81 (6)). Pp. 1089-1091.
THE ASPLENIA SYNDROME: AN EXPLANATION FOR ABSENCE OF THE SPLEEN. I.
Monie; TERATOLOGY, (June 1983, issue 27, (3)). Pp. 301-304.
CONGENITAL ASPLENIA: IMMUNOLOGIC ASSESSMENT AND A CLINICAL REVIEW OF
EIGHT SURVIVING PATIENTS. W. Bigger, et al.; PEDIATRICS, (April 1981, issue 67 (4)). Pp. 548-551.
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES AND ANOMALIES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. H.
Mishalany, et al.; SURGERY (January 1982, issue 91 (1)). Pp. 38-41.
ASPLENIA SYNDROME WITH ATYPICAL CARDIAC ANOMALIES. W. Berman, et al.; PEDIATR CARDIOL (1982, issue 3 (1)). Pp. 35-38.
Ivemark Syndrome
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`/C/Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
518: Hypophosphatasia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hypophosphatasia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
HHRH
Hypercalciuric Rickets
Hypophosphatemic Rickets with Hypercalciuria, Hereditary
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
Hypophosphatasia, Infantile (Neonatal)
Hypophosphatasia, Childhood
Hypophosphatasia, Adult
Includes: Pseudohypophosphatasia
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Pseudovitamin D Deficiency Rickets (Vitamin D-Dependent Rickets, Type I)
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Paget's Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hypophosphatasia is a genetic metabolic bone disorder characterized by skeletal defects resembling those of Rickets. The symptoms result from a failure of bone mineral to be deposited in young, uncalcified bone (osteoid), and in the cartilage at the end of the long bones (epiphyses) during early years. The activity of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in blood serum and bone cells is lower than normal. Urinary excretion and blood plasma concentrations of phosphoethanolamine and inorganic pyrophosphate are abnormally high. Unlike other forms of Rickets, Hypophosphatasia does not respond to treatment with vitamin D.
Symptoms
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Infantile Hypophosphatasia: This is the most common form of the disorder, usually beginning before 6 months of age. It can be diagnosed before birth. In infants affected with Hypophosphatasia, defective bone hardening (mineralization) is often associated with increased pressure inside the skull which may result in bulging eyes (exophthalmos). There may be excessive levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia) and urine (hypercalciuria). Calcium may accumulate in the little tubes of the kidneys, sometimes resulting in kidney failure. The bones usually become weak and bent, resembling Rickets. Bone abnormalities can be severe.
Childhood Hypophosphatasia: This form of the disorder usually begins after 6 months of age. It is characterized by premature loss of baby teeth, increased susceptibility to infections, and slowed growth. X-rays show irregularities in the tips (epiphyses) and shafts of the long bones. Spontaneous healing of Rickets-like (rachitic) bone changes may occur in this form of Hypophosphatasia.
Adult Hypophosphatasia: This form of Hypophosphatasia is quite rare. It is characterized by a history of Rickets symptoms and premature loss of baby teeth during childhood. The permanent teeth are often lost or extracted during early adulthood. The bones are less dense than normal and fractures tend to occur more often than in the general population.
Pseudohypophosphatasia: Patients with Pseudohypophosphatasia have all or many of the manifestations of Hypophosphatasia. However, blood concentrations of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase are normal.
Causes
The symptoms of Hypophosphatasia are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase. The Infantile and Childhood forms of the disorder are inherited through autosomal recessive genes. The Adult form is inherited through autosomal dominant genes.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Hypophosphatasia is a rare disorder. The different forms of this disorder all affect males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to Hypophosphatasia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Rickets Several forms of Rickets exist, all of which are characterized primarily by weakening of bones due to abnormal calcium metabolism as well as possible decreases of other substances in the body. Rickets may be either acquired or inherited. In cases caused by dietary deficiency of Vitamin D, a supplement to the diet can cure the disease when given before the bones are fully developed.
Hypophosphatemic Rickets is a rare genetic form of Rickets characterized by impaired transport of phosphate in the body, combined with diminished Vitamin-D metabolism in the kidneys. Additionally, calcium and phosphate are not absorbed properly in the intestines which can lead to softening of bones. Major symptoms include skeletal changes, weakness and slowed growth. Cases affecting females are usually less severe than those affecting males. One rare acquired form of this disorder may be associated with a benign tumor. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hypophosphatemic Rickets" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Osteomalacia is a disorder characterized by gradual softening and bending of the bones. Pain may occur in various degrees of severity. Softening occurs because of deficient levels of calcium in bones due to diminished amounts of vitamin D or a kidney dysfunction. This illness is more common among women than men, and often begins during pregnancy. It can exist alone or in association with other disorders, such as Hypophosphatemic Rickets.
Pseudovitamin D Deficiency Rickets (Vitamin D-Dependent Rickets, Type I) is characterized by severe skeletal changes (such as bending of the bones) and weakness. Symptoms are caused by abnormal vitamin-D dependent metabolism. The disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. This type of Rickets often begins during early infancy. Blood levels of calcium are severely diminished in patients with Vitamin-D Dependent Rickets, although phosphate levels appear normal or only slightly deficient. Amino acids are lost in the urine due to a kidney dysfunction. Occasional muscle cramps may occur. Convulsions and abnormalities of the spine and pelvis may also develop.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta, or Brittle Bone Disease, is a group of hereditary connective tissue disorders characterized by unusual bone fragility and a tendency of bones to fracture easily. Traditionally, the disorder has been recognized in two forms. Osteogenesis Imperfecta Congenita is apparent at birth, while Osteogenesis Imperfecta Tarda manifests itself only later, usually at 3 or 4 years of age, and is a milder disorder. Osteogenesis is a relatively common birth defect, with an incidence in the United States of 1 in 20,000 to 50,000 births. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Osteogenesis Imperfecta" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Paget's Disease is a slowly progressive disorder of the skeletal system characterized by abnormally rapid bone formation and breakdown, leading to the development of bones that are dense but fragile. Some bones may also be bent. It usually affects middle-aged and elderly people and most frequently occurs in the spine, skull, pelvis, thighs and lower legs. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Paget Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Hypophosphatasia can be diagnosed before birth because the unhardened (uncalcified) skull does not show up clearly in ultrasound pictures. This disorder can be distinguished from Anencephaly by analysis of the substance alpha-fetoprotein, which is normal in fetuses with Hypophosphatasia, and high in those with Anencephaly.
Treatment with Vitamin D and its breakdown products (metabolites) has not been successful in Hypophosphatasia and other forms of Vitamin-D resistant Rickets. Sustained oral phosphate supplements may be beneficial in some cases. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Genetic counseling is recommended for families of persons with Hypophosphatasia.
For more information for parents and physicians dealing with Hypophosphatasia patients, please contact Dr. Michael Whyte listed in the Resource section.
Therapies: Investigational
A few cases of Infantile Hypophosphatasia have been treated with blood plasma transfusions to supplement the deficient enzyme alkaline phosphatase. However, more research is needed before this treatment can be used for more than the most severe cases of Hypophosphatasia.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hypophosphatasia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Dr. Michael P. Whyte
Medical Director, Metabolic Research Unit
2001 S. Lindbergh Blvd.
St. Louis, MO 63131-3597
(314) 432-3600, ext. 278
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1497-1507.
INFANTILE HYPOPHOSPHATASIA: ENZYME REPLACEMENT THERAPY BY INTRAVENOUS
INFUSION OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE-RICH PLASMA FROM PATIENTS WITH PAGET BONE
DISEASE: M.P. Whyte, et al.; Journal Pediatr (September 1982: issue 101(3)). Pp. 379-386.
ENZYME REPLACEMENT THERAPY FOR INFANTILE HYPOPHOSPHATASIA ATTEMPTED BY
INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE-RICH PAGET PLASMA: RESULTS IN
THREE ADDITIONAL PATIENTS: M.P. Whyte, et al.; Journal Pediatr (December 1984: issue 105(6)). Pp. 926-933.
INFANTILE HYPOPHOSPHATASIA DIAGNOSED AT 4 MONTHS AND SURVIVING AT 2 YEARS: A. Albeggiani, et al.; Helv Paediatr Acta (1982: issue 37(1)). Pp. 49-58.
Hypophosphatasia_0
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178: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Aortic Atresia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is the result of a rare congenital heart defect characterized by the failure of the left side of the heart to develop sufficiently. The left atrium and ventricle are small, the valves connecting the chambers to each other and to the aorta are narrowed, and the aorta is abnormally constructed.
Symptoms
The normal heart is divided into four chambers. The blood flows from the systemic circulation (i.e., all the tissues except the lungs) into the right atrium, and from there into the right ventricle which pumps the blood to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood absorbs the oxygen it will carry to the body tissues. It then flows to the left atrium, and past the mitral valve into the left ventricle. The strong muscle in the walls of the left ventricle then force the blood past the aortic valve into the aorta, which delivers the blood to the systemic arteries.
In Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, the left side of the heart is not developed normally at birth, and the heart cannot pump enough blood from the lungs to the systemic circulation. Blood accumulates in the lungs, and insufficient oxygen reaches the organs and tissues of the body. Persistent heart failure results in difficulty breathing and blue colored skin (cyanosis).
Causes
The arrest or abnormality in embryonic development that causes congenital heart defects such as left heart hypoplasia syndrome may result from various conditions including maternal rubella (measles), excessive alcohol intake, or diabetes. Generally, the causes of these disorders are unknown. Rarely, hereditary factors play a role.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome may consist of surgical intervention. A neonatal cardiologist is best qualified to give parents an opinion as to the type of treatment which best suits their child. Heart transplantation is another type of therapy used in the treatment of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Ave.
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
THE CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B Wyngaarden and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds; W.B. Saunders Co. 1988. P. 303.
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 420-22.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
769: Hypotension, Orthostatic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Orthostatic Hypotension) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Postural Hypotension
Low Blood Pressure
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Shy-Drager Syndrome
Vasovagal Syncope
Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Orthostatic hypotension is an extreme drop in blood pressure which occurs when a person stands up suddenly. The blood pools in the blood vessels of the legs. Because of this pooling, there is a temporary decrease in the amount of blood carried back to the heart by the veins. Subsequently, less blood is pumped out from the heart, resulting in a sudden drop in blood pressure. Normally, specialized cells in the body (baroreceptors) quickly respond to changes in blood pressure. These baroreceptors then activate automatic reflexes to increase levels of catecholamine in the body. Increased catecholamine levels rapidly restore the blood pressure. When there is a defect in this reflex action, reflex mechanisms may be inadequate to quickly restore the decrease in blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension results.
Symptoms
Symptoms of orthostatic hypotension which usually appear after sudden standing may include dizziness, lightheadedness, visual blurring and fainting.
Causes
A common cause of orthostatic hypotension is the decrease in volume of circulating blood (hypovolemia) resulting from excessive use of medications which increase urination (diuretics), or from the use of nitrate preparations used to treat chest pains (angina pectoris) or heart failure. Orthostatic hypotension can also result from medications prescribed to treat high blood pressure, usually if the dosage is too high. It may also occur as a complication of diabetes, hardening of the arteries or Addison's disease. Long periods of bed rest, such as recovering after surgery, may also cause orthostatic hypotension.
Other drugs which may cause hypotension are quinidine, L-dopa, vincristine, barbiturates and alcohol, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants and phenothiazines.
Neurologic disorders that involve the autonomic nervous system may interrupt or damage the automatic reflexes that occur upon standing. Orthostatic hypotension may result from neurological damage due to diabetes, excessive alcohol consumption, syphilis which can destroy the spinal cord (tabes dorsalis), progressive disease of the spinal cord such as syringomyelia, or numerous other neurological disorders.
Affected Population
There are no statistics available on whether orthostatic hypotension occurs more frequently in men or women. However, it is more common in elderly persons.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of orthostatic hypotension. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Shy-Drager Syndrome (Orthostatic Hypotension in Neurological Disease) is a disorder involving widespread neurological damage due to disease of the central nervous system. It is characterized by chronically low blood pressure associated with dizziness or momentary blackouts upon standing (orthostatic hypotension). Along with low blood pressure, other symptoms may include impotence, weakness, retention of urine, loss of control of defecation and features of Parkinson's Disease such as tremors. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Shy-Drager" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Vasovagal Syncope is a disorder in which there is a temporary impairment of blood circulation in the brain. It may occur during emotional stress, pain or mild shock. It may also result from prolonged bed rest, anemia, fever, fasting or mild heart disease. Symptoms include low blood pressure (orthostatic hypotension), a brief loss of consciousness (fainting), pale and cold extremities (fingers and toes). Attacks may last from a few minutes to hours, and occurrence is at irregular intervals.
Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension is a syndrome in which there is suspected damage to the autonomic nervous system, possibly due to disease. However, the term "idiopathic" means the cause is unknown. Symptoms may include lowered blood pressure when standing (orthostatic hypotension), the inability to perspire, impotence, and decreased salivation.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of orthostatic hypotension depends upon the cause. When it is due to a decrease in volume of circulating blood (hypovolemia) because of medications, orthostatic hypotension is easily and rapidly reversed by correcting the dosage or discontinuing the medication under a doctor's supervision. Low blood pressure resulting from extended bed rest can be corrected by allowing the patient to sit up each day at certain times with increasing frequency. The drug ephedrine may be administered orally, and in some cases salt intake may be increased. Salt-retaining drugs may be prescribed. In extreme cases, the legs may be fitted for elastic hose which raise the blood pressure upon standing. Inflatable aviator-type antigravity suits may also be used to produce sufficient leg and abdominal counterpressure to raise the blood pressure in severe cases.
Therapies: Investigational
Roy L. Freeman, M.D., Ph.D., of New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA was awarded a grant in 1988 by the FDA Orphan Products Division for his work on using the drug DL-Threo-3, 4-Dihydrozyphenylserine as a treatment for Orthostatic Hypotension.
The drugs phenylpropanolamine, midodrine, oral ergotamine tartrate or subcutaneous dihydroergotamine and caffeine are currently being investigated as treatment for Orthostatic Hypotension. Subcutaneous somatostatin also appears to help certain individuals with hypotension following a meal (postprandial hypotension).
Clinical trials are underway to study taxonomy and therapy of Orthostatic Hypotension. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. Italo Biaggioni
AA 3228 MCN
Vanderbilt University GCRC
Nashville, TN 37232
(615) 343-6499
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Orthostatic Hypotension, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For more information on orthostatic hypotension, physicians may contact:
Dr. David Robertson
Autonomic Dysfunction Clinic
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN 37232-2195
(615) 343-6499
References
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 406-408.
POSTURAL HYPOTENSION: ITS MEANING AND MANAGEMENT IN THE ELDERLY. M.J.
Rosenthal et al.; GERIATRICS (December, 1988; issue 43(12): Pp. 31-34, 39-42).
ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. J. Susman; AM FAM PHYSICIAN. (June, 1988; issue 37(6): Pp. 115-118).
TREATMENT OF ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION: INTERACTION OF PRESSOR DRUGS AND
TILT TABLE CONDITIONING. R.D. Hoeldtke et al.; ARCH PHYS MED REHABIL (October, 1988; issue 69(10): Pp. 895-898).
Hypotension, Orthostatic
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*Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
616: Hypothyroidism
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hypothyroidism) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Myxedema
Underactive Thyroid
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Graves Disease
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Pendred's Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hypothyroidism may be a genetic or acquired condition that occurs alone or as a symptom of another illness. Major symptoms may include the development of an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) in the neck. A dull facial expression, puffiness and swelling around the eyes, drooping eyelids and thinning hair, which is coarse and dry, may also occur. Intelligence may or may not be affected.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Hypothyroidism may result in extreme tiredness, enlargement of the thyroid gland, poor memory, dull-witted behavior and a change in personality. In some cases a psychosis ("myxedema madness") may develop. Yellowish discoloration of the skin may be seen in the hands and feet. The tongue can become enlarged (macroglossia) due to mucinous deposits. A collection of a high protein fluid around the heart may cause the heart to become enlarged. The lungs and abdominal spaces may also become enlarged due to fluid accumulation. Other signs of hypothyroidism include severe constipation, nerve compression in the hands and feet, a lower than normal body temperature (hypothermia) and anemia. Infertility in men and woman may also be caused by hypothyroidism as well as male impotence.
Hypothyroidism in the newborn is characterized by a hoarse cry, constipation, prolonged jaundice, poor feeding, and umbilical hernias. Bone growth is slowed producing diagnostic findings on X-ray examination. Early diagnosis and treatment (less than six weeks) is critical in the newborn in order to prevent the development of mental retardation. Most states have newborn screening programs to facilitate early detection and treatment.
Untreated childhood hypothyroidism is characterized by slowed growth, delay in the development of teeth, and mental retardation. As the child matures the stature may be unusually short. A rare complication of hypothyroidism is Myxedema coma, which occurs in colder climates as a result of lowered body temperature (hypothermia) in patients with a history of longstanding hypothyroidism. This can be a life-threatening consequence of the disease in the absence of appropriate treatment.
Causes
There may be several causes of hypothyroidism. One form of congenital hypothyroidism is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If a person receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.)
Hypothyroidism may also be caused by disorders of the hypothalamus or pituitary centers in the brain. Other causes may be disorders that affect control of the thyroid hormone. Hypothyroidism may also result from blockage in the metabolic process of transporting thyroid or iodine in the thyroid gland itself. Surgery or radiation to the thyroid gland may result in hypothyroidism. Drug therapy with propylthiouracil, methimazole, and iodides may result in insufficient levels of useable thyroid hormone. However, this condition usually abates after the drug therapy is stopped.
Hypothyroidism may also be the result of an autoimmune disorder (Hashimoto's Thyroiditis). Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses against invading organisms (i.e. antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.), suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue.
Affected Population
Hypothyroidism affects females more often than males. In the congenital form it occurs once in every 3,000 births in the United States, and is not concentrated in any particular geographic location. It is, however, five times more common in white infants than in black infants. Other forms of hypothyroidism are more common, and may occur in any age group.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of hypothyroidism. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Graves' Disease is a rare disorder affecting the thyroid gland. It is thought to occur as a result of an imbalance in the endocrine system. This disorder causes increased thyroid secretion (hyperthyroidism), enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiters) and protrusion of the eyeballs. Swelling of the legs and eyes, extreme sensitivity to light, irregular heart beat, clubbing of the fingers, and the development of breasts in males (gynecomastia) may also occur. It may also cause heat intolerance, emotional instability, weight loss or hyperactivity. Symptoms may occur as a single incident and then go into remission, or recurrent attacks may occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Graves'" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis or Lymphoid Thyroiditis is the most common cause of enlarged thyroid gland (goiter). It is believed to be an autoimmune disorder which can destroy the thyroid gland and produce below normal levels of thyroid hormone secretion (hypothyroidism). Some individuals have both Hashimoto's Disease and Graves' Disease at the same time. Hashimoto's Disease can occur at any age but is most common in the third to fifth decades of life, and is more common in women than men. It is initially characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland that is infiltrated with lymphocytes. Eventually, the thyroid may be completely destroyed. Agents which reduce antithyroid antibody formation are the treatments of choice. (For more information on thia disorder, choose "Hashimoto" as your saearch term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Pendred's Syndrome is a type of familial goiter. Congenital nerve deafness occurs with goiter, due to defective binding of iodine in the thyroid. Afflicted individuals usually have a normally functioning thyroid gland (euthyroid).
Therapies: Standard
Administration of the synthetic thyroid hormone, levothyroxine is the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism. Other treatment includes the use of desiccated thyroid, thyroglobulin and triiodothyronine. Surgery to remove goiters or diseased thyroid tissue is also performed. If the use of drugs is responsible for the suppression of thyroid function, then the drugs may be discontinued. Genetic counseling is essential for families with the inherited form of this disease. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
The FDA has approved SmithKline Beecham's drug, Triostat (liothyronine sodium injection) for the treatment of myxedema coma and precoma. This drug is the synthetic injectable form of the thyroid hormone triliodothyronine, or T3.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials are underway to study neuropsychiatric aspects of marginal Hypothyroidism. Interested persons may wish to contact:
John J. Haggerty, Jr., M.D.
Associate Profesor
Dept. of Psychiatry
University of NC, Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC 27599
(919) 966-3147
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hypothyroidism, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Thyroid Foundation of America
c/o Dr. Morris Wood
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 726-2377
American Thyroid Association
Endocrine/Metabolic Service 7D
Walter Reed Army Medical Center
Washington, DC 20307
800-542-6687
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th Ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 231-263.
L-THYROXINE THERAPY INDUCES A FALL OF THYROID MICROSOMAL AND
THYROGLOBULIN ANITBODIES IN IDIOPATHIC MYXEDEMA AND IN HYPOTHYROID, BUT NOT
IN EUTHYROID HASHIMOTO'S THYROIDITIS. L. Chiovato, et al.; J Endocrinol Invest (August, 1986, issue, 9 (4)). Pp. 299-305.
ABNORMAL TESTICULAR FUNCTION IN MEN WITH PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM. J
Wortsman, et al.; Am J Med, (February, 1987, issue 82 (2)). Pp. 207-212.
HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, INFERTILITY, AND HYPOTHYROIDISM. A CASE REPORT AND
LITERATURE REVIEW. J. H. Fish, et al.; Arch Intern Med (March, 1988, issue 148 (3)). Pp. 709-711.
CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM, INCREASED RISK OF NEONATAL MORBIDITY RESULTS
IN DELAYED TREATMENT. P. M. Fernhoff, et al.; Lancet (February, 1987, issue 1 (8531)). Pp. 490-491.
REPLACEMENT DOSE, METABOLISM, AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF LEVOTHYROXINE IN THE
TREATMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM. ROLE OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN PITUITARY FEEDBACK
IN HUMANS. L. H. Fish. et al.; N Engl J Med (March 26, 1987, issue 316 (13)). Pp. 764-770.
Hypothyroidism
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329: Hypotonia, Benign Congenital
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Benign Congenital Hypotonia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Congenital Muscle Hypotonia
Congenital Muscle Weakness
Floppy Baby
Floppy Infant
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Benign Congenital Hypotonia is a nonprogressive neuromuscular disorder which occurs at birth. This condition is characterized by decreased muscle tone that is manifested as muscle weakness or "floppiness." The condition can occur as a disorder of unknown cause, or as a symptom of other neuromuscular diseases.
Symptoms
Babies affected by Benign Congenital Hypotonia show signs of weakness of the skeletal muscles. The babies look "floppy" and weak. The disorder is not progressive, and in many cases the symptoms improve with maturity of the central nervous system.
Causes
The cause of Benign Congenital Hypotonia is generally not known. It is an inborn disorder. Hypotonia can be a symptom caused by another disorder, as well as a condition without apparent cause. It has been postulated that this condition may involve various patterns of fiber-type disproportion in muscles. In many cases the symptoms of another disorder may appear later in the child's life.
Hypotonia is also a common characteristic of premature infants that occurs as a result of immature brain structures. The weakness gradually regresses with maturity in most cases.
Affected Population
Onset of Benign Congenital Hypotonia occurs at birth and affects both males and females.
Related Disorders
Infantile Muscular Atrophy (Werdnig-Hoffman disease) is a severe and usually progressive neuromuscular disorder occurring in infants. It is characterized by a generalized flaccid atrophy and weakness of the muscles of the trunk and extremities. This disorder results from degenerative changes in the central horn cells of the spinal cord. The weakness, also referred to as the amyotonia congenital syndrome, is also found in other neuromuscular disorders. (For more information, choose "Werdnig" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Nemaline Myopathy (Rod Myopathy or Congenital Rod Disease) is a hereditary muscular disorder characterized by weakness and flaccidity of skeletal muscles. The disorder derives its name from the presence of very fine threads or rods in microscopically small muscle fibers. (For more information, choose "nemaline myopathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Benign Congenital Hypotonia is symptomatic and supportive. Physical therapy may also be beneficial. In many cases the symptoms improve with maturity of the central nervous system.
Therapies: Investigational
Treatment of Benign Congenital Hypotonia with the experimental antimyotonic drug mexiletine shows promise.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Benign Congenital Hypotonia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Families of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
P.O. Box 1465
Highland Park, IL 60035
(708) 432-5551
Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Office
3300 E. Sunrise Dr.
Tucson, AZ 85718
(602) 529-2000
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, Inc.
1275 Mamaroneck Ave.
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
Hypotonia, Benign Congenital
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
304: I-Cell disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (I-Cell disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Inclusion Cell Disease
Leroy Disease
Mucolipidosis II
ML II
ML Disorder
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
The Mucolipidoses are a family of hereditary disorders in which enzyme deficiencies cause both complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) and certain fatty substances (mucolipids) to accumulate in body tissues without excess mucopolysaccharides in the urine. (For more information, choose "ML Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
I-Cell disease (Mucolipidosis II) is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder characterized by markedly elevated levels of a variety of lysosomal enzymes in serum, urine, and spinal fluid. This metabolic disorder causes facial and skeletal abnormalities with retardation of physical and mental development. The physical involvement is similar to MPS I (Hurler syndrome), but usually occurs earlier and is more severe. (For more information, choose "Hurler" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Symptoms
Onset of I-Cell disease is usually quite early in life. Most patients have had obvious problems by 6-10 months of age. Children with I-Cell disease manifest coarse facial features such as a depressed nasal bridge, a long and narrow head, excessive hair growth, and a low forehead. Other symptoms that may occur are severe skeletal changes including curvature of the spine (kyphoscoliosis), a lumbar hump (gibbus), anterior "beaking" and wedging of vertebral bodies, widening of the ribs, and proximal pointing of the long bones in the hand (metacarpals).
Retardation of physical development and mental retardation are common. Severe orthopedic problems may also occur.
Frequent respiratory infections and severe joint contractures are often major clinical problems. Opacities of the cornea of the eye are frequently observed. A striking increase of the gum tissue (gingival hyperplasia) is usually present.
In contrast to the Mucopolysaccharidoses, increased urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans has not been observed.
Causes
I-Cell disease is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder which causes a variety of lysosomal enzymes to be deficient in the cells of the body, but to be strikingly elevated in the blood. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Onset of symptoms of I-Cell disease usually occurs before 6-10 months of age. Females are affected as often as males. Siblings of patients have a 1 in 4 chance of being affected.
Related Disorders
The Mucopolysaccharidoses are characterized by facial features similar to those of I-Cell disease, by excessive urinary mucopolysaccharide excretion, irregular skeletal development, corneal clouding or opacity, abnormal enlargement of liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), and sometimes mental retardation.
Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy (Mucolipidosis type III) is a milder form of I-Cell disease.
Therapies: Standard
I-Cell disease can be detected prenatally. Genetic counseling is advised for families with this disorder. Treatment of children affected by the disorder is symptomatic and supportive. Antibiotics are often prescribed for respiratory infections and orthopedic complications are treated to correct specific symptoms.
Therapies: Investigational
Since prenatal diagnosis is now possible through amniocentesis and sampling of a tissue layer in the embryo (chorionic villus sampling), new treatments aimed at checking early development of I-Cell Disease are now being studied. One method involves replacing defective enzymes via enzyme replacement therapy and/or bone marrow transplants. Scientific study of gene replacement in animal models raises the hope that gene replacement therapy may some day be made available to people with genetic disorders such as I-Cell Disease.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on I-Cell Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
MPS (Mucopolysaccharidoses) Research Funding Center, Inc.
1215 Maxfield Road
Hartland, MI 48029
(313) 363-4412
The MPS Society, Inc.
17 Kramer Street
Hicksville, NY 11801
(516) 931-6338
Society of Mucopolysaccharide Diseases, Inc.
382 Parkway Blvd.
Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada R8A OK4
Society of MPS Diseases
30 Westwood Drive
Little Chalfont, Bucks, England
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed.: Daniel Bergsma, ed; March of Dimes, 1979. P. 725.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 6th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. Pp. 833-834.
I-Cell disease}
pagetitle
304: I-Cell disease
03859.TXT
(o(Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
542: Ichthyosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Ichthyosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder of Cornification
DOC
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Ichthyosis is a general term describing a group of skin disorders that are characterized by an excessive accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of skin cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of skin cells known as "corneocytes", or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. In general, all forms of Ichthyosis cause dry scaly skin.
Symptoms
Ichthyosis is characterized by scaly and dry skin usually over large areas of the body. The skin also itches (pruritus) and is red (erythematous). A baby born with some forms of the disorder, may be born covered with a starchlike (collodion) membrane. Remissions of symptoms may occur and symptoms may vary, ranging from mild to severe.
Causes
Most known forms of Ichthyosis are hereditary disorders. Some are caused by dominant genes, some are recessive.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
In X-linked dominant disorders the female with only one X chromosome affected will develop the disease. However the affected male always has a more severe condition. Sometimes affected males die before birth so that only female patients survive.
Affected Population
Most known forms of Ichthyosis are present at birth. Except for X-Linked Ichthyosis (which affects only males), most forms of ichthyosis affect males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
The following disorders are forms of Ichthyosis. Comparisons can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder that affects males. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme deficiency leads to biochemical alterations in steroid hormone metabolism. Cholesterol sulfate may accumulate in the blood and skin. (For more information, choose "X-Linked Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include:
Ichthyosis Vulgaris; Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis; Lamellar Recessive Ichthyosis; Lamellar Dominant Ichthyosis; Harlequin Type Ichthyosis; Ichthyosis Hystrix, Curth-Macklin Type; Netherton Syndrome; Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome; Refsum Syndrome; Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome; Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency; Tay Syndrome; Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness Syndrome (KID Syndrome); CHILD Syndrome; Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome; Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis; Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis; Erythrokeratodermia Progressiva Symmetrica; Peeling Skin Syndrome; Darier Disease (Keratosis Follicularis); Giroux-Barbeau Syndrome; Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans. (Search under each name for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
The dry scaly skin of Ichthyosis is treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate are often effective against symptoms of Ichthyosis, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis, and should be avoided by women of child-bearing age.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Ichthyosis. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Ichthyosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For information on genetics and genetic counseling:
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-1258.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
Ichthyosisy)
|)pagetitle
542: Ichthyosis
03860.TXT
!Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
241: Ichthyosis Congenita
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Ichthyosis Congenita) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Collodion Baby
Dry Skin
Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma
Lamellar Ichthyosis
Non-bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma
Xeroderma
Desquamation of Newborn
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Ichthyosis Congenita is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red (erythroderma), dry and rough skin.
Symptoms
Ichthyosis Congenita is characterized by generalized abnormal red, dry and rough skin. Large, coarse scales also occur on the skin, causing itchiness. These characteristics appear over most of the body. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick.
Causes
Ichthyosis Congenita is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Some forms of Ichthyosis Congenita may be inherited through sex-linked genes. The gene for Sex-Linked Ichthyosis is located on the short arm of the male sex chromosome X. This has presented geneticists with a useful probe for this form of the disorder.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.)
Affected Population
Onset of Ichthyosis Congenita is before birth or soon after.
Related Disorders
Ichthyosis Vulgaris is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder with onset in childhood. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) Fine scales usually occur on the back and on surfaces of muscles that extend a joint (extensors). There are usually many markings on the palms and soles of the feet.
X-linked Ichthyosis is an inherited disorder that occurs only in males, with onset at birth or during infancy. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.) It is characterized by large, dark, sometimes fine scales which are prominent on the neck and trunk. Skin on the palms and soles of the feet is normal. Opacities in the cornea of the eye occur in this form of Ichthyosis.
Epidermolytical Hyperkeratosis or Bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder with onset at birth. It is characterized by thick warty scales on most of the body, especially in the creases of bent (flexural) skin surfaces. Blisters may also occur.
Therapies: Standard
Ichthyosis Congenita is treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly, especially after bathing while the skin is still moist. A particularly effective ointment is salicylic acid in a gel composed of propylene glycol, ethyl alcohol, hydroxypropylene cellulose and water. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight and waterproof dressing when this ointment is used.
Ointments such as fifty percent propylene glycol in water, hydrophilic petroleum jelly and water, or cold cream are also helpful. Tretinoin (vitamin A acid; retinoic acid) cream also can be effective as well in treating Ichthyosis Congenita.
Therapies: Investigational
Tests are being performed with simple local application of cholesterol and of drugs to hydrolyze the cholesterol sulfate bond. More research is needed before the effectiveness of this treatment can be determined.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Ichthyosis Congenita. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Ichthyosis Congenita, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
The Eczema Association for Science and Education
1221 SW Yamhill, #303
Portland OR, 97205
(503) 228-4430
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 2294-5.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2326-9.
Ichthyosis Congenita
"pagetitle
241: Ichthyosis Congenita
03861.TXT
Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
547: Ichthyosis Hystrix, Curth-Macklin Type
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Ichthyosis Hystrix) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder of Cornification 8, Curth-Macklin Type
DOC 8, Curth-Macklin Type
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis Congenita
X-Linked Ichthyosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Ichthyosis Hystrix, Curth-Macklin Type, is a rare inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by scaling skin (ichthyosis) ranging from mild to severe. Thick, horny skin (keratoderma) on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet may occur with no other symptoms, or the whole body surface may be covered with scales.
Symptoms
Ichthyosis Hystrix, Curth-Macklin Type, is characterized by abnormally thick, hard skin on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands. Symptoms may range from thick, horny skin to widespread overdevelopment and loss of water in the cells in the outer layers of the skin (cornification). With treatment, the thickness of this horny layer can be considerably reduced. Under a microscope, numerous cells (corneocytes) are found with 2 nuclei, and prominent shells around the nuclei are evident in the granular cells of the skin.
Causes
Ichthyosis Hystrix, Curth-Macklin Type, is an inherited disorder, transmitted by autosomal dominant genes. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Ichthyosis Hystrix, Curth Macklin Type, is a rare disorder beginning at birth. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may be similar to those of Ichthyosis Hystrix, Curth Macklin Type. Comparisons can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
"Ichthyoses" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of the skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (See "Ichthyosis" in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme deficiency leads to biochemical alterations in the steroid sex hormone metabolism. Cholesterol sulfate may accumulate in the blood and skin. (For more information, choose "X-Linked Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Netherton Syndrome, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, and Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis. (Search under each name for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Ichthyosis Hystrix, Curth-Macklin Type, is treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate can also be effective against symptoms of Ichthyosis Hystrix, but can have toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FAD) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Ichthyosis Hystrix, Curth-Macklin Type. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Ichthyosis Hystrix, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
ICHTHYOSIS HYSTRIX (CURTH-MACKLIN). LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC
STUDIES PERFORMED BEFORE AND AFTER ETRETINATE TREATMENT: L. Kanerva, et al.; Arch Dermatol (September 1984: issue 120(9)). Pp. 1218-1223.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-1258.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press. P. 411.
Ichthyosis Hystrix, Curth-Macklin Type
"pagetitle
547: Ichthyosis Hystrix, Curth-Macklin Type
03862.TXT
"o"Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
543: Ichthyosis Vulgaris
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Ichthyosis Vulgaris) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder of Cornification 1
DOC 1
Ichthyosis Simplex
Vulgaris Type Ichthyosis
Vulgaris Type Disorder of Cornification
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Ichthyosis Vulgaris is an inherited skin disorder characterized by cornification of the skin. Scaly or platelike (squamous) skin forms instead of the normal smooth top layer of the skin. Fine scales usually develop on the patient's back and over muscles near a joint such as an elbow or a knee (extensor muscles).
Symptoms
Ichthyosis Vulgaris is a skin disorder which begins during the first year of life, although it is not usually present at birth. Symptoms in different patients vary in severity, from mild to severe. A skin allergy or eczema (atopic dermatitis) may accompany other symptoms in approximately half of patients with this disorder. All features of this disorder are restricted to the skin. Unusual marks on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet may be pronounced. These marks may be a sign of mild overdevelopment of the outer layer of the skin (hyperkeratosis). Scaly or platelike (squamous) skin appears on the back and over areas of muscle near a joint such as an elbow or a knee (extensor muscles). The disorder tends to improve with age. Symptoms can also improve in certain climates or during different seasons of the year.
Causes
Ichthyosis Vulgaris is an inherited disorder transmitted through autosomal dominant inheritance. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Ichthyosis Vulgaris is a fairly common disorder that affects approximately one out of 250 persons in the United States. Males and females are affected in equal numbers. There are about 4,000 per million or 1,000,000 persons with Ichthyosis Vulgaris. 14,924 children are born every year in the United States with this type of Ichthyosis.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may be similar to those of Ichthyosis Vulgaris. Comparisons can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
"Ichthyoses" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of the skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (For more information choose "Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme deficiency leads to several biochemical alterations in steroid hormone metabolism. Cholesterol sulfate may accumulate in the blood and skin. Corneal opacities are present, but they do not impair vision. (For more information, choose X-Linked Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Netherton Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis, etc. (Search under each name for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Ichthyosis Vulgaris is treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate can also be effective against symptoms of Ichthyosis Vulgaris, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Ichythyosis Vulgaris. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Ichthyosis Vulgaris, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20291
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-1258.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
Ichthyosis Vulgaris
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548: Ichthyosis, Chanarin Dorfman Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Chanarin Dorfman Disease
Disorder of Cornification 12 (Neutral Lipid Storage Type)
DOC 12 (Neutral Lipid Storage Type)
Dorfman Chanarin Syndrome
Ichthyosiform Erythroderma with Leukocyte Vacuolation
Ichthyotic Neutral Lipid Storage Disease
Neutral Lipid Storage Disease
Triglyceride Storage Disease, with Impaired Long-Chain Fatty Acid
Oxidation
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis Congenita
CHILD Syndrome (Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform erythroderma and Limb Defects; Ichthyosiform Erythroderma, Unilateral, with Ipsilateral Malformations, especially Absence Deformity of Limbs).
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Chanarin Dorfman Syndrome is a rare hereditary disorder of fat (lipid) metabolism. It is characterized by scaly skin (ichthyosis), degeneration of the muscles (myopathy), and abnormal white blood cells with small spaces (vacuoles) filled with fat (lipids).
Symptoms
Chanarin Dorfman Syndrome is characterized by moderately red, itchy, dry skin and other skin changes (eczematous dermatitis). Prominent fat (lipid) droplets appear in most circulating white blood cells. Lipid droplets are also present in numerous other cells, including those of the skin and the ducts of sweat glands.
Degeneration of the muscles may be identified through neurologic testing, and muscle enzyme levels in the blood are elevated. The liver biopsy samples of all patients have shown severe fatty change, but this may not be reflected in liver function studies. Both nerve deafness and cataracts are present in some patients with Chanarin Dorfman Syndrome. Abnormally slow development and growth may also be symptoms of this disorder.
Causes
Chanarin Dorfman Syndrome is a hereditary disorder transmitted by autosomal recessive genes. The metabolic defect causing this disorder is not well understood. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Chanarin Dorfman Syndrome is a very rare disorder which tends to affect persons of Middle Eastern or Mediterranean descent. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Chanarin Dorfman Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
"Ichthyoses" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
CHILD Syndrome (Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform erythroderma and Limb Defects; Ichthyosiform Erythroderma, Unilateral, with Ipsilateral Malformations, especially Absence Deformity of Limbs) is a rare, hereditary disorder characterized by scaly red skin (ichthyosis) and deformities of the limbs on one side of the body. It occurs much more frequently in males than in females.
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red (erythroderma), dry and rough skin with large, coarse scales. Itchiness usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Netherton Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, and Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis. (Choose the appropriate name as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Chanarin Dorfman Syndrome can be made when a smear of blood taken from a finger, toe, heel, or ear shows fat droplets in certain white blood cells. Dermatologic symptoms are treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate can be effective against skin symptoms of Chanarin Dorfman Syndrome, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
Treatment of other features of Chanarin Dorfman Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Chanarin Dorfman Syndrome. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Chanarin Dorfman Syndrome
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-1258.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1285-1286.
DORFMAN-CHANARIN SYNDROME. A CASE REPORT AND A REVIEW: A. Srebrnik, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (November 1987: issue 17(5 Pt 1)). Pp. 801-808.
Ichthyosis, Chanarin Dorfman Syndrome
&pagetitle
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!}!Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
549: Ichthyosis, CHILD Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (CHILD Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform erythroderma and Limb Defects
Disorders of Cornification 16 (Unilateral Hemidysplasia Type)
DOC 16 (Unilateral Hemidysplasia Type)
Unilateral Ichthyosiform Erythroderma with Ipsilateral Malformations, especially Absence Deformity of Limbs
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome
Ichthyoses
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
CHILD Syndrome (an acronym for Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform erythroderma and Limb Defects) is an inherited disorder characterized by skin abnormalities and limb defects on one side of the body. Abnormalities of other parts of the body may also be present.
Symptoms
CHILD Syndrome (Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform erythroderma and Limb Defects) is usually present at birth, though it may start during the first month of life. The skin is usually dry, itchy, red and scaly (ichthyosiform erythroderma) on one side of the body, although minor skin involvement in the shape of lines or segments may occur on the opposite side of the body. Bands of normal skin may be found on the affected side. Patients with CHILD Syndrome may be bald on one side of the head and have clawlike nails.
Limb defects usually occur on the same side as the major skin symptoms, ranging from underdevelopment of fingers and toes to complete absence of the limb. Underdevelopment of other bones may also occur on the affected side in some cases. Stippled ends of the long bones (epiphyses) have been noted on x-ray photos in some newborn babies with CHILD Syndrome.
Abnormalities of the central nervous system, heart, blood vessels, kidneys, thyroid and adrenal glands, and of the reproductive and urinary system may also occur. Most of these abnormalities result from underdevelopment of the affected side of the body.
Causes
CHILD Syndrome is a hereditary disorder transmitted through x-linked dominant genes. (In X-linked dominant disorders the female with only one X chromosome affected will develop the disease. However the affected male always has a more severe condition. Sometimes affected males die before birth so that only female patients survive.
Affected Population
CHILD Syndrome predominantly affects females, and is usually present at birth.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may resemble those of CHILD Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome is a form of Chondrodysplasia Punctata. It is a rare inherited disorder affecting infants and young children. This disorder is characterized by mild to moderate growth deficiencies including a shortened neck and slowed growth of arms or legs. Unusual facial characteristics, large skin pores and sparse hair that tends to be coarse may also occur. (For more information, choose "Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
"Ichthyoses" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (See "Ichthyosis" in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Netherton Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, and Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis. (Choose the appropriate name as your search term for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Skin (dermatologic) symptoms of CHILD Syndrome are treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for the skin symptoms of this disorder.
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate can be effective against dermatologic symptoms of CHILD Syndrome, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin (accutane), when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling may be helpful to families of patients with CHILD Syndrome.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of CHILD Syndrome. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on CHILD Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THE CHILD-SYNDROME--CONGENITAL HEMIDYSPLASIA WITH ICHTHYOSIFORM
ERYTHRODERMA AND LIMB DEFECTS. A CASE REPORT: J.V. Christiansen, et al.; Acta Derm Venereol (Stockholm) (1984: issue 64(2)). Pp. 165-168.
THE CHILD SYNDROME. CONGENITAL HEMIDYSPLASIA WITH ICHTHYOSIFORM
ERYTHRODERMA AND LIMB DEFECTS: R. Happle, et al.; Eur J Pediatr (June 1980: issue 134(1)). Pp. 27-33.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 1400.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
Ichthyosis, CHILD Syndrome
"pagetitle
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03865.TXT
%Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
It is possible that the main title of this article (Erythrokeratodermia Progressiva Symmetrica) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis Congenita
X-Linked Ichthyosis
Psoriasis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Erythrokeratodermia Progressiva Symmetrica is a rare hereditary skin disorder characterized by red hardened (keratotic) plaques with clear limits. These plaques are distributed symmetrically on the surface of both sides of the body, as well as on the head, buttocks, and extremities. The lesions first appear during infancy. This disorder is a form of Ichthyosis, a group of rare hereditary disorders characterized by scaly skin.
Symptoms
Erythrokeratodermia Progressiva Symmetrica is a rare form of ichthyosis, a group of skin disorders characterized primarily by scaly skin. Usually, this disorder stabilizes after 1 to 2 years, and partially regresses during puberty. This disorder is characterized by red hardened plaques with clear limits. Skin plaques are distributed symmetrically on the head, buttocks, legs and arms. The palms of the hands and the soles of the feet may be involved. The lesions may be itchy (pruritic).
Causes
Erythrokeratodermia Progressiva Symmetrica is a hereditary disorder transmitted through either autosomal recessive or dominant genes.
(Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is 25 percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.)
In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Erythrokeratodermia Progressiva Symmetrica affects males and females in equal numbers. It is a rare skin condition.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may be similar to those of Erythrokeratodermia Progressiva Symmetrica. Comparisons can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
"Ichthyosis" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder affecting males, caused by a deficiency of the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme deficiency leads to biochemical alterations in steroid hormone metabolism and cholesterol sulfate may accumulate in the blood and skin. (For more information, choose "X-Linked Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Netherton Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, and Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis. (Choose the appropriate name as your search term for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.)
Psoriasis is a common chronic and recurrent skin disorder characterized by dry, well-circumscribed silvery gray scaling spots (papules) or plaques which usually appear on the scalp, elbows, or knees. (For more information, choose "Psoriasis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Erythrokeratodermia Progressiva Symmetrica is treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate can be effective against symptoms of Erythrokeratodermia Progressiva Symmetrica, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Erythrokeratodermia Progressiva Symmetrica. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Erythrokeratodermia Progressiva Symmetrica, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-1258.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
PROGRESSIVE SYMMETRIC ERYTHROKERATODERMIA. HISTOLOGICAL AND
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF PATIENT BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH ETRETINATE:
V. Nazzaro, et al.; Arch Dermatol (April 1986: issue 122(4)). Pp. 434-440.
$ $Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
559: Ichthyosis, Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder of Cornification 18 (Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis Type)
DOC 18 (Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis Type)
EKV
Keratosis Rubra Figurata
Mendes Da Costa Syndrome
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis is a form of Ichthyosis, a group of hereditary skin disorders characterized by scaly patches on the skin. In this type of Ichthyosis, sharply defined red areas (erythemas) resemble a geographic map with a shifting configuration. Fixed hardened (keratotic) skin plaques independent of the red areas usually also develop. Skin lesions are localized in most cases, but may spread over the entire body surface.
Symptoms
Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis is characterized by red skin areas with sharp borderlines that tend to shift positions. Fixed plaques of hardened skin also develop independent from the red areas. The reddened skin areas may develop after exposure to heat, cold, wind, or emotional upset, and they may rapidly change shape or position. In most cases, hardened skin plaques are limited to small areas. However, they may appear over the entire body surface in some cases, including the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
Causes
Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis is a hereditary disorder transmitted by autosomal dominant genes. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis is a rare form of Ichthyosis which is present at birth. Males and females are affected in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Ichthyosis is a general term describing a group of skin disorders that are characterized by an excessive accumulation of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of skin cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of skin cells known as "corneocytes", or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. In general, all forms of Ichthyosis cause dry scaly skin.
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder that affects males. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme deficiency leads to biochemical alterations in steroid hormone metabolism. Cholesterol sulfate may accumulate in the blood and skin. (For more information, choose "X-Linked Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include: Ichthyosis Vulgaris; Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis; Lamellar Recessive Ichthyosis; Lamellar Dominant Ichthyosis; Harlequin Type Ichthyosis; Ichthyosis Hystrix, Curth-Macklin Type; Netherton Syndrome; Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome; Refsum Syndrome; Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome; Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency; Tay Syndrome; Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness Syndrome (KID Syndrome); CHILD Syndrome; Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome; Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis; Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis; Erythrokeratodermia Progressiva Symmetrica; Peeling Skin Syndrome; Darier Disease (Keratosis Follicularis); Giroux-Barbeau Syndrome; Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans. (Search under each name for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
The scaly skin symptoms of Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis are treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate can be effective against symptoms of Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for the treatment of Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 238.
ERYTHROKERATODERMIA VARIABILIS TREATED WITH ISOTRETINOIN. A CLINICAL,
HISTOLOGIC, AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY: I.P. Rappaport, et al.; Arch Dermatol (April 1986: issue 122(4)). Pp. 441-445.
PROGRESSIVE SYMMETRIC ERYTHROKERATODERMIA. HISTOLOGICAL AND
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF PATIENT BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH ETRETINATE:
V. Nazzaro, et al.; Arch Dermatol (April 1986: issue 122(4)). Pp. 434-440.
ERYTHROKERATODERMIA VARIABILIS: IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL
STUDIES OF THE EPIDERMIS: N. McFadden, et al.; Acta Derm Venereol (Stockholm) (1987: issue 67(4)). Pp. 284-288.
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
Ichthyosis, Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis9%
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558: Ichthyosis, Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder of Cornification 19 (Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis)
DOC 19 (Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis)
Keratolytic Winter Erythema
Oudtshoorn Skin
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis Congenita
X-Linked Ichthyosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis is a form of Ichthyosis which is a group of hereditary skin disorders. This condition is characterized by periodic attacks of red (erythematous) plaques that are distributed equally on both sides of the body. A layer of skin can be peeled from these plaques. Symptoms usually improve with age.
Symptoms Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis is characterized by periodic attacks of red skin plaques. A thick layer of skin can be peeled off these plaques from the center outward. As new skin forms, the plaques are pushed outward. Symptoms may start during infancy or adolescence, and the disorder usually improves with age. Only the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet are involved in most cases. However, the disorder may spread to the skin of the back or elsewhere on the body surface. Appearance of new plaques may be precipitated by fever or surgery.
Causes
Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis is a hereditary disorder transmitted through autosomal dominant genes. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50 % for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis primarily affects descendants of farmers from the Oudtshoorn district in South Africa. This disorder starts during infancy or adolescence and usually improves with age. It affects males and females in equal numbers. One in every 100,000 persons will be affected, that is, ten per million for a total of 2,500 persons in the United States with thirty-seven babies born with this disorder every year.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may be similar to those of Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis. Comparisons can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
"Ichthyosis" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder affecting males. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme deficiency leads to biochemical alterations in steroid hormone metabolism. Cholesterol sulfate may accumulate in the blood and skin. (For more information, choose "X-Linked Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Netherton Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, and Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis. (Choose the appropriate name as your search term for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis is treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel can be another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate may be effective against symptoms of Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For information on genetics and genetic counseling:
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-1258.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
Ichthyosis, Erythrokeratolysis Hiemalis
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
557: Ichthyosis, Giroux-Barbeau Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Giroux-Barbeau Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disorder of Cornification 23
DOC 23
Erythrokeratodermia with Ataxia
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis Congenita
X-Linked Ichthyosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Giroux-Barbeau Syndrome is a hereditary skin disorder characterized by groups of red hardened plaques which develop during infancy and childhood. After these skin lesions heal, a neurological syndrome develops during adulthood. Skin symptoms are a form of Ichthyosis, and may improve during the summer months.
Symptoms
Giroux-Barbeau Syndrome starts during early infancy. This disorder is characterized by groups of red hardened scaly skin plaques (ichthyosis) that remain throughout childhood, but disappear during young adulthood. These plaques tend to develop most often on the skin of the extremities. They usually disappear during the summer. A progressive neurologic syndrome develops during adulthood, consisting of impaired muscle coordination (ataxia), imperfect articulation of speech (dysarthria), involuntary rhythmic oscillation of the eyes (nystagmus), and decreased tendon reflexes.
Causes
Giroux-Barbeau Syndrome is a hereditary disorder transmitted through autosomal dominant genes. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
(For an understanding of the group of skin disorders known as Ichthyosis, see the Related Disorders section of this report.)
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may be similar to those of Giroux-Barbeau Syndrome. Comparisons can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
"Ichthyosis" or "Disorders of Cornification" are general terms describing a group of scaly skin disorders. They are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of large amounts of dead skin cells (squames) in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix would be the mortar holding these cells together. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops. Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick. (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder affecting males, caused by a deficiency of the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme deficiency leads to biochemical alterations in steroid hormone metabolism. Cholesterol sulfate may accumulate in the blood and skin. (For more information, choose "X-Linked Ichthyosis," as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Netherton Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, and Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis. (Choose the appropriate name as your search term for more information on that disorder in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Skin symptoms of Giroux-Barbeau Syndrome are treated by applying skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This can be especially effective after bathing while the skin is still moist. Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this disorder.
Treatment for neurological symptoms is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and etretinate can be effective against dermatologic symptoms of Giroux-Barbeau Syndrome, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of Ichthyosis.
The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder. Interested persons may contact:
Dr. Sherri Bale
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 402-2679
The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of Giroux-Barbeau Syndrome. The product is manufactured by:
Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
Novato, CA 94949
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Giroux-Barbeau Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
P.O. Box 20921
Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
(919) 782-5728
(800) 545-3286
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp. 1253-1258.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 237.
Ichthyosis, Giroux-Barbeau Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
811: Hypercholesterolemia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hypercholesterolemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
High Cholesterol
High Blood Cholesterol
Hyperlipidema
High Serum Cholesterol
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hyperlipoproteinemia IV
Broad Beta Disease
Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Familial Hypertriglyceridemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hypercholesterolemia means unusually high cholesterol. It is a very common disorder characterized by a high accumulation of fats in the blood. It is one of the leading causes of atherosclerosis (fatty obstruction of the blood vessels), heart attack and stroke. High cholesterol is the leading health problem in the United States and other Western countries accounting for 50% of all deaths. This disorder appears to get worse with advancing age, although in rare cases children can also be affected.
Symptoms
Hypercholesterolemia does not have noticeable symptoms of its own. It must be detected through serum blood screening. If an abnormally high level of triglycerides or cholesterol occurs in the blood then the patient is diagnosed as having Hypercholesterolemia. It is difficult to determine what an ideal serum cholesterol should be, but most scientists agree that Hypercholesterolemia exists when a person's blood cholesterol exceeds 240 mg/dl. High blood cholesterol causes atherosclerosis, heart attack and stroke. In some of the rarer forms, genetic lipid (fat) disorders can cause or intensify other diseases such as pancreatitis, xanthomas (fatty deposits under the skin), enlarged spleen or liver, eye problems and diabetes.
Causes
There are many causes of Hypercholesterolemia including high dietary fat consumption, genetic predisposition, metabolic disorders and it can occur as a side effect of certain drugs.
Some of the rarer forms of Hypercholesterolemia such as the primary Hyperlipoproteinemias Types I, II, III, IV, and V are inherited. These types of Hypercholesterolemia may or may not increase the person's risk for coronary artery disease, and are often found in very young children as well as young adults. Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia is a very rare form of hereditary high cholesterol that usually affects very young children.
Affected Population
Hypercholesterolemia is a very prevalent disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. However, it is more prevalent in older persons who are obese, diabetic or genetically predisposed to the disorder.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hypercholesterolemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV is characterized by an abnormally high level of cholesterol or triglycerides in the blood. Glucose (sugar) tolerance is usually also impaired. Eruptive fatty nodules or plaques in the skin (xanthomas) may develop on the buttocks, arms or legs. Hyperlipoproteinemia usually accelerates fatty degeneration of blood vessels, and coronary heart disease frequently develops. The liver and spleen may also become enlarged. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type IV" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Broad Beta Disease (Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type III) is a hereditary disorder of fat (lipid) transport characterized by areas of lipid deposits (xanthomas) under certain parts of the skin. Patients with this disorder have a predisposition to obesity and fatty degeneration of blood vessels (atherosclerosis) which leads to blockage of blood vessels. With control of dietary lipids, persons affected with Broad Beta Disease can lead a normal life. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Broad Beta Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia is a very rare hereditary form of high cholesterol that affects 1 in 1 million Americans. The disorder is inherited through autosomal dominant genes. It is usually unresponsive to standard dietary and drug interventions. Onset is during early childhood, with the youngest patient having a heart attack at 18 months of age.
Familial Hypertriglyceridemia is a genetic form of faulty lipid metabolism. There is increased levels of triglycerides in the blood serum. However, unlike other forms of Hypercholesterolemias, this type of hypercholesterolemia does not cause an increased predisposition for coronary artery disease, obesity or diabetes.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia consists of following a diet reduced in saturated fats, cholesterol and calories, but high in water-soluble fiber. Drugs may also be required to lower cholesterol levels when diet alone is not effective. For information about appropriate low cholesterol diets contact the American Heart Association which is listed in the resources section of this report.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers are studying the factors that may cause high cholesterol, and they are trying to develop new treatments that can control the disorder. More research is needed to determine hereditary factors, effects of diet and other causes that may trigger hypercholesterolemia.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hypercholesterolemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Ave.
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
NIH/National Heart, Blood & Lung Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For information on genetic forms of Hypercholesterolemia and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: edited by James B. Wyngaarden, M.D. and LLoyd H. Smith, Jr., M.D. W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 1137-1144.
USE OF DIETARY FIBER TO LOWER CHOLESTEROL, J. Nuovo, Am Fam Physician, (April, 1989, issue 39 (4)). Pp. 137-140.
POPULATION SCREENING FOR PLASMA CHOLESTEROL; COMMUNITY-BASED RESULTS FROM
CONNECTICUT. E.L. Wynder, et al,; Am Heart J, (March, 1989, issue 117 (3)). Pp. 649-456.
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; PREVENTION, DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT. A. H.
41 MONTH FOLLOW-UP OF RISK FACTORS CORRELATED WITH NEW CORONARY EVENTS IN 708 ELDERLY PATIENTS., W. S. Aronow, et al,; J Am Geriatr Soc, (June, 1989, issue 37 (6)). Pp. 501-506.
Hypercholesterolemia
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$Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
474: Hyperchylomicronemia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hyperchylomicronemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Buerger-Gruetz Syndrome
Exogenous Hypertriglyceridemia
Fredrickson Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia
Essential Familial Hyperlipemia
Fat-Induced Hyperlipemia
Idiopathic Familial Hyperlipemia
Retention Hyperlipemia
Hyperlipidemia I
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I
Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency, Familial
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type V
Familial Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency
General Discussion
** IMPORTANT **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hyperchylomicronemia is a rare hereditary inborn error of metabolism characterized by a massive accumulation of fatty droplets (chylomicrons) in blood plasma, and a corresponding increase of the blood plasma concentration of fatty substances called triglycerides. The concentration of another fatty substance called "very low density lipoprotein" (VLDL) is usually normal. The disorder is caused by the absence of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.
Symptoms
Hyperchylomicronemia is characterized by an abnormally high blood concentration of droplets of a fatty substance called chylomicrons after a patient eats fatty foods. The first symptoms are skin lesions called eruptive xanthomas. These xanthomas are raised whitish-yellow colored skin nodules on a slightly red base. They vary in size from 0.1 to 0.3 inches in diameter, but are often clustered and may grow together to form larger plaques. The number of nodules may vary from a few to hundreds. They are usually located over the buttocks, shoulders, and extremities. However, lesions may be found on any site including the face and mucous membranes. Patients may mistake the lesions for acne. Eruptive xanthomas are neither painful nor itchy. They usually appear within a few days after triglyceride levels in the blood plasma have begun to increase. They contain a yellowish greasy substance and sometimes milky fluid. They disappear again when the increased fat in blood plasma (lipemia) starts to vanish. Only a slight discoloration finally remains.
Besides the skin symptoms, the most common manifestations of Hyperchylomicronemia are episodes of abdominal pain. Intensity, duration, and localization of episodes are variable. The attacks may be associated with lack of appetite (anorexia), nausea, abdominal distension, fever, and diarrhea. Some patients with the disorder may not experience abdominal pain. Inflammation of the pancreas, sometimes with bleeding, often occurs when triglyceride levels are excessively high. Enlargement of the liver and spleen occurs particularly among infants and children with Hyperchylomicronemia. The enlargement of these organs may vary, often in parallel with the fat content of the diet. Large cells that swallow other cell material (macrophages) that have incorporated chylomicrons often appear in the spleen and sometimes in bone marrow of these patients.
In the presence of excessive fatty substances in the blood (hyperlipemia) the arteries and veins in the outer parts of the eye's retina have a milky or tomato juice appearance. The back of the eyeball (fundus) may appear pale pink upon examination by an ophthalmologist. The change is related to the degree of lipemia. The retina may contain white fatty deposits. Blood circulation in the retina may also become disturbed, and narrowing of the blood vessels and bleeding may occasionally occur. These symptoms can affect the vision of patients with Hyperchylomicronemia.
Causes
Hyperchylomicronemia is a hereditary disorder transmitted by autosomal recessive genes. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
The disorder is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase which normally breaks down the fatty substances called lipoproteins. This results in an excessively high level of chylomicrons in the blood.
Affected Population
Hyperchylomicronemia is a very rare disorder which is present at birth. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders are similar to those of Hyperchylomicronemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type V (Mixed Hyperlipemia) is thought to be a recessive hereditary disorder characterized by an abnormally high level of chylomicrons in the blood. Other fatty substances called prebetalipoproteins are also present in high concentrations in the blood. Blood plasma has a milky white appearance. During overnight refrigeration of plasma, a layer of chylomicrons rises to the top. The underlying plasma is cloudy in patients with Hyperchylomicronemia Type V, but clear in those with Type I of the disorder. Fatty changes in the retina of the eye may occur in both of these disorders. However, Type V is less severe than Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia.
Familial Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary disorder. It is characterized by a deficiency of apolipoprotein C-II, a factor needed for functioning of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, causing an accumulation of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in blood plasma. Recurrent attacks of pancreas infection (pancreatitis) may also occur.
Therapies: Standard
Restriction of fat in the diet is the most effective treatment for Hyperchylomicronemia. However, at the same time an adequate intake of essential fatty acids must be maintained. The reduction of fat in the diet must be compensated by an increase in carbohydrates. Part of the fat calories can be supplied in the form of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), though many patients do not tolerate these well. Additionally, the use of alcohol and drugs such as estrogens (which increase synthesis of triglycerides in the body), should be avoided. During pregnancy patients with Hyperchylomicronemia need strict dietary control and monitoring of blood triglyceride levels. Genetic counseling is recommended for families of children with Hyperchylomicronemia.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hyperchylomicronemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., ed.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 622-632.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 6th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 1042.
LIPAEMIA RETINALIS IN A 29-DAY-OLD INFANT WITH TYPE I HYPERLIPOPROTEINAEMIA: S. Hayasaka, et al.; British Journal Ophthalmol (April 1985: issue 69(4)). Pp. 280-282.
Hyperchylomicronemia
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816: Hyperexplexia
Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
816: Hyperexplexia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hyperexplexia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Kok Disease
Exaggerated Startle Reaction
Startle Disease
Hyperekplexia
Familial Startle Disease
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Jumping Frenchmen of Maine
Startle Epilepsy
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hyperexplexia is a rare hereditary neurological disorder. Individuals with this disorder have an excessive startle reaction to sudden unexpected noise, movement, or touch. Symptoms include extreme muscle tension sometimes causing stiffness (hypertonia), and falling stiffly (like a log) to the ground without loss of consciousness. Exaggeration of reflexes (hyperreflexia), and an unstable gait may also occur.
Symptoms
There is a major and minor form of Hyperexplexia. In the major form, Hyperexplexia is characterized by an unusually extreme startle reaction to sudden unexpected noise, movement, or touch. Arching of the head, jerking movements (myoclonic jerks) or falling stiffly to the ground (like a log) without loss of consciousness tend to occur when the individual is startled. Jerking movements can also occur when the patient is trying to fall asleep (nocturnal myoclonic jerks). (For more information on myoclonic jerks, choose "myoclonus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Extreme muscle tension or stiffness (hypertonia) is common in infants with Hyperexplexia. Individuals with Hyperexplexia may not move around much; when they do, they may move slowly (hypokinesia). Other symptoms may include exaggeration of reflexes (hyperreflexia), interrupted breathing (intermittent apnea) and/or unstable walking (gait). Some patients have a dislocation of the hip which is present at birth. Hernias may occur in the lower abdomen (inguinal hernias).
In its minor form, individuals with Hyperexplexia usually experience only an inconstant exaggerated startle reaction with few or none of the other symptoms. In infants with the minor form, the reaction may be brought on by fever. In children and adults, intensity of the startle response may be affected by stress or anxiety.
Onset of both major and minor forms of Hyperexplexia is usually from birth, but in some patients it does not occur until adolescence or adulthood.
Some researchers believe there is a sporadic form of Hyperexplexia as well as a hereditary form. Others disagree; they believe that there is only a hereditary form and that it was either misdiagnosed in the past or occurred with a late onset of symptoms.
Causes
Hyperexplexia is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. In some cases, there is a hereditary male-to-male transmission. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Hyperexplexia is a rare genetic disorder present at birth. It affects both males and females. Onset of the disorder is usually from birth but in some individuals it may not occur until adolescence or adulthood.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hyperexplexia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Jumping Frenchmen of Maine is a disorder characterized by an extreme startle reaction consisting of jumping, raising the arms, yelling, hitting, obeying sudden commands, or involuntarily repeating sentences. (People with Hyperexplexia do not have the imitative repetition of words or actions, or the forced obedience response found in "Jumping Frenchmen"). The intensity of the response may be affected by the frequency of being startled, fatigue and/or stress. The affected person must be startled by an unexpected event in order to elicit the reaction. It is suspected to be a genetic disorder and/or an extreme conditioned response to a particular situation possibly influenced by cultural factors. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Jumping Frenchmen" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Startle Epilepsy is expressed as a brief muscular contraction predominating on one-half of the body in response to sudden noise or movement. These patients often fall when startled and also have other seizure manifestations. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Epilepsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Testing for Hyperexplexia can include electromyograms (records of electrical impulses produced by the muscles) and electroencephalograms (EEG, or records of electrical activity in the brain). Treatment of Hyperexplexia includes the drugs clonazepam, valproic acid, 5-hydroxytryptophan, or piracetam.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hyperexplexia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 445-446.
HYPEREXPLEXIA: AN INHERITED DISORDER OF THE STARTLE RESPONSE. D. J.
Morley, et al.; Clin Genet (Jun 1982; issue 21 (6)). Pp. 388-396.
HYPEREXPLEXIA: A SYNDROME OF PATHOLOGICAL STARTLE RESPONSES. E. Saenz-Lope, et al.; Ann Neurol (Jan 1984; issue 15 (1)). Pp. 36-41.
STARTLE DISEASE OR HYPEREXPLEXIA: FURTHER DELINEATION OF THE SYNDROME.
F. Andermann, et al.; Brain (Dec 1980; issue 103 (4)). Pp. 985-997.
STARTLE DISEASE OR HYPEREXPLEXIA: ADOLESCENT ONSET AND RESPONSE TO
VALPROATE. J. M. Dooley and F. Andermann; Pediatr Neurol (Mar-Apr 1989; issue 5 (2)). Pp. 126-127.
Hyperexplexia
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
216: Hyperhidrosis
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hyperhidrosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Bromhidrosis
Hemihyperhidrosis
Excessive Perspiration
Excessive Sweating
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) may be confined to certain areas of the body or may affect the entire body. When the entire body is affected the eccrine sweat glands cause the problem, while the localized type is produced by apocrine sweat glands. When Hyperhidrosis is localized it usually affects the palms, soles, underarms, the area under the breasts, or the groin.
Symptoms
Hyperhidrosis is characterized by excessive sweating, either over the entire body or on the palms, soles, armpits (axilla), the area under the breasts, or the groin area. Onset usually occurs in childhood or during puberty. The skin in the affected areas is often pink or bluish white. In severe cases the skin, especially on the feet, may be softened by the moisture (macerated), cracked, or scaling. The perspiration may have a bad odor (Bromhidrosis). This odor is caused by a chemical breakdown of the sweat and cellular debris by bacteria and yeasts.
Generalized Hyperhidrosis, which affects the entire body, frequently accompanies fever.
Hyperhidrosis sometimes improves spontaneously around the age of 25 years.
Causes
Improper functioning of endocrine glands such as the thyroid (hyperthyroidism), pituitary gland, or occasionally a central nervous system disorder, may cause generalized Hyperhidrosis.
The cause of localized Hyperhidrosis is not known. This type of excessive sweating usually occurs in otherwise normal individuals. Hyperhidrosis of the palms and soles may be triggered by emotion or exercise. As with normal sweating, Hyperhidrosis may be precipitated by heat, either from outside the body or from a fever. The sweating may also be caused by illnesses or disorders such as infection, diabetes mellitus, tumors, gout, menopause and alcohol intoxication.
Certain foods such as garlic may cause the odor of the perspiration (Bromhidrosis) to intensify.
For more information on Hyperhidrosis, see "Sweating It Out: The Problem of Perfuse Perspiration" in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services (RDB-10).
Related Disorders
Frey's Syndrome (Gustatory Hyperhidrosis) is a type of excessive sweating triggered by eating or drinking spicy foods and beverages. This type of hyperhidrotic attack may occur in otherwise healthy people, especially on the face. Frey's Syndrome can sometimes be caused by a tumor, mumps, or surgery to the salivary gland near the ear (the parotid salivary gland). This may be due to dysfunction of common sympathetic nerves projecting to both the salivary glands and affected sweat glands. Thus sweating rather than salivating may occur. (For more information, choose "Frey" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Affected Population
Onset of Hyperhidrosis is usually during childhood or adolescence. The disorder affects both males and females from all ethnic groups equally.
Therapies: Standard
For people who have Hyperhidrosis of palms and soles (palmar-plantar type Hyperhidrosis), wearing cotton socks and shoes that let air circulate is helpful in preventing overheating of the feet. Rotating shoes daily is also recommended.
The use of medicated powder that inhibits bacterial growth and absorbs moisture may be helpful. Cornstarch is not recommended.
For persistent cases of Hyperhidrosis, several topical agents (e.g., aluminum chloride in ethyl alcohol) may be prescribed by a dermatologist. Menopausal sweating is usually treated with estrogen.
Anticholinergic drugs may also be prescribed in severe cases for short term treatment of Hyperhidrosis. However, side effects such as dry mouth, drowsiness, and constipation often make use of these drugs problematic.
In the most extreme and disabling cases surgical removal of the sweat glands from the armpits may be performed. However, scarring may occur as a result of the operation.
Another surgical procedure to treat the most severe cases of Hyperhidrosis is severing of the sympathetic nerve that connects the sweat glands to the central nervous system (sympathectomy). However, the excessive sweating never disappears completely, and a fair amount of patients have recurrences of hyperhidrotic symptoms. Horner's Syndrome, in which nerve paralysis results in drooping of the eyelids, may be a complication of sympathectomy.
Biofeedback has been used with varying degrees of success in some cases. A patient can learn to exert control over a physical function such as sweating with a biofeedback machine that monitors and registers the effects of that function.
Therapies: Investigational
A device that uses iontophoresis, in which charged atoms (ions) are electrically driven into the skin, is being used experimentally to treat Hyperhidrosis.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hyperhidrosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
References
SWEATING IT OUT: THE PROBLEM OF PROFUSE PERSPIRATION: Dixie Farley; FDA Consumer (December 1985-January 1986). Pp. 21-25.
Hyperhidrosis
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Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
750: Hyperkalemia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hyperkalemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hyperpotassemia
High Potassium
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Addison's Disease
ACTH Deficiency
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hyperkalemia is an abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood. It usually occurs due to another underlying medical condition. The body uses potassium for the contraction of muscles (including the heart) and for the functioning of many complicated proteins (enzymes). Potassium is found primarily in the skeletal muscle and bone, and participates with sodium to contribute to the normal flow between the body fluids and the cells of the body. The concentration of potassium in the body is regulated by the kidneys through excretion in urine. When the kidneys are functioning normally, the amount of potassium eaten in the diet is usually sufficient for use by the body and the excess is excreted. Chemical and hormonal influences also regulate the internal potassium balance. Secretion of the hormone insulin, which is normally stimulated by food, prevents a temporary diet-induced high level of potassium (hyperkalemia) by increasing cell absorption of potassium. The hormone aldosterone also aids in regulating the internal balance of potassium. When hyperkalemia occurs, there is an imbalance resulting from a dysfunction of these normal processes.
Symptoms
Individuals with hyperkalemia initially may show no symptoms. Later symptoms may include heart abnormalities which can be seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG), progressive weakness, and a type of paralysis in which muscle tone is lacking in the extremities (flaccid paralysis). Individuals with hyperkalemia may experience a loss of deep tendon reflexes, difficulties in speaking (phonation) and breathing. They may also have a slowed heartbeat (bradycardia), rapid and irregular contractions of the heart (ventricular fibrillation) and abnormally low blood pressure (hypotension). If untreated, cardiac arrest may also occur.
Causes
Hyperkalemia is a symptom of another underlying medical condition. It may be caused by an inflammatory disease of the kidneys (acute tubular nephrosis), acute kidney failure, excessive acid production (metabolic or diabetic acidosis), or a deficiency of the hormone aldosterone (Addison's Disease). Other causes may include multiple transfusions of stored blood, internal acid-base disturbances, sickle-cell anemia, excess sugar in the blood (hyperglycemia), and excessive dietary intake of potassium. The use of drugs which act in opposition to the hormone aldosterone (aldosterone antagonists), and muscle relaxant succinylcholine, extensive burns, severe crushing injuries which cause bleeding into soft tissue, or conditions causing bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, may also cause hyperkalemia.
Affected Population
Hyperkalemia affects males and females in equal numbers. Individuals with kidney malfunction associated with diabetes (diabetic nephropathy or interstitial renal disease), an abnormally low level of the enzyme renin (hyporeninemia), or abnormally low levels of the hormone aldosterone (hypoaldosteronism), may increase the risk for hyperkalemia.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may include Hyperkalemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Addison's Disease is a disorder characterized by chronic and insufficient functioning of the outer layer of the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex). This malfunction results in a deficiency of the hormone aldosterone. Individuals with this disorder show abnormally high concentrations of potassium (hyperkalemia) and abnormally low concentrations of sodium in the blood. Symptoms may include weakness, low blood pressure and loss of appetite. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Addison" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
ACTH Deficiency is a disorder characterized by low levels or absence of the hormone ACTH which is manufactured by the pituitary gland. Symptoms of ACTH Deficiency may include weakness, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, abnormally high concentrations of potassium in the blood (hyperkalemia) and lack of appetite. (For more information on this disorder, choose "ACTH Deficiency " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) is a serious blood disorder characterized by a decrease in blood platelets, abnormal destruction of red blood cells and disturbances in the nervous system. Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, patches of purplish discoloration in the skin (purpura), weakness, kidney dysfunction and abnormally high levels of potassium in the blood (hyperkalemia). (For more information on this disorder, choose "TTP" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
(To locate other disorders that include Hyperkalemia as a symptom, choose "Hyperkalemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
An electrocardiogram for patients with hyperkalemia may assess the urgency of therapy. Treatment of Hyperkalemia may require diminished potassium in the diet or removal of potassium from the body. Depending upon the cause of Hyperkalemia, diuretics, insulin, beta-2 agonists or sodium polystyrene may be administered to increase the body's excretion of potassium. Dialysis may also be required. Periodic paralysis may be treated with the drug albuterol. Calcium gluconate may be administered to reverse certain heart abnormalities. If no ECG abnormalities are present, the drug sorbitrol may be prescribed. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hyperkalemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 814-815, 820-824.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 964-965, 968-969.
CARDIAC ARREST DUE TO ORAL POTASSIUM INTAKE. H.J. Schim van der Loeff et al.; INTENSIVE CARE MED (1988; issue 15(1)). Pp. 58-9).
DIURETICS AND HYPERKALEMIA IN DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS. S.A. Olczak et al.; DIABETIC MED (January, 1988; 5(1)). Pp. 68-9).
NEBULIZED ALBUTEROL FOR ACUTE HYPERKALEMIA IN PATIENTS ON HEMODIALYSIS.
M. Allen et al.; ANN INTERN MED (March, 1989; 110(6)). Pp. 426-9).
Hyperkalemia
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
624: Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type IV
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type IV) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Carbohydrate-Induced Hyperlipemia
Hyperprebeta-Lipoproteinemia
Hypercholesterolemia
Hyperlipidemia IV
Hypertriglyceridemia, Endogenous
Information on the following disorder can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Broad Beta Disease (Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type III)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type IV, is an inherited metabolic disorder. It is characterized by an increased blood level of the fats called triglycerides which are contained in very low-density lipids (VLDL). An abnormally high level of triglycerides or cholesterol can result from diet, from genetic causes, or it may occur secondary to other metabolic disorders or as a side effect of certain drugs.
Symptoms
Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type IV, is characterized by an abnormally high level of cholesterol or triglycerides in the blood. Glucose (sugar) tolerance is usually also impaired. Eruptive fatty nodules or plaques in the skin (xanthomas) may develop on the buttocks, arms or legs. Hyperlipoproteinemia usually accelerates fatty degeneration of blood vessels, and coronary heart disease frequently develops. The liver and spleen may be enlarged (hepatosplenomegaly).
Causes
Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type IV, is an inherited disorder transmitted through autosomal dominant genes. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50 percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Onset of Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type IV, can be influenced by environmental factors such as too much carbohydrate in the diet or by excessive alcohol consumption. Other conditions that can cause Hyperlipoproteinemia IV are uremia, malfunction of the pituitary gland (hypopituitarism), contraceptive steroid drugs and other lipid storage diseases.
Affected Population
Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type IV, is a common disorder affecting males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type IV. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Broad Beta Disease (Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type III) is a hereditary disorder of fat (lipid) transport characterized by areas of lipid deposits (xanthomas) under certain parts of the skin. Patients with this disorder have a predisposition to obesity and fatty degeneration of blood vessels (atherosclerosis) which leads to blockage of blood vessels. With control of dietary lipids, persons affected with Broad Beta Disease can lead a normal life. (For more information, choose "Broad Beta" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type IV, consists in following a diet reduced in saturated fats, cholesterol, and calories. Drugs may also be required to lower cholesterol levels when diet alone is not effective.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type IV, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Blood & Lung Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Ave.
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
DIETARY THERAPY FOR DIFFERENT FORMS OF HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA: S.M. Grundy; Circulation (September 1987: issue 76(3)). Pp. 523-528.
GEMFIBROZIL THERAPY IN PRIMARY HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH
CORONARY HEART DISEASE. EFFECTS ON METABOLISM OF LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS:
G.L. Vega, et al.; Journal Amer Med Assoc (April 26, 1985: issue 253(16)). Pp. 2398-2403.
DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF POSTPRANDIAL LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM IN NORMAL, TYPE
IIA, TYPE III, AND TYPE IV HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIC INDIVIDUALS. EFFECTS OF
TREATMENT WITH CHOLESTYRAMINE AND GEMFIBROZIL: M.S. Weintraub, et al.; Journal Clin Invest (April 1987: issue 79(4)). Pp. 1110-1119.
Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type IV
onge1
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"Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
869: Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Endostosis Crani
Hyperostosis Calvariae Interna
Morgagni-Stewart-Morel Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Acromegaly
Ieontiasis Ossea
Paget's Disease
Leontiasis Ossea (also known as Virchow's Disease)
Crouzon Disease
Galactorrhea
Myotonic Dystrophy
Diabetes Insipidus
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna is a disorder in which there is excessive growth or thickening of the frontal bone of the skull. It is not known if this disorder is actually rare. Some scientists feel that this may be a common abnormality found in as many as 12% of the female population. This disorder has been found in association with a variety of conditions such as seizures, headaches, obesity, diabetes insipidus, excessive hair growth and sex gland disturbances. Increased serum alkaline phosphatase and elevated serum calcium may occur.
Symptoms
The major feature of Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna is excessive growth or thickening of the frontal bone of the head. This excess growth can only be seen in an x-ray. As a result, scientists feel that this condition may be much more prevalent than suspected, but often goes undetected. Many people have no apparent symptoms.
Other conditions that may be found in patients with this disorder are: obesity, a condition in which secondary male sexual traits are acquired by a female (virilization); a central nervous system disorder characterized by a sudden, aimless, uncontrollable discharge of electrical energy in the brain causing a convulsion or loss of consciousness (epilepsy); decreased vision; headaches; disturbances of the ovaries and testes (sex glands or gonads); excessive body hair; and/or diabetes. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Epilepsy" and/or "Diabetes" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Causes
Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna has been found in multiple generations suggesting that the disorder may be inherited as a dominant trait. It is not known if the disorder is autosomal dominant or X-linked. There are no known cases of male-to-male (father to son) transmission.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna affects females 9 times more often than males. This disorder presents itself most often among the middle-aged and elderly but has also been found in adolescents.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Acromegaly is a slowly progressive, chronic metabolic disorder in which an excess of growth hormone causes abnormal enlargement of various tissues of the body and unusual height. Most conspicuously affected are the extremities, jaws, and face. The enlargement of soft tissue, especially of the heart, is a serious feature of this disorder. High blood pressure (hypertension) may be another serious consequence of Acromegaly. (For more information on this disorder choose "Acromegaly" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Paget's Disease is a slowly progressive disease of the skeletal system characterized by abnormally rapid bone breakdown and formation, leading to the development of bones that are dense but fragile. This disorder usually affects middle-aged and elderly people and most frequently occurs in the spine, skull, pelvis, thighs and lower legs. When it occurs in the skull it can cause hearing loss. (For more information on this disorder choose "Paget's" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Leontiasis Ossea or Virchow's Disease is a disorder in which there is an overgrowth of the bones of the face and sometimes of the cranium. This disorder causes a general enlargement and distortion of all the features.
The following disorders have been found in association with Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna. They are not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Crouzon Disease is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormalities in the skull, face, and brain caused by premature hardening of the skull. The skull is made up of several bony plates initially joined by fibrous connective tissue which normally fuse together and harden over a period of several years after growth of the brain. Facial deformities are often present at birth and may progress with time. Vision disturbances and deafness may develop in some cases. (For more information on this disorder choose "Crouzon" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Galactorrhea is a condition in which there is a spontaneous flow of milk from the nipple.
Myotonic Dystrophy is an inherited disorder involving the muscles, vision, and endocrine glands. It can cause mental deficiency and loss of hair. Onset of this disorder commonly occurs during young adulthood although it can occur at any age and is extremely variable in degree of severity. Symptoms of this disorder may be tripping, falling, difficulty in moving the neck, lack of facial expression and a nasal sounding voice. (For more information on this disorder choose "Myotonic Dystrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Diabetes Insipidus is due to an abnormality of anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin or ADH) originating in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The lack of this hormone on the kidney causes excretion of excessive quantities of very dilute (but otherwise normal) urine. Excessive thirst is the major symptom of this disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Diabetes Insipidus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
There is no known treatment for Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna. Seizures and headaches can be treated with standard medications.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle Street, Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
(800) 535-3643
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-3235
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 493.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 909-910.
Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
470: Hyperoxaluria, Primary (Type I)
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Primary Hyperoxaluria (Type I)) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Glycolic Aciduria
PH Type I
Oxalosis
Information on the following disorder can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Cystinuria
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Primary Hyperoxaluria (Type I) is a hereditary disorder characterized by an inborn error of glyoxylic acid metabolism. Excessive formation of oxalic acid occurs in the liver, spleen, and kidneys, resulting in excessive levels of the acid in the urine. Calcium oxalate does not dissolve and consequently "stones" are formed in the urinary tract.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Primary Hyperoxaluria (Type I) usually begin between 2 and 10 years of age, but can begin during infancy. The disorder is characterized by a burning sensation in the mouth, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Pain in the kidney (renal colic) and passage of stones from the kidney also occur. Infection of the urinary tract is common. Calcium oxalate levels in the urine are increased. Occasionally, uric acid in the blood (uricemia) may also occur. In rare cases, an irregular heart beat may develop.
Causes
Primary Hyperoxaluria (Type I) is a hereditary disorder transmitted by autosomal recessive genes. An inborn error of glyoxylic acid metabolism causes an excess of oxalic acid in the urine, leading to formation of calcium oxalate stones in the kidney. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Primary Hyperoxaluria (Type I) affects males and females in equal numbers. It is a rare disorder.
Related Disorders
Cystinuria is an inherited defect in the intestinal and kidney metabolism of the amino acid cystine. This causes excessive urinary excretion of this amino acid leading to the formation of "stones" in the urinary tract. Infections may also occur. Symptoms include blood in the urine and excruciating pain in the patient's side or back. (For more information on this disorder, choose "cystinuria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
A minority of patients with Primary Hyperoxaluria (Type I) may be helped by large doses of pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Avoiding foods high in oxalic acid such as spinach and rhubarb may also be helpful. Plenty of liquid should be consumed to dilute the urine, thus minimizing the risk of formation of calcium oxalate stones. Small kidney stones may be passed in the urine spontaneously. Others may be broken up by shock wave fragmentation (lithotripsy), although large stones may require surgery. If kidney function deteriorates beyond a certain level, hemodialysis and/or kidney transplantation may be considered. Unfortunately, these measures are often less successful in treating this disorder than other types of kidney disease.
Genetic counseling may be helpful to families of Primary Hyperoxaluria (Type I) patients.
Therapies: Investigational
Combined liver and kidney transplants have been performed experimentally on Primary Hyperoxaluria (Type I) patients. However, more research is necessary to determine long-term effectiveness and safety of this procedure.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Primary Hyperoxaluria (Type I), please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Oxalosis and Hyperoxaluria Foundation
24815-144th Place, S.E.
Kent, WA 98042
(206) 631-0386
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al, eds.; McGraw-Hill, 1983. Pp. 204-228.
Hyperoxaluria, Primary (Type I)
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470: Hyperoxaluria, Primary (Type I)
03845.TXT
Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
581: Hyperprolinemia Type I
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Hyperprolinemia Type I) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Proline Oxidase Deficiency
The following disorder can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hyperprolinemia Type II
The following disorders may be associated with Hyperprolinemia Type I as secondary characteristics:
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hyperprolinemia Type I is a very rare hereditary disorder characterized by an abnormally high level of the amino acid proline in the blood and urine. The high level of this substance is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme proline oxidase, which normally breaks down proline.
Symptoms
Hyperprolinemia Type I is characterized by an abnormally high level of the amino acid proline in the blood. Levels of the amino acids hydroxyproline and glycine in the blood are also higher than normal. Additionally kidney abnormalities may be associated with Hyperprolinemia Type I.
Causes
Hyperprolinemia Type I is a hereditary disorder transmitted through autosomal recessive genes. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is 25 percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Hyperprolinemia Type I is a very rare disorder that is present at birth. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder are similar to those of Hyperprolinemia Type I.
I. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hyperprolinemia Type II is a very rare hereditary condition characterized by a level of proline in the blood greater than that in Type I Hyperprolinemia. In addition, delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate is excreted in the urine. Mental retardation and seizures may also occur. (For more information, choose "Hyperprolinemia Type II" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Hyperprolinemia Type I is suspected by taking a blood test to measure the level of the amino acid proline. The condition is treated by a carefully controlled low protein diet.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hyperprolinemia Type I, please contact
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1047-1048.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 367-373.
Hyperprolinemia Type I%
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581: Hyperprolinemia Type I
03846.TXT
Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
580: Hyperprolinemia Type II
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Hyperprolinemia Type II) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pyrroline Carboxylate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Information on the following disorder can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hyperprolinemia Type I
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hyperprolinemia Type II is a very rare hereditary disorder characterized by an abnormally high level of the amino acid proline in the urine. The high level of this substance is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase. Mild mental retardation and seizures may occur in some cases.
Symptoms
Hyperprolinemia Type II is characterized by an abnormally high level of the amino acid proline in the blood. In some cases mild mental retardation and/or seizures may occur.
Causes
Hyperprolinemia Type II is a hereditary disorder transmitted by autosomal recessive genes. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is 25 percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.)
The high level of proline in the blood is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase.
Affected Population
Hyperprolinemia Type II is a very rare disorder that is present at birth. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder are similar to those of Hyperprolinemia Type II. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hyperprolinemia Type I is a hereditary condition characterized by an excessive level of proline in the blood. However, the levels of proline are lower than those in Type II Hyperprolinemia. This condition is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme proline dehydrogenase. It may be associated with kidney disease. (For more information, choose "Hyperprolinemia Type I" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Symptoms of Hyperprolinemia Type II can be avoided by a carefully controlled low-protein diet.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hyperlinemia Type II, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1002-1003.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 367-373.
HYPERPROLINEMIA TYPE II: IDENTIFICATION OF THE GLYCINE CONJUGATE OF
PYRROLE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID IN URINE: K.C. Dooley, et al.; Clin Biochem (April 1979: issue 12(2)). Pp. 62-65.
HYDROXYPROLINE METABOLISM IN TYPE II HYPERPROLINEMIA: S. Simila; Ann Clin Biochem (July 1979: issue 16(4)). Pp. 177-181.
Hyperprolinemia Type II
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Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
784: Hypertension
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hypertension) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Arterial Hypertension
High Blood Pressure
Disorder Subdivisions:
Essential (or Primary) Hypertension
Secondary Hypertension
Renal (or Renovascular) Hypertension
Systolic Hypertension
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hypertension is defined as persistent elevation of blood pressure. Blood pressure is the amount of pressure placed on the walls of the arteries as blood is pumped throughout the body. (Generally, normal blood pressure is considered 120/80, but can be anywhere from 100/60 to 140/90. Blood pressure is measured by an instrument called a sphygmomanometer.) The systolic blood pressure is the upper reading which measures pressure when the heart muscle is contracting. The diastolic blood pressure is the lower reading which measures pressure when the heart muscle is at rest. Blood pressure varies depending on age, altitude, activity, posture and from person to person.
When only the systolic blood pressure is high, it is referred to as systolic hypertension.
Symptoms
Hypertension is ordinarily discovered during a routine examination. There are usually no outward symptoms. However, when blood pressure is extremely high, there may be symptoms of headache, heart failure, and/or vision disturbances.
When hypertension is untreated it can cause damage to the heart, blood vessels and kidneys. It can also lead to congestive heart failure, mini-strokes (transient ischemia attacks; TIA), strokes, and kidney failure. This is why it is important for people with high blood pressure to receive medical treatment even though they may feel perfectly healthy.
Causes
In over 95% of people who have hypertension there is no discernible cause. When the cause is unknown, high blood pressure is referred to as essential or primary hypertension.
In secondary hypertension, the cause is known. Some known causes of secondary hypertension are kidney diseases (renal or renovascular hypertension) including kidney failure due to any cause. Endocrine disorders such as Acromegaly, Hyperthyroidism, Cushing's Syndrome, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, or Pheochromocytoma can also cause secondary hypertension. Other causes of hypertension include neurological disorders such as Encephalitis, Acute Porphyria, Familial Dysautonomia, or Guillain-Barre Syndrome. (For more information on these disorders, choose "encephalitis," "porphyria", "dysautonomia," and "Guillain-Barre" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
In some patients, hypertension may be caused by hereditary factors or by high salt intake (especially in people who inherited the tendency to develop hypertension). Other contributing causes are obesity, smoking, alcoholism, oral contraceptives or emotional stress.
Affected Population
Hypertension is a very common disorder affecting over 60 million Americans as
of 1988. Because there are rarely symptoms, many Americans are unaware they have hypertension so these figures may be even higher.
Hypertension tends to occur more often in black people than in white; however with age, the incidence of hypertension increase in all groups. Men are affected more often than women before the age of 50; after 50, more women are affected than men.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of hypertension includes the use of diuretics (sometimes called "water pills") to reduce sodium and water levels in the body and lower blood pressure. Beta-blocking drugs which reduce constriction of blood vessels, and vasodilators which are drugs that relax the muscles in blood vessel walls are also used. Centrally acting drugs that lower the heart rate by controlling the sympathetic nervous system, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors which reduce constriction of blood vessels as well as salt and water levels may be prescribed.
People can aid in the control of hypertension if they practice proper weight control, exercise regularly and eat a low sodium diet. Blood pressure machines for home use can be of benefit when people want to monitor their own blood pressure.
Therapies: Investigational
There is extensive research being pursued on the causes, prevention and treatment of hypertension. For information about this research contact the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute listed in the Resources section of this report.
Clinical trials are underway to study the effects of dietary calcium and sodium manipulation in Essential Hypertension. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. Rose Marie Robertson
Professor of Medicine
CC2218 MCN
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN 37232
(615) 322-2318
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
Clinical trials are underway to study patients that develop Supine Hypertension after lesions of the nucleus tactus solitarii. Interested persons may wish to contact:
S.H. Subramony, M.D.
University of Mississippi Medical Center
2500 N. State St.
Jackson, MS 39216
(601) 984-5525
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
Clinical trials are underway to study responses to psychologic stressors in ten to eighteen year old patients with Primary Hypertension. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. Bruce S. Alpert
University of Tennessee
Division of Cardiology
848 Adams Ave.
Memphis, TN 38103
(901) 522-3380
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hypertension, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Ave.
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
NIH/National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 951-3260
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 276-302.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 553.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp, and Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 390-403...
Hypertension
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784: Hypertension
03848.TXT
Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
728: Hyperthermia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hyperthermia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Heat Stress
Heat-Related Illness
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Malignant Hyperthermia
Heat Exhaustion
Heat Stroke
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hyperthermia, though not rare, can be a serious health condition. Left untreated it may become life-threatening. Hyperthermia occurs when the body is extremely overheated. It is most common in older persons during the summer months. Major symptoms include headache, nausea, and fatigue. Without treatment the body may be unable to return to the proper temperature of 98.6 F and heat exhaustion or heat stroke may occur. (See related disorder section for information on these conditions).
Symptoms
Hyperthermia occurs when an overheated body is unable to reduce body temperature to a normal 98.6 degrees F. This usually occurs during the heat of summer, but may be triggered by other health problems or certain medications. symptoms include headache, nausea, fatigue, muscle cramps, thirst and profuse sweating. The skin may feel cold and clammy. Without appropriate and prompt treatment to cool the body, Hyperthermia may progress to more complicated conditions.
Causes
Hyperthermia is caused by heat. Hot summer weather, being out in the sun for too long a period of time, excessive exercise in the heat, over extended stays in a hot tub or sauna, or being in an overcrowded or overheated room without adequate ventilation can cause Hyperthermia. Certain medications (particularly diuretics), alcoholic beverages, certain medical conditions and being overdressed in hot weather also causes Hyperthermia. The inability to perspire sufficiently, high blood pressure or poor blood circulation may play an important role in susceptibility to Hyperthermia.
Affected Population
Hyperthermia affects males and females in equal numbers. It is common in people over fifty years of age, those confined to nursing homes, and people with other medical problems. Younger, healthy persons are rarely affected. Infants can also be affected by the heat since they cannot communicate their needs to others.
Related Disorders
The following disorders may be associated with Hyperthermia.
Malignant Hyperthermia is a genetic disorder characterized by an abnormal response to certain anesthesia drugs. The patient normally shows no symptoms of discomfort or illness in every day life. However anesthesia given for surgery, such as halothane or cyclopropane, or muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine, causes a life threatening high fever that can rise as high as 110 degrees F. Muscle rigidity and/or twitching may also occur. The patient may also exhibit a very rapid and irregular heartbeat, abnormally low blood pressure, sickly sweet breath, headache, nausea and vomiting. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Malignant Hyperthermia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Heat Exhaustion is caused by dehydration and loss of mineral salts from the body due to heat stress usually of three or more days duration. It is often seen in the elderly who are unaware of excessive water loss or are unable to replenish lost fluids. Symptoms of heat exhaustion resulting from fluid loss include intense thirst, fatigue, weakness, anxiety, and impaired judgment. There may also be dehydration, rapid breathing (hyperventilation), and behavioral abnormalities. Elderly people taking diuretic drugs for hypertension are particularly prone to heat exhaustion.
Heat Stroke is a life-threatening condition requiring immediate treatment. It occurs mainly in the poor, the elderly, the chronically ill, alcoholics and patients with heart disease. Hot, humid weather usually precedes this type of illness. Symptoms include a body temperature of 104 F or above, central nervous system dysfunction, confusion, bizarre behavior, faintness, and eventually coma. There may also be a rapid pulse, extreme drop in blood pressure, and hot, dry, flushed skin. Heat Stroke may be complicated by hemorrhage, jaundice, kidney failure, brain damage, peripheral neuropathy, or heart and lung damage. Survival depends on rapid reduction of body temperature usually in a hospital.
Illness involving dysfunction of the sweat glands, can be found in the Rare Disease Database by typing "Hyperhidrosis" as your search term.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hyperthermia consists of cooling the body. Cool showers, use of fans or air conditioners, drinking plenty of fluids (excluding those that contain caffeine or alcohol) helps maintain the correct body temperature. Cool, slightly salty fluids may help restore body salts lost during sweating. People prone to Hyperthermia should avoid being in the sun, wearing heavy clothing in hot, humid weather and staying out of overcrowded and under-ventilated environments.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hyperthermia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute on Aging
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-1752
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: Wyngaarden and Smith, et al., eds.; W.B. Saunders, 1988, Pp. 1950, 2382-2385.
HYPERTHERMIA A HOT WEATHER HAZARD FOR OLDER PEOPLE, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Aging, U.S. Publication No. 89-2763, August, 1989.
Hyperthermia
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
591: Hypochondroplasia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hypochondroplasia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Atypical Achondroplasia
Achondroplasia Tarda
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Achondroplasia
Kozlowski's Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hypochondroplasia is an inherited skeletal disorder. Major symptoms include dwarfism that does not become evident until mid-childhood. The disorder is characterized by a normal sized head and small but normally shaped hands and feet.
Symptoms
Hypochondroplasia can be distinguished from other forms of short limb dwarfism by examination of the bone structure of the skull and long bones of the arms and legs of affected children. The children appear normal at birth but the limbs fail to develop properly. The body thickens and is shorter than normal. The head is of normal size but the hands and feet are smaller than normal. The arms and legs are shorter than normal and are not usually bowed. There is limited flexibility in the elbows. Intelligence is usually normal, although motor development may be slowed.
Causes
Hypochondroplasia is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) Symptoms may develop due to failure of the limbs to grow normally.
Affected Population
Hypochondroplasia is a rare skeletal disorder that appears to affect females more often than males.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hypochondroplasia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Achondroplasia is a form of short limbed dwarfism that is apparent at birth. It is characterized by bulging head, marked saddling of the nose and a certain facial characteristics. The body is shorter than normal with disproportioned arms and legs and thickened bones. Fingers that are very short and pudgy with "trident hands" and similar deformities of the toes and feet also occur. Other symptoms may include an abnormally curved back or spine and other abnormalities of the bone or cartilage. In some cases there are serious neurologic complications in early adulthood. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Achondroplasia " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Kozlowski's Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia is characterized by reduced calcification of the bones, especially of the spine and pelvis. Onset is usually during the first year of life and is evident by the age two. It is an anterior deformity in the spine with limited growth and joint degeneration producing a waddling gait, short neck and trunk, bowed legs, pain and limited range of motion. This disorder affects both sexes equally.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hypochondroplasia may consist of physical therapy or orthopedic corrections. Caesarean section deliveries may be necessary for patients who are pregnant. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hypochondroplasia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
International Center for Skeletal Dysplasia
St. Joseph Hospital
7620 York Road
Towson, MD 21204
(301) 337-1250
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
Parents of Dwarfed Children
11524 Colt Terrace
Silver Spring, MD 20902
Little People of America
P.O. Box 633
San Bruno, CA 94066
(415) 589-0695
Short Stature Foundation
17200 Jamboree Rd., Suite J
Irvine, CA 92714-5828
(714) 474-4554
800-24 DWARF
For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 408.
HYPOCHONDROPLASIA, E.E. Specht, et al., Clin Orthop (July-August, 1975, issue (110)). Pp. 249-255.
HYPOCHONDROPLASIA, D.E. Newman, et al., J Can Assoc Radiol (June, 1975, issue 26 (2)). Pp. 95-103.
ACHONDROPLASIA AND HYPOCHONDROPLASIA. CLINICAL VARIATION AND SPINAL
STENOSIS, R. Wynne-Davies, et al., J Bone Joint Surg [Br.] (1981, issue 63B (4)). 508-515.
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(Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
574: Hypoglycemia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Hypoglycemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Exogenous Hypoglycemia
Factitious Hypoglycemia
Fasting Hypoglycemia
Iatrogenic Hypoglycemia
Infantile Hypoglycemia
Neonatal Hypoglycemia
Reactive Functional Hypoglycemia
Reactive Hypoglycemia, Secondary to Mild Diabetes
Spontaneous Hypoglycemia
Tachyalimentation Hypoglycemia
Low Blood Sugar
Information on the following disorder can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
Galactosemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hypoglycemia is a common condition characterized by an abnormally low blood sugar (glucose) level. Glucose is essential for the functioning of many organs and systems in the body, especially the central nervous system.
Symptoms
Hypoglycemia means an abnormally low blood sugar (glucose) level. This level is kept in a delicate balance by the passing of glucose through the blood vessels into surrounding tissues. When muscles, nerves or cells need glucose for energy, this substance passes from the blood into the tissue. Insulin secreted by the pancreas normally causes the liver to pass stored glycogen (which is subsequently converted into glucose) into the blood stream. Hypoglycemia can be caused by excessive levels of insulin in the body, or insufficient levels of glucose in the blood.
Symptoms of Hypoglycemia may be grouped into two categories:
1. Faintness, weakness, jitteriness, profuse perspiration, excessive hunger, and nervousness.
2. Central nervous system symptoms including headaches, confusion, visual disturbances, muscle weakness, paralysis, impaired muscle coordination (ataxia), and marked personality changes. Untreated, these central nervous system disturbances may progress to loss of consciousness, convulsions, and coma. The pace and severity of Hypoglycemia attacks may vary over time.
Causes
There are two main types of Hypoglycemia:
A: Fasting Hypoglycemia is caused by:
Too much insulin in the blood (Hyperinsulinism) which may result from pancreas beta-cell tumors, an overgrowth (hyperplasia), or autoimmune factors, which occurs when the body has produced antibodies to either its own insulin or its insulin receptors. These problems can produce too much insulin and/or too much glucose in the blood.
Fasting (without food) Hypoglycemia can also be due to tumors outside the pancreas. Drugs such as insulin or sulfonylureas taken by diabetics, or the prolonged abuse of alcohol without eating any food, are another cause of this disorder. Deficits of hormones such as glucocorticoids, growth hormone, and possibly glucagon or epinephrine, may also result in Fasting Hypoglycemia.
Extensive impairment of liver function, chronic kidney failure, or disorders characterized by severe tissue wasting may be associated with Fasting Hypoglycemia as well.
B: Reactive Hypoglycemia may result from:
Eating a high amount of carbohydrates or rapid absorption of glucose into the circulation and subsequent outpouring of excessive amounts of insulin. In this instance glucose is used very quickly by the body leading to lowering of the blood sugar level again. A similar reactive Hypoglycemia due to delayed insulin-response occurs in some people with mild maturity-onset diabetes after they eat carbohydrates. Hypoglycemia may also occur after a period of prolonged alcohol abuse. The condition may also result from a combination of starvation and impaired glucose production by the liver from glycogen, the stored energy source of the body. This type of hypoglycemia can usually be controlled by proper diet and avoidance of alcohol.
Affected Population
Hypoglycemia affects males and females of all ages in equal numbers. It affects several million people.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hypoglycemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Galactosemia is a hereditary disorder of carbohydrate metabolism. It is a rare inability to convert galactose (a sugar contained in milk) to glucose (a different type of sugar). The disorder is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme "galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase". After an apparently normal period, an infant may lose its appetite and start vomiting excessively. Yellow jaundice and liver enlargement may also occur. Since milk is the main staple of an infant's diet, early diagnosis and treatment of this disorder is absolutely essential to avoid serious lifelong disability. (For more information, choose "Galactosemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance is a hereditary inability to digest fruit sugar (fructose) or sucrose (sugar, sorbitol and brown sugar). This is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 1-phosphofructoa in the liver, kidney cortex and small intestine. After adding fructose to an affected infants diet, prolonged vomiting, failure to thrive, occasional unconsciousness, jaundice, enlargement of the liver and a tendency to bleed may occur. Decreased levels of glucose and phosphate are found in the blood and increased levels of fructose appear in the blood and urine. (For more information, choose "Fructose" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes is a common disorder in which the body does not produce enough insulin and is therefore unable to convert nutrients into the energy necessary for daily activity and proper functioning of the central nervous system. The disorder affects males and females approximately equally. Although the causes of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes are not known, genetic factors seem to play a role. (For more information, choose "Diabetes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of acute attacks of Hypoglycemia consists of either immediately eating sugar or intravenous injection of glucose. Glucagon, a natural body substance which promotes release of glucose by the liver, can be injected into the muscles in some cases. The effect of glucagon lasts only a short period of time so that it is imperative to provide glucose as soon as possible. The plasma glucose level should be monitored to prevent Hypoglycemia from recurring.
After initial control of acute Hypoglycemia is established, the underlying cause can be determined and treated. In drug-induced cases, the drug should be withdrawn. Hypoglycemia associated with tumors outside the pancreas may improve by removal or reduction in the tumor size. Recurrent fasting Hypoglycemia as in chronic kidney failure, may respond to a diet of frequent high-calorie meals.
The preferred treatment of fasting Hypoglycemia due to hyperinsulinism is complete surgical removal of pancreas tumors, and partial removal of multiple tumors, leaving sufficient pancreas tissue to preserve function. Diabetes may follow removal of pancreas tissue in some cases.
When insulin-producing tumors have spread (metastatic insulinoma) from the pancreas to other parts of the body, the chemotherapy drug streptozotocin may be prescribed. However, toxicity to the kidney may limit use of this drug. Responses to the cancer drugs doxorubicin (adriamycin) and mithramycin have also been described in the medical literature.
Medical treatment of hyperinsulinism that is not caused by tumors includes frequent meals without sugars and the avoidance of hunger. Diazoxide, a drug that suppresses insulin secretion may limit glucose utilization through other mechanisms. However, side effects may include swelling (edema), nausea and excessive growth of hair (hypertrichosis). An abnormally low blood pressure and lack of certain white blood cells (granulocytopenia) have also occurred with use of this drug.
Treatment for reactive Hypoglycemia may not be necessary. The plasma glucose level will return to normal levels. A diet that includes frequent meals and avoidance of simple sugars is usually sufficient.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hypoglycemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Hypoglycemia Association
P.O. Box 120
Ridgewood, NJ 07451
(201) 670-1189
American Diabetes Association
1660 Duke Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 549-1000
(800) ADA-DISC (800) 232-3472)
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd ed.: Jay H. Stein, et al., eds; Little, Brown, 1987. Pp. 1024-1030.
FACTITIOUS HYPOGLYCEMIA DUE TO SURREPTITIOUS ADMINISTRATION OF INSULIN.
DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP: G. Grunberger, et al.; Ann Intern Med (February 1988: issue 108(2)). Pp. 252-257.
PREDICTING NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE I DIABETES
TREATED WITH CONTINUOUS INSULIN INFUSION: A. Schiffrin, et al.; American Journal Med (June 1987: issue 82(6)). Pp. 1127-1132.
PERSISTENT NEONATAL HYPERINSULINISM: P. M. Mathew, et al.; Clin Pediatr (Phila) (March 1988: issue 27(3)). Pp. 148-151.
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Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
748: Hypokalemia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hypokalemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hypokalemic Syndrome
Hypopotassemia Syndrome
Nephritis, Potassium-Losing
Potassium Loss
Low Potassium
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Bartter's Syndrome
Periodic Paralysis, Hypokalemic Type
Alkalosis, Metabolic
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hypokalemia is a metabolic imbalance characterized by extremely low potassium levels in the blood. It is a symptom of another disease or condition, or a side effect of diuretic drugs. The body needs potassium for the contraction of muscles (including the heart), and for the functioning of many complicated proteins (enzymes). Potassium is found primarily in the skeletal muscle and bone, and participates with sodium to contribute to the normal flow of body fluids between the cells in the body. The normal concentration of potassium in the body is regulated by the kidneys through the excretion of urine. When the kidneys are functioning normally, the amount of potassium in the diet is sufficient for use by the body and the excess is usually excreted through urine and sweat. Body chemicals and hormones such as aldosterone also regulate potassium balance. Secretion of the hormone insulin, which is normally stimulated by food, prevents a temporary diet-induced Hypokalemia by increasing cell absorption of potassium. When Hypokalemia occurs, there is an imbalance resulting from a dysfunction in this normal process, or the rapid loss of urine or sweat without replacement of sufficient potassium.
Symptoms
Symptoms of hypokalemia may include attacks of severe muscle weakness, eventually leading to paralysis and possibly respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in paralysis of the bowel, low blood pressure, muscle twitches and mineral deficiencies (tetany). Severe hypokalemia may also lead to disruption of skeletal muscle cells, particularly during exercise. The normal physical response to exercise requires the local release of potassium from muscle. In potassium depleted muscle, the lack of potassium prevents adequate widening of blood vessels, resulting in decreased muscle blood flow, cramps and the destruction of skeletal muscle.
Hypokalemia may also impair the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine, resulting in excessive urination (polyuria) and excessive thirst (polydipsia). Other symptoms may include loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting. There may also be heart irregularities seen in electrocardiograph changes, confusion, distention of the abdomen, a decrease in mental activity.
Causes
Hypokalemia always occurs as a result of excessive loss of potassium through the urine, sweat or stool. It is always a symptom of another disorder, rather than a disease that occurs by itself.
The excessive excretion of potassium in the urine (kaliuresis) may result from the use of diuretic drugs (which increases urination), a deficiency of magnesium in the blood, excessive mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone in the blood which affect the electrolyte and fluid balance in the body (usually caused by endocrine diseases), kidney disorders, or from the use of high doses of penicillin. Gastrointestinal losses of potassium usually are due to prolonged diarrhea or vomiting, chronic laxative abuse, inadequate dietary intake of potassium, intestinal obstruction or infections such as fistulas in the intestines which continually drain intestinal fluids. Additionally, excessive perspiration due to hot weather or exercise can cause hypokalemia.
Affected Population
Hypokalemia may affect both males and females. However, it occurs more commonly in females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders include Hypokalemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Bartter's Syndrome is a metabolic disorder involving the kidneys. Major symptoms include slowed growth, weakness, excessive thirst and excessive urination. Bartter's Syndrome is characterized by the excessive loss of potassium through the kidneys. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Bartter" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Periodic Paralysis, Hypokalemic Type, is a disorder characterized by episodes of paralysis with loss of deep tendon reflexes and failure of muscles to respond to electrical stimulation. The cause is unknown. The paralysis may be limited to certain muscle groups or it may affect all four limbs. The attacks usually last between 24 and 48 hours. Potassium levels are usually abnormally low (hypokalemia).
Metabolic Alkalosis is a disorder characterized by an increase in blood bicarbonate. Symptoms include irritability, neuromuscular hyperexcitability, low blood potassium (hypokalemia), muscular weakness, impaired gastrointestinal motility and excessive urination.
(To find other disorders that include Hypokalemia as a symptom, choose "Hypokalemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
The underlying cause of Hypokalemia must first be treated. When the hypokalemia is severe, potassium chloride may be administered orally or intravenously. Treatment must be carefully monitored by a physician. Any associated acid-base disorders or hormonal disturbances must be evaluated before treatment is planned. The administration of potassium and potassium-sparing diuretics is usually discouraged in patients with kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, or dysfunctions of the autonomic nervous system. The imbalance of external and internal potassium levels in these individuals may predispose them to life-threatening degrees of Hyperkalemia (too much potassium). Hypokalemia in individuals with high blood pressure taking diuretics may be improved by replacing lost potassium in the diet through certain fruits or potassium drugs. Hypokalemia may also be minimized by dietary restriction of salt since high rates of sodium excretion promote urinary potassium losses. People who participate in vigorous sports or exercise in warm weather should be sure to replace potassium that is lost through excessive sweating. This can be accomplished through dietary planning.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hypokalemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 815-820.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief;Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 966-969.
PHYSIOLOGY OF MAGNESIUM METABOLISM AND THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MAGNESIUM IN
POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY. R.K. Rude; AM J CARDIOL (April 18, 1989; issue 63 (14)). Pp. 31G-34G.
ALDOSTERONE-PRODUCING ADENOMA PRESENTING WITH HYPOKALEMIC MYOPATHY. B.A.
Dickson et al.; CLIN PEDIATR (PHIL) (July, 1988; issue 27 (7)). Pp. 344-347.
Hypokalemia
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@ . Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
703: Hypoparathyroidism
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hypoparathyroidism) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Tetany
Parathyroid
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hypocalcemia
DiGeorge Syndrome
Osteomalicia
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hypoparathyroidism is a disorder that causes lower than normal levels of calcium in the blood due to insufficient levels of parathyroid hormones. This condition can be inherited, associated with other disorders, or it may result from neck surgery.
Symptoms
Hypoparathyroidism is characterized by weakness, muscle cramps, abnormal sensations such as tingling, burning, and numbness (paresthesia) of the hands, excessive nervousness, loss of memory, headaches, and uncontrollable cramping muscle movements of the wrists and feet. Other symptoms may be spasms of the facial muscles (Chvostek sign), the contraction of muscles produced by mild compression of nerves (Trousseaus sign), malformations of the teeth including enamel and roots of the teeth, and malformed fingernails. In some hypoparathyroid conditions, there may also be pernicious anemia, dry and coarse skin, patchy hair loss (alopecia), thin scant eyebrows, patches of skin that have lost the pigment (vitiligo), and mental depression.
Causes
The exact cause of Hypoparathyroidism is unknown. It can occur as a separate disorder, in association with other endocrine gland disorders that affect the thyroid, ovaries or adrenal glands, or it may be due to the removal of or damage to the parathyroid gland. It may also be inherited and transmitted through autosomal recessive genes.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If a person receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Hypoparathyroidism affects males and females in equal numbers. It is seen more often in children under 16 and in adults over 40.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hypoparathyroidism. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
DiGeorge Syndrome is a complex group of congenital malformations among which is a susceptibility to recurrent infections due to a decreased immune system and the occurrence of seizures during infancy due to low levels of calcium in the blood. The disorder results from faulty development of two of the pharyngeal pouches during early development of the fetus. The parathyroid gland which regulates the concentration of calcium in the blood, and the thymus gland which transforms certain lymphocytes into T-cells, (responsible for cellular and long-term immune reactions), are absent or abnormal in DiGeorge Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "DiGeorge" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hypocalcemia is characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium and high levels of phosphorus in the blood. It is characterized by spasms of the facial muscles, abdominal and muscle cramps, spasms of the foot and wrist (carpopedal), and strange sensations such as tingling and burning or numbness (paresthesias) of the lips, tongue, fingers and feet. In some severe cases, there may be spasms of the larynx and generalized convulsions.
Osteomalicia is a disease that causes softening of the bones due to insufficient levels of calcium. This results in the bones becoming brittle, and easily broken. It is characterized by pains in the limbs, spine and pelvis, and general weakness. It is seen mostly in adult women.
Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a hereditary disorder characterized by an inadequate response to the parathyroid hormone, although this hormone is present in normal amounts. This inadequate response affects bone growth in patients with this disorder. Headaches, weakness, easy fatigue, lack of energy, and blurred vision light may also occur. (For more information on this disorder choose, "Pseudohypoparathyroidism" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Hypoparathyroidism is treated with calcium, ergocalciferol and dihydrotachysterol (forms of Vitamin D). Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families if they have the inherited form of this disorder. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
At the present time, studies are being conducted on the effectiveness of Vitamin D3 as a treatment for Hypoparathyroidism. More research must be conducted to determine long-term safety and effectiveness of this treatment.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hypoparathyroidism, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Thyroid Foundation of America, Inc.
c/o Dr. Morris Wood
Massachusetts General Hospital, ACC 630
Boston, MA 02114
The Paget's Disease Foundation is providing information and a booklet on Hyperparathyroidism.
The Paget's Disease Foundation
200 Varick St., Suite 1004
New York, NY 10014-4810
(800) 23-PAGET
American Thyroid Association of America
Endocrine/Metabolic Service 7D
Walter Reed Army Medical Center
Washington, DC 20307
800-542-6687
The Thyroid Foundation of Canada
CD/Box 1597
Kingston, Ontario
Canada K71 5C8
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1009.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th Ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1515.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 2089.
DRUG EVALUATIONS, 6th Ed.: American Medical Association, 1986. Pp. 898.
EFFECTS OF ACTIVE VITAMIN D3 AND PARATHYROID HORMONE ON THE SERUM OSTEOCALCIN IN IDIOPATHIC HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM.
J. CLIN INVEST (September 1988, issue 82 (3)). Pp. 861-865.
HypoparathyroidismA!
D!pagetitle
703: Hypoparathyroidism
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Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
708: Hiccups, Chronic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Chronic Hiccups) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hiccups
Hiccough
Singultus
Intractable Hiccups
Hiccups, Persistent
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hiccups are sudden, involuntary, repeated spasms of the diaphragm, followed by an intake of air into the larynx which causes the characteristic "hic" sound. They may occur a few times within a minute or several times a second. Normally, Hiccups last for only a few minutes. However, when they persist for days or weeks they can be very serious.
Symptoms
Chronic Hiccups last for hours or days, or they recur very often with only a few hours relief between spasms. The persistence of hiccups may indicate a serious illness. Some of the illnesses that include persistent hiccups as a symptom are: pleurisy of the diaphragm, pneumonia, uremia, alcoholism, disorders of the stomach or esophagus, and bowel diseases. Hiccups may also be associated with pancreatitis, pregnancy, bladder irritation, liver cancer or hepatitis. Surgery, tumors, and lesions may also cause persistent hiccups.
Causes
Hiccups are caused by irritation of nerves or the brain medullary centers that control the muscles used in breathing, especially in the diaphragm. When Persistent Hiccups occur they may be the result of a brain lesion, tumors, intestinal diseases, liver or kidney disorders or uremic poisoning. They may be caused by surgery or the drugs used during surgery. Chronic Hiccups also occur for unknown reasons. Persistent Hiccups that go unchecked can cause exhaustion, lack of sleep and weight loss.
Affected Population
Hiccups affect males more often than females. Hiccups occur in practically every human being, but Chronic Hiccups are very rare.
Related Disorders
There are many disorders involving the Autonomic Nervous System which controls unconscious activities of the body such as breathing, sweating, heartbeat, hiccups, coughing, etc.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of ordinary hiccups is not necessary since they stop with no treatment within a few minutes.
Treatment of Chronic Hiccups includes drug therapy with intramuscular haloperidol, chlorpromazine, metoclopramide, anticonvulsants, quinidine or carbamazepine. If the hiccups occur during anaesthesia or surgery the treatment is usually Ephedrine or Ketamine. Hypnosis has been used in some patients, as well as acupuncture. Injections into the phrenic nerve, which controls the movement of the diaphragm, and surgery to sever the phrenic nerve in the neck, has been used in cases where all other therapies have failed.
Therapies: Investigational
Researchers at Walter Reed Army Hospital have been studying the drug nifedipine (Adalat or Procardia) as a treatment for Chronic Hiccups. This drug, which is a calcium channel blocker most commonly prescribed to control high blood pressure, stopped Chronic Hiccuping in 5 out of 7 patients treated. More research is needed to determine whether nifedipine will be effective in the long-term treatment of patients with Chronic Hiccups.
In a report of a study in England, it was noted that the drug Baclofen was effective in stopping the chronic hiccups of a single patient. The patient's close relations also had attack of Chronic Hiccups suggesting a genetic cause.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Chronic Hiccups, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
TREATMENT OF INTRACTABLE HICCUPS WITH INTRAMUSCULAR HALOPERIDOL. T.J. Ives, et al.; Am J Psychiatry, (November, 1985, issue 142 (11)). Pp. 1368-1369.
CHRONIC HICCUPS. M.S. Lipsky, Am Fam Physician (November, 1986, issue 34 (5)). Pp. 173-177.
HICCUPS: CAUSES AND CURES. J.H. Lewis, J Clin Gastroenterol, (December, 1985, issue 7 (6)). Pp. 539-552.
HICCUPS AND ESOPHAGEAL DYSFUNCTION. G. Triadafilopoulos, Am J Gastroenterol, Am J Gastroenterol (February, 1989, issue 84 (2)). Pp. 164-149.
Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
358: Hidradenitis Suppurativa
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hidradenitis Suppurativa) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternative names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article
Synonyms
Axilla Abscess
Sweat Gland Abscess
Hidrosadenitis Axillaris
Hidrosadenitis Suppurativa
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Furunculosis
Aural Furunculosis
American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa is a bacterial infection that occurs in certain areas of the body producing obstruction and rupture of the apocrine glands (similar to sweat glands). These locally infected areas, seen as swellings or nodules just under the skin, can cause deep painful inflammations that resemble boils.
Symptoms
Hidradenitis Suppurativa is marked by small swellings or nodules just under the skin causing deep painful inflammations usually in the armpit area (axilla), groin or both. These lesions may also be found around the nipples or anus. They appear to be boils, but tend to be more persistent.
The infections are diagnosed primarily by their location and symptoms. Pain, tenderness of affected areas of the body (which may improve then get worse), a general feeling of discomfort, and discharge of pus through specially formed tracts (suppuration) are characteristic of this disorder. Some fever and weight loss may also occur with Hidradenitis Suppurativa.
In later stages, a tumor-like mass with scarring bands of tissue may occur in inflamed areas. Relapses may occur after treatment. This condition may become disabling in some cases that do not respond to treatment.
Causes
The exact cause of Hidradenitis Suppurativa is unknown. Scientists think that widespread skin pore blockage and rupture of the apocrine glands (similar to sweat glands), certain irritant hair removers (depilatories), or deodorants, or an endocrine disorder may trigger the initial bacterial infection.
Affected Population
Hidradenitis Suppurativa usually begins at puberty. It affects men and women in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Furunculosis, also known as boils, is a painful bacterial infection of hair follicles or the glands which lubricate the skin with an oily substance called sebum (sebaceous glands). Boils are usually caused by staphylococcus bacteria and can result from a lack of good hygiene. Other contributing factors that make a person vulnerable to boils may include obesity, diabetes mellitus, blood disorders, general ill health or malnutrition. Boils are red tender swellings or nodules of the skin. They may rupture and discharge a creamy yellow pus, and may occasionally recur.
Aural Furunculosis is marked by a painful bacterial infection (usually caused by staphylococcus) of the hair follicles or lubricating glands in the ear. This disorder can result from a scratch in the ear or discharge of pus from the middle ear. Susceptibility is often associated with boils in other parts of the body, diabetes, or general ill health. Some hearing loss, ear pressure due to swelling in the ear and fever is symptomatic of Aural Furunculosis. This swelling will eventually burst and drain. With proper medical care it usually will not cause permanent damage to the ear.
American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is a skin disorder marked by various skin lesions spread by the bite of a sandfly (Phlebotomus). The disorder occurs throughout Central and South America. Use of insecticides in these areas of the world is helping to decrease the incidence of this disorder. There are various forms of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis distinguished by the degree of severity. Severe itching, joint pain, weight loss, and general poor health are symptomatic of all forms of this disorder.
Therapies: Standard
Patients susceptible to Hidradenitis Suppurativa should avoid use of antiperspirants or other skin irritant chemicals including hair removers (depilatories). Symptoms are usually treated with rest, moist heat, and prolonged systematic use of antibiotic therapy. Surgery or plastic surgery repair of affected areas may be necessary in the most persistent cases.
Tests conducted among patients with long-term Hidradenitis Suppurativa to determine the most effective surgical treatment have shown a high rate (54%) of recurrence at the same site after surgical removal. Recommendations were made to use either excision and split skin grafting (13% rate of recurrence at same site) or excision and local skin flap cover (19% rate of recurrence at same site).
Therapies: Investigational
A combined treatment with antiandrogen (a substance used to suppress masculinization) known as cyproterone acetate, and estrogen therapy, is being tested in women with long standing serious cases of Hidradenitis Suppurativa. In some cases, control of the condition has been successful with cyproterone acetate. The use of this treatment is still under investigation to determine its long-term effectiveness and side effects.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hidradenitis Suppurativa, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
CONTROL OF HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA IN WOMEN USING COMBINED ANTIANDROGEN
/o/Copyright (C) 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
727: Hirschsprung's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hirschsprung's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Congenital Megacolon
Megacolon, Aganglionic
Acquired, Hirschsprung's Disease
Disorder Subdivisions:
Hirschsprung Disease with Type D Brachydactyly
Hirschsprung Disease with Ulnar Polydactyly, Polysyndactyly of the Big
Toes and Ventricular Septal Defect
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Crohn's Disease
Diverticulitis
Down Syndrome
Waardenburg Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hirschsprung's Disease is a rare disorder of the colon. A person may be born with it (congenital) or it may be acquired later in life.
In congenital Hirschsprung's Disease major symptoms may include constipation, distention of the bowel and vomiting. The disease may be apparent at birth, may not be diagnosed until later in infancy, or may not become apparent until later in childhood.
Acquired Hirschsprung's Disease develops later in life when the entire rectum and colon appear unusually wide (dilated). In this form of the disorder it is usually associated with diseases such as Parkinson's disease, scleroderma, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, Chagas' disease, amyloidosis, and drug-induced or idiopathic (cause unknown) constipation. (For more information on these disorders, choose the following as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database: "parkinson," "scleroderma," "psuedo-obstruction," "chagas," and "amyloidosis.")
Symptoms
Hirschsprung's Disease is characterized by massive widening (dilation) of the colon accompanied by constipation. Absence of nerve fibers in the intestinal muscles prevents the muscles from working to push feces through (peristalsis) the colon and rectum. This in turn causes an obstruction as the contents of the intestines aren't moved along.
Severe constipation, abdominal distention, an inability to pass gas (flatus), nausea and vomiting are the usual symptoms of the disease. A physical examination of the patient reveals no stool in the rectum, a tight internal anal sphincter and dilation of the colon. The symptoms do not respond well to the usual medical therapies prescribed for constipation.
In infants, constipation may result in overgrowth of bacteria and production of bacterial toxins which can then cause catastrophic diarrhea. This may result in dehydration and death if left untreated.
Diagnosis of Hirschsprung's Disease is made by rectal biopsy of the mucus lining.
Hirschsprung Disease with Type D Brachydactyly includes a dilated colon with absence or poor development of the nails and bones of the thumbs and big toes. This form of the disorder is inherited as an X-linked trait. (See the Causes section of this report).
Hirschsprung Disease with Ulnar Polydactyly, Polysyndactyly of the Big Toes and Ventricular Septal Defect includes a dilated colon associated with congenital heart malformation, broad big toes, and more than the normal number of fingers. This form of the disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. (See the Causes section of this report).
Causes There are various causes of Hirschsprung's Disease. One theory is that it may result from a defect in early fetal development as a result of maternal high fever (hyperthermia). In some cases congenital Hirschsprung's may be inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, or as an X-linked genetic condition.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
In X-linked dominant disorders the female with only one X chromosome affected will develop a mild form of the disease. However, the affected male always has a more severe condition.
Acquired forms of Hirschsprung's Disease, or cases of the disease that occur along with other disorders (e.g., Parkinson's, Scleroderma, etc.), usually occur as a result of either intestinal nerve or muscular failure or the use of drugs that can cause decreased or lack of motility in the intestines.
Affected Population Hirschsprung's Disease affects males more often then females. It occurs in approximately one in five thousand live births. It is usually apparent at birth but may also develop in older children and adults. Hirschsprung's Disease should be considered in people with a history of severe constipation.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hirschsprung's Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Irritable Bowel Disease, commonly called Spastic Colon or Mucous Colitis, is a motility disorder which involves both the small intestine and the large bowel. It is characterized by varying degrees of abdominal pain, constipation and diarrhea. Stress makes symptoms worse in affected individuals. Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a very common disorder. About fifty percent of all gastrointestinal problems are represented by this syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Irritable Bowel" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Crohn's Disease, also known as ileitis, regional enteritis, or granulomatous colitis, is a form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by severe, granulomatous, chronic inflammation of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. In most cases, the ileum is affected. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Crohn" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Diverticulitis is a common digestive disorder characterized by inflammation of one or more of the sacs (diverticula) that can form due to protrusion of the inner lining of the colon through its wall. It results in pain near the groin in the lower part of the abdomen. Other symptoms may include pain when urinating, constipation, diarrhea or other changes in bowel movements, fever or rectal bleeding. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Diverticulitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
The following disorders can be associated with Hirschsprung's Disease:
Down Syndrome is the most common and readily identifiable genetic condition associated with mental retardation. It is caused by a chromosomal abnormality. Many other medical conditions can be associated with Down's such as: congenital heart disease, leukemia, respiratory problems, eye and ear problems and Hirschsprung's Disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Down" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Waardenburg Syndrome is a hereditary disorder characterized by facial abnormalities. The inner folds of the eyelids or the tear duct may be displaced, congenital nerve deafness may occur, and often there is abnormal pigmentation of the iris of the eye, the skin and the hair. This disorder is sometimes accompanied by Hirschsprung's Disease in both the short and long segments of the large bowel. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Waardenburg" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of both the congenital and acquired forms of Hirschsprung's Disease usually consists of surgery to relieve the obstruction. A temporary bowel opening of the colon in the abdominal wall, (colostomy), is usually performed. The second operation consists of removing the diseased parts of the colon and rectum and connecting the normal bowel to the anus.
If the form of Hirschsprung's Disease is inherited, genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. In adults who acquire Hirschsprung's as a side effect of medications, other pharmaceutical options should be considered if therapies are available that may reduce or eliminate constipation. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Dr. Arvinda Chakekavarti, Human Genetics Department, University of Pittsburgh, 130 Desoto St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15216, (412) 624-3066 , is conducting a study on the families of Hirschsprung disease patients. To participate in this study, patients from families with more than one living affected member or those with multiple abnormalities and Hirschsprung's disease, excluding Down Syndrome patients, are eligible for the genetic study. Physicians may contact Dr. Chakekavarti at the above address.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hirschsprung's Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Hirschsprung Disease Association
221/2 Spruce Street
Brattleboro, VT 05301
(802) 257-0603
NIH/National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Pull-Through Network
1126 Grant St.
Wheaton, IL 60187
(312) 665-1268
or
(708) 682-4330
Support Group for Parents of Ostomy Children (SPOC)
Div. of United Ostomy Association
9375 E. Heany
Santee, CA 92071
(619) 449-2705
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 985-1048-1231-1313.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 7-125-126-171.
MANAGEMENT OF HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE IN ADOLESCENTS. R.R. Ricketts, et al.; Am Surg (April, 1989, issue 55 (4)). Pp. 219-25.
HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE. IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FACTORS FOR
ENTEROCOLITIS. D.H. Teitelbaum, et al.; Ann Sug (March, 1988, issue 207 (3)). Pp. 240-244.
ADULT HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE. AN EXPERIENCE WITH THE DUHAMEL-MARTIN
PROCEDURE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO OBSTRUCTED PATIENTS. N.B. Natsikas, et al.; Dis Colon Rectum (March, 1987, issue 30 (3)). Pp. 204-206.
SEGMENTAL INTESTINAL MUSCULAR THINNING; A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF INTESTINAL
OBSTRUCTION IN THE NEWBORN. J.F. Johnson, et al.; Radiology (December, 1987, issue 165 (3)). Pp. 659-660.
Hirschsprung's Disease
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
623: Histidinemia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Histidinemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM list to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Histidase Deficiency
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Histidinemia is a very rare hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme histidase which is necessary for the metabolism of the amino acid histidine. The concentration of histidine is elevated in the blood. Excessive amounts of histidine, imidazole pyruvic acid, and other imidazole metabolism products are excreted in the urine. Mental retardation and a speech defect have been found in some cases of histidinemia, while in other cases, no obvious symptoms appear to indicate that a person may have this disorder.
Symptoms
Early cases of histidinemia were characterized by mental retardation and a characteristic speech defect. Seizures, unusual behavior and learning disabilities were found. The concentration of the amino acid histidine is elevated in the blood. Excessive amounts of histidine, imidazole pyruvic acid, and other imidazole metabolism products are excreted in the urine. Most persons with histidinemia adapt to the presence of excessive histidine in the blood and do not suffer any ill effects. Scientists are now able to recognize histidinemia in a wide range of patients with and without symptoms.
Causes
Histidinemia is inherited through autosomal recessive genes in most cases. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If a person receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, he or she will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is 25 percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Histidinemia is estimated to occur in about one in 20,000 births. The abnormality begins at birth, and affects males and females in equal numbers. It is now thought to be a probably benign disorder. Early cases were discovered by screening patients in institutions for the mentally retarded, accounting for the initial association with mental defects.
Related Disorders
There are many metabolic disorders that may cause symptoms similar to those attributed to histidinemia, including speech defects, learning disorders and/or mental retardation. (For more information, choose "metabolic" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Histidinuria due to a renal tubular defect is a very rare, autosomal recessive genetic metabolic disorder, characterized by excessive levels of the amino acid histidine in the urine. The disorder is caused by a defect of histidine reabsorption in the distal tubules of the kidney.
Therapies: Standard
Usually no treatment of histidinemia is necessary. Speech therapy can be helpful to overcome speech defects. Genetic counseling can be of benefit to families with histidinemia.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Histidinemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
HISTIDINEMIA: B.N. LA DU; In: THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.; McGraw Hill, 1983. P. 347.
HISTIDINAEMIA. PART I: RECONCILING RETROSPECTIVE AND PROSPECTIVE
FINDINGS: C.R. Scriver, et al.; Journal Inherited Metab Dis (1983: issue 6(2)). Pp. 51-53.
HISTIDINAEMIA. PART II: IMPACT; A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY: A. Rosenmann, et al.; Journal Inherited Metab Dis (1983: issue 6(2)). Pp. 54-57.
HISTIDINAEMIA. PART III: IMPACT; A PROSPECTIVE STUDY; J.T. Coulombe, et al.; Journal Inherited Metab Dis (1983: issue 6(2)). Pp. 58-61.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1027-1028.
Histidinemia
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"q"Copyright (C) 1987, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
408: Histiocytosis-X
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Histiocytosis-X) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis (LCH)
Letterer-Siwe Disease
Abt-Letterer-Siwe Disease
Acute Disseminated Histiocytosis-X
Hand-Schueller-Christian Syndrome
Hashimoto-Pritzker Syndrome
Langerhans-Cell Granulomatosis
Eosinophilic Granuloma
Non-Lipid Reticuloendotheliosis
Pure Cutaneous Histiocytosis
Self-Healing Histiocytosis
Systemic Aleukemic Reticuloendotheliosis
Type II Histiocytosis
Schueller-Christian Disease
Multifocal Eosinophilic Granuloma
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Infection-associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Histiocytosis-X is a term formerly given to three blood disorders that share basic characteristics and a common origin. As a result of better understanding of this childhood illness, the term Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) is now often applied. This group of disorders develop similarly although symptoms vary widely between cases. The most common feature is the abnormal accumulation of a specific type of tissue cell (histiocytes) in various organs. The type of damage caused by accumulations depends on the size and location of the "growth". Bones, skin, the liver, spleen, lungs and brain are most commonly affected. The growths are not cancerous despite the aggressive clinical course and therapies resembling those used for cancer patients. Most cases are sporadic (non-familial). Although more than one case has appeared in the same family, no clear inheritance pattern has been identified.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Histiocytosis-X (Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis) depends on the organs affected. Pain (at sites of bone involvement), draining ears, skin rash, or excessive thirst and urination (hypothalamus/pituitary) can occur. This disorder may be limited, short term with spontaneous healing, and not recur. Other cases may be widespread with new lesions possibly developing for years. In these acute cases, patients often have blood count abnormalities because of destruction of the normal blood cells by an enlarged spleen and invasion of the bone marrow where the normal cells are produced. This frequently causes excessive bleeding from deficiency of platelets (blood clotting cells), anemia from loss of red blood cells, and infection from deficiency of white blood cells.
Breathing difficulty may be caused by histiocytic infiltration or a secondary lung infection. Skin lesions may include small sacs containing pus, small solid reddish elevations on the skin surface, knots visible under the skin, scaly/greasy rashes, ulceration, purplish red spots or bleeding under the skin.
When the hypothalamic/pituitary area of the brain is involved, diabetes insipidus (excessive thirst and urination) may occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Diabetes Insipidus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database). Damage to other parts of the pituitary may cause growth failure, thyroid deficiency or abnormalities in sexual hormones. Some patients with chronic disease may develop symptoms from healing/scarring that are difficult to distinguish from active histiocytic growth, especially in the liver and lungs. Swelling of the gums, premature eruption of the teeth and tooth loss occurs in some cases. Protrusion of the eyeballs may develop, possibly leading to loss of clear vision.
In rare cases with no active disease apparent for years, difficulty with walking and body control may develop due to neurological abnormalities. Since cases may have a wide range of involvement, a physician should clarify the possibilities for each patient individually.
Causes
The exact cause(s) of Histiocytosis-X (Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis) are not known. The Langerhans cell is a normal cell that responds to a variety of immune system stimuli. Possible causes also include infections or immune system abnormalities, but these theories have not been proven. Symptoms are caused by excessive growth and spread of tissue cells called histiocytes, but researchers do not know what triggers this abnormal process.
Affected Population
Histiocytosis-X (Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis) symptoms can begin at any age although it is more common in children than adults. The most severe cases seem to occur in affected children under two years of age. (For more information on other types of Histiocytosis, use "Histiocytosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Histiocytosis-X (Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis). Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, also known as Hemophagocytic Reticulosis, is usually an inherited disorder beginning during infancy. It is marked by fever, blood cell deficiencies, enlarged liver and spleen, signs of liver damage, an inborn tendency to bleeding easily, and neurological manifestations.
Infection-associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome is not inherited but has symptoms closely resembling those of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Central nervous system and liver lesions occur in both of these systemic disorders, which are only distinguished by association with infectious agents or family history.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of some forms of Histiocytosis-X (Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis) may require no treatment after the diagnosis has been confirmed. Localized lesions may be treated with injections of steroids or radiotherapy depending on their location, presence of severe pain or possibility of diminished function. A form of chemotherapy is commonly used to treat both aggressive and chronic widespread forms of this disorder. Adults with symptoms limited to the lungs may be treated with long-term steroid and/or radiotherapy. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research involving Histiocytosis-X (Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis) is being conducted in the United States. Cooperative treatment groups in Germany/Austria and Italy have also studied various treatment procedures. The use of immune system modulators and bone marrow transplantations are currently being investigated as a possible treatment for this disorder. More research is necessary before these therapies can be recommended.
Researchers are investigating experimental treatments for Histiocytosis patients at the following center at Yale University: The Histioytosis Center, Yale University, Dept. of Pediatrics, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06510.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Histiocytosis-X, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Histiocytosis-X Association
609 New York Road
Glassboro, NJ 08028
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
Dr. Diane Komp
Yale University School of Medicine
Dept. of Pediatrics
P.O. Box 333
New Haven, CT 06510
Dr. Blaise E. Favara
Dept. of Pediatrics
Izaak Walton Killam Hospital for Children
P.O. Box 3070
Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3J 3G9
Canada
References
POINT OF VIEW: HISTIOCYTOSIS SYNDROMES IN CHILDREN: B. Favara, et al.; Lancet (January 24, 1987). Pp. 208-209.
EDITORIALS: LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS: Diane Komp; New England Journal of Medicine (Vol. 316, No. 12). Pp. 747-748.
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Copyright (C) 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
662: Hodgkin's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hodgkin's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hodgkin Disease
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Infectious Diseases
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hodgkin's Disease is a form of cancer of the lymphatic system, especially the lymph nodes. Tumors occur in the lymph nodes (places where lymphatic vessels unite) and/or the area around the nodes. Fever, night sweats, and weight loss may occur along with swollen lymph nodes.
Symptoms
Usually, the first sign of Hodgkin's Disease is a swollen lymph node. Two-thirds of the time, a lymph node in the neck is affected. Otherwise, lymph nodes in the armpits, chest, groin, or abdomen are affected. The disease may spread to other lymph nodes, the area around the nodes, the spleen, liver, lungs, and bone marrow. Some patients may also have fever, night sweats, weight loss, and rarely, bone pain.
Examination of the affected lymph node tissue by a pathologist shows particular cells called Reed-Sternberg cells.
It is important to determine how far the disease has spread since this determines the appropriate treatment program. Usually physicians use the Ann Arbor Classification System to determine what 'stage' the disease is in. The stage depends on the number and location of malignant sites, whether or not the sites are lymphatic or not, and the presence or absence of weight loss, fever, and sweats.
Causes
Like most forms of cancer, the exact cause of Hodgkin's Disease is not known. It might be caused by an infectious agent, such as a virus. Rarely, cases of Hodgkin's Disease have been clustered in a particular geographic area or in a family.
Affected Population
The majority of Hodgkin's Disease patients are between 15 and 40 years of age at diagnosis. A smaller number are affected after the age of 50. If the cells of the affected lymph nodes are examined, four disease types can be recognized. One type predominantly affects young women and is the most common. The second and third most common types usually affect older males and teenage males, respectively. The rarest type occurs more often in older patients.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hodgkin's Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas are a group of cancers of the lymphatic system. Swollen lymph nodes in the neck or groin occur and usually spread throughout the body. Anemia (abnormally low levels of red blood cells), leukemia (abnormally high levels of abnormal white blood cells), weight loss, fever, night sweats, and weakness may also occur. The cause of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma is unknown but it may be caused by a virus. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma may occur at any age.
Burkitt's Lymphoma is a lymphatic system cancer that affects the lymph nodes as well as other areas of the body. Tumors may occur in the kidneys, gonads, bone marrow, or central nervous system as well as the lymph nodes. Burkitt's Lymphoma may be infectious. It rarely occurs in the United States and is more common in Central Africa.
The presenting symptoms of Hodgkin's Disease may mimic many infectious diseases. One of the symptoms of leukemia and other forms of cancer may be enlarged lymph nodes. It is important to rule out these other possibilities, before a diagnosis can be made.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hodgkin's Disease depends on the stage of the disease. Radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are treatment options.
Radiotherapy destroys lymphocytes and shrinks enlarged lymph nodes.
Chemotherapy involves the use of 'anticancer' drugs. There are several drug regimens now in use. The drug combination of nitrogen mustard, Oncovin (vincristine), procarbazine, and prednisone is called MOPP. The use of Adriamycin (doxorubicin), bleomycin, vinblastine, and decarbazine (DTIC) is called ABVD. MOPP and ABVD have been used together, alternating every month. MOP-BAP is the use of nitrogen mustard, Oncovin (vincristine), procarbazine, bleomycin, Adriamycin, and prednisone. Chlorambucil, vinblastine, procarbazine, and prednisone is known as ChlVPP. All these drugs may produce adverse side effects and must be carefully monitored by a doctor.
Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
The drug Leukine, manufactured by Immunex Corp., has received FDA approval for the treatment of Hodgkin's Disease.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Cancer Institute conducts clinical trials on new drugs being tested for Hodgkin's Disease and other forms of cancer. To learn about locations of these investigations, contact the Cancer Information Service, 1-800-4-CANCER.
The French pharmaceutical manufacturer, FOURNIER, is developing the drug LF1695, which may restore the immune system in children with Hodgkin's Disease, Schwachman Syndrome, and Chagas Disease. Physicians interested in obtaining LF1695 may contact:
Fournier Labs
BP90, Daix,
21121 Fontaine
Les Dijon, France
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hodgkin's Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 986.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1094-1104.
WINNING THE BATTLE AGAINST HODGKIN'S DISEASE: K. Consalvo & M. Gallagher; RN (December, 1986). Pp. 20-25.
TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR HODGKIN'S DISEASE: G. Bonadonna; Semin Hematol (April, 1988: issue 25(2 suppl 2)). Pp. 51-57.
Hodgkin's Disease
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#Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
791: Holoprosencephaly
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Holoprosencephaly) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Holoprosencephaly Sequence
HS
Alobar Holoprosencephaly
Familial Alobar Holoprosencephaly
Lobar Holoprosencephaly
Semilobar Holoprosencephaly
Holoprosencephaly Malformation Complex
Arhinencephaly
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Holoprosencephaly is the failure of the prosenceplon section of the forebrain (the part of the brain in the fetus that evolves into parts of the adult brain) to develop. This causes defects in the development of the middle of the face and in brain structure and function. Closely set eyes (hypotelorism), missing front teeth (incisors), and an abnormally small head (microcephaly) may occur. Rarely, severely affected infants are born with cyclopia (the eyes fused into one) and a deformed or absent nose.
Symptoms
Holoprosencephaly is a malformation sequence that can be mild or severe. Many severely affected children are stillborn or die within a few days. Some mildly affected children may live for months or years.
Individuals affected mildly with Holoprosencephaly may have closely set eyes (hypotelorism), missing front teeth (incisors), and an abnormally small head (microcephaly). Cleft lip and/or palate may also occur. Mental retardation also occurs.
Rarely, the most severely affected individuals may have cebocephaly or cyclopia. Cebocephalic individuals have a deformed or absent nose, and either closely set eyes or cyclopia. Cyclopia is the most severe and rarest finding in Holoprosencephaly and is characterized by the fusion of the eyes together.
Holoprosencephaly may also affect other systems in the body, including absence of the pituitary gland. An abnormally low concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood (hypoglycemia) may then occur. Interruption of normal breathing (apnea) and seizure disorders may also be present. Males may have an abnormally small penis (micropenis).
Causes
The exact cause of Holoprosencephaly is not known. This birth defect occurs alone in the majority of cases; however, certain chromosomal abnormalities including Trisomy 13, 18p- and 13q- Syndromes, and Meckel-Gruber Syndrome, should be considered. A higher incidence of Holoprosencephaly has been reported in children of diabetic mothers. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the fetus has also been associated with Holoprosencephaly. Several reported cases have involved parents who were related to each other. Finally, Holoprosencephaly can be inherited. However, there is disagreement as to whether it is transmitted through autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive genes. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Trisomy 13", "18p", "13q", "Meckel-Gruber" or "Cytomegalovirus" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Holoprosencephaly is a very rare disorder affecting males and females in equal numbers before birth. The incidence of Holoprosencephalic children with normal chromosomes has been estimated at between 1 in 16,000 and 1 in 53,394 live births.
Related Disorders
Holoprosencephaly usually includes mental retardation and cleft lip or palate. There are many birth defects in which mental retardation is a symptom. (For more information, choose "Mental Retardation" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cleft lip and cleft palate are among the most common birth defects found in newborn infants. A cleft occurs when the roof of the mouth is not completely closed at birth. This opening or fissure is due to a failure of the upper jaw bones (maxillae) to properly fuse together during development of the embryo. This deformity may affect the entire roof of the mouth (palate), the lip, or both. The severity of the cleft may range from a barely visible notch to complete non-closure and deformity of the lip and palate. It may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, it can be a symptom of other birth defects, or it may involve a complex genetic pattern not understood as of yet. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cleft" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
The presence of Holoprosencephaly can be detected prenatally through ultrasound. Prenatal chromosomal examination of subsequent pregnancies may be indicated. Computerized tomography may be used to determine the severity of the Holoprosencephaly.
Pediatricians, dentists, special education teachers, surgeons, speech pathologists, psychologists and others must systematically and comprehensively plan the child's treatment for Holoprosencephaly. Plastic reconstructive surgery of the face may be considered in some cases.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Family members of children with Holoprosencephaly should be carefully examined for mild symptoms such as a single front tooth (incisor) instead of two, and closely-set eyes (hypotelorism). Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Holoprosencephaly, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Fighters for Encephaly Defects Support Group
3032 Brereton Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
(412) 687-6437
Society for the Rehabilitation of the Facially Disfigured
550 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 340-5400
Association For Retarded Citizens of U.S.
P.O. Box 6109
Arlington, TX 76005
(817) 640-0204
1-800-433-5255
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth L. Jones; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp.546-7.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 987.
SONOGRAPHY OF FACIAL FEATURES OF ALOBAR AND SEMILOBAR HOLOPROSENCEPHALY:
J.P. McGahan, et al.; AJR Am J Roentgenol (January, 1990, issue 154(1)). Pp. 143-8.
HOLOPROSENCEPHALY: A DEVELOPMENTAL FIELD DEFECT: V.P. Johnson; Am J Genet (October, 1989, issue 34(2)). Pp. 258-64.
Holoprosencephaly
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
523: Holt-Oram Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Holt-Oram Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
HOS
Heart-Hand Syndrome
Atriodigital Dysplasia
Upper Limb-Cardiovascular Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Thrombocytopenia Absent Radius Syndrome (TAR)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Holt-Oram Syndrome is a genetic disorder consisting of congenital heart disease and upper limb abnormalities. Often, the forearm, fingers and wrists are deformed. Although some affected individuals may have limb defects only, they may pass the more severe syndrome to their offspring. Some skeletal defects occur, but may be so slight they are not noticed.
Symptoms
Holt-Oram Syndrome is characterized by a particular group of structural abnormalities of veins, and more frequently, arteries of the heart (e.g., defects of the wall between the chambers of the right and left side of the heart), and skeletal malformations. The bones of the shoulder are not proportioned, and the arms are abnormally shortened so that the hands are attached close to the body. The thumbs may be underdeveloped, fingers may be webbed and/or permanently bent, and bones of the forearm and hand are often shorter than normal. The fleshy prominence on the palm of the hand between the thumb and wrist (thenar eminence) may also be abnormally flat. Occasionally, bone abnormalities may be so slight as to escape notice. The skeletal defects often occur on both sides of the body, but may be somewhat more severe on the left side. Abnormalities of the wrist (carpal bones) appear to occur more often than those of the thumb.
No exact correlation in degree of severity between affected parents and children with Holt-Oram Syndrome has been identified. Persons with mild skeletal defects only may pass on a more severe form of the disorder to their offspring. This condition has been observed to occur in more than one person in a family.
Causes
Holt-Oram Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) The exact mechanism whereby the malformations occur is not well understood, although it is thought to be a biochemical abnormality occurring during the fourth to fifth week of pregnancy when the upper limb buds and the heart tube undergo major changes in the embryo.
Affected Population
Approximately two hundred cases of Holt-Oram Syndrome have been identified worldwide since it was first described in 1960. This disorder can affect all ethnic groups and races. Males and females are affected in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Holt-Oram Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Thrombocytopenia Absent Radius Syndrome (TAR) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by congenital absence of the forearm bone (radius) associated with an unusually low number of platelets in circulating blood (thrombocytopenia). The disorder begins during infancy but later improves. Congenital heart disease and kidney abnormalities may occur in some cases. (For more information on this disorder, choose "TAR" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Holt-Oram Syndrome is treated by surgical correction where necessary, both of the heart and skeletal problems. Pregnant women at risk of having an affected child may undergo ultrasound imaging procedures prenatally to evaluate fetal development as early as fourteen weeks into pregnancy. Genetic counseling is recommended for patients and their families. Services which benefit the physically handicapped may be of benefit in some cases. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Holt-Oram Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Heart Association
7320 Greenville Ave.
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
For Heart Symptom Information:
NIH/National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute (NHLBI)
Office of Public Inquiries
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For Bone Symptom Information:
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
International Center for Skeletal Dysplasia
2t. Joseph Hospital
7620 York Road
Towson, MD 21204
(301)337-1250
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
This Rare Disease Database Entry is based upon outlines prepared by medical and dental students (1984-1986) at the Medical College of Virginia for their course in human genetics, and the following articles:
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 380.
CROSS-SECTIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF SUPRACARDIAC TOTAL ANOMALOUS
PULMONARY VENOUS DRAINAGE TO A VERTICAL VEIN IN A PATIENT WITH HOLT-ORAM
SYNDROME: K.Z. Zhang, et al.; Chest (January 1981, issue 79(1)). Pp. 113-115.
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
463: Homocystinuria
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Homocystinuria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Homocystinemia
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Cystathioninuria
Marfan Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Homocystinuria is a rare hereditary error of metabolism. The amino acid methionine is not properly metabolized due to a defect in the enzyme cystathionine synthetase.
Symptoms
Homocystinuria is a genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, dislocated lenses, sparse hair, chronic flushing of the face (malar flush), and relaxation of ligaments. Patients may exhibit the symptoms of Marfan Syndrome. This hereditary connective tissue disorder is characterized by an elongated body, long, thin arms and legs, spiderlike hands and fingers, cardiovascular defects, and depression of the breast bone (pectus excavatum).
The enzyme cystathionine synthetase is deficient in homocystinuria. The amino acids homocystine and methionine are elevated in the blood plasma, cerebro-spinal fluid and urine. The lenses of one or both eyes, may be out of their normal position (ectopic), fibers of the lens may degenerate, and zonal cataracts are possible. Porous bones (Osteoporosis) may also occur. The walls of the blood vessels may show degeneration. Blood clots (thromboemboli) may block the blood flow, possibly in the lung vessels (pulmonary embolism), or in the blood vessels feeding the heart muscle (coronary occlusion). These conditions may be life-threatening. (For more information on cataracts, choose "cataracts" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database; for more information on Osteoporosis, see the articles in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services.)
Causes
Homocystinuria is a genetic disorder inherited through autosomal recessive genes. Symptoms are caused by an inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from deficiency of the enzyme cystathionine synthetase, responsible for synthesis of the amino acid cystathionine.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Homocystinuria starts at birth. Males and females are affected in equal numbers. Like other inborn errors of metabolism, it is a very rare disorder.
Related Disorders
Cystathioninuria is a genetic disorder transmitted through autosomal recessive genes. It is caused by an inborn error of metabolism, cystathionase. An excessive amount of cystathionine in the urine can be identified by tests. Mental retardation sometimes also occurs.
Marfan Syndrome is a genetic disorder of connective tissue. It primarily affects the bones and ligaments, the eyes, the cardiovascular system, and the lungs. Persons with Marfan Syndrome will be tall, slender, and somewhat loose-jointed. The arms, legs, and fingers may be disproportionately long. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Marfan" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Homocystinuria consists in controlled supplemental intake of the amino acids methionine, cystine, and folic acid. Massive doses of pyridoxine (a form of Vitamin B6) may also be prescribed. Genetic counseling will be helpful for families of children with Homocystinuria.
Therapies: Investigational
In patients with Homocystinuria who are also affected by reduced activity of the enzyme methionine synthase, experimental treatment with Vitamin B-12 is being tested. More research is needed to determine effectiveness of this treatment.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Homocystinuria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.,: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983.
Homocystinuria
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Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
864: Horner's Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Horner Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Oculosympathetic Palsy
Bernard-Horner Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Adie Syndrome
Wallenberg Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the Resources section of this report.
Horner's Syndrome is a disorder that consists of extreme contraction of the pupil of the eye (miosis), drooping of the upper eyelid (ptosis), absence of sweating of the face (anidrosis), and sinking of the eyeball into the bony cavity that protects the eye (enophthalmos). The disorder is caused by a buildup of tissue (lesion or growth) or injury somewhere along the cervical sympathetic chain. The cervical sympathetic chain is a grouping of nerves that involuntarily stimulate the muscles, the heart, and the sweat glands. This chain governs the uncontrolled reflexes our body performs such as contraction of the eye.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Horner's Syndrome are:
1. Drooping of the upper eyelid (ptosis). This is caused by paralysis of the muscles of the eye that help the lens to be curved or rounded (Muller's muscle).
2. Sinking of the eyeball into the cavity that protects it (enophthalmos). This is caused by a narrowing of the fold on the eyelid due to drooping and swelling of the upper eyelid.
3. Swelling of the lower eyelid. This is due to paralysis of the muscle attached to the tissue that helps support the eyelid.
4. An absence of sweating on the same side of the face as the affected eye. This is caused by a lesion in a nerve near the base of the skull.
5. The pupil becomes smaller (contraction).
6. An increase in vibration when the eye is adjusting to see things at different distances.
7. Each iris may be a different color, or two different colors within one iris (heterochromia). This is caused by congenital (inborn) or acquired lesions.
Causes
Horner's Syndrome is caused by a partial interruption of the sympathetic chain due to a lesion or growth. The lesion develops somewhere along the path from the eye to a point in the brain that controls involuntary movements. The lesion may be present at birth, acquired during infancy, develop sporadically, or be caused by trauma.
The most common causes of Horner's Syndrome are:
Inflammation or growth located in the lymph nodes located in the neck.
Trauma to the neck caused by injury or surgery.
A lesion or growth near the nerves in the cavity under the arm that supplies nerves to the shoulder, chest, and arm.
Fracture at the base of the skull.
A lesion of the first and second segments of the spine caused by injury.
A chronic, progressive disease of the spinal cord.
A blood clot, air bubble in the blood, or lesion on either side of the brainstem.
A tumor in the lung.
When Horner's Syndrome occurs for no other apparent reason, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Horner's Syndrome is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers and may occur at any age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Horner's Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
Adie Syndrome is a rare neurological disorder affecting the pupil of the eye. The symptoms of this syndrome are a large (dilated) pupil, and slow reaction to light or focus on nearby objects. In some patients the pupil may be smaller than normal rather than dilated. Absent or poor reflexes are also associated with this disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Adie Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Wallenberg Syndrome is a rare disorder caused by a blood clot. It is characterized by difficulty articulating words due to disease of the central nervous system, difficulty swallowing, a staggering gait, dizziness, low pressure of the fluid in the eyeball that gives it a round shape, lack of coordination in voluntary movement, rapid involuntary movement of the eyeball, signs of Horner's Syndrome on the side where the lesion is present, and a loss of pain and temperature senses on the side of the body opposite the lesion.
Therapies: Standard
The treatment of Horner's Syndrome depends on the location and cause of the lesion or tumor. In some cases surgical removal of the lesion or growth may be appropriate. Radiation and chemotherapy may be beneficial to patients with malignant tumors.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families if they have the genetic form of this disorder. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Horner's Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Eye Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5248
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 472.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 2113-4.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.: Raymond D. Adams and Maurice Victor, Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Co., 1989. Pp. 20-21, 435-6.
CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, 2nd Ed.: Jack J. Kanski, Editor; Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990. Pp. 474-5.
Horner's Syndrome
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%Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
282: Hunter Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hunter Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II
MPS II
MPS Disorder
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
MPS IIA
MPS IIB
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS Disorders) are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by the deficiency of one of ten specific lysosomal enzymes resulting in an inability to metabolize complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) into simpler molecules. The accumulation of these large, undegraded mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the body causes a number of physical symptoms and abnormalities.
The most prevalent form of MPS Type II is called Hunter Syndrome. The disorder can be manifested in a mild or a severe form.
Symptoms
Two types of Hunter syndrome (MPS II) have been recognized, mild and severe, both with the same enzymatic deficiency, iduronate sulfatase. The severe form of Hunter syndrome has features similar to Hurler syndrome except for the lack of corneal clouding and slower progression of physical involvement and mental retardation.
In the severe form of this disorder, physical and mental development reach a peak at 2-4 years of age with subsequent deterioration. Recurrent urinary and upper respiratory infections, a chronic runny nose, liver enlargement, joint stiffness and growth failure commonly occur with the severe from of Hunter syndrome. Coarsening of the facial features with thickening of the nostrils, lips and tongue usually occur between 2 and 4 years of age. Hydrocephalus is commonly found in this form of Hunter syndrome after 4 years of age. (For more information, choose "hydrocephalus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Thick skin, short neck, widely spaced teeth, and hearing loss of varying degree are also commonly present. Nodular skin lesions on the arm or the posterior chest wall, extra-high arched feet (pes cavus) and diarrhea also may occur.
In the mild form of Hunter syndrome, mental function is usually normal and physical deterioration is greatly reduced compared to the severe form. Complications of the mild form of the disorder may include heart, coronary and valvular disease, hearing impairment, reduced circulation in the hands due to compression of veins in the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome), and joint stiffness which can result in loss of hand function.
Causes
Hunter Syndrome is an x-linked recessive hereditary disorder, in which a deficiency in the enzyme odirpmate sulfatase causes the physical and mental deterioration. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.)
Affected Population
Hunter Syndrome affects only males, with symptoms becoming apparent at approximately 2-4 years of age. The disorder occurs in 1 out of 100,000 live births.
Related Disorders
There are many types of Mucopolysaccharidoses. (For more information, choose "MPS Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
DiFerrante syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis VIII) is a disorder described in a single patient with clinical and biochemical features of Morquio and Sanfilippo syndromes. The disorder had been reported to be due to a deficiency of glucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase. Subsequently, this disorder was called MPS VIII (DiFerrante syndrome). Dr. DiFerrante later found that the enzyme was normal in his patient, and the disorder had been misdiagnosed. Therefore, DiFerrante syndrome is not a valid medical disorder.
The Mucolipidoses are a family of similar disorders, producing symptoms very much like those of the Mucopolysaccharidoses.
I-cell disease, or Mucolipidosis Type II, resembles Hurler syndrome and the two disorders are very difficult to distinguish. I-cell disease has similar physical and mental deterioration as MPS I, but usually occurs earlier and is more severe. I-cell disease is characterized by diffused deficiency of lysosomal enzymes within the cell and is not associated with excretion of mucopolysaccharides in the urine. (For more information, choose "I-Cell Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy (Mucolipidosis III) is also transmitted by autosomal inheritance, but it is characterized by a deficiency of multiple lysosomal enzymes needed to break down mucopolysaccharides. ML III affects males more often than females, and can be identified by such symptoms as claw-like hands, somewhat coarse facial features, dwarfism and pain in the hands. Intelligence tends to be normal in most patients, but mild mental retardation is possible.
Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency (Mucolipidosis IV) is a disorder of unknown cause characterized by early clouding of the cornea, mild to moderate mental retardation and enlargement of spleen and liver.
(For more information on the Mucolipidoses, choose "ML Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hunter Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Hernias and joint contractures may be corrected by surgery. Surgical implantation of a ventricular shunt may be used to treat possible hydrocephalus. Hearing devices may be prescribed to treat hearing loss. Physical therapy, medical and genetic counseling services may be helpful to patients and families. Prenatal diagnosis is now possible for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Since prenatal diagnosis is now possible through amniocentesis and sampling of a tissue layer in the embryo (chorionic villus sampling), new treatments aimed at checking early development of Hunter Syndrome are now under study. One method involves replacing defective enzymes via enzyme replacement therapy and/or bone marrow transplants. Scientific study of gene replacement in animal models raises the hope that gene replacement may someday be made available to people with genetic disorders such as Hunter Syndrome.
The Mayo Clinic is investigating the use of Alpha Interferon as a treatment for Hunter Syndrome. For more information, physicians can contact:
Morie A. Gertz, M.D.
Dept. of Hematology & Internal Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN 55905
(507) 284-2511
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hunter Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National MPS Society
17 Kramer Street
Hicksville, NY 11801
(516) 931-6338
MPS (Mucopolysaccharidoses) Research Funding Center, Inc.
1215 Maxfield Road
Hartland, MI 48029
(313) 363-4412
Society of Mucopolysaccharide Diseases, Inc.
382 Parkway Blvd.
Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada R8A OK4
Society of MPS Diseases
30 Westwood Drive
Little Chalfont, Bucks, England
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MPS Society Brochure
MPS Research Funding Center Bulletin
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed.: Daniel Bergsma, ed; March of Dimes, 1979. Pp. 730.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 6th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press. 1983. Pp. 836.
Hunter Syndrome
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5Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
18: Huntington's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Huntington's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Chronic Progressive Chorea
Degenerative Chorea
HD
Hereditary Chorea
Hereditary Chronic Progressive Chorea
Huntington's Chorea
Very Early Onset Huntington's Disease (VEOHD)
Woody Guthrie's Disease
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hallervorden-Spatz Disease
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy (OPCA)
Syndenham's Chorea
Wilson's Disease
Tourette Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Huntington's Disease is an inherited progressively degenerative disorder of the nervous system. This disorder is characterized by involuntary muscle movements (chorea) and the loss of cognitive abilities (dementia).
Symptoms
Huntington's Disease is characterized by rapid uncontrollable muscle movements such as tics or muscle jerks (choreiform movements or chorea). This disorder causes a loss of coordination and personality changes. As the disease progresses, the ability to speak may be impaired, memory may fade and the involuntary jerky muscle movements (chorea) become more severe.
Huntington's Disease runs a 10 to 25 year progressive course. As the disorder progresses, the chorea may subside and there may be an absence of movement (akinesia). Dementia gradually develops. Patients with Huntington's Disease are at high risk of developing pneumonia as a result of being bedridden and undernourished.
There are powerful diagnostic tools available to aid in the diagnosis of Huntington's Disease. These include: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); CT scan or computerized tomography (an advanced X-ray technique showing detailed cross sections of the brain); EEG or electroencephalograph (an instrument that records electrical activity of the brain); and neuropsychological and/or genetic tests.
Causes
Huntington's Disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Scientific research suggests that when the Huntington's Disease gene is inherited from the mother (maternal inheritance), the first symptoms of this disease may be delayed past the age of fifty in many cases. The evidence also suggests that when the Huntington's Disease gene is inherited from the father (paternal inheritance), symptoms seem to begin at an earlier age.
The gene that causes Huntington's Disease is located on chromosome 4. Although scientists have not yet found the exact gene that causes Huntington's Disease, they have identified a "chromosome marker" which makes genetic testing possible.
Affected Population
Huntington's Disease affects approximately 1 in 10,000 people in the United States. An estimated 15,000 to 25,000 Americans have Huntington's Disease and another 150,000 people may be are at risk for the disease. This disease occurs equally in males and females, and is most common in Caucasian Americans.
A very rare childhood form of Huntington's Disease accounts for approximately 10 percent of all cases. This form of the disorder may occur in children as young as 2 years of age.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Huntington's Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hallervorden-Spatz Disease is a rare progressive disorder that affects muscle movement. It is associated with the degeneration of the nervous system. Hallervorden-Spatz Disease is characterized by uncontrolled muscle movements (dystonia), muscular rigidity, and the loss of cognitive abilities (dementia). The symptoms of this disease typically begin during childhood, although occasionally the disease begins in adulthood. Approximately one-third of people with Hallervorden-Spatz Disease experience sudden jerky muscle movements. Other less frequent symptoms may include joint pain (dysarthria), mental retardation, facial grimacing, impaired speech (dysphasia), and impaired vision. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hallervorden-Spatz" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy is a group of rare inherited disorders that are characterized by the progressive loss of the cerebellar cortex and other brain tissue. Five different types of Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy have been identified. The symptoms vary widely depending on the type of Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy present. Generally this disorder is characterized by an impaired ability to coordinate muscle movement, tremors, involuntary jerky muscle movements, impaired speech (dysphasia), loss of cognitive abilities and mental deterioration. A wide variety in severity and age of onset may be found in all types of Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Sydenham's Chorea is a disorder of the nervous system that begins abruptly after a streptococcal infection such as strep throat or rheumatic fever. This disorder usually affects young children and adolescents. Syndenham's Chorea is characterized by rapid, involuntary, non-repetitive muscle movements that may gradually become more severe and frequent. The muscles of the arms and legs are usually most affected. Speech may also be impaired. Other common symptoms may include clumsiness and facial grimacing. Chorea-like muscle movements tend to disappear with sleep. This disorder usually subsides in 3 to 6 months with no permanent neurological or muscle damage. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Syndenham" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Wilson's Disease is a rare inherited disorder that affects the liver, eyes and neuromuscular system. Symptoms develop due to the excessive accumulation of copper in body tissues, particularly the liver, brain and eyes. Early diagnosis and treatment of Wilson's Disease may prevent serious long-term disabilities. Neuromuscular symptoms of Wilson's Disease generally appear between the ages of 12 and 32 years. These symptoms may include drooling, joint pain (dysarthria), impaired speech (dysphasia), lack of muscle coordination, tremors, involuntary jerky muscle movements, muscle rigidity and double vision. Other late symptoms of Wilson's Disease may include a decrease in cognitive abilities, behavioral changes, depression and other psychiatric disturbances. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Wilson" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Tourette Syndrome is a neurological movement disorder that usually first appears between the ages of 2 to 16 years. Initial symptoms are often rapid eye blinking or facial grimaces, but many parts of the body can be affected. Symptoms wax and wane, with new symptoms replacing old ones that have disappeared. Tourette Syndrome is not progressive nor degenerative, and patients live a normal life span. Muscle and vocal tics characterize this disorder. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tourette" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Huntington's Disease is symptomatic and supportive. There are some treatments that may alleviate various symptoms temporarily. Phenothiazines and other neuroleptic drugs are marginally effective for the treatment of some behavioral symptoms. Special high calorie food preparations can help the patient to maintain weight and avoid choking during the later stages of Huntington's Disease.
DNA linkage analysis is a method of genetic testing that is used to determine whether a person is carrying a gene for a specific disorder. This test is now being widely used at genetic clinics for Huntington's Disease. People who have relatives with Huntington's Disease may be tested with DNA linkage analysis for the Huntington's Disease chromosome marker. This test is 99 percent accurate when enough family members are tested.
Therapies: Investigational
Several drugs are under investigation for possible use in the treatment of Huntington's Disease. The orphan drug cannabidiol is currently in clinical trials to test its effectiveness as a possible treatment for Huntington's Disease. Interested patients should have their physician contact:
Paul F. Consroe, Ph.D.
Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology
College of Pharmacology
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ 85721
Another experimental drug, MK-801, is being tested to determine whether it can block the effects of quinolinic acid. Quinolinic acid is thought to damage brain cells (neurons) in people with Huntington's Disease.
The drug idebenone (AVAN) is being used in Japan to treat patients with cognitive problems resulting from strokes. This drug appears to prevent brain cell degeneration. In the United States idebenone is being tested on a small number of people with Huntington's Disease to determine its possible therapeutic value. Interested patients should have their physicians contact:
Huntington's Disease Center
Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine
Drug Study Project
600 N. Wolfe St.
Baltimore, MD 21287-7281
(301) 955-2398
Drs. Allen Rubin at the School of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey and Ira Shoulson at the University of Rochester, NY are testing the drug Prozac for its possible value in the treatment of Huntington's Disease. Both studies are restricted to those people in early stages of Huntington's Disease and involve restrictions on the prescribed medications that are taken by the patients. Eligible patients who would like to participate in this study, may have their physician contact one of the following:
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
Dr. Allen J. Rubin, Asst. Prof. of Neurology
Camden, NJ
(609) 751-9047
University of Rochester
Charlyne Miller, RN, MS, Nurse Coordinator
601 Elmwood Ave.
P.O. Box 673
Rochester, NY 14642
(716) 275-5130
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Huntington's Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Huntington's Disease Society of America
140 W. 22nd Street, 6th Floor
New York, NY 10011
(212) 242-1968
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
The Hereditary Disease Foundation
606 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 504
Santa Monica, CA 90401
(213) 458-4183
Huntington Society of Canada
13 Water Street North, No. 3
P.O. Box 333
Cambridge, Ontario NIR 5TB
Canada
(519) 622-1002
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed.: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1420, 2141.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 550-555.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2135-2136.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 882-883.
HUNTINGTON DISEASE: GENETICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY, P.M. Conneally; American Journal of Human Genetics (May 1984; 36(3)): Pp. 506-525.
$Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
284: Hurler Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hurler Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I
MPS Disorder
MPS I
Gargoylism
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Hurler Disease, also known as Mucopolysaccharidosis I-H
Scheie Syndrome, also known as Mucopolysaccharidosis I-S
Hurler-Scheie Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS Disorders), are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by the deficiency of one of ten specific lysosomal enzymes, resulting in an inability to metabolize complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) into simpler molecules. The accumulation of these large, undegraded mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the body causes a number of physical symptoms and abnormalities. Hurler Syndrome is a form of MPS.
Symptoms
There are three forms of Hurler Syndrome with varying severity. All are due to alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency. Infants with Hurler Syndrome usually appear normal at birth, but may have inguinal and umbilical hernias. The diagnosis of Hurler Syndrome is commonly made between 6 and 24 months of age when the patient may exhibit coarse facial features, clouding of the cornea, enlarged liver and spleen, a large tongue, skeletal abnormalities, poor growth, joint stiffness, and a prominent forehead.
Hurler Syndrome is characterized by high concentrations of mucopolysaccharides, dermatan and heparan sulfates, in the urine. It is the most severe form. Symptoms first become evident at 6 months to 2 years of age with developmental delay, recurrent urine and upper respiratory infections, noisy breathing and a persistent nasal discharge. Hydrocephalus is commonly present after the age of 2-3 years. (For more information on this disorder, choose "hydrocephalus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Other physical manifestations of this disorder may include clouding of the cornea of the eye, unusually large tongue, misaligned teeth, the development of a curved back and severe joint stiffness with clawlike hands. Mental development of Hurler syndrome usually reaches a peak at about 2 years of age with progressive mental retardation thereafter.
The milder form of Hurler Syndrome is known as Scheie syndrome. These patients have normal intelligence, stature and life expectancy, but suffer from physical symptoms such as stiff joints, clouding of the cornea, and flow of blood from the aorta back into the left ventricle of the heart (aortic regurgitation). The onset of symptoms in patients with Scheie syndrome usually occurs after the age of 5 years. However, diagnosis is commonly delayed to between 10 to 20 years of age.
Hurler-Scheie syndrome is an intermediate form and is characterized by normal intelligence but progressive physical involvement which is milder than Hurler syndrome. Corneal clouding, joint stiffness, deafness and valvular heart disease can develop by the early to mid-teens, causing significant impairment.
Causes
Hurler Syndrome in all three of its variations is transmitted genetically, with each parent contributing one recessive gene carrying exactly the same type of genetic inheritance. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
The enzyme that is normally present to break down the carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) that is missing in Hurler Syndrome I is alpha-L-iduronidase.
Affected Population
Hurler Syndrome tends to affect males and females equally with an incidence of about 1 in 100,000 live births.
Related Disorders
There are many types of Mucopolysaccharidoses. For more information on these diseases, choose "MPS Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
DiFerrante Syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis VIII) is a disorder described in a single patient with clinical and biochemical features of Morquio and Sanfilippo syndromes. The disorder had been reported to be due to a deficiency of glucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase. Subsequently, this disorder was called MPS VIII (DiFerrante syndrome). Dr. DiFerrante later found that the enzyme was normal in his patient, and the disorder had been misdiagnosed. Therefore, DiFerrante Syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis VIII) is not a valid medical disorder.
The Mucolipidoses are a family of similar disorders, producing symptoms very much like those of the MPS disorders. For more information, choose "ML Disorder" for your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
I-cell disease, or Mucolipidosis Type II, resembles Hurler syndrome and the two disorders are very difficult to distinguish. I-cell disease has similar physical and mental deterioration as MPS I, but usually occurs earlier and is more severe. I-cell disease is characterized by diffused deficiency of lysosomal enzymes within the cell and is not associated with excretion of mucopolysaccharides in the urine. (For more information on this disorder, choose I-cell as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hurler Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Physical therapy, medical and genetic counseling services will be useful to patient and family. Prenatal diagnosis is now possible for this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Since prenatal diagnosis is now possible through amniocentesis and sampling of a tissue layer in the embryo (chorionic villus sampling), new treatments aimed at checking early development of MPS including Hurler Syndrome are now under study. One method involves replacing defective enzymes via enzyme replacement therapy and/or bone marrow transplants. Scientific study of gene replacement in animal models raises the hope that gene replacement therapy may someday be made available to people with genetic disorders such as MPS.
Scientists are beginning to study fetal tissue transplants in children with Hurler Syndrome. Earlier studies in animals showed promising results with this form of trestmernt, but there is no way to predict that this will work in humans.
The Mayo Clinic is investigating the use of Alpha Interferon as a treatment for Hurler Syndrome. For more information, physicians can contact:
Morie A. Gertz, M.D.
Dept. of Hematology & Internal Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN 55905
(507) 284-2511
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hurler Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
MPS (Mucopolysaccharidoses) Research Funding Center, Inc.
1215 Maxfield Road
Hartland, MI 48029
(313) 363-4412
National MPS Society
17 Kramer Street
Hicksville, NY 11801
(516) 931-6338
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Society of Mucopolysaccharide Diseases, Inc.
382 Parkway Blvd.
Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada R8A OK4
Society of MPS Diseases
30 Westwood Drive
Little Chalfont, Bucks, England
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MPS Society Brochure.
MPS Research Funding Center Bulletin.
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed.: Daniel Bergsma; March of Dimes, 1979. Pp. 727-729.
Hurler Syndrome
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03834.TXT
Copyright (C) 1986, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
130: Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Gilford's Syndrome
Premature Senility Syndrome
Progeria (Childhood)
Souques-Charcot Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome, or progeria of childhood, is characterized by dwarfism and extremely rapid ageing. The child remains very small and sexually infantile, but has grey hair, a wizened face, various characteristic facial features, and many of the physical signs of old age. The syndrome is very rare. Boys and girls are affected equally, and usually survive into their teens.
Symptoms
The child with Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome appears normal at birth, but stops growing at a normal rate around the age of one. Most children never exceed the height of an average five-year old during their lifetime.
Several facial features are typical for the disorder. The head is relatively large although the face tends to be small. The nose is sharp and beaklike, the chin recedes, and the eyes protrude. The eyes may have bluish Sclerae (white region of the eye) and cloudy corneas. Eyebrows, lashes, and head hair may be absent revealing prominent veins on the scalp, or the hair may turn grey. Because of the small size of the jaw, the teeth are often crowded and irregular.
The skin is dry and thin like parchment; underneath, sparseness of fat makes the face and body look old and wrinkled. Often, the skin has a brownish coloration.
The chest is narrow and the abdomen protrudes. The spleen may be enlarged. The sex organs remain undeveloped. Sometimes, there are hernias in the umbilical or inguinal (groin) areas.
Physiologically, there are signs of old age as well. The long bones (i.e., those in the limbs) are decalcified and thin. In adolescence, the patient becomes susceptible to strokes, atherosclerosis, occlusion of the coronary artery, and angina. These and assorted other complications are associated with high levels of lipoprotein (protein molecules carrying various kinds of lipids, including cholesterol) in the blood. Very rarely, amino acids (protein building blocks) are lost in the urine. Life threatening episodes may occur as a result of heart disease or stroke. Intelligence is normal.
Causes
The causes of Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome are not understood. There seems to be no familial pattern. Some studies vaguely implicate high paternal age, but this is not conclusive.
Affected Population
Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome is very rare; it affects males and females equally.
Related Disorders
An adult form of progeria is called Werner Syndrome. Gottron syndrome is a milder form of progeria involving only the hands and feet, which remain unusually small and age much more rapidly than the rest of the body. (For more information, see choose Werner and Gottron as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome is supportive. Symptomatic therapy of heart conditions, stroke, etc., may be necessary.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Progeria Foundation
3 Styvesant Oval, 9A
New York, NY 10009
The Progeria International Registry (PIR)
New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities
1050 Forest Hill Road
Staten Island, NY 10304
(718) 494-0600
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
Sunshine Foundation
4010 Levick St.
Philadelphia, PA 19135
The Sunshine Foundation raises funds to bring all children with Progeria
together once each year so that medical researchers can study their
progress while the children socialize in a vacation atmosphere.
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 630.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed., Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., W.B. Saunders, Co. 1988. Pp. 118-9.
Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome
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03835.TXT
Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
369: Hydranencephaly
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hydranencephaly) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hydroanencephaly
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Porencephaly
Hydrocephalus
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hydranencephaly is a central nervous system disorder inherited through an unknown mode of transmission. This extremely rare form of Porencephaly involves almost total absence of portions of the brain. Results of neurologic examination in newborns may be normal or abnormal. The head can appear enlarged at birth in some children. Vision impairment, lack of growth and intellectual deficits are symptomatic of this disorder.
Symptoms
Hydranencephaly can usually be detected at birth due to an enlarged head. Some infants may appear healthy at birth but may later fail to grow at a normal rate. Irritability and spasticity or rigidity of arms and legs are symptomatic of this disorder. Poor body temperature regulation, vision impairment and mental retardation may also occur.
Causes
Hydranencephaly is suspected to be an inherited disorder although the mode of transmission remains unknown. Some researchers believe that prenatal blockage of the carotid artery where it enters the cranium may be a cause of this disorder. However, the reason for the blockage is not known.
Affected Population
Hydranencephaly is present at birth. The disorder affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Porencephaly is a disorder of the central nervous system involving cerebral cysts or cavities in cortical brain tissue. The disorder can occur before or after birth. Fluid which can accumulate in the head can be drained through a surgical shunt procedure. The prognosis is variable. Some patients with this disorder may develop only minor neurological problems and have normal intelligence, while others may be severely disabled.
Hydrocephalus is a term describing an accumulation of fluid in the brain cavity which usually causes increased pressure inside the skull. It is characterized by enlargement of the head and prominence of the forehead. This disorder may begin suddenly and can be congenital or acquired; it can be a symptom of another disorder or a primary condition. Treatment with a surgical shunt procedure is generally successful in relieving pressure on the brain by draining the fluid out of the head. (For more information on this disorder, choose "hydrocephalus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hydranencephaly is symptomatic and supportive. When increased intracranial pressure is involved a shunt may be surgically implanted to drain the fluid from the brain. Infection and blockage of the shunt should be carefully guarded against. Services which benefit handicapped people and their families can be of benefit to those disabled by this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Research into Hydranencephaly and other inherited central nervous system disorders is ongoing. Understanding the role of genetics in fetal development is a major goal of scientists studying congenital neurological disorders.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hydranencephaly, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
For Information about Shunts:
Association for Brain Tumor Research
2910 West Montrose Ave.
Chicago, IL 60618
(312) 286-5571
The Children's Brain Disease Foundation For Research
350 Parnassus, Suite 900
San Francisco, CA 94117
(415) 566-5402
(415) 565-6259
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
HYDROANENCEPHALY: S. Gabrovski, et. al.; Ah Vopr Reirokhir (Sept.-Oct. 1984, issue 5) Pp. 32-38.
HYDRANENCEPHALY: PRENATAL AND NEONATAL ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE: D.J.
4Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
10: Hydrocephalus
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hydrocephalus) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hydrocephaly
Water on the Brain
Disorder Subdivisions:
Communicating Hydrocephalus
Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus
Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Internal Hydrocephalus
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Benign Hydrocephalus
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Spina Bifida
Meningitis
Epilepsy
Arnold-Chiari Syndrome
Encephalocele
Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous Syndrome
Walker-Warburg Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which abnormally dilated (widened) ventricles (cerebral spaces in the brain) inhibit the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the skull and puts pressure on the brain tissue. An enlarged head in infants and increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure are frequent findings but are not necessary for the diagnosis of Hydrocephalus. There are several different forms of Hydrocephalus: communicating hydrocephalus, non-communicating hydrocephalus or obstructive hydrocephalus, internal hydrocephalus, normal pressure hydrocephalus and benign hydrocephalus.
Symptoms
Hydrocephalus is characterized in children with an unusually large head (cephalomegaly), a thin, transparent scalp, a bulging forehead with prominent fontalelles (space between the bones of the skull) and a downward gaze. Other symptoms may include convulsions, abnormal reflexes, a slowed heartbeat and respiratory rate, headache, vomiting, irritability, weakness and problems with vision. Blindness and continuing mental deterioration may occur if treatment is not administered.
When hydrocephalus begins as an adolescent or a young adult, the facial abnormalities (physiognomic) are less obvious than in children with congenital or early onset hydrocephalus. Many of the other mental and physiologic symptoms are the same, with the added loss of previously acquired coordinated movement (motor coordination). Acquired hydrocephalus in children and adolescents is often associated with symptoms of hypopituitarism (under-active pituitary gland) such as delayed growth and obesity, and general weakness.
Hydrocephalus is subdivided according to the particular defect that exists in the brain and whether or not the cerebrospinal fluid pressure is high or normal.
In "communicating hydrocephalus" there is no blockage (obstruction) in the cerebral spaces of the brain (ventricular system); the cerebrospinal fluid flows readily into the subarachnoid space (the space between the arachnoid and pia mater membranes in the brain), but the fluid is not absorbed readily, or perhaps produced in too great a quantity to be absorbed.
In "noncommunicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus", the cerebrospinal fluid is blocked causing dilation (widening) of the pathways upstream of the block, leading to increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the skull.
"Normal-pressure hydrocephalus", which affects middle-aged and older persons, is characterized by dilated ventricles but normal pressure within the spinal column (lumbar pressure). This type of hydrocephalus may be detected by a diagnostic test known as pneumoencephalography. A pneumoencephalography is a procedure in which air is injected into certain spaces in the brain (lumbar subarachnoid spaces) and X-ray (radiographic) studies are done. Other symptoms of normal-pressure hydrocephalus include loss of memory and intellectual capacity (dementia), loss of muscle coordination (ataxia) and loss of bladder control (urinary incontinence).
Causes
The cause of hydrocephalus is not known. Some cases are caused by a birth defect; others can follow hemorrhage, viral infection, or meningitis. A genetic predisposition has been proposed, with transmission through autosomal recessive or X-linked genes.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are a product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If a person receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Affected Population
Most cases of hydrocephalus are diagnosed in the first 2 years of life, but onset may occur at any age, depending on the cause. This disorder seems to affect males and females equally, except those inherited as an X-linked genetic traits which affects males.
Related Disorders
The following disorders can occur in conjunction with Hydrocephalus. Comparisons may be useful for differential diagnosis.
Spina Bifida is a condition in which the spinal cord is not properly closed and part of the contents of the spinal canal may protrude through this opening. In its mildest form, this condition may go undetected. The lack of closure may affect a very small area of the spine. In the more severe form of Spina Bifida, a sac (meningocele) may be present on the back containing parts of the spinal canal. Fluid may then accumulate in the cavities in the brain, leading to hydrocephalus. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Spina Bifida" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Arnold-Chiari syndrome is a rare disorder that is characterized by the displacement of the brain stem (distal medulla). The brain stem becomes elongated and flattened and protrudes into the area of the upper spinal canal. In infants, Arnold-Chiari syndrome is associated with the presence of a sac or hernia (myelomeningocele) from the spinal cord which may contain the spinal cord and the membranes that surround the spinal cord (meninges). Hydrocephalus is commonly present. In infants, vomiting, mental impairment, head and facial muscle weakness, and difficulties in swallowing may be present. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Arnold-Chiari" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Epilepsy is a disorder of the central nervous system. It is characterized by recurrent electrical disturbances in the brain. Symptoms of this disorder may include loss of consciousness, convulsions, spasms, sensory confusion and disturbances in the autonomic nervous system. Attacks are frequently preceded by a feeling of uneasiness, discomfort or strange behavior. If the electrical disturbances or symptoms respond to medication, the patient can expect an otherwise normal life. Some types of epilepsy are characterized by absent staring and an apparent disinterest in the surrounding environment, which can happen repeatedly throughout the day. Hydrocephalus can occur with or possibly result in epilepsy. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Epilepsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Meningitis is an infection that causes inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain (meninges). In its milder form, the cause is thought to be viral. Bacterial meningitis is generally a more severe disease. Symptoms may include a general feeling of ill health (malaise), nausea, abdominal pain, and stiffness in the back and neck. Meningitis can occur in conjunction with hydrocephalus. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Meningitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Encephalocele is a rare disorder in which an infant is born with a gap in the skull. The membranes that cover the brain (meninges), and the brain tissue protrude through this gap. Infants with an encephalocele may develop hydrocephalus. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Encephalocele" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous Syndrome is a rare disorder in which an infant is born with multiple physical deformities and mental retardation. The common symptoms of this disorder include abnormal skin conditions (including patchy and unusually dry skin), an unusual face, sparse and curly hair and heart defects. Infants with Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous syndrome have a characteristic face in which the opening between the upper and lower eyelids slants downward. It is not uncommon for patients with this disorder to have an excess amount of spinal fluid in the head causing a widening of the ventricles of the brain (Hydrocephalus). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) is a very rare genetic disorder in which an infant is born with congenital hydrocephalus, "smooth" brain tissue (lissencephaly) that is greatly reduced in size, severe developmental retardation and multiple brain malformations. Developmental abnormalities if the Retina (retinal dysplasia) also occur. Walker-Warburg syndrome is also known as HARD Syndrome +/-E.
Therapies: Standard
Standard treatment for Hydrocephalus is the insertion of a shunt or tube into the head cavity which drains the excess cerebrospinal fluid into a part of the body that can absorb it. In growing children the shunt may have to be lengthened periodically. Complications may arise if the shunt becomes clogged or stops functioning. At times a new shunt may have to be reimplanted.
Therapies: Investigational
At the present time, there are several new surgical procedures being perfected for the treatment of Hydrocephalus. More research will be needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of these procedures.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hydrocephalus, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Hydrocephalus Parent Support Group
225 Dickinson St., H-893
San Diego, CA 92103
National Hydrocephalus Foundation
400 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1102
Chicago, IL 60611-4102
Hydrocephalus Association
870 Market St., Suite 955
San Francisco, CA 94102
(415) 776-4713
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Association for Retarded Citizens of the U.S.
P.O. Box 6109
Arlington, TX 76005
(817) 640-0204
(800) 433-5255
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN 9th Ed.: Victor McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1248-1250, 1635-1636.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little Brown and Co., 1987. P. 2213
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2223-2224.
HYDROCEPHALUS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD, H.E. James; American Family Physician (Feb. 1992; 45(2)). Pp. 733-742.
Hydrocephalus
5pagetitle
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03805.TXT
Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
699: Hematuria, Benign, Familial
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hematuria, Benign, Familial) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hematuria, Essential
Hematuria, Benign, Recurrent
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Alport Syndrome
Chronic Renal Failure
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Benign Familial Hematuria is a hereditary nonprogressive kidney disease that begins in childhood and is characterized by blood in the urine.
Symptoms
Benign Familial Hematuria is a nonprogressive kidney disorder that usually begins in childhood and is characterized by occasional or multiple episodes of red blood cells in the urine, and scattered thinning of the microscopic parts of the kidney (glomerular basement membranes). The amount of blood in the urine may be microscopic or visible, and is often preceded by a respiratory infection. Unlike other kidney disorders, there is little or no blood plasma protein in the urine (proteinuria), and there is no change in the renal (kidney) function. In children with this disorder there may be a clearing of the urine after each episode; in adults the blood in the urine may be more persistent.
Causes
Although the exact cause of Benign Familial Hematuria is unknown, it is often preceded by an acute respiratory infection. There may be a genetic pre-disposition transmitted through autosomal dominant genes. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child. A genetic predisposition means that a person may have a gene but may not get the disease unless something in the environment triggers the gene to malfunction. "Familial" means this disease tends to run in families.
Affected Population
Benign Familial Hematuria occurs more frequently in males than females, and more often in children and young adults.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following kidney disorders can be similar to those of Benign Familial Hematuria. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Alport Syndrome is a group of hereditary kidney disorders. They are characterized by progressive deterioration of the glomerular basement membranes (GBM's) which are microscopic parts of the kidney. This deterioration may lead to chronic renal failure causing excess waste products in the blood (uremia). Eventually severe renal failure may cause heart and bone problems. Some types of Alport Syndrome also affect vision and hearing. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Alport" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Chronic Renal Failure can be a complication of many kidney diseases or a symptom of a variety of diseases and conditions. It occurs gradually when the kidneys can no longer filter waste products from the blood. Increased urination (polyuria), red blood cells and blood plasma proteins in the urine (hematuria, proteinuria), high blood pressure and anemia may occur.
Therapies: Standard
Since Benign Familial Hematuria is not a progressive disorder, treatment may not be necessary. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Benign Familial Hematuria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Kidney Foundation
2 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 889-2210
(800) 622-9010
American Kidney Fund
6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010
Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 881-3052
(800) 638-8299
(800) 492-8361 (MD)
National Kidney and Urological Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NKUDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th Ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 299.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 877.
ESTABLISHING THE DIAGNOSIS OF BENIGN FAMILIAL HEMATURIA. THE IMPORTANCE
OF EXAMINING THE URINE SEDIMENT OF FAMILY MEMBERS. S. Blumenthal et al.; JAMA, (April 15, 1988; issue 259 (15)). Pp. 2263-2266.
BENIGN FAMILIAL HEMATURIA. N. Yoshikawa et al.; ARCH PATHOL LAB MED, (August 1988; issue 112 (8)). Pp. 794-797.
Hematuria, Benign, Familial
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(Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
13: Hemochromatosis, Hereditary
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It and is possible that the main title of the article (Hemochromatosis) Hereditary is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Bronze Diabetes
Cirrhosis, congenital pigmentary
Familial Hemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis Syndrome
Hemosiderosis
Iron Overload Disease
Iron Retention
Primary Hemochromatosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Sideroblastic Anemia
Troisier-Hanot-Chauffard Syndrome
General Discussion
**REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hereditary Hemochromatosis is a metabolic disorder characterized by excessive absorption of iron. The high accumulation of iron eventually damages numerous organs. Involvement of the liver, pancreas or heart may lead to serious complications, particularly in older patients. Joints and skin may also become diseased.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Hereditary Hemochromatosis usually develops in men between the ages of 40 and 60 years and later in women although the disorder can be diagnosed much earlier. The symptoms vary according to the organs involved. There may be no symptoms in the early years except for a healthy skin coloring that resembles a suntan. Early symptoms may include weakness, weight loss, apathy, loss of sexual drive (libido), and pain in the arms and legs. Muscle tenderness and cramps in the legs may also develop. Symptoms may occur earlier in men than in women because women lose blood during menstruation and childbirth. When blood is lost, iron levels in the body are reduced.
Later stages of the disease are characterized by cirrhosis of the liver. Cirrhosis is a progressive illness in which the liver becomes covered with fiberlike tissue and eventually this causes a marked decrease in liver function. Enlargement of the liver may begin years before it becomes impaired. Eventually this organ becomes firm and smooth, with excess iron deposits within the liver cells.
Untreated Hereditary Hemochromatosis may also cause diabetes, gradual darkening of the skin and congestive heart failure. Cancer of the liver is more common than in the general population.
When the heart muscle is involved, the heart may become enlarged and have an irregular beat (arrhythmias). An accumulation of fluid around the heart may result in congestive heart failure. Involvement of the pituitary gland can cause the malfunction of a variety of other endocrine glands (secondary dysfunction) that the pituitary normally controls. These may include the thyroid gland whose malfunctioning may cause an increased sensitivity to cold. There may be an insufficient amount of adrenocorticoids causing weakness and a lack of resistance to stress. A malfunction of the sex glands (the testes in men and the ovaries in women) may also cause a wasting away of the testicles (testicular atrophy), loss of sexual drive (libido) or missed menstruation (amenorrhea).
Causes
Hemochromatosis is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Hereditary Hemochromatosis is expressed fully in individuals who are homozygous for the defective gene since they have two identical disease genes at the same location on matched chromosomes. People who are heterozygous (have only one defective gene) may develop Hemochromatosis only if they have diabetes, are alcoholic or have some other precipitating factor.
Heterozygous means a condition in which a person has two different genes at the same place on matched chromosomes. An individual who is heterozygous for a particular trait has inherited a gene for that trait from one parent and the normal gene from the other parent. An individual heterozygous for a hereditary disorder produced by a recessive gene will not show the disease or will have a milder form of it.
The exact enzyme that is lacking in Hereditary Hemochromatosis is not known. Relatives of an individual who has this disease can be diagnosed using tissue typing. This test is very expensive and generally not practical for the general population. Doctors can measure the level of transferrin in the blood to screen for this disease before damage is done to the organs. Transferrin is a protein in the blood that carries iron. This test is inexpensive.
The defective gene that causes Hereditary Hemochromatosis has been located on the short arm of chromosome 6 close to HLA-A (6p21.3). Genetic testing can be performed to identify carriers of the gene.
Affected Population
It has been estimated that Hereditary Hemochromatosis may affect as many as 600,000 to 1.6 million Americans. Statistics indicate that as many as five in 1000 white persons in the United States are affected by the disorder. There may be as many as 24 to 32 million carriers. However, the disorder is rarely diagnosed. Fewer than 250,000 cases have been identified in the United States. Many patients are diagnosed on autopsy because they appear to be healthy adults who die suddenly. Identification of affected individuals signals that their relatives should be tested.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Hereditary Hemochromatosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
Sideroblastic Anemia is a rare disorder of the blood that is characterized by the abnormal production of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin production is low due to insufficient or ineffective use of iron, which may be in abundant supply. The major symptoms include general weakness, fatigue and difficulty breathing. Exertion may cause chest pains resembling angina. The mucous membranes and the skin on the hands and arms may be pale, often with a lemon-yellow cast. On occasion, bleeding that occurs under the skin produces a brownish-red coloration of the skin. The spleen and liver may become enlarged. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sideroblastic Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Once the diagnosis of Hereditary Hemochromatosis is made, organ damage can be prevented by removal of iron through repeated removal of blood from a vein (phlebotomy). This is the standard means of removing excess iron from the body. The earlier in the course of the disease this is instituted, the better the prognosis. In cases where repeated phlebotomy causes anemia, injections of deferroxamine (Desferroxamine) may allow reduction of iron levels without producing anemia. Secondary disorders are treated symptomatically.
Therapies: Investigational
In 1990 Dr. Gary M. Brittenham was given a grant from the FDA Office of Orphan Products Development for his work on the pharmokinetics of Oral PIH Chelation in Iron Overload Disease (Hemochromatosis). Dr. Brittenham is with the Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital in Cleveland, OH.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hereditary Hemochromatosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Hereditary Hemochromatosis Research Foundation
P.O. Box 8569
Albany, NY 12208
(518) 489-0972
Iron Overload Diseases Association
224 Datura Street, Suite 911
West Palm Beach, FL 33401
(407) 659-5616
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 942-4.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1235-1238.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1133-1136.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 856-858.
OVERVIEW OF HEMOCHROMATOSIS, L.H. Smith, Jr.; West J Medicine (Sept. 1990; 153(3)): Pp. 296-308.
IDIOPATHIC HEMOCHROMATOSIS, T.B. Kinney and S.A. DeLuca; Am Fam Physician (Sept. 1991 44(3)): Pp. 873-875.
IMMUNOGENETICS OF HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS, C.F. Bryan; Am Journal of Medical Science (Jan 1991 301(1)): Pp. 47-49.. 47-49.
Hemochromatosis, Hereditary
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776: Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal Cold
Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
776: Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal Cold
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Donath-Landsteiner Hemolytic Anemia
Donath-Landsteiner Syndrome
Immune Hemolytic Anemia
Dressler Syndrome
Harley Syndrome
PCH
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Cold Antibody Hemolytic Anemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria is a very rare autoimmune hemolytic disorder characterized by the premature destruction of healthy red blood cells minutes to hours after exposure to cold. Autoimmune diseases occur when the body's natural defenses against invading organisms (e.g., lymphocytes, antibodies) destroy healthy tissue for unknown reasons. Normally, red blood cells have a life span of approximately 120 days before they are removed by the spleen. In an individual affected with Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria, the red blood cells are destroyed prematurely and suddenly (paroxysmally) upon exposure to temperatures of 10 to 15 degrees Centigrade and below.
Symptoms
Attacks of Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria can occur within minutes or up to eight hours after exposure to cold. Symptoms may include fever, malaise, anorexia, flank pain, pain in the back and legs, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, mild anemia, and the passage of dark brown urine (hemoglobinuria). This urine contains the iron-containing protein pigment of blood called hemoglobin. The presence of hemoglobin causes the dark brown color of the urine. Attacks of Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria may be followed by yellowing of the skin (jaundice). There may also be enlargement of the liver and spleen.
Causes
Most cases of Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria occur after a viral infection such as chickenpox or mumps, or in conjunction with congenital or acquired syphilis. Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria may also affect individuals with no history of another disorder. In these cases the cause is unknown.
Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.), against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue. In individuals affected with Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria, these attacks occur when red blood cells are attacked as if they were a virus or bacteria. Localized exposure to cold such as washing one's hand in cold water or drinking cold water may also trigger an attack in some severe cases.
Affected Population
Anyone may acquire Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria. An individual with a viral infection such as chickenpox or mumps, or anyone affected with syphilis, is of higher risk of contracting the disorder.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria is a form of anemia resulting from defects in the membranes of red blood cells. It is characterized by the presence of hemoglobin in the urine (hemoglobinuria) chiefly occurring at night. Symptoms of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria include severe abdominal or back pain occurring during the phase where the oxygen carrying portion of the red blood cell (hemoglobin) is released from the red blood cells (hemolysis). Other symptoms may include blood in the urine, yellowing of the skin (jaundice) and enlargement of the liver and spleen. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cold Antibody Hemolytic Anemia is a rare autoimmune disorder in which red blood cells are attacked and destroyed by the body's natural defenses in temperatures of 15 degrees Centigrade or below. Symptoms of Cold Antibody Hemolytic Anemia may include weakness, dizziness, headache, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), spots before the eyes, fatigue, drowsiness, irritability or bizarre behavior. Absent menstruation, gastrointestinal complaints, yellowing of the skin, and enlargement of the spleen may also occur. Heart failure or shock may result. More rarely, there may be a passing of dark urine (hemoglobinuria). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cold Antibody Hemolytic Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria is usually corrected when the accompanying viral infection is treated, requiring only supportive therapy, bed rest and protection of the affected individual from cold temperatures. If the disorder is chronic, it may respond to treatment with glucocorticoids or immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclophosphamide. In cases where blood transfusions are necessary, certain guidelines must be followed. Crossmatching should be done at 37 degrees Centigrade to find compatible units of blood, and the blood should be warmed by an online warmer to prevent new red blood cells from being coated with antibodies and destroyed.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, M.D. et al., eds; W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 921.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1059.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 1115.
DONATH-LANDSTEINER HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA DUE TO AN ANTI-Pr-LIKE BIPHASIC HEMOLYSIN. W.J. Judd et al.; TRANSFUSION (September-October, 1986: issue 26 (5)). Pp. 423-425.
AN UNUSUAL DONATH-LANDSTEINER ANTIBODY DETECTABLE AT 37 DEGREES C BY THE ANTIGLOBULIN TEST. S. Lindgren et al.; (March-April, 1985: issue 25 (2)). Pp. 142-144.
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal Cold
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670: Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal Nocturnal
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
PNH
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal Cold
Anemia, Autoimmune Hemolytic
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria is a decrease of red blood cells (anemia) caused by a defect in the membrane of the red blood cells. It is characterized by the presence of blood (hemoglobin) in the urine (hemoglobinuria) and plasma (hemoglobinemia) which occurs chiefly at night due to breakdown of red blood cells.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria include severe abdominal or back pain occurring during the phase where the oxygen carrying portion of the red blood cell (hemoglobin) is released from the red blood cells (hemolysis).
Other symptoms may include blood in the urine, paleness, and a yellowness or bronzing (jaundice) of the skin. Enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) and the liver (hepatomegaly) may also be present.
There may also be blood clots in the veins (venous thrombosis) usually occurring in the spleen, liver and inferior vena cava.
Usually patients are mildly anemic for several years before the major symptoms of hemoglobinuria become apparent.
Causes
The exact cause of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria is not known, but it appears to be a defect in the membrane of the red blood cells causing the breakdown of red blood cells and release of hemoglobin. In 20 to 30% of the cases, the patient may have been affected by an injury to the bone marrow (i.e., aplastic anemia). And in some cases, an infection, the administration of iron, or a vaccine, and/or menstruation in women can proceed onset of symptoms.
Affected Population
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria is a disease that may occur at any age, but is most common in men between the ages of 20 to 45. There has also been no racial predominance noted.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (PCH) is caused by exposure to cold; i.e., drinking cold water, or handwashing in cold water. It occurs in some patients with congenital or acquired syphilis, but most often in patients with a nonspecific "viral" illness. Other patients appear to have no predisposing factor.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia primarily affects women more often than men, and mostly those under the age of 50 years. An enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) is common. The anemia is usually severe, with a tendency towards blood clotting. Blood in the urine is rare since the destruction of the red blood cells occurs primarily in the spleen.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria consists of administration of androgens in some cases. Blood transfusions containing plasma should be avoided; but packed, saline washed red blood cells may be given during crises. Anticoagulants (such as Heparin) should be used with caution but appear useful in treatment of clots. Iron supplements for treatment of anemia may also be prescribed. Several patients have been treated successfully by normal bone marrow transplantation. Other treatment may be symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Dr. Russell Ware
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Hematology/Oncology
Duke Univerity Medical Center
Durhm, NC 27710
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1062, 1066.
VENOUS THROMBOSIS AND SPLENIC RUPTURE IN PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL
HEMOGLOBINURIA, D. Zimmerman, et al.; Am. J. Med., Feb., 1980 (issue 68(2)).
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY FOR INFERIOR VENA CAVA THROMBOSIS IN PAROXYSMAL
NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA. P.W. Sholar, et al.; Ann. Intern. Med., Oct., 1985, (issue 103(4)). Pp. 539-41.
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745: Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
HUS
Gasser Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) may accompany a gram-negative bacterial infection which sets up an allergic reaction resulting in massive blood clotting inside the blood vessels, thus producing anemia, a reduction in platelets, and acute kidney failure.
Symptoms
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) usually has a sudden onset. The kidneys are primarily affected, and there may be an absence or disturbance of urine excretion (anuria). Approximately 60% of children with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome develop acute kidney failure which usually corrects itself after treatment. Chronic kidney failure occurs in approximately 10% of children. Kidney involvement is usually more severe in adults, and there may be destruction of kidney tissue.
Other symptoms of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) may include vomiting, diarrhea with or without blood in the stool, dehydration, labored breathing, vomiting of blood (hematemesis), dark and tarry stools (melena), purplish spots in the skin (petechiae), high blood pressure and seizures. There is usually a persistent decrease in the number of blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) and a deficiency in red blood cells (anemia).
Causes
The exact cause of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is unknown. Many scientists believe it may be associated with infection by the bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli). It usually appears abruptly in children three to ten days following an episode of gastroenteritis or viral upper respiratory tract infections. In adults, it most commonly affects women and is often associated with complications of pregnancy. However, the exact cause has not been definitively identified.
Affected Population
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a rare disorder that occurs most frequently in children under the age of four years, and in pregnant or postpartum women. It is occasionally seen in older children and non-pregnant adults. Some areas of the world such as Argentina have a much higher incidence of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) than North America.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS). Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) is a rare blood disease characterized by an abnormally low blood platelet count. Major symptoms include fever, excessive bleeding into the skin and mucous membranes, jaundice, abdominal pain and varying heart rhythms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "TTP" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Most infants and children with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) will recover with supportive treatment including dialysis therapy. Recovery in adults may be more difficult. Women who develop Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome postpartum may need dialysis on a continuing basis. Dialysis and transfusion of fresh frozen plasma are other possible methods of treatment. The orphan drug erythropoetin (EPO), used in the treatment of anemia related to kidney dialysis, may be prescribed.
Therapies: Investigational
Plasmapheresis and plasma infusion may be of benefit in some cases of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS). This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. Plasma infusion is also being studied as a treatment for HUS patients. The infusion process uses substances missing from the HUS patient's blood and replaces them through an infusion of new frozen plasma into the patient. No blood is removed from the patient during this process. These therapies are still under investigation to analyze side effects and effectiveness. More research is needed before plasmapheresis and plasma infusion can be recommended for use in all but the most severe cases of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS).
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome(HUS), please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NKUDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
National Kidney Foundation
2 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 889-2210
(800) 622-9010
American Kidney Fund
6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010
Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 881-3052
(800) 638-8299
(800) 492-8361 (MD)
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 860, 1007.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 1161-1162.
ILLNESSES ASSOCIATED WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 INFECTIONS. A BROAD CLINICAL SPECTRUM. P.M. Griffin, et al.; ANN INTERN MED (November 1, 1988; issue 109 (9)). Pp. 705-712.
CYTOXIN-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI AND THE HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME.
T.G. Cleary; PEDIATR CLIN NORTH AM (June, 1988; issue 35 (5)). Pp. 485-501.
HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH AN INFECTION BY VEROTOXIN
PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI 0111 IN A WOMAN ON ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES. K.O. Stenger et al.; CLIN NEPHROL (March, 1989; issue 29 (3)). Pp. 153-158.
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
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3~3Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
39: Hemophilia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It and is possible that the main title of the article (Hemophilia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Classical Hemophilia
Christmas Disease
AHF Deficiency
AHG Deficiency
Hemophilia A, also known as Factor VIII Deficiency
Hemophilia B, also known as Factor IX Deficiency
Hemophilia C, also known as Factor XI Deficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Von Willebrand Disease (Vascular Hemophilia)
Factor IX Deficiency
Thrombasthenia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hemophilia is a rare inherited blood clotting (coagulation) disorder caused by inactive or deficient blood proteins (usually factor VIII). Factor VIII is one of several proteins that enable the blood to clot. Hemophilia is found in males almost exclusively and can be classified as mild, moderate or severe. The level of severity is determined by the percentage of active clotting factor in the blood (normal percentage ranges from 50 to 150 percent). People who have severe hemophilia have less than 1 percent of active clotting factor in their blood.
There are 3 major types of Hemophilia: Hemophilia A (also known as classical hemophilia, Factor VIII deficiency or antihemophilic globulin [AHG] deficiency); Hemophilia B (Christmas disease or factor IX deficiency); and Hemophilia C (factor XI deficiency). Von Willebrand Disease and other rare blood clotting disorders have similar symptoms but are not usually called hemophilia.
Symptoms
Hemophilia is a rare inherited blood clotting disorder. The most serious symptom of Hemophilia is uncontrolled internal bleeding that can begin spontaneously without any apparent cause. Internal bleeding may cause permanent damage to joints and muscles. A hemophiliac bleeds for a longer period of time than people who have the normal percentage of active clotting factors in their blood. External bleeding can usually be controlled and minor cuts can be treated as normal. Bruises and trauma can trigger episodes of serious internal bleeding in people with Hemophilia.
Causes
Hemophilia is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
A male with Hemophilia cannot pass the disease on to his sons. All of his daughters will be genetic carriers and can pass the Hemophilia gene on to their children.
Although most people with Hemophilia have a family history of the disease, as many as one-third of the new cases are found in persons without a family history of Hemophilia. Some of these cases may result from new genetic mutations (spontaneous).
Affected Population
Hemophilia is a rare inherited blood clotting disorder that affects approximately 20,000 males in the United States. This number does not include many mild cases that may remain undiagnosed. These are generally discovered following major trauma or surgery. Hemophilia occurs in one out of 4,000 male newborns. Medical advances in treatment have enabled people with Hemophilia to reach a near-normal life expectancy.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hemophilia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Von Willebrand Disease (Vascular Hemophilia) is a rare inherited disorder that affects coagulation or clotting of the blood. Symptoms are usually noticed during infancy or early childhood. This disorder is characterized by prolonged bleeding most frequently from the nose or the gastrointestinal tract. Blood clotting time is also abnormal. Delayed clotting time is due to a deficiency of factor VIII (clotting protein) and "von Willebrand factor protein." The platelets in the blood may have abnormal structural features as well. People with Von Willebrand Disease may bruise easily and bleed excessively after injury, menstruation, childbirth, surgery, and some dental procedures. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Von Willebrand" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Factor IX Deficiency is a very rare inherited disorder of blood clotting or coagulation. This disorder is characterized by severe and prolonged hemorrhaging. In very severe cases there may be joint pain and bone deformities. Factor IX Deficiency mimics Hemophilia A. Males are most frequently affected by this disorder. Bleeding episodes may occur spontaneously or because of injury. Hemorrhages may occur at or near the surface of the skin or internally. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Factor IX Deficiency" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Thrombasthenia is a rare inherited disorder of blood coagulation. This disorder is characterized by hemorrhaging that is caused by the abnormal function of platelets in the blood. A variety of genetic disorders may cause thrombasthenia. Children with thrombasthenia tend to bleed easily and profusely especially after injury and during surgery. Easy bruising may occur and large purplish spots may appear on the skin due to bleeding beneath the skin. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Thrombasthenia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
There is no cure for Hemophilia. Internal bleeding may be controlled with the intravenous administration of a blood-clotting factor, generally Factor VIII. The clotting factor remains active in the blood for only a short time. Repeated administration of blood clotting factor is required each time internal bleeding occurs to avoid permanent damage. This therapy is necessary throughout the life of the patient with Hemophilia.
The drug desmopressin (Stimate) is used for treatment of moderately severe cases of Hemophilia. The orphan drug tranexamic acid (Cyclokapron) is for limited short-term use (2 to 8 days) in people with Hemophilia undergoing minor surgical procedures such as a tooth extraction. Cyclokapron reduces the need for blood transfusions after surgery.
Genetically engineered Factor VIII became available for the treatment of Hemophilia after the Factor VIII derived from human blood was found to transmit viral illnesses such as AIDS and hepatitis. The new manufactured versions of Factor VIII are safer than the products used previously.
In 1992 the FDA approved three biological products for treatment of Hemophilia B. Bebulin VH is manufactured by Osterreichisches Institute Fur Haemoderivate of Vienna, Austria. Bebulin VH is a Factor IX complex containing other clotting proteins. Mononine is a Factor IX product manufactured by Armour Pharmaceuticals. Alpha Nine is a Coagulation Factor IX (Human) manufactured by Alpha Therapeutic Corporation of Los Angeles, CA.
Monoclonal Factor IX is a treatment for Hemophilia B. It is manufactured by Green Cross Inc. and Armour Pharmaceutical Company. Recombinant antihemophilic Factor is a treatment for hemorrhage in people with Hemophilia A. It is manufactured by Cutter Biological.
Antihemophilic factor recombinant (Kogenate) treatment for bleeding or prophylaxis in patients with hemophilia has received approval from the FDA. Treatment is often necessary to prevent bleeding in patients or as a pre-treatment for persons who will be undergoing surgery.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Hemophilia Foundation provides research grants to scientists, and information to the public about hemophilia.
Researchers at the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive & Kidney Diseases have developed a method for growing skin cells (cultured endothelial cells) and a cell line that produces large amounts of Factor VIII:C. This is one of the clotting factors missing from the blood of people with Hemophilia A. People with Hemophilia frequently develop antibodies against Factor VIII:C obtained from blood donors. Large-scale production of endothelial-produced Factor VIII:C may provide an alternative to current therapies.
The American Red Cross is developing coagulation Factor X as a treatment for Hemophilia.
E(rGM-CSF) is a drug being tested for use in Hemophilia. The drug is manufactured by Schering Corp., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033. This experimental drug is being developed for other disorders, but its effects on the bone marrow has raised the possibility that it may have some benefit as a treatment for Hemophilia.
Desmopressin Acetate (DDAVP high concentration (1.5 mg/ml) nasal spray) is being tested by Rorer Pharmaceutical Corp., Ft. Washington, PA, for treatment of Hemophilia A. This drug is marketed as a treatment for other disorders, but its possible use for Hemophilia is being investigated.
Clinical trials are underway to study radiation synovectomy (removal of the synovial membrane in a joint) using 165-Dysprosium ferric hydroxide macroaggregate (165DY-FHMA). This is being investigated as a possible non-surgical approach for the treatment of inflammation in the knees of patients with hemophilia. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Clement B. Sledge, M.D.
Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery,
Brigham and Women's Hospital
75 Francis St.
Boston, MA 02115
(617) 732-5397
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hemophilia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Hemophilia Foundation
110 Green St., Suite 303
New York, NY 10012
(212) 563-0211
Coalition for Hemophilia B
New England Medical Center
750 Washington St.
Boston, MA 02111
(617) 956-5020
World Federation of Hemophilia
Suite 1517
1155 Dorchester Boulevard West
Montreal, Quebec H3B 2L3
Canada
(514) 866-0442
Canadian Hemophilia Society, National Office
100 King St., West, Suite 210
Hamilton, Ontario L8P 1A2
Canada
(416) 523-6414
The Haemophilia Society
P.O. Box 9
16 Trinity Street
London SE1 1DE
England
01-407-1010
NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1165.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1848-1865.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1104-1007.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 859-861.
NASAL SPRAY DESMOPRESSIN (DDAVP) FOR MILD HEMOPHILIA A AND VON WILLEBRAND
DISEASE, E.H. Rose et al.; Ann Intern Med (April 1, 1991, issue 114): Pp. 563-568.
Hemophiliay4
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!Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1989, National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
285: Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia, Hereditary
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hereditary Hemorrahagic Telangiectasia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Osler-Weber Rendu Syndrome
Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome
HHT
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT or Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome) is a hereditary disorder characterized by blood vessel lesions (telangiectases) on the skin, mucous membranes and in many internal organs. Often, patients exhibit signs of anemia caused by bleeding of the telangiectases.
Symptoms
Individuals with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia develop red-to-violet lesions usually in the nasal mucous membranes (mucosa) and on the skin. The cheeks, ears, lips, and tongue are chiefly affected. Lesions also occur in the gastrointestinal tract and secondarily in other organs including the lungs, brain, spinal cord and liver. Bleeding can occur spontaneously or as a result of injury. Bleeding from the nose (epistaxis) and gastrointestinal tract becomes more severe with age and may lead to chronic anemia. Vein abnormalities (arteriovenous fistulae) may lead to a bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis), an increase in the number of red blood cells (polycythemia), clubbed fingers, and sometimes, stroke. While mortality as a result of this disorder appears to be less than ten percent, Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia can cause many complications especially since it is often misdiagnosed or undiagnosed. Individuals with the disease and their families should be closely monitored by as physician familiar with the disease.
Causes
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia is a hereditary disorder, transferred as an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) Symptoms of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia such as blood vessel lesions (telangiectases) in the lungs, brain, and liver, appear to be caused by abnormal connections between arteries and veins (arteriovenous fistulae). Telangiectases occur when the fistulae form to replace capillaries which normally connect small veins (venules) and small arteries (arterioles). The absence of intervening capillaries between the venules and arterioles are responsible for the profuse bleeding of the lesions.
Affected Population
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia can affect people of both sexes and all ages. The incidence in Europe has been reported to be 1 in 50,000. However, this might not be an accurate estimate in light of missed or improper diagnosis.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
von Willebrand Disease is a hereditary blood clotting disorder characterized by prolonged bleeding. Blood clotting is slowed due to a deficiency of the von Willebrand factor protein and factor VIII protein (the factor VIII complex). Also, platelets do not stick normally, causing excessively slow clotting time. Increased risk of excessive bleeding following surgery, dental procedures or injury occurs in patients with this disorder. With proper treatment and appropriate precautions, few patients become seriously handicapped by von Willebrand Disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "von Willebrand" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Caldcinosis-Raynaud-Sclerodactyly-Telangiectasisa Syndrome (CRST) is a combination of various symptoms, sand is usually due to Scleroderma. Calcinosis is marked by deposits of calcium salts in focal nodules in various body tissues other than the connective tissue which supports the various organs (parenchymatous viscera). Raynaud's Phenomenon involves a spasm of the arteries in the fingers causing sensations of numbness and cold. Sclerodactyly (acrosclerosis) is a form of Scleroderma which occurs with Raynaud's Phenomenon. Telangiectasia is a discolored enlargement of blood vessels visible in the skin. (For more information, choose "Scleroderma" and "Raynaud" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.
Multiple Phlebectasias refers to enlargement of veins.
Spider Nevi are small abnormally enlarged arteries visible in the skin with radiating branches resembling the legs of a spider. These arteries appear to have a dull red color.
Cherry Angiomas (senile hemangiomas) consists of a red papule due to the weakening of the capillary wall, seen in many people over thirty years of age. These spots are also known as DeMorgan's or ruby spots.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia) has been mainly concerned with preventing or stopping bleeding of the telangiectatic lesions and the removal or blockage of exceptionally large lesions or arteriovenous fistulae.
Cauterization, whether electrical or with laser light, of telangiectases in the nasal mucosa may be of temporary benefit since new lesions can grow.
Surgical removal of arteriovenous fistulae has been used in the past, but more recently occlusion by balloon embolotherapy has been found effective in the treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae. Nosebleed (epistaxis) can sometimes be controlled by applying a compress saturated with vasoconstrictors such as phenylephrine to the ruptured lesion.
Blood transfusions or iron replacement therapy, either orally or by transfusing iron dextran, have been used to combat anemia.
Gastrointestinal lesions that produce severe hemorrhage may require surgical removal.
Therapies: Investigational
Estrogen and progesterone therapy have been used experimentally to prevent bleeding. Recent findings indicate that estrogen is not effective while progesterone may hold some promise.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
HHT Foundation International Inc.
P.O. Box 8087
New Haven, CT 06530
Dr. Robert I White, Jr.
Yale School of Medicine
Department of Diagnostic Radiology
333 Cedar Street
P.O. Box 3333
New Haven, CT 06510
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MERCK MANUAL OF DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY: Robert Berkow et al., eds.; American Medical Association, 1982. P. 1119.
Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia, Hereditary
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285: Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia, Hereditary
03812.TXT
+Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
860: Hepatic Fibrosis, Congenital
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
CHF
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Banti's Syndrome
Caroli Syndrome
Gaucher's Disease
Medullary Cystic Disease
Medullary Sponge Kidney
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis is a rare disease that affects both the liver and kidneys. The patient is born with this disorder (congenital) and it is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The typical liver abnormalities are an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), increased pressure in the venous system that carries blood from different organs to the liver (portal hypertension), and fiberlike connective tissue that spreads over the liver (hepatic fibrosis). Many patients with Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis also have polycystic kidney disease, which is characterized by cysts in the kidneys. Bleeding from the gastrointestinal area (stomach and intestines) is the main clinical problem in patients with Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis.
Symptoms
Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis usually presents itself in children, with the obvious symptoms being a swollen abdomen, a firm slightly enlarged liver and/or vomiting red blood due to bleeding in the stomach and intestines.
The main findings in Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis are identified through diagnostic testing. Many of the following signs are present in patients with this disorder:
1. Portal Hypertension - increased pressure in the venous system that carries blood from multiple organs to the liver (portal system). This increased blood pressure is caused by blockage of this blood supply to the liver due to excess connective tissue growth in the liver. Portal hypertension can cause enlargement of the spleen and swollen or dilated veins of the esophagus.
2. Hepatic Fibrosis - a fiberlike connective tissue that spreads through the liver.
3. Nephromegaly - enlarged kidney.
4. Gastrointestinal Bleeding - bleeding from the stomach and intestines which may cause the patient to vomit red blood.
5. Polycystic Kidney Disease - an inherited disorder in which there are cysts in both kidneys. This causes enlargement of the total kidney size while reducing the functional kidney tissue by compression. (For more information on this disorder choose "Polycystic Kidney Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
6. Splenomegaly - an enlarged spleen.
Liver function tests are usually normal in patients with this disease. The diagnosis of Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis is confirmed by a liver biopsy.
Causes
Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis affects males and females in equal numbers. This disease is usually present in children and normally detected in the first ten years of life. The disorder is rare throughout the world.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Banti's Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by an abnormal enlargement of the spleen resulting from a blood clot in the portal or splenic vein or liver disease (cirrhosis). Symptoms of this disorder may be weakness, fatigue, anemia, an abnormal enlargement of the spleen, bleeding of the esophagus and the passage of dark stools. (For more information on this disorder choose "Banti" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Caroli Syndrome is a rare congenital liver disorder marked by enlargement (dilatation) of the bile ducts inside the liver. Major symptoms may include abdominal pain, yellowing of the skin (jaundice) and fever. Caroli Syndrome is a birth defect of unknown cause. (For more information on this disorder choose "Caroli Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Gaucher's Disease is an inherited disease of lipid metabolism caused by the failure to produce the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. There are three types of Gaucher's Disease - Type I, II and III. All three are characterized by the presence of Gaucher (lipid-laden) cells in the bone marrow and other organs such as the spleen and liver. Symptoms of this disorder may include an enlarged spleen or liver, swollen abdomen, low blood count, bone pain or deterioration, hyperextension of the head, deterioration of the nervous system, seizures, abnormal eye movement and/or jerking motions of the limbs, head and upper body. (For more information on this disorder choose "Gaucher's Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Medullary Cystic Disease is a kidney disease, either genetic or congenital in origin, which usually appears in children or young adults. This disorder is characterized by a gradual increase of urea and other by-products of protein breakdown in the blood (uremia) due to progressive failure of kidney function. (For more information on this disorder choose "Medullary Cystic Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Medullary Sponge Kidney is characterized by dilation of the terminal collecting ducts in the kidney. Often small calcium oxalate stones appear in the ducts. This condition may affect one or both kidneys and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. (For more information on this disorder choose "Medullary Sponge" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis is symptomatic and supportive.
To prevent gastrointestinal hemorrhage, portal hypertension may need to be treated surgically. Aspirin and alcohol should be avoided.
Treatment of Polycystic Kidney Disease consists of management of urinary infections and secondary hypertension. The kidney function may deteriorate very slowly in some patients. In general, kidney function is normal or slightly impaired when congenital hepatic fibrosis is found along with polycystic kidney disease in older children. Patients eventually need dialysis in order to remove toxins from the blood.
Transplantation of a kidney or liver may be indicated.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
Research on Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD) that affects children is being pursued by the following research team:
Lisa M. Guay-Woodford, M.D.
Norman D. Rosenblum, M.D.
Kathy L. Jabs, M.D.
William E. Harmon, M.D.
E. William Harris, Jr., M.D., Ph.D.
The Division of Nephrology
The Children's Hospital
300 Longwood Ave.
Boston, MA 02115
(617) 735-6129
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
203-746-6518
American Liver Foundation
1425 Pompton Ave.
Cedar Grove, N.J. 07009
(201) 857-2626
(800) 223-0179
Children's Liver Foundation
14245 Ventura Blvd.
Suite 201
Sherman Oaks, CA 91423
Polycystic Kidney Disease Research Foundation
20 West 9th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
(816) 421-1869
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NKUDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
The National Kidney Foundation
30 East 33rd Street
New York, NY 10016
(212) 689-2210
(800) 622-9010
American Kidney Fund
6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010
Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 881-3052
(800) 638-8299
(800) 492-8361 (MD)
National Association of Patients on Hemodialysis and Transplantation
150 150 Nassau Street
New York, NY 10038
(212) 619-2720
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
914-428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1430-31.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 849.
THE KIDNEY, 4th Ed.; Barry M. Brenner, M.D. and Floyd C. Rector, Jr., M.D., Editors; W.B. Saunders Company, 1991. Pp. 1670-72.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 861-62.
Hepatic Fibrosis, Congenital+,
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860: Hepatic Fibrosis, Congenital
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3Copyright (C) 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
345: Hepatitis B
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hepatitis B) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Diffuse Hepatocellular Inflammatory Disease
Liver Disease
Hepatitis
HBV
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is one of three viral agents which cause inflammation of the liver known as "hepatitis" or "diffuse hepatocellular inflammatory disease". Hepatitis B is characterized by fever, nausea, vomiting and yellow discoloration of the skin (jaundice). In its most serious form Hepatitis B can become a chronic infection, or may cause liver cancer if left untreated. The hepatitis B virus can be passed from mother to unborn child, and is highly contagious through bodily fluids such as blood, semen and possibly saliva. It is often spread from person to person through intravenous drug use.
Symptoms
Hepatitis B Virus usually has a one to six week incubation period during which a certain antigen (immune response agent) circulates in the blood before symptoms of the illness develop. Hepatitis B may initially appear as influenza symptoms (fever, headache, eye-ear-nose-throat involvement, chills, tiredness, itchy rash, etc.), followed by nausea, vomiting and yellow discoloration of skin (jaundice). Because similar symptoms can be caused by other diseases such as mononucleosis or chronic liver disease, Hepatitis B may be difficult to diagnose.
Hepatitis B usually runs its course in four to eight weeks, except in some variations of the disease. For information on these, please see the Related Disorders section of this report.
Causes
Hepatitis B is a form of acute viral hepatitis. It is usually transmitted by injection (parenterally). Transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products to hospitalized patients is a typical source of the disorder. Sharing contaminated hypodermic needles by drug abusers often spreads the disease. An increased risk to patients and personnel working in renal dialysis units has also been identified. The infection can also be spread through sexual activity. However, hepatitis A virus is even more contagious than Hepatitis B. In many cases the source of infection with Hepatitis B virus is unknown.
The diagnosis of the three different types of Hepatitis (Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis) is confirmed through antibody tests.
Affected Population
About 200 new hepatitis B infections occur each year in the United States, primarily in young adults. Up to ten percent of those infected become chronic carriers. Seven hundred and fifty thousand to one million Americans are carriers and one in four of them will develop chronic hepatitis. While sixty-five percent of the cases of hepatitis B are reported in the twenty to thirty-nine year age group, the male-to-female ratio remains 2:1.
Related Disorders
There are three major types of Hepatitis: Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis (Hepatitis C).
Hepatitis A virus infection is the most common form of Hepatitis. It is spread primarily through fecal-oral contact, although improperly cooked contaminated shell fish, blood infusion or possibly sexual activity may spread the infection. Water and food-borne epidemics of Hepatitis A are common, especially in underdeveloped countries. Symptoms are much the same as Hepatitis B infection (influenza-like symptoms, nausea, vomiting, weakness, yellow skin discoloration or jaundice). Hepatitis A seems to be remarkably widespread in some countries where over three-fourths of the adult population appears to have been exposed. Hepatitis A virus can quickly spread through institutions and day care facilities where personal hygiene is less than adequate, particularly when mentally disabled individuals may not regularly wash their hands after using toilet facilities.
Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis (Hepatitis C) virus infection is a little known infectious agent which can cause liver disease. Increasing evidence points to at least two separate viruses. In general, symptoms of this disease appear similar to Hepatitis B. It is usually spread through blood transfusions.
Neonatal Hepatitis is a disorder in which the bile ducts inside the liver are closed and liver cells are of varied size; some are giant cells with multiple nuclei. Infants of both sexes may be affected by this form of hepatitis.
Anicteric Hepatitis is an acute viral form of hepatitis which usually causes minor flu-like symptoms without jaundice. This type of Hepatitis may be far more prevalent than other types of Hepatitis, but the diagnosis is usually overlooked.
Recrudescent Hepatitis is a recurrent form of acute viral hepatitis that occurs in a minority of patients during their recovery phase from other Hepatitis infections. The outlook remains good and chronic hepatitis rarely follows.
The symptoms of Cholestatic Hepatitis may include jaundice, elevated alkaline phosphatase, and itching (pruritis). Complete recovery is usual with this form of acute viral hepatitis.
Fulminant Hepatitis is a rare acute viral Hepatitis usually seen in intravenous drug abusers. Rapid physical deterioration with the onset of liver degeneration may be initial symptoms. There is massive liver cell death, and a decrease in liver size ("acute yellow atrophy"). Bleeding is common, resulting from functional liver (parenchymal) failure, and widely distributed blood vessel clotting (disseminated intravascular coagulation). Kidney failure may also develop. Massive doses of corticosteroids or exchange transfusions have not proven to be effective treatment. Patients may recover completely with no permanent liver damage in some cases, but the majority of cases become very serious with little hope of full recovery. Fulminant Hepatitis may also be caused by excessive use of the sustained-release form of the vitamin, Niacin. Use of this form of the vitamin is usually very well tolerated but on occasion may cause liver toxicity.
Bridging Necrosis is an uncommon variant of acute viral hepatitis. This variation may be indistinguishable from ordinary viral hepatitis, but differs through a slow rather than sudden onset. Fluid retention or mild degenerative brain disease (encephalopathy) usually develops. Most patients with Bridging Necrosis do recover fully, although chronic active hepatitis may occur in this subgroup of patients.
Chronic Hepatitis is a group of disorders that merge into acute hepatitis or liver disease (cirrhosis). Most of these cases can be classified into chronic persistent or chronic active forms. The chronic persistent is usually a mild form of hepatitis which may persist for years. Eventual recovery usually will occur. The chronic active (aggressive) form of hepatitis may result in liver failure and/or cirrhosis. It is regarded as a group of closely related conditions rather than a single disease. With adequate therapy, patients usually live several years, although liver diseases eventually develop in most cases.
Delta Hepatitis, a longstanding infection seen in patients in the Los Angeles area, has caused fulminant Hepatitis and progressive liver disease in both intravenous drug users and male homosexuals.
Hepatitis which is induced by long-term alcoholism is marked by abdominal swelling, distress, (anorexia) loss of appetite, nausea with or without vomiting, weight loss, and a general feeling of discomfort. Other symptoms of hepatitis usually occur including jaundice and weakness. Abstinence from alcohol will usually bring about great improvement with liver function possibly returning to normal. With continued drinking, the hepatitis may evolve into serious liver disease (cirrhosis).
Toxic, drug, or chemically induced Hepatitis may be caused by inhalation, ingestion, or skin-penetration of chemical agents or industrial toxins such as carbon tetrachloride, yellow phosphorus, toxic cyclic peptides of mushroom "Amanita Phallorides" or drugs used in medical therapy. Typical symptoms of this form of hepatitis may include anorexia, nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea. Timely withdrawal of the substance causing it is important in treating this disorder. If left untreated, this form of hepatitis could cause serious liver damage.
For more information, choose "hepatitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database, and see the article "Weighing the Risks of the Raw Bar" in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services.
Therapies: Standard
The best treatment of Hepatitis B infection is prevention. The first genetically engineered Hepatitis vaccine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration during the mid-1980's. The new vaccine, called Recombivax HB (like the less effective plasma-derived vaccine developed in 1981), is produced by Merck, Sharp & Dohme, West Point, PA.
The FDA urges that the new vaccine be used by individuals who are at high risk of becoming infected with hepatitis B, including dental and medical workers, homosexuals, drug users, and personnel who work with mentally disabled individuals in institutional or day care settings.
Because the vaccine can be given to newborns, passage of hepatitis from infected mothers to their offspring can be prevented. Pregnant women from high-risk groups can be tested to determine if they are carriers. Then their infants can be protected by early vaccination. Three injections are recommended for high-risk individuals, including infants of infected mothers.
An appropriate formulation of the new vaccine for kidney patients on dialysis is not yet available.
Other treatment of Hepatitis B is symptomatic and supportive. Personal hygiene should be maintained carefully, and infection should be guarded against. In general, extended rest and a light diet seem to be of benefit. There are no effective antibiotics to treat Hepatitis, but Schering-Plough's Intron A (Interferon-alpha 2a-2b) has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment for Hepatitis B and C (Non-A, Non-B).
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are studying all forms of hepatitis to learn how it can better be prevented, diagnosed, and treated. A new drug, Thymosin Alpha-1, is being developed by Alpha 1 Biomedicals, Inc., 777 - 14th St., NW, Suite 410, Washington, DC, 20005, for the treatment of chronic active Hepatitis B
Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corp., 59 Route 10, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, has developed a new biologic to help prevent hepatitis B reinfection of patients who are receiving liver transplants as a result of end-stage liver damage from chronic Hepatitis B infection. The biologic is Human Monoclonal antibody against Hepatitis B. virus.
Oclassen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is sponsoring the development of an adjunctive treatment of Chronic Active Hepatitis B. The product name is FIAU.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hepatitis B, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Sexually Transmitted Diseases Hotline
American Social Health Association
100 Capitola Dr., Suite 200
Research Triangle Park, NC 27713
(919) 361-8400
Council for Sex Information and Education
444 Lincoln Blvd., Suite 107
Venice, CA 90291
American Liver Foundation
998 Pompton Avenue
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
(201) 857-2626
(800) 223-0179
The United Liver Foundation
11646 West Pico Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90064
(213) 445-4204 or 445-4200
Children's Liver Foundation
14245 Ventura Blvd.
Sherman Oaks, CA 91423
(818) 906-3021
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
PILOT STUDY OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN ALPHA-INTERFERON FOR CHRONIC TYPE B
WEIGHING THE RISKS OF THE RAW BAR: Carol Ballantine; FDA Consumer (Sept. 1986 issue).
Hepatitis B
4pagetitle
345: Hepatitis B
03814.TXT
Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
199: Hepatitis, Neonatal
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Neonatal Hepatitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Giant Cell Hepatitis
Congenital Liver Cirrhosis
Giant Cell Cirrhosis of Newborn
Giant Cell Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Neonatal Hepatitis is a disorder in which the bile ducts inside the liver are closed and liver cells are of varied size; some are giant cells with multiple nuclei.
Symptoms
In Neonatal Hepatitis, the absence of an opening of the bile ducts inside the liver causes jaundice (yellow color of the skin) because bile does not flow freely from the liver to the small intestine. Dark urine, pale stools and an enlarged liver are early signs of the disorder. Neonatal Hepatitis does not usually become apparent until two weeks after birth.
By the age of two to three months, slow growth, irritability from pruritus (itchiness), and signs of portal hypertension (elevated pressure in the liver blood vessel system) may be present.
Causes
The cause of Neonatal Hepatitis is unknown in the majority of cases. It may be inherited by an autosomal recessive mechanism. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Infants of both sexes may be affected by Neonatal Hepatitis.
Related Disorders
The bile ducts inside the liver are underdeveloped in Neonatal Hepatitis or Giant Cell Hepatitis, while the bile duct outside the liver is closed in Biliary Atresia. The symptoms of these two diseases are similar.
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Neonatal Hepatitis is done by surgically opening the abdomen and obtaining an X-ray of the bile ducts using an opaque dye. An open liver biopsy also can be performed. Both should be done by age three months or younger. Treatment consists of surgically repairing closed bile ducts, which is successful only in 5 to 10% of cases. In the remainder, the Kasai procedure (portoenterostomy) can be done to surgically make a connection between the main bile duct and the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). The majority of patients with Neonatal Hepatitis will reestablish bile flow with these procedures.
Cholestyramine, which binds bile salts in the intestine, can be administered to relieve itchiness.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Neonatal Hepatitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Adrenal Diseases Foundation
505 Northern Blvd., Suite 200
Great Neck, NY 11021
(516) 487-4992
American Liver Foundation
998 Pompton Avenue
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
(201) 857-2626
(800) 223-0179
The United Liver Foundation
11646 West Pico Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90064
(213) 445-4204 or 445-4200
Children's Liver Foundation
14245 Ventura Blvd.
Sherman Oaks, CA 91423
(818) 906-3021
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NdDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1913, 1943.
Hepatitis, Neonatal
pagetitle
199: Hepatitis, Neonatal
03815.TXT
3Copyright (C) 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
344: Hepatitis, Non-A, Non-B (Hepatitis C)
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hepatitis
NANB Hepatitis
Hepatitis C
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Neonatal Hepatitis
Anicteric Hepatitis
Recrudescent Hepatitis
Cholestatic Hepatitis
Fulminant Hepatitis
Bridging Necrosis
Chronic Hepatitis
Delta Hepatitis
Alcohol-Induced Hepatitis
Toxic-, Drug-, or Chemically-Induced Hepatitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Non-A, Non-B (NANB) Hepatitis (Hepatitis C) is a contagious liver disease that appears to be caused by at least two different viruses. Diagnosis is usually established by excluding Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B or a variety of other similar liver diseases. The main sources of Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis infection include blood transfusions, intravenous drug use, or rarely personal contact with infected people. This disorder causes symptoms that appear similar to Hepatitis A or Hepatitis B, but it usually causes less serious forms of chronic liver disease such as cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. The symptoms of NANB Hepatitis may linger on for quite a long time, but they tend to regress in most cases.
Symptoms
Symptoms of NANB Hepatitis (Hepatitis C) are quite similar to those of Hepatitis B. Influenza-like symptoms (fever, aches, eye-ear-nose-throat involvement, weakness, nausea, vomiting, etc.) and yellow discoloration of the skin (jaundice) usually occur. The incubation period of this form of Hepatitis is usually from four to twenty-five weeks. Although NANB Hepatitis symptoms tend to be less severe than in other forms of hepatitis during the acute stage of the illness, chronic hepatitis may linger for some time. A carrier form of chronic NANB Hepatitis without symptoms (asymptomatic) seems to occur more frequently than the chronic Hepatitis B Virus carrier form.
Causes
Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis (Hepatitis C) is transmitted predominately by blood transfusion, inoculation, or other medical procedures which involve penetration of the skin. In 1989 scientists identified the virus that causes most cases of Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis. it is expected that the blood supply will now be screened for antibodies to the virus before transfusion. Scientists have named the virus "hepatitis C." Testing blood donors for the hepatitis C virus will substantially diminish the risk of transmitting the disease through blood transfusions.
The most frequently occurring type of NANB Hepatitis is spread through intravenous drug abuse (sharing contaminated hypodermic needles) and blood transfusion. In some areas of the world, this disorder seems to be transmitted by fecal-oral contamination similar to the contagious process of Hepatitis A. In addition, there is an epidemic form of NANB Hepatitis (Hepatitis C) that resembles Hepatitis A in mode of transmission.
Affected Population
To date there are approximately 170,000 cases of Hepatitis C in the United States each year. Forty-two percent of Hepatitis C patients have a history of intravenous drug use, six to 10 percent have a history of blood transfusions, and the remainder become infected from other sources such as sexual contact with an infected person or occupational exposure to blood. About 85,000 of these infected individuals go on to develop chronic liver inflammation and 17,000 develop cirrhosis of the liver.
Related Disorders
The CDC announced that Hepatitis A cases rose 58% between 1983 and 1989 in the United States. Most cases were traced to restaurant food contaminated by employees infected with the disease. Others came from shellfish harvested in polluted water.
Hepatitis A virus infection is the most common form of Hepatitis. It is spread through fecal-oral contamination, insufficiently cooked contaminated shellfish, and possibly sexual activity or blood infusion. Water and food-borne epidemics of Hepatitis A are common, especially in developing countries. Symptoms are much the same as Hepatitis B infection (influenza-like symptoms, nausea, vomiting, weakness, yellow skin discoloration or jaundice). Hepatitis A seems to be remarkably widespread in some countries where over three-fourths of the adult population appears to have been exposed. Hepatitis A virus can quickly spread through institutions and day care facilities where personal hygiene is less than adequate, particularly when mentally disabled individuals may not regularly wash their hands after using toilet facilities. (For additional information, see "Weighing the Risks of the Raw Bar" in the Prevalent Health Conditions/ Concerns area of NORD Services.)
Hepatitis B is also caused by a virus and is characterized by fever, nausea, vomiting and yellow discoloration of the skin (jaundice). In its most serious form, Hepatitis B can become a chronic infection, or may cause liver cancer. The Hepatitis B virus can be passed from mother to unborn child, and is highly contagious through bodily fluids such as blood, semen and possibly saliva. It is often spread from person to person through intravenous drug use. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hepatitis B" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Neonatal Hepatitis is a disorder in which the bile ducts inside the liver are closed and liver cells are of varied size; some are giant cells with multiple nuclei. Infants of both sexes may be affected by this form of Hepatitis. (For more information, choose "neonatal hepatitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Anicteric Hepatitis usually causes minor flu-like symptoms without jaundice. This type of Hepatitis may be far more prevalent than other types of Hepatitis, but the diagnosis is usually overlooked.
Recrudescent Hepatitis is a recurrent form of Hepatitis that occurs in a minority of patients during their recovery phase from Hepatitis infections. The outlook remains good and chronic hepatitis rarely follows.
The signs and symptoms of Cholestatic Hepatitis may include very marked jaundice, elevated alkaline phosphatase, and itching (pruritus).
Fulminant Hepatitis is a rare syndrome usually seen in intravenous drug abusers. Rapid physical deterioration with the onset of liver degeneration may be initial symptoms. There is massive liver cell death, and a decrease in liver size ("acute yellow atrophy"). Bleeding is common, resulting from functional liver (parenchymal) failure, and widely distributed blood vessel clotting (disseminated intravascular coagulation). Kidney failure may also develop. Massive doses of corticosteroids and exchange transfusions have not proven to be effective treatment. Rarely, patients may recover completely with no permanent liver damage, but the majority of cases become very seriously ill with little hope of full recovery.
Bridging Necrosis is an uncommon variant of Hepatitis. This variation may be indistinguishable from ordinary viral hepatitis, but has a slow rather than sudden onset. Fluid retention or mild degenerative brain disease (encephalopathy) usually develops. Most patients with Bridging Necrosis will recover fully, although chronic active hepatitis may occur in this subgroup of patients.
Chronic hepatitis can progress to cirrhosis of the liver. Most of these cases can be classified into chronic persistent or chronic active forms. The chronic persistent form is usually a mild form of hepatitis which may persist for years. Eventual recovery will usually occur. The chronic active (aggressive) form of hepatitis may result in liver failure and/or cirrhosis. It is regarded as a group of closely related conditions rather than a single disease.
Delta Hepatitis, a longstanding infection seen in patients in the Los Angeles area, has caused fulminant Hepatitis and progressive liver disease in both intravenous drug users and male homosexuals.
Toxic, drug, or chemically induced Hepatitis may be caused by inhalation, ingestion, or skin-penetration of chemical agents or industrial toxins such as carbon tetrachloride, yellow phosphorus, toxic cyclic peptides of mushroom "Amanita Phallorides" or drugs used in medical therapy. Typical initial symptoms of this form of hepatitis may include anorexia, nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea. Timely withdrawal of the toxic substance is important in treating this disorder. If left untreated, this form of hepatitis can cause serious liver damage.
Hepatitis which is induced by long-term alcoholism is marked by abdominal swelling, (anorexia) loss of appetite, nausea with or without vomiting, weight loss, and a general feeling of discomfort. Other symptoms of hepatitis include jaundice and weakness. Abstinence from alcohol will usually bring about great improvement in liver function, possibly even returning to normal. With continued drinking, the hepatitis may evolve into serious liver disease (cirrhosis).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for NANB Hepatitis is symptomatic and supportive. Personal hygiene should be carefully maintained, and infection should be guarded against. In general, rest and diet seem to be of benefit. There are no effective antibiotics to treat Hepatitis.
The FDA has approved Schering-Plough's Intron-A (Interferon-alpha-2b) for the treatment of Non-A, Non-B (C) Hepatitis and chronic Hepatitis B. This drug has shown better results than anything yet tried for these disorders. The drug appears to return liver function to near normal. Patients may relapse after the alpha interferon is discontinued.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are trying to develop a preventive vaccination to for Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis (Hepatitis C).
Biogen, Inc. is sponsoring the development of the orphan product, Interferon Beta (Recombinant Human) for the treatment of Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis. This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Sexually Transmitted Diseases Hotline
(800) 227-8922
American Social Health Association
100 Capitola Dr., Suite 200
Research Triangle Park, NC 27713
(919) 361-8400
Council for Sex Information and Education
444 Lincoln Blvd., Suite 107
Venice, CA 90291
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
American Liver Foundation
998 Pompton Avenue
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
(201) 857-2626
(800) 223-0179
Children's Liver Foundation
14245 Ventura Blvd.
Sherman Oaks, CA 91423
(818) 906-3021
The United Liver Foundation
11646 West Pico Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90064
(213) 445-4204 or 445-4200
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
NON-A, NON-B HEPATITIS: EVOLVING EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE:
NON-A, NON-B HEPATITIS: AN UPDATE: J.A. Hellings; Vox Sang (1986, Supplement 51 (1)). Pp. 63-66.
LONG-TERM ANALYSIS OF NON-A, NON-B HEPATITIS--CLINICAL, HISTOLOGIC AND
IMMUNOLOGIC FINDINGS: M. Wiese, et. al.; Dtsch A Verdau Stoffwechselkr. (1986, issue 46(2)). Pp. 103-112. Published in German.
HEPATITIS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE: D.K. Sarver. Postgrad Med (Mar. 1986, issue 79(4)). Pp. 229-230.
WEIGHING THE RISKS OF THE RAW BAR: Carol Ballantine; FDA Consumer (Sept. 1986, issue 90 (1) ). Pp. 150-157.
TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C WITH RECOMBINANT INTERFERON ALFA: A
MULTICENTER RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED TRIAL. New Eng J Jed; Davis, Gary L., et al.; (November 30, 1989, issue 321 (221)). Pp. 1501-1506.
RECOMBINANT INTERFERON ALFA THERAPY FOR CHRONIC HEPATITIS C. A
RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO CONTROLLED TRIAL. Di Bisceglie, Adrian M., et al.; New Eng J. Med (November 30, 1989, issue 321 (2)). Pp. 1406-1410.
Hepatitis, Non-A, Non-B (Hepatitis C)
5pagetitle
344: Hepatitis, Non-A, Non-B (Hepatitis C)
03816.TXT
Copyright (C) 1989, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
664: Hepatorenal Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hepatorenal Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hepato-renal Syndrome
HRS
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hepatorenal Syndrome is a progressive type of kidney (renal) failure which occurs as a result of severe LIVER disease. It is characterized by acute kidney (renal) failure that is NOT caused by primary KIDNEY dysfunction. Symptoms such as yellowing of the skin (jaundice) and urination problems occur in the two types of this liver disease.
Symptoms
The blood circulation of Hepatorenal Syndrome patients has unique features. The amount of blood the heart circulates to the rest of the body (cardiac output) is above normal. The arteries that circulate oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body (systemic circulation) widen. The arteries of the kidney narrow (increase in kidney vascular resistance) causing a decrease in the blood flow through the kidney.
There appear to be two types of Hepatorenal Syndrome. Acute kidney failure and yellowing of the skin (jaundice) are common to both. Acute kidney failure is characterized by a rapid onset, decreased urination (oliguria), and possibly proteins or red blood cells in the urine and excess nitrogenous bodies in the blood (azotemia). Jaundice may be accompanied by dark urine, and an enlarged and tender liver. Loss of appetite, fever, tiredness, and weakness may also occur.
One type of Hepatorenal Syndrome is characterized by excess watery fluid in the spaces between the tissues and organs in the abdomen causing swelling (ascites), yellowed skin (jaundice), and rapidly advancing renal failure. The brain may be affected (hepatic or portal-systemic encephalopathy) possibly causing slight changes in judgement and other intellectual processes, personality changes, inappropriate behavior, depression, and sleep disturbances.
The other type of Hepatorenal Syndrome is characterized by less jaundice, slower progressive kidney failure, and no hepatic encephalopathy.
Causes
Kidney failure in Hepatorenal Syndrome is caused primarily by liver disease. It is NOT due to a primary abnormality or dysfunction of the kidney. Hepatitis, advanced cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice, liver cancer, and tumors of the bile ducts have also been reported to cause Hepatorenal Syndrome.
In many patients, an infection or gastrointestinal bleeding can be identified as a precipitating factor that brought about the Hepatorenal Syndrome. However, a precipitating factor cannot be found in the rest of the cases.
Affected Population
Hepatorenal Syndrome occurs equally in males and females with severe liver disease.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hepatorenal Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
There are many causes of acute kidney failure: abnormalities of the blood vessels of or leading to the kidney; abnormalities of the glomeruli of the kidneys due to infections or diseases such as Goodpasture's Syndrome, Polycystic Kidney Disease, or Wegener's Granulomatosis; acute interstitial nephritis (inflammation of the kidney) commonly related to drugs or infections; intratubular obstruction; or acute tubular necrosis. An underlying problem in the kidney distinguishes these disorders from the Hepatorenal Syndrome. (For more information on these disorders, choose "Goodpasture", "Polycystic Kidney", or "Wegener" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
It is important to distinguish the Hepatorenal Syndrome from the many other causes of acute kidney failure since the causes and therapies differ.
Treatment of Hepatorenal Syndrome is primarily aimed at correcting the unusual features of the blood circulation. Three methods have been used: Head-Out Water Immersion, Paracentesis, and Peritoneovenous (PV) Shunting. Head-Out Water Immersion involves immersing the patient in water, leaving the head out. This redistributes the blood from the arms and legs to the trunk. Paracentesis is a surgical procedure to remove the excess fluid in the abdomen (ascites). Under carefully controlled conditions, this procedure may benefit some patients. Peritoneovenous (PV) Shunting involves surgically placing a tube (a catheter) in the abdominal cavity that drains the ascitic fluid into the blood circulation.
Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Liver transplants have been used to treat Hepatorenal patients who do not respond to other therapies.
Researchers are investigating the effectiveness of introducing fresh frozen plasma into the patient's vein to treat Hepatorenal Syndrome.
There is extensive ongoing research in determining the roles of drugs such as atrial natriuretic peptide, calcium channel blockers, prostacyclin, vasodilatory prostaglandins, the liver hormone glomerulopressin, and the surgical procedure lumbar sympathectomy in the treatment of acute kidney failure and the Hepatorenal Syndrome.
Current research on liver diseases will hopefully shed more light on the understanding of Hepatorenal Syndrome.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hepatorenal Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Liver Foundation
1425 Pompton Ave.
Cedar Grove, N.J. 07009
(201) 857-2626
(800) 223-0179
Children's Liver Foundation
14245 Ventura Blvd.
Sherman Oaks, CA 91423
(818) 906-3021
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NKUDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 187-194, 197, 757.
THE HEPATORENAL SYNDROME: P.S. Kellerman & S.L. Linas; AKF Nephrology Letter (November, 1988: issue 5(4)). Pp. 47-54.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEPATORENAL SYNDROME AND POTENTIAL FOR THERAPY:
M. Levy; Am J Cardiol (December 14, 1987: issue 60(17)). Pp. 66I-72I.
Hepatorenal Syndrome
pagetitle
664: Hepatorenal Syndrome
03817.TXT
.Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
772: Hermaphroditism, True
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (True Hermaphroditism) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hermaphrodism
Hermaphroditism
Androgynism
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Klinefelter's Syndrome
Pseudohermaphroditism, Female
Pseudohermaphroditism, Male
Turner Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
True Hermaphroditism is a very rare genetic disorder in which an infant is born with the internal reproductive organs (female ovaries and male testes) of both sexes. The external sex organs (genitalia) of an affected individual are usually a combination of male and female.
Symptoms
Hermaphroditism is characterized by the presence of both ovaries and testes in the same individual. Each reproductive organ usually contains its corresponding egg (from the ovary) or sperm cell (from the testes). Most affected people have a mixture of female and male external genitalia. Approximately 15% of Hermaphrodites have a normal penis, and 5% have normal female genitalia.
The combination of internal reproductive organs most commonly present in Hermaphroditism is an ovary and a testis. A mutation resulting in the development of an ovary and a testis into one single organ (an ovotestis) is also common, and usually occurs along with a normal ovary. When a normal ovary or an ovotestis is present, the fallopian tube (through which an egg moves from the ovary to the uterus) is nearly always situated next to it. A uterus is present in nearly 90% of reported cases. The epididymis tube (through which the sperm cells move from the testis to ejaculation) is present in approximately one-third of affected individuals. If a penis is present, it may show an abnormality in which the canal (urethra) that carries urine from the bladder opens on the underside (hypospadias). When testes are present, they are usually undescended (cryptochidism).
Upon reaching puberty, approximately one-half of children with Hermaphroditism, who have not had sexual reassignment surgery, will menstruate. A child born with a penis and raised as a male may experience menstruation as cyclic periods of blood in the urine (hematuria). Development of the breasts (gynecomastia) occurs in approximately 80% of affected males. Pregnancy and childbirth have been reported in individuals with Hermaphroditism following surgical removal of the testes and correction of the external genitalia. Individuals with testicular tissue may have fertile sperm.
Tumors of the ovaries or testes are present in approximately 2% of reported cases.
Causes
The exact cause of Hermaphroditism is not known. It is often a genetic disorder inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. However cases have been reported in which Hermaphroditism has been inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Individuals with Hermaphroditism are born with the correct number of chromosomes (46), but show abnormalities of their sex chromosomes. Approximately two-thirds of affected subjects have XX chromosomes which normally result in female sexual development. (A combination of XY chromosomes normally produces male sexual development.) Some scientists believe that in Hermaphroditism, genetic material from a Y chromosome may have been translocated to either an X chromosome or to a chromosome which does not normally determine sex (autosome). Other scientists believe that abnormalities of sexual development may arise from disturbances in the secretion or functioning of hormones during the first three months of fetal development.
Affected Population
Hermaphroditism is a very rare genetic disorder. Individuals with Hermaphroditism in their families are at greater risk of having the disorder and of passing it on to their offspring.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hermaphroditism. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Klinefelter Syndrome is a disorder resulting from an excess of X chromosomes. It is characterized in males by small testes, lack of sperm, enlarged mammary glands and an abnormally small penis. Other symptoms include retarded development of sex organs, an absence of beard and body hair, a high pitched voice and lack of muscular development. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Klinefelter" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Female Pseudohermaphroditism is a genetic disorder in which a female embryo may be exposed to excessive amounts of male hormones while in the uterus, and/or overproduces male hormones after birth. The internal female reproductive glands are usually normal while the external genitalia are male, or a combination of male and female. The clitoris may be enlarged and there may be one common outlet for the urethra and vagina. Other symptoms may include absence of breast development, excessive growth of hair in abnormal areas (hirsutism), increased muscularity, absent or irregular menstruation (amenorrhea), obesity, a short and thick neck, protruding abdomen and thin arms and legs. Female Pseudohermaphroditism is usually caused by the inheritance of a mutant gene which leads to the overproduction of the male hormone androgen.
Male Pseudohermaphroditism is a genetic disorder characterized by defective development of external male genitalia. The testes are usually normal. However, other external genitalia may be female. The body type is usually feminine.
Turner Syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting females which is characterized by lack of sexual development, small stature, possible mental retardation, a webbed neck, heart defects, and various other congenital abnormalities. Individuals with Turner's Syndrome have an XO karyotype, (i.e., they have neither the second X chromosome that characterizes females nor the Y chromosome of males). Despite the unusual genetic karotype, people with Turner Syndrome are females. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Turner" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
To avoid gender confusion later in life, individuals with Hermaphroditism should be assigned a sexual identity as quickly as possible. Assignment of sex appropriate to the individual is most important, and is best determined by the appearance of the external genitalia, the formation of the internal reproductive glands and the ease in which genital reconstruction can be carried out along one sexual line or another.
Corrective surgery is usually begun in the early years. The timing of the surgical reconstruction varies. A clitoral resection on sex assigned females is usually completed as early as possible to facilitate sexual identification. Vaginal reconstruction is usually delayed until puberty to avoid the high incidence of constriction of the vagina (stenosis) which occurs when surgery is performed too early in life. In sex assigned males, the common abnormality of the penis in which the urethra opens on the underside (hypospadias), is usually surgically corrected at two to three years of age.
In cases where a combined ovary and testis (ovotestis) and a uterus are present, the ovotestis and any male internal structures are usually removed and feminizing surgery of the external genitalia is performed. If two ovotestes are present and there is a clear line of demarcation between the two types of tissue, the testicular portion is usually removed and the external genitalia surgically feminized. In both cases, the child is raised as female.
If a testis is present on one side and an ovotestis on the other, the testis is usually brought into the scrotum. If the external genitalia can be surgically reconstructed, the child is then raised as male. Approximately 75% of individuals with Hermaphroditism have been reconstructed as males.
If an ovary is present on one side and a testis on the other, sex assignment is usually decided by evaluation of the appearance of the external and internal sex structures. Appropriate surgical correction is then performed.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on True Hermaphroditism, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Hermaphrodite Association for Rehabilitative Transition
P.O. Box 1303
High Springs, FL 32643
Dr. John Mahoney, Professor, Pediatrics and Psychology
Johns Hopkins University
600 N. Wolfe St.
Baltimore, MD 21205
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 984-985.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 1962-1963.
EARLY GENDER ASSIGNMENT IN TRUE HERMAPHRODITISM. F.I. Luks et al.; J PEDIATR SURG (December, 1988: issue 23 (12)). Pp. 1122-1126.
TRUE HERMAPHRODITISM: DIAGNOSIS AND SURGICAL TREATMENT. S. Guaschino et al.; CLIN EXP OBSTET GYNECOL (1988: issue 15 (3)). Pp. 74-79.
TRUE HERMAPHRODITISM WITH BILATERAL OVOTESTIS: A CASE REPORT. M. Bergmann et al.; INT J ANDROL (April, 1989: issue 12 (2)). Pp. 139-147.
Hermaphroditism, True
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457: Herpes Zoster
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Herpes Zoster) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Shingles
Zona
Acute Posterior Ganglionitis
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Geniculate Zoster, also known as Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
Ophthalmic Herpes Zoster
Information on the following disorders may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Bell's Palsy
Chickenpox
Herpes Simplex (Cold Sores)
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Herpes Zoster is a common central nervous system infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. This is the same virus that causes chickenpox. The disorder is characterized by eruption of blisters, nerve pain, and severe itching of the skin.
Symptoms
Preliminary symptoms of Herpes Zoster include chills, fever, and a feeling of discomfort three or four days before distinctive features of the disease develop. Pain may or may not occur along the site of the future skin eruption. On the 4th or 5th day, characteristic crops of blisters appear on a red base, distributed on skin areas that are served by one or more posterior root nerve centers (ganglia) along the spine. The involved skin area is usually hypersensitive, and the associated pain may be severe. The eruptions occur most often in the chest area and may spread only on one side of the body. They begin to dry and form scabs about the 5th day after their appearance. Herpes Zoster rarely becomes generalized. If it spreads or if the lesions persist beyond two weeks, additional special medical evaluation may be necessary.
One attack of Herpes Zoster usually gives the patient immunity from subsequent attacks. Most patients recover without any after effects except for occasional scarring of the skin. However, in a minority of cases, nerve pain (neuralgia) may persist for months or years, most frequently in elderly persons.
Geniculate Zoster (Herpes Zoster Oticus or Ramsay Hunt Syndrome) involves part of the facial nerve near the internal ear (geniculate ganglion). Pain in the ear and facial paralysis (rarely permanent) may occur on the affected side. Blisters may erupt in the external ear canal, the outer ear, the soft palate, and the top part of the throat.
Ophthalmic Herpes Zoster involves Herpes Zoster affecting the ganglion of the fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal or gasserian ganglion). Pain and an eruption of blisters in the distribution of the branch of the 5th nerve serving the eye occur. A 3rd nerve paralysis may be present. Blisters on the tip of the nose indicate that the branch of the 5th nerve serving the nose, eyes, eyebrows (nasociliary branch) and the cornea are involved. Development of corneal ulcerations and clouding may also occur.
Causes
Herpes Zoster is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. This virus may be activated by local lesions involving the posterior root nerve ganglia, by diseases involving a decreased immune system (particularly Hodgkin's disease), or by immunosuppressive drugs.
Affected Population
Herpes Zoster is a common viral infection which may occur at any age. However, it is most common after age 50. It affects males and females in equal numbers. While the disorder is common for the elderly population, long-term complications of Herpes Zoster are rare, and in rare cases, children or young adults may be affected.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders may be similar to those of Herpes Zoster. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Bell's Palsy is a one-sided facial paralysis of sudden onset resulting from inflammation and/or compression of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). It is nonprogressive, benign, and may be partial or complete. The affected muscles usually regain their function after one or two months, although in cases of extensive nerve damage, all or part of the paralysis may be permanent. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Bell's Palsy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Chickenpox is an acute children's disease which is caused by the same Herpes Zoster virus. It usually begins with mild constitutional symptoms such as a mild headache, moderate fever and discomfort followed by an eruption appearing in itchy crops of flat or elevated spots and blisters, which form crusts. It is highly contagious.
Herpes Simplex (Fever Blister; Cold Sore) is a recurrent infection by the relatively large herpes simplex virus. It is characterized by the appearance on the skin or mucous membranes of clusters of small blisters, filled with clear fluid on slightly raised inflamed bases. There are two types of Herpes Simplex. Type 1 causes infections around the lips and in the cornea. Type 2 usually affects the genital areas and is transmitted primarily by direct contact with lesions, most often during sexual intercourse.
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) is a nerve disorder characterized by attacks of acute pain at the side of the mouth and nose, along the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Trigeminal" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
There is no specific therapy for Herpes Zoster. However, corticosteroids (if given early), may relieve pain in severe cases. Locally applied wet compresses may be soothing. Aspirin, alone or with codeine, may relieve pain. Immunosuppressed patients with Herpes Zoster may benefit from treatment with the antiviral drug adenine arabinoside (vidarabine), or intravenous immunoglobulin. Immunoglobulin can also be beneficial for prevention of Herpes Zoster infection in immune suppressed patients.
The drug Zovirax (aciclovir) is now listed as standard therapy for Herpes Zoster. It is manufactured by Burroughs-Wellcome.
Therapies: Investigational
Transfer factor from a Herpes Zoster patient during the healing phase is being tested as treatment for immunosuppressed patients. Postherpetic neuralgia (intractable pain following shingles) has been observed in rare cases. Zostrix (capsaicin), a new drug for treating this pain, was introduced into the United States and Canada in 1987. For more information, physicians can contact:
GenDerm Corporation
425 Huehl Road
Northbrook, IL 60062
(312) 382-7404
Skin eruptions may heal faster with fibroblast interferon infused into the abdominal cavity. Low-frequency electrotherapy has also been used successfully. However, more research with these forms of treatment is needed to establish their safety and effectiveness. Injection of anesthetics into the painful nerves (nerve block) has been found beneficial for severe cases of postherpetic neuralgia.
Clinical trials are being conducted on the experimental drug Arabinosyl adenine (ARA-A) for treatment of Herpes Zoster (shingles). For additional information, physicians can contact:
Ives Laboratories
Professional Service
P.O. Box 8299
Philadelphia, PA 19101
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Herpes Zoster, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
References
THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF FIBROBLAST INTERFERON -- AN OVERVIEW: A.
Biliau; Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother (1984: issue 1(2)). Pp. 87-96.
VARICELLA AND HERPES ZOSTER IN IMMUNOSUPPRESSED CHILDREN: PRELIMINARY
RESULTS OF TREATMENT WITH INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN: J.M. Sullinger, et al.; Helv Paediatr Acta (March 1984: issue 39(1)). Pp. 63-70.
INTERFERON FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS: M. Ho; Annu Rev Med (1987: issue 38). Pp. 51-59.
PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF HERPETIC DISEASES. REPORT OF A PILOT STUDY WITH
LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTROTHERAPY: L. Hein, et al.; Wien Klin Wochenschr (March 6, 1987: issue 99(5)). Pp. 149-153.
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353: Herpes, Neonatal
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Neonatal Herpes) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Herpes Simplex Infection of Newborn
Herpesvirus Hominis Infection of Newborn
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Neonatal Herpes is a very rare disorder affecting newborn infants infected with the Herpes simplex virus (HSV), also called Herpesvirus hominis. This disorder can vary from mild to severe. In most cases the disorder is transferred by a parent with oral or genital herpes to an offspring before, during, or shortly after birth.
In the mild form, Neonatal Herpes is caused by type 2 virus. The skin, eyes, and mouth may become infected, and symptoms may recur for some time.
In its severe form, which is caused by type 1 virus, Neonatal Herpes is a serious disease characterized by blistery (vesicular) red lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. Liver, spleen, lungs, brain, kidneys, and adrenal glands may also become infected.
Symptoms
The mild form of Neonatal Herpes is usually present at birth. It consists of red skin lesions which are flat and not blistery. Eyes and mouth may also be infected, and fever may occur. This form of the disorder may recur during infancy until the child develops antibodies against the virus, usually by one year of age.
Onset of the severe form of Neonatal Herpes is usually between the 5th and the 9th day of life. Clustered blistery lesions occur on the skin and mucous membranes, and appetite decreases. Infection of the cornea and the inside of the eyelids (keratoconjunctivitis) is also possible. Ulcerations may appear on the soft palate or the esophagus.
The infection may spread to the lungs and cause difficulty breathing (dyspnea). Enlargement of liver and spleen may occur, usually accompanied by jaundice. The temperature of the infant may fluctuate. Lethargy, a reduced muscle tone (hypotonia), and blood coagulation inside the blood vessels are other signs of the more serious form of Neonatal Herpes. The adrenal glands and the kidneys may also be affected. Convulsions and other signs of Central Nervous System involvement may also occur.
Causes
Neonatal Herpes is caused by an infection of the newborn by the Herpes simplex virus, also called Herpesvirus hominis. The milder form of the disorder is caused by type 2 virus, which is present in the birth canal when the mother has a genital herpes infection. The more severe form is caused by type 1 Herpes simplex virus.
The more severe form of Neonatal Herpes occurs less frequently than the milder form and may also be a consequence of maternal genital herpes infection. It is also possible that infection takes place in the uterus during pregnancy. A mother who does not have symptoms of a herpes infection may breast-feed an infant with milk that contains the herpes virus, thus infecting the infant. An attendant at the birthing process may also transfer his or her infection to the newborn child if sterile precautions are not adequate.
Neonatal Herpes may also affect babies with immune system deficiencies.
Affected Population
Neonatal Herpes is a very rare disorder. It affects about 1 in 5,000 to 7,500 live births. During their first year of life, these infants usually develop antibodies against the Herpes virus. Only malnourished infants, those with an impaired immune system, or otherwise weakened infants tend to carry the infection after one year.
Infants born to a mother with a first time Herpes infection late in her pregnancy are at higher risk to develop Neonatal Herpes than infants of mothers with recurrent Herpes infection. In the first case the mother has not yet developed antibodies against the virus which would ordinarily protect her baby.
Therapies: Standard
When a mother shows signs of a genital Herpes infection, delivery by cesarian section is advised.
It is important to notify the physician when a pregnant woman or her sexual partner are carrying Herpes virus, because the baby might become infected with the virus during the birth process. A culture of baby and mother may be done at birth. If tests are positive, treatment of the virus can be started immediately after birth.
Vidarabine (Ara-A, Vira-A), and acyclovir (Zovirax) are the drugs most commonly used to treat herpes virus infections. If treatment is started early enough, the disorder usually remains restricted to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, and does not progress to the more serious form of the disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Neonatal Herpes, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 639-3534
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
HERPES AND PREGNANCY: John H. Grossman, and Susan Hilbert; The Helper, Herpes Resource Center (Fall 1985). Pp. 1-5.
RESEARCH UPDATE, NEONATAL HERPES: Ann Arvin, and Charles Prober; The Helper, Herpes Resource Center (Summer 1986). Pp. 1-5.
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401: Hers Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hers Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Glycogen Storage Disease VI
Glycogenosis Type VI
Hepatophosphorylase Deficiency Glycogenosis
Liver Phosphorylase Deficiency
Phosphorylase Deficiency Glycogen Storage Disease of Liver
Information of the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Andersen Disease
Forbes Disease
Glycogenosis Type VIII
Von Gierke Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hers Disease is a hereditary glycogen storage disease which usually has milder symptoms than most other types of glycogen storage disorders. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme known as liver phosphorylase. Hers Disease is characterized by enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly), moderately low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), elevated levels of acetone and other ketone bodies in the blood (ketosis), and moderate growth retardation. Symptoms are not always evident during childhood. Children are usually able to lead normal lives. In some cases symptoms may be severe.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Hers Disease may not be apparent during childhood. Mild to moderately low blood sugar can cause symptoms of faintness, weakness, hunger, and nervousness. Growth rate may be slowed, and enlargement of the liver may occur because of an excess accumulation of glycogen. Glycogen is the stored form of energy derived from carbohydrates. In many cases the body can adapt to low blood sugar levels and it is able to produce energy by other means. Therefore, symptoms may go unnoticed for long periods of time.
Causes
Hers Disease is a hereditary glycogen storage disorder inherited through autosomal recessive genes. The disorder is caused by a lack of the enzyme known as liver phosphorylase. Because of this enzyme deficiency, the stored form of energy derived from carbohydrates (glycogen) may accumulate in the liver and cause liver enlargement (hepatomegaly).
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
All Glycogen Storage Diseases together affect less than 1 in 40,000 persons in the United States. Symptoms of Hers Disease are usually not noticed until adulthood although the disorder may present in childhood.
Related Disorders
Glycogen Storage Diseases are caused by inborn errors of metabolism in which the balance between stored energy (glycogen) and available energy (sugar or glucose) is disturbed. Too much glycogen tends to be stored in the liver and muscles and too little sugar becomes available in the blood.
The following diseases are similar to Hers Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Von Gierke Disease is a hereditary glycogen storage disease caused by an inborn lack of either the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase or the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate translocase. These enzymes are needed to convert the main carbohydrate storage material (glycogen) into sugar (glucose) which the body uses for its energy needs. A deficiency of these enzymes causes deposits of excess glycogen in the liver and kidney cells.
Forbes Disease (Glycogenosis III; Cori Disease) is another genetic glycogen storage disease. This disorder is caused by a lack of a debrancher enzyme (amylo-1,6-glucosidase). This enzyme deficiency causes excess amounts of glycogen to be deposited in the liver and muscles. The heart may be involved in some cases.
Andersen Disease is a glycogen storage disease inherited through recessive genes. Symptoms of this disorder are caused by a lack of the brancher enzyme (alpha-1,4-glucan 6-glucosyltransferase). Andersen Disease is characterized by liver scarring (cirrhosis) which can lead to liver failure.
Glycogen Storage Disease VIII is a sex-linked genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme liver phosphorylase kinase. The disorder is characterized by slightly low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Excess amounts of glycogen (the stored form of energy that comes from carbohydrates) are deposited in the liver, causing enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly).
For more information on the above disorders, choose "Gierke," "Andersen," Forbes," and "Glycogen Storage Disease VIII" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Hers Disease is based on a test for activity of the liver phosphorylase enzyme. A small fragment of liver tissue is removed (biopsy) and assayed for the activity of the enzyme. In persons with Hers Disease this enzyme activity will be deficient.
Symptoms of Hers Disease are generally mild and the disorder usually requires no treatment other than avoidance of prolonged tasting and monitoring by a physician.
Therapies: Investigational
Dr. Y.T. Chen at Duke University Medical Center, at the request of the Glycogen Storage Disease Association, is collecting DNA from patients with Glycogen Storage Disease Type I to form a DNA bank for GSDI. Interested patients may contact the Glycogen Storage Diseases Association for further information. The address and phone number of the organization are listed in the Resources section of this report.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hers Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Association for Glycogen Storage Diseases
Box 896
Durant, IA 52747
(319) 785-6038
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 2078.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 425.
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697: Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Apert Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for e educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly is a rare genetic disorder characterized by an enlarged head, unusual facial features and multiple physical deformities of the hands and feet.
Symptoms
Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly Syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by an abnormally large head (macrocephaly), and an unusual facial appearance with a high prominent forehead, broad nose and widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism). Extra fingers and toes (polysyndactyly), enlarged thumbs and great toes, and fusing or webbing of the fingers and toes (syndactyly) also usually occur. Occasionally there can be a permanent flexing of the fingers and toes (campodactyly), an increase of fluid on the brain (hydrocephalus) and mild retardation.
Causes
Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly Syndrome is believed to be inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait. The location of the defective gene in Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly Syndrome has been established to be on the short arm of chromosome 7 (7p13). Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly Syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Apert Syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by fused or webbed fingers and toes (syndactyly), a pointed head (acrocephaly or oxycephaly), other skeletal and facial abnormalities, and mental retardation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Apert" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly Syndrome may include surgery for the webbing of the fingers and toes. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle Street, Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
1-800-535-3643
Society for the Rehabilitation of the Facially Disfigured, Inc.
550 First Avenue
Ney York, NY 10016
(212) 340-5400
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
Let's Face It
Box 711
Concord, MA 01742
(508) 371-3186
National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 656-7540
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor a. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 617.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 377.
GREIG CEPHALOPOLSYNDACTYLY: REPORT OF 13 AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS IN THREE FAMILIES. M. Baraiter et al.; CLIN GENET, (October 1983; issue 24 (4)). Pp. 257-265.
CHROMOSOMAL LOCALISATION OF A DEVELOPMENTAL GENE IN MAN: DIRECT DNA
ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATES THAT GREIG CEPHALOPOLYSYNDACTYLY MAPS TO 7p13 L. Brueton et al.; AM J MED GENET, (December 1988; issue 31 (4)). Pp. 799-804.
THE GREIG CEPHALOPOLYSYNDACTYLY SYNDROME: REPORT OF A FAMILY AND REVIEW
OF THE LITERATURE. T. Gallop et al.; AM J MED GENET, (September 1985; issue 22 (1)). Pp. 59-68.
EVALUATION OF A UNIFORM OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE TO TREAT SYNDACTYLY. D.
Keret et al.; J HAND SURG, (September 1987; issue 12 (5 Pt 1)). Pp. 727-729.
Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly Syndrome
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897: Grover's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Grover's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
TAD
Transient Acantholytic Dermatosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Darier Disease
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Pemphigus
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Grover's Disease is a rare temporary skin disorder that consists of small, firm, raised red lesions on the skin. Under a microscope one finds separation of closely connected cells in the skin's outer layers (acantholysis) that can be identified by a dermatologist. Small blisters containing a watery liquid are present. These blisters tend to group and have a swollen red border around them. Grover's Disease is mainly seen in males over the age of forty. It's cause is unknown but it is thought to be related to trauma to sun damaged skin.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Grover's Disease are small, solid, raised bumps on the skin; separation of closely connected tissues in the skin's outer layers (acantholysis); and itching (pruritus). Patients with this disorder often have blisters containing a thin, watery liquid with hair follicles (recessed spots with a central hair) within the affected area. The skin eruptions are found in groups and have a swollen, red border around them. The formation of skin overgrowth (hyperkeratosis) occurs above the blisters. There is an abnormality of the horny layer of the skin resulting from a disturbance in the process by which skin cells, damaged by the environment, attach to each other.
The eruptions in Grover's Disease are usually found on the back, chest and sometimes on the sides of the extremities (arms and legs) and can last from a few weeks to many months.
Causes
The exact cause of Grover's Disease is not known. It may be related to fragility of old sun-damaged skin. Some doctors feel that this skin disorder may be related to heat and sweating. There have been multiple cases of this disorder associated with such things as hot tubs, hot water bottles, electric blankets, steam baths and prolonged confinement to a bed. This theory has not been proven. At least one case of this disorder has been associated with follicle mites which are parasites.
Affected Population
Grover's Disease is a rare skin disorder seen mainly in males over the age of forty although it has also been found in females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Grover's Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Darier Disease is a gradually progressive, hereditary skin disorder. It is characterized by elevated spots (papules) on the scalp, forehead, face, neck, area behind the ears and middle of the back. Gradual burning and itching occurs and the spots become larger, darker and may be covered with grey/brown scales or crusts. This disorder is gradually progressive, and tends to become more severe with exposure to sunshine and/or emotional stress. Darier Disease is inherited as a dominant trait. (For more information on this disorder choose "Darier Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Dermatitis Herpetiformis is an uncommon skin disorder affecting 15 to 60 year olds. Clustered blisters and firm spots (papules) may occur on the skin of the extensor areas (elbows, knees, pelvis, buttocks, skull), face and neck. Itching and burning may be severe. IgA (antibodies found in sweat, tears and saliva) is found in almost all normal-looking and blistered skin. The exact cause of Dermatitis Herpetiformis is unknown. (For more information on this disorder choose "Dermatitis Herpetiformis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Pemphigus is a group of rare skin disorders characterized by blisters in the outer layer of the skin (epidermis) and within mucous membranes (the thin moist lining of the body's internal surfaces). The location and type of blisters varies according to the type of Pemphigus. Blisters are common to all types of Pemphigus. They may be firm or soft. Blisters form due to separation of closely connected tissues in the epidermis (acantholysis). Most patients with this disorder have increased IgG (a particular antibody in the blood that fights foreign substances) in the blood and in the areas of the blisters. IgG attacks foreign substances (antigens) located on the surface of particular skin cells and also can attack normal skin cells. (For more information on this disorder choose "Pemphigus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Grover's Disease may be difficult to treat in some patients. There may be only one occurrence of the disorder which responds well to treatment or prolonged therapy may be needed and multiple occurrences may occur.
Decreased bathing and topical lubrication is usually beneficial.
Topical steroids and antihistamines may provide temporary relief of the itching that occurs with Grover's Disease. Antibiotics are often helpful.
Topical treatment with selenium sulfide has been effective in clearing up the lesions on some patients.
Isotretinoin has also been effective in the treatment of lesions in some patients with Grover's Disease.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Grover's Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
TRANSIENT ACANTHOLYTIC DERMATOSIS (GROVER'S DISEASE). A SKIN DISORDER
RELATED TO HEAT AND SWEATING: E.M. Farber, et al.; Arch Dermatol (November 1985, issue 121(11)). Pp. 1439-41.
GROVER'S DISEASE TREATED WITH ISOTRETINOIN. REPORT OF FOUR CASES: R.J.
Helfman; J Am Acad Dermatol (June 1985, issue 12(6)). Pp. 981-4.
DEMODICIDOSIS MIMICKING GRANULOMATOUS ROSACEA AND TRANSIENT ACANTHOLYTIC
DERMATOSIS (GROVER'S DISEASE): A. Lindmaier, et al.; Dermatologica (1987, issue 175(4)). Pp. 200-4.
RAPID RESPONSE OF TRANSIENT ACANTHOLYTIC DERMATOSIS TO SELENIUM SULFIDE
TREATMENT FOR PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR: R. Segal, et al.; Dermatologica (1987, issue 175-4)). Pp. 205-7.
ERYTHEMATOUS PLAQUE VARIANT OF TRANSIENT ACANTHOLYTIC DERMATOSIS: Y.
Horiuchi, et al.; Cutis (July 1986, issue 38(1)). Pp. 48-9.
MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND TRANSIENT ACANTHOLYTIC DERMATOSIS: P.F.
Rockley, et al.; Cleve Clin J Med (September 1990, issue 57(6)). Pp. 575-7.
Grover's Disease
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)Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
865: Growth Delay, Constitutional
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Constitutional Growth Delay) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Constitutional Delay in Growth and Puberty (CDGP)
Constitutional Short Stature
Idiopathic Growth Delay
Idiopathic Short Stature
Physiologic Delayed Puberty
Sporadic Short Stature
Short Stature
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Hypochondroplasia
Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets
Turner Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Constitutional Growth Delay is a term describing a temporary delay in the skeletal growth and height of a child with no other physical abnormalities causing the delay. Short stature may be the result of a growth pattern inherited from a parent (familial) or occur for no apparent reason (sporadic). Typically there is a period during childhood in which growth slows down, eventually resuming at a normal rate.
Symptoms
Children with Constitutional Growth Delay have a period in which skeletal growth and height are delayed. During this period the child's height on a growth chart is usually below the 5th percentile. Typically, the child who eventually has a delay in growth is born at a normal height and weight and may grow at a normal rate for as much as two years. When testing is done, there is no physical impairment causing the delay.
There is often a history of this delay in growth occuring in other members of the family. If a parent was small as a child, with a late onset of growth and/or puberty (eventually falling within the normal range), the child may follow the same pattern. This form of Constitutional Growth Delay is referred to as familial.
Some children may experience a period of delayed growth for no known reason (sporadic).
Normally puberty begins when the bone age reaches 10 1/2 years in females and 11 1/2 years in males. The chronologic age of puberty in children with Constitutional Growth Delay is usually later.
The rounded head of the long bones in children is separated from the shaft of the bone by the growth plate. The growth plate is the area where much of the growth takes place. When the bone stops growing, the growth plate becomes solid. This process is known as fusion of the epiphyses. The normal age for the epiphyses to fuse is age 15 in females and age 18 in males. Female adolescents with Constitutional Growth Delay typically continue growing until they are 17 or 18, while males may continue to grow into their early 20's. Puberty is normal in adolescents with CGD except for the delay in age. Adult height is within the normal range.
In some patients the skeletal age is not delayed as much as the height age.
Causes
The exact cause of Constitutional Growth Delay is not known. In some cases the pattern of growth delay follows that of another family member. If a parent was small as a child and has a late onset of growth and puberty the child may follow the same pattern. A deficiency of growth hormone can be ruled out through laboratory tests in cases where other physical and genetic factors are not apparent.
Affected Population
Constitutional Growth Delay is a prevalent condition affecting males and females. Many more boys seek help than girls. Approximately 35% of all children with short stature have CGD.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Constitutional Short Stature. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) causes an absence or delay of lengthening and widening of the skeletal bones inappropriate to the chronological age of the child. A sufficient quantity of growth hormone is required during childhood to maintain growth and normalize sexual maturity. In some cases the onset of the disorder occurs prenatally, in others the condition occurs months or years later. Laboratory testing is necessary before a diagnosis of Growth Hormone Deficiency can be made. (For more information on this disorder choose "Growth Hormone Deficiency" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hypochondroplasia is a rare inherited skeletal disorder. The major symptom of this disorder is dwarfism that does not become evident until mid-childhood. Hypochondroplasia is characterized by a normal sized head and small but normally shaped hands and feet. Children with this disorder appear normal at birth but the limbs fail to develop properly. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hypochondroplasia " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Vitamin-D Deficiency Rickets is a rare disorder that appears during infancy and childhood. It is caused by insufficient amounts of vitamin D in the body. This deficiency can be caused by poor nutrition, a lack of exposure to the sun, or malabsorption syndromes in which the intestines do not adequately absorb nutrients from food. Symptoms of this disorder may be restlessness, lack of sleep, slow growth, a delay in crawling, sitting or walking, thinness of the top and back of the skull, swelling of the skull and a delay in the closing of the skull bone. (For more information on this disorder choose "Rickets" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Turner Syndrome is a rare inherited disorder affecting females. The main symptoms of this disorder are a lack of sexual development, small stature, possible mental retardation, a webbed neck, heart defects and various other congenital anomalies. Individuals with this disorder have an XO Kerotype, i.e., they have neither the second X chromosome that characterizes females nor the Y chromosome of males. Individuals with Turner Syndrome have female characteristics, but they do not develop secondary sexual characteristics. (For more information on this disorder choose "Turner" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Disorders that are often associated with short stature such as Juvenile Diabetes, Cystic Fibrosis, kidney diseases, asthmatics that have inhaled steroids, etc., must all be ruled out in order to be certain that the short stature has no known cause.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Constitutional Growth Delay is not recommended since affected children will eventually grow to a height within the normal range. Typically a child will get through this lull in growth with no problems. Occasionally there may be psychological problems associated with short stature and counseling as well as family and peer support may be necessary.
When severe psychological symptoms are apparent, drugs may be prescribed in conjunction with counseling. These may include male hormones including anabolic steroids. This treatment should be done with caution under careful medical supervision and frequent x-rays should be taken to make sure that the skeletal age is not being advanced too much. When bone development is increased faster than height it can reduce the growing period and ultimately reduce the patient's adult height. Steroids can have severe physical and behavioral side effects so this treatment is rarely recommended.
Therapies: Investigational
Treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) is recommended only for children with documented growth hormone deficiency as confirmed through laboratory tests. The use of hGH on healthy short children is controversial since long-term consequences are unknown.
The Orphan Drug Testosterone (Sublingual) is currently being tested for treatment of Constitutional Delay of Growth and Puberty in boys.
The Orphan Drug Oxandrolone is currently being tested for use in the treatment of Constitutional Delay of Growth and Puberty. Both drugs are sponsored by:
Gynex, Inc.
1175 Corporate Woods Parkway
Deerfield, IL 60015
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Constitutional Growth Delay, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
(703) 883-1773
(800) 451-6434
Short Stature Foundation
17200 Jamboree Rd., Suite J
Irvine, CA 92714-5828
(714) 474-4554
800-24 DWARF
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
301-496-5751
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, Editor-In-Chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1986-88.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1418.
CLINICAL PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY, Solomon A. Kaplan M.D., W.B. Saunders Company, 1990. Pp. 10, 49-53.
GROWTH HORMONE THERAPY: L. Shulman, et al.; Am Family Physician (May, 1990, issue 41(5)). Pp. 1541-6.
TESTERONE TREATMENT IN ADOLESCENT BOYS WITH CONSTITUTIONAL DELAY IN
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: R.A. Richman, et al.; N Engl J Med (December 15, 1988, issue 319(24)). Pp. 1563-7.
DOUBLE BLIND PLACEBO CONTROLLED TRIAL OF LOW DOSE OXANDROLONE IN THE
TREATMENT OF BOYS WITH CONSTITUTIONAL DELAY OF GROWTH AND PUBERTY: R.
Stanhope, et al.; Arch Dis Child (May, 1988, issue 63(5)). Pp. 501-5.
TREATMENT OF SHORT STATURE AND DELAYED ADOLESCENCE: D.M. Wilson, et al.; Pediatr Clin North Am (August, 1987, issue 34(4)). Pp. 865-79.
Growth Delay, Constitutional
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@;8;Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
866: Growth Hormone Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article ( Growth Hormone Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
GHD
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Turner Syndrome
Cystic Fibrosis
Down Syndrome
CHARGE association
Laron Dwarfism
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Growth Hormone is manufactured in the pituitary gland. If it is missing or reduced in quantity during infancy or childhood, it results in growth retardation, short stature and other maturation delays.
Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) causes an absence or delay of lengthening and widening of the skeletal bones inappropriate to the chronological age of the child. A sufficient quantity of growth hormone is required during childhood to maintain growth and normalize sexual maturity. In some cases the onset of the disorder occurs prenatally (before birth), and in others the condition occurs months or years later. Laboratory testing is necessary before a diagnosis of Growth Hormone Deficiency is made because growth and maturity delays can be caused by a wide variety of other factors, including normal genetic influences.
Symptoms
Growth increments are the most important criteria in the diagnosis of Growth Hormone Deficiency. Normal levels of growth usually follow a pattern and if growth during a recorded six to twelve month period is within those levels it is unlikely that a growth disorder exists.
Growth in the first six months of life is usually 16 to 17 cm. and in the second six months approximately 8 cm. During the second year 10 or more cm is normal. Growth in the third year should equal 8 cm or more and in the fourth year 7 cm. In the years between four and ten, an average of 5 or 6 cm is normal. Ten percent deviation in these norms is the standard in assessing a growth abnormality. If a child falls below the ten per cent deviation in growth he/she should then be tested for abnormally low levels of growth hormone.
The child with GHD is usually of normal weight and length at birth. The infant may become hypoglycemic (low blood sugar) during the newborn period. If male, the child may have a small penis. Symptoms that children with GHD usually have in common are abnormal rates of development of facial bone, slow tooth eruption, delayed skeletal development, fine hair and poor nail growth. They may also experience obesity, a high pitched voice and delayed closure of the front bones of the skull (fontanels).
Causes
The Growth Hormone gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 17. This knowledge makes genetic testing and counseling possible.
Growth Hormone Deficiency occurs in some children for no apparent reason. In others it may be inherited or run in families (familial). There are several types of GHD:
Growth Hormone Deficiency IA is characterized by growth retardation before birth (prenatally). The child is small in relation to it's brothers and sisters. The infant usually has a normal response to administration of human growth hormone (hGH) at first, then develops antibodies to the hormone. This form of GHD results in very short adults. It is inherited as an autosomal-recessive trait.
Growth Hormone Deficiency IB is similar to IA, however there is some growth hormone (GH) present in the child at birth. The child may respond to hGH treatments. It is inherited as an autosomal-recessive trait.
Growth Hormone Deficiency IIB is similar to IB, however, it is inherited through an autosomal-dominant mode.
Growth Hormone Deficiency III is similar to the above, however, it is inherited through X-linked transmission affecting only males.
Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
In X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
Affected Population
Growth Hormone Deficiency affects males and females equally except for GHD III which affects only males. It is, however, associated very closely with other disorders such as:
Down syndrome, CHARGE association, cystic fibrosis, chronic renal failure and Turner syndrome to name a few. There may be approximately 10,000 to 15,000 children in the United States with pituitary dwarfism caused by GHD.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Growth Hormone Deficiency. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Turner Syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting females which is characterized by a lack of sexual development, small stature, possible mental retardation, a webbed neck, heart defects, and various other congenital abnormalities. Individuals have an XO karyotype; i.e.; they have neither the second X chromosome that characterizes females nor the Y chromosome of males. Despite the unusual genetic karyotype, people with Turner syndrome are females. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Turner" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited disorder that affects the exocrine, or outward-secreting glands of the body. It affects children and young adults. The main consequences are related to the mucus producing glands. The secreted mucus is thick and sticky, clogging and obstructing air passages in the lungs and pancreatic bile ducts. Cystic Fibrosis also causes dysfunction of salivary and sweat glands. There may also be decreased appetite, weight loss, failure to gain weight or grow normally, decreased exercise tolerance and enlarged and blue finger tips (digital clubbing). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cystic Fibrosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Down Syndrome is the most common and readily identifiable genetic condition associated with mental retardation. It is caused by a chromosomal abnormality. One additional chromosome is present in each cell and this extra genetic material changes the orderly development of body and brain. There are over 50 clinical signs of Down syndrome, but it is rare to find all or even most of them in one person. Some common characteristics include:
Poor muscle tone
Slanting eyes with epicanthic folds
Growth retardation with short adult height
Transverse crease on the palm
Short neck
Small head
Small mouth
Flat nose bridge
(For more information on this disorder, choose "Down" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
CHARGE Association is a very rare disorder characterized by a variety of symptoms. At least four of the following six characteristics are necessary for the diagnosis of CHARGE Association: Coloboma of the iris, Heart Disease, Atresia of the choanae, Retarded growth and development and central nervous system abnormalities, underdevelopment of the Genitals, Ear abnormalities and loss of hearing. The first initials of Coloboma, Heart, Atresia, Retardation, Genitals and Ear, compose the word CHARGE. (For more information on this disorder, choose "CHARGE" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Laron Dwarfism is characterized by proportionate severe short stature which is evident at birth or soon after. Along with growth retardation there are delays in tooth eruption. There is also disproportion between the growth of the head and jaw, a saddle nose and deep set eyes. Sexual development is slow but it does occur. The usual age of sexual maturation in boys with Laron Dwarfism is about 22 years of age. In females with the disorder, sexual maturation usually takes place between 16 to 19 years of age. Hands and feet are smaller than normal. Obesity and a high-pitched voice may also be present. Laron Dwarfism is a disorder of growth hormone receptors. The body is unable to use the growth hormone that it produces. A high percentage of the patients have extremely low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Laron" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Testing is very important in determining if the child with growth retardation does indeed have Growth Hormone Deficiency. The child is tested using one of the following tests: the insulin-arginine-estrogen test, the GH-plasma-exercise, the clonidine or the L-dopa and propranolol tests.
When a diagnosis of GHD is made, treatment can then be instituted. The question of whether short children whose levels of growth hormone have not been tested, should be treated with human growth hormone (hGH), is very controversial since commercially available biotechnology engineered human growth hormone (hGH) is very expensive and many health insurance companies will not reimburse for the product unless laboratory tests confirm GHD. Moreover, adverse effects of hGH on healthy short children who do not have a deficiency of the hormone have not been adequately assessed and long-term side effects are unknown.
In the past, growth hormone recovered from human cadaver pituitaries was used. However, because of problems obtaining sufficient quantities and the possibility of transferring disease, that method is no longer used. Recombinant (biotechnology engineered) hGH is available on the U.S. market as Protropin (Genentech) and Humatrope (Eli Lilly), as an injection.
Children with GHD are usually started on small doses of recombinant human growth hormone as soon as the disorder is recognized. The dosage is gradually increased to its highest during puberty, and discontinued by approximately age 17.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients with GHD and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
Studies continue on the causes and treatment of GHD and other growth related diseases. Scientists are especially investigating the physiology of growth hormone receptors which may lead to additional pharmaceutical interventions in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Growth Hormone Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783-1783
203-746-6518
The Magic Foundation
1327 N. Harlem Ave.
Oak Park, IL 60302
(708) 383-0808
Human Growth Foundation
7777 Leesburg Pike
P.O. Box 3090
Falls Church, VA 22043
703-883-1773
800-451-6434
Short Stature Foundation
17200 Jamboree Rd., Suite J
Irvine, CA 92714-5828
(714) 474-4554
800-24 DWARF
Little People of America
P.O. Box 633
San Bruno, CA 94066
415-589-0695
(a support group for adults with growth deficiencies)
NIH/National Institute of child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
301-496-5133
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
914-428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 377-80, 887-8, 1426-27.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1290-7, 2205.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., Editor; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 614-8, 762-3.
DIAGNOSTIC RECOGNITION OF GENETIC DISEASE, William L. Nyhan, et al.; Lea & Febiger, 1987. Pp. 706-9, 712, 718.
CLINICAL PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY, Solomon A. Kaplan,: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1-56.
GROWTH HORMONE THERAPY, Shulman, L, et al.; Am Fam Physician, May, 1990, (issue 41 (5)). Pp. 1541-6.
BIOSYNTHETIC HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE IN THE TREATMENT OF GROWTH HORMONE
DEFICIENCY., Holcombe, J.H. et al.; Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl, 1990, (issue 367). Pp. 44-8.
URINARY GROWTH HORMONE EXCRETION AS A SCREENING TEST FOR GROWTH HORMONE
DEFICIENCY, Walker, J.M, et al,; Arch Dis Child, January, 1990 (issue 65 (1)). Pp. 89-92.
GROWTH HORMONE FOR SHORT STATURE NOT DUE TO CLASSIC GROWTH HORMONE
DEFICIENCY., Cara, J.F., et al.; Pediatr Clin North Am., December, 1990, (issue 37 (6)). Pp. 1229-54.
Growth Hormone Deficiency
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40: Guillain-Barre Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Guillain-Barre Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Acute Idiopathic Polyneuritis
Acute Immune-Mediation Polyneuritis
AIMP
Ascending Paralysis
Post-Infective Polyneuritis
Kussmaul-Landry Paralysis also known as Landry Paralysis
GBS
Landry Ascending Paralysis
Disorder Subdivisions:
Miller-Fischer Syndrome also known as Fischer's Syndrome and Acute
Disseminated Encephalomyeloradiculopathy
Chronic Guillain-Barre Syndrome also known as Chronic Idiopathic Polyneuritis or CIP, Relapsing Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Relapsing Polyneuropathy, Polyneuropathy and Polyradiculoneuropathy
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Neuropathy, Peripheral
Fischer Syndrome
Chronic Idiopathic Polyneuritis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (acute idiopathic polyneuritis) is a very rare, rapidly progressive disorder causing inflammation of the nerves (polyneuritis) and paralysis. Although the precise cause of Guillain-Barre Syndrome is unknown, a viral or respiratory infection precedes the onset of the syndrome in about half of the cases. This has led to the theory that Guillain-Barre Syndrome may be an autoimmune disease (caused by the body's own immune system). Damage to the covering of nerve cells (myelin) and nerve axons (the extension of the nerve cell that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell body) results in delayed nerve signal transmission. There is a corresponding weakness in the muscles that are supplied with nerve impulses (innervated) by the affected nerves.
The following subdivisions are recognized: Miller-Fischer syndrome (Fischer syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyeloradiculopathy); chronic Guillain-Barre Syndrome (chronic idiopathic polyneuritis); relapsing Guillain-Barre Syndrome; chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy; chronic relapsing polyneuropathy; polyneuropathy; and polyradiculoneuropathy.
Symptoms
Guillain-Barre Syndrome is a very rare, rapidly progressive disorder that affects the nervous system. This disorder is characterized by ascending polyneuritis (inflammation of nerves) causing paralysis that usually begins in the feet and progresses upwards to the trunk and arms. Numbness, tingling and/or "pins and needles" (paresthesias) begin in the feet. This is generally followed by weakness and paralysis of the legs. Eventually the torso, upper limbs, and face are affected. The symptoms of Guillain-Barre Syndrome progress over hours to weeks. Deep tendon reflexes may be lost; most notably the ankle jerk reflex. Other symptoms may include fever, paralysis of the lips, tongue, mouth and voice box (bulbar palsy), and an increase in cerebrospinal fluid protein levels.
The neurological symptoms of Guillain-Barre Syndrome affect both sides of the body (bilateral) and directly reflect the portion of the nervous system that is involved in an inflammatory process. Sensory nerve damage produces numbness and tingling in the feet, hands, gums and face. The face may appear pouchy and lopsided. In the acute stage Guillain-Barre Syndrome may cause difficulty breathing or swallowing food. Involvement of the autonomic nervous system (part of the nervous system that regulates vital functions) may cause an abnormally rapid heart beat (sinus tachycardia) or abnormally low heart rate (bradycardia), high blood pressure (hypertension) and/or a sudden drop in blood pressure upon arising from a bed or chair (postural hypotension). Other symptoms may include changes in body temperature, vision, bladder function and blood chemistries.
The symptoms experienced by every person with Guillain-Barre Syndrome vary widely. Paralysis generally peaks in less than 10 days, although in rare cases it may continue to progress for months. Recovery begins after the condition has stabilized and this may take 6 months to 2 years. A favorable prognosis for Guillain-Barre Syndrome generally correlates with speedy recovery.
Causes
Guillain-Barre Syndrome is a very rare, rapidly progressive disorder that affects the nervous system. This disorder is thought to be caused by an autoimmune mechanism following a viral infection. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses against invading organisms (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.) mistakenly attack healthy tissue.
Many viral infections have been identified as preceding the onset of Guillain-Barre Syndrome. These can include the common cold, viral hepatitis or mononucleosis. Guillain-Barre Syndrome has also been observed following surgery, porphyria (a group of inherited metabolic disorders), an insect sting, Lyme Disease and swine flu inoculations.
Affected Population
Guillain-Barre Syndrome affects approximately 1 or 2 adults in 100,000 in the United States. Men and women are affected in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Peripheral Neuropathy is a disorder of the nervous system characterized by sensory, motor, reflex and vasomotor (nerve and muscles that control the blood vessels) symptoms. Degenerative changes in the nerve fibers occur. The symptoms may involve a single nerve (mononeuropathy) or many nerves (symmetric polyneuropathy, polyneuritis, multiple peripheral neuritis). Symptoms may include muscle weakness and muscular pain. Generally there is a tingling feeling, numbness or a burning sensation in the affected area (paresthesias). The symptoms of Peripheral Polyneuropathy are frequently confused with the early symptoms of Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Peripheral Polyneuropathy usually affects both sides of the body equally and has a wide range of symptoms. It may be caused by malnutrition, poisoning or other underlying diseases such as diabetes or other metabolic disorders. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Peripheral Neuropathy" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Fischer Syndrome is a rare subtype of Guillain-Barre Syndrome that commonly follows an upper respiratory tract infection. Men are predominantly affected. A generalized weakness occurs and is particularly severe in the muscles of the eyes (ocular). This may cause impaired vision. Involvement of the muscles of the face and neck may lead to impaired speech and a sagging look to the face. Deep tendon reflexes may be lost and an awkward, unsteady gait (ataxia) is common. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Fisher" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Chronic Idiopathic Polyneuritis produces symptoms that are indistinguishable from those of Guillain-Barre Syndrome with the exception that the eyes and face are involved in only 15 percent of cases. The course of Chronic Idiopathic Polyneuritis is unpredictable. Symptoms tend to progress over 6 to 12 months and then subside for a period of time before recurring. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Chronic Idiopathic Polyneuritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
The debilitating effects of Guillain-Barre Syndrome vary greatly and usually reach a plateau from which recovery begins. Relapses of this disorder rarely occur.
Muscular strength is first regained in the upper body. Recovery from Guillain-Barre Syndrome can take from 6 months to over 2 years. More rapid recovery patterns are associated with a diminished chance of long-term disabilities.
Various forms of treatment have proven effective for some people with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Physical therapy may help restore muscle strength as recovery begins. Therapy must be customized for each patient. Respiratory assistance may be needed by hospitalized patients during the acute stage of this disorder.
Corticosteroid drugs (for chronic Guillain-Barre Syndrome) and plasmapheresis may be prescribed. Plasmapheresis is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is transfused back into the patient.
Plasmapheresis is recommended only for Guillain-Barre patients with severe weakness at the time of the first plasma exchange (e.g., those unable to walk). The benefits of plasmapheresis are clearest when treatment is started within two weeks after symptoms begin. This procedure can reduce motor weakness and reduce time spent on a respirator, sometimes enabling patients to leave the hospital sooner. It is unclear whether patients able to walk without support will benefit from plasmapheresis. Researchers have found that patients who respond best to plasmapheresis are the younger patients who also have a larger number of muscle fibers that contract in response to an electric nerve stimulus. Age and electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist and the peroneal nerve at the ankle may predict the success of treatment with plasmapheresis.
Over fifty percent of people with Guillain-Barre Syndrome typically resume full and active lives. Approximately 5 to 15 percent of affected people experience significant long-term disabilities, and 35 to 45 percent experience mild long-term difficulties such as tingling and muscle aches. Only 1 to 5 percent die of complications of Guillain-Barre Syndrome.
Fischer Syndrome and Chronic Idiopathic Polyneuritis are similarly treated with corticosteroid drugs and/or plasmapheresis.
Therapies: Investigational
Research is ongoing to investigate possible treatments for Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Several studies suggest that high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin may be beneficial for some people with severe cases of Guillain-Barre Syndrome.
For information on plasmapheresis as a treatment for Guillain-Barre Syndrome, your physician can contact:
The Johns Hopkins University Hospital
Plasmapheresis Center
601 North Broadway
Baltimore, Maryland 20205
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Guillain-Barre Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Guillain-Barre Syndrome Support Group International
P.O. Box 262
Lynnewood, PA 19096
(215) 667-0131
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed. R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1446.
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 471, 1855, 2181.
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.; Raymond D. Adams, M.D. and Maurice Victor, M.D., Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, 1989. Pp. 1035-1039.
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. BIOCHEMICAL, MOLECULAR, AND
CLINICAL UPDATE, J.E. Graves et al.; West J Med (Jun 1992; 156(6)): Pp. 639-646.
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
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499: Hageman Factor Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hageman Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Factor XII Deficiency
HAF Deficiency
Hageman Trait
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Factor IX Deficiency
Factor XIII Deficiency
General Discussion
** IMPORTANT **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hageman Factor Deficiency is a genetic blood disorder. It is caused by a lack in activity of the Hageman factor in blood plasma, a single-chain glycoprotein which is also called Factor XII. This factor is needed for blood clotting. However, when it is deficient, other blood clotting factors tend to compensate for Factor XII. This disorder usually presents no symptoms and is only accidentally discovered through pre-operative blood tests that are required by hospitals.
Symptoms
Hageman Factor Deficiency may rarely cause blood clots at an early age. Blood clots that inhibit circulation through arteries can have serious consequences. If the blood clot interrupts blood supply to the heart (myocardial infarction) it may cause tissue death of the heart muscle. Another possible result of Hageman Factor Deficiency is inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (thrombophlebitis).
An unusual tendency to bleed is not present in patients with this disorder. Red spots on the skin (petecchiae or ecchymoses) are absent as well. However, a test measuring clotting time shows that it takes an abnormally long time for the blood to clot in affected patients. Serum prothrombin and thromboplastin time (which are other tests related to blood clotting), are usually also abnormal. The blood level of Hageman Factor tends to vary greatly.
Causes
Hageman Factor Deficiency is a genetic disorder inherited through autosomal recessive genes. The defect is believed to be either on chromosome 6 or 7. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.) The exact mechanism of inheritance is still being investigated.
Affected Population
Hageman Factor Deficiency affects persons of Oriental heritage more often than those of European descent. Males and females are affected in equal numbers. In about 10% of cases, the parents of patients with this disorder are closely related.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hageman Factor Deficiency. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Factor IX Deficiency is a severe genetic bleeding disorder that resembles classic Hemophilia A, although it occurs only one-fifth as often as Hemophilia. Factor IX is a component of the blood clotting substance, thromboplastin; it is deficient at birth in patients with this disorder. Factor IX Deficiency varies in severity and occurs most often in males. In rare instances, female carriers have been known to exhibit this deficiency in a mild form. Symptoms include prolonged bleeding episodes, and in very severe cases, joint pain and bone deformities. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Factor IX" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Factor XIII Deficiency is an extremely rare genetic bleeding disorder. It is characterized by slow, oozing internal bleeding occurs several days after mild or severe injury. Poor wound healing and excessive bleeding from wounds are less common symptoms. About 100 cases of Factor XIII Deficiency have been described in the medical literature. Males and females are affected equally. With treatment, patients with this disorder can expect to live a normal life span. Without treatment, however, intracranial bleeding may eventually be life threatening. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Factor XIII" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Hageman Factor Deficiency can be diagnosed by testing the blood of a person suspected to have the disorder with blood from a person known to have it. If the suspected blood does not correct the deficiency in the deficient blood, we know it is deficient as well. Treatment for this disorder is usually not necessary since the bleeding is only mild.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hageman Factor Deficiency, please contact
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Hemophilia Foundation
The Soho Building #406
110 Greene Street
New York, NY 10012
(212) 219-8180
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1548-1549.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1015-1016.
THE CONTACT ACTIVATION SYSTEM: BIOCHEMISTRY AND INTERACTIONS OF THESE
SURFACE-MEDIATED DEFENSE REACTIONS: R.W. Colman, et al.; Crc Crit Rev Oncol Hematol (1986: issue 5(1)). Pp. 57-85.
IMMUNOBLOTTING STUDIES OF COAGULATION FACTOR XII, PLASMA PREKALLIKREIN,
AND HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT KININOGEN: B. Lammle, et al.; Semin Thromb Hemost (January 1987: issue 13(1)). Pp. 106-114.
Hageman Factor Deficiency
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882: Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome
`%^%Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
882: Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivision covered by this article.
Synonyms
Acroosteolysis with Osteoporosis and Changes in Skull and Mandible
Arthro-dento-osteodysplasia
Cheney Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Gaucher's Disease
Gorham's Disease
Kienboeck Disease
Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome
Osteonecrosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome is a rare disorder affecting the connective tissue which supports and joins other body tissues and parts. The most distinctive feature in patients with this disorder is a condition in which the palms of the hands and soles of the feet have ulcerating lesions with softening and destruction of bones (acro-osteolysis). There is also abnormal development in bone, joints and teeth. A decrease in bone mass and changes in the skull and jawbone are also features of this syndrome. The majority of cases are of unknown cause but multiple cases have been reported in families, suggesting autosomal dominant genetic transmission.
Symptoms
The main symptoms of Hadju-Cheney Syndrome are:
1. Acro-osteolysis - a condition in which the palms of the hands and soles of the feet have ulcerating lesions and there is softening, absorption and destruction of bony tissue.
2. Wormian Bones - tiny, smooth, segmented bones that are soft, moist and warm to the touch.
3. A small, recessed jaw bone (mandible).
4. Osteoporosis - a decrease in bone mass making a person susceptible to bone fractures and compression of the spine.
5. A thick depression in the back of the head.
6. Persistent open joint between the bones of the cranium.
7. Loose joints (e.g., wrists, knees, etc.).
8. Early loss of teeth.
Other symptoms of this disorder may be:
9. Short stature - usually due to the decrease in growth because of collapse of the spinal column.
10. Small or missing frontal sinus.
11. Unequal growth of the long bones that may cause dislocations of the bones, bowing, or outward twisting of the knees.
12. Dislocation of the bone that forms the front point of the knee (patella).
13. High, narrow roof of the mouth (palate).
14. Hernia - break through of an organ through a tear in the muscle wall that surrounds it.
15. Projecting ears.
16. A deep voice.
17. Distinctive facial features - such as a short neck, thick eyebrows, coarse hair, and low set ears.
18. Hearing loss.
19. Syndactyly - the fingers or toes grow together.
Causes
The majority of cases of Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome are thought to occur for no apparent reason.
Multiple cases of this disorder occuring in one family are thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. This disorder is very rare. There have been approximately 30 reported cases in the medical literature. Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome has been found in the United States, western and central Europe.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Gaucher Disease is an inherited disease of lipid metabolism caused by the failure to produce the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. There are three types of Gaucher's Disease - Types I, II, and III. In Types I and III bone deterioration is the major problem and can affect any part of the body. Other symptoms of Type I and III may include an enlarged spleen or liver, a low blood count, bone pain, gastric problems or delayed growth. In Type III seizures, mental retardation, abnormal eye movement, or jerking motions of the limbs, head, and upper body may also occur. (For more information on this disorder choose "Gaucher" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Gorham's Disease is an extremely rare bone disorder characterized by bone loss often associated with swelling or abnormal blood vessel growth (angiomatous proliferation). Bone loss may occur in just one bone or spread to soft tissue and adjacent bone in such places as the hand, arm, shoulder, ribs, part of the pelvis, thighbone, or jaw. This disorder affects males slightly more often than females and occurs in all age groups. (For more information on this disorder choose "Gorham" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Kienboeck Disease is an acquired bone disorder of the wrist caused by inflammation or injury. Degenerative changes of the lunate bone occur such as softening, deterioration, fragmentation or compression. These changes may produce pain, swelling, tenderness, thickening and/or stiffness in the overlying tissues of the wrist. The range of motion may become restricted. Healing occurs through formation of new bone in some cases. (For more information on this disorder choose "Kienboeck" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome is a rare bone disorder affecting the hip joint. Abnormalities in bone growth early in life may result in permanent deformity of the hip joint several years later. The bone may become shorter than normal, causing a noticeable limp. (For more information on this disorder choose "Legg-Calve-Perthes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Osteonecrosis is the destruction of a bone (necrosis) due to inadequate circulation of blood. It most commonly affects the joints and bones of the hips, knees or shoulder. It often occurs as the result of bone injuries or in conjunction with other diseases and conditions. (For more information on this disorder choose "Osteonecrosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Patients with Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome should have regular neurological checkups in order to detect any complications due to the bone abnormalities. Hearing and sight should be checked when this disorder has been diagnosed. To help prevent developmental delay and proper muscle and skeletal function, occupational and physical therapy may be used.
When patients have severe destruction of bony tissue, surgery and/or bone grafting may be performed.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hadju-Cheney Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Coalition of Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue
c/o National Marfan Foundation
382 Main St.
Port Washington, NY 11050
(516) 944-5412
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 17-18.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 827-829.
CERVICAL INSTABILITY AS AN UNUSUAL MANIFESTATION OF HAJDU-CHENEY SYNDROME
OF ACROOSTEOLYSIS: D. Herscovici Jr., et al.; Clin Orthop (June, 1990, issue 255). Pp. 111-6.
A 20 YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF A CASE OF SURGICALLY TREATED MASSIVE OSTEOLYSIS: S. Turra, et al.; Clin Orthop (January, 1990, issue 250). Pp. 297-302.
HIGH TURNOVER OSTEOPOROSIS IN ACRO-OSTEOLYSIS (HAJDU-CHENEY SYNDROME):
V. Nunziata, et al.; J Endocrinol Invest (March, 1990, issue 13(3)). Pp. 251-5.
Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome
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498: Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hallermann-Streiff-Francois Syndrome
Francois Dycephalic Syndrome
Dycephalic Syndrome of Francois
Oculomandibulodyscephaly
Mandibulo-Oculo-Facial Dyscephaly
Oculomandibulofacial Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Seckel Syndrome
General Discussion
** IMPORTANT **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, also known as oculomandibulodyscephaly, is a syndrome of bony abnormalities of the roof of the skull (calvaria), face and jaw. Affected persons have a bird-like face with a narrow curved nose, and multiple eye defects including cataracts. Also, the corneas of the eyes and the eyeballs themselves are smaller than normal. Hair can be thinned or absent overlying the lines where the plates of the skull meet, and eyebrows may be absent or underdeveloped. Premature aging (progeria) and atrophy of the elastic tissue of the skin may also occur.
Symptoms
Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome is characterized by dwarfism and malformation of the head and face (dyscephaly). The children are born with a bird-like face having a receding jaw, a beaked nose, and thinned or absent hair overlying the lines where the plates of the skull meet. Additionally, eyebrows may be absent or underdeveloped. The eyeballs and corneas of the eyes are abnormally small with clouding of the clear lens of the eye (cataract), and/or glaucoma. Abnormalities of the teeth include the presence of teeth at birth, or the eruption of teeth at a few weeks of age which are not well anchored in the jaw. These premature teeth often fall out. Permanent teeth, which normally erupt during childhood, are usually absent except for the first permanent molars. Abnormalities of the skull and face may predispose some patients to respiratory disorders. Additionally, motor and/or mental retardation, premature aging (progeria) and wasting (atrophy) of the elastic tissue of the skin may occur.
Causes
Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome is thought to result from sporadic chromosomal mutations. Many of the identified cases occur in marriages of closely related persons (consanguinity). Some scientists believe Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome may be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Symptoms are thought to result from a developmental defect in the first or second of six branchial arches in the head and neck region of the fetus.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. Since this disorder was first identified by Dr. Hallermann in 1948 and Dr. Streiff in 1950, approximately fifty cases have been reported in the United States medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Treacher Collins Syndrome, also known as mandibulofacial dysostosis, is characterized by variable malformations related to the first branchial arch during early development of the fetus. The opening between the upper and lower eyelids (palpebral fissures) slopes outward and downward with notches or absence of some eye tissue (coloboma) in the outer third of the lower eyelids. There are bony defects or underdevelopment of the cheek (malar) bones and the arch (zygoma) formed by the cheek bones, underdevelopment of the jaw, and an abnormally large mouth (macrostomia) with a high or cleft palate. Abnormal positioning (malocclusion or malposition) of teeth, low-set malformed external ears, atypical hair growth, and occasional clefts or pits between the mouth and ear can occur. This disorder is known as "Treacher Collins-Franceschetti's Syndrome" if most symptoms are present, and is known as "Treacher Collins Syndrome" if symptoms are limited to the eye socket (orbit) and cheek bone (malar) region.
Seckel Syndrome (Bird-Headed Dwarfism) is a genetic form of dwarfism characterized by low birth weight, a small head, large eyes, beaklike protrusion of the nose, narrow face, and receding lower jaw. This disorder is often marked by abnormalities in skin pigmentation. Various congenital malformations can be accompanied by dental abnormalities and mental retardation. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Seckel" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Vision problems can be successfully treated by an eye specialist. Infections should be carefully guarded against. In case of severe respiratory distress, an otolaryngologist may recommend a surgical opening from the neck to the windpipe (tracheostomy). Services which assist physically and mentally retarded individuals are helpful. Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Hallermann-Streiff Parent Association
1367 Beulah Park
Lexington, KY 40597
(606) 273-6928
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
International Center for Skeletal Dysplasia
St. Joseph Hospital
7620 York Road
Towson, MD 21204
(301) 337-1250
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
Society for the Rehabilitation of the Facially Disfigured
550 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 340-5400
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle Street, Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
(800) 535-3643
About Face
99 Crowns Lane
Toronto, Ontario M6R 3PA
Canada
(416) 944-3223
NIH/National Child Health & Human Development (NICHHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1017.
This Rare Disease Database entry is based upon outlines prepared by medical and dental students (1984-1986) at the Medical College of Virginia for their course in human genetics.
AIRWAY MANAGEMENT IN HALLERMANN-STREIFF SYNDROME: R.T. Sataloff, et al.; Am J Otolaryngol (January-February 1984, issue 5(1)). Pp. 64-67.
HALLERMANN-STREIFF SYNDROME: REPORT OF A CASE: A.J. Malerman, et al.; ASDC J Dent Child (July-August 1986, issue 53(4)). Pp. 287-292.
DENTO-ALVEOLAR ABNORMALITIES IN OCULOMANDIBULODYSCEPHALY (HALLERMANN-
STREIFF SYNDROME): P.J. Slootweg, et al.; J Oral Pathol (April 984, issue 13(2)). Pp. 147-154.
Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome
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179: Hallervorden-Spatz Disease
Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
179: Hallervorden-Spatz Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hallervorden-Spatz Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by the article.
Synonyms
Progressive Pallidal Degeneration Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hallervorden-Spatz Disease is a disorder which causes degeneration of the nervous system. The most common age of onset is eight years, although the disorder may occur from birth to 20 years of age.
Symptoms
The patient with Hallervorden-Spatz Disease may develop dystonia (a slow, steady muscle contraction distorting limbs, neck, face, mouth or trunk into certain positions), muscular rigidity (uncontrolled tightening of the muscles), and choreoathetosis (spontaneous, non-repetitive, slow writhing movements, usually of the extremities). Spasticity (muscle spasm) is present in one third of affected individuals. Less common symptoms are dysarthria (difficulty in speaking), mental retardation, facial grimacing, dysphasia (impaired speech), muscle atrophy (shrinking) and seizures. Symptoms vary in different individuals.
Causes
Hallervorden-Spatz Disease is transmitted as an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
The disorder may occur in one or more than one child in a family. If more than one sibling is affected, their symptoms will be similar. Different families, however, will often have different variations of the disease as related to symptoms and progression.
Related Disorders
Other movement disorders such as static encephalopathy, Sandifer's Syndrome, Benign Paroxysmal Torticollis and infections and tumors of the spine and soft tissues of the neck may also cause dystonic symptoms or uncontrolled muscle contractions.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hallervorden-Spatz Disease is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hallervorden-Spatz Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Dystonia Clinical Research Center at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital
710 W. 168th St.
New York, NY 10032
Dystonia Medical Research Foundation
8383 Wilshire Blvd.
Beverly Hills, CA 90211
(213) 852-1630
Dystonia Medical Research
1 E. Wacker Dr., Suite 2900
Chicago, IL 60601-2098
United Leukodystrophy Foundation
2304 Highland Dr.
Sycamore, IL 60178
(815) 896-3211
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
Association Europeenne contre les Leucodystrophies
7 Rue Pasteur
54000 NANCY
France
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1421.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 976.
Hallervorden-Spatz Disease
03798.TXT
Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
743: Hand-Foot-Mouth Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hand-Foot-Mouth Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Vesicular Stomatitis with Exanthem
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
HFMS
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Varicella Zoster Virus
Herpangina
Encephalitis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hand-Foot-Mouth Syndrome is a common mild viral disease that occurs in young children. It is characterized by a rash of small blister-like lesions. These blisters usually occur on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet and in the mouth.
Symptoms
Hand-Foot-Mouth Syndrome is a mild viral infection that occurs in young children. It is sometimes epidemic in geographic areas. It is characterized by blister-like lesions that appear on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet and in the mouth. These lesions occasionally may appear on the buttocks, extremities or genitals. They may group together and eventually ulcerate. There may also be a sore throat, headache, fever of 100 to 102 degrees F, loss of appetite or refusal to eat due to the lesions in the mouth, especially those on the cheek and tongue.
Causes
Hand-Foot-Mouth Syndrome is caused by a virus. It is believed to be caused by the coxsackie virus A16 or by enterovirus 71.
Affected Population
Hand-Foot-Mouth Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers and is common in young children.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hand-Foot-Mouth Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
The varicella-zoster virus is a herpes virus that causes chickenpox during childhood, and shingles (herpes zoster) during adulthood. It is characterized by a sore throat, runny nose, a general feeling of discomfort and a blister-like rash. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Varicella" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Herpangina is a viral infection that usually affects infants and young children. It is characterized by a sore throat with fever, headache, loss of appetite, and pains in the abdomen, neck and extremities. Vomiting and convulsions may occur in infants. Within two days a small number (usually less than 12) of elevated pimple-like lesions appear on the tonsils, soft palate, uvula or tongue. These lesions eventually become shallow ulcers and will heal within 5 days.
The following disorder may be associated with Hand-Foot-Mouth Syndrome as a complication of severe cases. It is not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Encephalitis is an inflammation of all or of the brain, and at times the spinal cord. It can be caused by viruses such as the St. Louis, Western Equine, California, Mumps, ECHO and coxsackie viruses. When it involves the membranes (meninges) it is called Meningoencephalitis; when it extends to the spinal cord it is called Encephalomyelitis. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Encephalitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
There is no specific treatment for Hand-Foot-Mouth Syndrome. Calamine lotion may have a soothing effect on the rash and acetaminophen (e.g., Tylenol), given every 4 hours will help reduce the fever and headache. Aspirin should NOT be given to children with viral diseases, because it can cause Reye Syndrome. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Reye" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
At the present time, a study is being conducted on the effectiveness of the drug murine interferon, as a treatment for coxsackievirus type A 16 (CA-16) or enterovirus type 71 (EV 71). More research must be conducted to determine long-term safety and effectiveness of this drug.
Therapies: Investigational This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hand-Foot-Mouth Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
1600 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
(404) 329-3534
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1569.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1987. Pp. 2034.
OUTBREAK OF ENTEROVIRUS 71 INFECTION IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA, WITH A HIGH INCIDENCE OF NEUROLOGICAL INVOLVEMENT. G. Gilbert, et al.; PEDIATR INFECT DIS J (July 1988, issue 7 (7)). Pp. 484-488.
HAND, FOOT, AND MOUTH DISEASE. A. Buchner, (March 1976, issue 41 (3)). Pp. 333-337.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF INTERFERON ON INFECTIONS WITH HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH
DISEASE VIRUS IN NEWBORN MICE. D. Sasaki, et al.; J INFECT DIS (March 1986, issue 153 (3)). Pp. 498-502.
Hand-Foot-Mouth Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
347: Hartnup Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hartnup Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Pellagra
Methylmalonic Aciduria
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hartnup Disease is a rare metabolic disorder inherited as a recessive trait. It involves an inborn error of amino acid metabolism as well as niacin deficiency. Factors which precipitate attacks of this disorder may include poor nutrition, exposure to sunlight, sulfonamide medications and/or psychological stress. Hartnup Disease may be marked by skin problems, coordination impairment, vision problems, mild mental retardation, and central nervous system abnormalities. Frequency of attacks usually diminish with age.
Symptoms
Hartnup Disease may be characterized by a red, scaly rash which may occur after exposure to sunlight. Sudden attacks of impaired muscle coordination (ataxia), double vision, and fainting may occur with this disorder. Retarded mental development, short stature, emotional instability, and dementia may also be symptomatic of untreated Hartnup Disease. Mild heart irregularities (arrhythmias) may also occur but are extremely rare.
Causes
Hartnup Disease is inherited as a recessive trait. It is an inborn error of amino acid metabolism including tryptophan (which affects growth), and the decomposition of these amino acids in the intestines. Precipitating factors in this disorder may include poor nutrition, fever, exposure to sunlight, sulfonamide medications and/or psychological stress. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Hartnup Disease usually begins in childhood and continues into adulthood. Like most inborn errors of metabolism, it is very rare.
Related Disorders
Pellagra is an illness that results from a deficiency of nicotinic acid and occasionally tryptophan. This disorder is marked by lack of appetite (anorexia), weakness, discomfort, emotional instability, insomnia, bouts of diarrhea or constipation, a burning or stinging sensation of the skin (especially following exposure to the sun), and a sore mouth. The skin may become reddish-brown, scaly, and rough. This disorder usually occurs from deficiencies in the diet such as those that occur in countries where corn or maize is the staple food. It is very rare in the United States.
Methylmalonic Aciduria is a form of Ketotic Hyperglycinemia. It is due to a malfunction of amino acid metabolism. This disorder may be marked by an accumulation of acid in the blood (acidosis), drowsiness, coma, and mental or physical retardation. Treatment of Methylmalonic Aciduria includes a low-protein diet, amino acids such as isoleucine, valine, and threonine and/ or massive doses of Vitamin B-12. (For more information on Ketotic Hyperglycinemia, choose "hyperglycinemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Attacks of Hartnup Disease in people affected by this disorder can be reduced or avoided by maintaining good nutrition, supplementing the diet with niacinamide or niacin, and avoiding the sun and sulfonamide drugs. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling may be helpful to affected families.
Therapies: Investigational
Genetic studies on children born to mothers affected by Hartnup Disease suggest that the abnormal metabolism of amino acids in this disorder does not have an adverse effect on the embryo. Further investigations are necessary to determine the exact biological cause of Hartnup Disease, which could in turn lead to prevention and/or new treatments.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hartnup Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
HARTNUP DISEASE. CLINICAL, PATHOLOGICAL, AND BIOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS: A.J.
Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
683: Hashimoto's Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hashimoto's Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Hashimoto's Disease
Struma Lymphomatosa
Lymphadenoid Goiter
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Subacute Thyroiditis
Riedel's Thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism
Graves Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hashimoto's Syndrome is a progressive disease of the thyroid that will eventually destroy the thyroid gland and cause a lack of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism).
Symptoms
Hashimoto's Syndrome is thought to be the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism. Patients complain of painless enlargement of the thyroid gland or fullness in the throat. It causes a non-tender goiter). This abnormal lump on the front of the neck is smooth or nodular, firm and more rubbery in consistency than the normal thyroid. Thyroid function blood studies initially fall within the normal limits, until the disease has progressed sufficiently to cause the lack of thyroid hormone.
Causes
The exact cause of Hashimoto's Syndrome is not known. It may be an autoimmune disorder caused by infiltration of the thyroid gland with lymphocytes (white blood cells), resulting in the progressive destruction of the thyroid gland and eventually causing hypothyroidism. Autoimmune diseases begin when the body's natural defenses against disease, such as antibodies, lymphocytes, etc., attack healthy tissue for unknown reasons.
There may be a genetic predisposition to develop Hashimoto's Syndrome. The gene may be inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder. Human traits including the classic genetic diseases are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disease gene from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Hashimoto's Syndrome can occur in men and women at any age, but is most frequently seen in women between the ages of 30 and 50. A family history of thyroid disorders is common. The incidence is increased in patients with chromosomal disorders including Turner's, Down's and Klinefelter's syndromes. (For more information about these disorders, choose "Turner", "Down" and "Klinefelter" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hashimoto's syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Subacute Thyroiditis is a relatively common inflammation of the thyroid. It usually occurs about 2 weeks after a viral infection such as a viral pharyngitis (sore throat), mumps or measles. There is severe pain and tenderness over the thyroid area associated with difficulty in swallowing. Blood studies will show a low level of thyroid hormone. Most cases are helped by analgesic or anti-inflammatory drugs. Normal thyroid levels will eventually return.
Riedel's Thyroiditis is extremely rare. It is the abnormal formation of fibrous tissue involving the thyroid gland and surrounding areas. It presents itself as a hard, fixed and painless enlargement of the thyroid. The progressive destruction of the thyroid gland will eventually cause hypothyroidism.
Hypothyroidism can occur alone or as a symptom of another illness. Major symptoms may include the development of an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) in the neck, a dull facial expression, puffiness and swelling around the eyes, drooping eyelids, thinning hair, excessive fatigue, and weight gain. Mental functioning may or may not be affected. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hypothyroidism" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Grave's Disease is a disease affecting the thyroid gland. It is thought to occur as a result of an imbalance in the immune system. This disorder causes increased thyroid secretion (hyperthyroidism), enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter), protrusion of the eyeballs, and weight loss. Some individuals have both Hashimoto's Disease and Grave's Disease at the same time. For more information on this disorder, choose "Grave" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Hashimoto's Syndrome consists of replacing thyroid hormone in the body. This will alleviate the symptoms and produce a marked reduction in the gland size within 2 to 4 weeks. Once thyroid hormone has been started, it should be continued for life, since it is unlikely that the disease will regress spontaneously.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hashimoto's Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Thyroid Foundation of America
c/o Dr. Morris Wood
Massachusetts General Hospital, ACC 630
Boston, MA 02114
(617) 726-2377
American Thyroid Association
Endocrine/Metabolic Service 7D
Walter Reed Army Medical Center
Washington, DC 20307
800-542-6687
The Thyroid Foundation of Canada
CD/Box 1597
Kingston, Ontario
Canada K71 5C8
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 296.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 262.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1931.
THE WORLD BOOK MEDICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA, Your Guide to Good Health: Stuart Levin, M.D., World Book Inc., 1988. Pp. 865.
THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE of PHYSICIANS and SURGEONS COMPLETE HOME MEDICAL GUIDE, Donald A. Holub, M.D.; Crown Publishers Inc., 1985. Pp. 501.
THE MERCK MANUAL, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D. et al.,eds.; Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Pp. 673.
THYROID IODINE CONTENT AND SERUM THYROID HORMONE LEVELS IN AUTOIMMUNE
THYROIDITIS: EFFECT OF IODIDE SUPPLEMENTATION P Fragu et al.; J Nucl Med (February, 1985, issue 26(2)). Pp. 133-139.
Hashimoto's Syndrome#
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`7T7Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
880: Hay-Well's Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Hay-Well's Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Christ-Siemens-Touraine Syndrome
Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome
Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome
Jorgenson's Syndrome
Rapp-Hodgkins Syndrome
Zanier-Roubicek Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hay-Well's Syndrome is one of a group of rare genetic skin disorders known as the Ectodermal Dysplasias. Major characteristics of this disorder include cleft lip and/or palate, fusion of one or both eyelids together, absent or defective nails, coarse, sparse or wiry hair, diminished ability to sweat, and missing, widely spaced, or cone-shaped teeth. Hay-Well's Syndrome is inherited as a autosomal dominant trait.
Symptoms
The main features of Hay-Well's Syndrome are:
1. Congenital Ectodermal Dysplasia - a group of skin conditions in which the patient is born with abnormal growth or development of the skin, it's derivatives and some organs. The affected tissue derives primarily from the ectodermal germ layer. Hair and teeth are also abnormal in the ectodermal dysplasias.
2. Cleft lip and/or palate - a condition that occurs when the roof of the mouth has not completely closed at birth. This opening or fissure is due to a failure of the upper jaw bones (maxillae) to properly fuse together during development of the embryo. This deformity may affect the entire roof of the mouth (palate), or only the lip or both. The severity of the cleft may range from a barely visible notch to complete non-closure and deformity of the lip and palate.
3. Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum - bands of tissue causing the eyelids to adhere or fuse together. This may occur in one or both eyes.
4. Mild Hypohidrosis - a condition in which the patient has a diminished capacity to sweat due to abnormal or partial sweat glands.
5. Dystrophic nails - a condition in which the finger and/or toe nails do not develop normally.
6. Abnormal hair - patients with Hay-Well's Syndrome have coarse, sparse, wiry hair and may experience partial or total hair loss (alopecia).
7. Hypodontia - a condition in which the patient is born with less that the normal number of teeth. Patients with Hay-Well's Syndrome may also have widely spaced, cone shaped teeth with insufficient enamel.
8. Velopharyngeal incompetence - a birth defect in the opening structure of the throat. The part of the mouth under the nasal passages is not completely closed. This condition may cause food to spit up through the nose and a speech impairment. In some cases velopharyngeal incompetence may occur instead of cleft lip and/or palate.
Some (but not all) of the following additional symptoms may be present in patients with Hay-Well's Syndrome:
9. Maxillary hypoplasia - a condition in which the upper jaw is smaller than normal.
10. Infections or erosions of the scalp.
11. Oval shaped face and broad nasal bridge.
12. Palmoplantar keratoderma - a horny skin condition appearing on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. This condition often occurs during adulthood.
13. Hyperpigmentation - unusual darkening of the skin due to excess pigmentation.
14. Dry skin.
15. Photophobia - abnormal sensitivity of the eyes to light.
16. Blepharitis - inflammation of the eyelids.
17. Lacrimal Puncta - one or more of the upper or lower duct openings of the eye are absent or underdeveloped.
18. Cupped Ears.
19. Stenosis of the ear canal - an abnormally narrow ear canal.
20. Hearing loss
Causes
Hay-Well's Syndrome may occur for no apparent reason or it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Affected Population
Hay-Well's Syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. There have been approximately 12 reported cases of this syndrome in medical literature. The 12 reported cases were from the United States, Canada and Great Britain.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Hay-Well's Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Christ-Siemens-Touraine Syndrome is a form of ectodermal dysplasia that is characterized by lack of development of teeth, reduced ability to sweat resulting in heat intolerance, and loss of hair. The face may have a bulging forehead and chin, sunken cheeks, broad flat nose, thick lips and fine, wrinkled skin around the eyes. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ectodermal Dysplasias" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome is a autosomal recessive form of ectodermal dysplasia. It is characterized by a lack of hair on the head and abnormalities of the teeth. There may also be too many teeth, failure of baby teeth to fall out, and a lack of tooth enamel. Patients have similar faces with narrow, small, pointed noses, small jaws, small mouth with thin lips, a short head and bulging of the forehead. Eye problems may include cataracts, crossed eyes, and blue coloring in the whites of the eyes. There may also be a narrow high-arched palate and a delay in the growth of the bones. (For more information on this disorder choose "Hallermann-Streiff" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome is a form of ectodermal dysplasia that is characterized by nose, scalp and hair defects, as well as a lack of teeth, deafness, short stature, lack of motor development and malabsorption problems. The most striking feature of this syndrome is the beaklike appearance of the nose. Three-fourths of the patients have a protrusion over the rear fontanelle of the skull at birth which gets thick and hard as the child grows. Their teeth are peg-shaped and they have thin hair which sweeps up from the forehead. Patients with Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome show marked hearing loss from birth as well as motor and mental retardation. Bone growth is delayed and there may be associated intestinal, absorption and genital defects.
Jorgenson's Syndrome is another form of ectodermal dysplasia characterized by the inability to sweat properly, a lack of hair and tooth growth, and unusual skin problems. These patients do sweat but the amount is very slight. There is a lack of growth of eyebrows and eyelashes, and the patient is usually bald by the teen years. The skin is dry with fine fingerprints (dermal ridges) on the hands and feet. There are abnormal amounts of cavities in the baby teeth and a lack of development of some of the permanent teeth. The patient usually has a long, thin nose, thin upper lip and a long space between the nose and mouth.
Rapp-Hodgkins Syndrome is another form of ectodermal dysplasia. The main characteristics of this disorder are absence of the ability to sweat in combination with cleft lip and palate, dental abnormalities and lack of hair. Corneal opacities and other eye defects with a tendency to develop eye infections are often present. The ears may be large and malformed, and also prone to infections. Hearing and speech problems may also be associated with this disorder.
Zanier-Roubicek Syndrome is a form of ectodermal dysplasia which is often associated with severe overheating due to the inability to sweat. There is usually normal sweating, however, on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The patient usually shows a lack of hair on the head but normal eyebrows and eyelashes. Patients have fewer than the normal number of teeth with yellow discoloration of the ones that are present. The finger and toe nails are brittle. A lack of tearing of the eyes may also occur, as well as underdevelopment of the breasts. This syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait.
Therapies: Standard
There is no known cure for any of the Ectodermal Dysplasias. Treatment is directed at the symptoms. Certain skin creams may relieve skin discomfort. Dentures, hearing aids, etc. may be required. Heat and overexercise are avoided. Vaccines and anti-infectious agents are used to reduce infections of the skin and respiratory tract.
Treatment of a person with cleft lip and/or palate requires the coordination efforts of a team of specialists. Pediatricians, dental specialists, surgeons, speech pathologists, and psychologists must work together in planning the child's treatment and rehabilitation.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
The palate of cleft palate patients is closed during early childhood but difficulties may persist if the palate is excessively short in relation to the pharynx. Researchers are studying a teflon-glycerine paste that is applied to the rear of the pharynx in a minor surgical procedure. A rounder bump or ledge is formed, bringing the pharynx and palate into the proper relationship with each other. The hardened paste remains in place indefinitely; no side effects have been observed. Children as young as eight years old have been treated with this procedure.
For further information on this procedure for cleft palate contact:
William N. Williams, D.D.S.
University of Florida College of Dentistry
Box J-424
Gainsville, FL 32610
(904) 392-4370
The National Institute of Dental Research in Bethesda, MD, is conducting a research project to evaluate dental treatment of individuals who have Ectodermal Dysplasias. Treatment will consist of either conventional removable dentures or fixed dentures supported by dental implants. The project is designed to evaluate the effect of dental implants on such things as satisfaction with treatment, the ability to chew foods, and maintenance of the bone that supports the dentures. To be eligible to participate in this study, individuals must have one of the ectodermal dysplasias, be missing several teeth, and be between the ages of twelve and seventy years. A complete oral and dental examination will be provided to determine if an individual qualifies for the five year study. Financial aid is expected to be available to help defray travel and lodging expenses for trips to Bethesda, MD. For additional information, physicians can contact:
Albert D. Guckes, M.D.
Dental Clinic, NIDR
Bldg. 10, Rm. 6S-255
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4371 or 2944
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hay-Well's Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias
108 North First, Suite 311
Mascoutah, IL 62258
(618) 566-2020
NIH/National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
American Cleft Palate Cranial Facial Association
1218 Granview Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15211
(412) 681-1376
(800) 24CLEFT
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
National Cleft Palate Association
2950 Hearne Ave
Shreveport, LA 71103
(318) 635-8191
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 71.
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L. Jones, M.D., Editor; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 254.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 599-96.
VARIABLE EXPRESSION IN ANKYLOBLEPHARON-ECTODERMAL DEFECTS-CLEFT LIP AND
PALATE SYNDROME: S.L. Green, et al.; Am J Med (May, 1987, issue 27(1)). Pp. 207-12.
AEC SYNDROME: ANKYLOBLEPHARON, ECTODERMAL DEFECTS, AND CLEFT LIP AND
PALATE. REPORT OF TWO CASES: J. Spiegel, et al.; J Am Acad Dermatol (May, 1985, issue 12(5 PT 1)). Pp. 810-15.
Hay-Well's Syndrome
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720: Headache, Cluster
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Cluster Headache) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Cluster Headaches
Vasogenic Facial Pain
Disorder Subdivisions:
Cyclic Cluster Headache
Chronic Cluster Headache
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Migrane Headache
Tolosa Hunt Syndrome
Giant-Cell Arteritis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for e educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Cluster Headaches are a rare form of severe disabling headache. The headache is a deep, nonthrobbing, extremely painful one which tends to recur in the same area of the head or face with each occurrence. They usually come on during sleep and awaken the patient. They are typically associated with watering of the eyes and nose.
Symptoms
Cluster Headaches can be of two types, cyclic or chronic. They take their name from the fact that they usually occur together, one to four times a day for weeks or months, then stop for a while and occur again months or years later. They usually affect young to middle aged males. They often arouse the patient from sleep because of pain.
The pain of a cluster headaches is deep, agonizing, nonthrobbing and on only one side of the head. The area of the head or face involved is always the same. The pain may occur in the head, face, eye, temple or forehead. The involved eye and nostril will usually water excessively, and the eyelid may droop. When the headache passes, the patient will fall into a deep sleep only to be awakened again by another headache. This may continue several times a day, sometimes for weeks or months. Some patients may be unable to continue a normal work schedule. It is important to note that drinking alcohol can act as a trigger and can bring on attacks in persons who suffer with Cluster Headaches.
The term Cyclic Cluster Headache refers to the fact that these headaches will often occur together for weeks or months, and then not appear again in clusters for months or years.
When the Cluster Headaches occur daily, and the clusters do not end, the disorder is called Chronic Cluster Headaches.
Causes
The exact cause of Cluster Headaches is unknown. However, many scientists think that they may occur from spasms, swelling (edema) or inflammation of the carotid artery in the neck. Others believe it may be caused by hormone imbalances.
Affected Population
Cluster Headaches affect young to middle aged males almost exclusively. However, in rare cases they also afflict women.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Cluster Headaches. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Migraine Headaches usually involve one side of the head. Individuals who suffer from these intense headaches may have a genetic predisposition to them. Often associated with these painful attacks are double vision, irritability, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, and sensitivity to light. Medical researchers believe constriction of the cranial arteries may trigger migraine headaches, but the cause of the constriction is not known.
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome includes chronic headaches, mild fever and vision impairment followed by painful eye muscle paralysis. Swelling, protrusion of the eye, drooping eyelid, diminished vision and abnormal skin sensations around the eye may be associated with the paralysis. These symptoms usually occur only on one side of the head. Additionally, symptoms often associated with migraine headaches such as double vision, nausea, vomiting and a general feeling of discomfort may develop. However, fever and eye muscle paralysis do not occur with migraine headaches. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tolosa-Hunt" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) is characterized by recurrent episodes of intense pain at the upper jaw and side of the nose. Symptoms are limited to one side of the face, with flushing of the skin and tearing of the eye on the affected side. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Trigeminal Neuralgia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Giant Cell Arteritis is a disease that may simulate an infection with low fever, malaise, loss of appetite, severe weakness and weight loss. Aching and stiffness of muscles of the trunk, neck, shoulders and hip areas may also occur. A severe, throbbing, boring headache occurs in the temporal area, often accompanied by redness, swelling, tenderness, pulsations and knotting of the temporal artery. Half of the patients have eye symptoms and 40% may experience vision loss. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Giant Cell Arteritis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Cluster Headache is often delayed because of sudden onset during sleep. Patients may sometimes be helped by inhaling ergotamine or oxygen. Sometimes use of the following drugs may prevent the headache from recurring: Methysergide, lithium carbonate, prednisone, verapamil, or nifedipine. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are attempting experimental surgery to treat extreme or chronic Cluster Headaches that do not respond to drugs. By severing nerves which project to the sinuses and palate (the sphenopalatine ganglion neurectomy procedure) surgeons may alleviate the pain associated with Cluster Headaches in certain cases. This procedure has been tried on an experimental basis in a limited number of patients when conservative measures have proven ineffective. The long-term safety and effectiveness of this procedure is still under investigation.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Cluster Headache, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Migraine Foundation
5252 North Western Avenue
Chicago, IL 60625
(800) 523-8858 (Illinois)
(800) 843-2256 (outside Illinois)
NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5751
(800) 352-9424
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 2180-2185.
VASOGENIC FACIAL PAIN (CLUSTER HEADACHE). L.R. Eversole, et al.; Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg (February, 1987, issue 16 (1)). Pp. 25-35.
CLUSTER HEADACHES. J.P. McKenna, Am Fam Physician (April, 1988, issue 37 (4)). Pp. 173-178.
CLUSTER HEADACHE PAIN VS. OTHER VASCULAR HEADACHE PAIN; DIFFERENCES
REVEALED WITH TWO APPROACHES TO THE McGILL PAIN QUESTIONNAIRE. A. Jerome, et al.; Pain (July, 1988, issue 34 (1)). Pp. 35-42.
UNILATERAL IMPAIRMENT OF PUPILLARY RESPONSE TO TRIGEMINAL NERVE
STIMULATION IN CLUSTER HEADACHE. M. Fanciullacci, et al.; Pain (February, 1989, issue 36 (2)). Pp.185-191.
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530: Heart Block, Congenital
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main Title of the article (Congenital Heart Block) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name.
SYNONYMS
Atrioventricular Block (AV) Block
DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
Congenital Heart Block (First, Second, and Third Degree)
Congenital Heart Block Type I
Congenital Heart Block Type II
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Mobitz Block, Types I and II
Bundle Branch Block
Lupus
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Congenital Heart Block is a rare birth defect in which the heart of a fetus does not develop properly.
Symptoms
Major symptoms in Type I Atrioventricular (Congenital Heart) Block include independent beating of the chambers (atria and ventricles) of the heart which can be detected through an Electrocardiogram (ECG) test. First Degree AV (Atrioventricular) Block is characterized by the slowed conduction of electrical impulses within the atrioventricular node of the heart. It does not produce outwardly apparent symptoms and is only detectable with the ECG test. Second Degree AV Block may produce other more serious symptoms. Third Degree AV Block (complete heart block) is characterized by failure of all atrial impulses to be conducted to the ventricles. Type II AV Block is characterized by organic heart disease and is more likely to be progressive, resulting in complete heart block.
Causes
Congenital Heart Block is an electrical disorder of the heart. The exact cause is not known. In some cases it may be caused by an infection in the uterus during pregnancy or an autoimmune disorder where the mother's antibodies are capable of crossing the placenta. The types of autoimmune disorders that are often associated with this birth defect are connective tissue disease, such as Lupus Erythematosus.
Autoimmune Disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses against invading organisms (antibodies), for unknown reasons, begins to attack healthy tissue. Some cases may be linked to abnormal reactions by blood cells (serum antibodies), to a thyroid protein (thyroglobulin), organ wall (parietal) cells, or adrenal cells.
Affected Population
Congenital Heart Block is present at birth. The disorder affects males and females equally.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Congenital Heart Block. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis.
Mobitz Type I and II. Mobitz Type I, or Wenckebach AV block is characterized by progressive slowing of AV conduction of successive atrial impulses. It is usually a transient condition. Mobitz Type II AV block occurs suddenly and is nearly always a manifestation of organic heart disease. Type II nearly always requires a pacemaker to reestablish normal heart rhythms.
Bundle Branch Block is a heart block caused by a lesion in one of the bundle branches in either the left or right sides of the heart. It usually indicates cardiovascular disease. Right Bundle Branch Block may be recorded in persons showing no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. In either case it is characterized by a slowing of the conduction in the bundle branches of the heart.
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Congenital Heart Block but they occur later in life as a result of disease or some other condition: acquired heart block secondary to cardiac surgery, rheumatic heart disease, or infectious disorders.
The following disorders may precede the development of Congenital Heart Block in a fetus. They can be useful in identifying an underlying cause of some forms of this disorder: An intrauterine infection during pregnancy may cause Congenital Heart Block in a newborn.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is an inflammatory connective tissue disease that can affect many parts of the body including the joints, skin and internal organs. Lupus is a disease of the body's immune system, most often striking young women between the ages of 15 and 35 years. The presence of Lupus in a pregnant woman should alert pediatricians to the possibility of Congenital Heart Block in an infant. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lupus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Congenital Heart Block Type I can consist of the administration of atropine, a drug which increases the AV conduction in the heart. In Heart Block Type II implantation of a pacemaker is often the treatment of choice.
Therapies: Investigational
The drug dexamethasone is being used as an experimental treatment for mothers affected with lupus erythematosus when they are pregnant. Plasmapheresis (3 times a week) is also being investigated as a possible treatment. It is hoped that plasmapheresis may diminish the amount of antibodies that are able to cross the placenta to the affected infant. This procedure is being tried on an experimental basis when conservative measure have proven ineffective.
Plasmapheresis may be of benefit in some cases when the pregnant mother is afflicted with connective tissue disease, especially lupus. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is retransfused into the patient. This type of therapy is still under investigation and cannot be considered a standard treatment. More research is needed before plasmapheresis can be recommended for use in all but the most high risk cases of Prenatal Congenital Heart Block due to maternal connective tissue disease.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through November 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Congenital heart block, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Heart Association
National Center
7320 Greenville Ave.
Dallas, TX 75231
(214) 750-5300
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
International Bundle Branch Block Association
6631 West 83 Street
Los Angeles, CA 90045-2899
(213) 670-9132
Coaltion of Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue
c/o National Marfan Foundation
382 Main St.
Port Washington, NY 11050
(516) 944-5412
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
This Rare Disease Database entry is based upon outlines prepared by medical and dental students (1984-1986) at the Medical College of Virginia for their course in human genetics, and the following articles:
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp.301-570.
DELAYED MATERNAL LUPUS AFTER DELIVERY OF OFFSPRING WITH CONGENITAL HEART
BLOCK: B. S. Kasinath, et al.; Arch Intern Med (December 1982, issue 142 (13)). Pp. 2317.
CONNECTIVE-TISSUE DISEASE, ANTIBODIES TO RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN, AND
CONGENITAL HEART BLOCK; J.S. Scott, et al.; (N Engl J Med (July 28, 1983, issue 28 (309)). Pp. 209-212.
MATERNAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST FETAL CARDIAC ANTIGENS IN CONGENITAL COMPLETE
HEART BLOCK; P. V. Taylor, et al.; N Engl J Med (September 11, 1986, issue 315 (11)). Pp. 667-672.
Heart Block, Congenital
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669: Heavy Metal Poisoning
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Heavy Metal Poisoning) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Heavy Metal Toxicity
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Metal Fume Fever
Fanconi's Anemia
Wilson's Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Heavy Metal Poisoning results from an overexposure to some types of metal. This may occur from industrial exposure, from air or water pollution, or from foods, medicines or improperly coated food containers. Occasionally hemodialysis (filtering of the blood mechanically to treat severe kidney failure) may be a cause.
Symptoms
The symptoms of metal poisoning vary according to which type of metal overexposure is involved. Some specific examples are:
Aluminum containers used in the manufacture and processing of some foods, cosmetics and medicines, and also for water purification. Too much aluminum may affect the brain and the spinal cord.
Antimony is used for hardening lead, and in the manufacture of batteries and cables. It may possibly cause lung disease and skin cancer, especially in those who smoke.
Arsenic is used in the manufacture of pesticides. The gas from arsenic also has some industrial uses. Overexposure may cause headache, drowsiness, confusion, delirium, seizures and death. In cases of chronic poisoning, weakness, muscle aches, chills, and fever may develop.
Berryllium is a metal used in the refining of precious metals. Overexposure is characterized by the formation of granulomas, nodular accumulations or inflammatory cells in the lungs. This may be accompanied by breathing problems. It is difficult to distinguish Chronic Beryllium Disease from Sarcoidosis, another granulomatous disease. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sarcoidosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Beryllium is used in structural materials in the spacecraft industry, supersonic jets, and in certain components of the space shuttle. Reclaiming beryllium from discarded electronic components and other materials is an industry. Beryllium smelter workers have been exposed to high levels of the metal as it is crushed, milled, screened, and melted. Even though the workers are required to wear respirators, they may not carefully adhere to the safety regulations, and as a result, they can suffer from Beryllium poisoning.
Cadmium is used for many items, including electroplating, storage batteries, vapor lamps and in some solders. Overexposure may cause lung disease (emphysema), fatigue, headache, vomiting, anemia, loss of the sense of smell and kidney damage.
Chromium is used in the manufacture of cars, glass, pottery and linoleum. Too much chromium may cause lung and respiratory tract cancer and kidney diseases.
Cobalt, used in making jet engines, may cause nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite (anorexia), ear ringing (tinnitus), nerve damage, respiratory diseases, goiter and heart and kidney damage.
Copper, used in the manufacture of electrical wires, may cause a flu-like reaction called metal fume disease, plus disturbances in the blood.
Overexposure to gold (as in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis) may cause skin rashes, bone marrow depression, jaundice, stomach and intestinal bleeding, headache and vomiting.
Lead production workers, battery plant workers, welders and solderers may be overexposed to lead if proper precautions are not taken. The symptoms may cause miscarriage, birth defects, hearing and eye-hand coordination defects, anemia, abdominal pain (called lead colic) decreased male fertility, decreased muscular strength and endurance, kidney disease, wrist drop, hostility, depression and anxiety.
Lithium, which is used to make glasses and pharmaceuticals, may cause diseases of the stomach, intestinal tract, central nervous system and kidneys.
Manganese is used as a purifying agent in the production of several metals. Symptoms of too much manganese (by inhalation of manganese dust), may include damage to the central nervous system and pneumonia. One unusual reaction may be inappropriate laughter.
Mercury is used by dental assistants and hygienists, and chemical workers. Mercury can affect the lungs and kidneys, cause shortness of breath, coughing and chest pain. There may be behavioral and neurological changes, such as excitability and quick-tempered behavior, lack of concentration, loss of memory, depression, fatigue, weakness and headache. Stomach and intestinal disturbances, kidney damage, dehydration, shock and permanent brain damage may also be a result of mercury poisoning.
Molybdenum is used in the hardening of steel. Overexposure may cause a possible depletion of copper in the body.
Overexposure to silver may cause a gray discoloration of the skin, hair and internal organs. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea may also occur.
Vanadium may cause loss of appetite (anorexia), throat pain, nasal irritation and acute bronchitis, including a cough that may be characterized by a whooping noise.
Zinc overexposure may cause the flu-like symptoms of metal fume fever, stomach and intestinal disturbances and liver dysfunction.
Causes
Heavy Metal Poisoning is a result of overexposure to some types of metal. It may be from industrial sites, or polluted air, contaminated food or water. Improperly coated food containers, utensils or cookware can also cause heavy metal poisoning, if metals contained in the item seep into the food.
Affected Population
Heavy Metal Poisoning can affect males and females in equal numbers, depending on exposure. Outbreaks of this type of poisoning have occurred in the U.S. over the past several years from imported plates and cookware that were not properly coated to prevent heavy metals from contaminating food.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Heavy Metal Poisoning. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Metal Fume Fever includes a variety of symptoms, such as malaise, chills and fever. The patient may have excessive thirst and a metallic taste in their mouth. Symptoms usually subside spontaneously in 6 to 12 hours. A classic case would occur when galvanized steel is welded in a poorly ventilated area.
The following disorders may be associated with Heavy Metal Poisoning as secondary characteristics. They are not necessary for a differential diagnosis.
Fanconi's Anemia is a blood disorder, which is a familial form of aplastic anemia. Children with this disorder bruise easily and experience nosebleeds. It may be caused by genetic and environmental interactions. Fanconi's syndrome can be acquired instead of inherited due to Acute Lead Poisoning. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Fanconi's Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Wilson's Disease is a genetic disorder characterized by excess storage of copper in the body's tissues, particularly in the liver, brain and corneas of the eyes. The disorder occurs without overexposure to copper and is due to a metabolic defect. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Wilson Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Heavy Metal Poisoning consists of use of various chelating agents that cause the toxic (poison) element to bind with the drug and be excreted in the urine. Three common drugs for treatment of metal poisoning are: BAL (Dimercaprol), Calcium EDTA (Calcium Disodium Versenate) and Penicillamine. Each of these work by binding actions that permit the metals to be eliminated from the body through the urine.
Treatment should also be symptomatic and supportive. In some cases, pumping of the stomach (gastric lavage) will remove some ingested metals. In the case of inhaled poisons, the patient should be removed from the contaminated environment and his respiration supported.
Occupational exposure to heavy metals requires prevention through the use of masks and protective clothing, or even a change of profession to avoid toxicity.
In cases of cerebral edema (swelling of the brain), treatment with Mannitol (a diuretic), and corticosteroid drugs, along with intracranial monitoring, is required.
Kidney failure may call for hemodialysis and other special treatment.
In 1991 the FDA approved the drug Chemet for the treatment of children with severe lead poisoning. Chemet is manufactured by Johnson & Johnson Co.
Therapies: Investigational
Two orphan drugs are being tested for the treatment of Heavy Metal Poisoning.
In the treatment of iron poisoning, the drug Bio-Rescue (Dertran and Deferaxamine) is being developed by Biomedical Frontiers, Inc. of Minneapolis, MN.
Mercury poisoning is being treated by the drug Chemet (Succimer), developed by McNeil Consumer Products, Co., Ft. Washington, PA.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Heavy Metal Poisoning, please contact;
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
P.O. Box 12233
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
(919) 541-3345
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Office of Consumer Affairs
5600 Fishers Lane (HFE-88)
Rockville, MD 20857
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 884.
THE METAL IN OUR METTLE: R.W. Miller, FDA Consumer; Dec., 1988 - Jan. 1989, Pp. 24-27.
Heavy Metal Poisoning
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$d$Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
774: Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
G6PD Deficiency
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Favism
Acute Hemolytic Anemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency is an inherited metabolic disorder which may never produce any symptoms in affected individuals. However, the disorder may be the cause of other serious medical conditions.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase is an enzyme that is found in all cells and is essential in sugar (glucose) metabolism. It also provides red blood cells with defense against destruction by certain drugs. A deficiency of this enzyme may result in the premature destruction of red blood cells (Hemolytic Anemia) or a serious reaction to the consumption of fava beans (Favism).
Symptoms
Most individuals with Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency show no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they are usually similar to those of Acute Hemolytic Anemia including chills, fever, shock and pain in the back and abdomen. Symptoms may vary in intensity, ranging from a chronic but mild form of anemia to a life-threatening condition characterized by the passing of blood in the urine (hemoglobinuria) which can lead to shock and kidney failure. (For more information on Acute Hemolytic Anemia, see the related disorders section of this report.)
Drugs which may cause an episode of Acute Hemolytic Anemia in individuals with G6PD Deficiency include Acetanilid, Nalidixic Acid, Nitrofurantoin, Phenylhydrazine, Sulfanilimide, Toluidine Blue, Methylene Blue, Naphthalene, Pamaquine, Sulfacetamide, Sulfapyridine, Trinitrotoluene, Primaquine, Niridazole, Pentaquine, Sulfamethoxazole and Thiacolesulfone. Aspirin, certain derivatives of vitamin K, eating fava beans, contracting acute viral or bacterial infections and diabetes acidosis may also cause an attack of Acute Hemolytic Anemia in people with G6PD Deficiency.
Causes
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency is inherited as an X-linked genetic trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes and males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. The affected male always has a more severe form of an X-linked disorder because they do not have a normal X chromosome to compensate for the genetic defect.
Affected Population
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency is one of the most common forms of enzyme deficiency. It is estimated to affect 400 million people in the world with the highest rates of prevalence occurring in tropical Africa, the Middle East, tropical and subtropical Asia, areas of the Mediterranean and New Guinea. Over 300 different varieties of this disorder have been identified, resulting from mutations of the Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase gene. Certain varieties are more common in the American Black male population. It is rarely diagnosed because most people do not experience serious symptoms unless they are exposed to certain drugs.
Related Disorders
The following disorders may be associated with Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency as secondary characteristics. They are not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
Favism is a disorder which occurs following the consumption of fava beans or the inhalation of the pollen from the fava plant flower. It occurs in certain individuals with the genetic enzyme abnormality, Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD Deficiency). It is believed that the chemicals divicine and isouramil, which are found in high concentrations in fava beans, are responsible for the severe reaction in G6PD deficient individuals. Favism usually has a sudden onset, occurring only minutes after inhaling the fava pollen, or within 5 to 24 hours after eating fava beans. Symptoms include fever, jaundice, pallor, increased heart rate, dark red urine, headache, severe anemia and possibly coma. Affected individuals also become weak and suffer pain in the back and abdomen.
Acute Hemolytic Anemia is a disorder characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells. Normally red blood cells have a life span of approximately 120 days before they are removed by the spleen. In an individual affected with Acute Hemolytic Anemia, the red blood cells are destroyed prematurely and bone marrow production of new cells can no longer compensate for their loss. Individuals with Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency are highly susceptible to Acute Hemolytic Anemia, which may be triggered by the use of certain medications. Symptoms of Acute Hemolytic Anemia may include chills, fever, shock and pain in the back and abdomen. Treatment is individualized and may include iron replacement therapy or removal of the spleen (splenectomy). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency is best managed by preventative measures. Individuals should be screened for the G6PD defect before being treated with certain drugs such as antimalarials and other drugs including Acetanilid, Nalidixic Acid, Nitrofurantoin, Phenylhydrazine, Sulfanilimide, Toluidine Blue, Methylene Blue, Naphthalene, Pamaquine, Sulfacetamide, Sulfapyridine, Trinitrotoluene, Primaquine, Niridazole, Pentaquine, Sulfamethoxazole and Thiazolesulfone. If red blood cells are being destroyed (hemolysis), the causative drug should be discontinued under a physician's supervision and good hydration maintained.
People with G6PD Deficiency should not eat fava beans, nor be exposed to areas where fava beans grow.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
P.O. Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1281-1282.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1052-1054.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 1119, 2455.
THE SUITABILITY OF SALIVA FOR DETECTION OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY. A. H. Beaumont et al.; MOL BIOL REP (1988: ISSUE 13 (2)). Pp. 73-78.
CHRONIC NONSPHEROCYTIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA (CNSHA) AND GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE (G6PD) DEFICIENCY IN A PATIENT WITH FAMILIAL AMYLOIDOTIC POLYNEUROPATHY (FAP). MOLECULAR STUDY OF A NEW VARIANT (G6PD CLINIC) WITH MARKEDLY ACIDIC PH OPTIMUM. J.L. Vives-Corrons et al.; HUM GENET (January, 1989: issue 81 (2)). Pp. 161-164.
TOLERABILITY OF TIAPROFENIC ACID IN PATIENTS WITH GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE (G6PD) DEFICIENCY. Q. Mela et al.; DRUGS (1988: issue 35 supplement 1). Pp. 107-110.
DIVERSE POINT MUTATIONS IN THE HUMAN GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE GENE CAUSE ENZYME DEFICIENCY AND MILD OR SEVERE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA. T.J.
Vulliamy et al.; PROC NATL ACAD SCI USA (July, 1988: issue 85 (14)). Pp. 5171-5175.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
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749: Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Carbohydrate Intolerance
Complex Carbohydrate Intolerance
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Lactose Intolerance
Crohn's Disease
Galactosemia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption (carbohydrate intolerance) is a genetic disorder characterized by the small intestine's inability to transport and absorb glucose and galactose (sugars which can be broken down no further, or monosaccharides). Glucose and galactose have almost identical chemical structures, and normally the same transport enzyme provides them with entry into specialized cells in the small intestine where they are absorbed and transferred to other cells. At the present time, this transport enzyme has not been identified. However it is known to be defective in individuals with glucose-galactose malabsorption.
The glucose and galactose which have not been absorbed through the specialized cells of the small intestine are then poorly absorbed much further along in the intestine. This abnormal absorption may interfere with other intestinal absorption processes.
Symptoms
Symptoms of glucose-galactose malabsorption in children may include diarrhea, dehydration and failure to gain weight. There may also be sugar in the stool after eating any dietary carbohydrate, as all carbohydrates contain either glucose or galactose. There is usually no rise in blood sugar after eating. If untreated, a child may eventually show severe malnutrition or dehydration.
In adults, symptoms of glucose-galactose malabsorption may include bloating, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, rumbling sounds caused by gas in the intestine (borborygmi) and excessive urination.
Causes
Glucose-galactose malabsorption is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Glucose-galactose malabsorption is an extremely rare disorder. There are no statistics available on whether it affects males or females more frequently, nor whether certain ethnic groups are affected more often than others.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of glucose-galactose malabsorption. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Irritable Bowel Syndrome, also called spastic colon, is a disorder involving the muscles of the small intestine, which fail to ingest food at the proper rate. Overly rapid ingestion of food results in diarrhea, and slow ingestion results in constipation. Symptoms include abdominal pain, erratic bowel movements, variation in stool consistency, bloating, flatulence, nausea, headache, fatigue, depression, anxiety and difficulty concentrating. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Irritable Bowel Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Lactose Intolerance is a disorder characterized by a lack of the enzyme lactase which normally breaks down the sugar in milk known as lactose, into simpler sugars. The unabsorbed lactose remains in the intestine, causing symptoms of diarrhea, bloating, cramping pain, nausea and flatulence. People with this disorder must avoid milk and milk products, but can eat other carbohydrates. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lactose Intolerance" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Crohn's Disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder which affects the large intestine. Symptoms may include chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever and weight loss. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Crohn's Disease" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Galactosemia is an inherited disorder involving the conversion of galactose to glucose. Symptoms in children may include vomiting, lack of appetite, jaundice and neurological problems. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Galactosemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of glucose-galactose malabsorption requires the elimination of all dietary carbohydrates, including milk and milk products which contain the sugar lactose. Lactose is broken down further into glucose and galactose. Fructose, which is a sugar absorbed differently than either glucose or galactose, may be substituted as a source of carbohydrate calories. Some patients will tolerate the sugar sucrose since it is partially composed of the easily absorbed fructose.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 957.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th Ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1729-1740.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 140, 880.
THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 796-797.
GLUCOSE-GALACTOSE MALABSORPTION: DEMONSTRATION OF SPECIFIC JEJUNAL BRUSH
MEMBRANE DEFECT. I.W. Booth et al.; GUT (December, 1988; issue 29(12): Pp. 1661-1665.)
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATE INTOLERANCE: DIAGNOSTIC PITFALLS AND APPROACH TO
MANAGEMENT. J.D. Loyd-Still et al.; J PEDIATR (May, 1988: issue 112(5): Pp. 709-713.)
Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption
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$g$Copyright (C) 1987, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
383: Glutaricaciduria I
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Glutaricaciduria I) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
GA I
Glutaric Acidemia I
Glutaric Aciduria I
Glutaricacidemia I
Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Dicarboxylic Aminoaciduria
Glutaurate-Aspartate Transport Defect
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Glutaricaciduria IIA (GA IIA)
Glutaricaciduria IIB (GA IIB)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Glutaricaciduria is a rare hereditary metabolic disorder, caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. One of a group of disorders known as "organic acidemias", it is characterized by decreased muscle tone (hypotonia), vomiting, and excess acid in the blood. The patient may also have involuntary movements of the trunk and limbs (dystonia or athetosis) and mental retardation may also occur.
Symptoms
Babies with Glutaricaciduria usually appear normal at birth. During the first year of life decreased muscle tone (hypotonia), vomiting, and acidity of the blood may occur. Taking on strange positions due to disordered muscle tone (dystonia), involuntary and ceaseless slow, sinuous, writhing (athetotic) or jerky (choreic) movements of the trunk and limbs may also occur in combination with mental retardation.
Elevated concentrations of glutaric acid, beta-hydroxy-glutaric acid and occasionally glutaconic acid appears in the urine of children with this disorder. Excretion of glutaric acid in the urine may exceed 1 gram per day, an excessive amount. Glutaric acid concentrations are also elevated in blood serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and body tissues. Some of these patients may have unusual facial features (dysmorphia). A type of spasm in which the head and the heels are bent backward while the trunk is bowed forward (opisthotonus) may also occur.
Causes
Glutaricaciduria is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. Accumulation of 5-carbon dicarboxylic acids may impair synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which functions as a neurotransmitter in the brain, inhibiting nerve excitation.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
Glutaricaciduria is a very rare inborn error of metabolism that affects males as often as females. There may be less than 100 cases of this type of organic aciduria in the United States.
Related Disorders
There are many rare disorders caused by enzyme deficiencies. To locate these disorders in the Rare Disease Database choose "Enzyme Deficiency" as your search term.
There are two forms of Glutaricaciduria II which occur during different stages of life. They are both forms of organic acidemias which are a group of metabolic disorders characterized by excess acid in the blood and urine.
1) Glutaricaciduria IIA (GA IIA), Neonatal Form of Glutaricaciduria II. This neonatal form of Glutaricaciduria II is a very rare, sex-linked hereditary disorder characterized by large amounts of glutaric and other acids in blood and urine. Some researchers believe the disorder is caused by a defect in the breakdown of acyl-CoA compounds.
2) Glutaricaciduria IIB (GA IIB; Ethylmalonic Adipicaciduria), Adult Form of Glutaricaciduria II. This milder form of the disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Acidity of the body tissues (metabolic acidosis), and a low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia) without an elevated level of ketones in body tissues (ketosis), occur during adulthood. Large amounts of glutaric acid in the blood and urine are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme "multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase". (For more information on this disorder, choose "Glutaricaciduria II" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Glutaricaciduria is diagnosed when excessive glutaric acid is found in the urine or by analysis of the deficient enzyme in white blood cells (leukocytes). Detection of the disorder in a fetus may be possible by testing for the enzyme glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase. It is imperative to test for this disorder as soon after birth as possible. Peritoneal dialysis hemodialysis may be necessary. The usefulness of restricting the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan (which generate glutaric acid when they are metabolized), is not established at the present time. Acute episodes of acidity in blood and body tissues (acidosis) and dehydration are treated with fluids and bicarbonate. Many of the adverse effects of organic acidemias are due to secondary carnitine depletion. Such patients should have plasma carnitine measured and, if deficient, begin a supplement of 100-300 mg/kg/day of oral l-carnitine.
Genetic counseling is recommended for families of children with Glutaricaciduria.
Therapies: Investigational
Glutaricaciduria has been treated on an experimental basis with a low protein diet, riboflavin and Lioresal, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-analog. Diet and riboflavin has had a slight-to-moderate effect on the clinical symptoms. The excretion of glutaric acid and 2-amino-adipic acid in the urine decreased considerably during this treatment. Some neurological symptoms regressed during treatment with Lioresal. Although this treatment is experimental, some researchers suggest that patients with Glutaricaciduria should be treated as early as possible with this method. However, long-term effects are unknown.
Clinical trials are underway to study isotope technique in glucogenesis and Krebs cycle and patient response to treatment. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. W.N. Paul Lee
Habor - University of CA, Los Angeles Medical Center
Dept. of Pediatrics, Box 16
1000 W. Carson St.
(213) 533-2503
to see if further patients are needed for this study.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Glutaricaciduria I, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Urea Cycle Disorders Foundation
4559 Vauxhall Rd.
Richmond, VA 23234-3556
Saul Brusilow, M.D.
301 Children's Medical and Surgical Center
Johns Hopkins Hospital
600 N. Wolfe St.
Baltimore, MD 21205
(310) 955-0885
Organic Acidemia Association
522 Lander St.
Reno, NV 89512
(703) 322-5542
British Organic Acidemia Association
5 Saxon Rd.
Ashford, Middlesex TW15 1QL
England
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SYMPTOMATIC INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM IN THE NEONATE: Saul W. Brusilow and David L. Vallee; In: Current Therapy in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. Marcel Decker, 1985. Pp. 24-27.
TREATMENT OF GLUTARYL-CoA DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY (GLUTARIC ACIDURIA). EXPERIENCE WITH DIET, RIBOFLAVIN, AND GABA ANALOG: N.J. Brandt, et al.; Journal of Pediatrics (April 1979: issue 94,4). Pp. 669-673.
Glutaricaciduria I
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378: Glutaricaciduria II
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Glutaricaciduria II) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Ethylmalonic Adipicaciduria
GA II
Glutaric Acidemia II
Glutaric Aciduria II
Glutaricacidemia II
Disorder Subdivisions:
Glutaricaciduria Type IIA, also known as GA IIA, Multiple Acyl-CoA
Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Glutaricaciduria IIB, also known as Ethylmalonic Adipicaciduria, GA IIB
Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Glutaricaciduria I
Medium Chain CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCAD)
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
There are two forms of Glutaricaciduria II which occur during different stages of life. They are both forms of organic acidemias which are a group of metabolic disorders characterized by excess acid in the blood and urine.
1) Glutaricaciduria IIA (GA IIA), Neonatal Form of Glutaricaciduria II. This neonatal form of Glutaricaciduria II is a very rare, sex-linked hereditary disorder characterized by large amounts of glutaric and other acids in blood and urine. Some researchers believe the disorder is caused by a defect in the breakdown of acyl-CoA compounds.
2) Glutaricaciduria IIB (GA IIB; Ethylmalonic Adipicaciduria), Adult Form of Glutaricaciduria II.
This milder form of the disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Acidity of the body tissues (metabolic acidosis), and a low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia) without an elevated level of ketones in body tissues (ketosis), occur during adulthood. Large amounts of glutaric acid in the blood and urine are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme "multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase".
Symptoms
1) Glutaricaciduria IIA is the neonatal form of the disorder, and is the more serious type. This form is characterized by episodes of vomiting and a severely depressed blood sugar level (hypoglycemia). An increased level of ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia) also occurs. Glutaric, lactic, butyric, isobutyric, 2-methylbutyric, ethylmalonic, adipic, and isovaleric acids (all organic acids) are produced during metabolism of amino acids. These acids are excreted through the urine in dangerously high amounts in persons with Glutaricaciduria.
2) Glutaricaciduria IIB is the adult form of the disorder. This extremely rare form of Glutaricaciduria has been identified in a few adults whose symptoms were vomiting, severe hypoglycemia, and fatty infiltration of the liver. One sibling of a woman with Glutaricaciduria IIB had only nausea, and a 'stale' odor to her breath; she suffered a hypoglycemic coma. Another sibling of this patient had liver disease including jaundice, liver enlargement (hepatomegaly), and hypoglycemia. Excessive amounts of glutaric and ethylmalonic acid were found in the urine of all 3 relatives.
Causes
The neonatal form of Glutaricaciduria II GA IIA) is caused by deficiency of an element common to all three acyl CoA dehydrogenase enzymes, so that the disorder may also be called Multiple Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency. This deficiency causes an excess of several organic acids, especially glutaric acid, in the urine. This type of Glutaricaciduria is inherited through autosomal recessive genes.
The adult form of Glutaricaciduria II (GA IIB) is also caused by deficiencies of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. However, the mode of inheritance in this form of this disorder is autosomal recessive. The deficiencies cause an excess of glutaric and ethylmalonic acids in the urine.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
GA IIA affects males only, with onset of symptoms at birth. GA IIB affects males and females equally. Symptoms of this form of the disorder first appear during adult life. The neonatal and the adult form of the disorder combined affect less than 200 persons in the United States.
Related Disorders
Glutaricaciduria I is a rare hereditary metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. The disorder is characterized by decreased muscle tone (hypotonia), vomiting, and acidity of the blood. The patient may have involuntary movements of the trunk and limbs (dystonia or athetosis) and mental retardation may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Glutaricaciduria I" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Medium Chain CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCAD) is a very rare metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme CoA dehydrogenase. This enzyme is needed in the breakdown (metabolism) of fats. Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), lack of energy (lethargy) and possibly coma, associated with fatty changes in the liver, usually occur. During hypoglycemic periods, tests usually show massive amounts of dicarboxylic acid in the urine.
There are many rare disorders caused by enzyme deficiencies. To locate these disorders on the Rare Disease Database, choose "Enzyme Deficiency" as your search term.
Therapies: Standard
Glutaricaciduria is diagnosed when excessive glutaric acid is found in the urine or by enzyme assay in white blood cells (leukocytes). Detection of the disorder in a fetus may be possible by testing for the enzyme acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. It is imperative to test for this disorder as soon after birth as possible. Peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis may be necessary. The usefulness of restricting the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan (which generate glutaric acid), is not established at the present time. Acute episodes of acidity in blood and body tissues (acidosis) and dehydration are treated with fluids and bicarbonate. Many of the adverse effects or organic acidemias are due to secondary carnitine depletion. Such patients should have plasma carnitine measured and, if deficient, begin a supplement of 100-300 mg/kg/day of oral l-carnitine.
Genetic counseling is recommended for families of children with Glutaricaciduria.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials are underway to study stable isotope technique in glucogenesis and Krebs cycle and patient response to treatment. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Dr. W.N. Paul Lee
Harbor University of CA, Los Angeles Medical Center
Dept. of Pediatrics, Box-16
1000 W. Carson St.
Torrance, CA 90509
(213) 533-2503
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Glutaricaciduria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Lactic Acidosis Support Group
P.O. Box 480282
Denver, CO 80248
(303) 287-4953
National Urea Cycle Disorders Foundation
4559 Vauxhall Rd.
Richmond, VA 23234-3556
Saul Brusilow, M.D.
301 Children's Medical and Surgical Center
Johns Hopkins Hospital
600 N. Wolfe St.
Baltimore, MD 21205
(310) 955-0885
Organic Acidemia Association
522 Lander St.
Reno, NV 89512
(703) 322-5542
British Organic Acidemia Association
5 Saxon Rd.
Ashford, Middlesex TW15 1QL
England
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For more information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1274 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SYMPTOMATIC INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM IN THE NEONATE: Saul W. Brusilow and David L. Vallee; In: Current Therapy in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. Marcel Decker, 1985. Pp. 24-27.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 6th ed: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. Pp. 703, 735, 1038.
Glutaricaciduria II
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
400: Glycogen Storage Disease VIII
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Glycogen Storage Disease VIII) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Glycogenosis Type VIII
Hepatic Phosphorylase Kinase Deficiency
Phosphorylase Kinase Deficiency of Liver
PYKL
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Von Gierke Disease
Forbes Disease
Andersen Disease
Hers Disease
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Glycogen Storage Disease VIII is a sex-linked genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme liver phosphorylase kinase. The disorder is characterized by slightly low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Excess amounts of glycogen (the stored form of energy that comes from carbohydrates) are deposited in the liver, causing enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly).
Symptoms
Glycogen Storage Disease VIII is usually a mild disorder. Symptoms may include an enlarged liver, increased liver glycogen (the stored form of energy from carbohydrates), and mild hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Although inflammation of the liver may sometimes occur, liver function is usually normal and the disorder may be undetected throughout life.
Causes
Glycogen Storage Disease VIII is a sex-linked genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme liver phosphorylase kinase. This deficiency causes deposits of excessive amounts of glycogen in the liver. (X-linked recessive traits are expressed predominantly in males. Females carry the gene on one of their two X chromosomes. The second X chromosome will usually "mask" the trait, however, if the trait is x-linked recessive. The trait is expressed in males because instead of a second X chromosome, they have a Y chromosome which does not "mask" the harmful gene. Affected males cannot transmit the trait to their sons.)
Affected Population
All Glycogen Storage Diseases together affect less than 1 in 40,000 persons in the United States. Glycogen Storage Disease VIII affects more males than females and usually begins during infancy; about 10% of patients with this disorder are females with only very mild symptoms.
Related Disorders
Glycogen Storage Diseases are caused by inborn errors of metabolism in which the balance between stored energy (glycogen) and available energy (sugar or glucose) is disturbed. Too much glycogen tends to be stored in the liver and muscles and too little sugar is available in the blood.
Symptoms of the following diseases may be similar to Glycogen Storage Disease VIII. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Von Gierke Disease (Glycogenosis I) is a glycogen storage disease. This hereditary metabolic disorder is caused by an inborn lack of either the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase or the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate translocase. These enzymes are needed to convert the main carbohydrate storage material (glycogen) into sugar (glucose) which the body uses for its energy needs. A deficiency of these enzymes causes deposits of excess glycogen in the liver and kidney cells.
Forbes Disease (Glycogenosis III; Cori Disease) is another genetic glycogen storage disease. This disorder is caused by a lack of a debrancher enzyme (amylo-1,6-glucosidase). This enzyme deficiency causes excess glycogen (the main carbohydrate storage material) to be deposited in the liver and muscles. The heart may be involved in some cases.
Andersen Disease (Glycogenosis VI) is a glycogen storage disease inherited through recessive genes. Symptoms of this disorder are caused by a lack of a brancher enzyme (alpha-1,4-glucan 6-glucosyltransferase). The lack of this enzyme causes an abnormality in the structure of the main carbohydrate storage material (glycogen). Andersen Disease is characterized by scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) sometimes leading to liver failure.
Hers Disease is a genetic form of mild glycogen storage disease. The disorder is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme liver phosphorylase. Hers Disease is characterized by enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly), low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), elevated levels of acetone and other ketone bodies in the blood (ketosis), and growth retardation. Symptoms are not always evident during childhood, so children are usually able to lead normal lives. In other cases symptoms may be more severe.
For more information on the above disorders, choose "Gierke," "Forbes," "Andersen," and "Hers" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment is usually not necessary for this disorder in its mild form.
Therapies: Investigational
Genetic counseling will be helpful for families of children with Glycogen Storage Disease VIII.
Dr. Y.T. Chen at Duke University Medical Center, at the request of the Glycogen Storage Disease Association, is collecting DNA from patients with Glycogen Storage Disease Type I to form a DNA bank for GSDI. Interested patients may contact the Glycogen Storage Diseases Association for further information. The address and phone number of the organization are listed in the Resources section of this report.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Glycogenosis Type VIII, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Association for Glycogen Storage Diseases
Box 896
Durant, IA 52747
(319) 785-6038
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASES: A PATIENT-PARENT HANDBOOK: Ed. by R. Rodney Howell; University of Texas Health Science Center, 1980. Pp. 32-33.
Glycogen Storage Disease VIII
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
346: Goldenhar Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Goldenhar Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Goldenhar-Gorlin Syndrome
OAV Syndrome
Dysostosis, mandibulofacial with epibulbar dermoids
Mandibulofacial dysostosis-epibulbar dermoids
Oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia
Facioauriculovertebral anomaly
Oculovertebral dysplasia
Auriculovertebral Syndrome
Facio-Auriculo-Vertebral Spectrum
Information about the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Treacher-Collins Syndrome
Spina Bifida
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Goldenhar Syndrome is a group of symptoms involving craniofacial and spinal bone (vertebral) malformations that are present at birth. Seventy percent of those affected are males. Various degrees of hearing and/or vision loss with associated speech and feeding difficulties may be expected in Goldenhar Syndrome. Moderate mental retardation may occur in approximately ten percent of cases. The prognosis is generally good. A normal life span can be expected by those affected with this congenital disorder.
Symptoms
The primary symptoms of Goldenhar Syndrome involve unusual facial characteristics. The facial structure of people with Goldenhar Syndrome may include partial absence of the upper eyelid or an unusual slant of the eyelid, abnormal shape of the skull (asymmetry), the forehead may be sharply prominent, the nostrils may be absent or closed, the roof of the mouth may be abnormally structured (cleft palate), and there may be abnormal growth of the jaw. Paralysis of the eye muscles (ophthalmoplegia) may also occur. Other symptoms may include skin-like cysts on the eyeballs (epibulbar dermoids), cysts in fatty tissue (lipodermoids) at the edge of the eye, and unusual skin growths on the ears (auricular appendices in the form of ear tags).
Spinal column (vertebrae) abnormalities may include fusion of the top of the spine to the lower edge of the skull, spina bifida, incomplete development of one side of the spinal column and more than the normal number of vertebrae.
Causes
The exact cause of Goldenhar Syndrome is unknown. It is considered to be a birth defect caused by unknown disturbances in fetal development.
Affected Population
Goldenhar Syndrome is present at birth. Approximately seventy percent of cases occur in males. It is a very rare congenital disorder.
Related Disorders
Treacher-Collins Syndrome is a hereditary disorder transmitted as a dominant trait. This disorder involves arrested jaw development causing obstruction of the pharynx by the tongue, which can result in difficulty breathing. Treacher-Collins Syndrome is marked by defects in development of certain areas of the prenatal brain. The prognosis for this disorder is good. (For more information on this disorder, Choose "Treacher-Collins" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
"Spina Bifida" is a term meaning "open (or nonfused) spine". The term includes multiple entities with varying problems. In spina bifida, one or more of the individual bones of the spine fail to close completely, leaving a cleft or defect in the spinal canal. Through this abnormal opening part of the contents of the spinal canal can protrude or herniate. This produces a meningocele or a meningomyelocele. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Spina Bifida" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Goldenhar Syndrome is treated with surgery to correct the spinal and/or facial deformities. Continuous medical evaluation is useful to determine which form of surgery may be appropriate at different ages in a patients life. Associated speech-language therapy and special education services may be of benefit to children with Goldenhar Syndrome. Additionally, supportive counseling may be necessary to help a child cope with the social stigma of living with a facial handicap.
Therapies: Investigational
Advances in tissue and bone grafts are under investigation which may be useful in treating patients with Goldenhar Syndrome. For more information on organizations which monitor these advances, please see the Resources section of this report.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Goldenhar Syndrome, please contact
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
Orafacial Outreach
13962 Wake Ave.
Irvine, CA 92718
(714) 651-6151
The Hemifacial Microsomia Family Support Network
84 Glennifer Hill Rd.
Richboro, PA 19854
(215) 364-3199
or
The Hemifacial Microsomia/Goldenhar Syndrome Family Support Network
RR #2, Box 248
Nicholson, PA 18446
(717) 942-6171
International Center for Skeletal Dysplasia
St. Joseph Hospital
7620 York Road
Towson, MD 21204
(301) 337-1250
Society for the Rehabilitation of the Facially Disfigured, Inc.
550 First Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212) 340-5400
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle Street, Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
1-800-535-3643
Orofacial Guild
3144 E. Jacarda
Orange, CA 92667
Let's Face It
Box 711
Concord, MA 01742
(508) 371-3186
About Face
99 Crowns Lane
Toronto, Ontario M6R 3PA
Canada
(416) 944-3223
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GOLDENHAR'S SYNDROME: A CASE STUDY: L. Belenchia; J Commun Disord (October 1985, issue 18(5)). Pp. 383-392.
CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF THE PORTAL VEIN IN OCULOAURICULOVERTEBRAL DYSPLASIA
THE USE OF MICROVASCULAR FREE FLAPS FOR SOFT TISSUE AUGMENTATION OF THE
FACE IN CHILDREN WITH HEMIFACIAL MICROSOMIA: La Rossa; Cleft Palate J (April 1980, issue 17(2)). Pp. 138-143.
Goldenhar Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
279: Goodpasture Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Goodpasture Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pneumorenal Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Goodpasture Syndrome is a rare inflammatory disorder involving the membranes of the lungs and kidneys. This disorder can be classified into three groups: autoimmune or antibody induced disease, systemic vasculitis (a vessel inflammation which may affect the body as a whole), and idiopathic Goodpasture (unknown cause). When antibodies cause this inflammation, they may be deposited in capillary membranes of the lungs and kidneys. Autoimmune syndromes are caused by the body's natural defenses (antibodies) against invading organisms which, for unknown reasons, suddenly begin to attack the body's own tissue.
Symptoms
The major symptoms of Goodpasture Syndrome are hemorrhage of the lungs and kidney dysfunction.
Respiratory symptoms found in Goodpasture Syndrome may include expectoration of blood or blood stained sputum (hemoptysis), a rasping sound in the bronchial tubes similar to snoring (rhonchi), and breathing difficulties (dyspnea). Less common symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, coughing, chills and hypertension. Lungs may be affected by increased fibrous tissue formation or degeneration.
Kidney failure may develop and progress rapidly due to inflammation (glomerulonephritis). Anemia and pallor may appear as a consequence of kidney dysfunction. Some blood or protein the urine may also occur.
Symptoms of Goodpasture may recur after treatment. However, continued treatment can be effective in many patients.
Causes
Goodpasture Syndrome may be due to unknown causes, or it may be caused by toxins such as hydrocarbon chemical exposure, or infections such as influenza, etc. It is not known why simple infections can progress to Goodpasture Syndrome in some people. When infection occurs, the body's natural defenses (antibodies) fight the invading organisms (e.g., viruses or bacteria). In autoimmune disorders, antibodies attack healthy tissue for no apparent reason.
In Goodpasture Syndrome, antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies appear to circulate throughout the blood and damage membranes of the lungs and kidneys.
Affected Population
Goodpasture Syndrome seems to be found more frequently in males; it occurs worldwide.
Related Disorders
Wegener's Granulomatosis is a rare collagen vascular disorder that begins as a localized inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract mucosa, and usually progresses into generalized inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) and kidneys (glomerulonephritis). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Wegener" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis is a lung disorder similar to Goodpasture Syndrome, with chronic secondary anemia. It seems to occur mostly in young children, and does not have the antibody reaction found in Goodpasture Syndrome.
Bacterial Endocarditis is a lung and kidney disorder which has some clinical similarities to Goodpasture Syndrome, but also involves the heart. Caused by bacterial infection, heart murmurs may occur, as well as artery blockage (embolisms). Skin lesions, spleen enlargement, and intermittent high fever are other symptoms of this disorder.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Goodpasture Syndrome may involve removal of plasma through blood antibodies (plasmapheresis) along with use of immunosuppressive drugs. This therapeutic approach has had a high degree of success in treatment of most patients with Goodpasture Syndrome. Corticosteroids, alone or combined with azathioprine or mercaptopurine, may be of benefit in some cases. Kidney (renal) transplant may be helpful, but the long-term benefits of this operation have not yet been established. Renal dialysis may be useful in treating kidney failure.
According to recent scientific studies, the mortality rate for this syndrome has dropped from eighty-six percent to thirteen percent in the years between 1955 and 1982. Fifty-one percent of Goodpasture patients no longer require renal dialysis. Treatment of respiratory problems with plasmapheresis seems to be beneficial in many patients.
Therapies: Investigational
Changes from nonspecific to more selective methods of plasmapheresis are under investigation in the treatment of Goodpasture Syndrome as well as many other autoimmune disorders. These methods may include cascade filtration, cryofiltration, immunoabsorption, enzymatic degradation, and continuous electrophoresis. These procedures appear to be significant advances in clinical and experimental immunology therapeutic research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Goodpasture Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Immune Deficiency Foundation
3565 Ellicott Mill Drive, Unit B2
Ellicott City, MD 21043
(800) 296-4433
(410) 461-3127
The National Kidney Foundation
30 East 33rd St.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 689-2210 or (800) 622-9010
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NKUDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6345
References
IMMUNOMODULATION WITH APHERESIS TECHNICS: A. Liebert, et. al.; Allerg Immunol (Leipz) (1986: issue 32(1)). Pp. 5-18.
GOODPASTURE'S SYNDROME: DEVELOPMENT OF ITS PROGNOSIS FROM 1955 TO 1982: J. Marcandoro, et. al.; Presse Med (May 28, 1985: issue 12(23)). Pp. 1483-1487.
THE CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND LUNG HAEMORRHAGE
(GOODPASTURE'S SYNDROME): S. Holdsworth, et. al.; Q J Med (April 1985: issue 55(216)). Pp. 75-86.
Goodpasture Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
507: Gordon Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Gordon Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita, Distal, Type IIA
Distal Arthrogryposis, Type IIA
Camptodactyly-Cleft Palate-Clubfoot
Information on the following disease may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Gordon Syndrome belongs to a group of genetic musculoskeletal disorders called the Distal Arthrogryposes. This disorder is characterized by permanent flexion of one or more fingers (camptodactyly), a cleft palate, and clubfeet. Other developmental abnormalities may also occur.
Symptoms
Gordon Syndrome is characterized by one or two permanently bent (flexed) fingers, a cleft palate and clubfeet. During pregnancy, a fetus with this disorder usually has limited movement. The intestine sometimes protrudes through the navel at birth (omphalocele). The skin between fingers grows together (cutaneous syndactyly) and there are abnormalities in the fingerprints (dermatoglyphics). Fertility of adults with this disorder can be diminished or be absent during later life.
Causes
Gordon Syndrome is a genetic disorder inherited through autosomal dominant genes. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Affected Population
Gordon Syndrome is a very rare disorder beginning before birth that affects females and males in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder may be similar to those of Gordon Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita is a congenital disorder characterized by reduced mobility of multiple joints at birth due to proliferation of fibrous tissue (fibrous ankylosis). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Arthrogryposis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Gordon Syndrome can be diagnosed before birth. Abnormalities in babies born with this disorder can often be corrected through surgery and physical therapy.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Gordon Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Forward Face
560 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 263-5205
(800) 422-FACE
AVENUES, a National Support Group for Arthrogryposis
P.O. Box 5192
Sonora, CA 95370-5192
(209) 533-1468
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
This report in the Rare Disease Database is based on outlines prepared by medical and dental students (1984-1986) at the Medical College of Virginia for their course in human genetics.
THREE DISTINCT TYPES OF X-LINKED ARTHROGRYPOSIS SEEN IN 6 FAMILIES: J.G. Hall, et al.; Clin Genet (February 1982: issue 21(2)). Pp. 81-97.
THE GORDON SYNDROME: AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT CLEFT PALATE, CAMPTODACTYLY, AND
CLUB FEET: M. Robinow, et al.; American Journal Med Genet (1981: issue 9(2)). Pp. 139-146.
Gordon Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
832: Gorham's Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Gorham's Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Disappearing Bone Disease
Gorham's Syndrome
Gorham-Stout Syndrome
Idiopathic Massive Osteolysis
Massive Gorham Osteolysis
Massive Osteolysis
Morbus Gorham-Stout Disease
Progressive Massive Osteolysis
Vanishing Bone Disease
Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Osteonecrosis
Gaucher Disease
Kienboeck Disease
Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Gorham's Disease is an extremely rare bone disorder characterized by bone loss often associated with swelling or abnormal blood vessel growth (angiomatous proliferation). Bone loss can occur in just one bone or spread to soft tissue and adjacent bone.
Symptoms
Gorham's Disease is an extremely rare bone disorder. Normally bones replenish themselves through a cycle of bone dissolution and regrowth. In people with Gorham Disease bone loss occurs and progresses in certain areas of the body but no new bone growth takes place. This may occur in just one bone or may spread to adjacent areas of the affected bone.
Fibrous tissue may appear in areas of bone loss. If fractures occur, which is common in this disorder, the disease may progress more quickly. Angiomas often occur in Gorham's Disease in conjunction with bone loss. An angioma is abnormal growth of tissue formed by small blood or lymphatic vessels. Angiomas cause swelling.
Bone loss may occur in such places as the hand, arm, shoulder, ribs, part of the pelvis (hemipelvis), thighbone (femur), or jaw. When the lower jaw, upper jaw, tooth sockets, or other bones in the face, neck or head are affected possible symptoms may include pain, loose teeth, fractures, facial deformity, and/or recurrent meningitis. (For more information choose "meningitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
In some patients a fluid build-up (pleural effusion) in the space between the membrane that surround each lung and line the chest cavity may occur in conjunction with Gorham's Disease.
Causes
The exact cause of Gorham's Disease is unknown. Scientists are conducting research to try and identify what causes this disorder.
Affected Population
Gorham's Disease is an extremely rare bone disorder. It affects males slightly more often than females, and occurs in all age groups.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Gorham's Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Osteonecrosis is the destruction of a bone (necrosis) due to an inadequate circulation of blood. It most commonly affects the joints and bones of the hips, knees or shoulder. It often occurs as a result of bone injuries or in conjunction with other diseases and conditions. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Osteonecrosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Gaucher's Disease is an inherited disease of lipid metabolism caused by the failure to produce the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. There are three types of Gaucher's Disease - Types I, II, and III. In Types I and III bone deterioration is the major problem and can affect any part of the body. Other symptoms of Types I and III may include an enlarged spleen or liver, a low blood count, bone pain, gastric problems or delayed growth. In Type III seizures, mental retardation, abnormal eye movement, or jerking motions of the limbs, head, and upper body may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Gaucher" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Kienboeck Disease is an acquired bone disorder of the wrist caused by inflammation or injury. Degenerative changes of the lunate bone occur such as softening, deterioration, fragmentation or compression. These changes may produce pain, swelling, tenderness, thickening and/or stiffness in the overlying tissues of the wrist. The range of motion may become restricted. Healing occurs through formation of new bone in some cases. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Kienboeck" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome is a rare bone disorder affecting the hip joint. Abnormalities in bone growth early in life may result in permanent deformity of the hip joint several years later. The bone may become shorter than normal, causing a noticeable limp. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Legg-Calve-Perthes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Testing for Gorham's Disease includes imaging techniques such as X-rays or computerized tomographic (CT) scans. Diagnosis can be made by biopsy. Gorham's Disease may be treated with radiation therapy, surgery, and/or bone grafting. Drugs may also be prescribed.
Fluid build-up (pleural effusion) in the membrane surrounding each lung and lining the chest cavity may be treated by draining the fluid if necessary.
Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Scientists are trying to find the cause of Gorham's Disease by studying the cells and enzymes which may be related to it. Research is ongoing.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Gorham's Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Information Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1474-1475.
A 20-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF A CASE OF SURGICALLY TREATED MASSIVE OSTEOLYSIS. S. Turra, et al.; Clin Orthop (Jan 1990; issue 250). Pp. 297-302.
CYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF ALKALINE AND ACID PHOSPHATASE IN HUMAN
VANISHING BONE DISEASE. G. R. Dickson, et al.; Histochemistry (1987; issue 87 (6)). Pp. 569-572.
"DISAPPEARING BONE DISEASE" IN THE HAND. R. S. Carneiro and V. Steglich; J Hand Surg [Am] (Jul 1987; issue 12 (4)). Pp. 629-634.
GORHAM'S DISEASE AFFECTING THE MAXILLOFACIAL SKELETON. Y. Anavi, et al.; Head Neck (Nov-Dec 1989; issue 11 (6)). Pp. 550-557.
GORHAM'S SYNDROME: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. N. D.
Choma, et al.; Am J Med (Dec 1987; issue 83 (6)). Pp. 1151-1156.
MASSIVE GORHAM OSTEOLYSIS OF THE RIGHT HEMIPELVIS COMPLICATED BY
CHYLOTHORAX: REPORT OF A CASE IN A 9-YEAR OLD BOY SUCCESSFULLY TREATED BY PLEURODESIS. N. Hejgaard and P. R. Olsen; J Pediatr Orthop (Jan-Feb 1987; issue 7 (1)). Pp. 96-99.
MASSIVE OSTEOLYSIS OF THE FEMUR (GORHAM'S DISEASE): A CASE REPORT AND
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. A. A. Mendez, et al.; J Pediatr Orthop (Sep-Oct 1989; issue 9 (5)). Pp. 604-608.
RADIOTHERAPY OF MORBUS GORHAM-STOUT: THE BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF LOW
IRRADIATION DOSE. L. Handl-Zeller and G. Hohenberg; Br J Radiol (Mar 1990; issue 63 (747)). Pp. 206-208.
Gorham's Disease
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1988 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
128: Gottron's Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Gottron's Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Familial Acrogeria
Familial Acromicria
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Gottron's syndrome is a mild form of progeria, or premature ageing, in which the extremities remain unusually small. The disorder is familial. The prognosis for a normal life is good.
Symptoms
The hands and feet of patients with Gottron's syndrome remain small into adulthood, with thin, parchment-like skin, so they seem much older than the chronological age. There is little subcutaneous fat in neither the extremities nor on the chest so the veins on the chest are prominent.
Causes
Gottron's syndrome appears to be familial, but the inheritance pattern is not understood.
Affected Population
Gottron's Syndrome affects males and females equally.
Related Disorders
Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome is a more severe form of progeria (premature ageing) affecting children. Werner syndrome, another form of progeria, affects adults. (For more information on these disorders, choose progeria, Werner, and Hutchinson-Gilford as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Gottron's Syndrome is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Gottron's Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The Progeria International Registry (PIR)
New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities
1050 Forest Hill Road
Staten Island, NY 10314
(718) 494-0600
Progeria Foundation
3 Styvesant Oval, 9A
New York, NY 10009
Sunshine Foundation
4010 Levick St.
Philadelphia, PA 19135
(The Sunshine Foundation raises funds to bring all children with Progeria
together each year so that medical researchers can study their progress whil
the children socialize in a vacation atmosphere.)
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. P. 2035.
Gottron's Syndrome
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128: Gottron's Syndrome
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Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
840: Graft vs Host Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Graft vs Host Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
GVHD
Disorder Subdivisions:
Acute GVHD
Chronic GVHD
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Ulcerative Colitis
Lichen Planus
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Graft vs Host Disease (GVHD) is a rare disorder that can strike persons whose immune system is suppressed and have either received a blood transfusion or a bone marrow transplant. Symptoms may include skin rash, intestinal problems similar to colitis, and liver dysfunction.
Symptoms
The most frequent signs of Graft vs Host Disease (GVHD) occur after a blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant. They are dermatitis (a skin rash), gastrointestinal problems (diarrhea, nausea and abdominal pain) and poor liver function. There may also be involvement of kidneys, lungs, eyes, mouth, musculoskeletal system and heart. GVHD affects about 60% of all bone marrow transplant and transfusion patients whose immune system was suppressed before treatment. Immunosuppression can occur as a result of certain drugs, radiation or certain diseases. Cancer patients and organ transplant recipients often use drugs that suppress their immune systems.
Disorder Subdivisions: Acute GVHD usually occurs in the first 100 days after blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant. The first symptoms are usually mild skin rash, liver dysfunction and intestinal problems, or they may show very severe skin problems, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain and liver failure.
Chronic GVHD usually persists long after a transfusion or bone marrow transplant. The signs and symptoms are similar to those of the Acute GVHD, but in addition to the skin, abdomen and liver problems, Chronic GVHD may also involve the eyes, mouth, lungs and musculoskeletal system.
Causes
GVHD is caused by the recipient's immune system's response to the lymphoid cells in the donor's blood that react against the recipient's own blood cells. GVHD can be acute (sudden) or chronic (long lasting). In cases of bone marrow transplants the recipient usually undergoes radiation to destroy their own diseased bone marrow, and their immune system is drastically weakened when they receive the donor's bone marrow. Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy are also at high risk of getting GVHD from blood transfusions.
Affected Population
GVHD affects males and females of all ages who have been immunosuppressed before being given either blood transfusions or bone marrow transplants.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Graft vs Host Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Lichen Planus is a recurrent, itchy, inflammatory eruption of the skin which is characterized by small separate, angular spots that may join together into rough scaly patches. It is often accompanied by oral lesions. The initial attack persists for weeks or months, and intermittent recurrences may be noted for years. Moderate to severe itching may be present, and it often does not respond to treatment. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lichen Planus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Ulcerative Colitis is an inflammatory disease of the bowel characterized by chronic ulcers in the colon. The chief characteristic of this disorder is bloody diarrhea. Colitis may involve only the left side of the colon or may eventually extend to involve the entire bowel. However, in some cases it may attack most of the large bowel simultaneously. The disease is usually chronic, with repeated periods of exacerbation and remission. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Ulcerative Colitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of GVHD usually consists of glucocorticoid (steroid) drugs and a combination of cyclosporine (Sandimmune) and methotrexate. In some cases where GVHD is resistant to steroid drugs, treatment with anti-interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody has been used. Treatment is often given to patients before a blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant, or the blood may be treated before being given to the recipient. These methods of pre-treatment often keep GVHD from developing.
Therapies: Investigational
The treatment of GVHD patients with the orphan drug Thalidomide is being tested in cases where the patient is unable to tolerate steroids or has a poor response to them. However, Thalidomide can have severe side effects on a developing fetus if the patient is pregnant, so extreme care must be taken in choosing persons to receive this form of treatment. Dr. Georgia B. Vogelsang, Assistant Professor of Oncology at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD received an FDA orphan drug grant to study the immunosuppressive properties of Thalidomide as a first line therapy in patients with GVHD and other serious diseases. Further investigation is needed to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of this treatment. The drug is manufactured by:
Andrulis Research Corp.
4600 East West Highway, Suite 900
Bethesda, MD 20814
(301) 657-1700
Thalidomide is available in England under special license from Penn Pharmaceuticals of Tredegar, South Wales.
Interleukin-1 Antagonist, Human Recombinant (Antril) is being sponsored by Synergen, Inc., Boulder, CO, as an investigational therapy for GVHD in transplant patients.
The orphan drug humanized anti-tac is being tested as a treatment to prevent Graft vs Host Disease following bone marrow transplantation. The drug is sponsored by Hoffmann-La Roche of Nutley, NJ.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Graft vs Host Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Caitlin Raymond International Registry of Bone Marrow Donor Banks
University of MA Medical Center
55 Lake Ave
Worcester, MA 01655
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
References
CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp.950, 1040.
GASTROINTESTINAL INFLAMMATION AFTER BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION: GRAFT-
VS-HOST DISEASE OR OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION?, B. Jones, et al.; AJR Am J Roentgenol, (February, 1988, issue 150 (2)). Pp. 277-281.
TRANSFUSION-ASSOCIATED GRAFT-VS-HOST DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH
MALIGNANCIES. REPORT OF TWO CASES AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, S.D.
Decoste, et al.; Arch Dermatol, (October, 1990, issue 126 (10)). Pp. 1324-1329.
A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THERAPY FOR ACUTE GRAFT-VS-HOST DISEASE:
INITIAL TREATMENT. P.J. Martin, et al.; Blood, (October 15, 1990, issue 76 (8)). Pp. 1464-1472.
Graft vs Host Disease
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Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
456: Granuloma Annulare
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Granuloma Annulare) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lichen Annularis
Ringed Eruption
Information on the following disorder may be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Eruptive Xanthoma
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Granuloma Annulare is a benign, chronic skin disorder characterized by elevated spots (papules) or nodules that form a ring with normal or slightly depressed skin in the center.
Symptoms
Granuloma annulare is characterized by small, firm, yellowish or skin-colored nodules arranged in a ring on the skin. They are most common on the back of the hands and feet, the ankles, knees, or elbows. The disorder can be chronic with possible remissions and/or recurrence of spots.
Causes
The exact cause of Granuloma Annulare (GA) is not known. The disseminated type of the disorder which affects large areas of the body may be associated with Diabetes Mellitus. Granuloma Annulare may also be a complication of pseudorheumatoid nodules or shingles (Herpes Zoster). Some forms of GA tend to run in families (familial), but the exact mode of inheritance has not yet been determined. (For more information on the above disorders, chooses "Diabetes Mellitus" and "Herpes Zoster" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.
Affected Population
Granuloma Annulare is more common in females than in males. The disorder may occur in children and adults.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorder can resemble those of Granuloma Annulare. They may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Eruptive Xanthoma is characterized by clusters of small yellow or yellowish-brown elevated spots over the entire body. The clusters may be encircled by a red ring. This disorder may be distinguished microscopically from Granuloma Annulare by the different coloring of its histiocyte cells.
Therapies: Standard
Usually the eruptions of Granuloma Annulare disappear without treatment (spontaneous remission). Treatment for chronic forms of the disorder include the antibacterial drug dapsone, and isotretinoin, which is the synthetic form of retinoic acid (related to vitamin A).
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Granuloma Annulare, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
SULFONE TREATMENT OF GRANULOMA ANNULARE: A. Steiner, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1985: issue 13(6)). Pp. 1004-1008.
RESOLUTION OF DISSEMINATED GRANULOMA ANNULARE FOLLOWING ISOTRETINOIN
THERAPY: S.M. Schleicher, et al.; Cutis (August 1985: issue 36(2)). Pp. 147-148.
LOCALIZED GRANULOMA ANNULARE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN-DEPENDENT
DIABETES MELLITUS: M.F. Muhlemann, et al.; British Journal Dermatol (September 1984: issue 111(3)). Pp. 325-329.
Granuloma Annulare!
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456: Granuloma Annulare
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Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
717: Granulomatosis, Lymphomatoid
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Pulmonary Angiitis
Pulmonary Wegener's Granulomatosis
Benign Lymph Angiitis and Granulomatosis
Malignant Lymph Angiitis and Granulomatosis
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
Sarcoidosis
Lymphoma
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis is a rare, progressive, vascular disease characterized by infiltration and destruction of the veins and arteries by lesions. These lesions can affect various parts of the body, especially the lungs. It can be a benign or malignant condition.
Symptoms
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis is a serious disease characterized by the infiltration and destruction of the veins and arteries by nodular lesions that can affect the lungs, skin, kidneys or central nervous system. There may be a cough with or without blood, fever, weight loss, diarrhea, joint (arthralgias) and muscle (myalgias) pain, shortness of breath (dyspnea), chest pain and a generalized feeling of discomfort (malaise). If the skin is involved, flat and red lesions (macules), nodules and sometimes ulcerations can appear.
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis is a progressive disease that can lead to breathing difficulties and eventually failure of the respiratory system. In some severe cases, the nodular lesions can change and take on the malignant characteristics of lymphoma. A lung biopsy may be helpful in determining a proper diagnosis.
Causes
The exact cause of Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis is unknown. Some cases of this disease may be caused by an allergic reaction to an unknown antigen. Others appear to be an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders occur when the body's natural defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.) against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue.
Affected Population
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis can occur at any age. It is seen more often after the age of forty and is slightly more common in males than females.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Wegener's Granulomatosis is an uncommon collagen vascular disorder that begins as a localized inflammation of the upper and lower mucous membranes in the respiratory tract. It usually progresses into generalized inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) and kidney (glomerulonephritis). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Wegener" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Churg-Strauss Syndrome is a lung disorder often occuring as a complication of other disorders. Allergic blood vessel inflammation (angiitis or vasculitis) is accompanied by many inflammatory nodular lesions (granulomatosis) which may be small or granular, and are made up of compactly grouped cells. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Churg" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Sarcoidosis is a disorder which affects many body systems. It is characterized by small round lesions (tubercles) of granulation tissue. Symptoms may vary depending on the severity of the disease and how much of the body is affected. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sarcoidosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Lymphoma is a malignant growth in the lymph and reticuloendothelial systems of the body. It occurs most often in the lymph nodes, spleen and other areas involved in the body's immune system (lymphoreticular).
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis consists of corticosteroid drugs
and/or the drug cyclophosphamide. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
For those cases where Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis has become malignant, the orphan drug prednimustine is being tested as a treatment for Lymphoma. (For more information on the Orphan Drug Prednimustine, physicians can contact:
Smith-Kline & French Laboratories
1500 Spring Garden Street
Philadelphia, PA 19101
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Lymphatoid Granulomatosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physicians Data Query), a computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of information vital to patients with lymphoma and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, call:
Cancer Information Service (CIS)
1-800-4-CANCER
In Washington and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
References
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 665.
PULMONARY DISEASES AND DISORDERS, Volume 2, 2nd. Ed.: Alfred P. Fishman M.D., ed.-in-chief; McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1980. Pp. 1127.
BENIGN LYMPHOCYTIC ANGIITIS AND GRANULOMATOSIS. H. Tukianen, et al.; THORAX, (August 1988, issue 43 (8)). Pp.649-650.
LYMPHOMATOID GRANULOMATOSIS: A REVIEW OF 12 CASES. J. Prenovault et al.; CAN ASSOC RADIOL J (December 1988, issue 39 (4)). Pp. 263-266.
NECROTIZING VASCULITIS WITH GRANULOMATOSIS. I. Yevich; INT J DERMATOL, (October 1988, issue 27 (8)). Pp. 540-546...
Granulomatosis, Lymphomatoid
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"Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
270: Granulomatosis, Wegener's
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Wegener's Granulomatosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Necrotizing Respiratory Granulomatosis
Pathergic Granulomatosis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Wegener's Granulomatosis is an uncommon collagen vascular disorder that begins as a localized inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract mucosa, and usually progresses into generalized inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) and kidney (glomerulonephritis).
Symptoms
Onset of Wegener's Granulomatosis may be gradual or acute. Initial symptoms usually occur in the upper respiratory tract and appear as a severe common cold, paranasal sinusitis, ulcerations of the mucous membranes in the nose with secondary bacterial infection, middle ear infection (otitis media) with hearing loss, cough, expectoration of blood (hemoptysis), and pleuritis. The nasal mucous membrane appears red with a raised granular appearance, and it may bleed easily.
Other initial symptoms may include fever, malaise, loss of appetite, weight loss, and migratory disease of the joints (polyarthropathy). Skin lesions and eye problems such as obstruction and bulging of the tear duct may be present. Inflammation of the ear cartilage (chondritis), myocardial infarction caused by the inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis), aseptic meningitis and non-healing granuloma of the central nervous system may also occur.
After a few weeks or months, a disseminated vascular phase characteristically develops. Necrotizing inflammatory skin, lung and kidney lesions (glomerulitis) may progress, causing hypertension and kidney failure (uremia).
Kidney disease is the hallmark of this disorder in the generalized phase. Urinalysis shows protein (proteinuria), blood (hematuria), and red blood cell casts in the urine. Functional kidney impairment is inevitable without immediate appropriate therapy.
Occasionally, the disease is limited to the lungs.
The levels of the complex series of enzymatic proteins in the blood serum (serum complement) are normal or elevated. The sedimentation rate of red blood cells (erythrocyte sedimentation rate or ESR) is elevated. An increase in white blood cells (leukocytosis) is present. Antinuclear antibodies and lupus erythematosus cells are not found in patients with Wegener's Granulomatosis.
Causes
The exact cause of Wegener Granulomatosis is unknown. Though the disorder resembles an infectious process, no viral, bacterial or other causative agent has been isolated. Because of the characteristic histologic tissue changes, an allergic reaction has been suggested as a possible basis for the disorder.
Affected Population
Wegener's Granulomatosis can occur at any age. It affects males about twice as often as females.
Related Disorders
Polyarteritis is a disorder characterized by inflammation and necrosis of medium-sized muscular arteries, with secondary lack of oxygen in the tissues supplied by the affected vessels. Differential diagnosis of Polyarteritis is ruled out by biopsy of the skin lesions and pathologic examination of the vascular lesions. The presence of cells that are easily stained with eosin (eosinophilia), is not a feature of Wegener's Granulomatosis, but it is often found in polyarteritis. Nasal and pulmonary granulomatous inflammation are absent in polyarteritis.
The vascular renal phase of Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE) can be differentiated from Wegener's Granulomatosis by characteristic blood cultures and changing heart murmurs.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus can be differentiated from Wegener's Granulomatosis by the presence of antinuclear antibodies and Lupus Erythematosus cells in the serum. Additionally, the serum complement level is depressed. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lupus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Glomerulonephritis is a disorder characterized by diffuse inflammatory changes in the kidney glomeruli, by the abrupt appearance of protein and blood in the urine, and, by red blood cell casts.
In Midline Malignant Reticulosis vascular granulomatous inflammation is absent.
Therapies: Standard
The complete syndrome of Wegener's Granulomatosis can progress rapidly to kidney failure once the diffuse vascular phase begins. Persons with the limited form of the disorder have only nasal and pulmonary lesions with little or no systemic involvement. Pulmonary symptoms may improve or worsen spontaneously.
Early diagnosis and treatment are important in view of the potential success of drugs that have a toxic effect on certain cells (cytotoxic drugs). The prognosis for this disease has been improved in recent years by treatment with immunosuppressive cytotoxic agents. Cyclophosphamide is the drug of choice, but azathioprine and chlorambucil are also useful.
Duration of therapy depends on the patient's response. White blood cell (leukocyte) counts are closely monitored. Dosages are reduced gradually to prevent severe deficiency of white blood cells. Attempts should be made to discontinue therapy if symptoms of the disorder have been absent for one year. The possibility of kidney disease relapse is carefully monitored when tapering medication dosage or discontinuing the drug. Long-term, complete remissions are often achieved with drug therapy, even with advanced disease.
Kidney transplantation has been successful for kidney failure resulting from Wegener's Granulomatosis.
Corticosteroids can be used intermittently for non-renal symptoms in conjunction with the above drugs.
Research at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) on regulation of the immune function has benefited patients with such inflammatory vascular diseases as Wegener's granulomatosis, lymphatoid granulomatosis and polyarteritis nodosa. Before the introduction of treatment regimens developed at the NIAID, the majority of those with Wegener's granulomatosis died within one year after the onset of the disorder. Today, ninety-three percent of those treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone show complete remission.
Therapies: Investigational
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is conducting a study on a treatment for Wegener's Granulomatosis. Patients who wish to participate in the clinical trials must be at least 14 years of age and had a recent onset of the illness. For further information, physicians can contact Dr. Gary S. Hoffman or Dr. Randi Y. Levitt at NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bldg. 10, Rm. 11813, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 or phone (301) 496-1124. Travel expenses are usually covered by the NIH and all treatment is free.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Wegener's Granulomatosis, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Wegener's Granulomatosis Support Group, National Chapter
P.O. Box 1518
Platte City, MO 64079
(816) 431-2096 or (816) 431-5469
Wegener's Foundation
9000 Rockville Pike
Bldg. 31A, Rm. B1W30
Bethesda, MD 20892
NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4236
The National Kidney Foundation
30 East 33rd St.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 689-2210 or (800) 622-9010
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 315-8700
References
The Merck Manual of Diagnosis of Therapy: Berkow et al., eds.: Merck Sharp & Dohme (1982).
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
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682: Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Chronic Granulomatous Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
CGD
Chronic Dysphagacytosis
Granulomatosis, Chronic, Familial
Granulomatosis, Septic, Progressive
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Sarcoidosis
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
Polyarteritis Nodosa
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Chronic Granulomatous Disease is a very rare blood disorder which primarily affects certain white blood corpuscles (lymphocytes). It is characterized by widespread granulomatous tumor-like lesions, and an inability to resist infections.
Symptoms
Chronic Granulomatous Disease is characterized by the widespread development of granulomatous (tumor-like mass) lesions of the skin, lungs, and lymph nodes. Excess gammaglobulin in the blood (hypergammaglobulinemia), anemia, an increase in white blood cells (leukocytosis), and a susceptibility to infections occurs. Evidence of chronic infections may be seen in the liver, gastrointestinal tract, brain and eyes.
There is usually a history of repeated infections, including inflammation of the lymph glands (suppurative lymphadenitis), enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly) and pneumonia. Blood studies often show evidence of chronic infection. There may also be a persistent runny nose (rhinitis), inflammation of the skin (dermatitis), diarrhea, perianal abscesses, and an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth (stomatitis). Osteomyelitis, (infection of the bones), brain abscesses, obstruction of the genitourinary tract due to the formation of granulomatous tissue, and delayed growth are also symptomatic of Chronic Granulomatous Disease.
Causes
The exact cause of Chronic Granulomatous Disease is unknown. There is a genetic form (X-linked recessive) that primarily affects males.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
The location for the chronic Granulomatous Disease gene has been located in the middle of the short arm of the X-chromosome. However, there are variants of the disorder that may involve other genes in females.
Affected Population
Chronic Granulomatous affects males more often than females. It usually occurs during childhood but symptoms may be delayed into early teens. In a few, symptoms have been known to occur in adulthood. The disorder is very rare, with only one in a million persons being affected.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Wegener's Granulomatosis is an uncommon collagen vascular disorder affecting the blood vessels. It begins as a localized inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract mucous membranes, and usually progresses into generalized inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) and kidney (glomerulonephritis). Initial symptoms usually appear as a severe cold progressing to sinusitis, ulcerations of the mucous membranes in the nose with secondary bacterial infection, middle ear infection (otitis media), cough, expectoration of blood (hemoptysis) and pleuritis. The nasal mucous membrane appears red with a raised granular appearance. There may also be fever, loss of appetite and generalized discomfort. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Wegener" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
Sarcoidosis is a disorder which affects many body systems. It is characterized by small lesions (tubercles) of granulation tissue. Symptoms depend on the site of involvement and may be absent, slight or severe. Fever, weight loss, and joint pain may be initial manifestations. Persistent fever is especially common with liver (hepatic) involvement. Peripheral lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph glands) is common but usually causes no symptoms. Both enlarged and normal-sized lymph nodes may contain the characteristic sarcoid tubercles. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Sarcoidosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Churg-Strauss Syndrome is a lung disorder often occuring as a complication of other disorders. Allergic blood vessel inflammation (angiitis or vasculitis) is accompanied by many inflammatory nodular lesions (granulomatosis). Small inflammatory growths (granulomas) may infiltrate any tissue in the body, causing deterioration. General discomfort (malaise), skin rash, kidney inflamation, nerve disease of the extremities (peripheral neuropathy), pain in many of the joints (asymmetric polyarthralgia), or arthritis may also occur. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Churg-Strauss" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Polyarteritis Nodosa is characterized by an inflammation of the small and medium sized arteries causing narrowing of the vessels. This may result in a lack of blood supply to tissues, possible formation of blood clots (thrombosis), and weakening, ballooning (aneurysm) or possible rupture of the vessel walls. Joint, muscle, abdominal and testicular pain may occur. The patient may also have fever, weight loss and high blood pressure (hypertension). The kidney is the organ most involved. The lungs are rarely affected. Skin rash may be present and gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting of blood (hematemesis) and tender abdomen may be present. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Polyarteritis Nodosa" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Chronic Granulomatous Disease consists of intermittent or continuous antibiotic therapy, such as Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole. Corticosteroid drugs are also of benefit. The orphan drug, Actimmune (interferon gamma-1b), has received FDA approval as a treatment for Chronic Granulomatous Disease. The drug is manufactured by Genentech, Inc., 460 Point San Bruno Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Bone marrow transplants have proven to be successful in some patients, if the procedure is done at a young age.
Clinical trials are underway to study compassionate treatment of recombinant human interferon gamma therapy in patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease and active infection. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Howard M. Lederman, M.D., Ph.D.
Division of Pediatric Immunology-CMSC 1103
Johns Hopkins Hospital
Baltimore, MD 21205
(301) 955-5883
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
Clinical trials are underway to study the use of intraconazole as treatment for Aspergillosis in patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease. For information contact:
Dr. Eisentein, Dr. Gallini and Dr. Malech
National Institutes of Health (NIAID)
Bldg. 10, Rm. 11/N/250
Bethesda, MD 20892
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through October 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Chronic Granulomatous Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Chronic Granulomatous Disease Association
2616 Monterey Road
San Marino, CA 91108
Immune Deficiency Foundation
3565 Ellicott Mill Drive, Unit B2
Ellicott City, MD 21043
(800) 296-4433
(410) 461-3127
NIH/National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 973.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1286-1288.
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS, J.E. Smith, Ph.D.; NIH Research Resources Reporter, (March 1989).
CORTICOSTEROIDS IN TREATMENT OF OBSTRUCTIVE LESIONS OF CHRONIC
GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE. T.W. Chin, et al.; J PEDIATRICS (September 1987; issue 111(3)). Pp. 512-518.
CLINICAL FEATURES AND CURRENT MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS
DISEASE. C.B. Forrest et al.; HEMATOL ONCOL CLIN NORTH AM (June 1988; issue 2(2)). Pp. 253-266.
DETECTION OF CARRIERS OF THE AUTOSOMAL FORM OF CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS
DISEASE. A.J. Verhoeven et al.; BLOOD (February 1988; issue 71(2)). Pp. 505-507.
RECOMBINANT HUMAN INTERFERON-GAMMA RECONSTITUTES DEFECTIVE PHAGOCYTE
FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD. J.M.
Sechler et al.; PROC NATL ACAD SCI USA (July 1988; issue 85(13)). Pp. 4874-8.
OTOLARYNGOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE. R.
Miller et al.; AM J OTOLARYNGOL (March-April 1988; issue 9(2)). Pp.
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
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!Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
560: Graves' Disease
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Graves Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Basedow Disease
Parry Disease
Exophthalmic Goiter
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Graves' Disease is a disease affecting the thyroid gland. It is thought to occur as a result of an imbalance in the immune system. This disorder causes increased thyroid secretion (hyperthyroidism), enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter) and protrusion of the eyeballs.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Graves' Disease include eyes that bulge from the head, producing a characteristic startled appearance. Development of an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) and increased thyroid secretion (hyperthyroidism) also occurs. This in turn may result in swelling of the legs and eyes, extreme sensitivity to light, irregular heart beat, clubbing of the fingers, and the development of breasts in males (gynecomastia). It may also cause heat intolerance, emotional instability, weight loss or hyperactivity. Symptoms may occur as a single incident, and then go into remission, or recurrent attacks may occur.
Causes
The exact cause of Graves' Disease is not known. It is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.) Graves' Disease may also be a disease of the autoimmune system. (Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies) against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack perfectly healthy tissue). Excessive levels of thyroid hormone cause the symptoms of Graves' Disease.
Affected Population
Graves' Disease is a rare condition affecting females more often than males. It can occur at any age and in almost any part of the world. A 1987 survey of 924 hyperthyroid patients from 17 thyroid centers in six European countries indicated that sixty percent of hyperthyroid patients have Graves' Disease.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Graves' Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis or Lymphoid Thyroiditis is believed to be an autoimmune disorder which can destroy the thyroid gland and produce below normal amounts of thyroid hormone secretion (hypothyroidism). Some individuals appear to have both Hashimoto's Disease and Graves' Disease at the same time. Hashimoto's Disease can occur at any age but is most common in the third to fifth decades of life, and is more common in women than men. It is characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland that is infiltrated with lymphocytes. Eventually, the thyroid may be completely destroyed. Treatment with drugs to reduce antithyroid antibody formation is the treatment of choice.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Graves' Disease in adults usually involves the use of radioactive iodine. However, in children and pregnant women, drugs that reduce release of thyroid hormone are preferred. Antithyroid drugs are usually either propylthiouracil or methimazole. In patients that need further drug treatment to control the release of thyroid hormone, scientists suggest the use of thyroxine alone or in conjunction with other drug therapy. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Surgery as a method of treatment for Graves' Disease is usually reserved for patients in whom the other forms of treatment have not been successful. Lifelong follow-up is necessary if the thyroid is removed.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials are underway to study the myocardial 31-phosphate imaging in hyperthroidism. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Paul W. Ladenson, M.D.
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Blalock 904
600 N. Wolfe St.
Baltimore, MD 21205
(301) 955-3663
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
Clinical trials are underway to study the physiologic determinants of exercise capacity in hyperthyroidism. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Wade Martin
Washington University School of Medicine
4566 Scott Ave., Campus Box 8113
St. Louis, MO 63110
(314) 362-2392
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Graves' Disease, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Graves Disease Foundation
P.O. Box 130
Mentone, AL 35984
National Graves Disease Foundation
320 Arlington Rd.
Jacksonville, FL 32211
(904) 724-6744
The Thyroid Foundation of America, Inc.
Massachusetts General Hospital, ACC 630
Boston, MA 02114
American Thyroid Association
Endocrine/Metabolic Service 7D
Washington, DC 20307
800-542-20207
The Thyroid Foundation of Canada
CD/Box 1597
Kingston, Ontario
Canada K71 5C8
The Paget's Disease Foundation
(and other diseases of bone resorption)
200 Varick St., Suite 1004
New York, NY 10014-4810
(212) 229-1582
(800) 23-PAGET
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Pp. 1280.
INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 1927-1931, 2302.
GRAVES' DISEASE. MANIFESTATIONS AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. K. F.
McFarland, et al.; Postgrad Med, (March, 1988, issue 83 (4)). Pp. 275-282.
HIGH SERUM PROGESTERONE IN HYPERTHYROID MEN WITH GRAVES' DISEASE. K.
Nomura, et al.; J Clin Endocrinol Metab (January, 1988, issue 66 (1)). Pp. 230-232.
GRAVES' DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH HISTOLOGIC HASHIMOTO'S THYROIDITIS. S.A.
Falk, et al.; Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (February, 1985, issue 93(1)). Pp. 86-91.
ADMINISTRATION OF THYROXINE IN TREATED GRAVES' DISEASE: EFFECTS ON THE
LEVEL OF ANTIBODIES TO THYROID-STIMULATION HORMONE RECEPTORS AND ON THE RISK
OF REOCCURRENCE OF HYPERTHYROIDISM. K. Hashizume, et al., N Eng J Med, (April 4, 1991, issue 324). Pp. 947-953.
TREATMENT FOR GRAVES' DISEASE; TELLING THE THYROID TO REST., P.W.
Ladenson, N. Eng J Med, (April 4, 1991, issue 324). Pp. 989-900.
Graves' Disease
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'Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
924: Frontofacionasal Dysplasia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Frontofacionasal Dysplasia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Facio-fronto-nasal Dysplasia
Frontofacionasal Dysostosis
Nasal-fronto-faciodysplasia
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Cranio-Fronto-Nasal Dysplasia
Median Cleft Face Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Frontofacionasal Dysplasia is a very rare disorder in which the patient is born with abnormalities of the skull and face. Cleft lip and palate as well as premature closing of the soft spot (coronal suture) on the top of the head causing excess growth of the head from side to side. A variety of malformations of the eyes, nose and bones of the skull may also be present. Frontofacionasal Dysplasia is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait.
Symptoms
Frontofacionasal Dysplasia is a very rare disorder characterized by abnormalities of the skull and face. Cleft palate and cleft lip are two of the major features of this disorder. A cleft occurs when the roof of the mouth has not completely closed at birth. This opening is due to the failure of the upper jaw bones to properly fuse together during development of the embryo.
Premature closing of the soft spot (coronal suture) on the top of an infants head causes excess growth of the head from side to side. The outside edges of the eyelids may be fused together narrowing the opening (blepharophimosis) of the eyes. The eyelids may droop downward (ptosis) and there may be an S-shaped opening between the upper and lower eyelids. Tumors (dermoid) of the eye, a cleft along the edge of the eyeball (coloboma), missing or sparse eyelashes, an inability to close the lower eyelids fully (lagophthalmos), adhesions between the upper and lower eyelids, and an abnormally wide space between the eyes may also be present.
A covered split in the skull (cranium bifidum occultum), a gap in the skull in which there is a protrusion of the membranes that cover the brain (encephalocele) as well as a tumor of fatty tissue (lipomata) on the frontal lobe of the brain may also be present.
Causes
Frontofacionasal Dysplasia is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. A hereditary or "blood" relationship between parents (consanguinity) has been reported in all cases of this disorder. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
There have been only three cases of Frontofacionasal Dysplasia reported in the medical literature. A brother and sister from one family and a female from another. All three cases came from Brazil.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Frontofacionasal Dysplasia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Cranio-Fronto-Nasal Dysplasia is a rare disorder thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait with a wide variance in how it expresses itself. Widely spaced eyes, a missing or grooved tip of the nose, and a broad nasal bridge are typically present. Other abnormalities found in this disorder may be a wide mouth, fingers or toes that have grown together, a broad index finger, split nails, a malformed collarbone and a broad tall forehead.
Median Cleft Face Syndrome is a rare disorder that occurs for no apparent reason (sporadically). This disorder affects males and females equally and is characterized by a widely spaced central portion of the face. The nasal groove along the middle of the nose can vary greatly in severity from a missing nasal tip to separation of the nose into two parts. The eyes may be widely spaced and some patients may have split-skull in the front as well as hair in a V shape in the front (widow's peak). There may also be other less common physical abnormalities present.
There are many rare craniofacial disorders with facial characteristics similar to Frontofacionasal Dysplasia. For more information on these disorders, choose "craniofacial" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of cleft lip and/or palate requires the coordinated efforts of a team of specialists. Pediatricians, dental specialists, surgeons, speech pathologists, psychologists and others must systematically and comprehensively plan the child's treatment and rehabilitation.
Cleft lip can be corrected by surgery. Surgeons usually repair the lip when the child is still an infant. A second surgery is sometimes necessary for cosmetic purposes when the child grows older.
Cleft Palate may be repaired by surgery or covered by an artificial device (prosthesis) that closes or blocks the opening in the mouth. Surgical repair can be carried out in stages or in a single operation, according to the nature and severity of the defect. The first palate surgery is usually scheduled during the toddler period.
Dental problems associated with clefts are also nearly always correctable. Braces are frequently needed later to straighten teeth that have grown in crooked.
Routine testing of hearing should be scheduled for all preschool children with clefts of the palate. They may require tubes placed in their ears to drain congestion and improve hearing.
When an encephalocele or cranium bifidum occultum are present on the skull surgery is performed to correct the deformity. Other surgical procedures can be used to improve the facial structure of people with Frontofacionasal Dysplasia.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Orphan Products: The palate of cleft palate patients is closed during early childhood but difficulties may persist if the palate is excessively short in relationship to the pharynx. Researchers are studying a teflon-glycerine paste that is applied to the rear of the pharynx in a minor surgical procedure. A rounded bump or ledge is formed, bringing the pharynx and palate into the proper relationship with each other. The hardened paste remains in place indefinitely; no side effects have been observed. Children as young as eight years old have been treated with this procedure.
For further information on this procedure contact:
William N. Williams, D.D.S.
University of Florida
College of Dentistry
Box J-424
Gainesville, FL 32610
(904) 392-4370
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Frontofacionasal Dysplasia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Craniofacial Foundation
3100 Carlisle St., Suite 215
Dallas, TX 75204
(800) 535-3643
FACES
National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
P.O. Box 11082
Chattanooga, TN 37401
(615) 266-1632
Society for the Rehabilitation of the Facially Disfigured, Inc.
550 First Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 340-5400
About Face
99 Crowns Lane
Toronto, Ontario M5R 3PA
Canada
(416) 944-3223
NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5133
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1186.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 749.
FRONTOFACIONASAL DYSPLASIA: EVIDENCE FOR AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE:
T.R. Gollop et al.; Am J Med Genet (October, 1984, issue 19(2)). Pp. 301-5.
Frontofacionasal Dysplasia
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
227: Fructose Intolerance, Hereditary
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Hereditary Fructose Intolerance) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Fructosemia
Fructose-1-phosphate Aldolase Deficiency
Fructosuria
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance is an autosomal recessive genetically caused inability to digest fructose or its precursors sucrose (sugar, sorbitol and brown sugar). This is due to a deficiency of the enzyme 1-phosphofructoaldolase in the liver, kidney cortex and small intestine.
Symptoms
Soon after adding fructose (fruit sugar) to the diet of an infant with Hereditary Fructose Intolerance, prolonged vomiting, failure to thrive, occasional unconsciousness, jaundice, and enlargement of the liver, and tending to bleed because of deficiency of clotting factors may be present. There will be decreased levels of glucose and phosphate in the blood and increased levels of fructose in the blood and urine.
Patients with Hereditary Fructose Intolerance usually develop a strong dislike for sweets and fruit. There is no intellectual impairment.
It is very important to recognize the intolerance early to avoid damage to the liver, kidney, and small intestine.
Causes
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance is an autosomal recessively inherited disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 1-phospofructoaldolase. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance begins at birth and is present in both males and females.
Related Disorders
Essential Fructosuria is the presence of fructose in the urine after ingesting fructose, due to a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme fructokinase. It is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder.
Therapies: Standard
As long as patients with Hereditary Fructose Intolerance do not ingest fructose, they can lead a normal life. However, it is important that this disorder be diagnosed early so that they can be placed on a special fructose-free diet to prevent permanent physical damage.
Therapies: Investigational
Clinical trials are underway to study the metabolic pathogenesis of Fructose Intolerance. Interested persons may wish to contact:
Donald M. Mock, M.D., Ph.D.
Dept. of Pediatrics, W126 GH
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Iowa City, IA 52242
(319) 356-3636
to see if further patients are needed for this research.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Hereditary Fructose Intolerance, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-2162
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Ave.
White Plains, NY 10605
914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 2079.
THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th ed.: Charles R. Scriver, et al.; eds., McGraw Hill, 1989. Pp. 399, 407-13.
Fructose Intolerance, Hereditary/
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573: Fructosuria
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of this article (Fructosuria) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Levulosuria
Hepatic Fructokinase Deficiency
Essential Fructosuria
Information on the following disorder can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Diabetes, Insulin-Dependent
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Fructosuria is a very rare inherited metabolic disorder. It is characterized by the excretion of fruit sugar (fructose) in the urine. Normally, no fructose is excreted in the urine. This condition is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fructokinase in the liver. This enzyme is needed for the synthesis of glycogen (the body's form of stored energy) from fructose. The presence of fructose in the blood and urine may lead to an incorrect diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus.
Symptoms
Fructosuria is characterized by the presence of fructose in the urine. There are no other symptoms. However, the fructose may be mistaken for glucose (blood sugar) leading to an incorrect diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus.
Causes
Fructosuria is a rare hereditary disorder transmitted by autosomal recessive genes. (Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is 25 percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Fructosuria affects about 1 out of every 130,000 persons in the United States. It affects males and females in equal numbers.
Related Disorders
Comparison of the following disorder with Fructosuria may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Diabetes Mellitus is a common disorder in which the body does not produce enough insulin and is, therefore, unable to convert nutrients into the energy necessary for daily activity. The disorder affects females and males approximately equally. Although the causes of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes are not known, genetic factors seem to play a role. Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus can be very debilitating if left untreated, whereas Fructosuria does not cause excessive thirst, weight loss or fatigue. (For more information, choose "Diabetes" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Therapies: Standard
Diagnosis of Fructosuria is made by testing the urine for the presence of fructose. Fructosuria does not require treatment as the symptoms are harmless.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through December 1988. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Fructosuria, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 978.
ESSENTIAL FRUCTOSURIA, HEREDITARY FRUCTOSE INTOLERANCE, AND FRUCTOSE-1,6-DIPHOSPHATASE DEFICIENCY: R. Gitzelmann, et al.; In: THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 118-140.
Fructosuria
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`$C$Copyright (C) 1987, 1990, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
373: Galactosemia
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Galactosemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this article.
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related Disorders section of this report:
Lactose Intolerance, also known as Lactase Deficiency, Disaccharidase
Deficiency, Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption, or Alactasia
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder of carbohydrate metabolism. It is a rare inability to convert galactose (a sugar contained in milk) to glucose (a different type of sugar). The disorder is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme "galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase".
A Duarte and a Negro variant of the Galactosemia gene have been identified. The Duarte variant causes a milder form of the disorder, while the Negro variant causes a more severe form. These variants can be distinguished by differences in galactose metabolism. Since milk is the main staple of an infant's diet, early diagnosis and treatment of this disorder is absolutely essential to avoid serious lifelong disability.
Symptoms
An infant with Galactosemia appears normal at birth, but within a few days or weeks loses its appetite (anorexia) and starts vomiting excessively. Yellow jaundice, enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly), appearance of amino acids and protein in the urine, growth failure, and ultimately accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites) and other swelling (edema) may also occur. In time, wasting of body tissues, marked weakness and extreme weight loss occur unless the infant is treated for the deficiency.
Children with Galactosemia who have not received early treatment may have arrested physical and mental development with possible vision loss due to cataracts. In severe cases overwhelming infection can be life threatening, but mild cases may exhibit few symptoms without serious impairment.
An infant with Galactosemia should be treated promptly by removing galactose totally from the diet. Liver and kidney failure, brain damage and cataracts can be prevented through avoidance of galactose. Children treated with this special diet usually show satisfactory general health and growth. They can make reasonable though often not optimal intellectual progress. Speech and vision difficulties and some behavioral problems may occur. Girls with Galactosemia may develop impaired functioning of the ovaries because of an increased level of the hormone gonadotropin; two males with Galactosemia have also been identified who have an excessive level of gonadotropin (hypergonadotropinism).
Causes
Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder. The most severe form of the disorder is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase. The milder form is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme galactokinase. These enzymes are needed for the breakdown of a milk sugar called galactose. Two different toxic products in galactosemic patients have been identified: galactitol and galactose-1-phosphate. Galactitol causes cataracts, while galactose-1-phosphate causes the other symptoms.
Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.
Affected Population
About 1 in 80,000 live births have been estimated to be affected with Galactosemia in Great Britain. As many males as females are affected.
Related Disorders
Lactose Intolerance (Lactase Deficiency, Disaccharidase Deficiency, Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption, or Alactasia) is characterized by diarrhea and abdominal distention. A lack of the enzyme "lactase" that normally helps to split milk sugar (lactose) into glucose and galactose, prevents absorption of lactose in the small bowel. This is a very common hereditary disorder, especially in adults with ancestry from Mediterranean, East European, and African origin. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Lactose Intolerance" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
However, the symptoms of Lactose Intolerance which usually get worse with increasing age may cause discomfort without permanent disability in contrast to Galactosemia which is a more debilitating illness.
Therapies: Standard
Pregnant women who are carriers for Galactosemia (without symptoms) can be detected by testing the activity of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in their red blood cells. If the enzyme activity is 50% of the normal value, the individual is a carrier.
Galactosemia can be diagnosed in infants at birth by testing the enzyme activity level in red blood cells in a drop of blood from the umbilical cord.
Milk and milk products should be eliminated from the diet of children with Galactosemia and pregnant women who are known carriers of the disorder since the lactose in milk is digested to form galactose. Galactose in the mother's blood can cause brain damage to an unborn baby with Galactosemia in the uterus. After birth, an affected child's diet should contain lactose-free milk substitutes, and foods such as casein hydrolysates and soy bean products. Strict dietary restriction should be maintained until the patient is at least 2 years old and preferably 6 years. A lactose tolerance test should NOT be administered to galactosemic children. Fortunately the body of an infant with Galactosemia can synthesize galactolipids and other essential galactose-containing compounds without the presence of galactose in food. Therefore satisfactory physical development is possible if a strict diet is followed.
Appropriate treatment may be necessary to control infection.
The emotional effects of the strict diet may require attention throughout childhood. Genetic counseling is recommended for families of Galactosemia patients.
Therapies: Investigational
In 1989, Dr. Francine Kaufman, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Box #61, Los Angeles, 90027, received a research grant from the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) to study the use of Ureline as a treatment for Galactosemia. More research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of this experimental medication. For more information, physicians may contact Dr. Kaufman at the above address.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Galactosemia, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Parents of Galactosemic Children, Inc.
20981 Solano Way
Boca Raton, FL 33433
(407) 852-0266
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
Crewe CW1 1XN, England
Telephone: (0270) 250244
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
GALACTOSEMIA: HOW DOES LONG-TERM TREATMENT CHANGE THE OUTCOME?: R.
Gitzelmann, et. al.; Enzyme (1984: issue 32,1). Pp. 37-46.
BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed: Daniel Bergsma, ed; March of Dimes, 1979. Pp. 455-456.
Galactosemia[%
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305: Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible the main title of the article (Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Lipid Disorder
Mucolipidosis IV
ML IV
Neuraminidase Deficiency
ML Disorder
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report.
The Mucolipidoses are a family of hereditary disorders in which enzyme deficiencies cause both complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) and certain fatty substances (mucolipids) to accumulate in body tissues without excess mucopolysaccharides in the urine. (For more information on the Mucolipidoses, choose "ML Disorder" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Symptoms
Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency is characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme ganglioside sialidase which causes abnormalities of connective tissue cells, defects of the cornea and retardation of physical and mental development.
Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency generally occurs at birth or early infancy. The first symptom usually is clouding of the eye's cornea. Retardation of physical and mental development usually does not appear until the end of the first year after which symptoms tend to progress gradually. Patients with ML IV do not have enlargement of the liver or spleen, skeletal involvement or mucopolysaccharides in the urine.
Degeneration of the retina with a reduced electroretinogram (ERG) may be found in older children. Biopsies of connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) usually show abnormalities.
Causes
Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme ganglioside sialidase, which leads to abnormalities in certain connective tissue cells (fibroblasts). (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
Affected Population
Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency may affect children of both sexes. About one-half of the reported patients are of Ashkenazi Jewish extraction with ancestors originating from eastern Europe and in particular southern Poland. The exact incidence is unknown with less than 20 reported patients in the medical literature.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment of Ganglioside Sialidase is symptomatic and supportive. Prenatal diagnosis of the disorder is possible with transmission electron microscopy of cells acquired through amniocentesis. Genetic counseling is advised for families affected by this disorder.
Therapies: Investigational
Since prenatal diagnosis is now possible through amniocentesis, new treatments aimed at checking Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency are now under investigation. One method involves replacing defective enzymes via enzyme replacement therapy and/or bone marrow transplants. Scientific study of gene replacement in animal models raises the hope that gene replacement therapy may someday be made available to people with genetic disorders such as Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through February 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Children's Association for Research on Mucolipidosis IV
6 Concord Drive
Moncey, NY 10952
(914) 425-0639
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 468-6344
For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 6th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. P. 836.
Ganglioside Sialidase Deficiency
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Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
152: Gardner's Syndrome
_________________________
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Gardner's Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Intestinal Polyposis III
Polyposis-Osteomatosis-Epidermoid Cyst Syndrome
Bone Tumor-Epidermoid Cyst-Polyposis
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section.
Gardner Syndrome is a hereditary condition characterized by colonic polyposis (multiple, benign growths, or polyps, on the mucosal lining of the colon), bony tumors of the skull, fatty cysts in the skin, and often, extra teeth. Patients with Gardner Syndrome have a high probability of developing colonic cancer during their middle years.
Symptoms
Gardner Syndrome appears during late childhood or after puberty. Numerous polyps develop on the mucosal lining of the large intestine (colon). These are commonly accompanied by rectal bleeding, and sometimes by diarrhea or constipation, recurrent abdominal pain, weight loss, and occasionally the prolapse of a polyp through the anus. Persistent rectal bleeding can result in secondary anemia.
Fibrous, fatty tumors and cysts develop in the skin, and bony tumors develop in the skull and mandible (jaw bone). Soft tissue tumors also develop in the mesentery, a membrane that connects the intraabdominal organs. Patients often have supernumerary teeth, usually impacted. Occasionally, tumors develop in other sites.
Untreated patients have a very high probability of developing intestinal malignancies by their early forties.
Causes
Gardner Syndrome is inherited through an autosomal dominant mechanism.
Evidence has been found that the gene for transmission of Gardner Syndrome is located on chromosome 5. (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.)
Related Disorders
Gardner Syndrome is related to several other syndromes in which familial hereditary polyposis of the colon plays a part. Familial adenomatous colon polyposis consists of polyposis unassociated with other abnormalities, but with a very high incidence of colonic cancer if untreated. In Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, numerous polyps in the stomach and small and large intestines are associated with discoloration of the skin and mucous surfaces. The Canada Cronkhite syndrome combines familial polyposis with abnormalities of the structures derived from the embryonic ectodermal layer. In Turcot syndrome, familial polyposis occurs with tumors in the central nervous system.
For more information on the above disorders, choose "Adenomatous Colon," "Peutz," and "Canada-Cronkhite" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.
Therapies: Standard
In Gardner Syndrome the aim of therapy is to prevent cancer. Surgical removal of the rectum and colon accomplishes this definitively. Removal of only the colon, with anastomosis of the end of the small intestine and the rectum is a less drastic operation, and is favored for that reason. Polyps that appear after surgery should be removed. If they reappear in great numbers, remaining parts of the rectum have to be resected.
Members of patients' families should be screened for the disorder, as they have a high probability of developing it.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Gardner Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Box NDIC
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 498-2162
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Rd., NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 320-3333
NIH/National Cancer Institute
9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
Bethesda, MD 20892
1-800-4-CANCER
The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.