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germany.txt
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Ancient German tribes united in the eighth century within the Frankish
empire of Charlemagne; in 962 AD Otto I was crowned Emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire, the first German realm, which was to last until 1806. After
the Congress of Vienna (1814 15) a loose confederation of 39 German states
was established under Austrian rule. Then Prussia, under the rule of
Bismarck, succeeded Austria as the most powerful German state, following
victory over Austria in the Seven Weeks' War in 1866. Next France was
defeated in the Franco Prussian War (1870 1) and Alsace and Lorraine ceded
to Prussia. In 1871 the Prussian dominated North German Federation united
with the south German principalities to found the Second Reich, a second
German Empire. Bismarck, the King of Prussia, was proclaimed Emperor.
Aggressive foreign policy eventually led to the First World War (1914 18)
and German defeat. The Second Reich was replaced by the democratic Weimar
Republic, which itself collapsed in 1929 because of the world economic
crisis. This resulted in the rise of the National Socialist movement under
Adolf Hitler who became leader of the Third Reich. The Second World War
(1939 45), like the First, was the result of an act of German aggression,
this time the invasion of Poland in 1939. Hitler committed suicide on 30
April 1945, and Germany was once again defeated. Germany was divided amongst
the UK, USA, France, and USSR. Likewise Berlin was also partitioned into
four zones, each occupied by an Ally power. However, there were
disagreements between the USSR and the other Ally powers such that
eventually Germany was divided east and west. West Germany, formally called
the Federal Republic of Germany, was created out of the zones controlled by
the UK, USA, and France. An elected federal government took office. The
Soviet zone became East Germany, formally known as the German Democratic
Republic, and a Communist government was installed. West Germany gained full
sovereignty in 1954, the same year in which the USSR recognised East Germany
as an independent republic. In 1955 West Germany joined NATO and in 1957 it
became a founder member of what is now called the European Union. In August
1961 the USSR built the Berlin Wall which sealed off its zone from the rest
of the city. In November 1989 the Berlin Wall was reopened following civil
unrest in East Germany. The Communist government collapsed and on 3 October
1990. Germany was once again unified, east and west.