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spain.txt
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1992-09-02
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After the territory which is now Spain had been occupied by the likes of the
Iberians, Celts, Greeks, and Romans, there came the Moors in the eighth
century; these were Muslims from North Africa who captured and dominated the
Iberian Peninsula for some 500 years. By the fourteenth century the Moors
had been expelled from nearly the whole of Spain; their expulsion was
completed in 1492 when they were driven from Granada, their last great
foothold in Europe. All but immediately there followed the most notable
period that Christian Spain was to enjoy. The monarchy managed to unite the
regions of Aragon, Castile, Leon and Navarre; furthermore, it was King
Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Catile who were mainly responsible
for the rise of the Spanish Empire and the riches which it yielded. They
dispatched Columbus off to the New World; the conquests of Mexico in 1521
and Peru in 1533 meant incredible wealth for Spain. This was the Empire's
zenith thereafter its fortunes began to wane. In 1588 the British defeated
the Spanish Armada and thus foiled its attempted invasion. Another defeat at
the hands of the British, this time the War of Spanish Succession (1702 13),
resulted in the loss of Gibraltar. Preoccupation with Napoleon during the
Peninsula War (1808 14) allowed most of Spain's colonies to take the
opportunity to gain independence. Then in 1898, following a war with the
USA, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other Pacific territories were lost. The first
half of the twentieth century has also proved difficult for Spain. General
Primo de Rivera established a military dictatorship with the King's support
from 1923 to 1930. He resigned, a republic was declared, and the King driven
into exile. Next in 1936 General Franco instigated a military rebellion
which escalated into civil war; Franco emerged victorious and thus began his
reign as dictator. After his death in 1975 Prince Juan Carlos of Bourbon,
grandson of the exiled monarch, who succeeded as head of state, just as
Franco had wished. The economy is traditionally agricultural, olives,
almonds and citrus fruits being key products; wine is also widely produced.
Fishing is another major industry. Cars, ships, textile goods, steel, and
leather products are also manufactured. Nearly the entire population is
Roman Catholic and Spanish is the official language.