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- Ancient Phoenician port in N Africa; it lay
- 16 km/10 mi N of Tunis, Tunisia. An leading
- trading centre, from the 6th century BC it
- was in conflict with Greece, and then with
- Rome, and was destroyed by Roman forces 146
- BC at the end of the Punic Wars. About 45 BC,
- Roman colonists settled in Carthage, and it
- became the wealthy capital of the province of
- Africa. After its capture by the Vandals in
- AD 439 it was little more than a pirate
- stronghold. From 533 it formed part of the
- Byzantine Empire until its final destruction
- by Arabs in 698, during their conquest in the
- name of Islam. Carthage is said to have been
- founded in 814 BC by Phoenician emigrants
- from Tyre, led by Princess Dido. It developed
- an extensive commerce throughout the
- Mediterranean and traded with the Tin
- Islands, whose location is believed to have
- been either Cornwall, England, or SW Spain.
- After the capture of Tyre by the Babylonians
- in the 6th century BC, it became the natural
- leader of the Phoenician colonies in N Africa
- and Spain, and there soon began a prolonged
- struggle with the Greeks, which centred
- mainly on Sicily, the east of which was
- dominated by Greek colonies, while the west
- was held by Carthaginian trading stations.
- About 540 BC the Carthaginians defeated a
- Greek attempt to land in Corsica, and in 480
- BC a Carthaginian attempt to conquer the
- whole of Sicily was defeated by the Greeks at
- Himera. The population of Carthage before its
- destruction by the Romans is said to have
- numbered over 700,000. The constitution was
- an aristocratic republic with two chief
- magistrates elected annually and a senate of
- 300 life members. The religion was
- Phoenician, including the worship of the Moon
- goddess Tanit, the great Sun god Baal-Hammon,
- and the Tyrian Meklarth; human sacrifices
- were not unknown. The real strength of
- Carthage lay in its commerce and its powerful
- navy; its armies were for the most part
- mercenaries.
-