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STYLE.GHP
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1988-08-22
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Correction Symbols
Diction
Punctuation
Source Citation
Technical Writing
Books on Style
:Diction
Proper words in proper places, make
the true definition of a style.
--Swift
Never use a long word where a short word will do. An
accomplished writer can have a large vocabulary without
always using large words. Speak directly, choosing the right
word for the task. Avoid unnecessary jargon.
::
1. Use specific concrete terms.
Vague: A certain nobleman appears on the scene.
Concrete: Fortinbras returns from Poland.
Vague: Professor Max is a tough grader.
Concrete: Professor Max regularly awards more F's than A's
and more D's than B's.
::
2. Avoid jargon. Each profession has its necessary
technical vocabulary, but choose the more common term when
it is available.
Jargon: When the keyboard locks up, do a cold boot.
Ordinary
Language: When the keyboard locks up, restart the
computer with the off/on switch.
::
3. Avoid archaic, stilted, and overly formal diction. Don't
talk like a bureaucrat, a carpet-bag politician, or other
stuffed shirt.
Stilted: The means whereby I earn extra cash...
Direct: My parttime job...
Stilted: Objective consideration of the phenomena
compelled the conclusion that the concentration of
sucrose had rendered the solution unpotable.
Direct: The coffee was so sweet I couldn't drink it.
:
:Punctuation
Periods
The period which ends a sentence ordinarily
falls within the a quotation mark.
Example: Fred said, "Don't give up the ship."
The period follows the parenthesis when used within a
sentence (but see the next sentence). (When the entire
sentence is in parenthesis then so is the period.)
::
Commas
1. Use commas to separate all the items in a series.
Ex: We ate peaches, pears, and apples.
2. Use commas before coordinating conjunctions that join
independent clauses.
Ex: Jane usually pitches, and Fred catches every game,
but I have to stay in the outfield.
3. Place a comma after long phrases or clauses preceding the
main clause.
Ex: Without giving a second thought to his platter of
chicken enchiladas and refried beans, Jose ran off.
4. Place commas around appositives and other parenthetical
elements. Ex: John, long-ball hitter, bats fourth.
Apostrophes
1. Use an apostrophe and an s to form the possesssive of a
single noun.
Ex: a dog's tail, the boss's desk, Miss Jones's lifestyle
2. Use only the apostrophe to form the possessive of a
plural noun ending in s.
Ex: a players' loss, the cats' meal, the Joneses' house
3. You can for the plurals of letters with apostrophes, but
not of abbreviations or numbers.
Ex: p's and q's, 1800s and 1900s, SATs, GMATs, and GREs
4. Contractions require the apostrophe, but in semi-formal
writing it is usually better the write out the words.
Ex: it is for it's, had not for hadn't
Quotations and Underlining
1. Prose: Use quotation marks when a direct quote is less
than four typed lines.
Ex: Wordsworth claims that Poetry "takes its origin from
emotion recollected in tranquility."
2. Poetry: Quote one or two lines of poetry in quotation
marks as part of your text, dividing the lines with a slash.
Ex: Dickenson begins, "A Spider sewed at Night / Without
a Light."
3. Indent longer quotations, omitting quotation marks.
4. Use quotation marks for titles of works published within
larger works. Underline titles of works published under
separate cover. Underline the titles of plays.
Ex: He assigned _Richard _III. Read "Percieving Shape
from Shading" in the August issue of _Scientific _American.
:
:Correction Symbols
Here are symbols and abbreviations that your instructor
might mark on your paper. For each, an example problem is
shown in parentheses, followed by the correction.
ab abbreviation (Honolulu, HA)
Honolulu, HI
adj adjective (He was real sick.)
He was really sick.
adv adverb (Hopefully, he smiled.)
I hope he smiled.
ant antecedent (No one likes their own voice.)
No one likes her own voice.
agr verb agreement (He is one of the many who runs.)
He is one of the many who run.
amb ambiguous (She only knows this.)
Only she knows this. -or- She knows only this.
awk awkward expression (Either she or I am going.)
Either she is going or I am going.
cap capitalize (He saw president carter and pope Paul.)
He saw President Carter and Pope Paul.
cst sent. construction (The reason I lie is because...)
I lie because...
d diction (The presidential candidates were groovy.)
The presidential candidates were exceptional.
dm dangling modifier (Being drunk, the dog led.)
Being drunk, Clyde let the dog lead.
frag sentence fragment (If John saw it, and Jim agreed.)
If John saw it, and Jim agreed, then it was a UFO.
lc lower case (The bear was BIG.)
The bear was big.
mm misplaced modifier (She dreams of skating in class.)
In class she dreams of skating.
// parallel (Ann is a hitter, and can pitch and run.)
Ann hits, pitches, and runs well.
p punctuation (Ann said; "Yes I have no bananas".)
Ann said, "Yes, I have no bananas."
pass passive verb (Eating is an activity ejoyed by Al.)
Al likes to eat.
run-on run-on sentence (The metal was hot it glowed.)
The metal was hot; it glowed.
# space (The player had a bigfoot.)
The player had a big foot.
shift in tense/person (The bank said that they will agree.)
The bank said that it would agree.
sp spelling (Their is an odd symetry to this cemetary.)
There is an odd symmetry to this cemetery.
thesis State your thesis in the first paragraph of an essay.
topic Make the first sentence of the paragraph the topic
sentence.
tr transpose (She spaeks oto lsowly.)
She speaks too slowly.
und underline (Jane starred in "As You Like It.")
Jane starred in _As _You _Like _It.
vb wrong verb form (Several days has went bye.)
Several days have gone bye.
wordy wordy (It has come to my attention that your car...)
Your car...
ww wrong word (I represented his cowardly temerity.)
I resented his cowardly reluctance.
:
:Technical Writing
1. Technical Writing is writing with a purpose. Analyze your
audience. Determine what information they need, and devise
strategies to help them assimilate that information as
efficiently as possible. An effective document will lighten
the load on its readers.
2. Be technically accurate. Check your work at each step.
Consult experts. Have your finished document read and
reread. Test the document by giving it to readers new to the
subject.
::
3. Take utmost care in the first pages of a document. It is
easy for a writer to pass over underlying concepts, and
initial assumptions that readers must master before they can
understand anything else.
4. Provide numerous examples. Concrete examples can enliven
dead abstractions and render tedious explanations readable.
Begin with simple examples. For instance, a typical first
computer program prints "Hello world" on the screen. Lead up
to more complex problems and considerations. Take your
reader with you.
::
5. Tabulate, list, and number the steps, whenever writing
instructions that require action. Divide complex procedures
into sub-procedures and give each a title. Put instructions
in the active, imperative voice (the command form).
Ex: When the food is ready (see "Preparing Food" above)
you may begin packing the jars as follows:
Canning Fruits
1) Pack the jars firmly without crushing the fruit.
2) Fill the jars with sugar sirup to within 1/2 inch
of the top.
3) Expell any trapped air using a long thin spatula.
4) Carefully wipe off the top of the jar.
5) Using manufacturer's procedures seal the lids.
6. It is your ethical (and often legal) responsibility to
anticipate dangers and provide eyecatching notes and
warnings. It is good style to insert advice, and helpful
hints. If you know what helped you learn a concept or master
a skill, be sure to pass the tip on to your reader.
Ex:
IMPORTANT: When canning at high altitudes add 1/2
pound of pressure for every 1,000 feet.
| WARNING |
| The boiling water bath process is not suitable for |
| canning meats, fish, and nonacid fruits and vegatables |
::
7. Illustrate copiously. Provide tables, charts, diagrams,
and simple line drawings. Where appropriate use shading to
give a crisp sense of three dimensionality. (Mechanical
drawings are often as difficult as complex prose and photos
usually do not reproduce well.)
:
:Source Citation
Plagiarism
To plagiarize is to use other people's words or ideas
without acknowledging them. You are guilty of plagiarism
whenever you try to pass off as your own, something another
said or wrote. You must acknowledge borrowings whether the
source is a roommate or an encyclopedia article.
::
Parenthetical Citations
Give credit to your sources and cite them parenthetically
in the text.
Ex: According to Robert M. Durling, Dante's Hell is a giant
projection of the human body. ("Deceit and Digestion in
the Belly of Hell," in _Allegory _and _Representation,
ed. Stephen J. Greenblatt, 61).
Ex: _Time says that Ronstadt's _Canciones _de _Mi _Padre is
"headed for platinum" (July 11, 1988, p. 73).
::
List of Works
Include a list of works cited (a bibliography) at the end
of your paper if you use several sources or if your
instructor requests it. Then when you cite a work in you
text you can keep the parenthetical reference brief.
Ex. Particularly, the Malebolge associates the belly with
Fraud (Durling, 65).
Ex. Ramachandran supposes that we assume only one light
source "because our brains evolved in a solar system that
has only one sun" (76).
Ex. The drought will cause meat prices to fall until
November and the rise sharply (_Time, 44).
Indented Passages
When quoting a passage long enough to indent, place the
citation outside of the quoted material.
Ex. The speaker exhibits the synesthesia of a visionary:
How the Chimney-sweepers cry
Every blackning Church appalls,
And the hapless Soldiers sigh,
Runs in blood down Palace walls
(Blake, 27)
:
:Books on Style
Recommended Texts
Students should always have at hand a desk-sized
dictionary, such as _Webster's _New _Collegiate _Dictionary.
(If you can afford it, the new _Random _House _Dictionary is
readable and up-to-date.) In addition, we recommend that you
consult the following works on questions of style.
Bly, Robert W. and Gary Blake. _Technical _Writing:
_Structure, _Standards, _and _Style. New York:
McGraw_Hill (latest edition).
_Chicago _Manual _of _Style. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press
(latest edition).
Gibaldi, Joseph and Walter S. Achtert. _MLA _Handbook _for
_Writers _of _Research _Papers. New York: The Modern
Langauge Association of America (lastest edition).
Lanham, Richard A. _Revising _Prose. New York: Scribner's,
1979.
_____________. _Style: _An _Anti-Textbook. New Haven:
Yale, 1974.
Prentice-Hall, Inc. _Words _Into _Type. Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall (latest edition).
Strunk, William, Jr. and E. B. White. _The _Elements _of
_Style. New York: Macmillan (latest edition).
Turabian, Kate L. _A _Manual _for _Writers. Chicago: Univ.
of Chicago Press (latest edition).
: