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INTRO.TXT
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Introduction to the TURBO Pascal Tutorial
Assuming you know nothing at all about Pascal, and in
fact, that you may know nothing about programming in
general, we will begin to study Pascal. If you are already
somewhat familiar with programming and especially Pascal,
you will probably want to skip very quickly through the
first few chapters. You should at least skim the first few
chapters, and you should read the remainder of this
introduction.
A few comments are in order to get us started in the
right direction. The sample programs included on the disks
are designed to teach you the basics of Pascal and they do
not include any clever or tricky code. Nearly all of the
programs are really quite dumb as far as being useful
programs, but all will teach one or more principles of
Pascal. I have seen one tutorial that included a 12 page
program as the first example. In fact there were only 2
example programs in the entire tutorial, and it was
impossible to glean the essentials of programming from that
system. For this reason, I will completely bypass any long
programs until the very end of this tutorial. In order to
illustrate fundamental concepts used in Pascal programming,
all programs will be very short and concise until we reach
the last chapter.
The last chapter has some rather large programs to
illustrate to you how to write a large program. It would be
a disservice to you to show you all of the constructs of
Pascal and not show you how to put them together in a
meaningful way to build a large program. After completing
all of the fundamentals of Pascal, it will then be very easy
for you to use the tools learned to build as large a program
as you desire.
Another problem I have noticed in example programs is
the use of one word for all definitions. For example, a
sort program is stored in a file called SORT, the program is
named Sort, and various parts of the program are referred to
as Sort1, Sort2, etc. This can be confusing since you have
no idea if the program name must be the same as the
filename, or if any of the other names were chosen to be the
same because of some obscure rule not clearly documented.
For this reason, the example programs use completely
arbitrary names whenever the choice of a name adds nothing
to the readability or clarity of a program. As an
illustration of this, the first program is named Puppy_Dog.
This adds nothing to the understanding of the program but
does illustrate that the program name means nothing to the
Pascal compiler concerning what the program does.
Page 1
Introduction to the TURBO Pascal Tutorial
Due to the fundamental design of the Pascal language,
certain words are "reserved" and can only be used for their
defined purposes. These are listed in your TURBO Pascal
reference manual (page 37 - version 3.0; page 196 - version
4.0). All of the sample programs in this tutorial are
written with the reserved words in all lower-case letters,
and the user variables in lower case with the first letter
capitalized since this is becoming the accepted industry
standard. Don't worry about what reserved words are yet,
they will be completely defined later.
WHAT IS A COMPILER?
There are two primary methods used in running any
computer program that is written in a readable form of
English. The first method is an interpreter. An
interpreter is a program that looks at each line of the
"English" program, decides what the "English" on that line
means, and does what it says to do. If one of the lines is
executed repeatedly, it must be scanned and analyzed each
time, greatly slowing down the solution of the problem at
hand. A compiler, on the other hand, is a program that
looks at each statement one time and converts it into a code
that the computer understands directly. When the compiled
program is actually run, the computer does not have to
figure out what each statement means, it is already in a
form that the computer can run directly, hence a much faster
execution of the program.
This tutorial is written especially for Borland
International's TURBO Pascal compilers version 3.0 or
version 4.0. These are very high quality compilers that can
do nearly anything you will ask them to do since they are so
flexible. The original intent of this tutorial was to write
it in such a way that it would be completely generic and
usable with any good Pascal compiler. The programmers at
Borland included a great many nonstandard aids for the
Pascal language and resulted in a very good product that has
dominated the market for microcomputers. To completely omit
all of the extensions would do those of you with the Borland
compiler a real disservice, and to include the extensions
would not allow other compilers to be used effectively with
this tutorial.
The decision was made to stay with the Borland
extensions and make the tutorial very difficult to use with
other compilers. TURBO Pascal is so inexpensive that it
would be a wise decision to purchase a copy solely for the
purpose of learning the Pascal programming language then
moving to a larger compiler on a minicomputer or a mainframe
using the accumulated knowledge to very quickly learn the
Page 2
Introduction to the TURBO Pascal Tutorial
extensions provided by that particular compiler. At any
rate, this tutorial will not teach you everything you will
ever need to know about Pascal. It will, however, teach you
the fundamentals and the terminology needed to progress on
your own into more advanced topics of Pascal and programming
in general. You will find that experience will be your best
teacher.
Some of the example files will only work properly with
TURBO Pascal version 3.0 and some will only work properly
with version 4.0, but most will work with either. It will
be clearly indicated to you which files will work with each
of the two versions of TURBO Pascal.
WHAT ABOUT TURBO PASCAL VERSION 2.0?
Most of the files will compile properly with TURBO
Pascal version 2.0, but no warning will be given since that
version has been superseded for so long. It will pay you to
purchase a newer version because of the flexibility. If you
choose not to however, this tutorial will work fine in most
cases if you follow the instructions for TURBO Pascal
version 3.0.
PREPARATION FOR USE OF THIS TUTORIAL.
Copy the example files onto your TURBO working disk and
you are ready to begin, provided of course that you have
already learned how to start the TURBO system and how to
edit a Pascal file. Be sure you make a backup copy of the
Pascal tutorial disks so you cannot accidentally lose all
information on the distribution disks. If you are using
TURBO Pascal version 3.0, you should read Chapter 1 of the
reference manual to be ready to use this tutorial, and if
you are using TURBO Pascal version 4.0, you should read
parts of chapters 1, 2, & 11 of your reference manual. You
should be familiar with use of the editor supplied with
TURBO Pascal before beginning.
If you are not using TURBO Pascal, you will still be
able to compile and execute many of these Pascal files,
since most of the examples use standard Pascal syntax.
There will be some statements used which are unique to TURBO
Pascal and will probably not work with your compiler. This
will be especially true when you come to the chapter on
standard input and output since this is where most compilers
differ. Unfortunately, this is one of the most important
aspects of any programming language, since it is required to
get data into and out of the computer to do anything useful.
Page 3
Introduction to the TURBO Pascal Tutorial
It is highly suggested that you do the programming
exercises after you complete the study for each chapter.
They are carefully selected to test your understanding of
the material covered in that chapter. If you do not write,
enter, debug, and run these programs, you will only be
proficient at reading Pascal. If you do the exercises
completely, you will have a good start at being a Pascal
program writer.
It should also be mentioned that this tutorial will not
teach you everything you will ever need to know about
Pascal. You will continue to learn new techniques as long
as you continue to write programs. Experience is the best
teacher here just as it is in any endeavor. This tutorial
will teach you enough about Pascal that you should feel very
comfortable as you search through the reference manual for
some topic. You will also be able to read and understand
any Pascal program you find in textbooks or magazines.
When you are ready, I will meet you in Chapter 1.
Page 4