Frozen Fish 1: Amiga/FrozenFish-Apr94.iso/bbs/gnu/make-3.70-bin.lha/info/make.info-4

GNU Info File | 1994-02-21 | 50KB | 946 lines

This is Info file make.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.54 from the input
file ./make.texinfo.
   This file documents the GNU Make utility, which determines
automatically which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled,
and issues the commands to recompile them.
   This is Edition 0.45, last updated 14 December 1993, of `The GNU
Make Manual', for `make', Version 3.70 Beta.
   Copyright (C) 1988, '89, '90, '91, '92, '93 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.
   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
   Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that
the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.
   Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a
translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.
File: make.info,  Node: Environment,  Prev: Defining,  Up: Using Variables
Variables from the Environment
==============================
   Variables in `make' can come from the environment in which `make' is
run.  Every environment variable that `make' sees when it starts up is
transformed into a `make' variable with the same name and value.  But
an explicit assignment in the makefile, or with a command argument,
overrides the environment.  (If the `-e' flag is specified, then values
from the environment override assignments in the makefile.  *Note
Summary of Options: Options Summary.  But this is not recommended
practice.)
   Thus, by setting the variable `CFLAGS' in your environment, you can
cause all C compilations in most makefiles to use the compiler switches
you prefer.  This is safe for variables with standard or conventional
meanings because you know that no makefile will use them for other
things.  (But this is not totally reliable; some makefiles set `CFLAGS'
explicitly and therefore are not affected by the value in the
environment.)
   When `make' is invoked recursively, variables defined in the outer
invocation can be passed to inner invocations through the environment
(*note Recursive Use of `make': Recursion.).  By default, only
variables that came from the environment or the command line are passed
to recursive invocations.  You can use the `export' directive to pass
other variables.  *Note Communicating Variables to a Sub-`make':
Variables/Recursion, for full details.
   Other use of variables from the environment is not recommended.  It
is not wise for makefiles to depend for their functioning on
environment variables set up outside their control, since this would
cause different users to get different results from the same makefile.
This is against the whole purpose of most makefiles.
   Such problems would be especially likely with the variable `SHELL',
which is normally present in the environment to specify the user's
choice of interactive shell.  It would be very undesirable for this
choice to affect `make'.  So `make' ignores the environment value of
`SHELL'.
File: make.info,  Node: Conditionals,  Next: Functions,  Prev: Using Variables,  Up: Top
Conditional Parts of Makefiles
******************************
   A "conditional" causes part of a makefile to be obeyed or ignored
depending on the values of variables.  Conditionals can compare the
value of one variable to another, or the value of a variable to a
constant string.  Conditionals control what `make' actually "sees" in
the makefile, so they *cannot* be used to control shell commands at the
time of execution.
* Menu:
* Conditional Example::         Example of a conditional
* Conditional Syntax::          The syntax of conditionals.
* Testing Flags::               Conditionals that test flags.
File: make.info,  Node: Conditional Example,  Next: Conditional Syntax,  Up: Conditionals
Example of a Conditional
========================
   The following example of a conditional tells `make' to use one set
of libraries if the `CC' variable is `gcc', and a different set of
libraries otherwise.  It works by controlling which of two command
lines will be used as the command for a rule.  The result is that
`CC=gcc' as an argument to `make' changes not only which compiler is
used but also which libraries are linked.
     libs_for_gcc = -lgnu
     normal_libs =

     foo: $(objects)
     ifeq ($(CC),gcc)
             $(CC) -o foo $(objects) $(libs_for_gcc)
     else
             $(CC) -o foo $(objects) $(normal_libs)
     endif
   This conditional uses three directives: one `ifeq', one `else' and
one `endif'.
   The `ifeq' directive begins the conditional, and specifies the
condition.  It contains two arguments, separated by a comma and
surrounded by parentheses.  Variable substitution is performed on both
arguments and then they are compared.  The lines of the makefile
following the `ifeq' are obeyed if the two arguments match; otherwise
they are ignored.
   The `else' directive causes the following lines to be obeyed if the
previous conditional failed.  In the example above, this means that the
second alternative linking command is used whenever the first
alternative is not used.  It is optional to have an `else' in a
conditional.
   The `endif' directive ends the conditional.  Every conditional must
end with an `endif'.  Unconditional makefile text follows.
   As this example illustrates, conditionals work at the textual level:
the lines of the conditional are treated as part of the makefile, or
ignored, according to the condition.  This is why the larger syntactic
units of the makefile, such as rules, may cross the beginning or the
end of the conditional.
   When the variable `CC' has the value `gcc', the above example has
this effect:
     foo: $(objects)
             $(CC) -o foo $(objects) $(libs_for_gcc)
When the variable `CC' has any other value, the effect is this:
     foo: $(objects)
             $(CC) -o foo $(objects) $(normal_libs)
   Equivalent results can be obtained in another way by
conditionalizing a variable assignment and then using the variable
unconditionally:
     libs_for_gcc = -lgnu
     normal_libs =

     ifeq ($(CC),gcc)
       libs=$(libs_for_gcc)
     else
       libs=$(normal_libs)
     endif

     foo: $(objects)
             $(CC) -o foo $(objects) $(libs)
File: make.info,  Node: Conditional Syntax,  Next: Testing Flags,  Prev: Conditional Example,  Up: Conditionals
Syntax of Conditionals
======================
   The syntax of a simple conditional with no `else' is as follows:
     CONDITIONAL-DIRECTIVE
     TEXT-IF-TRUE
     endif
The TEXT-IF-TRUE may be any lines of text, to be considered as part of
the makefile if the condition is true.  If the condition is false, no
text is used instead.
   The syntax of a complex conditional is as follows:
     CONDITIONAL-DIRECTIVE
     TEXT-IF-TRUE
     else
     TEXT-IF-FALSE
     endif
If the condition is true, TEXT-IF-TRUE is used; otherwise,
TEXT-IF-FALSE is used instead.  The TEXT-IF-FALSE can be any number of
lines of text.
   The syntax of the CONDITIONAL-DIRECTIVE is the same whether the
conditional is simple or complex.  There are four different directives
that test different conditions.  Here is a table of them:
`ifeq (ARG1, ARG2)'
`ifeq 'ARG1' 'ARG2''
`ifeq "ARG1" "ARG2"'
`ifeq "ARG1" 'ARG2''
`ifeq 'ARG1' "ARG2"'
     Expand all variable references in ARG1 and ARG2 and compare them.
     If they are identical, the TEXT-IF-TRUE is effective; otherwise,
     the TEXT-IF-FALSE, if any, is effective.
     Often you want to test if a variable has a non-empty value.  When
     the value results from complex expansions of variables and
     functions, expansions you would consider empty may actually
     contain whitespace characters and thus are not seen as empty.
     However, you can use the `strip' function (*note Text
     Functions::.) to avoid interpreting whitespace as a non-empty
     value.  For example:
          ifeq ($(strip $(foo)),)
          TEXT-IF-EMPTY
          endif
     will evaluate TEXT-IF-EMPTY even if the expansion of `$(foo)'
     contains whitespace characters.
`ifneq (ARG1, ARG2)'
`ifneq 'ARG1' 'ARG2''
`ifneq "ARG1" "ARG2"'
`ifneq "ARG1" 'ARG2''
`ifneq 'ARG1' "ARG2"'
     Expand all variable references in ARG1 and ARG2 and compare them.
     If they are different, the TEXT-IF-TRUE is effective; otherwise,
     the TEXT-IF-FALSE, if any, is effective.
`ifdef VARIABLE-NAME'
     If the variable VARIABLE-NAME has a non-empty value, the
     TEXT-IF-TRUE is effective; otherwise, the TEXT-IF-FALSE, if any,
     is effective.  Variables that have never been defined have an
     empty value.
     Note that `ifdef' only tests whether a variable has a value.  It
     does not expand the variable to see if that value is nonempty.
     Consequently, tests using `ifdef' return true for all definitions
     except those like `foo ='.  To test for an empty value, use
     `ifeq ($(foo),)'.  For example,
          bar =
          foo = $(bar)
          ifdef foo
          frobozz = yes
          else
          frobozz = no
          endif
     sets `frobozz' to `yes', while:
          foo =
          ifdef foo
          frobozz = yes
          else
          frobozz = no
          endif
     sets `frobozz' to `no'.
`ifndef VARIABLE-NAME'
     If the variable VARIABLE-NAME has an empty value, the TEXT-IF-TRUE
     is effective; otherwise, the TEXT-IF-FALSE, if any, is effective.
   Extra spaces are allowed and ignored at the beginning of the
conditional directive line, but a tab is not allowed.  (If the line
begins with a tab, it will be considered a command for a rule.)  Aside
from this, extra spaces or tabs may be inserted with no effect anywhere
except within the directive name or within an argument.  A comment
starting with `#' may appear at the end of the line.
   The other two directives that play a part in a conditional are `else'
and `endif'.  Each of these directives is written as one word, with no
arguments.  Extra spaces are allowed and ignored at the beginning of the
line, and spaces or tabs at the end.  A comment starting with `#' may
appear at the end of the line.
   Conditionals affect which lines of the makefile `make' uses.  If the
condition is true, `make' reads the lines of the TEXT-IF-TRUE as part
of the makefile; if the condition is false, `make' ignores those lines
completely.  It follows that syntactic units of the makefile, such as
rules, may safely be split across the beginning or the end of the
conditional.
   `make' evaluates conditionals when it reads a makefile.
Consequently, you cannot use automatic variables in the tests of
conditionals because they are not defined until commands are run (*note
Automatic Variables: Automatic.).
   To prevent intolerable confusion, it is not permitted to start a
conditional in one makefile and end it in another.  However, you may
write an `include' directive within a conditional, provided you do not
attempt to terminate the conditional inside the included file.
File: make.info,  Node: Testing Flags,  Prev: Conditional Syntax,  Up: Conditionals
Conditionals that Test Flags
============================
   You can write a conditional that tests `make' command flags such as
`-t' by using the variable `MAKEFLAGS' together with the `findstring'
function (*note Functions for String Substitution and Analysis: Text
Functions.).  This is useful when `touch' is not enough to make a file
appear up to date.
   The `findstring' function determines whether one string appears as a
substring of another.  If you want to test for the `-t' flag, use `t'
as the first string and the value of `MAKEFLAGS' as the other.
   For example, here is how to arrange to use `ranlib -t' to finish
marking an archive file up to date:
     archive.a: ...
     ifneq (,$(findstring t,$(MAKEFLAGS)))
             +touch archive.a
             +ranlib -t archive.a
     else
             ranlib archive.a
     endif
The `+' prefix marks those command lines as "recursive" so that they
will be executed despite use of the `-t' flag.  *Note Recursive Use of
`make': Recursion.
File: make.info,  Node: Functions,  Next: Running,  Prev: Conditionals,  Up: Top
Functions for Transforming Text
*******************************
   "Functions" allow you to do text processing in the makefile to
compute the files to operate on or the commands to use.  You use a
function in a "function call", where you give the name of the function
and some text (the "arguments") for the function to operate on.  The
result of the function's processing is substituted into the makefile at
the point of the call, just as a variable might be substituted.
* Menu:
* Syntax of Functions::         How to write a function call.
* Text Functions::              General-purpose text manipulation functions.
* Filename Functions::          Functions for manipulating file names.
* Foreach Function::            Repeat some text with controlled variation.
* Origin Function::             Find where a variable got its value.
* Shell Function::              Substitute the output of a shell command.
File: make.info,  Node: Syntax of Functions,  Next: Text Functions,  Up: Functions
Function Call Syntax
====================
   A function call resembles a variable reference.  It looks like this:
     $(FUNCTION ARGUMENTS)
or like this:
     ${FUNCTION ARGUMENTS}
   Here FUNCTION is a function name; one of a short list of names that
are part of `make'.  There is no provision for defining new functions.
   The ARGUMENTS are the arguments of the function.  They are separated
from the function name by one or more spaces or tabs, and if there is
more than one argument, then they are separated by commas.  Such
whitespace and commas are not part of an argument's value.  The
delimiters which you use to surround the function call, whether
parentheses or braces, can appear in an argument only in matching pairs;
the other kind of delimiters may appear singly.  If the arguments
themselves contain other function calls or variable references, it is
wisest to use the same kind of delimiters for all the references; write
`$(subst a,b,$(x))', not `$(subst a,b,${x})'.  This is because it is
clearer, and because only one type of delimiter is matched to find the
end of the reference.
   The text written for each argument is processed by substitution of
variables and function calls to produce the argument value, which is
the text on which the function acts.  The substitution is done in the
order in which the arguments appear.
   Commas and unmatched parentheses or braces cannot appear in the text
of an argument as written; leading spaces cannot appear in the text of
the first argument as written.  These characters can be put into the
argument value by variable substitution.  First define variables
`comma' and `space' whose values are isolated comma and space
characters, then substitute these variables where such characters are
wanted, like this:
     comma:= ,
     empty:=
     space:= $(empty) $(empty)
     foo:= a b c
     bar:= $(subst $(space),$(comma),$(foo))
     # bar is now `a,b,c'.
Here the `subst' function replaces each space with a comma, through the
value of `foo', and substitutes the result.
File: make.info,  Node: Text Functions,  Next: Filename Functions,  Prev: Syntax of Functions,  Up: Functions
Functions for String Substitution and Analysis
==============================================
   Here are some functions that operate on strings:
`$(subst FROM,TO,TEXT)'
     Performs a textual replacement on the text TEXT: each occurrence
     of FROM is replaced by TO.  The result is substituted for the
     function call.  For example,
          $(subst ee,EE,feet on the street)
     substitutes the string `fEEt on the strEEt'.
`$(patsubst PATTERN,REPLACEMENT,TEXT)'
     Finds whitespace-separated words in TEXT that match PATTERN and
     replaces them with REPLACEMENT.  Here PATTERN may contain a `%'
     which acts as a wildcard, matching any number of any characters
     within a word.  If REPLACEMENT also contains a `%', the `%' is
     replaced by the text that matched the `%' in PATTERN.
     `%' characters in `patsubst' function invocations can be quoted
     with preceding backslashes (`\').  Backslashes that would
     otherwise quote `%' characters can be quoted with more backslashes.
     Backslashes that quote `%' characters or other backslashes are
     removed from the pattern before it is compared file names or has a
     stem substituted into it.  Backslashes that are not in danger of
     quoting `%' characters go unmolested.  For example, the pattern
     `the\%weird\\%pattern\\' has `the%weird\' preceding the operative
     `%' character, and `pattern\\' following it.  The final two
     backslashes are left alone because they cannot affect any `%'
     character.
     Whitespace between words is folded into single space characters;
     leading and trailing whitespace is discarded.
     For example,
          $(patsubst %.c,%.o,x.c.c bar.c)
     produces the value `x.c.o bar.o'.
     Substitution references (*note Substitution References:
     Substitution Refs.) are a simpler way to get the effect of the
     `patsubst' function:
          $(VAR:PATTERN=REPLACEMENT)
     is equivalent to
          $(patsubst PATTERN,REPLACEMENT,$(VAR))
     The second shorthand simplifies one of the most common uses of
     `patsubst': replacing the suffix at the end of file names.
          $(VAR:SUFFIX=REPLACEMENT)
     is equivalent to
          $(patsubst %SUFFIX,%REPLACEMENT,$(VAR))
     For example, you might have a list of object files:
          objects = foo.o bar.o baz.o
     To get the list of corresponding source files, you could simply
     write:
          $(objects:.o=.c)
     instead of using the general form:
          $(patsubst %.o,%.c,$(objects))
`$(strip STRING)'
     Removes leading and trailing whitespace from STRING and replaces
     each internal sequence of one or more whitespace characters with a
     single space.  Thus, `$(strip a b  c )' results in `a b c'.
     The function `strip' can be very useful when used in conjunction
     with conditionals.  When comparing something with the empty string
     `' using `ifeq' or `ifneq', you usually want a string of just
     whitespace to match the empty string (*note Conditionals::.).
     Thus, the following may fail to have the desired results:
          .PHONY: all
          ifneq   "$(needs_made)" ""
          all: $(needs_made)
          else
          all:;@echo 'Nothing to make!'
          endif
     Replacing the variable reference `$(needs_made)' with the function
     call `$(strip $(needs_made))' in the `ifneq' directive would make
     it more robust.
`$(findstring FIND,IN)'
     Searches IN for an occurrence of FIND.  If it occurs, the value is
     FIND; otherwise, the value is empty.  You can use this function in
     a conditional to test for the presence of a specific substring in
     a given string.  Thus, the two examples,
          $(findstring a,a b c)
          $(findstring a,b c)
     produce the values `a' and `' (the empty string), respectively.
     *Note Testing Flags::, for a practical application of `findstring'.
`$(filter PATTERN...,TEXT)'
     Removes all whitespace-separated words in TEXT that do *not* match
     any of the PATTERN words, returning only matching words.  The
     patterns are written using `%', just like the patterns used in the
     `patsubst' function above.
     The `filter' function can be used to separate out different types
     of strings (such as file names) in a variable.  For example:
          sources := foo.c bar.c baz.s ugh.h
          foo: $(sources)
                  cc $(filter %.c %.s,$(sources)) -o foo
     says that `foo' depends of `foo.c', `bar.c', `baz.s' and `ugh.h'
     but only `foo.c', `bar.c' and `baz.s' should be specified in the
     command to the compiler.
`$(filter-out PATTERN...,TEXT)'
     Removes all whitespace-separated words in TEXT that *do* match the
     PATTERN words, returning only the words that *do not* match.  This
     is the exact opposite of the `filter' function.
     For example, given:
          objects=main1.o foo.o main2.o bar.o
          mains=main1.o main2.o
     the following generates a list which contains all the object files
     not in `mains':
          $(filter-out $(mains),$(objects))
`$(sort LIST)'
     Sorts the words of LIST in lexical order, removing duplicate
     words.  The output is a list of words separated by single spaces.
     Thus,
          $(sort foo bar lose)
     returns the value `bar foo lose'.
     Incidentally, since `sort' removes duplicate words, you can use it
     for this purpose even if you don't care about the sort order.
   Here is a realistic example of the use of `subst' and `patsubst'.
Suppose that a makefile uses the `VPATH' variable to specify a list of
directories that `make' should search for dependency files (*note
`VPATH' Search Path for All Dependencies: General Search.).  This
example shows how to tell the C compiler to search for header files in
the same list of directories.
   The value of `VPATH' is a list of directories separated by colons,
such as `src:../headers'.  First, the `subst' function is used to
change the colons to spaces:
     $(subst :, ,$(VPATH))
This produces `src ../headers'.  Then `patsubst' is used to turn each
directory name into a `-I' flag.  These can be added to the value of
the variable `CFLAGS', which is passed automatically to the C compiler,
like this:
     override CFLAGS += $(patsubst %,-I%,$(subst :, ,$(VPATH)))
The effect is to append the text `-Isrc -I../headers' to the previously
given value of `CFLAGS'.  The `override' directive is used so that the
new value is assigned even if the previous value of `CFLAGS' was
specified with a command argument (*note The `override' Directive:
Override Directive.).
File: make.info,  Node: Filename Functions,  Next: Foreach Function,  Prev: Text Functions,  Up: Functions
Functions for File Names
========================
   Several of the built-in expansion functions relate specifically to
taking apart file names or lists of file names.
   Each of the following functions performs a specific transformation
on a file name.  The argument of the function is regarded as a series
of file names, separated by whitespace.  (Leading and trailing
whitespace is ignored.)  Each file name in the series is transformed in
the same way and the results are concatenated with single spaces
between them.
`$(dir NAMES...)'
     Extracts the directory-part of each file name in NAMES.  The
     directory-part of the file name is everything up through (and
     including) the last slash in it.  If the file name contains no
     slash, the directory part is the string `./'.  For example,
          $(dir src/foo.c hacks)
     produces the result `src/ ./'.
`$(notdir NAMES...)'
     Extracts all but the directory-part of each file name in NAMES.
     If the file name contains no slash, it is left unchanged.
     Otherwise, everything through the last slash is removed from it.
     A file name that ends with a slash becomes an empty string.  This
     is unfortunate, because it means that the result does not always
     have the same number of whitespace-separated file names as the
     argument had; but we do not see any other valid alternative.
     For example,
          $(notdir src/foo.c hacks)
     produces the result `foo.c hacks'.
`$(suffix NAMES...)'
     Extracts the suffix of each file name in NAMES.  If the file name
     contains a period, the suffix is everything starting with the last
     period.  Otherwise, the suffix is the empty string.  This
     frequently means that the result will be empty when NAMES is not,
     and if NAMES contains multiple file names, the result may contain
     fewer file names.
     For example,
          $(suffix src/foo.c hacks)
     produces the result `.c'.
`$(basename NAMES...)'
     Extracts all but the suffix of each file name in NAMES.  If the
     file name contains a period, the basename is everything starting
     up to (and not including) the last period.  Otherwise, the
     basename is the entire file name.  For example,
          $(basename src/foo.c hacks)
     produces the result `src/foo hacks'.
`$(addsuffix SUFFIX,NAMES...)'
     The argument NAMES is regarded as a series of names, separated by
     whitespace; SUFFIX is used as a unit.  The value of SUFFIX is
     appended to the end of each individual name and the resulting
     larger names are concatenated with single spaces between them.
     For example,
          $(addsuffix .c,foo bar)
     produces the result `foo.c bar.c'.
`$(addprefix PREFIX,NAMES...)'
     The argument NAMES is regarded as a series of names, separated by
     whitespace; PREFIX is used as a unit.  The value of PREFIX is
     prepended to the front of each individual name and the resulting
     larger names are concatenated with single spaces between them.
     For example,
          $(addprefix src/,foo bar)
     produces the result `src/foo src/bar'.
`$(join LIST1,LIST2)'
     Concatenates the two arguments word by word: the two first words
     (one from each argument) concatenated form the first word of the
     result, the two second words form the second word of the result,
     and so on.  So the Nth word of the result comes from the Nth word
     of each argument.  If one argument has more words that the other,
     the extra words are copied unchanged into the result.
     For example, `$(join a b,.c .o)' produces `a.c b.o'.
     Whitespace between the words in the lists is not preserved; it is
     replaced with a single space.
     This function can merge the results of the `dir' and `notdir'
     functions, to produce the original list of files which was given
     to those two functions.
`$(word N,TEXT)'
     Returns the Nth word of TEXT.  The legitimate values of N start
     from 1.  If N is bigger than the number of words in TEXT, the
     value is empty.  For example,
          $(word 2, foo bar baz)
     returns `bar'.
`$(words TEXT)'
     Returns the number of words in TEXT.  Thus, the last word of TEXT
     is `$(word $(words TEXT),TEXT)'.
`$(firstword NAMES...)'
     The argument NAMES is regarded as a series of names, separated by
     whitespace.  The value is the first name in the series.  The rest
     of the names are ignored.
     For example,
          $(firstword foo bar)
     produces the result `foo'.  Although `$(firstword TEXT)' is the
     same as `$(word 1,TEXT)', the `firstword' function is retained for
     its simplicity.
`$(wildcard PATTERN)'
     The argument PATTERN is a file name pattern, typically containing
     wildcard characters (as in shell file name patterns).  The result
     of `wildcard' is a space-separated list of the names of existing
     files that match the pattern.  *Note Using Wildcard Characters in
     File Names: Wildcards.
File: make.info,  Node: Foreach Function,  Next: Origin Function,  Prev: Filename Functions,  Up: Functions
The `foreach' Function
======================
   The `foreach' function is very different from other functions.  It
causes one piece of text to be used repeatedly, each time with a
different substitution performed on it.  It resembles the `for' command
in the shell `sh' and the `foreach' command in the C-shell `csh'.
   The syntax of the `foreach' function is:
     $(foreach VAR,LIST,TEXT)
The first two arguments, VAR and LIST, are expanded before anything
else is done; note that the last argument, TEXT, is *not* expanded at
the same time.  Then for each word of the expanded value of LIST, the
variable named by the expanded value of VAR is set to that word, and
TEXT is expanded.  Presumably TEXT contains references to that
variable, so its expansion will be different each time.
   The result is that TEXT is expanded as many times as there are
whitespace-separated words in LIST.  The multiple expansions of TEXT
are concatenated, with spaces between them, to make the result of
`foreach'.
   This simple example sets the variable `files' to the list of all
files in the directories in the list `dirs':
     dirs := a b c d
     files := $(foreach dir,$(dirs),$(wildcard $(dir)/*))
   Here TEXT is `$(wildcard $(dir)/*)'.  The first repetition finds the
value `a' for `dir', so it produces the same result as `$(wildcard
a/*)'; the second repetition produces the result of `$(wildcard b/*)';
and the third, that of `$(wildcard c/*)'.
   This example has the same result (except for setting `dirs') as the
following example:
     files := $(wildcard a/* b/* c/* d/*)
   When TEXT is complicated, you can improve readability by giving it a
name, with an additional variable:
     find_files = $(wildcard $(dir)/*)
     dirs := a b c d
     files := $(foreach dir,$(dirs),$(find_files))
Here we use the variable `find_files' this way.  We use plain `=' to
define a recursively-expanding variable, so that its value contains an
actual function call to be reexpanded under the control of `foreach'; a
simply-expanded variable would not do, since `wildcard' would be called
only once at the time of defining `find_files'.
   The `foreach' function has no permanent effect on the variable VAR;
its value and flavor after the `foreach' function call are the same as
they were beforehand.  The other values which are taken from LIST are
in effect only temporarily, during the execution of `foreach'.  The
variable VAR is a simply-expanded variable during the execution of
`foreach'.  If VAR was undefined before the `foreach' function call, it
is undefined after the call.  *Note The Two Flavors of Variables:
Flavors.
   You must take care when using complex variable expressions that
result in variable names because many strange things are valid variable
names, but are probably not what you intended.  For example,
     files := $(foreach Es escrito en espanol!,b c ch,$(find_files))
might be useful if the value of `find_files' references the variable
whose name is `Es escrito en espanol!' (es un nombre bastante largo,
no?), but it is more likely to be a mistake.
File: make.info,  Node: Origin Function,  Next: Shell Function,  Prev: Foreach Function,  Up: Functions
The `origin' Function
=====================
   The `origin' function is unlike most other functions in that it does
not operate on the values of variables; it tells you something *about*
a variable.  Specifically, it tells you where it came from.
   The syntax of the `origin' function is:
     $(origin VARIABLE)
   Note that VARIABLE is the *name* of a variable to inquire about; not
a *reference* to that variable.  Therefore you would not normally use a
`$' or parentheses when writing it.  (You can, however, use a variable
reference in the name if you want the name not to be a constant.)
   The result of this function is a string telling you how the variable
VARIABLE was defined:
`undefined'
     if VARIABLE was never defined.
`default'
     if VARIABLE has a default definition, as is usual with `CC' and so
     on.  *Note Variables Used by Implicit Rules: Implicit Variables.
     Note that if you have redefined a default variable, the `origin'
     function will return the origin of the later definition.
`environment'
     if VARIABLE was defined as an environment variable and the `-e'
     option is *not* turned on (*note Summary of Options: Options
     Summary.).
`environment override'
     if VARIABLE was defined as an environment variable and the `-e'
     option *is* turned on (*note Summary of Options: Options Summary.).
`file'
     if VARIABLE was defined in a makefile.
`command line'
     if VARIABLE was defined on the command line.
`override'
     if VARIABLE was defined with an `override' directive in a makefile
     (*note The `override' Directive: Override Directive.).
`automatic'
     if VARIABLE is an automatic variable defined for the execution of
     the commands for each rule (*note Automatic Variables: Automatic.).
   This information is primarily useful (other than for your curiosity)
to determine if you want to believe the value of a variable.  For
example, suppose you have a makefile `foo' that includes another
makefile `bar'.  You want a variable `bletch' to be defined in `bar' if
you run the command `make -f bar', even if the environment contains a
definition of `bletch'.  However, if `foo' defined `bletch' before
including `bar', you do not want to override that definition.  This
could be done by using an `override' directive in `foo', giving that
definition precedence over the later definition in `bar';
unfortunately, the `override' directive would also override any command
line definitions.  So, `bar' could include:
     ifdef bletch
     ifeq "$(origin bletch)" "environment"
     bletch = barf, gag, etc.
     endif
     endif
If `bletch' has been defined from the environment, this will redefine
   If you want to override a previous definition of `bletch' if it came
from the environment, even under `-e', you could instead write:
     ifneq "$(findstring environment,$(origin bletch))" ""
     bletch = barf, gag, etc.
     endif
   Here the redefinition takes place if `$(origin bletch)' returns
either `environment' or `environment override'.  *Note Functions for
String Substitution and Analysis: Text Functions.
File: make.info,  Node: Shell Function,  Prev: Origin Function,  Up: Functions
The `shell' Function
====================
   The `shell' function is unlike any other function except the
`wildcard' function (*note The Function `wildcard': Wildcard Function.)
in that it communicates with the world outside of `make'.
   The `shell' function performs the same function that backquotes
(``') perform in most shells: it does "command expansion".  This means
that it takes an argument that is a shell command and returns the
output of the command.  The only processing `make' does on the result,
before substituting it into the surrounding text, is to convert
newlines to spaces.
   The commands run by calls to the `shell' function are run when the
function calls are expanded.  In most cases, this is when the makefile
is read in.  The exception is that function calls in the commands of
the rules are expanded when the commands are run, and this applies to
`shell' function calls like all others.
   Here are some examples of the use of the `shell' function:
     contents := $(shell cat foo)
sets `contents' to the contents of the file `foo', with a space (rather
than a newline) separating each line.
     files := $(shell echo *.c)
sets `files' to the expansion of `*.c'.  Unless `make' is using a very
strange shell, this has the same result as `$(wildcard *.c)'.
File: make.info,  Node: Running,  Next: Implicit Rules,  Prev: Functions,  Up: Top
How to Run `make'
*****************
   A makefile that says how to recompile a program can be used in more
than one way.  The simplest use is to recompile every file that is out
of date.  Usually, makefiles are written so that if you run `make' with
no arguments, it does just that.
   But you might want to update only some of the files; you might want
to use a different compiler or different compiler options; you might
want just to find out which files are out of date without changing them.
   By giving arguments when you run `make', you can do any of these
things and many others.
* Menu:
* Makefile Arguments::          How to specify which makefile to use.
* Goals::                       How to use goal arguments to specify which
                                  parts of the makefile to use.
* Instead of Execution::        How to use mode flags to specify what
                                  kind of thing to do with the commands
                                  in the makefile other than simply
                                  execute them.
* Avoiding Compilation::        How to avoid recompiling certain files.
* Overriding::                  How to override a variable to specify
                                  an alternate compiler and other things.
* Testing::                     How to proceed past some errors, to
                                  test compilation.
* Options Summary::             Summary of Options
File: make.info,  Node: Makefile Arguments,  Next: Goals,  Up: Running
Arguments to Specify the Makefile
=================================
   The way to specify the name of the makefile is with the `-f' or
`--file' option (`--makefile' also works).  For example, `-f altmake'
says to use the file `altmake' as the makefile.
   If you use the `-f' flag several times and follow each `-f' with an
argument, all the specified files are used jointly as makefiles.
   If you do not use the `-f' or `--file' flag, the default is to try
`GNUmakefile', `makefile', and `Makefile', in that order, and use the
first of these three which exists or can be made (*note Writing
Makefiles: Makefiles.).
File: make.info,  Node: Goals,  Next: Instead of Execution,  Prev: Makefile Arguments,  Up: Running
Arguments to Specify the Goals
==============================
   The "goals" are the targets that `make' should strive ultimately to
update.  Other targets are updated as well if they appear as
dependencies of goals, or dependencies of dependencies of goals, etc.
   By default, the goal is the first target in the makefile (not
counting targets that start with a period).  Therefore, makefiles are
usually written so that the first target is for compiling the entire
program or programs they describe.
   You can specify a different goal or goals with arguments to `make'.
Use the name of the goal as an argument.  If you specify several goals,
`make' processes each of them in turn, in the order you name them.
   Any target in the makefile may be specified as a goal (unless it
starts with `-' or contains an `=', in which case it will be parsed as
a switch or variable definition, respectively).  Even targets not in
the makefile may be specified, if `make' can find implicit rules that
say how to make them.
   One use of specifying a goal is if you want to compile only a part of
the program, or only one of several programs.  Specify as a goal each
file that you wish to remake.  For example, consider a directory
containing several programs, with a makefile that starts like this:
     .PHONY: all
     all: size nm ld ar as
   If you are working on the program `size', you might want to say
`make size' so that only the files of that program are recompiled.
   Another use of specifying a goal is to make files that are not
normally made.  For example, there may be a file of debugging output,
or a version of the program that is compiled specially for testing,
which has a rule in the makefile but is not a dependency of the default
goal.
   Another use of specifying a goal is to run the commands associated
with a phony target (*note Phony Targets::.) or empty target (*note
Empty Target Files to Record Events: Empty Targets.).  Many makefiles
contain a phony target named `clean' which deletes everything except
source files.  Naturally, this is done only if you request it
explicitly with `make clean'.  Following is a list of typical phony and
empty target names.  *Note Standard Targets::, for a detailed list of
all the standard target names which GNU software packages use.
`all'
     Make all the top-level targets the makefile knows about.
`clean'
     Delete all files that are normally created by running `make'.
`mostlyclean'
     Like `clean', but may refrain from deleting a few files that people
     normally don't want to recompile.  For example, the `mostlyclean'
     target for GCC does not delete `libgcc.a', because recompiling it
     is rarely necessary and takes a lot of time.
`distclean'
`realclean'
`clobber'
     Any of these targets might be defined to delete *more* files than
     `clean' does.  For example, this would delete configuration files
     or links that you would normally create as preparation for
     compilation, even if the makefile itself cannot create these files.
`install'
     Copy the executable file into a directory that users typically
     search for commands; copy any auxiliary files that the executable
     uses into the directories where it will look for them.
`print'
     Print listings of the source files that have changed.
`tar'
     Create a tar file of the source files.
`shar'
     Create a shell archive (shar file) of the source files.
`dist'
     Create a distribution file of the source files.  This might be a
     tar file, or a shar file, or a compressed version of one of the
     above, or even more than one of the above.
`TAGS'
     Update a tags table for this program.
`check'
`test'
     Perform self tests on the program this makefile builds.
File: make.info,  Node: Instead of Execution,  Next: Avoiding Compilation,  Prev: Goals,  Up: Running
Instead of Executing the Commands
=================================
   The makefile tells `make' how to tell whether a target is up to date,
and how to update each target.  But updating the targets is not always
what you want.  Certain options specify other activities for `make'.
`--just-print'
`--dry-run'
`--recon'
     "No-op".  The activity is to print what commands would be used to
     make the targets up to date, but not actually execute them.
`--touch'
     "Touch".  The activity is to mark the targets as up to date without
     actually changing them.  In other words, `make' pretends to compile
     the targets but does not really change their contents.
`--question'
     "Question".  The activity is to find out silently whether the
     targets are up to date already; but execute no commands in either
     case.  In other words, neither compilation nor output will occur.
`-W FILE'
`--what-if=FILE'
`--assume-new=FILE'
`--new-file=FILE'
     "What if".  Each `-W' flag is followed by a file name.  The given
     files' modification times are recorded by `make' as being the
     present time, although the actual modification times remain the
     same.  You can use the `-W' flag in conjunction with the `-n' flag
     to see what would happen if you were to modify specific files.
   With the `-n' flag, `make' prints the commands that it would
normally execute but does not execute them.
   With the `-t' flag, `make' ignores the commands in the rules and
uses (in effect) the command `touch' for each target that needs to be
remade.  The `touch' command is also printed, unless `-s' or `.SILENT'
is used.  For speed, `make' does not actually invoke the program
`touch'.  It does the work directly.
   With the `-q' flag, `make' prints nothing and executes no commands,
but the exit status code it returns is zero if and only if the targets
to be considered are already up to date.
   It is an error to use more than one of these three flags in the same
invocation of `make'.
   The `-n', `-t', and `-q' options do not affect command lines that
begin with `+' characters or contain the strings `$(MAKE)' or
`${MAKE}'.  Note that only the line containing the `+' character or the
strings `$(MAKE)' or `${MAKE}' is run regardless of these options.
Other lines in the same rule are not run unless they too begin with `+'
or contain `$(MAKE)' or `${MAKE}' (*Note How the `MAKE' Variable Works:
MAKE Variable.)
   The `-W' flag provides two features:
   * If you also use the `-n' or `-q' flag, you can see what `make'
     would do if you were to modify some files.
   * Without the `-n' or `-q' flag, when `make' is actually executing
     commands, the `-W' flag can direct `make' to act as if some files
     had been modified, without actually modifying the files.
   Note that the options `-p' and `-v' allow you to obtain other
information about `make' or about the makefiles in use (*note Summary
of Options: Options Summary.).
File: make.info,  Node: Avoiding Compilation,  Next: Overriding,  Prev: Instead of Execution,  Up: Running
Avoiding Recompilation of Some Files
====================================
   Sometimes you may have changed a source file but you do not want to
recompile all the files that depend on it.  For example, suppose you
add a macro or a declaration to a header file that many other files
depend on.  Being conservative, `make' assumes that any change in the
header file requires recompilation of all dependent files, but you know
that they do not need to be recompiled and you would rather not waste
the time waiting for them to compile.
   If you anticipate the problem before changing the header file, you
can use the `-t' flag.  This flag tells `make' not to run the commands
in the rules, but rather to mark the target up to date by changing its
last-modification date.  You would follow this procedure:
  1. Use the command `make' to recompile the source files that really
     need recompilation.
  2. Make the changes in the header files.
  3. Use the command `make -t' to mark all the object files as up to
     date.  The next time you run `make', the changes in the header
     files will not cause any recompilation.
   If you have already changed the header file at a time when some files
do need recompilation, it is too late to do this.  Instead, you can use
the `-o FILE' flag, which marks a specified file as "old" (*note
Summary of Options: Options Summary.).  This means that the file itself
will not be remade, and nothing else will be remade on its account.
Follow this procedure:
  1. Recompile the source files that need compilation for reasons
     independent of the particular header file, with `make -o
     HEADERFILE'.  If several header files are involved, use a separate
     `-o' option for each header file.
  2. Touch all the object files with `make -t'.
File: make.info,  Node: Overriding,  Next: Testing,  Prev: Avoiding Compilation,  Up: Running
Overriding Variables
====================
   An argument that contains `=' specifies the value of a variable:
`V=X' sets the value of the variable V to X.  If you specify a value in
this way, all ordinary assignments of the same variable in the makefile
are ignored; we say they have been "overridden" by the command line
argument.
   The most common way to use this facility is to pass extra flags to
compilers.  For example, in a properly written makefile, the variable
`CFLAGS' is included in each command that runs the C compiler, so a
file `foo.c' would be compiled something like this:
     cc -c $(CFLAGS) foo.c
   Thus, whatever value you set for `CFLAGS' affects each compilation
that occurs.  The makefile probably specifies the usual value for
`CFLAGS', like this:
     CFLAGS=-g
   Each time you run `make', you can override this value if you wish.
For example, if you say `make CFLAGS='-g -O'', each C compilation will
be done with `cc -c -g -O'.  (This illustrates how you can use quoting
in the shell to enclose spaces and other special characters in the
value of a variable when you override it.)
   The variable `CFLAGS' is only one of many standard variables that
exist just so that you can change them this way.  *Note Variables Used
by Implicit Rules: Implicit Variables, for a complete list.
   You can also program the makefile to look at additional variables of
your own, giving the user the ability to control other aspects of how
the makefile works by changing the variables.
   When you override a variable with a command argument, you can define
either a recursively-expanded variable or a simply-expanded variable.
The examples shown above make a recursively-expanded variable; to make a
simply-expanded variable, write `:=' instead of `='.  But, unless you
want to include a variable reference or function call in the *value*
that you specify, it makes no difference which kind of variable you
create.
   There is one way that the makefile can change a variable that you
have overridden.  This is to use the `override' directive, which is a
line that looks like this: `override VARIABLE = VALUE' (*note The
`override' Directive: Override Directive.).
File: make.info,  Node: Testing,  Next: Options Summary,  Prev: Overriding,  Up: Running
Testing the Compilation of a Program
====================================
   Normally, when an error happens in executing a shell command, `make'
gives up immediately, returning a nonzero status.  No further commands
are executed for any target.  The error implies that the goal cannot be
correctly remade, and `make' reports this as soon as it knows.
   When you are compiling a program that you have just changed, this is
not what you want.  Instead, you would rather that `make' try compiling
every file that can be tried, to show you as many compilation errors as
possible.
   On these occasions, you should use the `-k' or `--keep-going' flag.
This tells `make' to continue to consider the other dependencies of the
pending targets, remaking them if necessary, before it gives up and
returns nonzero status.  For example, after an error in compiling one
object file, `make -k' will continue compiling other object files even
though it already knows that linking them will be impossible.  In
addition to continuing after failed shell commands, `make -k' will
continue as much as possible after discovering that it does not know
how to make a target or dependency file.  This will always cause an
error message, but without `-k', it is a fatal error (*note Summary of
Options: Options Summary.).
   The usual behavior of `make' assumes that your purpose is to get the
goals up to date; once `make' learns that this is impossible, it might
as well report the failure immediately.  The `-k' flag says that the
real purpose is to test as much as possible of the changes made in the
program, perhaps to find several independent problems so that you can
correct them all before the next attempt to compile.  This is why Emacs'
`M-x compile' command passes the `-k' flag by default.