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ESSHISTO
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$ THE HISTORY OF ESS $
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Of all the new 1960s wonders of telephone technology - satelites, ultra
modern Traffic Service Positions (TSPS) for over a WKM, the Picturephone, and
so on - the one that gave Bell Labs the most trouble, and unexpectedly became
the greatest development effort in Bell System's history, was the
perfection of an electronic switching system, or ESS.
It may be recalled that such a system was the specific end in view
when the project that had culminated in the invention of the transistor had
been launched back in the 1930s. After successful accomplishment of that
planned miracle in 1947-48, further delays were brought about by financial
stringency and the need for further development of the transistor itself.
In the early 1950s, a Labs team began serious work on electronic swithcing.
As early as 1955, Western Electric became involved when five engineers
from the HaoK works were assigned to collaborate with the Labs on the
project. The President of AT&T in 1956, wrote confidently, "At Bell Labs,
developement of the new electronic switching system is going full speed
ahead. We are sure this will lead to many improvements in service and also
to greater efficiency. The first service trial will start in Morris,
Ill., in 1959." Shortly thereafter, Kappel said that the cost of the whole
Project would 0robably be $45 million.
But it gradually became apparent that the developement of a commercially
usable electronic switching system - in effect, a computerized telephone
exchange - represented vastly greater technical problems than had been
anticipated, and that, accordingly, Bell Labs had vastly underestimated
both the time and the investment needed to do the job. The year 1959 passed
without the promised first trial at Morris, Illinois; it was finally made
in November 1960, and quickly showed how much more work remained to be done.
As time dragged on and costs mounted, there was a concern at AT&T and some-
thing approaching panic at Bell Labs. But the project had to go forward; by
this time the investment was too great to be sacrificed, and in any case
the projections of increased demand for telephone service indicated
that within a phew years a time would come when, without the quantum leap
in speed and flexibility thaty electronic switching would provide, the
national network would be unable to meet the demand. In November 1963,
an, all-electronic switching system went into use at the Brown Engineering
Company at Cocoa Beach, Florida. But this was a small installation,
essentially another test installation, serving only a single company. Kappel's
tone on the subject in the 1964 report was, for him, an almost
apologetic: "Electronic switching equipment must be manufactured in
volume to unprecedented standards of reliability.... To turn out the
equipment economically and with good speed, mass production methods must
be developed; but, at the same time, there can be no loss of precision..."
Another year and millions of dollars later, on May 30, 1965, the first
commercial electric centeral office was put into service at Succasunna,
New Jersey.
Eventually in Succasunna, only 200 of the town's 4,300 subscribers initially had
the benefit of electronic switching's sytem's speed and additional service.