home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Multimedia Mania
/
abacus-multimedia-mania.iso
/
dp
/
0047
/
00477.txt
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1993-07-27
|
9KB
|
165 lines
$Unique_ID{bob00477}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Rwanda
Chapter 1. General Character of the Soceity}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{The Director Foreign Area Studies}
$Affiliation{HQ, Department of the Army}
$Subject{percent
ch
hutu
tutsi
early
population
rwanda
estimated
foreign
president
see
pictures
see
figures
}
$Date{1990}
$Log{See Gorilla*0047701.scf
}
Title: Rwanda
Book: Area Handbook for Rwanda
Author: The Director Foreign Area Studies
Affiliation: HQ, Department of the Army
Date: 1990
Chapter 1. General Character of the Soceity
[See Gorilla: Courtesy Embassy of Rwanda, Washington DC.]
Rwanda regained independence on July 1, 1962, after over half a
century of foreign rule, first by the Germans and then, after World War I, by
the Belgians. Both colonial powers ruled indirectly through the traditional
hierarchical system in which the Tutsi, an ethnic minority constituting about
14 percent of the population, had for over 400 years maintained social,
political, and economic dominance over the Hutu, the ethnic majority with
about 85 percent of the population. By the 1950s, however, the democratic
and Christian concepts of equality and freedom, which were taught in the
missionary schools, prompted the Hutu leaders to challenge, and eventually to
overthrow, the ancient feudal regime. As a result of extensive rioting in
1959 and 1960 and an election in 1961, the Hutu majority wrested power from
the Tutsi and abolished the Tutsi monarchy, and Rwanda regained independence
not as a feudal kingdom, but as a democratic republic (see Historical
Setting, ch. 2).
The country is landlocked, located just south of the equator in
east-central Africa, about 700 miles from the Indian Ocean (see fig. 1).
Much of the terrain of 10,186 square miles is covered by grasslands and small
hillside farms, but there are also swamplands and mountains, including
volcanic peaks north of Lake Kivu in the northeastern corner.
Most of the land is at least 3,000 feet above sea level, and the
heaviest concentrations of people are in the central uplands at 5,000- to
7,000-foot levels. There are few towns or villages, and the overwhelming
majority of the people live in small kin-group clusters along the hillsides.
In early 1969 Kigali, the capital and, with a population of about 15,000, the
largest city, was the only urban area (see Physical Environment, ch. 3).
In early 1969 there were an estimated 3.6 million Rwandans, of whom
about 88 percent were Hutu; 11 percent, Tutsi; and less than 1 percent, Twa, a
small tribe of pygmoid people. The population growth rate was believed to be
between 3 and 3.6 percent annually. There were, in 1969, an estimated 8,000
Europeans and Asians, few of whom were Rwandan citizens (see Ethnic Groups,
ch. 4).
All Rwandans speak Kinyarwanda, a Bantu language, Kinyarwanda, is the
language of instruction for the first 4 years of school, but from that point
on all instructions is in French, which is, with Kinyarwanda, an official
language. In 1968 Government expenditures on education took over 27 percent of
the budget, as compared to about 23 percent for the security forces and about
9 percent for health, the other two large items in the budget. With minor
exceptions, education is compulsory until a person is 16 years of age, but in
1969 only an estimated 60 percent of the school-age children were in school,
and only about 25 percent of those who started remained in school past the
4th grade. In early 1969 estimates of literacy in either Kinyarwanda or French
ranged from 10 to 25 percent (see Education, ch. 7; Public Finance, ch. 8).
The nation's economy is almost totally dependent on agriculture. An
estimated 90 percent of the population is directly engaged in subsistence or
cash-crop farming, and additional persons are employed in industries and
commercial firms closely linked to agriculture. Although most farming is
subsistence food-crop production, exports of coffee, tea, and pyrethrum (a
flower used in the production of insecticides) account for about 60 percent
of foreign exchange earnings (see Agriculture, ch. 9).
The major food crops are bananas, sweet potatoes, cassava, sorghum,
and legumes. Most of the banana crop is used to make beer, the extensive
consumption of which is socially important since most adults and virtually
all men drink large quantities on all social occasions (see Social Values,
ch. 5). Food production has generally failed to keep pace with the high
population growth rate, and the agricultural economy has on occasion, because
of bad weather, experienced sharp production declines, resulting in famine
(see Physical Environment, ch. 3).
The limited industrial sector consists of a few agricultural-products
processing plants and simple manufacturing at the artisan and workshop level.
Industrial expansion is hampered by limited domestic investment capital, the
lack of skilled labor, the absence of a Rwandan entrepreneurial class, and
the small domestic demand for industrial goods (see Industry, ch. 9).
An estimated two-thirds of the paid labor force of about 80,000 persons
are employed in private industry, principally in agriculture, the processing
plants, and mining. The Government, however, is the largest single employer
(see Labor Force, ch 9).
In early 1969, although approximately 55 percent of the population
adhered to traditional, animistic beliefs, Christianity, particularly Roman
Catholicism, continued to be of paramount importance. An estimated 80
percent of the primary schools and almost all of the secondary schools are
operated by Catholic missions. Many of the country's leaders, including
President Gregoire Kayibanda and many of his senior associates, are former
seminarians. In addition, Catholic concepts of natural law form an important
part of the Constitution (see Religion, ch. 5).
It was in the Catholic mission schools that egalitarian concepts were
first heard by the oppressed Hutu. Until shortly before independence, most
of the students in the schools were Tutsi, particularly the sons of Tutsi
nobles. By the 1950s, however, numerous Hutu who had studied in the mission
schools began to question the "premise of inequality" that had centered all
power not held by the Belgians in the hands of the Tutsi minority. In 1958
these young Hutu leaders founded a political party, the Party of the Hutu
Emancipation Movement (Parti du mouvement de l'emancipation Hutu - PARMEHUTU),
and published a manifesto demanding equal rights. By 1961 the Tutsi monarchy
had been deposed, and the PARMEHUTU had formed a preindependence government
which negotiated and concluded the terms of independence with the Belgians
and the Trusteeship Council (see Historical Setting, ch. 2).
Under the leadership of its president, President Kayibanda, PARMEHUTU
has dominated political events since independence. In early 1969 all key
elected and appointed officials of the Government belonged to and were active
in PARMEHUTU, the only active political party.
The Constitution, which was approved on November 24, 1962, provides for
a unitary republic with executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
Tradition and constitutional prerogatives combine to make the President a
powerful chief executive. The President has extensive appointive powers, and
he and his government share legislative power with the National Assembly (see
Political and Governmental Systems, ch. 6).
Under Kayibanda's leadership and direction, Rwanda has adhered to an
independent but generally pro-Western foreign policy. A primary concern has
been the procurement of foreign economic aid and assistance, a large
percentage of which, in 1969, continued to come from Belgium.
In both the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity, Rwanda
has acted in harmony with other newly independent African states in opposition
to Portuguese rule in Angola and Mozambique, and to the white minority
governments of Rhodesia and South Africa. Rwanda has been equally outspoken
and specific in its criticism of Communist activity in Africa, particularly
of the People's Republic of China (see Foreign Relations, ch. 6).
In early 1969, because of the diminished threat of any attempt by Tutsi
refugees to invade the country, the authorities were not confronted with any
threats to the nation's security. The security forces are largely Belgian
equipped and trained and have a number of Belgian advisers. In early 1969 the
Minister of Police and National Guard. Lieutenant Colonel Juvenal Habyarimana,
who was responsible directly to the President, was in operational control of
both forces (see The Armed Forces, ch. 10).