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GNU Info File | 1996-09-28 | 49KB | 911 lines

This is Info file ../info/emacs, produced by Makeinfo-1.54 from the input file emacs.texi. File: emacs, Node: Overview of Emerge, Next: Submodes of Emerge, Up: Emerge Overview of Emerge ------------------ To start Emerge, run one of these four commands: `M-x emerge-files' Merge two specified files. `M-x emerge-files-with-ancestor' Merge two specified files, with reference to a common ancestor. `M-x emerge-buffers' Merge two buffers. `M-x emerge-buffers-with-ancestor' Merge two buffers with reference to a common ancestor in a third buffer. The Emerge commands compare two files or buffers, and display the comparison in three buffers: one for each input text (the "A buffer" and the "B buffer"), and one (the "merge buffer") where merging takes place. The merge buffer shows the full merged text, not just the differences. Wherever the two input texts differ, you can choose which one of them to include in the merge buffer. The Emerge commands that take input from existing buffers use only the accessible portions of those buffers, if they are narrowed (*note Narrowing::.). If a common ancestor version is available, from which the two texts to be merged were both derived, Emerge can use it to guess which alternative is right. Wherever one current version agrees with the ancestor, Emerge presumes that the other current version is a deliberate change which should be kept in the merged version. Use the `with-ancestor' commands if you want to specify a common ancestor text. These commands read three file or buffer names--variant A, variant B, and the common ancestor. After the comparison is done and the buffers are prepared, the interactive merging starts. You control the merging by typing special "merge commands" in the merge buffer. The merge buffer shows you a full merged text, not just differences. For each run of differences between the input texts, you can choose which one of them to keep, or edit them both together. The merge buffer uses a special major mode, Emerge mode, with commands for making these choices. But you can also edit the buffer with ordinary Emacs commands. At any given time, the attention of Emerge is focused on one particular difference, called the "selected" difference. This difference is marked off in the three buffers like this: vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv TEXT THAT DIFFERS ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Emerge numbers all the differences sequentially and the mode line always shows the number of the selected difference. Normally, the merge buffer starts out with the A version of the text. But when the A version of a difference agrees with the common ancestor, then the B version is initially preferred for that difference. Emerge leaves the merged text in the merge buffer when you exit. At that point, you can save it in a file with `C-x C-w'. If you give a numeric argument to `emerge-files' or `emerge-files-with-ancestor', it reads the name of the output file using the minibuffer. (This is the last file name those commands read.) Then exiting from Emerge saves the merged text in the output file. Normally, Emerge commands save the output buffer in its file when you exit. If you abort Emerge with `C-]', the Emerge command does not save the output buffer, but you can save it yourself if you wish. File: emacs, Node: Submodes of Emerge, Next: State of Difference, Prev: Overview of Emerge, Up: Emerge Submodes of Emerge ------------------ You can choose between two modes for giving merge commands: Fast mode and Edit mode. In Fast mode, basic merge commands are single characters, but ordinary Emacs commands are disabled. This is convenient if you use only merge commands. In Edit mode, all merge commands start with the prefix key `C-c C-c', and the normal Emacs commands are also available. This allows editing the merge buffer, but slows down Emerge operations. Use `e' to switch to Edit mode, and `C-c C-c f' to switch to Fast mode. The mode line indicates Edit and Fast modes with `E' and `F'. Emerge has two additional submodes that affect how particular merge commands work: Auto Advance mode and Skip Prefers mode. If Auto Advance mode is in effect, the `a' and `b' commands advance to the next difference. This lets you go through the merge faster as long as you simply choose one of the alternatives from the input. The mode line indicates Auto Advance mode with `A'. If Skip Prefers mode is in effect, the `n' and `p' commands skip over differences in states prefer-A and prefer-B (*note State of Difference::.). Thus you see only differences for which neither version is presumed "correct". The mode line indicates Skip Prefers mode with Use the command `s a' (`emerge-auto-advance-mode') to set or clear Auto Advance mode. Use `s s' (`emerge-skip-prefers-mode') to set or clear Skip Prefers mode. These commands turn on the mode with a positive argument, turns it off with a negative or zero argument, and toggle the mode with no argument. File: emacs, Node: State of Difference, Next: Merge Commands, Prev: Submodes of Emerge, Up: Emerge State of a Difference --------------------- In the merge buffer, a difference is marked with lines of `v' and `^' characters. Each difference has one of these seven states: The difference is showing the A version. The `a' command always produces this state; the mode line indicates it with `A'. The difference is showing the B version. The `b' command always produces this state; the mode line indicates it with `B'. default-A default-B The difference is showing the A or the B state by default, because you haven't made a choice. All differences start in the default-A state (and thus the merge buffer is a copy of the A buffer), except those for which one alternative is "preferred" (see below). When you select a difference, its state changes from default-A or default-B to plain A or B. Thus, the selected difference never has state default-A or default-B, and these states are never displayed in the mode line. The command `d a' chooses default-A as the default state, and `d b' chooses default-B. This chosen default applies to all differences which you haven't ever selected and for which no alternative is preferred. If you are moving through the merge sequentially, the differences you haven't selected are those following the selected one. Thus, while moving sequentially, you can effectively make the A version the default for some sections of the merge buffer and the B version the default for others by using `d a' and `d b' between sections. prefer-A prefer-B The difference is showing the A or B state because it is "preferred". This means that you haven't made an explicit choice, but one alternative seems likely to be right because the other alternative agrees with the common ancestor. Thus, where the A buffer agrees with the common ancestor, the B version is preferred, because chances are it is the one that was actually changed. These two states are displayed in the mode line as `A*' and `B*'. combined The difference is showing a combination of the A and B states, as a result of the `x c' or `x C' commands. Once a difference is in this state, the `a' and `b' commands don't do anything to it unless you give them a numeric argument. The mode line displays this state as `comb'. File: emacs, Node: Merge Commands, Next: Exiting Emerge, Prev: State of Difference, Up: Emerge Merge Commands -------------- Here are the Merge commands for Fast mode; in Edit mode, precede them with `C-c C-c': Select the previous difference. Select the next difference. Choose the A version of this difference. Choose the B version of this difference. `C-u N j' Select difference number N. Select the difference containing point. You can use this command in the merge buffer or in the A or B buffer. Quit--finish the merge. `C-]' Abort--exit merging and do not save the output. Go into Fast mode. (In Edit mode, this is actually `C-c C-c f'.) Go into Edit mode. Recenter (like `C-l') all three windows. Specify part of a prefix numeric argument. `DIGIT' Also specify part of a prefix numeric argument. `d a' Choose the A version as the default from here down in the merge buffer. `d b' Choose the B version as the default from here down in the merge buffer. `c a' Copy the A version of this difference into the kill ring. `c b' Copy the B version of this difference into the kill ring. `i a' Insert the A version of this difference at point. `i b' Insert the B version of this difference at point. Put point and mark around the difference. Scroll all three windows down (like `M-v'). Scroll all three windows up (like `C-v'). Scroll all three windows left (like `C-x <'). Scroll all three windows right (like `C-x >'). Reset horizontal scroll on all three windows. `x 1' Shrink the merge window to one line. (Use `C-u l' to restore it to full size.) `x c' Combine the two versions of this difference (*note Combining in Emerge::.). `x f' Show the names of the files/buffers Emerge is operating on, in a Help window. (Use `C-u l' to restore windows.) `x j' Join this difference with the following one. (`C-u x j' joins this difference with the previous one.) `x s' Split this difference into two differences. Before you use this command, position point in each of the three buffers at the place where you want to split the difference. `x t' Trim identical lines off top and bottom of the difference. Such lines occur when the A and B versions are identical but differ from the ancestor version. File: emacs, Node: Exiting Emerge, Next: Combining in Emerge, Prev: Merge Commands, Up: Emerge Exiting Emerge -------------- The `q' command (`emerge-quit') finishes the merge, storing the results into the output file if you specified one. It restores the A and B buffers to their proper contents, or kills them if they were created by Emerge and you haven't changed them. It also disables the Emerge commands in the merge buffer, since executing them later could damage the contents of the various buffers. `C-]' aborts the merge. This means exiting without writing the output file. If you didn't specify an output file, then there is no real difference between aborting and finishing the merge. If the Emerge command was called from another Lisp program, then its return value is `t' for successful completion, or `nil' if you abort. File: emacs, Node: Combining in Emerge, Next: Fine Points of Emerge, Prev: Exiting Emerge, Up: Emerge Combining the Two Versions -------------------------- Sometimes you want to keep *both* alternatives for a particular difference. To do this, use `x c', which edits the merge buffer like this: #ifdef NEW VERSION FROM A BUFFER #else /* NEW */ VERSION FROM B BUFFER #endif /* NEW */ While this example shows C preprocessor conditionals delimiting the two alternative versions, you can specify the strings to use by setting the variable `emerge-combine-versions-template' to a string of your choice. In the string, `%a' says where to put version A, and `%b' says where to put version B. The default setting, which produces the results shown above, looks like this: "#ifdef NEW\n%a#else /* NEW */\n%b#endif /* NEW */\n" File: emacs, Node: Fine Points of Emerge, Prev: Combining in Emerge, Up: Emerge Fine Points of Emerge --------------------- During the merge, you mustn't try to edit the A and B buffers yourself. Emerge modifies them temporarily, but ultimately puts them back the way they were. You can have any number of merges going at once--just don't use any one buffer as input to more than one merge at once, since the temporary changes made in these buffers would get in each other's way. Starting Emerge can take a long time because it needs to compare the files fully. Emacs can't do anything else until `diff' finishes. Perhaps in the future someone will change Emerge to do the comparison in the background when the input files are large--then you could keep on doing other things with Emacs until Emerge gets ready to accept commands. After setting up the merge, Emerge runs the hook `emerge-startup-hook' (*note Hooks::.). File: emacs, Node: C Mode, Next: Fortran, Prev: Emerge, Up: Programs C Mode ====== In addition to the facilities of typical programming language major modes (*note Program Modes::.), C mode has various special facilities. `M-a' `M-e' In C mode, `M-a' and `M-e' move by complete C statements (`c-beginning-of-statement' and `c-end-of-statement'). These commands do ordinary, textual sentence motion when in or next to a comment. `M-q' `M-q' in C mode runs `c-fill-paragraph', which is designed for filling C comments. (We assume you don't want to fill the actual C code in a C program.) `C-c C-u' Move back to the containing preprocessor conditional, setting the mark at the starting point (`c-up-conditional'). A numeric argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative argument, this command moves forward to the end of the containing preprocessor conditional. When going backwards, `#elif' acts like `#else' followed by `#if'. When going forwards, `#elif' is ignored. `C-c C-n' Move forward across the next preprocessor conditional, setting the mark at the starting point (`c-forward-conditional'). `C-c C-p' Move backward across the previous preprocessor conditional, setting the at the starting point (`c-backward-conditional'). `M-x c-macro-expand' When you are debugging C code that uses macros, sometimes it is hard to figure out precisely how the macros expand. The command `M-x c-macro-expand' runs the C preprocessor and shows you what expansion results from the region. The portion of the buffer before the region is also included in preprocessing, for the sake of macros defined there, but the output from this part isn't shown. `M-x c-backslash-region' Insert or align `\' characters at the ends of the lines of the region, except for the last such line. This is useful after writing or editing a C macro definition. If a line already ends in `\', this command adjusts the amount of whitespace before it. Otherwise, it inserts a new `\'. C++ mode is like C mode, except that it understands C++ comment syntax and certain other differences between C and C++. It also has a command `M-x fill-c++-comment', which fills a paragraph made of C++ comment lines. The command `comment-region' is useful in C++ mode for commenting out several consecutive lines, or removing the commenting out of such lines. (You don't need this command with C comment syntax because you don't need to put comment delimiters on each line.) *Note Comments::. File: emacs, Node: Fortran, Next: Asm Mode, Prev: C Mode, Up: Programs Fortran Mode ============ Fortran mode provides special motion commands for Fortran statements and subprograms, and indentation commands that understand Fortran conventions of nesting, line numbers and continuation statements. Fortran mode has it's own Auto Fill mode that breaks long lines into proper Fortran continuation lines. Special commands for comments are provided because Fortran comments are unlike those of other languages. Built-in abbrevs optionally save typing when you insert Fortran keywords. Use `M-x fortran-mode' to switch to this major mode. This command runs the hook `fortran-mode-hook' (*note Hooks::.). * Menu: * Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms. * Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran. * Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments. * Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill minor mode for Fortran. * Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran. * Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. Fortran mode was contributed by Michael Prange. It has been updated by Stephen A. Wood who has collated the contributions and suggestions of many users. File: emacs, Node: Fortran Motion, Next: Fortran Indent, Up: Fortran Motion Commands --------------- Fortran mode provides special commands to move by subprograms (functions and subroutines) and by statements. There is also a command to put the region around one subprogram, convenient for killing it or moving it. `C-M-a' Move to beginning of subprogram (`beginning-of-fortran-subprogram'). `C-M-e' Move to end of subprogram (`end-of-fortran-subprogram'). `C-M-h' Put point at beginning of subprogram and mark at end (`mark-fortran-subprogram'). `C-c C-n' Move to beginning of current or next statement (`fortran-next-statement'). `C-c C-p' Move to beginning of current or previous statement (`fortran-previous-statement'). File: emacs, Node: Fortran Indent, Next: Fortran Comments, Prev: Fortran Motion, Up: Fortran Fortran Indentation ------------------- Special commands and features are needed for indenting Fortran code in order to make sure various syntactic entities (line numbers, comment line indicators and continuation line flags) appear in the columns that are required for standard Fortran. * Menu: * Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting Fortran. * Contline: ForIndent Cont. How continuation lines indent. * Numbers: ForIndent Num. How line numbers auto-indent. * Conv: ForIndent Conv. Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble. * Vars: ForIndent Vars. Variables controlling Fortran indent style. File: emacs, Node: ForIndent Commands, Next: ForIndent Cont, Up: Fortran Indent Fortran Indentation Commands ............................ `TAB' Indent the current line (`fortran-indent-line'). `LFD' Indent the current and start a new indented line (`fortran-indent-new-line'). `M-LFD' Break the current line and set up a continuation line. `C-M-q' Indent all the lines of the subprogram point is in (`fortran-indent-subprogram'). Fortran mode redefines TAB to reindent the current line for Fortran (`fortran-indent-line'). This command indents Line numbers and continuation markers to their required columns, and independently indents the body of the statement based on its nesting in the program. The key `LFD' runs the command `fortran-indent-new-line', which reindents the current line then makes and indents a new line. This command is useful to reindent the closing statement of `do' loops and other blocks before starting a new line. The key `C-M-q' runs `fortran-indent-subprogram', a command to reindent all the lines of the Fortran subprogram (function or subroutine) containing point. The key `M-LFD' runs `fortran-split-line', which splits a line in the appropriate fashion for Fortran. In a non-comment line, the second half becomes a continuation line and is indented accordingly. In a comment line, both halves become separate comment lines. File: emacs, Node: ForIndent Cont, Next: ForIndent Num, Prev: ForIndent Commands, Up: Fortran Indent Continuation Lines .................. Most modern Fortran compilers allow two ways of writing continuation lines. If the first non-space character on a line is in column 5, then that line is a continuation of the previous line. We call this "fixed format". (In GNU Emacs we always count columns from 0.) The variable `fortran-continuation-string' specifies what character to put on column 5. A line that starts with a tab character followed by any digit except `0' is also a continuation line. We call this style of continuation "tab format". Fortran mode can make either style of continuation line, but you must specify which one you prefer. The value of the variable `indent-tabs-mode' controls the choice: `nil' for fixed format, and non-`nil' for tab format. You can tell which style is presently in effect by the presence or absence of the string `Tab' in the mode line. If the text on a line starts with the conventional Fortran continuation marker `$', or if it begins with any non-whitespace character in column 5, Fortran mode treats it as a continuation line. When you indent a continuation line with TAB, it converts the line to the current continuation style. When you split a Fortran statement with `M-LFD', the continuation marker on the newline is created according to the continuation style. The setting of continuation style affects several other aspects of editing in Fortran mode. In fixed format mode, the minimum column number for the body of a statement is 6. Lines inside of Fortran blocks that are indented to larger column numbers always use only the space character for whitespace. In tab format mode, the minimum column number for the statement body is 8, and the whitespace before column 8 must always consist of one tab character. When you enter Fortran mode for an existing file, it tries to deduce the proper continuation style automatically from the file contents. The first line that begins with either a tab character or six spaces determines the choice. The variable `fortran-analyze-depth' specifies how many lines to consider (at the beginning of the file); if none of those lines indicates a style, then the variable `fortran-tab-mode-default' specifies the style. If it is `nil', that specifies fixed format, and non-`nil' specifies tab format. File: emacs, Node: ForIndent Num, Next: ForIndent Conv, Prev: ForIndent Cont, Up: Fortran Indent Line Numbers ............ If a number is the first non-whitespace in the line, Fortran indentation assumes it is a line number and moves it to columns 0 through 4. (Columns always count from 0 in GNU Emacs.) Line numbers of four digits or less are normally indented one space. The variable `fortran-line-number-indent' controls this; it specifies the maximum indentation a line number can have. Line numbers are indented to right-justify them to end in column 4 unless that would require more than this maximum indentation. The default value of the variable is 1. Simply inserting a line number is enough to indent it according to these rules. As each digit is inserted, the indentation is recomputed. To turn off this feature, set the variable `fortran-electric-line-number' to `nil'. Then inserting line numbers is like inserting anything else. File: emacs, Node: ForIndent Conv, Next: ForIndent Vars, Prev: ForIndent Num, Up: Fortran Indent Syntactic Conventions ..................... Fortran mode assumes that you follow certain conventions that simplify the task of understanding a Fortran program well enough to indent it properly: * Two nested `do' loops never share a `continue' statement. * Fortran keywords such as `if', `else', `then', `do' and others are written without embedded whitespace or line breaks. Fortran compilers generally ignore whitespace outside of string constants, but Fortran mode does not recognize these keywords if they are not contiguous. Constructs such as `else if' or `end do' are acceptable, but the second word should be on the same line as the first and not on a continuation line. If you fail to follow these conventions, the indentation commands may indent some lines unaesthetically. However, a correct Fortran program retains its meaning when reindented even if the conventions are not followed. File: emacs, Node: ForIndent Vars, Prev: ForIndent Conv, Up: Fortran Indent Variables for Fortran Indentation ................................. Several additional variables control how Fortran indentation works: `fortran-do-indent' Extra indentation within each level of `do' statement (default 3). `fortran-if-indent' Extra indentation within each level of `if' statement (default 3). This value is also used for extra indentation within each level of the Fortran 90 `where' statement. `fortran-structure-indent' Extra indentation within each level of `structure', `union', or `map' statements (default 3). `fortran-continuation-indent' Extra indentation for bodies of continuation lines (default 5). `fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do' If this is `nil', indentation assumes that each `do' statement ends on a `continue' statement. Therefore, when computing indentation for a statement other than `continue', it can save time by not checking for a `do' statement ending there. If this is non-`nil', indenting any numbered statement must check for a `do' that ends there. The default is `nil'. `fortran-blink-matching-if' If this is `t', indenting an `endif' statement moves the cursor momentarily to the matching `if' statement to show where it is. The default is `nil'. `fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed' Minimum indentation for fortran statements when using fixed format continuation line style. Statement bodies are never indented less than this much. The default is 6. `fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab' Minimum indentation for fortran statements for tab format continuation line style. Statement bodies are never indented less than this much. The default is 8. File: emacs, Node: Fortran Comments, Next: Fortran Autofill, Prev: Fortran Indent, Up: Fortran Fortran Comments ---------------- The usual Emacs comment commands assume that a comment can follow a line of code. In Fortran, the standard comment syntax requires an entire line to be just a comment. Therefore, Fortran mode replaces the standard Emacs comment commands and defines some new variables. Fortran mode can also handle a nonstandard comment syntax where comments start with `!' and can follow other text. Because only some Fortran compilers accept this syntax, Fortran mode will not insert such comments unless you have said in advance to do so. To do this, set the variable `comment-start' to `"!"' (*note Variables::.). `M-;' Align comment or insert new comment (`fortran-comment-indent'). `C-x ;' Applies to nonstandard `!' comments only. `C-c ;' Turn all lines of the region into comments, or (with argument) turn them back into real code (`fortran-comment-region'). `M-;' in Fortran mode is redefined as the command `fortran-comment-indent'. Like the usual `M-;' command, this recognizes any kind of existing comment and aligns its text appropriately; if there is no existing comment, a comment is inserted and aligned. But inserting and aligning comments are not the same in Fortran mode as in other modes. When a new comment must be inserted, if the current line is blank, a full-line comment is inserted. On a non-blank line, a nonstandard `!' comment is inserted if you have said you want to use them. Otherwise a full-line comment is inserted on a new line before the current line. Nonstandard `!' comments are aligned like comments in other languages, but full-line comments are different. In a standard full-line comment, the comment delimiter itself must always appear in column zero. What can be aligned is the text within the comment. You can choose from three styles of alignment by setting the variable `fortran-comment-indent-style' to one of these values: `fixed' Align the text at a fixed column, which is the sum of `fortran-comment-line-extra-indent' and the minimum statement indentation. This is the default. The minimum statement indentation is `fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed' for fixed format continuation line style and `fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab' for tab format style. `relative' Align the text as if it were a line of code, but with an additional `fortran-comment-line-extra-indent' columns of indentation. `nil' Don't move text in full-line columns automatically at all. In addition, you can specify the character to be used to indent within full-line comments by setting the variable `fortran-comment-indent-char' to the single-character string you want to use. Fortran mode introduces two variables `comment-line-start' and `comment-line-start-skip' which play for full-line comments the same roles played by `comment-start' and `comment-start-skip' for ordinary text-following comments. Normally these are set properly by Fortran mode so you do not need to change them. The normal Emacs comment command `C-x ;' has not been redefined. If you use `!' comments, this command can be used with them. Otherwise it is useless in Fortran mode. The command `C-c ;' (`fortran-comment-region') turns all the lines of the region into comments by inserting the string `C$$$' at the front of each one. With a numeric argument, it turns the region back into live code by deleting `C$$$' from the front of each line in it. The string used for these comments can be controlled by setting the variable `fortran-comment-region'. Note that here we have an example of a command and a variable with the same name; these two uses of the name never conflict because in Lisp and in Emacs it is always clear from the context which one is meant. File: emacs, Node: Fortran Autofill, Next: Fortran Columns, Prev: Fortran Comments, Up: Fortran Fortran Auto Fill Mode ---------------------- Fortran Auto Fill mode is a minor mode which automatically splits Fortran statements as you insert them when they become too wide. Splitting a statement involves making continuation lines using `fortran-continuation-string' (*Note ForIndent Cont::). This splitting happens when you type SPC, RET, or TAB, and also in the Fortran indentation commands. `M-x fortran-auto-fill-mode' turns Fortran Auto Fill mode on if it was off, or off if it was on. This command works the same as `M-x auto-fill-mode' does for normal Auto Fill mode (*note Filling::.). A positive numeric argument turns Fortran Auto Fill mode on, and a negative argument turns it off. You can see when Fortran Auto Fill mode is in effect by the presence of the word `Fill' in the mode line, inside the parentheses. Fortran Auto Fill mode is a minor mode, turned on or off for each buffer individually. *Note Minor Modes::. Fortran Auto Fill mode breaks lines at spaces or delimiters when the lines get longer than the desired width (the value of `fill-column'). The delimiters that Fortran Auto Fill mode may break at are `,', `'', `+', `-', `/', `*', `=', and `)'. The line break comes after the delimiter if the variable `fortran-break-before-delimiters' is `nil'. Otherwise (and by default), the break comes before the delimiter. By default, Fortran Auto Fill mode is not enabled. If you want this feature turned on permanently, add a hook function to `fortran-mode-hook' to execute `(fortran-auto-fill-mode 1)'. *Note Hooks::. File: emacs, Node: Fortran Columns, Next: Fortran Abbrev, Prev: Fortran Autofill, Up: Fortran Checking Columns in Fortran --------------------------- `C-c C-r' Display a "column ruler" momentarily above the current line (`fortran-column-ruler'). `C-c C-w' Split the current window horizontally temporarily so that it is 72 columns wide. This may help you avoid making lines longer than the 72 character limit that some fortran compilers impose (`fortran-window-create-momentarily'). The command `C-c C-r' (`fortran-column-ruler') shows a column ruler momentarily above the current line. The comment ruler is two lines of text that show you the locations of columns with special significance in Fortran programs. Square brackets show the limits of the columns for line numbers, and curly brackets show the limits of the columns for the statement body. Column numbers appear above them. Note that the column numbers count from zero, as always in GNU Emacs. As a result, the numbers may be one less than those you are familiar with; but the positions they indicate in the line are standard for Fortran. The text used to display the column ruler depends on the value of the variable `indent-tabs-mode'. If `indent-tabs-mode' is `nil', then the value of the variable `fortran-column-ruler-fixed' is used as the column ruler. Otherwise, the variable `fortran-column-ruler-tab' is displayed. By changing these variables, you can change the column ruler display. For even more help, use `C-c C-w' (`fortran-window-create'), a command which splits the current window horizontally, making a window 72 columns wide. By editing in this window you can immediately see when you make a line too wide to be correct Fortran. File: emacs, Node: Fortran Abbrev, Prev: Fortran Columns, Up: Fortran Fortran Keyword Abbrevs ----------------------- Fortran mode provides many built-in abbrevs for common keywords and declarations. These are the same sort of abbrev that you can define yourself. To use them, you must turn on Abbrev mode. *Note Abbrevs::. The built-in abbrevs are unusual in one way: they all start with a semicolon. You cannot normally use semicolon in an abbrev, but Fortran mode makes this possible by changing the syntax of semicolon to "word constituent." For example, one built-in Fortran abbrev is `;c' for `continue'. If you insert `;c' and then insert a punctuation character such as a space or a newline, the `;c' expands automatically to `continue', provided Abbrev mode is enabled. Type `;?' or `;C-h' to display a list of all the built-in Fortran abbrevs and what they stand for. File: emacs, Node: Asm Mode, Prev: Fortran, Up: Programs Asm Mode ======== Asm mode is a major mode for editing files of assembler code. It defines these commands: `TAB' `tab-to-tab-stop'. `LFD' Insert a newline and then indent using `tab-to-tab-stop'. Insert a colon and then remove the indentation from before the label preceding colon. Then do `tab-to-tab-stop'. Insert or align a comment. The variable `asm-comment-char' specifies which character starts comments in assembler syntax. File: emacs, Node: Building, Next: Abbrevs, Prev: Programs, Up: Top Compiling and Testing Programs ****************************** The previous chapter discusses the Emacs commands that are useful for making changes in programs. This chapter deals with commands that assist in the larger process of developing and maintaining programs. * Menu: * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.) * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, with different facilities for running the Lisp programs. * Libraries: Lisp Libraries. Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. * Interaction: Lisp Interaction. Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. * Eval: Lisp Eval. Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. File: emacs, Node: Compilation, Next: Debuggers, Up: Building Running Compilations under Emacs ================================ Emacs can run compilers for noninteractive languages such as C and Fortran as inferior processes, feeding the error log into an Emacs buffer. It can also parse the error messages and show you the source lines where compilation errors occurred. `M-x compile' Run a compiler asynchronously under Emacs, with error messages to `*compilation*' buffer. `M-x grep' Run `grep' asynchronously under Emacs, with matching lines listed in the buffer named `*grep*'. `M-x kill-compilation' `M-x kill-grep' Kill the running compilation or `grep' subprocess. `C-x `' Visit the locus of the next compiler error message or `grep' match. `C-c C-c' Visit the locus of the error message that point is on. This command is used in the compilation buffer. `Mouse-2' Visit the locus of the error message that you click on. To run `make' or another compilation command, do `M-x compile'. This command reads a shell command line using the minibuffer, and then executes the command in an inferior shell, putting output in the buffer named `*compilation*'. The current buffer's default directory is used as the working directory for the execution of the command; normally, therefore, the compilation happens in this directory. When the shell command line is read, the minibuffer appears containing a default command line, which is the command you used the last time you did `M-x compile'. If you type just RET, the same command line is used again. For the first `M-x compile', the default is `make -k'. The default compilation command comes from the variable `compile-command'; if the appropriate compilation command for a file is something other than `make -k', it can be useful for the file to specify a local value for `compile-command' (*note File Variables::.). Starting a compilation displays the buffer `*compilation*' in another window but does not select it. The buffer's mode line tells you whether compilation is finished, with the word `run' or `exit' inside the parentheses. You do not have to keep this buffer visible; compilation continues in any case. While a compilation is going on, the string `Compiling' appears in the mode lines of all windows. When this string disappears, the compilation is finished. To kill the compilation process, do `M-x kill-compilation'. When the compiler process terminates, the mode line of the `*compilation*' buffer changes to say `signal' instead of `run'. Starting a new compilation also kills any running compilation, as only one can exist at any time. However, `M-x compile' asks for confirmation before actually killing a compilation that is running. The `*compilation*' buffer uses a special major mode, Compilation mode. This mode provides the keys SPC and DEL to scroll by screenfuls, and `M-n' and `M-p' to move to the next or previous error message. You can also use `M-{' and `M-}' to move up or down to an error message for a different source file. You can visit the source for any particular error message by moving point in `*compilation*' to that error message and typing `C-c C-c' (`compile-goto-error'). To parse the compiler error messages sequentially, type `C-x `' (`next-error'). The character following the `C-x' is the backquote or "grave accent," not the single-quote. This command is available in all buffers, not just in `*compilation*'; it displays the next error message at the top of one window and source location of the error in another window. The first time `C-x `' is used after the start of a compilation, it moves to the first error's location. Subsequent uses of `C-x `' advance down to subsequent errors. If you visit a specific error message with `C-c C-c' or `Mouse-2', subsequent `C-x `' commands advance from there. When `C-x `' gets to the end of the buffer and finds no more error messages to visit, it fails and signals an Emacs error. `C-u C-x `' starts scanning from the beginning of the compilation buffer. This way, you can process the same set of errors again. Just as you can run a compiler, you can also run `grep' and then visit the lines on which matches were found. To do this, type `M-x grep' with an argument line that contains the same arguments you would give `grep' when running it normally: a `grep'-style regexp (usually in single-quotes to quote the shell's special characters) followed by file names which may use wildcards. The output from `grep' goes in the `*grep*' buffer and the lines that matched can be found with `C-x `' as if they were compilation errors. Note: a shell is used to run the compile command, but the shell is told that it should be noninteractive. This means in particular that the shell starts up with no prompt. If you find your usual shell prompt making an unsightly appearance in the `*compilation*' buffer, it means you have made a mistake in your shell's init file (`.cshrc' or `.shrc' or ...) by setting the prompt unconditionally. The shell init file should set the prompt only if there already is a prompt. In csh, here is how to do it: if ($?prompt) set prompt = ... And here's how to do it in bash: if [ "${PS1+set}" = set ] then prompt=... fi There may well be other things that your shell's init file ought to do only for an interactive shell. You can use the same method to conditionalize them. The features of Compilation mode are also available in a minor mode called Compilation Minor mode. This lets you parse error messages in any buffer, not just a normal compilation output buffer. Type `M-x compilation-minor-mode' to enable the minor mode. This defines the keys `C-c C-c' and `Mouse-2', as in the Compilation major mode. In an Rlogin buffer (*note Remote Host::.), Compilation minor mode automatically accesses remote source files by FTP (*note File Names::.). The MS-DOS "operating system" does not support asynchronous subprocesses; to work around this lack, `M-x compile' runs the compilation command synchronously on MS-DOS. As a consequence, you must wait until the command finishes before you can do anything else in Emacs. *Note MS-DOS::. File: emacs, Node: Debuggers, Next: Executing Lisp, Prev: Compilation, Up: Building Running Debuggers Under Emacs ============================= The GUD (Grand Unified Debugger) library provides an interface to various symbolic debuggers from within Emacs. We recommend the debugger GDB, which is free software, but you can also run DBX, SDB or XDB if you have them. GUD can also serve as an interface to the Perl's debugging mode. * Menu: * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. File: emacs, Node: Starting GUD, Next: Debugger Operation, Up: Debuggers Starting GUD ------------ There are five commands for starting a debugger, each corresponding to a particular debugger program. `M-x gdb RET FILE RET' Run GDB as a subprocess of Emacs. This command creates a buffer for input and output to GDB, and switches to it. If a GDB buffer already exists, it just switches to that buffer. `M-x dbx RET FILE RET' Similar, but run DBX instead of GDB. `M-x xdb RET FILE RET' Similar, but run XDB instead of GDB. Use the variable `gud-xdb-directories' to specify directories to search for source files. `M-x sdb RET FILE RET' Similar, but run SDB instead of GDB. Some versions of SDB do not mention source file names in their messages. When you use them, you need to have a valid tags table (*note Tags::.) in order for GUD to find functions in the source code. If you have not visited a tags table or the tags table doesn't list one of the functions, you get a message saying `The sdb support requires a valid tags table to work'. If this happens, generate a valid tags table in the working directory and try again. `M-x perldb RET FILE RET' Run the Perl interpreter in debug mode to debug FILE, a Perl program. You can only run one debugger process at a time. Each of these commands takes one argument: a command line to invoke the debugger. In the simplest case, specify just the name of the executable file you want to debug. You may also use options that the debugger supports. However, shell wild cards and variables are not allowed. GUD assumes that the first argument not preceded by a `-' is the executable file name. File: emacs, Node: Debugger Operation, Next: Commands of GUD, Prev: Starting GUD, Up: Debuggers Debugger Operation ------------------ When you run a debugger with GUD, the debugger uses an Emacs buffer for its ordinary input and output. This is called the GUD buffer. The debugger displays the source files of the program by visiting them in Emacs buffers. An arrow (`=>') in one of these buffers indicates the current execution line. Moving point in this buffer does not move the arrow. You can start editing these source files at any time in the buffers that were made to display them. The arrow is not part of the file's text; it appears only on the screen. If you do modify a source file, keep in mind that inserting or deleting lines will throw off the arrow's positioning; GUD has no way of figuring out which line corresponded before your changes to the line number in a debugger message. Also, you'll typically have to recompile and restart the program for your changes to be reflected in the debugger's tables. If you wish, you can control your debugger process entirely through the debugger buffer, which uses a variant of Shell mode. All the usual commands for your debugger are available, and you can use the Shell mode history commands to repeat them. *Note Shell Mode::. File: emacs, Node: Commands of GUD, Next: GUD Customization, Prev: Debugger Operation, Up: Debuggers Commands of GUD --------------- The GUD interaction buffer uses a variant of Shell mode, so the commands of Shell mode are available (*note Shell Mode::.). GUD mode also provides commands for setting and clearing breakpoints, for selecting stack frames, and for stepping through the program. These commands are available both in the GUD buffer and globally, but with different key bindings. The breakpoint commands are usually used in source file buffers, because that is the way to specify where to set or clear the breakpoint. Here's the global command to set a breakpoint: `C-x SPC' Set a breakpoint on the source line that point is on. Here are the other special commands provided by GUD. The keys starting with `C-c' are available only in the GUD interaction buffer. The bindings that start with `C-x C-a' are available in the GUD buffer and also in source files. `C-c C-l' `C-x C-a C-l' Display in another window the last line referred to in the GUD buffer (that is, the line indicated in the last location message). This runs the command `gud-refresh'. `C-c C-s' `C-x C-a C-s' Execute a single line of code (`gud-step'). If the line contains a function call, execution stops after entering the called function. `C-c C-n' `C-x C-a C-n' Execute a single line of code, stepping across entire function calls at full speed (`gud-next'). `C-c C-i' `C-x C-a C-i' Execute a single machine instruction (`gud-stepi'). `C-c C-r' `C-x C-a C-r' Continue execution without specifying any stopping point. The program will run until it hits a breakpoint, terminates, or gets a signal that the debugger is checking for (`gud-cont'). `C-c C-d' `C-x C-a C-d' Delete the breakpoint(s) on the current source line, if any (`gud-remove'). If you use this command in the GUD interaction buffer, it applies to the line where the program last stopped. `C-c C-t' `C-x C-a C-t' Set a temporary breakpoint on the current source line, if any. If you use this command in the GUD interaction buffer, it applies to the line where the program last stopped. The above commands are common to all supported debuggers. If you are using GDB or (some versions of) DBX, these additional commands are available: `C-c <' `C-x C-a <' Select the next enclosing stack frame (`gud-up'). This is equivalent to the `up' command. `C-c >' `C-x C-a >' Select the next inner stack frame (`gud-down'). This is equivalent to the `down' command. If you are using GDB, these additional key bindings are available: `TAB' With GDB, complete a symbol name (`gud-gdb-complete-command'). This key is available only in the GUD interaction buffer, and requires GDB versions 4.13 and later. `C-c C-f' `C-x C-a C-f' Run the program until the selected stack frame returns (or until it stops for some other reason). These commands interpret a numeric argument as a repeat count, when that makes sense.