Geek Gadgets 1

home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search

/ Geek Gadgets 1 / ADE-1.bin / ade-dist / gcc-2.7.2.1-bin.lha / info / gcc.info-10 (.txt) < prev next >

Wrap

GNU Info File | 1996-10-12 | 38KB | 681 lines

This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.64 from the input file /ade-src/fsf/gcc/./gcc.texi. This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English. File: gcc.info, Node: Asm Labels, Next: Explicit Reg Vars, Prev: Extended Asm, Up: C Extensions Controlling Names Used in Assembler Code ======================================== You can specify the name to be used in the assembler code for a C function or variable by writing the `asm' (or `__asm__') keyword after the declarator as follows: int foo asm ("myfoo") = 2; This specifies that the name to be used for the variable `foo' in the assembler code should be `myfoo' rather than the usual `_foo'. On systems where an underscore is normally prepended to the name of a C function or variable, this feature allows you to define names for the linker that do not start with an underscore. You cannot use `asm' in this way in a function *definition*; but you can get the same effect by writing a declaration for the function before its definition and putting `asm' there, like this: extern func () asm ("FUNC"); func (x, y) int x, y; ... It is up to you to make sure that the assembler names you choose do not conflict with any other assembler symbols. Also, you must not use a register name; that would produce completely invalid assembler code. GNU CC does not as yet have the ability to store static variables in registers. Perhaps that will be added. File: gcc.info, Node: Explicit Reg Vars, Next: Alternate Keywords, Prev: Asm Labels, Up: C Extensions Variables in Specified Registers ================================ GNU C allows you to put a few global variables into specified hardware registers. You can also specify the register in which an ordinary register variable should be allocated. * Global register variables reserve registers throughout the program. This may be useful in programs such as programming language interpreters which have a couple of global variables that are accessed very often. * Local register variables in specific registers do not reserve the registers. The compiler's data flow analysis is capable of determining where the specified registers contain live values, and where they are available for other uses. These local variables are sometimes convenient for use with the extended `asm' feature (*note Extended Asm::.), if you want to write one output of the assembler instruction directly into a particular register. (This will work provided the register you specify fits the constraints specified for that operand in the `asm'.) * Menu: * Global Reg Vars:: * Local Reg Vars:: File: gcc.info, Node: Global Reg Vars, Next: Local Reg Vars, Up: Explicit Reg Vars Defining Global Register Variables ---------------------------------- You can define a global register variable in GNU C like this: register int *foo asm ("a5"); Here `a5' is the name of the register which should be used. Choose a register which is normally saved and restored by function calls on your machine, so that library routines will not clobber it. Naturally the register name is cpu-dependent, so you would need to conditionalize your program according to cpu type. The register `a5' would be a good choice on a 68000 for a variable of pointer type. On machines with register windows, be sure to choose a "global" register that is not affected magically by the function call mechanism. In addition, operating systems on one type of cpu may differ in how they name the registers; then you would need additional conditionals. For example, some 68000 operating systems call this register `%a5'. Eventually there may be a way of asking the compiler to choose a register automatically, but first we need to figure out how it should choose and how to enable you to guide the choice. No solution is evident. Defining a global register variable in a certain register reserves that register entirely for this use, at least within the current compilation. The register will not be allocated for any other purpose in the functions in the current compilation. The register will not be saved and restored by these functions. Stores into this register are never deleted even if they would appear to be dead, but references may be deleted or moved or simplified. It is not safe to access the global register variables from signal handlers, or from more than one thread of control, because the system library routines may temporarily use the register for other things (unless you recompile them specially for the task at hand). It is not safe for one function that uses a global register variable to call another such function `foo' by way of a third function `lose' that was compiled without knowledge of this variable (i.e. in a different source file in which the variable wasn't declared). This is because `lose' might save the register and put some other value there. For example, you can't expect a global register variable to be available in the comparison-function that you pass to `qsort', since `qsort' might have put something else in that register. (If you are prepared to recompile `qsort' with the same global register variable, you can solve this problem.) If you want to recompile `qsort' or other source files which do not actually use your global register variable, so that they will not use that register for any other purpose, then it suffices to specify the compiler option `-ffixed-REG'. You need not actually add a global register declaration to their source code. A function which can alter the value of a global register variable cannot safely be called from a function compiled without this variable, because it could clobber the value the caller expects to find there on return. Therefore, the function which is the entry point into the part of the program that uses the global register variable must explicitly save and restore the value which belongs to its caller. On most machines, `longjmp' will restore to each global register variable the value it had at the time of the `setjmp'. On some machines, however, `longjmp' will not change the value of global register variables. To be portable, the function that called `setjmp' should make other arrangements to save the values of the global register variables, and to restore them in a `longjmp'. This way, the same thing will happen regardless of what `longjmp' does. All global register variable declarations must precede all function definitions. If such a declaration could appear after function definitions, the declaration would be too late to prevent the register from being used for other purposes in the preceding functions. Global register variables may not have initial values, because an executable file has no means to supply initial contents for a register. On the Sparc, there are reports that g3 ... g7 are suitable registers, but certain library functions, such as `getwd', as well as the subroutines for division and remainder, modify g3 and g4. g1 and g2 are local temporaries. On the 68000, a2 ... a5 should be suitable, as should d2 ... d7. Of course, it will not do to use more than a few of those. File: gcc.info, Node: Local Reg Vars, Prev: Global Reg Vars, Up: Explicit Reg Vars Specifying Registers for Local Variables ---------------------------------------- You can define a local register variable with a specified register like this: register int *foo asm ("a5"); Here `a5' is the name of the register which should be used. Note that this is the same syntax used for defining global register variables, but for a local variable it would appear within a function. Naturally the register name is cpu-dependent, but this is not a problem, since specific registers are most often useful with explicit assembler instructions (*note Extended Asm::.). Both of these things generally require that you conditionalize your program according to cpu type. In addition, operating systems on one type of cpu may differ in how they name the registers; then you would need additional conditionals. For example, some 68000 operating systems call this register `%a5'. Eventually there may be a way of asking the compiler to choose a register automatically, but first we need to figure out how it should choose and how to enable you to guide the choice. No solution is evident. Defining such a register variable does not reserve the register; it remains available for other uses in places where flow control determines the variable's value is not live. However, these registers are made unavailable for use in the reload pass. I would not be surprised if excessive use of this feature leaves the compiler too few available registers to compile certain functions. File: gcc.info, Node: Alternate Keywords, Next: Incomplete Enums, Prev: Explicit Reg Vars, Up: C Extensions Alternate Keywords ================== The option `-traditional' disables certain keywords; `-ansi' disables certain others. This causes trouble when you want to use GNU C extensions, or ANSI C features, in a general-purpose header file that should be usable by all programs, including ANSI C programs and traditional ones. The keywords `asm', `typeof' and `inline' cannot be used since they won't work in a program compiled with `-ansi', while the keywords `const', `volatile', `signed', `typeof' and `inline' won't work in a program compiled with `-traditional'. The way to solve these problems is to put `__' at the beginning and end of each problematical keyword. For example, use `__asm__' instead of `asm', `__const__' instead of `const', and `__inline__' instead of `inline'. Other C compilers won't accept these alternative keywords; if you want to compile with another compiler, you can define the alternate keywords as macros to replace them with the customary keywords. It looks like this: #ifndef __GNUC__ #define __asm__ asm #endif `-pedantic' causes warnings for many GNU C extensions. You can prevent such warnings within one expression by writing `__extension__' before the expression. `__extension__' has no effect aside from this. File: gcc.info, Node: Incomplete Enums, Next: Function Names, Prev: Alternate Keywords, Up: C Extensions Incomplete `enum' Types ======================= You can define an `enum' tag without specifying its possible values. This results in an incomplete type, much like what you get if you write `struct foo' without describing the elements. A later declaration which does specify the possible values completes the type. You can't allocate variables or storage using the type while it is incomplete. However, you can work with pointers to that type. This extension may not be very useful, but it makes the handling of `enum' more consistent with the way `struct' and `union' are handled. This extension is not supported by GNU C++. File: gcc.info, Node: Function Names, Prev: Incomplete Enums, Up: C Extensions Function Names as Strings ========================= GNU CC predefines two string variables to be the name of the current function. The variable `__FUNCTION__' is the name of the function as it appears in the source. The variable `__PRETTY_FUNCTION__' is the name of the function pretty printed in a language specific fashion. These names are always the same in a C function, but in a C++ function they may be different. For example, this program: extern "C" { extern int printf (char *, ...); } class a { public: sub (int i) { printf ("__FUNCTION__ = %s\n", __FUNCTION__); printf ("__PRETTY_FUNCTION__ = %s\n", __PRETTY_FUNCTION__); } }; int main (void) { a ax; ax.sub (0); return 0; } gives this output: __FUNCTION__ = sub __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ = int a::sub (int) These names are not macros: they are predefined string variables. For example, `#ifdef __FUNCTION__' does not have any special meaning inside a function, since the preprocessor does not do anything special with the identifier `__FUNCTION__'. File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Extensions, Next: Trouble, Prev: C Extensions, Up: Top Extensions to the C++ Language ****************************** The GNU compiler provides these extensions to the C++ language (and you can also use most of the C language extensions in your C++ programs). If you want to write code that checks whether these features are available, you can test for the GNU compiler the same way as for C programs: check for a predefined macro `__GNUC__'. You can also use `__GNUG__' to test specifically for GNU C++ (*note Standard Predefined Macros: (cpp.info)Standard Predefined.). * Menu: * Naming Results:: Giving a name to C++ function return values. * Min and Max:: C++ Minimum and maximum operators. * Destructors and Goto:: Goto is safe to use in C++ even when destructors are needed. * C++ Interface:: You can use a single C++ header file for both declarations and definitions. * Template Instantiation:: Methods for ensuring that exactly one copy of each needed template instantiation is emitted. * C++ Signatures:: You can specify abstract types to get subtype polymorphism independent from inheritance. File: gcc.info, Node: Naming Results, Next: Min and Max, Up: C++ Extensions Named Return Values in C++ ========================== GNU C++ extends the function-definition syntax to allow you to specify a name for the result of a function outside the body of the definition, in C++ programs: TYPE FUNCTIONNAME (ARGS) return RESULTNAME; { ... BODY ... } You can use this feature to avoid an extra constructor call when a function result has a class type. For example, consider a function `m', declared as `X v = m ();', whose result is of class `X': X m () { X b; b.a = 23; return b; } Although `m' appears to have no arguments, in fact it has one implicit argument: the address of the return value. At invocation, the address of enough space to hold `v' is sent in as the implicit argument. Then `b' is constructed and its `a' field is set to the value 23. Finally, a copy constructor (a constructor of the form `X(X&)') is applied to `b', with the (implicit) return value location as the target, so that `v' is now bound to the return value. But this is wasteful. The local `b' is declared just to hold something that will be copied right out. While a compiler that combined an "elision" algorithm with interprocedural data flow analysis could conceivably eliminate all of this, it is much more practical to allow you to assist the compiler in generating efficient code by manipulating the return value explicitly, thus avoiding the local variable and copy constructor altogether. Using the extended GNU C++ function-definition syntax, you can avoid the temporary allocation and copying by naming `r' as your return value at the outset, and assigning to its `a' field directly: X m () return r; { r.a = 23; } The declaration of `r' is a standard, proper declaration, whose effects are executed *before* any of the body of `m'. Functions of this type impose no additional restrictions; in particular, you can execute `return' statements, or return implicitly by reaching the end of the function body ("falling off the edge"). Cases X m () return r (23); { return; } (or even `X m () return r (23); { }') are unambiguous, since the return value `r' has been initialized in either case. The following code may be hard to read, but also works predictably: X m () return r; { X b; return b; } The return value slot denoted by `r' is initialized at the outset, but the statement `return b;' overrides this value. The compiler deals with this by destroying `r' (calling the destructor if there is one, or doing nothing if there is not), and then reinitializing `r' with `b'. This extension is provided primarily to help people who use overloaded operators, where there is a great need to control not just the arguments, but the return values of functions. For classes where the copy constructor incurs a heavy performance penalty (especially in the common case where there is a quick default constructor), this is a major savings. The disadvantage of this extension is that you do not control when the default constructor for the return value is called: it is always called at the beginning. File: gcc.info, Node: Min and Max, Next: Destructors and Goto, Prev: Naming Results, Up: C++ Extensions Minimum and Maximum Operators in C++ ==================================== It is very convenient to have operators which return the "minimum" or the "maximum" of two arguments. In GNU C++ (but not in GNU C), `A <? B' is the "minimum", returning the smaller of the numeric values A and B; `A >? B' is the "maximum", returning the larger of the numeric values A and B. These operations are not primitive in ordinary C++, since you can use a macro to return the minimum of two things in C++, as in the following example. #define MIN(X,Y) ((X) < (Y) ? : (X) : (Y)) You might then use `int min = MIN (i, j);' to set MIN to the minimum value of variables I and J. However, side effects in `X' or `Y' may cause unintended behavior. For example, `MIN (i++, j++)' will fail, incrementing the smaller counter twice. A GNU C extension allows you to write safe macros that avoid this kind of problem (*note Naming an Expression's Type: Naming Types.). However, writing `MIN' and `MAX' as macros also forces you to use function-call notation notation for a fundamental arithmetic operation. Using GNU C++ extensions, you can write `int min = i <? j;' instead. Since `<?' and `>?' are built into the compiler, they properly handle expressions with side-effects; `int min = i++ <? j++;' works correctly. File: gcc.info, Node: Destructors and Goto, Next: C++ Interface, Prev: Min and Max, Up: C++ Extensions `goto' and Destructors in GNU C++ ================================= In C++ programs, you can safely use the `goto' statement. When you use it to exit a block which contains aggregates requiring destructors, the destructors will run before the `goto' transfers control. (In ANSI C++, `goto' is restricted to targets within the current block.) The compiler still forbids using `goto' to *enter* a scope that requires constructors. File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Interface, Next: Template Instantiation, Prev: Destructors and Goto, Up: C++ Extensions Declarations and Definitions in One Header ========================================== C++ object definitions can be quite complex. In principle, your source code will need two kinds of things for each object that you use across more than one source file. First, you need an "interface" specification, describing its structure with type declarations and function prototypes. Second, you need the "implementation" itself. It can be tedious to maintain a separate interface description in a header file, in parallel to the actual implementation. It is also dangerous, since separate interface and implementation definitions may not remain parallel. With GNU C++, you can use a single header file for both purposes. *Warning:* The mechanism to specify this is in transition. For the nonce, you must use one of two `#pragma' commands; in a future release of GNU C++, an alternative mechanism will make these `#pragma' commands unnecessary. The header file contains the full definitions, but is marked with `#pragma interface' in the source code. This allows the compiler to use the header file only as an interface specification when ordinary source files incorporate it with `#include'. In the single source file where the full implementation belongs, you can use either a naming convention or `#pragma implementation' to indicate this alternate use of the header file. `#pragma interface' `#pragma interface "SUBDIR/OBJECTS.h"' Use this directive in *header files* that define object classes, to save space in most of the object files that use those classes. Normally, local copies of certain information (backup copies of inline member functions, debugging information, and the internal tables that implement virtual functions) must be kept in each object file that includes class definitions. You can use this pragma to avoid such duplication. When a header file containing `#pragma interface' is included in a compilation, this auxiliary information will not be generated (unless the main input source file itself uses `#pragma implementation'). Instead, the object files will contain references to be resolved at link time. The second form of this directive is useful for the case where you have multiple headers with the same name in different directories. If you use this form, you must specify the same string to `#pragma implementation'. `#pragma implementation' `#pragma implementation "OBJECTS.h"' Use this pragma in a *main input file*, when you want full output from included header files to be generated (and made globally visible). The included header file, in turn, should use `#pragma interface'. Backup copies of inline member functions, debugging information, and the internal tables used to implement virtual functions are all generated in implementation files. If you use `#pragma implementation' with no argument, it applies to an include file with the same basename(1) as your source file. For example, in `allclass.cc', `#pragma implementation' by itself is equivalent to `#pragma implementation "allclass.h"'. In versions of GNU C++ prior to 2.6.0 `allclass.h' was treated as an implementation file whenever you would include it from `allclass.cc' even if you never specified `#pragma implementation'. This was deemed to be more trouble than it was worth, however, and disabled. If you use an explicit `#pragma implementation', it must appear in your source file *before* you include the affected header files. Use the string argument if you want a single implementation file to include code from multiple header files. (You must also use `#include' to include the header file; `#pragma implementation' only specifies how to use the file--it doesn't actually include it.) There is no way to split up the contents of a single header file into multiple implementation files. `#pragma implementation' and `#pragma interface' also have an effect on function inlining. If you define a class in a header file marked with `#pragma interface', the effect on a function defined in that class is similar to an explicit `extern' declaration--the compiler emits no code at all to define an independent version of the function. Its definition is used only for inlining with its callers. Conversely, when you include the same header file in a main source file that declares it as `#pragma implementation', the compiler emits code for the function itself; this defines a version of the function that can be found via pointers (or by callers compiled without inlining). If all calls to the function can be inlined, you can avoid emitting the function by compiling with `-fno-implement-inlines'. If any calls were not inlined, you will get linker errors. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) A file's "basename" was the name stripped of all leading path information and of trailing suffixes, such as `.h' or `.C' or `.cc'. File: gcc.info, Node: Template Instantiation, Next: C++ Signatures, Prev: C++ Interface, Up: C++ Extensions Where's the Template? ===================== C++ templates are the first language feature to require more intelligence from the environment than one usually finds on a UNIX system. Somehow the compiler and linker have to make sure that each template instance occurs exactly once in the executable if it is needed, and not at all otherwise. There are two basic approaches to this problem, which I will refer to as the Borland model and the Cfront model. Borland model Borland C++ solved the template instantiation problem by adding the code equivalent of common blocks to their linker; template instances are emitted in each translation unit that uses them, and they are collapsed together at run time. The advantage of this model is that the linker only has to consider the object files themselves; there is no external complexity to worry about. This disadvantage is that compilation time is increased because the template code is being compiled repeatedly. Code written for this model tends to include definitions of all member templates in the header file, since they must be seen to be compiled. Cfront model The AT&T C++ translator, Cfront, solved the template instantiation problem by creating the notion of a template repository, an automatically maintained place where template instances are stored. As individual object files are built, notes are placed in the repository to record where templates and potential type arguments were seen so that the subsequent instantiation step knows where to find them. At link time, any needed instances are generated and linked in. The advantages of this model are more optimal compilation speed and the ability to use the system linker; to implement the Borland model a compiler vendor also needs to replace the linker. The disadvantages are vastly increased complexity, and thus potential for error; theoretically, this should be just as transparent, but in practice it has been very difficult to build multiple programs in one directory and one program in multiple directories using Cfront. Code written for this model tends to separate definitions of non-inline member templates into a separate file, which is magically found by the link preprocessor when a template needs to be instantiated. Currently, g++ implements neither automatic model. In the mean time, you have three options for dealing with template instantiations: 1. Do nothing. Pretend g++ does implement automatic instantiation management. Code written for the Borland model will work fine, but each translation unit will contain instances of each of the templates it uses. In a large program, this can lead to an unacceptable amount of code duplication. 2. Add `#pragma interface' to all files containing template definitions. For each of these files, add `#pragma implementation "FILENAME"' to the top of some `.C' file which `#include's it. Then compile everything with -fexternal-templates. The templates will then only be expanded in the translation unit which implements them (i.e. has a `#pragma implementation' line for the file where they live); all other files will use external references. If you're lucky, everything should work properly. If you get undefined symbol errors, you need to make sure that each template instance which is used in the program is used in the file which implements that template. If you don't have any use for a particular instance in that file, you can just instantiate it explicitly, using the syntax from the latest C++ working paper: template class A<int>; template ostream& operator << (ostream&, const A<int>&); This strategy will work with code written for either model. If you are using code written for the Cfront model, the file containing a class template and the file containing its member templates should be implemented in the same translation unit. A slight variation on this approach is to use the flag -falt-external-templates instead; this flag causes template instances to be emitted in the translation unit that implements the header where they are first instantiated, rather than the one which implements the file where the templates are defined. This header must be the same in all translation units, or things are likely to break. *Note Declarations and Definitions in One Header: C++ Interface, for more discussion of these pragmas. 3. Explicitly instantiate all the template instances you use, and compile with -fno-implicit-templates. This is probably your best bet; it may require more knowledge of exactly which templates you are using, but it's less mysterious than the previous approach, and it doesn't require any `#pragma's or other g++-specific code. You can scatter the instantiations throughout your program, you can create one big file to do all the instantiations, or you can create tiny files like #include "Foo.h" #include "Foo.cc" template class Foo<int>; for each instance you need, and create a template instantiation library from those. I'm partial to the last, but your mileage may vary. If you are using Cfront-model code, you can probably get away with not using -fno-implicit-templates when compiling files that don't `#include' the member template definitions. File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Signatures, Prev: Template Instantiation, Up: C++ Extensions Type Abstraction using Signatures ================================= In GNU C++, you can use the keyword `signature' to define a completely abstract class interface as a datatype. You can connect this abstraction with actual classes using signature pointers. If you want to use signatures, run the GNU compiler with the `-fhandle-signatures' command-line option. (With this option, the compiler reserves a second keyword `sigof' as well, for a future extension.) Roughly, signatures are type abstractions or interfaces of classes. Some other languages have similar facilities. C++ signatures are related to ML's signatures, Haskell's type classes, definition modules in Modula-2, interface modules in Modula-3, abstract types in Emerald, type modules in Trellis/Owl, categories in Scratchpad II, and types in POOL-I. For a more detailed discussion of signatures, see `Signatures: A Language Extension for Improving Type Abstraction and Subtype Polymorphism in C++' by Gerald Baumgartner and Vincent F. Russo (Tech report CSD-TR-95-051, Dept. of Computer Sciences, Purdue University, August 1995, a slightly improved version appeared in *Software--Practice & Experience*, 25(8), pp. 863-889, August 1995). You can get the tech report by anonymous FTP from `ftp.cs.purdue.edu' in `pub/gb/Signature-design.ps.gz'. Syntactically, a signature declaration is a collection of member function declarations and nested type declarations. For example, this signature declaration defines a new abstract type `S' with member functions `int foo ()' and `int bar (int)': signature S { int foo (); int bar (int); }; Since signature types do not include implementation definitions, you cannot write an instance of a signature directly. Instead, you can define a pointer to any class that contains the required interfaces as a "signature pointer". Such a class "implements" the signature type. To use a class as an implementation of `S', you must ensure that the class has public member functions `int foo ()' and `int bar (int)'. The class can have other member functions as well, public or not; as long as it offers what's declared in the signature, it is suitable as an implementation of that signature type. For example, suppose that `C' is a class that meets the requirements of signature `S' (`C' "conforms to" `S'). Then C obj; S * p = &obj; defines a signature pointer `p' and initializes it to point to an object of type `C'. The member function call `int i = p->foo ();' executes `obj.foo ()'. Abstract virtual classes provide somewhat similar facilities in standard C++. There are two main advantages to using signatures instead: 1. Subtyping becomes independent from inheritance. A class or signature type `T' is a subtype of a signature type `S' independent of any inheritance hierarchy as long as all the member functions declared in `S' are also found in `T'. So you can define a subtype hierarchy that is completely independent from any inheritance (implementation) hierarchy, instead of being forced to use types that mirror the class inheritance hierarchy. 2. Signatures allow you to work with existing class hierarchies as implementations of a signature type. If those class hierarchies are only available in compiled form, you're out of luck with abstract virtual classes, since an abstract virtual class cannot be retrofitted on top of existing class hierarchies. So you would be required to write interface classes as subtypes of the abstract virtual class. There is one more detail about signatures. A signature declaration can contain member function *definitions* as well as member function declarations. A signature member function with a full definition is called a *default implementation*; classes need not contain that particular interface in order to conform. For example, a class `C' can conform to the signature signature T { int f (int); int f0 () { return f (0); }; }; whether or not `C' implements the member function `int f0 ()'. If you define `C::f0', that definition takes precedence; otherwise, the default implementation `S::f0' applies. File: gcc.info, Node: Trouble, Next: Bugs, Prev: C++ Extensions, Up: Top Known Causes of Trouble with GNU CC *********************************** This section describes known problems that affect users of GNU CC. Most of these are not GNU CC bugs per se--if they were, we would fix them. But the result for a user may be like the result of a bug. Some of these problems are due to bugs in other software, some are missing features that are too much work to add, and some are places where people's opinions differ as to what is best. * Menu: * Actual Bugs:: Bugs we will fix later. * Installation Problems:: Problems that manifest when you install GNU CC. * Cross-Compiler Problems:: Common problems of cross compiling with GNU CC. * Interoperation:: Problems using GNU CC with other compilers, and with certain linkers, assemblers and debuggers. * External Bugs:: Problems compiling certain programs. * Incompatibilities:: GNU CC is incompatible with traditional C. * Fixed Headers:: GNU C uses corrected versions of system header files. This is necessary, but doesn't always work smoothly. * Standard Libraries:: GNU C uses the system C library, which might not be compliant with the ISO/ANSI C standard. * Disappointments:: Regrettable things we can't change, but not quite bugs. * C++ Misunderstandings:: Common misunderstandings with GNU C++. * Protoize Caveats:: Things to watch out for when using `protoize'. * Non-bugs:: Things we think are right, but some others disagree. * Warnings and Errors:: Which problems in your code get warnings, and which get errors. File: gcc.info, Node: Actual Bugs, Next: Installation Problems, Up: Trouble Actual Bugs We Haven't Fixed Yet ================================ * The `fixincludes' script interacts badly with automounters; if the directory of system header files is automounted, it tends to be unmounted while `fixincludes' is running. This would seem to be a bug in the automounter. We don't know any good way to work around it. * The `fixproto' script will sometimes add prototypes for the `sigsetjmp' and `siglongjmp' functions that reference the `jmp_buf' type before that type is defined. To work around this, edit the offending file and place the typedef in front of the prototypes. * There are several obscure case of mis-using struct, union, and enum tags that are not detected as errors by the compiler. * When `-pedantic-errors' is specified, GNU C will incorrectly give an error message when a function name is specified in an expression involving the comma operator. * Loop unrolling doesn't work properly for certain C++ programs. This is a bug in the C++ front end. It sometimes emits incorrect debug info, and the loop unrolling code is unable to recover from this error.