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=head1 NAME
perlguts - Perl's Internal Functions
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This document attempts to describe some of the internal functions of the
Perl executable. It is far from complete and probably contains many errors.
Please refer any questions or comments to the author below.
=head1 Datatypes
Perl has three typedefs that handle Perl's three main data types:
SV Scalar Value
AV Array Value
HV Hash Value
Each typedef has specific routines that manipulate the various data types.
=head2 What is an "IV"?
Perl uses a special typedef IV which is large enough to hold either an
integer or a pointer.
Perl also uses two special typedefs, I32 and I16, which will always be at
least 32-bits and 16-bits long, respectively.
=head2 Working with SV's
An SV can be created and loaded with one command. There are four types of
values that can be loaded: an integer value (IV), a double (NV), a string,
(PV), and another scalar (SV).
The four routines are:
SV* newSViv(IV);
SV* newSVnv(double);
SV* newSVpv(char*, int);
SV* newSVsv(SV*);
To change the value of an *already-existing* SV, there are five routines:
void sv_setiv(SV*, IV);
void sv_setnv(SV*, double);
void sv_setpvn(SV*, char*, int)
void sv_setpv(SV*, char*);
void sv_setsv(SV*, SV*);
Notice that you can choose to specify the length of the string to be
assigned by using C<sv_setpvn> or C<newSVpv>, or you may allow Perl to
calculate the length by using C<sv_setpv> or by specifying 0 as the second
argument to C<newSVpv>. Be warned, though, that Perl will determine the
string's length by using C<strlen>, which depends on the string terminating
with a NUL character.
To access the actual value that an SV points to, you can use the macros:
SvIV(SV*)
SvNV(SV*)
SvPV(SV*, STRLEN len)
which will automatically coerce the actual scalar type into an IV, double,
or string.
In the C<SvPV> macro, the length of the string returned is placed into the
variable C<len> (this is a macro, so you do I<not> use C<&len>). If you do not
care what the length of the data is, use the global variable C<na>. Remember,
however, that Perl allows arbitrary strings of data that may both contain
NUL's and not be terminated by a NUL.
If you simply want to know if the scalar value is TRUE, you can use:
SvTRUE(SV*)
Although Perl will automatically grow strings for you, if you need to force
Perl to allocate more memory for your SV, you can use the macro
SvGROW(SV*, STRLEN newlen)
which will determine if more memory needs to be allocated. If so, it will
call the function C<sv_grow>. Note that C<SvGROW> can only increase, not
decrease, the allocated memory of an SV.
If you have an SV and want to know what kind of data Perl thinks is stored
in it, you can use the following macros to check the type of SV you have.
SvIOK(SV*)
SvNOK(SV*)
SvPOK(SV*)
You can get and set the current length of the string stored in an SV with
the following macros:
SvCUR(SV*)
SvCUR_set(SV*, I32 val)
You can also get a pointer to the end of the string stored in the SV
with the macro:
SvEND(SV*)
But note that these last three macros are valid only if C<SvPOK()> is true.
If you want to append something to the end of string stored in an C<SV*>,
you can use the following functions:
void sv_catpv(SV*, char*);
void sv_catpvn(SV*, char*, int);
void sv_catsv(SV*, SV*);
The first function calculates the length of the string to be appended by
using C<strlen>. In the second, you specify the length of the string
yourself. The third function extends the string stored in the first SV
with the string stored in the second SV. It also forces the second SV to
be interpreted as a string.
If you know the name of a scalar variable, you can get a pointer to its SV
by using the following:
SV* perl_get_sv("varname", FALSE);
This returns NULL if the variable does not exist.
If you want to know if this variable (or any other SV) is actually C<defined>,
you can call:
SvOK(SV*)
The scalar C<undef> value is stored in an SV instance called C<sv_undef>. Its
address can be used whenever an C<SV*> is needed.
There are also the two values C<sv_yes> and C<sv_no>, which contain Boolean
TRUE and FALSE values, respectively. Like C<sv_undef>, their addresses can
be used whenever an C<SV*> is needed.
Do not be fooled into thinking that C<(SV *) 0> is the same as C<&sv_undef>.
Take this code:
SV* sv = (SV*) 0;
if (I-am-to-return-a-real-value) {
sv = sv_2mortal(newSViv(42));
}
sv_setsv(ST(0), sv);
This code tries to return a new SV (which contains the value 42) if it should
return a real value, or undef otherwise. Instead it has returned a null
pointer which, somewhere down the line, will cause a segmentation violation,
or just weird results. Change the zero to C<&sv_undef> in the first line and
all will be well.
To free an SV that you've created, call C<SvREFCNT_dec(SV*)>. Normally this
call is not necessary. See the section on B<MORTALITY>.
=head2 What's Really Stored in an SV?
Recall that the usual method of determining the type of scalar you have is
to use C<Sv*OK> macros. Since a scalar can be both a number and a string,
usually these macros will always return TRUE and calling the C<Sv*V>
macros will do the appropriate conversion of string to integer/double or
integer/double to string.
If you I<really> need to know if you have an integer, double, or string
pointer in an SV, you can use the following three macros instead:
SvIOKp(SV*)
SvNOKp(SV*)
SvPOKp(SV*)
These will tell you if you truly have an integer, double, or string pointer
stored in your SV. The "p" stands for private.
In general, though, it's best to just use the C<Sv*V> macros.
=head2 Working with AV's
There are two ways to create and load an AV. The first method just creates
an empty AV:
AV* newAV();
The second method both creates the AV and initially populates it with SV's:
AV* av_make(I32 num, SV **ptr);
The second argument points to an array containing C<num> C<SV*>'s. Once the
AV has been created, the SV's can be destroyed, if so desired.
Once the AV has been created, the following operations are possible on AV's:
void av_push(AV*, SV*);
SV* av_pop(AV*);
SV* av_shift(AV*);
void av_unshift(AV*, I32 num);
These should be familiar operations, with the exception of C<av_unshift>.
This routine adds C<num> elements at the front of the array with the C<undef>
value. You must then use C<av_store> (described below) to assign values
to these new elements.
Here are some other functions:
I32 av_len(AV*); /* Returns highest index value in array */
SV** av_fetch(AV*, I32 key, I32 lval);
/* Fetches value at key offset, but it stores an undef value
at the offset if lval is non-zero */
SV** av_store(AV*, I32 key, SV* val);
/* Stores val at offset key */
Take note that C<av_fetch> and C<av_store> return C<SV**>'s, not C<SV*>'s.
void av_clear(AV*);
/* Clear out all elements, but leave the array */
void av_undef(AV*);
/* Undefines the array, removing all elements */
void av_extend(AV*, I32 key);
/* Extend the array to a total of key elements */
If you know the name of an array variable, you can get a pointer to its AV
by using the following:
AV* perl_get_av("varname", FALSE);
This returns NULL if the variable does not exist.
=head2 Working with HV's
To create an HV, you use the following routine:
HV* newHV();
Once the HV has been created, the following operations are possible on HV's:
SV** hv_store(HV*, char* key, U32 klen, SV* val, U32 hash);
SV** hv_fetch(HV*, char* key, U32 klen, I32 lval);
The C<klen> parameter is the length of the key being passed in. The C<val>
argument contains the SV pointer to the scalar being stored, and C<hash> is
the pre-computed hash value (zero if you want C<hv_store> to calculate it
for you). The C<lval> parameter indicates whether this fetch is actually a
part of a store operation.
Remember that C<hv_store> and C<hv_fetch> return C<SV**>'s and not just
C<SV*>. In order to access the scalar value, you must first dereference
the return value. However, you should check to make sure that the return
value is not NULL before dereferencing it.
These two functions check if a hash table entry exists, and deletes it.
bool hv_exists(HV*, char* key, U32 klen);
SV* hv_delete(HV*, char* key, U32 klen, I32 flags);
And more miscellaneous functions:
void hv_clear(HV*);
/* Clears all entries in hash table */
void hv_undef(HV*);
/* Undefines the hash table */
Perl keeps the actual data in linked list of structures with a typedef of HE.
These contain the actual key and value pointers (plus extra administrative
overhead). The key is a string pointer; the value is an C<SV*>. However,
once you have an C<HE*>, to get the actual key and value, use the routines
specified below.
I32 hv_iterinit(HV*);
/* Prepares starting point to traverse hash table */
HE* hv_iternext(HV*);
/* Get the next entry, and return a pointer to a
structure that has both the key and value */
char* hv_iterkey(HE* entry, I32* retlen);
/* Get the key from an HE structure and also return
the length of the key string */
SV* hv_iterval(HV*, HE* entry);
/* Return a SV pointer to the value of the HE
structure */
SV* hv_iternextsv(HV*, char** key, I32* retlen);
/* This convenience routine combines hv_iternext,
hv_iterkey, and hv_iterval. The key and retlen
arguments are return values for the key and its
length. The value is returned in the SV* argument */
If you know the name of a hash variable, you can get a pointer to its HV
by using the following:
HV* perl_get_hv("varname", FALSE);
This returns NULL if the variable does not exist.
The hash algorithm, for those who are interested, is:
i = klen;
hash = 0;
s = key;
while (i--)
hash = hash * 33 + *s++;
=head2 References
References are a special type of scalar that point to other data types
(including references).
To create a reference, use the following command:
SV* newRV((SV*) thing);
The C<thing> argument can be any of an C<SV*>, C<AV*>, or C<HV*>. Once
you have a reference, you can use the following macro to dereference the
reference:
SvRV(SV*)
then call the appropriate routines, casting the returned C<SV*> to either an
C<AV*> or C<HV*>, if required.
To determine if an SV is a reference, you can use the following macro:
SvROK(SV*)
To actually discover what the reference refers to, you must use the following
macro and then check the value returned.
SvTYPE(SvRV(SV*))
The most useful types that will be returned are:
SVt_IV Scalar
SVt_NV Scalar
SVt_PV Scalar
SVt_PVAV Array
SVt_PVHV Hash
SVt_PVCV Code
SVt_PVMG Blessed Scalar
=head2 Blessed References and Class Objects
References are also used to support object-oriented programming. In the
OO lexicon, an object is simply a reference that has been blessed into a
package (or class). Once blessed, the programmer may now use the reference
to access the various methods in the class.
A reference can be blessed into a package with the following function:
SV* sv_bless(SV* sv, HV* stash);
The C<sv> argument must be a reference. The C<stash> argument specifies
which class the reference will belong to. See the section on L<Stashes>
for information on converting class names into stashes.
/* Still under construction */
Upgrades rv to reference if not already one. Creates new SV for rv to
point to.
If classname is non-null, the SV is blessed into the specified class.
SV is returned.
SV* newSVrv(SV* rv, char* classname);
Copies integer or double into an SV whose reference is rv. SV is blessed
if classname is non-null.
SV* sv_setref_iv(SV* rv, char* classname, IV iv);
SV* sv_setref_nv(SV* rv, char* classname, NV iv);
Copies pointer (I<not a string!>) into an SV whose reference is rv.
SV is blessed if classname is non-null.
SV* sv_setref_pv(SV* rv, char* classname, PV iv);
Copies string into an SV whose reference is rv.
Set length to 0 to let Perl calculate the string length.
SV is blessed if classname is non-null.
SV* sv_setref_pvn(SV* rv, char* classname, PV iv, int length);
int sv_isa(SV* sv, char* name);
int sv_isobject(SV* sv);
=head1 Creating New Variables
To create a new Perl variable, which can be accessed from your Perl script,
use the following routines, depending on the variable type.
SV* perl_get_sv("varname", TRUE);
AV* perl_get_av("varname", TRUE);
HV* perl_get_hv("varname", TRUE);
Notice the use of TRUE as the second parameter. The new variable can now
be set, using the routines appropriate to the data type.
There are additional bits that may be OR'ed with the TRUE argument to enable
certain extra features. Those bits are:
0x02 Marks the variable as multiply defined, thus preventing the
"Indentifier <varname> used only once: possible typo" warning.
0x04 Issues a "Had to create <varname> unexpectedly" warning if
the variable didn't actually exist. This is useful if
you expected the variable to already exist and want to propagate
this warning back to the user.
If the C<varname> argument does not contain a package specifier, it is
created in the current package.
=head1 XSUB's and the Argument Stack
The XSUB mechanism is a simple way for Perl programs to access C subroutines.
An XSUB routine will have a stack that contains the arguments from the Perl
program, and a way to map from the Perl data structures to a C equivalent.
The stack arguments are accessible through the C<ST(n)> macro, which returns
the C<n>'th stack argument. Argument 0 is the first argument passed in the
Perl subroutine call. These arguments are C<SV*>, and can be used anywhere
an C<SV*> is used.
Most of the time, output from the C routine can be handled through use of
the RETVAL and OUTPUT directives. However, there are some cases where the
argument stack is not already long enough to handle all the return values.
An example is the POSIX tzname() call, which takes no arguments, but returns
two, the local timezone's standard and summer time abbreviations.
To handle this situation, the PPCODE directive is used and the stack is
extended using the macro:
EXTEND(sp, num);
where C<sp> is the stack pointer, and C<num> is the number of elements the
stack should be extended by.
Now that there is room on the stack, values can be pushed on it using the
macros to push IV's, doubles, strings, and SV pointers respectively:
PUSHi(IV)
PUSHn(double)
PUSHp(char*, I32)
PUSHs(SV*)
And now the Perl program calling C<tzname>, the two values will be assigned
as in:
($standard_abbrev, $summer_abbrev) = POSIX::tzname;
An alternate (and possibly simpler) method to pushing values on the stack is
to use the macros:
XPUSHi(IV)
XPUSHn(double)
XPUSHp(char*, I32)
XPUSHs(SV*)
These macros automatically adjust the stack for you, if needed.
For more information, consult L<perlxs>.
=head1 Mortality
In Perl, values are normally "immortal" -- that is, they are not freed unless
explicitly done so (via the Perl C<undef> call or other routines in Perl
itself).
Add cruft about reference counts.
int SvREFCNT(SV* sv);
void SvREFCNT_inc(SV* sv);
void SvREFCNT_dec(SV* sv);
In the above example with C<tzname>, we needed to create two new SV's to push
onto the argument stack, that being the two strings. However, we don't want
these new SV's to stick around forever because they will eventually be
copied into the SV's that hold the two scalar variables.
An SV (or AV or HV) that is "mortal" acts in all ways as a normal "immortal"
SV, AV, or HV, but is only valid in the "current context". When the Perl
interpreter leaves the current context, the mortal SV, AV, or HV is
automatically freed. Generally the "current context" means a single
Perl statement.
To create a mortal variable, use the functions:
SV* sv_newmortal()
SV* sv_2mortal(SV*)
SV* sv_mortalcopy(SV*)
The first call creates a mortal SV, the second converts an existing SV to
a mortal SV, the third creates a mortal copy of an existing SV.
The mortal routines are not just for SV's -- AV's and HV's can be made mortal
by passing their address (and casting them to C<SV*>) to the C<sv_2mortal> or
C<sv_mortalcopy> routines.
>From Ilya:
Beware that the sv_2mortal() call is eventually equivalent to
svREFCNT_dec(). A value can happily be mortal in two different contexts,
and it will be svREFCNT_dec()ed twice, once on exit from these
contexts. It can also be mortal twice in the same context. This means
that you should be very careful to make a value mortal exactly as many
times as it is needed. The value that go to the Perl stack I<should>
be mortal.
You should be careful about creating mortal variables. It is possible for
strange things to happen should you make the same value mortal within
multiple contexts.
=head1 Stashes
A stash is a hash table (associative array) that contains all of the
different objects that are contained within a package. Each key of the
stash is a symbol name (shared by all the different types of objects
that have the same name), and each value in the hash table is called a
GV (for Glob Value). This GV in turn contains references to the various
objects of that name, including (but not limited to) the following:
Scalar Value
Array Value
Hash Value
File Handle
Directory Handle
Format
Subroutine
Perl stores various stashes in a separate GV structure (for global
variable) but represents them with an HV structure. The keys in this
larger GV are the various package names; the values are the C<GV*>'s
which are stashes. It may help to think of a stash purely as an HV,
and that the term "GV" means the global variable hash.
To get the stash pointer for a particular package, use the function:
HV* gv_stashpv(char* name, I32 create)
HV* gv_stashsv(SV*, I32 create)
The first function takes a literal string, the second uses the string stored
in the SV. Remember that a stash is just a hash table, so you get back an
C<HV*>. The C<create> flag will create a new package if it is set.
The name that C<gv_stash*v> wants is the name of the package whose symbol table
you want. The default package is called C<main>. If you have multiply nested
packages, pass their names to C<gv_stash*v>, separated by C<::> as in the Perl
language itself.
Alternately, if you have an SV that is a blessed reference, you can find
out the stash pointer by using:
HV* SvSTASH(SvRV(SV*));
then use the following to get the package name itself:
char* HvNAME(HV* stash);
If you need to return a blessed value to your Perl script, you can use the
following function:
SV* sv_bless(SV*, HV* stash)
where the first argument, an C<SV*>, must be a reference, and the second
argument is a stash. The returned C<SV*> can now be used in the same way
as any other SV.
For more information on references and blessings, consult L<perlref>.
=head1 Magic
[This section still under construction. Ignore everything here. Post no
bills. Everything not permitted is forbidden.]
# Version 6, 1995/1/27
Any SV may be magical, that is, it has special features that a normal
SV does not have. These features are stored in the SV structure in a
linked list of C<struct magic>'s, typedef'ed to C<MAGIC>.
struct magic {
MAGIC* mg_moremagic;
MGVTBL* mg_virtual;
U16 mg_private;
char mg_type;
U8 mg_flags;
SV* mg_obj;
char* mg_ptr;
I32 mg_len;
};
Note this is current as of patchlevel 0, and could change at any time.
=head2 Assigning Magic
Perl adds magic to an SV using the sv_magic function:
void sv_magic(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, char* name, I32 namlen);
The C<sv> argument is a pointer to the SV that is to acquire a new magical
feature.
If C<sv> is not already magical, Perl uses the C<SvUPGRADE> macro to
set the C<SVt_PVMG> flag for the C<sv>. Perl then continues by adding
it to the beginning of the linked list of magical features. Any prior
entry of the same type of magic is deleted. Note that this can be
overriden, and multiple instances of the same type of magic can be
associated with an SV.
The C<name> and C<namlem> arguments are used to associate a string with
the magic, typically the name of a variable. C<namlem> is stored in the
C<mg_len> field and if C<name> is non-null and C<namlem> >= 0 a malloc'd
copy of the name is stored in C<mg_ptr> field.
The sv_magic function uses C<how> to determine which, if any, predefined
"Magic Virtual Table" should be assigned to the C<mg_virtual> field.
See the "Magic Virtual Table" section below. The C<how> argument is also
stored in the C<mg_type> field.
The C<obj> argument is stored in the C<mg_obj> field of the C<MAGIC>
structure. If it is not the same as the C<sv> argument, the reference
count of the C<obj> object is incremented. If it is the same, or if
the C<how> argument is "#", or if it is a null pointer, then C<obj> is
merely stored, without the reference count being incremented.
There is also a function to add magic to an C<HV>:
void hv_magic(HV *hv, GV *gv, int how);
This simply calls C<sv_magic> and coerces the C<gv> argument into an C<SV>.
To remove the magic from an SV, call the function sv_unmagic:
void sv_unmagic(SV *sv, int type);
The C<type> argument should be equal to the C<how> value when the C<SV>
was initially made magical.
=head2 Magic Virtual Tables
The C<mg_virtual> field in the C<MAGIC> structure is a pointer to a
C<MGVTBL>, which is a structure of function pointers and stands for
"Magic Virtual Table" to handle the various operations that might be
applied to that variable.
The C<MGVTBL> has five pointers to the following routine types:
int (*svt_get)(SV* sv, MAGIC* mg);
int (*svt_set)(SV* sv, MAGIC* mg);
U32 (*svt_len)(SV* sv, MAGIC* mg);
int (*svt_clear)(SV* sv, MAGIC* mg);
int (*svt_free)(SV* sv, MAGIC* mg);
This MGVTBL structure is set at compile-time in C<perl.h> and there are
currently 19 types (or 21 with overloading turned on). These different
structures contain pointers to various routines that perform additional
actions depending on which function is being called.
Function pointer Action taken
---------------- ------------
svt_get Do something after the value of the SV is retrieved.
svt_set Do something after the SV is assigned a value.
svt_len Report on the SV's length.
svt_clear Clear something the SV represents.
svt_free Free any extra storage associated with the SV.
For instance, the MGVTBL structure called C<vtbl_sv> (which corresponds
to an C<mg_type> of '\0') contains:
{ magic_get, magic_set, magic_len, 0, 0 }
Thus, when an SV is determined to be magical and of type '\0', if a get
operation is being performed, the routine C<magic_get> is called. All
the various routines for the various magical types begin with C<magic_>.
The current kinds of Magic Virtual Tables are:
mg_type MGVTBL Type of magicalness
------- ------ -------------------
\0 vtbl_sv Regexp???
A vtbl_amagic Operator Overloading
a vtbl_amagicelem Operator Overloading
c 0 Used in Operator Overloading
B vtbl_bm Boyer-Moore???
E vtbl_env %ENV hash
e vtbl_envelem %ENV hash element
g vtbl_mglob Regexp /g flag???
I vtbl_isa @ISA array
i vtbl_isaelem @ISA array element
L 0 (but sets RMAGICAL) Perl Module/Debugger???
l vtbl_dbline Debugger?
P vtbl_pack Tied Array or Hash
p vtbl_packelem Tied Array or Hash element
q vtbl_packelem Tied Scalar or Handle
S vtbl_sig Signal Hash
s vtbl_sigelem Signal Hash element
t vtbl_taint Taintedness
U vtbl_uvar ???
v vtbl_vec Vector
x vtbl_substr Substring???
* vtbl_glob GV???
# vtbl_arylen Array Length
. vtbl_pos $. scalar variable
~ Reserved for extensions, but multiple extensions may clash
When an upper-case and lower-case letter both exist in the table, then the
upper-case letter is used to represent some kind of composite type (a list
or a hash), and the lower-case letter is used to represent an element of
that composite type.
=head2 Finding Magic
MAGIC* mg_find(SV*, int type); /* Finds the magic pointer of that type */
This routine returns a pointer to the C<MAGIC> structure stored in the SV.
If the SV does not have that magical feature, C<NULL> is returned. Also,
if the SV is not of type SVt_PVMG, Perl may core-dump.
int mg_copy(SV* sv, SV* nsv, char* key, STRLEN klen);
This routine checks to see what types of magic C<sv> has. If the mg_type
field is an upper-case letter, then the mg_obj is copied to C<nsv>, but
the mg_type field is changed to be the lower-case letter.
=head1 Double-Typed SV's
Scalar variables normally contain only one type of value, an integer,
double, pointer, or reference. Perl will automatically convert the
actual scalar data from the stored type into the requested type.
Some scalar variables contain more than one type of scalar data. For
example, the variable C<$!> contains either the numeric value of C<errno>
or its string equivalent from either C<strerror> or C<sys_errlist[]>.
To force multiple data values into an SV, you must do two things: use the
C<sv_set*v> routines to add the additional scalar type, then set a flag
so that Perl will believe it contains more than one type of data. The
four macros to set the flags are:
SvIOK_on
SvNOK_on
SvPOK_on
SvROK_on
The particular macro you must use depends on which C<sv_set*v> routine
you called first. This is because every C<sv_set*v> routine turns on
only the bit for the particular type of data being set, and turns off
all the rest.
For example, to create a new Perl variable called "dberror" that contains
both the numeric and descriptive string error values, you could use the
following code:
extern int dberror;
extern char *dberror_list;
SV* sv = perl_get_sv("dberror", TRUE);
sv_setiv(sv, (IV) dberror);
sv_setpv(sv, dberror_list[dberror]);
SvIOK_on(sv);
If the order of C<sv_setiv> and C<sv_setpv> had been reversed, then the
macro C<SvPOK_on> would need to be called instead of C<SvIOK_on>.
=head1 Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
There are four routines that can be used to call a Perl subroutine from
within a C program. These four are:
I32 perl_call_sv(SV*, I32);
I32 perl_call_pv(char*, I32);
I32 perl_call_method(char*, I32);
I32 perl_call_argv(char*, I32, register char**);
The routine most often used is C<perl_call_sv>. The C<SV*> argument
contains either the name of the Perl subroutine to be called, or a
reference to the subroutine. The second argument consists of flags
that control the context in which the subroutine is called, whether
or not the subroutine is being passed arguments, how errors should be
trapped, and how to treat return values.
All four routines return the number of arguments that the subroutine returned
on the Perl stack.
When using any of these routines (except C<perl_call_argv>), the programmer
must manipulate the Perl stack. These include the following macros and
functions:
dSP
PUSHMARK()
PUTBACK
SPAGAIN
ENTER
SAVETMPS
FREETMPS
LEAVE
XPUSH*()
POP*()
For more information, consult L<perlcall>.
=head1 Memory Allocation
It is strongly suggested that you use the version of malloc that is distributed
with Perl. It keeps pools of various sizes of unallocated memory in order to
more quickly satisfy allocation requests.
However, on some platforms, it may cause spurious malloc or free errors.
New(x, pointer, number, type);
Newc(x, pointer, number, type, cast);
Newz(x, pointer, number, type);
These three macros are used to initially allocate memory. The first argument
C<x> was a "magic cookie" that was used to keep track of who called the macro,
to help when debugging memory problems. However, the current code makes no
use of this feature (Larry has switched to using a run-time memory checker),
so this argument can be any number.
The second argument C<pointer> will point to the newly allocated memory.
The third and fourth arguments C<number> and C<type> specify how many of
the specified type of data structure should be allocated. The argument
C<type> is passed to C<sizeof>. The final argument to C<Newc>, C<cast>,
should be used if the C<pointer> argument is different from the C<type>
argument.
Unlike the C<New> and C<Newc> macros, the C<Newz> macro calls C<memzero>
to zero out all the newly allocated memory.
Renew(pointer, number, type);
Renewc(pointer, number, type, cast);
Safefree(pointer)
These three macros are used to change a memory buffer size or to free a
piece of memory no longer needed. The arguments to C<Renew> and C<Renewc>
match those of C<New> and C<Newc> with the exception of not needing the
"magic cookie" argument.
Move(source, dest, number, type);
Copy(source, dest, number, type);
Zero(dest, number, type);
These three macros are used to move, copy, or zero out previously allocated
memory. The C<source> and C<dest> arguments point to the source and
destination starting points. Perl will move, copy, or zero out C<number>
instances of the size of the C<type> data structure (using the C<sizeof>
function).
=head1 API LISTING
This is a listing of functions, macros, flags, and variables that may be
useful to extension writers or that may be found while reading other
extensions.
=over 8
=item AvFILL
See C<av_len>.
=item av_clear
Clears an array, making it empty.
void av_clear _((AV* ar));
=item av_extend
Pre-extend an array. The C<key> is the index to which the array should be
extended.
void av_extend _((AV* ar, I32 key));
=item av_fetch
Returns the SV at the specified index in the array. The C<key> is the
index. If C<lval> is set then the fetch will be part of a store. Check
that the return value is non-null before dereferencing it to a C<SV*>.
SV** av_fetch _((AV* ar, I32 key, I32 lval));
=item av_len
Returns the highest index in the array. Returns -1 if the array is empty.
I32 av_len _((AV* ar));
=item av_make
Creats a new AV and populates it with a list of SVs. The SVs are copied
into the array, so they may be freed after the call to av_make.
AV* av_make _((I32 size, SV** svp));
=item av_pop
Pops an SV off the end of the array. Returns C<&sv_undef> if the array is
empty.
SV* av_pop _((AV* ar));
=item av_push
Pushes an SV onto the end of the array.
void av_push _((AV* ar, SV* val));
=item av_shift
Shifts an SV off the beginning of the array.
SV* av_shift _((AV* ar));
=item av_store
Stores an SV in an array. The array index is specified as C<key>. The
return value will be null if the operation failed, otherwise it can be
dereferenced to get the original C<SV*>.
SV** av_store _((AV* ar, I32 key, SV* val));
=item av_undef
Undefines the array.
void av_undef _((AV* ar));
=item av_unshift
Unshift an SV onto the beginning of the array.
void av_unshift _((AV* ar, I32 num));
=item CLASS
Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the class name for a C++ XS
constructor. This is always a C<char*>. See C<THIS> and L<perlxs>.
=item Copy
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memcpy> function. The C<s> is the
source, C<d> is the destination, C<n> is the number of items, and C<t> is
the type.
(void) Copy( s, d, n, t );
=item croak
This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's C<die> function. Use this
function the same way you use the C C<printf> function. See C<warn>.
=item CvSTASH
Returns the stash of the CV.
HV * CvSTASH( SV* sv )
=item DBsingle
When Perl is run in debugging mode, with the B<-d> switch, this SV is a
boolean which indicates whether subs are being single-stepped.
Single-stepping is automatically turned on after every step. See C<DBsub>.
=item DBsub
When Perl is run in debugging mode, with the B<-d> switch, this GV contains
the SV which holds the name of the sub being debugged. See C<DBsingle>.
The sub name can be found by
SvPV( GvSV( DBsub ), na )
=item dMARK
Declare a stack marker for the XSUB. See C<MARK> and C<dORIGMARK>.
=item dORIGMARK
Saves the original stack mark for the XSUB. See C<ORIGMARK>.
=item dSP
Declares a stack pointer for the XSUB. See C<SP>.
=item dXSARGS
Sets up stack and mark pointers for an XSUB, calling dSP and dMARK. This is
usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp>. Declares the C<items> variable
to indicate the number of items on the stack.
=item ENTER
Opening bracket on a callback. See C<LEAVE> and L<perlcall>.
ENTER;
=item EXTEND
Used to extend the argument stack for an XSUB's return values.
EXTEND( sp, int x );
=item FREETMPS
Closing bracket for temporaries on a callback. See C<SAVETMPS> and
L<perlcall>.
FREETMPS;
=item G_ARRAY
Used to indicate array context. See C<GIMME> and L<perlcall>.
=item G_DISCARD
Indicates that arguments returned from a callback should be discarded. See
L<perlcall>.
=item G_EVAL
Used to force a Perl C<eval> wrapper around a callback. See L<perlcall>.
=item GIMME
The XSUB-writer's equivalent to Perl's C<wantarray>. Returns C<G_SCALAR> or
C<G_ARRAY> for scalar or array context.
=item G_NOARGS
Indicates that no arguments are being sent to a callback. See L<perlcall>.
=item G_SCALAR
Used to indicate scalar context. See C<GIMME> and L<perlcall>.
=item gv_stashpv
Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. If C<create> is set
then the package will be created if it does not already exist. If C<create>
is not set and the package does not exist then NULL is returned.
HV* gv_stashpv _((char* name, I32 create));
=item gv_stashsv
Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. See C<gv_stashpv>.
HV* gv_stashsv _((SV* sv, I32 create));
=item GvSV
Return the SV from the GV.
=item he_free
Releases a hash entry from an iterator. See C<hv_iternext>.
=item hv_clear
Clears a hash, making it empty.
void hv_clear _((HV* tb));
=item hv_delete
Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed from the hash
and returned to the caller. The C<lken> is the length of the key. The
C<flags> value will normally be zero; if set to G_DISCARD then null will be
returned.
SV* hv_delete _((HV* tb, char* key, U32 klen, I32 flags));
=item hv_exists
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key exists. The
C<lken> is the length of the key.
bool hv_exists _((HV* tb, char* key, U32 klen));
=item hv_fetch
Returns the SV which corresponds to the specified key in the hash. The
C<lken> is the length of the key. If C<lval> is set then the fetch will be
part of a store. Check that the return value is non-null before
dereferencing it to a C<SV*>.
SV** hv_fetch _((HV* tb, char* key, U32 klen, I32 lval));
=item hv_iterinit
Prepares a starting point to traverse a hash table.
I32 hv_iterinit _((HV* tb));
=item hv_iterkey
Returns the key from the current position of the hash iterator. See
C<hv_iterinit>.
char* hv_iterkey _((HE* entry, I32* retlen));
=item hv_iternext
Returns entries from a hash iterator. See C<hv_iterinit>.
HE* hv_iternext _((HV* tb));
=item hv_iternextsv
Performs an C<hv_iternext>, C<hv_iterkey>, and C<hv_iterval> in one
operation.
SV * hv_iternextsv _((HV* hv, char** key, I32* retlen));
=item hv_iterval
Returns the value from the current position of the hash iterator. See
C<hv_iterkey>.
SV* hv_iterval _((HV* tb, HE* entry));
=item hv_magic
Adds magic to a hash. See C<sv_magic>.
void hv_magic _((HV* hv, GV* gv, int how));
=item HvNAME
Returns the package name of a stash. See C<SvSTASH>, C<CvSTASH>.
char *HvNAME (HV* stash)
=item hv_store
Stores an SV in a hash. The hash key is specified as C<key> and C<klen> is
the length of the key. The C<hash> parameter is the pre-computed hash
value; if it is zero then Perl will compute it. The return value will be
null if the operation failed, otherwise it can be dereferenced to get the
original C<SV*>.
SV** hv_store _((HV* tb, char* key, U32 klen, SV* val, U32 hash));
=item hv_undef
Undefines the hash.
void hv_undef _((HV* tb));
=item isALNUM
Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ascii alphanumeric
character or digit.
int isALNUM (char c)
=item isALPHA
Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ascii alphanumeric
character.
int isALPHA (char c)
=item isDIGIT
Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ascii digit.
int isDIGIT (char c)
=item isLOWER
Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is a lowercase character.
int isLOWER (char c)
=item isSPACE
Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is whitespace.
int isSPACE (char c)
=item isUPPER
Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an uppercase character.
int isUPPER (char c)
=item items
Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the number of items on the
stack. See L<perlxs>.
=item LEAVE
Closing bracket on a callback. See C<ENTER> and L<perlcall>.
LEAVE;
=item MARK
Stack marker for the XSUB. See C<dMARK>.
=item mg_clear
Clear something magical that the SV represents. See C<sv_magic>.
int mg_clear _((SV* sv));
=item mg_copy
Copies the magic from one SV to another. See C<sv_magic>.
int mg_copy _((SV *, SV *, char *, STRLEN));
=item mg_find
Finds the magic pointer for type matching the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
MAGIC* mg_find _((SV* sv, int type));
=item mg_free
Free any magic storage used by the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
int mg_free _((SV* sv));
=item mg_get
Do magic after a value is retrieved from the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
int mg_get _((SV* sv));
=item mg_len
Report on the SV's length. See C<sv_magic>.
U32 mg_len _((SV* sv));
=item mg_magical
Turns on the magical status of an SV. See C<sv_magic>.
void mg_magical _((SV* sv));
=item mg_set
Do magic after a value is assigned to the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
int mg_set _((SV* sv));
=item Move
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memmove> function. The C<s> is the
source, C<d> is the destination, C<n> is the number of items, and C<t> is
the type.
(void) Move( s, d, n, t );
=item na
A variable which may be used with C<SvPV> to tell Perl to calculate the
string length.
=item New
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function.
void * New( x, void *ptr, int size, type )
=item Newc
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function, with cast.
void * Newc( x, void *ptr, int size, type, cast )
=item Newz
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function. The allocated
memory is zeroed with C<memzero>.
void * Newz( x, void *ptr, int size, type )
=item newAV
Creates a new AV. The refcount is set to 1.
AV* newAV _((void));
=item newHV
Creates a new HV. The refcount is set to 1.
HV* newHV _((void));
=item newRV
Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The refcount for the original SV is
incremented.
SV* newRV _((SV* ref));
=item newSV
Creates a new SV. The C<len> parameter indicates the number of bytes of
pre-allocated string space the SV should have. The refcount for the new SV
is set to 1.
SV* newSV _((STRLEN len));
=item newSViv
Creates a new SV and copies an integer into it. The refcount for the SV is
set to 1.
SV* newSViv _((IV i));
=item newSVnv
Creates a new SV and copies a double into it. The refcount for the SV is
set to 1.
SV* newSVnv _((NV i));
=item newSVpv
Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The refcount for the SV is
set to 1. If C<len> is zero then Perl will compute the length.
SV* newSVpv _((char* s, STRLEN len));
=item newSVrv
Creates a new SV for the RV, C<rv>, to point to. If C<rv> is not an RV then
it will be upgraded one. If C<classname> is non-null then the new SV will
be blessed in the specified package. The new SV is returned and its
refcount is 1.
SV* newSVrv _((SV* rv, char* classname));
=item newSVsv
Creates a new SV which is an exact duplicate of the orignal SV.
SV* newSVsv _((SV* old));
=item newXS
Used by C<xsubpp> to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs.
=item newXSproto
Used by C<xsubpp> to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs. Adds Perl prototypes to
the subs.
=item Nullav
Null AV pointer.
=item Nullch
Null character pointer.
=item Nullcv
Null CV pointer.
=item Nullhv
Null HV pointer.
=item Nullsv
Null SV pointer.
=item ORIGMARK
The original stack mark for the XSUB. See C<dORIGMARK>.
=item perl_alloc
Allocates a new Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
=item perl_call_argv
Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See L<perlcall>.
I32 perl_call_argv _((char* subname, I32 flags, char** argv));
=item perl_call_method
Performs a callback to the specified Perl method. The blessed object must
be on the stack. See L<perlcall>.
I32 perl_call_method _((char* methname, I32 flags));
=item perl_call_pv
Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See L<perlcall>.
I32 perl_call_pv _((char* subname, I32 flags));
=item perl_call_sv
Performs a callback to the Perl sub whose name is in the SV. See
L<perlcall>.
I32 perl_call_sv _((SV* sv, I32 flags));
=item perl_construct
Initializes a new Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
=item perl_destruct
Shuts down a Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
=item perl_eval_sv
Tells Perl to C<eval> the string in the SV.
I32 perl_eval_sv _((SV* sv, I32 flags));
=item perl_free
Releases a Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
=item perl_get_av
Returns the AV of the specified Perl array. If C<create> is set and the
Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not
set and the variable does not exist then null is returned.
AV* perl_get_av _((char* name, I32 create));
=item perl_get_cv
Returns the CV of the specified Perl sub. If C<create> is set and the Perl
variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not
set and the variable does not exist then null is returned.
CV* perl_get_cv _((char* name, I32 create));
=item perl_get_hv
Returns the HV of the specified Perl hash. If C<create> is set and the Perl
variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not
set and the variable does not exist then null is returned.
HV* perl_get_hv _((char* name, I32 create));
=item perl_get_sv
Returns the SV of the specified Perl scalar. If C<create> is set and the
Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not
set and the variable does not exist then null is returned.
SV* perl_get_sv _((char* name, I32 create));
=item perl_parse
Tells a Perl interpreter to parse a Perl script. See L<perlembed>.
=item perl_require_pv
Tells Perl to C<require> a module.
void perl_require_pv _((char* pv));
=item perl_run
Tells a Perl interpreter to run. See L<perlembed>.
=item POPi
Pops an integer off the stack.
int POPi();
=item POPl
Pops a long off the stack.
long POPl();
=item POPp
Pops a string off the stack.
char * POPp();
=item POPn
Pops a double off the stack.
double POPn();
=item POPs
Pops an SV off the stack.
SV* POPs();
=item PUSHMARK
Opening bracket for arguments on a callback. See C<PUTBACK> and L<perlcall>.
PUSHMARK(p)
=item PUSHi
Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
See C<XPUSHi>.
PUSHi(int d)
=item PUSHn
Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
See C<XPUSHn>.
PUSHn(double d)
=item PUSHp
Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
The C<len> indicates the length of the string. See C<XPUSHp>.
PUSHp(char *c, int len )
=item PUSHs
Push an SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. See
C<XPUSHs>.
PUSHs(sv)
=item PUTBACK
Closing bracket for XSUB arguments. This is usually handled by C<xsubpp>.
See C<PUSHMARK> and L<perlcall> for other uses.
PUTBACK;
=item Renew
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function.
void * Renew( void *ptr, int size, type )
=item Renewc
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function, with cast.
void * Renewc( void *ptr, int size, type, cast )
=item RETVAL
Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to hold the return value for an XSUB.
This is always the proper type for the XSUB. See L<perlxs>.
=item safefree
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<free> function.
=item safemalloc
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function.
=item saferealloc
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function.
=item savepv
Copy a string to a safe spot. This does not use an SV.
char* savepv _((char* sv));
=item savepvn
Copy a string to a safe spot. The C<len> indicates number of bytes to
copy. This does not use an SV.
char* savepvn _((char* sv, I32 len));
=item SAVETMPS
Opening bracket for temporaries on a callback. See C<FREETMPS> and
L<perlcall>.
SAVETMPS;
=item SP
Stack pointer. This is usually handled by C<xsubpp>. See C<dSP> and
C<SPAGAIN>.
=item SPAGAIN
Refetch the stack pointer. Used after a callback. See L<perlcall>.
SPAGAIN;
=item ST
Used to access elements on the XSUB's stack.
SV* ST(int x)
=item strEQ
Test two strings to see if they are equal. Returns true or false.
int strEQ( char *s1, char *s2 )
=item strGE
Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than or equal to the
second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
int strGE( char *s1, char *s2 )
=item strGT
Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than the second,
C<s2>. Returns true or false.
int strGT( char *s1, char *s2 )
=item strLE
Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than or equal to the
second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
int strLE( char *s1, char *s2 )
=item strLT
Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than the second,
C<s2>. Returns true or false.
int strLT( char *s1, char *s2 )
=item strNE
Test two strings to see if they are different. Returns true or false.
int strNE( char *s1, char *s2 )
=item strnEQ
Test two strings to see if they are equal. The C<len> parameter indicates
the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false.
int strnEQ( char *s1, char *s2 )
=item strnNE
Test two strings to see if they are different. The C<len> parameter
indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false.
int strnNE( char *s1, char *s2, int len )
=item sv_2mortal
Marks an SV as mortal. The SV will be destroyed when the current context
ends.
SV* sv_2mortal _((SV* sv));
=item sv_bless
Blesses an SV into a specified package. The SV must be an RV. The package
must be designated by its stash (see C<gv_stashpv()>). The refcount of the
SV is unaffected.
SV* sv_bless _((SV* sv, HV* stash));
=item sv_catpv
Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV.
void sv_catpv _((SV* sv, char* ptr));
=item sv_catpvn
Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. The
C<len> indicates number of bytes to copy.
void sv_catpvn _((SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len));
=item sv_catsv
Concatentates the string from SV C<ssv> onto the end of the string in SV
C<dsv>.
void sv_catsv _((SV* dsv, SV* ssv));
=item SvCUR
Returns the length of the string which is in the SV. See C<SvLEN>.
int SvCUR (SV* sv)
=item SvCUR_set
Set the length of the string which is in the SV. See C<SvCUR>.
SvCUR_set (SV* sv, int val )
=item SvEND
Returns a pointer to the last character in the string which is in the SV.
See C<SvCUR>. Access the character as
*SvEND(sv)
=item SvGROW
Expands the character buffer in the SV.
char * SvGROW( SV* sv, int len )
=item SvIOK
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an integer.
int SvIOK (SV* SV)
=item SvIOK_off
Unsets the IV status of an SV.
SvIOK_off (SV* sv)
=item SvIOK_on
Tells an SV that it is an integer.
SvIOK_on (SV* sv)
=item SvIOKp
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an integer. Checks the
B<private> setting. Use C<SvIOK>.
int SvIOKp (SV* SV)
=item sv_isa
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is blessed into the specified
class. This does not know how to check for subtype, so it doesn't work in
an inheritance relationship.
int sv_isa _((SV* sv, char* name));
=item SvIV
Returns the integer which is in the SV.
int SvIV (SV* sv)
=item sv_isobject
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is an RV pointing to a blessed
object. If the SV is not an RV, or if the object is not blessed, then this
will return false.
int sv_isobject _((SV* sv));
=item SvIVX
Returns the integer which is stored in the SV.
int SvIVX (SV* sv);
=item SvLEN
Returns the size of the string buffer in the SV. See C<SvCUR>.
int SvLEN (SV* sv)
=item sv_magic
Adds magic to an SV.
void sv_magic _((SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, char* name, I32 namlen));
=item sv_mortalcopy
Creates a new SV which is a copy of the original SV. The new SV is marked
as mortal.
SV* sv_mortalcopy _((SV* oldsv));
=item SvOK
Returns a boolean indicating whether the value is an SV.
int SvOK (SV* sv)
=item sv_newmortal
Creates a new SV which is mortal. The refcount of the SV is set to 1.
SV* sv_newmortal _((void));
=item sv_no
This is the C<false> SV. See C<sv_yes>. Always refer to this as C<&sv_no>.
=item SvNIOK
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or
double.
int SvNIOK (SV* SV)
=item SvNIOK_off
Unsets the NV/IV status of an SV.
SvNIOK_off (SV* sv)
=item SvNIOKp
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or
double. Checks the B<private> setting. Use C<SvNIOK>.
int SvNIOKp (SV* SV)
=item SvNOK
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double.
int SvNOK (SV* SV)
=item SvNOK_off
Unsets the NV status of an SV.
SvNOK_off (SV* sv)
=item SvNOK_on
Tells an SV that it is a double.
SvNOK_on (SV* sv)
=item SvNOKp
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double. Checks the
B<private> setting. Use C<SvNOK>.
int SvNOKp (SV* SV)
=item SvNV
Returns the double which is stored in the SV.
double SvNV (SV* sv);
=item SvNVX
Returns the double which is stored in the SV.
double SvNVX (SV* sv);
=item SvPOK
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a character string.
int SvPOK (SV* SV)
=item SvPOK_off
Unsets the PV status of an SV.
SvPOK_off (SV* sv)
=item SvPOK_on
Tells an SV that it is a string.
SvPOK_on (SV* sv)
=item SvPOKp
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a character string.
Checks the B<private> setting. Use C<SvPOK>.
int SvPOKp (SV* SV)
=item SvPV
Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified form of the SV
if the SV does not contain a string. If C<len> is C<na> then Perl will
handle the length on its own.
char * SvPV (SV* sv, int len )
=item SvPVX
Returns a pointer to the string in the SV. The SV must contain a string.
char * SvPVX (SV* sv)
=item SvREFCNT
Returns the value of the object's refcount.
int SvREFCNT (SV* sv);
=item SvREFCNT_dec
Decrements the refcount of the given SV.
void SvREFCNT_dec (SV* sv)
=item SvREFCNT_inc
Increments the refcount of the given SV.
void SvREFCNT_inc (SV* sv)
=item SvROK
Tests if the SV is an RV.
int SvROK (SV* sv)
=item SvROK_off
Unsets the RV status of an SV.
SvROK_off (SV* sv)
=item SvROK_on
Tells an SV that it is an RV.
SvROK_on (SV* sv)
=item SvRV
Dereferences an RV to return the SV.
SV* SvRV (SV* sv);
=item sv_setiv
Copies an integer into the given SV.
void sv_setiv _((SV* sv, IV num));
=item sv_setnv
Copies a double into the given SV.
void sv_setnv _((SV* sv, double num));
=item sv_setpv
Copies a string into an SV. The string must be null-terminated.
void sv_setpv _((SV* sv, char* ptr));
=item sv_setpvn
Copies a string into an SV. The C<len> parameter indicates the number of
bytes to be copied.
void sv_setpvn _((SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len));
=item sv_setref_iv
Copies an integer into an SV, optionally blessing the SV. The SV must be an
RV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set
C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV will be
returned and will have a refcount of 1.
SV* sv_setref_iv _((SV *rv, char *classname, IV iv));
=item sv_setref_nv
Copies a double into an SV, optionally blessing the SV. The SV must be an
RV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set
C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV will be
returned and will have a refcount of 1.
SV* sv_setref_nv _((SV *rv, char *classname, double nv));
=item sv_setref_pv
Copies a pointer into an SV, optionally blessing the SV. The SV must be an
RV. If the C<pv> argument is NULL then C<sv_undef> will be placed into the
SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set
C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV will be
returned and will have a refcount of 1.
SV* sv_setref_pv _((SV *rv, char *classname, void* pv));
Do not use with integral Perl types such as HV, AV, SV, CV, because those
objects will become corrupted by the pointer copy process.
Note that C<sv_setref_pvn> copies the string while this copies the pointer.
=item sv_setref_pvn
Copies a string into an SV, optionally blessing the SV. The lenth of the
string must be specified with C<n>. The SV must be an RV. The C<classname>
argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set C<classname> to
C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV will be returned and will have
a refcount of 1.
SV* sv_setref_pvn _((SV *rv, char *classname, char* pv, I32 n));
Note that C<sv_setref_pv> copies the pointer while this copies the string.
=item sv_setsv
Copies the contents of the source SV C<ssv> into the destination SV C<dsv>.
(B<NOTE:> If C<ssv> has the C<SVs_TEMP> bit set, C<sv_setsv> may simply steal
the string from C<ssv> and give it to C<dsv>, leaving C<ssv> empty.
Caveat caller.)
void sv_setsv _((SV* dsv, SV* ssv));
=item SvSTASH
Returns the stash of the SV.
HV * SvSTASH (SV* sv)
=item SVt_IV
Integer type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>.
=item SVt_PV
Pointer type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>.
=item SVt_PVAV
Type flag for arrays. See C<svtype>.
=item SVt_PVCV
Type flag for code refs. See C<svtype>.
=item SVt_PVHV
Type flag for hashes. See C<svtype>.
=item SVt_PVMG
Type flag for blessed scalars. See C<svtype>.
=item SVt_NV
Double type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>.
=item SvTRUE
Returns a boolean indicating whether Perl would evaluate the SV as true or
false, defined or undefined.
int SvTRUE (SV* sv)
=item SvTYPE
Returns the type of the SV. See C<svtype>.
svtype SvTYPE (SV* sv)
=item svtype
An enum of flags for Perl types. These are found in the file B<sv.h> in the
C<svtype> enum. Test these flags with the C<SvTYPE> macro.
=item SvUPGRADE
Used to upgrade an SV to a more complex form. See C<svtype>.
=item sv_undef
This is the C<undef> SV. Always refer to this as C<&sv_undef>.
=item sv_usepvn
Tells an SV to use C<ptr> to find its string value. Normally the string is
stored inside the SV; this allows the SV to use an outside string. The
string length, C<len>, must be supplied. This function will realloc the
memory pointed to by C<ptr>, so that pointer should not be freed or used by
the programmer after giving it to sv_usepvn.
void sv_usepvn _((SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len));
=item sv_yes
This is the C<true> SV. See C<sv_no>. Always refer to this as C<&sv_yes>.
=item THIS
Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to designate the object in a C++ XSUB.
This is always the proper type for the C++ object. See C<CLASS> and
L<perlxs>.
=item toLOWER
Converts the specified character to lowercase.
int toLOWER (char c)
=item toUPPER
Converts the specified character to uppercase.
int toUPPER (char c)
=item warn
This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's C<warn> function. Use this
function the same way you use the C C<printf> function. See C<croak()>.
=item XPUSHi
Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. See
C<PUSHi>.
XPUSHi(int d)
=item XPUSHn
Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. See
C<PUSHn>.
XPUSHn(double d)
=item XPUSHp
Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. The C<len>
indicates the length of the string. See C<PUSHp>.
XPUSHp(char *c, int len)
=item XPUSHs
Push an SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. See C<PUSHs>.
XPUSHs(sv)
=item XSRETURN
Return from XSUB, indicating number of items on the stack. This is usually
handled by C<xsubpp>.
XSRETURN(x);
=item XSRETURN_EMPTY
Return from an XSUB immediately.
XSRETURN_EMPTY;
=item XSRETURN_NO
Return C<false> from an XSUB immediately.
XSRETURN_NO;
=item XSRETURN_UNDEF
Return C<undef> from an XSUB immediately.
XSRETURN_UNDEF;
=item XSRETURN_YES
Return C<true> from an XSUB immediately.
XSRETURN_YES;
=item Zero
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memzero> function. The C<d> is the
destination, C<n> is the number of items, and C<t> is the type.
(void) Zero( d, n, t );
=back
=head1 AUTHOR
Jeff Okamoto <okamoto@corp.hp.com>
With lots of help and suggestions from Dean Roehrich, Malcolm Beattie,
Andreas Koenig, Paul Hudson, Ilya Zakharevich, Paul Marquess, Neil
Bowers, Matthew Green, Tim Bunce, and Spider Boardman.
API Listing by Dean Roehrich <roehrich@cray.com>.
=head1 DATE
Version 20: 1995/12/14