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1995-10-02
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When looking at the Grand Canyon, one can see color and texture variations which highlight the
spectacular beauty of the canyon, and allow much insight into its geologic history. As can be seen
by the many bright colors on the canyon walls, the layers of rock are quite exposed, and are also
basically undisturbed. This makes studying the rock types and their periods much easier.
The layers of the canyon were uncovered by the process of erosion, which was accomplished
mainly by the Colorado River. The Grand Canyon lies on the Colorado Plateau, which is known
for its layers of exposed rock, and which makes the plateau a prime area for geologic study.
There are a total of three eras represented in the Grand Canyon, five periods, and thirteen named
formation groups. The oldest era is the Older Precambrian, the next oldest is the Younger
Precambrian, and the youngest is the Paleozoic.
In the Grand Canyon scientists can study a 2 billion year period of the earth's geologic history
because so many layers and pieces of rock have been preserved. The oldest rocks found in the
canyon are in the Inner Gorge, which date back approximately 2 billion years to the Precambrian
Era. These rocks form the basement of the North American continent, and extend far below the
point at which they can be seen. This rock layer is known as the Vishnu Group, and is made up of
igneous and metamorphic rock.
Rocks from the Paleozoic Era lie on top of the Precambrian layer, and date back several hundred
million years. The more than one billion year age difference between these rock layers is called an
'unconformity', because of the gap in geologic history it represents. There are some rock remains
between these layers, which are referred to as the Grand Canyon Supergroup, that are one billion
years old, and shed some light on the period between the two others.
Not only do these layers reveal the age of the canyon and other interesting information, but
numerous fossils have been found which tell us what kinds of plants and animals existed in the
various periods. Fossils of sponges, sharks, fish, plants, and other organisms have been found in
many of the canyon's layers. The upper groups especially, such as the Kaibab, Supai, and
Redwall, contain many fossils. But fossils have been found as far down as the Bass Group, which
is just above the Vishnu Group, which is the oldest.
If one has an interest in geology, it is worthwhile to explore some of the hiking trails in the park.
Some of the trails wind several thousand feet down in the canyon, which allows one to see the
many fascinating layers that make up the canyon. There are also programs offered by the park
that discuss the geology of the region, and often take trips to the rim to view various layers.
Information on all programs can be obtained at the visitor center.