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HAM Radio 3
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hamradioversion3.0examsandprograms1992.iso
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p3crudak
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p3crudak.txt
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1988-03-21
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RUDAK
A condensation of an article appearing in ASR #126/127
by Peter Guelzow, DB2OS, Deputy RUDAK Project Leader
April 27, 1986
(translated by Don Moe, KE6MN/DJ0HC)
First, a short review of the sense and purpose of RUDAK:
"RUDAK" stands for "Regenerative Umsetzer fuer Digitale Amateur Kommunikation"
(in English: Regenerating Transponder for Digital Amateur Communications). It
is comparable to a so-called digipeater (Digital Repeater). Digipeaters are
terrestrial relay stations for packet radio. They relay digital information
between two stations in case there is no direct path between them. The
transmission occurs in packets (therefore the name packet radio). The actual
information is subsumed within a frame which contains the callsigns of the
sending and receiving stations and an entire set of additional entries
necessary for forwarding and error handling. In this way packet radio makes
possible virtually 100 percent error-free information transmission. The exact
contents of these packets was internationally established using the so-called
AX.25 protocol.
Similarly to analog transponders, it seems desirable to install such a
digipeater at the highest possible location with a large coverage area, e.g.,
aboard a satellite in earth orbit. Thanks to the highly elliptical orbit of
Phase 3C, RUDAK should eventually enable the interconnection of several local
area nets in addition to point-to-point contacts between radio amateurs across
the entire world. Naturally a relay station with such a large coverage area
has to contend with a series of difficulties. For example, the problem of
multiple uncoordinated access or the selection of optimal modulation
techniques are only two of among many that could be mentioned. These and
other problems are to be researched primarily with the help of RUDAK with the
goal of developing suitable techniques and protocols which will benefit future
projects.
Details about the RUDAK hardware:
The RUDAK hardware consists of 25 integrated circuits and only two discrete
transistors. The entire circuitry was realized using CMOS technology so power
consumption is only 300 milliwatts. The heart of the RUDAK processor is the
CMOS version of the 6502 CPU which is clocked at 800 kHz. For storage of the
RAM-resident system software and data, 56KB of static CMOS RAM chips are
provided. This concept itself gives RUDAK greater flexibility in case, for
example, the entire RUDAK software has to be updated due to changes in the
protocol as has already been practiced with OSCAR-10's IHU. A single 2KB
fusible link CMOS PROM is used to load the IPS system via the command link
after power-on. Additionally, the boot PROM contains various programs which
will perform tests of the entire hardware in the RUDAK processor while in
orbit.
To communicate with the outside world, the RUDAK processor has various
parallel and serial input/output ports. One serial line and one 8 bit
parallel port with the appropriate control lines are used for communication
with the IHU. In the start-up phase, these paths are used to transfer diverse
command and diagnosis instructions. Later, using this same path, RUDAK can
receive current telemetry data which can be processed further. The IHU can
also use a portion of the RUDAK memory as virtual memory in which to store
larger quantities of data, e.g., RTTY/PSK bulletins. The capacity of the
16KB RAM in the IHU is already totally used.
Normal operation with ground stations is handled by the RUDAK packet port.
One send and one receive channel are available. The heart of this port is the
CMOS version of the Z80-SIO, a universal chip which supports the AX.25
protocol in addition to asynchronous and synchronous operation.
An independent receiver in the Mode-L transponder is provided for the RUDAK
uplink on 1269.675 MHz. The demodulator converts the 2400 bps biphase PSK
signal into a clean digital signal for the RUDAK processor. Thanks to the
sweep circuit in the demodulator, the uplink signals only have to be in the
capture window within plus/minus 7.5 kHz of the center frequency.
On the downlink side, the output data modulates the RUDAK beacon transmitter
in the L-transponder on 435.675 MHz using BPSK at a data rate of 400 bps; the
same as for the general beacon of OSCAR-10. Experimentally, the rate can be
increased to 1200 bps using NRZI modulation.
A short note regarding the modulation methods used:
The 2400 bps uplink and the 400 bps downlink signals are generated using the
AMSAT standard just the same as for the general beacon of AO-10. In the AMSAT
standard, the data bits are transmitted differentially, i.e., a logical "0" is
sent when there is no change in two successive bits, whereas a logical "1" is
sent for a change between bits. Additionally the clock signal is combined
with this data stream. Due to this trick and the differential encoding, the
design of the decoder is significantly simplified.
Unfortunately another standard has established itself internationally in which
the assignment of the logical levels is exactly reversed. In the NRZI
standard, a logical "1" is transmitted when there is no change between bits.
If the bit clock is also combined with the data, the signal is then called
"NRZIC". In order to reduce the confusion as much as possible, it was decided
to adopt the previous AMSAT standard for RUDAK. In the case of the 1200 bps
downlink option, the NRZI standard was chosen, and, in contrast to the AMSAT
technique, the clock signal is not combined with the data, since to do so
would exceed the bandwidth of the SSB receiver.
Requirements for the ground stations:
In the initial stages, RUDAK will emulate the existing digipeater functions as
they are defined the AX.25 protocol version 2. No mailbox operation is
planned presently although various other messages such as bulletins, orbital
data, telemetry values and user instructions can be cyclically transmitted
when no uplink signals are being digipeated. New ground stations can take
their time in adjusting their receiving equipment.
Additionally, a robot-type operation is planned in which the ground stations
"connect" to the satellite and are assigned a consecutive number. In a
fashion similar to the RS satellites, a RUDAK command station could later
download the list and send out QSL cards. It is also hoped that an overview
of packet radio activity world-wide could be thereby obtained. Should a
suitable link-layer level 3 protocol subsequently become available, it could
possibly be implemented.
For the majority of the terminal node controllers, e.g., TAPR TNC-1, AEA PKT-1
or Heath HD-4040, the only software modification required is an updated EPROM
to handle a hardware bug in the WD1933/35 HDLC controller. Otherwise only a
PSK modem for 400/2400 bps has to be connected to the external modem jack in
the TNC. Other TNC's such as the Kantronics "Packet Communicator" or various
software solutions are unfortunately not suitable due to the software and/or
hardware restrictions. The TNC must be capable of operating full-duplex at
different transmit/receive baud rates and support the connection of an
external modem.
Besides the normal equipment, a so-called "RUDAK User Interface" is required.
This is under development by the RUDAK group and AMSAT-DL. The RUDAK User
Interface consists of an up-converter which translates a 2m signal to 24cm and
modulates the carrier with 2400 bps BPSK and the "AMSAT-AFREG" which is the
BPSK demodulator for the 400 bps downlink. Additionally various buffers and
controls for switching the different signal paths and a power supply are
needed. The various schematics, especially for the AMSAT-AFREG and the
upconverter, will be published by AMSAT-DL after the design is completed.
On the RF side of the ground stations, the 400 bps downlink signal on 435.675
MHz should provide a signal strength of 12dB Eb/No to an antenna with 10 dBi
gain. For the uplink on 1296.675 MHz, 12 watts (11 dBW) into a 15 dBi antenna
should be sufficient.