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- From: walsh@cs.umass.edu (Norman Walsh)
- Newsgroups: comp.fonts,news.answers
- Subject: comp.fonts FAQ.1a.General-Info
- Summary: This posting answers frequently asked questions about fonts.
- It addresses both general font questions and questions that
- are specific to a particular platform.
- Message-ID: <WALSH.92Dec7141253@ibis.cs.umass.edu>
- Date: 7 Dec 92 19:12:53 GMT
- Expires: 8 Jan 93 00:00:00 GMT
- Sender: news@dime.cs.umass.edu
- Reply-To: walsh@cs.umass.edu (Norm Walsh)
- Followup-To: poster
- Organization: Dept of Comp and Info Sci, Univ of Mass (Amherst)
- Lines: 652
- Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
- Supercedes: <9211021515.WW57848@cs.umass.EDU>
-
- Archive-name: fonts-faq/part01
- Version: 1.1.1.
-
- FAQ for comp.fonts: Chapter I: General Info
-
- Version 1.1.1., Release 07DEC92
-
- Welcome to the comp.fonts FAQ. These articles, posted monthly, describe many
- of the basic questions that seem to be repeated frequently on comp.fonts.
- Your comments are both welcome and encouraged.
-
- The FAQ is divided into chapters. The first chapter is a general overview.
- Most of the remaining chapters are more-or-less platform specific.
-
- In response to end-user demand, the FAQ is now posted in context-dependent
- sections rather than as one long document divided into 1000 line sections.
- The FAQ is always available via anonymous ftp from ibis.cs.umass.edu in
- /pub/norm/comp.fonts/FAQ*
-
- The chapters are:
-
- 1. General-Info
- 2. Mac-Info
- 3. MS-DOS-Info
- 4. Unix-Info
- 5. Sun-Info
- 6. NeXT-Info
- 7. X-Info
- 8. Utilities
- A. Vendors
-
- Even if you don't use a particular architecture, you may find it helpful to
- read the FAQ for that platform at least once. Some ideas, like font format
- conversion, may be relevant to more than one platform even if they are
- expressed in platform-specific tools at this time.
-
- This months diffs are for the FAQ as a single whole (the way it was posted
- last month), in the future, diffs will be sensitive to the fact that the
- FAQ is posted in chapters.
-
- This chapter covers the following topics:
-
- 0. Notes about the FAQ.
- 1. What's the difference between type 1 fonts, type 3 fonts, type 5 fonts,
- Macintosh fonts, Windows fonts, TrueType fonts, LaserJet fonts, etc.
- 2. Where can I get _____ fonts.
- 3. Where can I get fonts for non-Roman alphabets.
- 4. How can I convert my _____ font to _____ format?
- 5. Are fonts copyrightable?
- 6. General Font Information
- 6.1. File Formats
- 6.1.1. File Format Extensions
- 6.2. Font Formats
- 6.2.1. Font Format Extensions
- 6.3. Ligatures
- 6.4. Standard Laser Printer Fonts
- 6.5. Glossary
- 7. Other Resources
- 7.1. The Bibliography
- 7.2.1. (En)Coding Standards
- 7.2.2. TrueType
- 8. Rules of Thumb
- 8.1. General guidelines:
- 8.2. Good rules of thumb:
- 9. Acknowledgements
- 10. A Brief Introduction to Typography
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- 0. Notes about the FAQ.
-
- Words printed in single quotes 'like this' will someday appear in the
- glossary. The glossary doesn't contain very much right now. This
- convention isn't followed very thoroughly at present. If you notice
- something that should be marked or something you feel should be in the
- glossary, please let us know.
-
- If you want to skip quickly forward through the questions, the following
- regular expression matches only the beginning of each question: "^[0-9]+."
-
- All trademarks are the trademarks of their respective owners.
-
- Standard disclaimers apply.
-
- The FAQ is maintained by Norm Walsh <walsh@cs.umass.edu>
-
- 1. What's the difference between type 1 fonts, type 3 fonts, type 5 fonts,
- Macintosh fonts, Windows fonts, LaserJet fonts, etc.
-
- This question is not trivial to answer. It's analogous to asking
- what the difference is between various graphics image file formats.
- The short, somewhat pragmatic answer, is simply that they are
- different ways of representing the same "information" and some of
- them will work with your software/printer and others won't.
-
- At one level, there are two major sorts of fonts: bitmapped and outline
- (scalable). Bitmapped fonts are falling out of fashion as various
- outline technologies grow in popularity and support.
-
- Bitmapped fonts represent each character as a rectangular grid of pixels.
- The bitmap for each character indicates precisely what pixels should be
- on and off. Printing a bitmapped character is simply a matter of
- blasting the right bits out to the printer. There are a number of
- disadvantages to this approach. The bitmap represents a particular
- instance of the character at a particular size and resolution. It is
- very difficult to change the size, shape, or resolution of a bitmapped
- character without significant loss of quality in the image. On the other
- hand, it's easy to do things like shading and filling with bitmapped
- characters.
-
- Outline fonts represent each character mathematically as a series of lines,
- curves, and 'hints'. When a character from an outline font is to be
- printed, it must be 'rasterized' into a bitmap "on the fly". PostScript
- printers, for example, do this in the print engine. If the "engine" in the
- output device cannot do the rasterizing, some front end has to do it first.
- Many of the disadvantages that are inherent in the bitmapped format are not
- present in outline fonts at all. Because an outline font is represented
- mathematically, it can be drawn at any reasonable size. At small sizes,
- the font renderer is guided by the 'hints' in the font; at very small
- sizes, particularly on low-resolution output devices such as screens,
- automatically scaled fonts become unredable, and hand-tuned bitmaps are a
- better choice (if they are available). Additionally, because it is
- rasterized "on demand," the font can be adjusted for different resolutions
- and 'aspect ratios'.
-
- LaserJet .SFP and .SFL files, TeX PK, PXL, and GF files, Macintosh
- Screen Fonts, and GEM .GFX files are all examples of bitmapped font
- formats.
-
- PostScript Type 1, Type 3, and Type 5 fonts, Nimbus Q fonts, TrueType
- fonts, Sun F3, MetaFont .mf files, and LaserJet .SFS files are all examples
- of outline font formats.
-
- Neither of these lists is even close to being exhaustive.
-
- To complicate the issue further, identical formats on different platforms
- are not necessarily the same. For example Type 1 fonts on the Macintosh
- are not directly usable under MS-DOS or Unix, and vice-versa.
-
- Henry Schneiker <reachable electronically?> created the following
- description of the differences between several scalable font
- technologies.
-
- It has been pointed out that the following description shows signs
- of its age (for example, the eexec encryption has been thoroughly
- hacked). I don't dispute the observation and I encourage anyone
- with the knowledge and time to submit a more up to date description.
-
- It has further been suggested that this commentary is biased toward
- Kingsley/ATF. The omission of details about Bitstream (and possibly
- Bauer) may be considered serious since their software lies inside many
- 3rd-party PostScript interpreters.
-
- The moderators of this FAQ would gladly accept other descriptions/
- explanations/viewpoints on the issues discussed in this (and every
- other) section.
-
- *-[Semi-Quote]------------------------------------------------------*
-
- [Ed Note: Liam R. E. Quim supplied many changes to the following
- section in an attempt to bring it up to date. Hopefully it is a
- better reflection of the state of the world today (12/07/92) than it
- was in earlier FAQs]
-
- There has been a lot of confusion about font technologies in recent
- times, especially when it comes to Type 1 versus Type 3 fonts,
- "hints," PostScript compatibility, encryption, character
- regularizing, kerning, and the like.
-
- Encryption (eexec)
-
- All fonts produced with Adobe's font technology are protected through
- data encryption. The decryption is provided by the `eexec' (encrypted
- execute) PostScript operator and, until recently, was only present in
- Adobe's licensed PostScript.
-
- Adobe has published the details of the Type 1 font format in the `Black
- Book', Adobe Type 1 Font Format (version 1.1), Adobe Systems Inc., 1990.
- The encryption was mainly used because of font copyright problems;
- unencrypted fonts can also be used, but these tend to use an efficient
- binary encoding, also in documented the Type 1 book, and so are still not
- readable PostScript.
-
- Type 1, Type 3, and Type 5 font formats
-
- There are generally three font formats used in Adobe PostScript
- printers: Type 1, Type 3, and Type 5. Type 1 fonts are Adobe's
- downloadable format. Type 3 fonts are third-party downloadable
- format. Type 5 fonts are the ROM-based fonts that are part of your
- printer.
-
- There is no functional difference between a Type 1, Type 3, or Type 5
- font. A Type 3 font can do anything a Type 1 or Type 5 font can do.
- The only real difference between them is where the `BuildChar'
- routine comes from. For Type 1 and Type 5 fonts it's built into the
- printer. For Type 3 fonts it's built into the font. In other words,
- anything a Type 1 font can do a Type 3 font can also do.
-
- [Ed note: the reverse is not true. Type3 fonts can do things that
- Type1 fonts cannot. But they aren't hinted...]
-
- When PostScript is asked to generate a character, PostScript looks in
- the font's dictionary for FontType. If FontType is 1 or 5 PostScript
- executes an internal routine that knows how to interpret the font
- data stored in CharStrings. If FontType is 3 PostScript executes the
- routine BuildChar from the font's dictionary to interpret the font
- data (often stored in CharStrings).
-
- However, each BuildChar routine is written to read data formatted in
- a method convenient to the vendor. Adobe, Altsys, Bitstream, and
- Kingsley/ATF all format their font data differently and, hence, have
- different BuildChar routines.
-
- [Ed note: relative hard disk efficiency of Kingsley vs. Adobe fonts
- deleted on 12/07/92]
-
- Type 5 fonts are special in that they often include hand-tuned
- bitmaps for the commonly used sizes, such as 10- and 12-point. Other
- sizes are generated from the outlines in normal fashion.
-
- Don't confuse Type 1, Type 3, and Type 5 fonts with Bitstream's Type A,
- Type B, Type C, and Type F. They are not the same and serve only to confuse
- the issue.
-
- Resolution `hints'
-
- When a character is described in outline format the outline has
- unlimited resolution. If you make it ten times as big, it is just as
- accurate as if it were ten times as small.
-
- However, to be of use, we must transfer the character outline to a
- sheet of paper through a device called a raster image processor
- (RIP). The RIP builds the image of the character out of lots of
- little squares called picture elements (pixels).
-
- The problem is, a pixel has physical size and can be printed only as
- either black or white. Look at a sheet of graph paper. Rows and
- columns of little squares (think: pixels). Draw a large `O' in the
- middle of the graph paper. Darken in all the squares touched by the
- O. Do the darkened squares form a letter that looks like the O you
- drew? This is the problem with low resolution (300 dpi). Which pixels
- do you turn on and which do you leave off to most accurately
- reproduce the character?
-
- All methods of hinting strive to fit (map) the outline of a character
- onto the pixel grid and produce the most pleasing/recognizable
- character no matter how coarse the grid is.
-
- [Ed note: deleted some paragraphs that are no longer true. Times change...]
-
- Optical Scaling
-
- Optical Scaling modifies the relative shape of a character to
- compensate for the visual effects of changing a character's size. As
- a character gets smaller, the relative thickness of strokes, the size
- of serifs, the width of the character, the intercharacter spacing,
- and interline spacing should increase. Conversely, as a character
- gets larger, the relative thickness, widths, and spacing should
- decrease.
-
- Contrast this with linear scaling, in which all parts of a character
- get larger or smaller at the same rate, making large characters look
- wide and heavy (strokes are too thick, serifs are too big) while
- small characters look thin and weak.
-
- Kerning
-
- As applied to PostScript fonts, kerning refers to kern pairs. A kern
- pair specifies two characters (e.g., A and V) and the distance to
- move the second character relative to the first. The typical use of a
- kern pair is to remove excessive space between a pair of characters.
- However, it may also be used to add space.
-
- PostScript clones
-
- There are currently several printer manufacturers on the market with
- PostScript clones. To be viable, a PostScript clone must comply with
- the `red book' (PS Language Reference Manual).
-
- In order to avoid paying royalties to Adobe, and because Adobe's Type 1
- font format was originally preprietary, many PostScript interpreters use
- some other font format. Sun uses F3, and some other vendors use
- Bitstream's Speedo format, for example. The only real problem this causes
- is that the widths of characters (the `font matrics') may vary from
- Adobe's, so that programs that assume the Adobe character widths will
- produce poor quality output. Bitstream fonts used to be particularly bad
- in the early days, but they and most or all of the other vendors have
- solved those problems.
-
- Apple TrueType [Ed note: formerly "Royal (`sfnt')"] format and System 7
-
- Apple's new System 7.0 supports a new format of outline font that will
- allow high-quality characters of any size to be displayed on the screen.
- TrueType stores font outlines as B-spline curves along with programmed
- resolution hints. B-spline curves are faster to compute and easier to
- manipulate than the Bezier curves used in PostScript.
-
- Adobe is not going to support Apple's new format by converting the
- Adobe/Linotype library to B-spline format. There are two reasons for
- this: First, there is no support for font encryption (yes, the hooks
- are there, but nothing is implemented). Second, Adobe does not want
- to dilute PostScript and its font library. However, the Macintosh is
- too big a market to simply turn away from. Therefore, Adobe will
- provide its Font Manager to display its own fonts on the Mac screen.
- Apple ships Adobe's ATM for this purpose.
-
- *-[Unquote]---------------------------------------------------------*
-
- 2. Where can I get _____ fonts.
-
- Before I go any farther, let me extol the virtues of the Archie servers.
- If you need to find something on the net, and you have any idea what it
- might be called, Archie is the place to go. In North America, telnet to
- "archie.rutgers.edu" and login as "archie". There are many other servers
- around the world, any Archie server can give you a list of other servers.
- There are better documents than this to describe Archie and you should be
- able to find them from the above starting point. If you have trouble,
- feel free to ask norm <walsh@cs.umass.edu> (via Email please, no need to
- clutter comp.fonts with a query about Archie ;-).
-
- In addition to the telnet option, several archie clients exist including
- a very nice XArchie implementation.
-
- Adobe Type 1 Fonts in MS-DOS/Unix Format:
-
- ftp.cica.indiana.edu:/pub/pc/win3/fonts
- ftp.cica.indiana.edu:/pub/pc/win3/fonts/atm
- archive.umich.edu:/msdos/mswindows/fonts
-
- Adobe Type 1 Fonts in Mac Format:
-
- mac.archive.umich.edu:/mac/system.extensions/font/type1
- sumex-aim.stanford.edu:/info-mac/font
-
- Adobe Type 3 Fonts in Mac Format:
-
- mac.archive.umich.edu:/mac/system.extensions/font/type3
-
- TrueType fonts in MS-DOS Format:
-
- ftp.cica.indiana.edu:/pub/pc/win3/truetype
-
- TrueType fonts in Mac Format:
-
- mac.archive.umich.edu:/mac/system.extensions/font/truetype
-
- TeX PK/PXL/GF fonts:
-
- The TeX community has it's own support groups that can provide better
- answers to this question. The canonical list of MetaFont fonts is
- posted occasionally to comp.text.tex. The comp.text.tex newsgroup (or
- the Info-TeX mailing list, if you do not have access to news) are good
- places to start. Email norm <walsh@cs.umass.edu> if you need more
- specific information.
-
- LaserJet bitmap fonts:
-
- wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/msdos/laser
-
- Also on other simtel20 mirrors...
-
- If you know of other archive sites (the above list is no where near
- complete) or other formats that are available on the net, please let us
- know.
-
- The sites above represent places where shareware and public domain fonts
- are available. Many, many typefaces are not available in shareware form.
- And many shareware faces are less than adequate for a variety of reasons,
- particularly at small sizes. It seems to be the consensus of the
- comp.fonts community that "you get what you pay for." If you need a
- professional quality font, you should probably buy it from a
- professional.
-
- A list of font vendors (annotated with information about non-Roman
- alphabets) was contributed by Masumi Abe <abe@adobe.com>. Masumi is
- Adobe's Manager of Typographic Marketing for Asia. [ed: as of 7/92]
-
- The list is quite long and it is posted separately. It can be retrieved
- via anonymous ftp from /pub/norm/comp.fonts on ibis.cs.umass.edu.
-
- 3. Where can I get fonts for non-Roman alphabets.
-
- As mentioned above, the list of font vendors is annotated with
- information about non-Roman alphabets. Commercially, Masumi
- <abe@adobe.com> suggests that Linguists' Software is the current [ed: as
- of 7/92] leading supplier of non-Roman fonts.
-
- 4. How can I convert my _____ font to _____ format?
-
- Conversion from one bitmapped format to another is not generally too
- difficult. Conversion from one scalable format to another is very
- difficult. Several commercial software packages claim to perform
- these tasks, but none has been favorably reviewed by the comp.fonts
- community. ATech's AllType program, in particular, has had poor
- reviews [ed: as of 7/92].
-
- For specific conversions, check the platform specific parts of the
- FAQ. Most of the conversions discussed require platform specific
- tools.
-
- Here is a summary of the conversions discussed (and the section in
- which they appear):
-
- From To Notes
- ------------------------- ------------------------- -------------
- Mac Type1 PostScript PC Type1 PostScript MS-DOS
- PC Type1 PostScript Mac Type1 PostScript Mac, commercial
- TrueType Type1 PostScript } No answer as
- Type1 PostScript TrueType } of 7/92
- PC Type1 PostScript TeX PK MS-DOS
- TeX PK HP LaserJet bitmaps MS-DOS
- HP LaserJet bitmaps TeX PK MS-DOS
- TrueType HP LaserJet bitmaps MS-DOS, hack!!
-
- In addition, Adobe ships a copy of Adobe Font Foundry with all of its
- fonts which can convert Type 1 fonts into HP LaserJet softfonts.
-
- 5. Are fonts copyrightable?
-
- This topic is hotly debated at regular intervals on comp.fonts.
- Terry Carroll <tjc50@juts.ccc.amdahl.COM> provides the following
- analysis of current [ed: as of 6/92] legislation and regulation
- regarding fonts and copyrights. Members of the comp.fonts community
- are encouraged to submit other materials that add clarity to the
- issue.
-
- It has been pointed out that this section deals primarily font copyright
- issues relevant to the United States and that this situation is not
- universal. For example, in many parts of Europe typeface designs are
- protectable.
-
- *-[Quote]-----------------------------------------------------------*
-
- First, the short answer in the USA: Typefaces are not copyrightable;
- bitmapped fonts are not copyrightable, but scalable fonts are
- copyrightable. Authorities for these conclusions follow.
-
- Before we get started, let's get some terminology down:
-
- A typeface is a set of letters, numbers, or other symbolic characters,
- whose forms are related by repeating design elements consistently
- applied in a notational system and are intended to be embodied in
- articles whose intrinsic utilitarian function is for use in composing
- text or other cognizable combinations of characters.
-
- A font is the computer file or program that is used to represent or
- create the typeface.
-
- Now, on to the legal authorities:
-
- Volume 37 of the Code of Federal Regulations specifies this about the
- copyrightability of typefaces:
-
- "The following are examples of works not subject to copyright and
- applications for registration of such works cannot be entertained: . . .
- typeface as typeface" 37 CFR 202.1(e).
-
- By the way, you won't find that in the most recent (7/1/91) edition of
- the CFR; the addition was enacted 2/21/92. It'll be in the next
- edition, though. It's described in the 2/21/92 edition of the Federal
- Register, page 6201 (57 FR 6201). The change didn't actually change the
- law, it just clarified it, and codified existing Copyright Office
- policy.
-
- The regulation is in accordance with the House of Representatives report
- that accompanied the new copyright law, when it was passed in 1976:
-
- "The Committee has considered, but chosen to defer, the possibility of
- protecting the design of typefaces. A 'typeface' can be defined as a
- set of letters, numbers, or other symbolic characters, whose forms are
- related by repeating design elements consistently applied in a
- notational system and are intended to be embodied in articles whose
- intrinsic utilitarian function is for use in composing text or other
- cognizable combinations of characters. The Committee does not regard
- the design of typeface, as thus defined, to be a copyrightable
- 'pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work' within the meaning of this bill
- and the application of the dividing line in section 101." H. R. Rep.
- No. 94-1476, 94th Congress, 2d Session at 55 (1976), reprinted in 1978
- U.S. Cong. and Admin. News 5659, 5668.
-
- It's also in accordance with the one court case I know of that has
- considered the matter: Eltra Corp. V. Ringer, 579 F.2d 294, 208 USPQ 1
- (1978, C.A. 4, Va.).
-
- The U.S. Copyright Office holds that a bitmapped font is nothing more than
- a computerized representation of a typeface, and as such is not
- copyrightable:
-
- "The [September 29, 1988] Policy Decision [published at 53 FR 38110]
- based on the [October 10,] 1986 Notice of Inquiry [published at 51 FR
- 36410] reiterated a number of previous registration decisions made by
- the [Copyright] Office. First, under existing law, typeface as such is
- not registerable. The Policy Decision then went on to state the
- Office's position that 'data that merely represents an electronic
- depiction of a particular typeface or individual letterform' [that is, a
- bitmapped font] is also not registerable." 57 FR 6201.
-
- However, scalable fonts are, in the opinion of the Copyright Office,
- computer programs, and as such are copyrightable:
-
- "... the Copyright Office is persuaded that creating scalable typefonts
- using already-digitized typeface represents a significant change in the
- industry since our previous [September 29, 1988] Policy Decision. We
- are also persuaded that computer programs designed for generating
- typeface in conjunction with low resolution and other printing devices
- may involve original computer instructions entitled protection under the
- Copyright Act. For example, the creation of scalable font output
- programs to produce harmonious fonts consisting of hundreds of
- characters typically involves many decisions in drafting the
- instructions that drive the printer. The expression of these decisions
- is neither limited by the unprotectable shape of the letters nor
- functionally mandated. This expression, assuming it meets the usual
- standard of authorship, is thus registerable as a computer program." 57
- FR 6202.
-
- *-[Unquote]---------------------------------------------------------*
-
- 6. File Formats / Font Formats / Ligatures / Standard Fonts / Glossary
-
- 6.1. File Formats
-
- Many different kinds of files are available on the net. These files
- contain many different kinds of data for many different architectures.
- Frequently, the extension (trailing end) of a filename gives a good
- clue as to the format of its contents and the architecture that it was
- created on.
-
- In order to save space, most files on the net are compressed in one
- way or another. Many compression/decompression programs exist on
- multiple architectures.
-
- Multiple files and directories are often combined into a single
- 'archive' file. Many archive formats perform compression
- automatically.
-
- 6.1.1. File Format Extensions
-
- .tar Unix 'tape archive' format. Tar files can contain multiple files
- and directories. Unlike most archiving programs, tar files are
- held together in a wrapper but are not automatically compressed
- by tar.
-
- .Z Unix 'compress' format. Compression doesn't form a wrapper around
- multiple files, it simply compresses a single file. As a result,
- you will frequently see files with the extension .tar.Z. This
- implies that the files are compressed tar archives.
-
- .hqx Macintosh 'BinHex' format. In order to reliably transfer Mac files
- from one architecture to another, they are BinHex encoded. This
- is actually an ascii file containing mostly hexadecimal digits.
- It is neither a compression program nor an archive wrapper.
-
- .sit Macintosh 'Stuffit' archive.
-
- .cpt Macintosh 'Compactor' archive.
-
- Like the .tar.Z format that is common among Unix archives, Macintosh
- archives frequently have the extensions .sit.hqx or .cpt.hqx
- indicating a BinHex'ed archive.
-
- .arc PC 'arc' archive. This is an older standard (in PC terms, at least)
- and has gone out of fashion.
-
- .zip PC 'zip' archive. This is the most common PC archive format today.
-
- .arj PC 'arj' archive.
-
- .zoo PC 'zoo' archive
-
- .lzh PC 'lha/lharc' archive.
-
- 6.2. Font Formats
-
- Just as the are many, many archive formats, there are many different
- font formats. The characteristics of some of these formats are
- discussed below. Once again, the file extension may help you to
- determine the font type. (On the Mac, the resource TYPE field is
- (probably) a better indicator).
-
- PostScript Type 1 Fonts:
-
- Postscript Type 1 fonts (Also called ATM (Adobe Type Manager) fonts,
- Type 1, and outline fonts) contains information, in outline form,
- that allows a postscript printer, or ATM to generate fonts of any
- size. Most also contain hinting information which allows fonts to
- be rendered more readable at lower resolutions and small type sizes.
-
- PostScript Type 3 Fonts:
-
- Postscript type 3 fonts are an old outline font format that is not
- compatible with ATM. Most developers have stopped using this format
- except in a few special cases, where special type 3 characteristics
- (pattern fills inside outlines, for example) have been used.
-
- TrueType Fonts:
-
- Truetype fonts are a new font format developed by Microsoft with
- Apple. The rendering engine for this font is built into system 7
- and an init, the Truetype init, is available for system 6 (freeware
- from Apple). It is also built into MS Windows v3.1. Like
- PostScript Type 1 and Type 3 fonts, it is also an outline font
- format that allows both the screen, and printers, to scale fonts to
- display them in any size.
-
- Bitmap Fonts:
-
- Bitmap fonts contain bitmaps of fonts in them. This a picture of the
- font at a specific size that has been optimized to look good at that
- size. It cannot be scaled bigger without making it look horrendously
- ugly. On the Macintosh, bitmap fonts also contain the kerning
- information for a font and must be installed with both type 1 and
- type 3 fonts. Their presence also speeds the display of commonly
- used font sizes.
-
- 6.2.1. Font Format Extensions
-
- .afm Adobe Type 1 metric information in 'ascii' format (human parsable)
- .bco Bitstream compressed outline
- .bdf Adobe's Bitmap Distribution Format. This format can be converted
- to the platform specific binary files required by the local X Windows
- server. This is a bitmap font format distributed in ASCII.
- .bez Bezier outline information
- .chr Borland stroked font file
- .fot MS-Windows TrueType format fonts
- .gf Generic font (the output of TeX's MetaFont program (possibly others?))
- .fli Font libraries produced by emTeX fontlib program. Used by emTeX
- drivers and newer versions of dvips.
- .mf TeX MetaFont font file (text file of MetaFont commands)
- .pfa Adobe Type 1 Postscript font in "ascii" format (PC/Unix)
- I believe that this format is suitable for directly downloading to
- your PostScript printer (someone correct me if I'm wrong ;-)
- .pfb Adobe Type 1 PostScript font in "binary" format (PC/Unix)
- Note: this format is not suitable for downloading directly to your
- PostScript printer. There are utilities for conversion between
- PFB and PFA (see the utilities section of the FAQ).
- .pfm Printer font metric information in Windows format
- .pk TeX packed bitmap font file (also seen as .###pk where ### is a number)
- .pl TeX 'property list' file (a human readable version of .tfm)
- .ps Frequently, any PostScript file. With respect to fonts, probably
- a Type3 font. This designation is much less 'standard' than the
- others. Other non-standard extensions are .pso, .fon, and .psf
- (they are a mixture of type 1 and type 3 fonts).
- .pxl TeX pixel bitmap font file (obsolete, replaced by .pk)
- .sfl LaserJet bitmapped softfont, landscape orientation
- .sfp LaserJet bitmapped softfont, portrait orientation
- .sfs LaserJet scalable softfont
- .tfm TeX font metric file
- .vf TeX virtual font which allows building of composite fonts (a character
- can be composed of any sequence of movements, characters (possibly
- from multiple fonts) rules and TeX specials)
- .vpl TeX 'property list' (human readable) format of a .vf
-
-