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man.1
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NAME
man - read online documentation
SYNOPSIS
man
[
-
[
-ul
]] [
-s
sect
[
subs
]] [
-M
path
] [
-m
path
] [
-e
]
[
sect
[
subs
]]
name
...
man
-f
file
...
man
-k
keyword
...
DESCRIPTION
The
man
command finds and displays information in the online
documentation set. When the standard output is a terminal,
man
pipes its output through
less
(1) or the name of the command
specified with the MANPAGER or PAGER environment variables.
OPTIONS
The following command line options are recognized:
-
Pipes the output through
cat
(1) rather than
less
(1) or
PAGER.
-ul
Use
ul
(1) rather than
cat
(1).
-M
path
Specifies a directory tree in which to search. By
default,
man
searches in d:\usr\man or the directory
specified by the MANPATH environment variable, the stan-
dard location for online documentation. This option
assumes
path
is the root of a
!
normal
"
directory
structure.
-m
path
Specifies a directory in which to search. This option
does not use a directory tree. Files are searched only
in the directory specified by
path
. This option is
useful for debugging new manpages. For example, as-
suming you are working on a manpage named
!
mycmd.1
"
, you
can do this:
man -m . 1 mycmd
-e
Find every manpage concerning the given
name
regardless
of section. It is expected that a
!
normal
"
exit from
the pager will result in an exit status of 0 (in which
case the search is continued in other sections). An
!
abnormal
"
exit should result in a nonzero exit status
and the search is then terminated.
-s
sect
[
subsect
]
Specifies a
section
and
subsection
similar to the 4.2
BSD UNIX Programmer's Manual (as explained below) in
which to search. If no
section
is specified,
man
sear-
ches through all of the sections. Example:
!
man -s 3s
fopen
"
.
sect
As an alternative to
-s
, you can specify the section
(and optional subsection) as the first argument.
Example:
!
man 3s fopen
"
.
name
Searches for documentation files associated with the
specified
name
.
-f
name
Displays a one line synopsis of each online documen-
tation file whose names match the specified word
(equivalent to the
whatis
(1) command). For example,
!
man -f chmod
"
will give entries for both
chmod
(1) and
chmod
(2). Note that
man
invokes
whatis
(1) in this case,
so it should be found in the path (see ENVIRONMENT).
-k
keyword
Displays a one line synopsis of each online documen-
tation file whose name or description contains the
specified
keyword
(equivalent to the
apropos
(1)
command). Note that
man
invokes
apropos
(1) in this
case, so it should be found in the path (see
ENVIRONMENT).
ENVIRONMENT
The following environment variables are recognized:
MANPATH,MANDIR
Location of main manual direcotry, where subdirectories
are to be found.
Man
uses (in order of priority) the
path specified with
-M
, the MANPATH specified, or the
built-in default (c:\man).
MANPAGER
Name of prefered pager. Use this pager if you have
compressed manpages (see
manpager
(1)).
Man
will use
first MANPAGER, if found, then PAGER, if found. If
neither are found, it uses c:\bin\less.ttp.
PAGER Name of secondary pager to replace
less
(1). Use this if
you do not have manpages generated with font changes
(see
nroff
(1)). Either MANPAGER or PAGER should be
defined. The search order is MANPAGER then PAGER.
SECTION NAMES
The "sections" of the manual are:
Sect Section Name Description
---- ------------- --------------------------------------
0 General overview of features and documentation
1 Commands user commands
2 System Calls low-level system library calls (C)
3 Library Calls standard user calls (C)
4 Special Files special system files and hardware
5 File formats things like arc(1) file formats
6 Games games manual
7 Miscellaneous miscellaneous information
8 Administration system administration commands
In addition,
man
recognizes the following section names:
local files specific to local system
new files added since current software release
old files from previous software release
gnu GNU files
paper misc formal papers
doc misc documentation
The search order, if no section is specified, is:
108234576
In addition to sections, there are a number of subsections
possible, though these files do not reside in a special
directory. The subsection name is simply appended to the file
name. Example:
!
fopen.3s
"
resides in $MANPATH\man3, the section
is
!
3
"
(libraries) and the subsection is
!
s
"
, stdio. Here is
the subsection search order for subsections in each section (the
square brackets mean a choice of each character contained in
them, in that order):
man1\*.1[tcgesla] util & text, com, graphics, edit, shell,
lang, archival
man0\*.0
man8\*.8[s] util & system
man2\*.2[gbx] system & gemdos, bios, xbios
man3\*.3[msvcxg] C lib & math, stdio, sysV, compat,
extra, gem(aes/vdi)
man4\*.4[dkvscm] general & disk, keyboard, video, sound,
chips, memory
man5\*.5
man7\*.7
man6\*.6
NOTES
To save disk space, you can "source" other files by including
the
nroff
(1) directive
!
.so
"
in a file as the first line. In
this case, the first line should start with .so followed by at
least one space, then the file to use instead of the actual
manpage. For example, the manpage for feof.3s (in
$MANPATH\man3) contains the single line:
.so man3\ferror.3s
which will cause
man
to display the contents of
!
ferror.3s
"
instead. Note the relative path (relative to MANPATH, by
default d:\usr\man). In this way, numerous manpages can refer
to a single (larger) file. Do not compress files with source
lines as
man
only checks for this line if it finds a file which
is not compressed. Note that you can only compress files for
viewing with
manpager
(1) and must set the MANPAGER environment
variable as well.
FILES
d:\usr\man root of standard manual page directory tree
d:\usr\man\man*\* manual entries
d:\usr\man\whatis table of contents and keyword database
SEE ALSO
apropos(1), cat(1), less(1), manpager(1), nroff(1), whatis(1),
whatisin(1), whereis(1), man(7)
AUTHOR
Bill Rosenkranz
rosenkra@convex.com
VERSION
man v3.0 92/7/27 rosenkra