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1992-12-01
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147 lines
OCEAN MODELING ON
THE CONNECTION
MACHINE
Global climate modeling is one of the
Grand Challenges of computational sci-
ence. The dynamics of the oceans
greatly influence the global climate sys-
tem because the ocean and atmosphere
are strongly coupled by fluxes of mois-
ture, energy, and momentum. The
atmosphere is conditioned by the ocean
on all time scales ranging through daily,
seasonal, and climatological periods.
The ocean is, in turn, conditioned by
the atmosphere, but its response time is
much longer, and this inertia tends to
smooth out high-frequency fluctuations
in the atmosphere. Oceanic general cir-
culation models are, therefore, essential
components of numerical models
designed to address issues associated
with long-term global climate change.
Modeling ocean dynamics is less com-
plicated physically but more demand-
ing computationally than modeling
atmospheric dynamics. Longer integra-
tions at finer resolution are required
because of the much broader range of
temporal and spatial scales that encom-
pass the relevant dynamics in the
ocean. The next generation of mas-
sively parallel machines will provide
the computational resources needed for
long simulations of oceanic circulation
at high resolution.
In order to take advantage of this
emerging computer power, we have
implemented a global ocean model on
the CM as part of the DOE CHAMMP
program.
The model solves the 3D primitive
equations for stratified fluid flow with
realistic coastal and ocean-bottom
topography. The code was rewritten for
the CM based on the Cray version of
the Semtner-Chervin ocean model, and
the data structure was reorganized for
greater computational efficiency on the
parallel architecture. The performance
of the CM code is about the same as
that of the Cray code, which is highly
vectorized and parallelized to run on
multiprocessor Crays.
Some of the algorithms in the Cray
code, particularly the barotropic
streamfunction solver, did not parallel-
ize well on the CM, and we have devel-
oped more efficient algorithms which
are appropriate for the parallel architec-
ture. In particular, we have imple-
mented a new numerical formulation of
the barotropic equations, which
involves the surface-pressure field
rather than the streamfunction. This
method is more efficient for both paral-
lel and vector computers. It has the
advantage of being able to include any
number of islands in the coastal topog-
raphy at no extra computational cost;
and it uses a numerical algorithm,
which is much more stable than the
original method in the presence of
steep and rapidly varying bottom
topography. In addition, we have
developed a new parallel precondition-
ing method, based on the idea of a local
symmetric approximate-inverse opera-
tor, which is used in a conjugate gradi-
ent algorithm for the solution of the
barotropic equations. This precondi-
tioner is very effective in accelerating
convergence to a solution. The combi-
nation of these techniques substantially
improves the performance of the code.
On a half-degree by half-degree grid
with 20 vertical levels, the surface-pres-
sure version of the barotropic solver
with 80 islands is about four times
faster than that of the streamfunction
solver with three islands, and the full
code runs more than twice as fast.
This new implementation of the ocean
model provides an efficient tool for glo-
bal ocean modeling on parallel
machines that support Fortran 90. Fur-
thermore, the new surface-pressure for-
mulation of the model should improve
performance on any parallel or vector
supercomputer, while allowing for
more detailed coastal and bottom
topography in the computational grid.
With this model we intend to perform
decade-long simulations by develop-
ing full-scale production capabilities on
the CM-200 and by running problems
at modestly high resolution (1/2o to 1/
3o). Then, when the next-generation
CM-5 becomes available, we will carry
out higher resolution calculations (1/4o
and higher) in order to study scientific
issues such as the global thermohaline
circulation and the resolution depen-
dence of physical parameterizations.
Eventually, the model will be coupled
to a massively parallel atmospheric
GCM to investigate issues associated
with ocean-atmosphere coupling.
Barotropic currents and sea-surface
temperature after a 4-year simulation
on a 1/2 deg. x 1/2 deg. grid with 20 depth lev-
els. This calculation includes surface
forcing with climatological annually
averaged wind-stress fields, and inte-
rior forcing toward observed tempera-
ture and salinity. The movie sequence
shows the magnitude of the vertically
integrated velocity field, where red
indicates stronger currents, blue
weaker currents. Western boundary currents in the
North Atlantic and North Pacific corre-
spond to the Gulf Stream and the
Kuroshio Current off the coast of
Japan. Note the strong, wind-driven
Antarctic Circumpolar Current; its
detailed course and dynamics are
largely determined by the bottom
topography.
Acknowledgement: Rick Smith, LANL, T-3