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1990-08-15
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PANDA
Turning somersaults and standing
on their heads, giant pandas are
crowd pleasers. Visitors flock to
zoos to see the black-and-white
animals--among the %f,10,h\rare%rarest and
best-loved in the world.
Though the giant panda's bearlike
appearance is familiar to most
people, its behavior in the wild has
just started to be studied. Until
recently, most of what people knew
about giant pandas had been learned
from those in %f,10,g\captivit%captivity --and very
few pandas live in zoos.
Pandas are difficult to study in
their natural %f,10,g\habitat%habitat. They live only
in remote mountain areas in the
central part of the People's
Republic of China. There the climate
stays cool and wet all year. Snow
remains on the ground from fall
until late spring. At other times,
heavy rains soak the dense bamboo
%f,10,g\forest%forests where the pandas make their
homes. The animals may live as high
as 13,000 feet (3,962 m). In the
summer, the pandas stay on the
higher slopes. In the winter, they
move down to the valleys.
Though pandas sometimes eat birds
and small %f,10,h\rodent%rodents, their main food is
bamboo. A panda comsumes huge
amounts of the plant. Munching for
hours at a time, it may eat as much
as 20 pounds (9 kg) of bamboo every
day.
With its paw, a panda clutches the
tender shoots and leaves of bamboo
plants. The animal's long wrist
bones serve almost as thumbs and
help it grasp even thin stalks of
bamboo. When eating, a panda sits on
its rump and stretches out its hind
legs. Sometimes it rolls backward
until its legs stick up in the air.
The animal mashes food with its
powerful jaws and strong back teeth.
As the panda swallows, the thick
lining of its throat protects it
from bamboo splinters.
Occasionally, there are shortages
of bamboo in the wild. The plants
flower rarely, but when they do, the
stalks soon die. For several years
afterward, the new seedlings are too
small for pandas to eat. Because
pandas eat little else, some of the
animals may starve when food is
scarce. No one knows exactly how
many pandas remain in the wild
today, but there are probably less
than 1,000.
Pandas usually live alone. They
meet at mating time in the spring.
About five months later, a female
may give birth to one or two cubs in
a cave or other sheltered spot. With
its coat of thin, white fur, a panda
cub looks like a tiny, blind kitten.
By the time it is a month old, it
has an adult panda's black-and-white
markings. Born with its eyes closed,
the %f,10,h\offsprin%offspring cannot see until it is
two months old. It crawls well at
three months of age.
Until the cub is about four months
old, it drinks only its mother's
milk. Then the young panda begins to
nibble bamboo leaves and tender
shoots. Although it weighs only
about 5 ounces (142 g) at birth, the
cub gains weight rapidly. When
fully grown, a female weighs about
250 pounds (113 kg). A male may grow
to 300 pounds (136 kg). Both
measure about 5 feet (152 cm) long.
Many years before the giant panda
became known to scientists outside
China, another panda had been
discovered. Until the mid-1800s, the
red panda was thought to be the only
kind of panda in the world. Named
for the fiery color of its coat, the
red panda is the size of a large
house cat. It weighs about 12 pounds
(5 kg) and measures about 2 feet (61
cm) long. Its bushy, ringed tail
adds another 18 inches (46 cm).
The red panda lives in the same
kind of habitat as the giant panda.
Its %f,10,h\range%range, though, is much
wider--from Nepal to northern Burma
and into the central part of China.
The red panda spends much of its
life in trees. When asleep, it curls
up on a branch and wraps its tail
around its body. In warm weather, the
animal stretches out on a limb, legs
dangling on either side. Like the
giant panda, the red panda eats
bamboo--but it also feeds on fruit,
acorns, and roots, and may %f,10,h\prey%prey on
small animals. The red panda has an
unusual wrist bone much like the
giant panda's and feeds by grasping
food in its front paws and carrying
pieces to its mouth.
Red pandas are shy animals, and
they usually live alone. The adults
meet only in the %f,10,h\mating%mating_season.
About four months later, the female
usually bears one to three young.
Their eyes open within three weeks.
%f,10,h\mammalog%Mammalogists are still debating
whether the giant panda is a member
of the bear family, or whether it
belongs in a family of %f,10,g\carnivor%carnivores
all its own. Similarly, because
little is known about the ancestors
of the red panda, scientists do not
agree about whether it is best
classified as a member of the
raccoon family, the giant panda's
family, or whether it is so
different from all other %f,10,h\mammal%mammals
that it belongs in a family all by
itself.