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2010-04-21
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TECHNOLOGY TO GO TECHNOLOGY TO GO TECHNOLOGY TO GO TECHNOLOGY TO GO TE
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Find out how Interlacing works, and why old programmes won't run on new
machines... Dave Henniker and Fraser Blacklaws explain all.
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∙ ∙
∙ INTERLACING - WHAT IT IS AND HOW IT WORKS ∙
∙ ∙
∙ by Dave Henniker ∙
∙ ∙
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A computer monitor is, as you'd expect, very similar to a TV set. A TV
has extras such as a tuner unit to select and amplify the microvolt
signals in the aerial, a picture decoder and audio circuits.
A TV picture is interlaced which means that although the vertical scan
rate is 50 times a second (50 Hz) only 25 frames are actually shown every
second. Please bear with me and I'll try and explain...
A non-interlaced screen consists of hundreds of lines scanned from left
to right by a beam of electrons, starting at the top and ending at the
bottom. This is just like reading lines of text on a printed page; your
eye scans line 1 then flies back to line 2 and so forth until you reach
the foot of the page.
With an interlaced screen the beam scans line 1 then line 3 then 5 and so
on. Then it flies back to the top again and fills in the lines it missed
the first time, ie all the even-numbered lines. The trouble is that the
phosphor dots which were energised by the odd-numbered lines are already
fading in brightness and the visible effect is flicker, particularly on
larger screens.
Interlaced screens are cheaper than non-interlaced due to the simpler
design. One complete screen is scanned in half the time with non-
interlaced screens; there's no need to go back and fill in the missing
lines. The design problems with non-interlaced screens stem from the fact
the line scan speed must be faster too, requiring more sophisticated
electronics.
As a general rule you shouldn't work with a resolution greater than 800
by 600 unless your monitor is bigger than 14 inches. All of our current
14 inch colour VGA monitors are capable of 1024 by 768 in interlaced mode
and the flicker is acceptable with this size of screen... but icons and
text may be so small you end up with a crick in your neck and your nose
up against the screen. If you need 1024 by 768 resolution (or more), then
you really need a bigger NON-interlaced monitor.
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The following first appeared in v7.0 of the Atari User Group (Scotland)'s
PD catalogue and is reprinted with permission. A contact address is given
at the end.
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∙ ∙
∙ T O S ' I N G A N D T U R N I N G ∙
∙ ∙
∙ by Fraser Blacklaws ∙
∙ ∙
∙ Atari User Group (Scotland) ∙
∙ ∙
∙ ∙
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Throughout my P.D. catalogue files you will see references to one version
of TOS or another e.g. NOT TOS 1.4 or 1.6 etc. What does this mean, I
hear you ask? Well, there now follows a semi-serious attempt at
explaining what TOS is and what that well known term 'incompatibility'
means, when referring to one version of TOS or another!
T.O.S. stands for The Operating System (or Tramiel Operating System, if
some ST circles are to be believed) and refers to the ROM's or Read Only
Memory chips inside your ST/e. These chips contain a set of programs
which carry out many of the ST's 'bread and butter' operations e.g.
displaying the Desktop with drop down menus and carrying out all the
options listed under these menus. This is a VERY simplistic description
of the ROM chips but it does, at least, partially illustrate their
purpose (particularly where newcomers to the ST/e are concerned).
The very first ST's had a version of TOS which was loaded from disk and
are, thankfully, few and far between nowadays. The next series of early
ST's from 1985 had a version of TOS known simply as TOS 1.0 (in ROM) and
progressively newer machines were fitted with a marginally 'higher'
version of TOS over the following years e.g. TOS 1.09, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6,
1.62, 2.0 etc.
The most common version of TOS is perhaps that which was fitted to ST's
around 1987 to early 1989 i.e. TOS 1.09 and you should find that almost
all of my P.D./Shareware software will run on machines fitted with this
TOS version (except for software which obviously requires a particular
machine. E.g. the STe or a Mega).
To find out which version of TOS your ST/e has is not too difficult but
an accurate assessment involves using specific utilities (e.g.
TOSDATA2.TOS on my UTL-116 disk). Here's how you can roughly discover
what version of TOS is fitted to your machine without using programs of
this type.
First of all make a note of the label on the front of your computer e.g.
520 STFM, 1040 STe, Mega 4 etc. as this is important when related to the
table which follows the itemised list below. Now follow these
instructions.
1/ Switch on your computer without a disk in the disk drive.
2/ After about 30 or 40 seconds a Desktop will appear (this is the
name given to the basic screen display which features two disk drive
icons and the trash can along with the list of drop down menu
headings at the top of the screen).
3/ Move your mouse pointer to the Desk drop down menu (top left) and
click the left mouse button on the Desktop Info. option under the
Desk header.
4/ A box will appear showing the Atari logo along with a copyright
notice and a list of dates starting from 1985.
The following table will now reveal all!
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Date(s) Listed Computer Type TOS Fitted
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1985 ST, STF, STFM 1.0
1985 to 1987 (1) ST, STF, STFM 1.09
1985 to 1987 (2) MEGA 1.2
1985 to 1989 (1) STFM 1.4
1985 to 1989 (2) STe 1.6
1985 to 1990 (1) STe 1.62
1985 to 1990 (2) TT 2.00
1985 to 1991 Mega STE 2.06
Note: TOS 1.2 is also known as Blitter TOS as the original Mega series of
machines were fitted with a Blitter chip as standard.
This table is by no means complete but it does cover the MAIN versions of
TOS as fitted to UK released machines.
You will also notice when looking through my catalogue that I refer to
Rainbow TOS now and again. This simply refers to TOS versions 1.4 and
1.6 / 1.62. These TOS versions are similar in that they both display a
coloured Atari symbol when the copyright notice is viewed on a colour
monitor or t.v. (see the instructions above). On all other machines the
Atari logo is simply displayed in Black. The changing coloured bands
resemble a rainbow, hence the term Rainbow TOS. TOS 1.62 is yet another
update which was quickly made available after bugs were discovered in the
first STe's. More about that at a later date.....
Lets move on to that irritating term, TOS Incompatibility.
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Atari found errors or bugs in various version of their TOS releases and,
to their credit, decided to 'correct' them by releasing updated TOS
versions. Unfortunately, the updated versions did not always allow
software written for the earlier version(s) to run properly! This meant
that although computers with different versions of TOS looked similar
when used, disappointed owners were finding that some of their programs
would not run on their friends' machines! Hence the term "TOS
incompatibility" was born.
The incompatibility problem did not surface to any great extent until
Atari 'quietly' released the STe to an eager public which then discovered
that some of the most popular Commercial software would not work on the
STe. First Word Plus, STOS, and many of the popular games were
unuseable. Needless to say, Atari were a tad miffed at this discovery but
promptly set about blaming everyone other than themselves, rightly or
wrongly (many people support Atari in their self defence but probably
just as many do not). For the Commercial ST user, this was bad enough,
but for the P.D. or Shareware user the situation was even worse in that a
sizable number of early software releases simply refused to work on the
new machine (e.g. STOS created games, some old utilities, and so on).
Matters have improved over the past few years with many new P.D. titles
being written to work on ALL versions of the ST/e. The commercial scene
has improved greatly with modified versions of most top games, and the
majority of 'serious' titles, being released. (First Word Plus and STOS
were quickly altered to run on the new machine.)
Getting back to my catalogue, this should (hopefully) now explain the
terms "NOT STE or TOS 1.4" and "NOT RAINBOW TOS". If your computer falls
into any of these categories (see table above) then do not order the
software whose description includes one of these notes. It's as simple as
that!
Fraser Blacklaws for the Atari User Group (Scotland), 1993
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9/3, North Hillhousefield,
Edinburgh, EH6 4HU.
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