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Cancer - Principles & Practice of Oncology
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1999-06-07
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FIGURE 8.1-1. Genetics of cancer-associated retroviruses. (A) Reverse
transcription. Reverse transcriptase cannot initiate polymerization de
novo [ref: 21] and primes off a parasitized host-cell tRNA bound to
cognate nucleotides at the terminus of U5. From there, synthesis of
minus strand DNA proceeds to the 5' end of the genomic RNA, forming
the "strong-stop" cDNA (step 1). The RNA portion of the duplex is
degraded and the strong-stop cDNA strand then transfers (step 2) to
the homologous R region at the 3' end of the RNA (the "first jump");
negative strand cDNA synthesis again proceeds in the same direction to
generate a single-stranded DNA molecule terminating at the tRNA
primer-binding site (step 3). Coincident with further degradation of
the genomic RNA, a second priming event is initiated (step 4) at a
string of purine RNA residues (the polypurine tract) located just
upstream of U3 in the virion RNA to allow synthesis of a second,
positive strand DNA molecule encompassing the full downstream LTR. A
second strand transfer (step 5) then permits synthesis of the
full-length double stranded DNA (step 6). LTRs of
replication-competent retroviruses enclose three canonical genes: gag,
pol, and env. In general, gag (group specific antigen) codes for the
internal core proteins, while pol encodes enzymes that include reverse
transcriptase and integrase. Both gag and pol are translated from the
full-length genomic RNA; env is translated from a singly spliced RNA
and encodes the surface glycoprotein that permits viral entry by
binding to species and cell lineage-specific surface receptors. The
complex retroviruses such as the HTLVs and the lentiviruses (e.g.,
SIV, HIV-1 and HIV-2, feline immunodeficiency virus, visna, maedi,
caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, and equine infectious anemia
virus) encode additional viral regulatory and accessory proteins.
These viruses generate proportionately more complex ensembles of
spliced mRNAs. [ref: 16] (B) Rous sarcoma virus and simian sarcoma
virus. The former is replication-competent, the latter has sacrificed
coding sequences to the insertion. (C) Avian leukemia virus. Promoter
insertion is illustrated. (D) Genomic structures of the human
retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-I. (E) A retroviral vector, LNL6 18.
microCuries, psi or packaging signal. NeoR, neomycin
phosphotransferase II gene.