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Compress
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1992-05-06
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NAME
compress, uncompress, zcat - compress and expand data
SYYNOPSIS
compress [ -f ] [ -v ] [ -c ] [ -V ] [ -b <bits> ] [ name ... ]
uncompress [ -f ] [ -v ] [ -c ] [ -V ] [ name ... ]
zcat [ -V ] [ name ... ]
NOTE: These three execuatbles are exactly the same, simply named
differently causing different default action.
DESCRIPTION
Compress reduces the size of the named files using adaptive
Lempel-Ziv coding. Whenever possible, each file is replaced by
one with the extension .Z , while keeping the same ownership
modes, access and modification times. If no files are specified,
the standard input is compressed to the standard output.
Compressed files can be restored to their original form using
uncompress or zcat.
As of 1.16, AmigaUUCP's compress will decompress up to 16 bit
compression formats. Default compression is 14 bits but may be
set to 16 bits with the '-b 16' option. The minimum supported
compression bits is 12.
The -f option will force compression of name. This is useful for
compressing an entire directory, even if some of the files do not
actually shrink. If -f is not given and compress is run in the
foreground, the user is prompted as to whether an existing file
should be overwritten.
The -c option makes compress/uncompress write to the standard
output; no files are changed. The nondestructive behavior of
zcat is identical to that of uncompress -c.
Compress uses the modified Lempel-Ziv algorithm popularized in "A
Technique for High Performance Data Compression", Terry A. Welch,
IEEE Computer, vol. 17, no. 6 (June 1984), pp. 8-19. Common
substrings in the file are first replaced by 9-bit codes 257 and
up. When code 512 is reached, the algorithm switches to 10-bit
codes and continues to use more bits until the limit specified by
the -b flag is reached (default 16). Bits must be between 9 and
16. The default can be changed in the source to allow compress
to be run on a smaller machine.
After the bits limit is attained, compress periodically checks
the compression ratio. If it is increasing, compress continues
to use the existing code dictionary. However, if the compression
ratio decreases, compress discards the table of substrings and
rebuilds it from scratch. This allows the algorithm to adapt to
the next "block" of the file.
Note that the -b flag is omitted for uncompress, since the bits
parameter specified during compression is encoded within the
output, along with a magic number to ensure that neither
decompression of random data nor recompression of compressed data
is attempted.
The amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the
input, the number of bits per code, and the distribution of
common substrings. Typically, text such as source code or
English is reduced by 50-60%. Compression is generally much
better than that achieved by Huffman coding (as used in pack), or
adaptive Huffman coding (compact), and takes less time to
compute.
Under the -v option, a message is printed yielding the percentage
of reduction for each file compressed.
If the -V option is specified, the current version and compile
options are printed on stderr.
Exit status is normally 0; if the last file is larger after
(attempted) compression, the status is 2; if an error occurs,
exit status is 1.
DIAGNOSTICS
Usage: compress [-dfvcV] [-b maxbits] [file ...]
Invalid options were specified on the command line.
Missing maxbits
Maxbits must follow -b.
file: not in compressed format
The file specified to uncompress has not been
compressed.
file: compressed with xx bits, can only handle yy bits
File was compressed by a program that could deal
with more bits than the compress code on this
machine. Recompress the file with smaller bits.
file: already has .Z suffix -- no change
The file is assumed to be already compressed.
Rename the file and try again.
file: filename too long to tack on .Z
The file cannot be compressed because its name is
longer than 12 characters. Rename and try again.
This message does not occur on BSD systems.
file already exists; do you wish to overwrite (y or n)?
Respond "y" if you want the output file to be
replaced; "n" if not.
uncompress: corrupt input
A SIGSEGV violation was detected which usually means
that the input file has been corrupted.
Compression: xx.xx%
Percentage of the input saved by compression.
(Relevant only for -v.)
-- not a regular file: unchanged
When the input file is not a regular file, (e.g. a
directory), it is left unaltered.
-- has xx other links: unchanged
The input file has links; it is left unchanged. See
ln(1) for more information.
-- file unchanged
No savings is achieved by compression. The input
remains virgin.
BUGS
Although compressed files are compatible between machines with
large memory, -b12 should be used for file transfer to
architectures with a small process data space (64KB or less, as
exhibited by the DEC PDP series, the Intel 80286, etc.)