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TIMEHLP.ENG
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1995-11-27
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*** TIME RESPONSE ***
We calculate the system time response. For analog systems the
calculation occurs with the Laplace transform, for discrete systems
the Z-transform is used.
The input signal must be the Laplace transform or the Z-transform.
The input data are the poles, the zeros and the gain of the signal.
If no input signal is specified, the input signal is the unit
step function.
The Z-transform of a sampled analog system with zero-order hold may
also be calculated.
Input signal
────────────
An analog input signal is the poles, zeros and gain of the Laplace
transform. Since we work with the Laplace transform, The signal = 0
for t < 0.
Example : Input signal 5 cos wt.ε(t)
s 5 s
Laplace transform : 5 ─────── = ── ─────────────────────
s² + w² w² (1 - s/jw)(1 - s/-jw)
Here we must input:
2 poles : 0 + jw and 0 - jw
1 zero : 0
gain K = 5/w²
If no input signal is given, the input signal is a unit step, being
a signal with a pole in the origin, no zero and a gain of 1.
The total number of poles of input signal and system should not
exceed 9.
In discrete systems we work similarly with the Z-transform. The
specified gain is the DC gain, i.e. the gain with z = 1.
Laplace - partial fractions or Z-transform - partial fractions
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
We work with real numbers only. The system output signal is expanded
in a sum of 1st and 2nd degree fractions. The 2nd degree fractions
cannot be split and are connected with complex poles. In case of the
Z-transform also a separate z-fraction is split off.
The expansion algorithm can handle multiple real poles up to a
multiplicity of 4. Multiple complex poles cannot be handled. Poles,
whose absolute values differ less than 0.1 % are considered equal.
│Caution:
│ Poles, resulting from calculations in other parts of this program,
│ may differ a little more than 0.1 %. Calculation tolerances may
│ cause this problem, although multiple poles were foreseen. These
│ poles are then slightly different and not multiple. Each of the
│ resulting fractions will cause a large output signal with opposite
│ sign. These large output signals determine the scale of the time
│ response graphic presentation. It is recommended to apply a small
│ correction (with F6) to the poles, so that they become multiple
│ poles.
Time response - Expression
──────────────────────────
This is the inverse Laplace transform or the inverse Z-transform of
the previous part. These inverse transforms use the same rules as
the textbook tables.
The inverse Z-transform is only meaningful on the sampling points in
time. To be able to present oscillating outputs (pole in the left
half plane of the z-plane) a cosine time function was chosen.
Time response - Table
─────────────────────
This program part presents a table of the output signal as a
function of time. Therefore, the given time span is divided in
20 equal intervals. Since discrete signals only have a meaning at
sampling times, discrete outputs are only presented for sampling
times in the given time span. Besides this, one can calculate the
output signal at any point in time (or in the discrete case at the
nearest sampling point in time).
Time response - Plot
────────────────────
In this program part the output signal is graphically presented as
a function of time. The scale is determined automatically and
cannot be influenced. In the analog case 100 points are calculated
over the given time span and are connected with straight lines. In
the discrete case the amplitude is calculated at the sampling
times. The points are not interconnected, but connected to vertical
lines. These vertical lines can be eliminated in the companion
options menu.
The plot can be saved for later comparisons. Therefore, you must
choose the option 'Store plot' after the plot presentation. To show
the stored plot you must choose the option 'Fetch plot' before the
presentation of the time response plot you want to compare with. Be
aware that the presentation of the old plot occurs in the coor-
dinates of the new plot (see also Plot Options).
Plot Options
────────────
With these options two time responses can be shown in one graphical
presentation. With this option it is possible to show the effect of
changes in the system configuration or to compare the responses of
a sampled system with its analog counterpart.
Store plot
This option must be chosen after the plot presentation. Only
one plot can be stored. Plots that were stored before are
automatically discarded.
Fetch plot
This option must be chosen before the plot presentation. The
stored plot will be shown in the coordinates of the active
plot. To obtain a correct presentation you should use equal
time scales. Since the amplitude scale is automatic, it is
sometimes necessary to exchange the sequence of stored plot and
active plot.
Vertical lines - discrete graph
Discrete time responses are shown only at the sample points in
time. Default, all the plot points are connected with vertical
lines to the horizontal time axis. With this option these
vertical lines can be switched off.
Change main menu options
With these options the menu bars in the graphic presentations
can be switched off. You can then give these presentations a
name of your own choice. Also grids in graphical presentations
can be activated or deactivated. The size of hardcopies from
graphics can be changed from A4 to A5 and vice versa. The
changes introduced with these options are permanent. They can
only be altered by options menus in other parts of the program.
Z - transform
─────────────
The program calculates the Z-transform of sampled analog systems
with a zero-order hold. The step response of the analog system is
calculated, the output signal is sampled and the Z-transform is
performed. This Z-transform is shown first. If you choose to con-
tinue, the fraction z/z-1 is removed from the Z-transform, which
results in the discrete transfer function. You then may give a name
to this system. After that the discrete system is made active and
the original analog system is written to the scratch pad.