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RUN.DOC
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RUN
RUN is a PC DOS program that interprets a PL/I-like
programs.
The PL/I-like programs are punctuated as in PL/I.
The data types Boolean (corresponding to PL/I's BIT(1)),
integer (corresponding to PL/I's FIXED BINARY(31)), real
(corresponding to PL/I's FLOAT BINARY(53)), string
(corresponding to PL/I's CHAR(32767) VARYING), and file
pointer are supported.
Comparison, the function TRUE (corresponding to the
constant '1'B in PL/I), and the function FALSE (corresponding
to the constant '0'B in PL/I) return Boolean values.
Integers are written as in PL/I.
Reals are written as in PL/I except that a decimal point
MUST be preceded by a digit. (Thus 0.1 is acceptable but .1
isn't.)
Strings are written as in PL/I.
The OPEN function are used to create file pointers.
Variable names must start with a letter and consist of
letters, digits, or underscores. There are no declaration
statements; the type of a variable is the same as the type of
whatever was last assigned to it. Calculations on reals and
integers produce reals. Reals and integers are compared as
reals. Otherwise, no implicit conversions are performed.
Arrays with any number of subscripts are supported.
Unlike PL/I, any data type may be used as a subscript. For
instance, "friend('Jimmy')='Mary';" is allowed. When a value
is assigned to an array element, subscripts of exactly the
same type must be used to reference it. Thus, "a(1.0)" and
"a(1)" are not the same. (In the first case, the subscript
is a real; in the second case the subscript is an integer.)
Unlike PL/I, elements of an array must be referenced one at a
time. And, the first reference to an array element must
assign a value to it.
In the spirit of C, when RUN is started, the string
variables ARGV(1), ARGV(2), ... contain the arguments from
the command line, starting with the name of the file being
interpreted by RUN. The variable ARGC gives the total number
of arguments. For example, if the PC DOS command "RUN
SUPERDIR C:\USER\C\PDI" is issued, ARGC is 2,
ARGV(1)='SUPERDIR', and ARGV(2)='C:\USER\C\PDI'.
The PL/I structures "IF...THEN", "IF...THEN...ELSE",
"DO;...END;", and "DO WHILE" are supported. "SELECT", "DO
UNTIL", iterative DO, etc. are not supported. Beware that
carriage return / line feeds are ignored. As a consequence,
THEN and ELSE must be followed by at least one space (on the
same or next line); a carriage return / line feed won't do.
The following infix operators are supported:
* multiplication + addition = equality
/ division - subtraction != inequality
& logical and | logical or < less than
|| concatenation <= less than or equal
> greater than
>= greater than or equal
Multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction may
only be performed on integers and reals. AND and OR may only
be performed on Booleans. Concatenation may only be
performed on strings. The comparison operators may only be
used to compare two operands of the same type or to compare a
real and an integer. In the latter case, the items being
compared are converted to reals before the comparison is
made. "Less than", "less than or equal", "greater than", and
"greater than or equal" may not be applied to Booleans.
In the absence of parentheses, the operations in the
first column above are performed as they occur from left to
right before the operations in the second column are
performed from left to right before the operations in the
third column are performed from left to right. Parentheses
may be used to override the order in which operations are
performed.
Notice that there is no exponentiation operator "**".
Use the fact that a**b = EXP(b*LOG(a)) for a > 0.
Booleans may be negated by the operator "!". Integers
and reals may be negated by the operator "-".
Unlike PL/I, the user may not define his own functions.
However, the following functions are built in:
ABS(arg) returns the absolute value of an
argument "arg". The argument must be
either real or integer. The result has
the same type as the argument.
ATAN(arg) returns the arctangent of the
argument "arg". The argument must be
either real or integer. The result is
real.
CHAR(arg) returns the character having
extended ASCII value "arg". The argument
must be an integer between 0 and 255,
inclusively. The result is a string.
COS(arg) returns the cosine of the
argument "arg". The argument must be
either real or integer. It is assumed to
be in radians. The result is real.
DATE returns the current date as a six
character string in the form YYMMDD,
where YY is the last two digits of the
year, MM is the number of the month, and
DD is the number of the day within the
month.
ENDFILE(arg) returns TRUE if the file
pointed to by "arg" is at end of file.
Otherwise, it returns FALSE. If the
argument and parentheses are omitted, the
file defaults to SYSIN.
EXEC(arg) executes the PC DOS command
contained in the string "arg". If the
command is successfully executed, the
Boolean value for true is returned.
Otherwise, the value for false is
returned.
EXP(arg) returns e (2.71828...) raised to
the power "arg". The argument must be
either real or integer. The result is
real.
FALSE returns the Boolean value for
false. It takes no arguments.
FLOAT(arg) converts an argument "arg" to
real. For a Boolean argument, it returns
1.0 for TRUE and 0.0 for FALSE. It
converts an integer argument to the
corresponding real. Given a real
argument, it returns the argument. Given
a string, it converts as much of the
string as possible to a real. For
example, "FLOAT('3.14x')" returns 3.14.
The argument to FLOAT may not be a file
pointer.
GETCHAR(arg) returns (as a string) the
next character from the file pointed to
by "arg". At end of file (where there is
no next character), it returns a string
of length zero. If the argument and
parentheses are omitted, the file
defaults to SYSIN.
GETINT(arg) returns the next integer from
the file pointed to by "arg". If the
argument and parentheses are omitted, the
file defaults to SYSIN.
GETREAL(arg) returns the next real from
the file pointed to by "arg". If the
argument and parentheses are omitted, the
file defaults to SYSIN.
GETSTRING(arg) returns the next line from
the file pointed to by "arg". If the
argument and parentheses are omitted, the
file defaults to SYSIN. A line consists
of all characters preceding the next line
feed or end of file, excluding any final
carriage return; GETSTRING functions
like "LINE INPUT" in Microsoft BASIC.
INDEX(arg1,arg2) returns (as an integer)
the position of the string "arg2" in the
string "arg1". For example,
"INDEX('CABLE','ABLE')" returns 2. If
the second argument does not occur in the
first argument, or either argument has
length zero, 0 is returned.
LENGTH(arg) returns (as an integer) the
number of characters in the string "arg".
LINENO takes no arguments and returns the
number of the line in the program source.
(It does not function like the PL/I
LINENO function.)
LOG(arg) returns the natural logarithm of
the argument "arg". The argument must be
real or integer. In either case, it must
be positive. The result is real.
MOD(arg1,arg2) returns the remainder of
"arg1" divided by "arg2". That is, it
returns arg1-arg2*(arg1/arg2). The
arguments must be integers and the second
argument may not be zero. The result is
integer.
OPEN(arg1,arg2) opens the file with PC
DOS file name "arg1". "arg2" is the mode
in which the file is opened. In text
mode, carriage return / line feed pairs
are converted into line feeds on input
and line feeds are converted into
carriage return / line feed pairs on
output. In binary mode, no translation
occurs. Use 'w' to open a file for
output in text mode. If the file exists,
it will be deleted before it is opened.
Use 'r' to open an existing file for
input in text mode. Use 'a' to open a
file for appending in text mode. If the
file does not exist, it will be created.
Concatenate a '+' to the mode to open a
file for both input and output.
Concatenate a 'b' to the mode to open a
file in binary mode (instead of text
mode). For example
"file=OPEN('C:\USER\WORK\TEST.DAT','r+b')
;" would open the file
"C:\USER\WORK\TEST.DAT" for input and
output in binary mode, if the file
exists. Both arguments must be strings.
The mode must be in lower case. The
result is a pointer to the file.
ORD(arg1) returns the extended ASCII
value of the first character in the
string "arg1". The argument must contain
at least one character. The result is an
integer. For example, ORD('A') returns
65.
PI takes no arguments and returns the
value of pi (3.14159...).
PLIRETV takes no arguments and returns
the current value of the PC DOS return
code. The result is an integer. This
value is zero when RUN starts and can be
set to another value by the procedure
PLIRETC. If a fatal error is detected by
RUN, it is set to 2000. If RUN is
executed as part of a PC DOS batch file,
the PC DOS ERRORLEVEL is set to this
return code after RUN executes.
REPEAT(arg1,arg2) returns the string
"arg1" concatenated with itself "arg2"
times. "arg1" must be a string and "arg2"
must be a nonnegative integer. The
result is a string. For example,
REPEAT('A',1) returns 'A'. If the second
argument is zero or negative, the first
argument is returned.
SIN(arg) returns the sine of the argument
"arg". The argument must be either real
or integer. It is assumed to be in
radians. The result is real.
SQR(arg) returns the square of the
argument "arg". The argument must be
either real or integer. The result has
the same type as the argument.
SQRT(arg) returns the square root of the
argument "arg". The argument must be
either real or integer. In either case,
it must be nonnegative. The result is
real.
STR(arg) converts the argument "arg" to
the string that would be printed by the
procedure PRINT. The argument may be of
any type; the result is a string.
SUBSTR(arg1,arg2) returns the substring
of the string "arg1" beginning at column
"arg2". The first argument must be a
string. The second argument must be an
integer between 1 and the length of the
first argument, inclusively.
SUBSTR(arg1,arg2,arg3) returns "arg3"
characters of the string "arg1" starting
with the "arg2"-th character of "arg1".
The first argument must be a string. The
other two arguments must be integers.
The result is a string. It must lie
entirely within the first argument. If
the last argument is zero, a string of
length zero is returned.
SYSIN takes no arguments and returns a
pointer to the standard input file.
Unless overridden on the command line
when RUN is executed, the keyboard is the
standard input file.
SYSPRINT takes no arguments and returns a
pointer to the standard output file.
Unless overridden on the command line
when RUN is executed, the video display
is the standard output file.
TIME takes no arguments and returns the
time of day as a nine character string in
the format HHMMSSmmm, where HH is the
hour in a 24 hour day, MM is the minute
within the hour, SS is the second within
the minute, and mmm is always three
zeros.
TRANSLATE(arg1,arg2,arg3) returns a
character string of the same length as
the string "arg1". All of the arguments
are strings. Initially the result has
length zero. Proceeding left to right,
for each character in the first argument,
if the character is found in the i-th
position in the third argument, then the
i-th character of the second argument is
appended to the end of the result. (If
necessary, the second argument is padded
with spaces.) If the character is not
found in the third argument, it is
appended without change to the result.
If the third argument is not specified,
it is assumed to be the extended ASCII
collating sequence --
CHAR(0)||CHAR(1)||...||CHAR(255).
TRUNC(arg) converts an argument "arg" to
an integer. For a Boolean argument, it
returns 1 for TRUE and 0 for FALSE.
Given an integer argument, it returns the
argument. Given a real argument, it
returns the integer part of that
argument. For example "TRUNC(-3.9)"
returns -3. Given a string, it converts
as much of the string as possible to a
real. For example, "FLOAT('3.14x')"
returns 3. The argument to TRUNC may not
be a file pointer.
TRUE returns the Boolean value for true.
It takes no arguments.
UPPER(arg1) returns the string "arg1"
converted to upper case.
VERIFY(arg1,arg2) returns (as an integer)
the position in the string "arg1" of the
leftmost character not in the string
"arg2". If all of the characters in
"arg1" appear in "arg2", zero is
returned. If "arg1" has length zero,
zero is returned. If "arg1" has positive
length and "arg2" has length zero, one is
returned.
Unlike PL/I, the user may not define his own procedures.
In fact, the verb "CALL" is not used. However, the following
procedures are built in:
CLOSE(arg1) closes the file associated
with file pointer "arg1".
CLRSCR clears the video display.
PLIRETC(arg) sets the PC DOS return code.
The argument must be an integer. If the
value of the argument is between 0 and
999, the return code is set to that
value. Otherwise, the return code is set
to 999. The function PLIRETV can be used
to determine the current value of the
return code. After RUN is executed as
part of a PC DOS batch file, the PC DOS
ERRORLEVEL has the last value of this
return code.
PRINT(arg1,arg2,...argn) prints arg2,
arg3, ..., argn on the file pointed to by
arg1.
PUTCRLF prints a line feed on the
standard output file.
PUTCRLF(arg1) prints a line feed on the
file associated with file pointer "arg1".
If the file is open in text mode, a
carriage return / line feed combination
will be output.
TROFF turns trace off. It functions like
TROFF in Microsoft BASIC.
TRON turns trace on. If functions like
TRON in Microsoft BASIC; when trace is
on, the line number of a source statement
is printed just before the statement is
executed. The line number is printed
within square brackets on the standard
output file.
Sample Program
The following program sorts the lines in a file (without
regard to case) and outputs the result to a file:
CLRSCR;
PRINT(SYSPRINT,REPEAT(' ',36),'Sort');
PUTCRLF;
PUTCRLF;
PUTCRLF;
PRINT(SYSPRINT,'Input file descriptor? ');
input_file_descriptor=GETSTRING;
infile=OPEN(input_file_descriptor,'r');
infile_eof=FALSE;
num_lines=0;
DO WHILE(! infile_eof);
tem_string=GETSTRING(infile);
IF ENDFILE(infile) THEN
infile_eof=TRUE;
ELSE
DO;
num_lines=num_lines+1;
line(num_lines)=tem_string;
END;
END;
PRINT(SYSPRINT,'Output file descriptor? ');
output_file_descriptor=GETSTRING;
outfile=OPEN(output_file_descriptor,'w');
IF num_lines > 0 THEN
DO;
left=num_lines/2;
left=left+1;
right=num_lines;
tem_string=line(1);
finished=FALSE;
DO WHILE(right > 1);
IF left > 1 THEN
DO;
left=left-1;
tem_string=line(left);
END;
ELSE
DO;
tem_string=line(right);
line(right)=line(1);
right=right-1;
END;
IF right > 1 THEN
DO;
key_index_2=left;
finished=FALSE;
DO WHILE(! finished);
key_index_1=key_index_2;
key_index_2=2*key_index_2;
IF key_index_2 > right THEN
finished=TRUE;
ELSE
DO;
IF key_index_2 != right THEN
DO;
IF UPPER(line(key_index_2))
< UPPER(line(key_index_2+1)) THEN
key_index_2=key_index_2+1;
END;
IF UPPER(tem_string)
>= UPPER(line(key_index_2)) THEN
finished=TRUE;
ELSE
DO;
line(key_index_1)=line(key_index_2);
END;
END;
END;
line(key_index_1)=tem_string;
END;
END;
line(1)=tem_string;
line_num=1;
DO WHILE(line_num <= num_lines);
PRINT(outfile,line(line_num));
PUTCRLF(outfile);
line_num=line_num+1;
END;
END;
CLOSE(outfile);
