MAThis calculates the maximum range at which a given signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved by a radar of specified parameters. Used in conjunction with the "SNR for given Pfa and Pd" function, this function allows the user to determine the range at which a radar will achiev the desired Pfa and Pd. It uses equation 2.33 of Skolnik.
AThis function calculates the beamwidth of the antenna given its length in the plane of the angle. This function assumes a cos2 distribution of energy across the aperture, and uses Table 7.1 of Skolnik to determine the beamwidth.
"Save as azimuth" and "Save as elevation" save the resulting beamwidth as the azimuth and elevation 3dB beamwidth respectively, for use in subsequent calculations.
}AThis function calculates the gain of an antenna in dB (with respect to an isotropic antenna), given the 3dB azimuth and elevation beamwidths (in degrees). This is calculated using equatiob 7.5a of Skolnik.
"Save as Gt" and "Save as Gr" save the resulting gain as the transmit and receive antenna gains respectively. This allows the result to be used in subsequent calculations.
AThe radar shown in background bitmap is known as Byson, and is an experimental 3GHz radar at the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA) in Malvern. It was originally installed in 1959 as a 2/3rds prototype of the British "Type 85" Air Defence radar. It has since been extensively modified with modern digital processing equipment, and is now available for hire for radar experimentation. Contact the author for details!
ified with modern digital processing equipment, and is now available for hire for radar experimentation. Contact the author for details!
About the radar...
OCThis function calculates the required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for detection of a single fluctuating pulse, given a probability of false alarm (Pfa) and probability of detection (Pd). It also calculates the integration efficiency corresponding to the non-coherent integration of n pulses.
The calculation is in three steps:
1. Calculation of SNR
for detection of a sinewave, given Pfa and Pd. This uses Figure 2.7 of Skolnik.
2. Calculation of additional SNR required for detection of a single fluctuating pulse, with the required Pfa and Pd. This uses Figure 2.23 of Skolnik.
3. Calculation of the integration efficiency, Ei(n), assuming n pulses are non-coherently integrated. This is a strong function of both Pfa and Swerling type and is calculated from Figure 2.24 of Skolnik. For coherent integration, assume an efficiency of 1.
"ARadCalc was written by Dr Paul E Howland. Bug reports or suggestions for future releases may be emailed to PEHowland@iee.org.uk.
Whilst every care has been taken to ensure the results of this program are accurate, I accept absolutely no responsibility for the consequences of any errors!
AThis assumes a surveillance radar with a given solid angle beamwidth which is required to survey a certain azimuthal sector, between a minimum and maximum elevation angles, in a fixed surveillance time. Given the radar pulse repetition frequency this function calculates the number of pulses that are transmitted in each dwell position. This can then be used in the radar equation to calculate the maximum range of the radar.
Equation 1.81 of Meyer and Mayer is used to calculate this.
A(c) Paul E Howland, 1998
RadCalc is designed to perform a variety of simple calculations to determine the performance of radar systems. The majority of the formulae used in this program are taken from "Introduction to radar systems", by Merrill I Skolnik, 2nd Edition, 1981, Artech House Books.
The use of the skeleton event handler provided by RMR Software is gratefully acknowledged. Visit www.rmrsoft.com to see whatelse they have on offer!
About RadCalc v1.6?
Bug fixes and suggestions
Range/bearing between points
This option calculates the range and bearing of one point from another point. The location of each point is specified as a latitude and longitude in decimal degrees. The answer is returned in kilometres and decimal degrees.
Point at specified range/bearingtThis function calculates the latitude and longitude of a point at a specified range and bearing from another point.
Maximum line-of-sight range
Given a radar height and target altitude, this function calculates the maximum range at which the target is line-of-sight of the radar. The function uses 4/3rds earth radius to model atmospheric refraction, and assumes a smooth, spherical earth.
Wavelength given frequencyxThis function calculates the free space wavelength of the radar signal (in metres), given the radar frequency (in MHz).
Gain given beamwidths
Gain given effective aperture
This function calculates the gain of antenna given the radar frequency (in MHz), the physical area of the aperture (in m2) and the antenna efficiency. This is calculated using equation 7.9 of Skolnik.
Beamwidth given dimensions
Angular accuracy
This function calculates the rms angular error of an antenna, given its 3dB beamwidth and IF signal-to-noise ratio. A
rectangular distribution of energy is assumed. The error is calculated using equation 11.42b of Skolnik.
Range resolutionWThis function calculates the range resolution of the radar given its bandwidth in MHz.
Unambiguous range
This function calculates the unambiguous range of the radar given the pulse repetition frequency in Hz. This uses equation 1.2 of Skolnik.
Range accuracy
This function calculates the rms range error of the radar given the waveform bandwidth (in MHz) and the IF signal-to-noise ratio. The calculation assumes a Gaussian pulse, and uses equation 11.25 of Skolnik.
SNR for given Pfa and Pd
Skolnik
Introduction to radar systems,
Merril I Skolnik, Second Edition, Artech House Books, 1981.
ISBN 0-07-Y66572-9.
A must for all radar engineers.
Maximum range for given SNR
AThis software is SHAREWARE.
If this software is only used for personal purposes, for no profit, then it may be used for free.
If this software is used during the course of your work, or for any other commercial purpose, please arrange for your company to send a cheque for
15 (or foreign currency of equivalent value) to Dr PE
You are permitted to distribute this software freely.
About the radar...
Solid angle given Ae
This calculates the solid angle of the radar antenna pattern, given the aperture of the antenna, its efficiency and the radar frequency. The formula
solid angle = lambda2/(aperture
efficiency)
is used.
Solid angle given beamwidths
This formula calculates the solid angle of the antenna beam given the 3dB azimuth and elevation beamwidths. The approximation solid angle = azimuth
elevation is used.
SaveWThis saves the current radar parameters, overwriting the previously loaded parameters.
Save as...7This saves the current radar parameters to a new file.
Load=This loads the radar parameters of a previously saved radar.
Number of pulses per dwell
Meyer and Mayer
Radar Target Detection, handbook of theory and practice, Daniel Meyer and Herbert Mayer, Academic Press Inc, 1973. ISBN 0-12-492850-1.
The reference for radar detection calculations.
Radar band conversionszThis function allows you to convert between frequency and the NATO, UK IEE and US band designations, in either direction.
5 Licensing
Times New Roman
PBThis software is SHAREWARE.
If this software is only used for personal purposes, for no profit, then it may be used for free.
If this software is used during the course of your work, or for any other commercial purpose, please arrange for your company to send a cheque for
15 (or foreign currency of equivalent value) to Dr PE
Howland, 52 Lower Chestnut Street, Worcester, WR1 1PD, UK. This entitles you to free upgrades by email as and when new versions of the software are released.
You are not permitted to resell this software.
You are permitted to distribute this software freely.
About the radar...
Solid angle given Ae
This calculates the solid angle of the radar antenna pattern, given the aperture of the antenna, its efficiency and the radar frequency. The formula
solid angle = lambda2/(aperture
efficiency)
is used.
Solid angle given beamwidths
This formula calculates the solid angle of the antenna beam given the 3dB azimuth and elevation beamwidths. The approximation solid angle = azimuth
elevation is used.
SaveWThis saves the current radar parameters, overwriting the previously loaded parameters.
Save as...7This saves the current radar parameters to a new file.
Load=This loads the radar parameters of a previously saved radar.
Number of pulses per dwell
Meyer and Mayer
Radar Target Detection, handbook of theory and practice, Daniel Meyer and Herbert Mayer, Academic Press Inc, 1973. ISBN 0-12-492850-1.
The reference for radar detection calculations.
Radar band conversionszThis function allows you to convert between frequency and the NATO, UK IEE and US band designations, in either direction.
5 Licensing
Times New Roman
About the radar...
Solid angle given Ae
This calculates the solid angle of the radar antenna pattern, given the aperture of the antenna, its efficiency and the radar frequency. The formula
solid angle = lambda2/(aperture
efficiency)
is used.
Solid angle given beamwidths
This formula calculates the solid angle of the antenna beam given the 3dB azimuth and elevation beamwidths. The approximation solid angle = azimuth
elevation is used.
SaveWThis saves the current radar parameters, overwriting the previously loaded parameters.
Save as...7This saves the current radar parameters to a new file.
Load=This loads the radar parameters of a previously saved radar.
Number of pulses per dwell
Meyer and Mayer
Radar Target Detection, handbook of theory and practice, Daniel Meyer and Herbert Mayer, Academic Press Inc, 1973. ISBN 0-12-492850-1.
The reference for radar detection calculations.
Radar band conversionszThis function allows you to convert between frequency and the NATO, UK IEE and US band designations, in either direction.
5 Licensing
Times New Roman
Frequency given wavelengthxThis function calculates the frequency of the radar signal (in MHz), given the radar free space wavelength (in metres).
A(c) Paul E Howland, 1998
RadCalc is designed to perform a variety of simple calculations to determine the performance of radar systems. The majority of the formulae used in this program are taken from "Introduction to radar systems", by Merrill I Skolnik, 2nd Edition, 1981, Artech House Books.
The use of the skeleton event handler provided by RMR Software is gratefully acknowledged. Visit www.rmrsoft.com to see whatelse they have on offer!
About RadCalc v1.7?
Bug fixes and suggestions
Range/bearing between points
This option calculates the range and bearing of one point from another point. The location of each point is specified as a latitude and longitude in decimal degrees. The answer is returned in kilometres and decimal degrees.
Point at specified range/bearingtThis function calculates the latitude and longitude of a point at a specified range and bearing from another point.
Maximum line-of-sight range
Given a radar height and target altitude, this function calculates the maximum range at which the target is line-of-sight of the radar. The function uses 4/3rds earth radius to model atmospheric refraction, and assumes a smooth, spherical earth.
Wavelength given frequencyxThis function calcula
tes the free space wavelength of the radar signal (in metres), given the radar frequency (in MHz).
Gain given beamwidths
Gain given effective aperture
This function calculates the gain of antenna given the radar frequency (in MHz), the physical area of the aperture (in m2) and the antenna efficiency. This is calculated using equation 7.9 of Skolnik.
Beamwidth given dimensions
Angular accuracy
This function calculates the rms angular error of an antenna, given its 3dB beamwidth and IF signal-to-noise ratio. A
rectangular distribution of energy is assumed. The error is calculated using equation 11.42b of Skolnik.
Range resolutionWThis function calculates the range resolution of the radar given its bandwidth in MHz.
Unambiguous range
This function calculates the unambiguous range of the radar given the pulse repetition frequency in Hz. This uses equation 1.2 of Skolnik.
Range accuracy
This function calculates the rms range error of the radar given the waveform bandwidth (in MHz) and the IF signal-to-noise ratio. The calculation assumes a Gaussian pulse, and uses equation 11.25 of Skolnik.
SNR for given Pfa and Pd
Skolnik
Introduction to radar systems,
Merril I Skolnik, Second Edition, Artech House Books, 1981.
ISBN 0-07-Y66572-9.
A must for all radar engineers.
Maximum range for given SNR
C:\Programming\RadCalc\RadCalc
TBARLINK
Z:\SYSTEM\OPL\TOOLBAR.OPO
MainO
DOCUMENTNAME$
SYSTEMCOMMANDLETTER$
TOOLBAR%
CONTROL%
SHIFT%
SCREENWIDTH%
THREE&
FOUR&
MINIT%
MAINSCN%
BUFFER&
PATH$
DATA$
LASTUSED$
THREAD&
PROGRAM$
VERSION$
SCREENHEIGHT%
ONEM&
ICON$
BWMHZ
RANGE
AZANG
INITVALS
ACTIONSYSTEMEVENT
RadCalc
BWMHZ
RANGE
AZANG
BWMHZ
AZANG
P11&%
P14%$
P15%$
P16%$
BWMHZ
AZANG
P11&!
P14%
P15%
P16%
ACTIONSYSTEMEVENT
BACKGROUND
FOREGROUND
ACTION_PEN_OR_KEYPRESS
ERROR_HANDLER
DOCUMENTNAME$
SYSTEMCOMMANDLETTER$
SHIFT%
CONTROL%
PROGRAM$
TBAROFFER%
DISPLAY_MENU
ACTION_KEY
SHIFT%
CONTROL%
'{A`[
TOOLBAR%
MINIT%
CONTROL%
File+
SaveOS+
Save as
LoadOLh+
CloseOe
Misc.+
Range/bearing between pointsOr+ Point at specified range/bearingOp+
Maximum line-of-sight rangeOdh+
Wavelength given frequencyOw+
Frequency given wavelengthOW+
Radar band conversionsOB
Antennas+
Gain given beamwidthsOg+
Gain given effective apertureOah+
Solid Angle given beamwidthsOO+
Solid Angle given AeOo+
Beamwidth given dimensionsObh+
Angular accuracyOc
Range+
Range resolutionOn+
Unambiguous rangeOu+
Range accuracyOh
Performance+
Number of pulses per dwellON+
SNR for given Pfa and PdOT+
Maximum range for given SNROs
Tools+
Show toolbarOt(
AboutOA+
HelpOH
W:O`L{
PROCR
PROCP
PROCD
PROCW
PROCW2
ABOUT
PROCG
PROCA
PROCB
PROCC
PROCN
PROCU
PROCH
PROCT
PROCS
TOOLSWITCH
NEWFILE
OPEN_EXISTING_FILE
SOLIDANGLE
SOLIDANGLE2
NOPULSES
RADARBAND
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
O`L{A[
CREATE
OPENFILE
RESUMEFILE
SYSTEMCOMMANDLETTER$
DOCUMENTNAME$
LOAD_INI_FILE
SETUP_TOOLBAR
DEVICE
TBARBUTT
TITLE
SCREENHEIGHT%
SCREENWIDTH%
PATH$
DATA$
ICON$
THREE&
FOUR&
MAINSCN%
PROGRAM$
VERSION$
\System\Apps\RadCalc\
C:\System\Apps\RadCalc\
RadCalc.mbmK
not foundKW8
CloseO
HelpO
LoadO
SaveO
Paul E Howland, 1998K
VERSION$
RadCalcO`
TBARINIT
TBARHIDE
TBARSHOW
TOOLBAR%
SCREENWIDTH%
RadCalcO
DATA$
LASTUSED$
RadCalc.iniKW
RadCalc.iniK
DATA$
LASTUSED$
RadCalc.iniK
RadCalc.iniK
OPEN_EXISTING_FILE
TBARHIDE
TBARSHOW
TITLE
MAINSCN%
TOOLBAR%
SCREENWIDTH%
SCREENHEIGHT%
TBARSETTITLE
DOCUMENTNAME$
CREATE
New data file
File,Folder,DiskO
CancelO
Document already exists
PUTDBVALS
TOOLBARTITLE
DOCUMENTNAME$
LASTUSED$
createdK
NEWFILE
PUTDBVALS
DOCUMENTNAME$
savedK
OPENFILE
DOCUMENTNAME$
Open existing file
File,Folder,DiskO
CancelO
GETDBVALS
TOOLBARTITLE
DOCUMENTNAME$
VERSION$
LASTUSED$
is not a RadCalc vK
fileK
openedK
NEWFILE
OPENFILE
TOOLBARTITLE
LASTUSED$
DOCUMENTNAME$
Message
+"The program has been asked to open
+"the last used file, but it doesn't
+#exist. You will therefore be asked
to create a new one.
CloseO
ACTIONSYSTEMEVENT
DOCUMENTNAME$
SYSTEMCOMMANDLETTER$
Program has moved to foregroundO
PROGRAM$
VERSION$
by Paul E. Howland(
A program to perform
back of
+!the envelope
radar calculations.(
This program is SHAREWARE.
++See
licensing
under
(Shift+Ctrl+H)
for licensing details.
CloseO
DEVICE
PATH$
THREAD&
RadCalc.hlpKO
RadCalc.hlpK
Help file not found
SAVE_INI_FILE
THREAD&
Exit program
Save Changes?
Cancel ExitO
YesOY(
NoON(
On@`[.
VERSION$
+/Sorry. it seems an unexpected error has occured
+*Please E-mail me at : PEHowland@iee.org.uk
+/and tell me the EXACT circumstances and the key
+1presses that led to this error. I will also need
+&the following additional information :
There has been an W
The error was : W
ContinueO
BANDF
BANDNATO
BANDUK
BANDUS
Select conversion
Convert +Sfrequency to bands,NATO band to frequency,UK band to frequency,US band to frequency
ContinueO
CancelOe(
Radar frequency
Frequency (MHz)*
ContinueO
CancelOe(
@o@2[
Radar Bands
+ NATO band
UK IEE band
US band
ContinueO
+ NATO Band
Band +
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M
ContinueO
CancelOe(
3 to 250 MHz
250 to 500 MHz
0.5 to 1 GHz
1 to 2 GHz
2 to 3 GHz
3 to 4 GHz
4 to 6 GHz
6 to 8 GHz
8 to 10 GHz
10 to 20 GHz
20 to 40 GHz
40 to 60 GHz
60 to 100 GHz
+ Frequency
+ Frequency
ContinueO
UK IEE Band
Band +
L,S,C,X,J,K,Q,V,O
ContinueO
CancelOe(
1 to 2 GHz
2 to 4 GHz
4 to 8 GHz
8 to 12 GHz
12 to 18 GHz
18 to 26 GHz
26 to 40 GHz
40 to 60 GHz
60 to 90 GHz
+ Frequency
+ Frequency
ContinueO
US Band
Band +
L,S,C,X,Ku,K,Ke,mm
ContinueO
CancelOe(
1 to 2 GHz
2 to 4 GHz
4 to 8 GHz
8 to 13 GHz
13 to 18 GHz
18 to 27 GHz
27 to 40 GHz
40 to 300 GHz
+ Frequency
+ Frequency
ContinueO
Radar Frequency
Frequency (MHz)*
ContinueO
CancelOe(
Radar Wavelength
Wavelength (m)
ContinueO
Radar Wavelength
Wavelength (m)*
ContinueO
CancelOe(
Radar Frequency
Frequency (MHz)
ContinueO
SWERL
0.5,0.8,0.9,0.95,0.98,0.99
1E-5,1E-6,1E-7,1E-8,1E-10
1,2,3,4,5 or 0
Detection parameters
Probability of detection
Probability of false alarm
Swerling model
ContinueO
CancelOe(
Required Single Pulse SNR
Single pulse SNR
ContinueO
*433333%@
*433333
*433333%@
*433333(@
*gfffff)@
*gfffff+@
*433333)@
*gfffff-@
*gfffff)@
*gfffff*@
*gfffff,@
*433333.@
*gfffff*@
*gfffff,@
*gfffff.@
*433333.@
*3333330@
FMHZ2LAM
BWMHZ
RANGE
Radar parameters (1)
Frequency (MHz)*
Power (kW)*-C
Transmit antenna gain (dB)*
Receive antenna gain (dB)*
RCS (dBm
ContinueO
CancelOe(
Radar parameters (2)
Integration efficiency (0-1)*
Number of pulsesO
Noise figure (dB)*
Bandwidth (MHz)*
Losses (dB)*
Single pulse SNR (dB)*
EnterO
CancelOe(
@ZR -
Maximum range
+"Assuming smooth earth, no terrain,O
no antenna lobing, etc.O
Maximum range
ContinueO
BWMHZ
Transmitted Waveform
Bandwidth (MHz)*
SNR (dB)*
EnterO
CancelOe(
Range Accuracy
Assuming Gaussian pulseO
Range Error
ContinueO
BWMHZ
Transmitted Waveform
Bandwidth (MHz)*
EnterO
CancelOe(
Range Resolution
Range resolution (m)
ContinueO
Transmitted Waveform
Pulse repetition frequency (Hz)*
EnterO
CancelOe(
Unambiguous Range
Unambiguous range (km)
ContinueO
Beam details
SNR (dB)*
Half-power beamwidth (
EnterO
CancelOe(
Antenna Accuracy
+!Assuming rectangular distributionO
Angular Error
ContinueO
RANGE
Height Details
Radar height (m)*
Target altitude (m)*
EnterO
CancelOe(
Maximum Line-of-Sight Range
Assuming 4/3 EarthO
Range
ContinueO
FMHZ2LAM
Antenna Details
Length (m)*{
Frequency (MHz)*
EnterO
CancelOe(
Half-Power Beamwidth
+!Assuming rectangular distributionO
+ Beamwidth
ContinueO
Save as AzimuthOA+
Save as ElevationOE
Half-Power Beamwidths
Azimuth (
Elevation (
EnterO
CancelOe(
Antenna Gain
ContinueO
Save as GtOT+
Save as GrOR
FMHZ2LAM
Aperture Details
Aperture (m
Efficiency (0-1)*
Frequency (MHz)*
EnterO
CancelOe(
Antenna Gain
ContinueO
Save as GtOT+
Save as GrOR
FMHZ2LAM
Aperture Details
Aperture (m
Efficiency (0-1)*
Frequency (MHz)*
EnterO
CancelOe(
Antenna Beam Solid Angle
Solid Angle
steradiansKO
ContinueO
Antenna Beamwidths
Azimuth (
Elevation (
EnterO
CancelOe(
Antenna Beam Solid Angle
Solid Angle
steradiansKO
ContinueO
AZANG
Surveillance Parameters
Beam solid angle (steradians)*H
+(Azimuth width of surveillance sector (
Minimum elevation angle (
Maximum elevation angle (
Surveillance time (s)*
Pulse repetition frequency (Hz)*
EnterO
CancelOe(
+(Minimum elevation greater than maximum!!
NRVWB
Number of pulses per dwell
Number of pulses
Number of dwell positions
ContinueO
DISTHEAD
Location of Point 1
Use decimal degrees.(
Latitude*
North/South+
+ Longitude*
+ East/West+
EnterO
CancelOe(
Location of Point 2
Use decimal degrees.(
Latitude*
North/South+
+ Longitude*
+ East/West+
EnterO
CancelOe(
Range and Bearing
Range
Bearing
ContinueO
LATLONG
Location of Point 1
Use decimal degrees.(
Latitude*
North/South+
+ Longitude*
+ East/West+
EnterO
CancelOe(
Range/bearing of Point 2
Clockwise is positive.
Use decimal degrees.(
Range (km)O
|(0u|
Bearing (0-360
EnterO
CancelOe(
Location of Point 1
Latitude
+ Longitude
ContinueO
*gffff
*43333
*gffff
START3
MAINx
INITVALSW
PUTDBVALS#
GETDBVALS
ACTION_PEN_OR_KEYPRESS
DISPLAY_MENU
ACTION_KEY
ACTIONSYSTEMEVENT
INITL
TITLE
SETUP_TOOLBARQ
LOAD_INI_FILE
SAVE_INI_FILE3
CMDA%
CMDB%
CMDC%
CMDD%
TOOLSWITCH
TOOLBARTITLE
NEWFILEX
CREATE
OPEN_EXISTING_FILE
OPENFILE
RESUMEFILE
BACKGROUND
FOREGROUND
ABOUT2
HELPY
ERROR_HANDLER
DEVICEu"
RADARBAND
BANDF
BANDNATO
BANDUK
BANDUS
PROCW
PROCW2
PROCT
SWERL
PROCS
PROCH
PROCNZ9
PROCUT:
PROCC[;
PROCD
PROCB
PROCG
PROCA
SOLIDANGLE
SOLIDANGLE2
NOPULSES$E
PROCR
PROCP
LATLONG
DISTHEAD
FMHZ2LAM4P
ADB_P
SYSTEM\
@TUUU_
TUUUW
@UUUUWQ
PUUUUW
DUUUUW
PUUUU_
PUUUU
AUUUU_
RadCalc
This SIS-file is designed from BISON Software.
Bison Software doesn't accept any liability for the
function of the programme to be installed.
Please pay attention to the comment in the README file
of the author.
Before installing this software please make a
B A C K U P of your Psion Series 5.
Have a lot of fun!
Diese SIS-Datei wurde von Bison Software erstellt.
Bison Software
bernimmt keinerlei Garantie f
r die
Funktion des zu installierenden Programmes.
Bitte beachten Sie die Hinweise in der README Datei des
Autors.
Bevor Sie das Programm installieren machen Sie ein