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╔═══════════════════════════════╗
║ ╓─────┐ ║
║ ║ ║
║ ╙─────┐ ╓──┐ ╥─ ╓──┐ ╥──┐ ║
║ │ ║ │ ║ ╟──┤ ╟─┬┘ ║
║ ╙─────┘ ╙──┘ ╨──┘ ╨ ┴ ╨ ┴─ ║
║ VERSION 1.30 ║
╚══╦═════════════════════════╦══╝
║ Matthew M. Merrill ║
║ 8927 Virginia Ave. Apt B║
║ South Gate, Ca 90280 ║
╚═════════════════════════╝
SOLAR ECLIPSE PREDICTION PROGRAM
1991 JUNE 21
SOLAR
(C) Copyright 1991
By Matthew M. Merrill
All Rights Reserved
Solar Eclipse Program PG. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................... 1
A BRIEF EDITORIAL........................................ 2
COPYRIGHT NOTICE......................................... 2
INTRODUCTION............................................. 3
ECLIPSE GEOMETRY......................................... 4
ECLIPSE RESEARCH......................................... 5
PROGRAM OPERATION........................................ 6
Hardware Requirements............................... 6
Starting Solar...................................... 7
MAIN MENU................................................ 7
SETUP SUBMENU....................................... 8
Local Coordinates.............................. 8
Printer........................................ 9
Select Eclipse................................. 9
Besselian Elements............................. 10
TABULAR SUBMENU..................................... 11
Equal Magnitude Curves......................... 11
Local Circumstances............................ 12
Partial Phase Limits........................... 13
Annular/Total Phase Limits..................... 14
Central Line................................... 15
GRAPHICS SUBMENU.................................... 17
Eclipse Simulation............................. 17
Rectangular Projection......................... 18
QUIT SUBMENU........................................ 19
Quit Program................................... 19
QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS................................... 19
GLOSSARY................................................. 20
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................. 21
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Like so many other sophisticated programs, this program
couldn't have been completed without the effort of many people.
First I would like to thank Fred Pospeschil and Antonio
Riveria for placing the "Micro World Database" into the public
domain. Their tremendous and time consuming work is much
appreciated.
Paul Traufler, author of Traksat, has given me many
suggestions regarding graphics. His satellite tracking
program is one of the best I have ever seen. Its ease of use
and highly accurate predictions has given me a new hobby!!
Special thanks to Dave Ransom, Jr, a sysop operator
for the Rancho Palos Verdes BBS. He has spent many hours
testing and validating this program on many different types
of computer systems. His effort is greatly appreciated. He
has also provided me with many suggestions to improve the
operation of this program. This program contains several
routines from his wonderful "Astroclock" program. I would
highly recommend everyone interested in astronomy to get a
copy. Thanks Dave!!!
Anna Campi and all my friends on PC-LINK. They have
seen the progress of this program since the very beginning in
June, 1990. Many thanks for all your comments and support.
February, 1991
Matthew M. Merrill
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 2
A BRIEF EDITORIAL
There are many varied opinions concerning the shareware
concept. There are those who use it as a marketing ploy to
distribute the program in hopes that you buy the program.
Others, use it the system in hopes of earning some extra
income. Although I support authors who charge a small fee
for their hard work, I believe that it is possible for the
quality of a program to deteriorate with that objective in
mind. Therefore, I have decided NOT to ask for any
shareware price whatsoever. Use the program if you like
it, discard it if you don't.
The original purpose for this program remains the same.
It is to provide you, the user, the ability to calculate all
sorts of eclipse data. More importantly, I hope this program
will inspire you to get interested in astronomy.
*************************************************************
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
SOLAR and its companion files are being distributed as
shareware. You are encouraged to share this software with
others provided that it is distributed with documentation and
in unmodified form and that no fee or other consideration is
charged or accepted.
SOLAR makes no warranty of any kind, either expressed or
implied. Matthew M. Merrill, author of SOLAR, SHALL NOT BE
LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES (INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF
BUSINESS PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOSS OF BUSINESS
OPERATIONS) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE SOLAR.
*************************************************************
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 3
INTRODUCTION
Since the dawn of time, Mankind has always been
fascinated by a total eclipse of the sun. In ancient times
and in some parts of the world today, people fear the eclipse
of the sun. They believe that it is a sign of impeding doom.
But to you and me, it is a very fascinating and beautiful
natural phenomenon.
At any specific point on the Earth's surface, a total
eclipse of the sun is a very rare event. This is due to the
fact that totality can only be viewed in a very narrow band
several hundred kilometers wide. In the average lifetime,
one can expect to see many partial eclipses of the sun and
moon, several total eclipses of the moon. However, they may
not experience the thrill and awe of a total solar eclipse.
Imagine that you are located somewhere in the central
path of the eclipse. You witness the moon slowly covering
the sun. Suddenly... you see bright flashes of light and
then darkness overwelms you. The temperature drops, you can
see the stars, birds return to their nests and flowers begin
to close. What has happened you wonder?? Is the world at an
end?? You can well understand why primitive man was afraid
of such an event. But, it is a purely natural and
predictable phenomenon.
Where in the world would such an event take place?
When? How long? This program can answer those questions and
more. It is designed to give you all the necessary data for
all the solar eclipses from 1951 March 7th to 2032 May 9th.
That is a total of 180 solar eclipses. I encourage all of
you to watch one of nature's splendid spectacles. However,
you must take certain precautions.
************************************
* WARNING *
* DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE SUN *
************************************
Each year I hear horror stories of people who looked
directly at the sun and lost their sight. This could have
easily been avoided if people would take certain precautions.
Don't be one of the unfortunate souls who would never see
again. Instead, please follow one of the following methods
for observing the sun:
1) Project an image of the sun towards the ground or
some other dark area. This is perhaps the safest
method of observing the sun. I would highly advise
using this method. There are many ways to achieve
this goal. You can use a cardboard with very small
holes, or even a mirror to project the image.
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 4
2) Use a solar filter. There are many filters on the
market. Some are quite reasonably priced. However,
they should be used sparingly. The intense heat of
the sun could melt the filter and not block out the
dangerous ultra-violet radiation.
3) Use a industrial strength #14-density arc-welding
glass. This is a perfectly safe method for observing
the sun at any time. Not only can you see the eclipse,
but you can also observe sunspots. Any good welder's
supply store can provide you a glass at reasonable
prices.
As you can see there are many safe ways to observe the
sun. The most important is to use common sense. If you are
experiencing any pain, look away. You may look at the sun
during totality only! At this time, the moon completely
covers the disk of the sun. This is the only time that it is
safe to look at the sun.
There are many books available that describle methods
and procedures for observing and photographing the Sun. If
you are unsure about safety or are thinking about photo-
graphing the Sun, I suggest that you go to a library or
bookstore and get a copy.
ECLIPSE GEOMETRY
Eclipses of the sun and moon occur at New Moon and Full
Moon respectfully. They do not occur every month because the
Moon's orbit around the earth in inclined to the ecliptic,
the Earth's orbit around the sun. The angle between these
two planes is about five degrees; thus the Moon can pass well
above or below the Sun. The line of intersection of these
two planes is the line of the nodes (the two points in the
Moon's orbit that intersect the ecliptic plane.) The
ascending node is the point where the Moon crosses the
ecliptic from south to north, and the descending node is
where the Moon passes from north to south.
The nodes precess along the orbit from west to east in
about 19 years. The Moon's revolution from one node to the
same node is the draconic month (27.212220 days). It is less
than the time it takes for the Moon to return to the same
phase (the synodic month, 29.530589 days.) For an eclipse to
occur, the Moon must be near one of the nodes of its orbit.
Therefore, the draconic month is the basic period for
eclipses.
Resonances between the synodic and draconic periods
produces what is called the Saros period. It comprises 223
synodic months and 241.9986 draconic months. That is equal
to 6,585.321124 days or 18 years 10 or 11 days depending on
the number of leap years. After one Saros period, the
relative positions of the Sun and Moon are nearly identical.
Therefore, the eclipse will repeat very nearly to those
conditions of the previous period. However, it will be
shifted to the west about 120 degrees. After three saros
periods , the longitudes will be repeated.
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 5
There is also a regular shift in latitude from one saros
period to the next. The eclipses occuring when the Moon is
near the ascending node shift to the south while those near
the descending node shift to the north. A saros series
begins its life at one pole of the Earth and ends it at the
other. Every saros series lasts about 1300 years and
comprises at least 73 eclipses.
Each series has been given a saros number to distinguish
it from other eclipses. At any moment, there can be thirty
or more eclipse series currently running. The numbers have
been catorgorized by eclipse series maximum. Any given saros
series may begin or end before the next series, but their
maximum eclipse will be in order.
If an eclipse is followed by another eclipse for a
period of 358 lunations (synodic months), its saros number
will be one greater than the former. This cycle is known as
the Inex cycle. Table 1 shows various lunar cycles and saros
number differences.
TABLE 1
When a solar eclipse belonging to then that second
Saros series No. S, is followed by eclipse belongs to
another eclipse after a period of Saros series No.
1 Lunation S + 38
5 Lunations S - 33
6 Lunations S + 5
135 Lunations (~ 11 yrs - 1 month) S + 1 (Tritos)
223 Lunations (~ 18 yrs + 11 days) S (Saros)
235 Lunations (~ 19 yrs) S + 10 (Meton's Cycle)
358 Lunations (~ 29 yrs - 20 days) S + 1 (Inex)
Longer cycles exist and are combinations of the Saros
and inex periods. One interesting note about saros series
concerns the changes in the magnitude of the eclipse from one
period to the next. The change in value is much greater when
the Earth is near its aphelion (the farthest point from the
Sun), than when it is near perihelion (the closest point to
the Sun).
ECLIPSE RESEARCH
Scientists around the world have been analyzing the
Sun's atmosphere with a coronagraph. It is a device that
artificially eclipses the bright photosphere (the disk that
we see each day) so that scientists can study the sun's lower
atmosphere. However, these studies are best done during an
eclipse. Eclipses have been used to determine the radius of
the Sun and the Earth's distance from it.
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 6
A solar eclipse was also used to prove Einstein's theory
of relativity. One of the predictions of his theory was that
a beam of light would be deflected near a gravitational
field. The stronger the magnetic field, the more light will be
deflected. During a total eclipse, the sky around the Sun
was photographed and was compared to that taken about half a
year later. The results showed that the light was shifted by
about 1.75 seconds of arc. Results from many eclipses of the
sun since 1918 have verified Einstein's prediction.
Is the Sun shrinking?? Ancient historical eclipses have
been used to determine if the Sun is actually shrinking.
They have also been used to determine the Earth's rotation in
the past. It has been determined that the Sun's radius is
oscillating. It turns out that the Earth's rotation was
faster in the past. The Moon's tidal forces are acting to
slow down the rotation, and in the process the Moon is
receding from the Earth. In a few hundred million years, the
Moon would be far enough away from the Earth, that there would
no longer be any more total eclipses of the Sun.
Because the Earth's rotation is not constant, a new
standard time system was adopted by the Internation
Astronomical Union (IAU). This system is called Dynamical
Time, formerly Ephemeris Time. It is a uniform time-scale
that is independent to the Earth's rotation. It allows very
accurate astronomical calculations to be performed. All that
is needed to convert from Dynamical time to our normally used
civil time systems is a variable called "Delta-T".
Delta-T is determined from observations of certain
standard stars. They are tabulated in the "Astronomical
Almanac", formerly "The American Ephemeris and Nautical
Almanac"; for each year in the past. Future values can be
interpolated.
PROGRAM OPERATION
This section describes the operation of Solar including
the required files, starting the program, and initial
operations.
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
SOLAR supports HERCULES, CGA, EGA, MCGA, and VGA graphic
monitors. A hard drive is recommended but not required. The
following is list of the files included with this package.
EARTH.MAP World Map for CGA monitors
ELEMENTS.DAT Besselian Elements for each Eclipse
HISTORY.TXT A brief history of Solar
MSHERC.COM Required for Hercules monitors only
README Comment/Suggestion Form
SOLAR.CFG Configuration File
SOLAR.CTY City data file
SOLAR.DOC This file
SOLAR.EXE The compiled version of Solar
WORLD.DAT World Map data file
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 7
STARTING SOLAR
To start SOLAR, first make sure that all the required
files are in the same directory then type one of the following
commands at the DOS prompt.
SOLAR
SOLAR /M (Force Monochrome)
SOLAR /PRO (Professional Switch)
followed by RETURN or ENTER on some machines. The title
screen will appear and after a few seconds the Main Menu will
be displayed. The program will automatically determine the
best monitor type for your system.
* NOTE: Hercules users only: You must run MSHERC.COM before
trying to run Solar. If not, the program will not be able to
recognize your monitor and abort back to DOS.
When SOLAR is first started, it automatically checks your
graphic monitor for your system. It then loads the eclipse
configuration file. This file contains the local coordinates,
recent eclipse selected, and the Delta T value for that eclipse.
I have chosen the 1991 July 11th total solar eclipse as the
default value. You will be given an option to save any changes
when you exit the program.
MAIN MENU
After all the data has been read in, the Main Menu will be
displayed as follows:
╔══════ M A I N M E N U ══════╗
║ Setup Tabular Graphics Quit ║
╚════════════════════════════════╝
╔══════════════════════╗
║ CITY: South Gate, CA ║
║ ECLIPSE: 1991 JUL 11 ║
╚══════════════════════╝
The Current Settings window shows you your current local
coordinates and eclipse date. To make a selection from the
menu, use the arrow keys to highlight an item and press
ENTER. The Setup submenu will appear first when the program
is first started.
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 8
SETUP SUBMENU
╔══════ M A I N M E N U ══════╗
║ Setup Tabular Graphics Quit ║
╚═╒════════════════════╕═════════╝
│ Local Coordinates │
│ Printer │
│ Select Eclipse │
├────────────────────┤
│ Besselian Elements │
└────────────────────┘
LOCAL COORDINATES
You can set your local city coordinates by selecting this
option from the Setup menu. The default value is South Gate,
California. When you press Enter, the following window will
appear:
╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ CITY: [South Gate, CA ] ║
║ LONGITUDE: [-118° 12' 18"] (West = Negative) ║
║ LATITUDE: [ +33° 57' 18"] (South = Negative) ║
║ HEIGHT: [ 75] (Meters) ║
║ UT OFFSET: [-07] (Hours) ║
║ (S)earch city database, (E)dit, or ENTER to accept ║
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
If you have pressed a key by mistake and do not wish to make
any changes to the local coordinates, press the ENTER key.
If you wish to make any changes press "E". You will now be
prompted to enter in the required data. You may also select
to search the SOLAR city database by pressing "S". The
following is an example:
╔════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ City Search [Los Angeles ] ║
║ CURRENT SELECTION: Los Angeles, CA ║
║ Press RETURN to Accept, SPACE to find next ║
╚════════════════════════════════════════════╝
After you type in a city name, the program will search the
database for all possible matches. If a match is found, you
have an option to accept that match or continue searching.
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 9
PRINTER
╔══════════════════════════════════════╗
║ Printer Type: [EPSON COMPATIBLE] ║
║ Parallel Port #: [1] (1-3) ║
║ DPI: [ ] ║
║ (E)dit or ENTER to accept ║
╚══════════════════════════════════════╝
Starting with version 1.20, you will be able to setup your
printer for use with the built in graphics screen dump
routine. SOLAR requires either an Epson compatible or
LaserJet printer. If you do not have either of these types
of printers, you may still be able to print the graphics
screen by running GRAPHICS.COM (supplied with your DOS
diskette) before running SOLAR.
SOLAR needs to know your printer type, parallel port number
that the printer is connected too and for Laserjet printers
the DPI. Make the correct selections for your system, then
press ENTER to accept the data.
SELECT ECLIPSE
This option allows you to select from 180 solar eclipses from
1951 March 7 to 2032 May 9. The following is an example of
how the screen will look.
╔═══════════════════════════════════╗
║ E C L I P S E S E L E C T I O N ║
╚═══════════════════════════════════╝
( 1) 1951 MAR 7 A ( 2) 1951 SEP 1 A ( 3) 1952 FEB 25 T
( 4) 1952 AUG 20 A ( 5) 1953 FEB 14 P ( 6) 1953 JUL 11 P
( 7) 1953 AUG 9 P ( 8) 1954 JAN 5 A ( 9) 1954 JUN 30 T
(10) 1954 DEC 25 A (11) 1955 JUN 20 T (12) 1955 DEC 14 A
(13) 1956 JUN 8 T (14) 1956 DEC 2 P (15) 1957 APR 30 A
(16) 1957 OCT 23 T (17) 1958 APR 19 A (18) 1958 OCT 12 T
(19) 1959 APR 8 A (20) 1959 OCT 2 T (21) 1960 MAR 27 P
(22) 1960 SEP 20 P (23) 1961 FEB 15 T (24) 1961 AUG 11 A
(25) 1962 FEB 5 T (26) 1962 JUL 31 A (27) 1963 JAN 25 A
(28) 1963 JUL 20 T (29) 1964 JAN 14 P (30) 1964 JUN 10 P
(31) 1964 JUL 9 P (32) 1964 DEC 4 P (33) 1965 MAY 30 T
(34) 1965 NOV 23 A (35) 1966 MAY 20 A (36) 1966 NOV 12 T
(37) 1967 MAY 9 P (38) 1967 NOV 2 T (39) 1968 MAR 28 P
(40) 1968 SEP 22 T (41) 1969 MAR 18 A (42) 1969 SEP 11 A
(43) 1970 MAR 7 T (44) 1970 AUG 31 A (45) 1971 FEB 25 P
Enter Selection, PgUp, or PgDn
To enter a selection from the list type in the number
in parenthesis and press RETURN. If you wish to see other
selections available press the PGUP or PGDN keys. If you
wish to return to the main menu without making any changes,
press ENTER.
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 10
To make the selection process easier, I have added a
symbol after each date to decribe the type of eclipse. An
"A" is an annular eclipse, "P" is a partial eclipse, "T" is a
total eclipse, and "A/T" is an annular-total eclipse.
After you have made a selection, a verification message will
be displayed. Type in either "y" or "n" in response to the
question.
For more accurate local time computations, you may enter the
known value for Delta-T. If you do not know this value,
press ENTER to accept the default value. This value will be
approximate based on values in the past.
BESSELIAN ELEMENTS
*************************************************************
* WARNING: THIS OPTION IS FOR PROFESSIONAL USE ONLY *
*************************************************************
If you are familiar with eclipse calculations methods, it may
be desirable to enter your own eclipse elements. This option
will allow you to do that. To protect the average user, this
menu choice is normally deactivated. To activate, you must
use the /PRO switch at the command line.
Once this option is selected, a warning message will be
displayed asking if you wish to proceed. If you do, the
following data will be displayed:
B E S S E L I A N E L E M E N T S
TYPE: [Total ] DATE: [1991 JUL 11 ]
MAG: [. ] JED: [2448449.3 ]
LUNATION: [-105 ] SAROS: [136 ]
Gamma: [-.00429 ]
T0: [19] X0: [-.06728 ]
X1: [.5671376 ] X2: [-.0000369 ]
X3: [-9.61E-06 ] Y0: [.011951 ]
Y1: [-.1379772 ] Y2: [-.0001529 ]
Y3: [.0000025 ] D0: [22.09744 ]
D1: [-.00522 ] D2: [-.000005 ]
M0: [103.6398 ] M1: [15.00006 ]
L10: [.530407 ] L11: [.0000252 ]
L12: [-.0000128 ] L20: [-.015638 ]
L21: [.0000251 ] L22: [-.0000127 ]
TAN ƒ1: [.0045986 ] TAN ƒ2: [.0045757 ]
δT: [57.81868 ]
Any Errors (Y/N)?
The cursor will automatically be positioned for each required
data. If you make any errors, you are given the option to
correct it.
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 11
Note: This data will not be appended to the existing element
data file. You may save it to the configuration file only.
If you wish to build your own eclipse element data files for
use with SOLAR, the required routines are available by
special request. Please send a self-addressed stamped
diskette mailer and I can send you the program as quickly as
possible. Thank you.
TABULAR SUBMENU
╔══════ M A I N M E N U ══════╗
║ Setup Tabular Graphics Quit ║
╚════════╒════════════════════════════╕
│ Equal Magnitude Curves │
│ Local Circumstances │
│ Partial Phase Limits │
├────────────────────────────┤
│ Annular/Total Phase Limits │
│ Central Line │
└────────────────────────────┘
This menu is the heart of the program. It is here that you
can determine all the geographical limits of the eclipse.
Depending on the type of eclipse selected, the last two
options may or may not be available. If you wish to exit any
of the tabular displays, press RETURN or ENTER to return to
this menu.
EQUAL MAGNITUDE CURVES
Suppose you wish to plot a curve where the magnitude of
eclipse is constant. This option will give you the data
where this condition is met. You will need to complete five
data entry windows: 1) Limits, 2) Longitude search, 3)
Longitude Interval, 4) Magnitude, and 5) the Destination.
Example 1 shows the northern .500 limit of the great total
eclipse of 1991 JUL 11. Accept all of the defaults for each
window.
Note the sign and time conventions used in all of the data
displays. The times are listed in Universal Time, and
western longitudes are negative. This type of display could
help you plot the curve on a map.
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 12
EXAMPLE 1)
TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 1991 JUL 11
NORTHERN EQUAL MAGNITUDE 0.500
SAROS # 136 DELTA T = 57.8 Sec.
U.T. Longitude Latitude Altitude
HR:MN:SC ° ' " ° ' " ° '
───────────────────────────────────────────────────
17:31:27 -180 00 00 +28 15 27 +03 18
17:33:50 -170 00 00 +32 12 29 +13 15
17:39:11 -160 00 00 +35 41 49 +23 13
17:47:15 -150 00 00 +38 30 45 +33 05
17:57:41 -140 00 00 +40 29 16 +42 44
18:10:11 -130 00 00 +41 29 48 +52 11
18:24:45 -120 00 00 +41 25 25 +61 21
18:41:36 -110 00 00 +40 06 58 +69 43
19:01:15 -100 00 00 +37 21 16 +74 21
19:23:54 -90 00 00 +32 54 04 +69 34
19:48:23 -80 00 00 +26 47 05 +57 13
20:10:49 -70 00 00 +19 44 34 +42 12
20:27:16 -60 00 00 +12 56 35 +27 20
20:36:48 -50 00 00 +07 05 40 +13 53
20:40:38 -40 00 00 +02 19 33 +01 59
-30 00 00 NO LIMIT EXISTS
LOCAL CIRCUMSTANCES
This is a rather unique and interesting option. You can
determine whether or not the eclipse of interest will be
visible from your location. If it is, the program will
display all necessary data regarding the event. You will
only be asked to select the destination for the display.
Example #2 shows the times when the eclipse begins and ends
for South Gate, California on 1991 JUL 11. Note that the
times listed are in UT. You must subtract your local
longitude to convert the times to your local time zone. For
example Pacific Standard Time you must subtract 8 hours.
The positonal angles given in the table show the relative
postions of the centers of the Sun and Moon. Angle P is the
true positons of the eclipse. Angle Z is measured from the
zenith point of the solar limb towards the East. This angle
will vary according to the position of the Sun in the sky.
It will equal Angle P only when the Sun crosses your local
meridian (an imaginary line in the sky that is directed from
due south to north).
The Ratio of the Sun and Moon is simply the ratio of the
apparent diameters of the disks of the Sun and Moon. A
number greater than one means that the Moon could completely
cover the Sun. If was less than one, then at best you would
be only to see an annular eclipse.
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 13
EXAMPLE 2) Local Circumstances for South Gate
South Gate, California
1991 JUL 11
SUN'S POSITION ANGLES
PHASE UT ALTITUDE P Z
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
ECLIPSE BEGINS 17:12:18 +51° 57' +267° 26' +330° 08'
MAXIMUM ECLIPSE 18:28:05 +66° 55' +196° 12' +250° 25'
ECLIPSE ENDS 19:47:36 +77° 54' +125° 06' +135° 43'
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
MAGNITUDE = 0.745 RATIO MOON/SUN = 1.0785
DELTA T = 57.8 SEC. SAROS # 136
«« - PREVIOUS DAY »» - NEXT DAY
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ RELATIVE POSITIONAL GRAPHIC DISPLAYS │
│ FOR EACH PHASE OF ECLIPSE │
│ │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
PARTIAL PHASE LIMITS
This option determines all the boundaries on the Earth's
surface where the eclipse will be visible.
There are four data entry windows to complete before the data
will be displayed. First, you must choose which limit
(northern or southern) you wish to display. Second, the
longitude search parameters. Third, the longitude interval
between data points. And fourth, the destination for the
output file. Example 3 shows the northern limit of the great
total eclipse with all default values selected.
Sometimes the data display may be interrupted by the NO LIMIT
EXISTS messages. This occasionaly occurs when the eastern
and western limits crosses near the 180 degree line. You can
easily adjust the format by selecting a more appropiate
longitude search. For example: -160 to -30 degrees would
produce a display that is uniformly distributed.
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 14
EXAMPLE 3)
TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 1991 JUL 11
NORTHERN LIMIT OF PARTIAL PHASE
SAROS # 136 DELTA T = 57.8 Sec.
U.T. Longitude Latitude Altitude
HR:MN:SC ° ' " ° ' " ° '
───────────────────────────────────────────────────
17:48:05 -180 00 00 +47 36 57 +13 20
17:52:14 -170 00 00 +51 00 32 +21 07
17:57:47 -160 00 00 +53 43 41 +28 15
18:04:21 -150 00 00 +55 43 21 +34 43
18:11:38 -140 00 00 +56 59 35 +40 33
18:19:37 -130 00 00 +57 32 57 +45 50
18:28:24 -120 00 00 +57 22 45 +50 33
18:38:14 -110 00 00 +56 25 31 +54 35
18:49:34 -100 00 00 +54 33 55 +57 31
19:02:58 -90 00 00 +51 35 56 +58 27
19:19:03 -80 00 00 +47 16 41 +56 01
19:37:39 -70 00 00 +41 29 21 +49 08
19:56:39 -60 00 00 +34 40 00 +38 19
20:12:12 -50 00 00 +27 51 31 +25 39
20:22:01 -40 00 00 +21 56 15 +13 11
20:26:19 -30 00 00 +17 09 48 +01 44
-20 00 00 NO LIMIT EXISTS
ANNULAR/TOTAL LIMITS
If the selected eclipse was central, you can display the
limits of totality or annularity. This option also requires
four data entry windows before the data is displayed. They
are the limits, longitude search parameters, longitude
interval, and the destination.
Example 4 shows the northern totality limit with all default
values selected.
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 15
EXAMPLE 4)
TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 1991 JUL 11
NORTHERN LIMIT OF ANNULAR/TOTAL PHASE
SAROS # 136 DELTA T = 57.8 Sec.
U.T. Longitude Latitude Altitude
HR:MN:SC ° ' " ° ' " ° '
───────────────────────────────────────────────────
-180 00 00 NO LIMIT EXISTS
17:24:00 -170 00 00 +15 21 56 +05 23
17:27:47 -160 00 00 +19 15 30 +16 32
17:35:44 -150 00 00 +22 38 02 +28 14
17:48:01 -140 00 00 +25 11 44 +40 26
18:04:40 -130 00 00 +26 38 07 +53 15
18:25:41 -120 00 00 +26 38 08 +66 52
18:51:02 -110 00 00 +24 50 49 +81 38
19:20:10 -100 00 00 +20 56 13 +81 50
19:50:22 -90 00 00 +14 56 12 +64 09
20:16:19 -80 00 00 +07 46 00 +46 29
20:34:12 -70 00 00 +00 46 21 +30 28
20:44:11 -60 00 00 -05 18 08 +16 35
20:48:12 -50 00 00 -10 19 59 +04 35
-40 00 00 NO LIMIT EXISTS
CENTRAL LINE
The central line of an eclipse is the point where the axis
of the umbra shadow makes contact on the Earth's surface.
This is the curve where the magnitude of the eclipse is at
a maximum. Before any data can be displayed, the program
needs to know some more information.
First, there are two different methods of calculating the
data. One is by given times, and the other by given
longitudes. The times method is much faster, but the
longitudes method would be much easier to plot on a map.
Highlight your selection and press RETURN.
If you made the longitudes selection then you will be
prompted to type in the western and eastern longitudes search
parameters. For example, what if you wanted to display data
from 120 degrees West to 60 degrees West. You will enter
"-120" for the western most longitude and "-60" for the
eastern most longitude. Note the negative sign for
longitudes west of the Greenwich meridian.
Next, another window will be displayed asking for the
interval between data points. For the times method, this
interval will be in minutes, while for the longitude method,
the interval will be in degrees. Type in the required data
or press RETURN to accept the default values.
The last window will ask you for the destination for the
output file. You can either have the output directed to the
screen or to a file. Highlight your choice and press RETURN.
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 16
* Note: Outputs directed to a file will be given a uniform
filename type. First the Julian day number of the eclipse
followed by the Tabular Output number and a letter. This is
the best format I could come up with to facillitate a
uniform eclipse data format. Otherwise, the file would be
overwritten and data from a previous eclipse would be lost.
The following are examples for the great July 11, 1991
eclipse. Example 5 is for given times. Example 6 is for
given longitudes. All defaults have been selected.
EXAMPLE 5) CENTRAL LINE FOR GIVEN LONGITUDES:
TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 1991 JUL 11
CENTRAL LINE FOR GIVEN LONGITUDES
SAROS # 136 DELTA T = 57.8 Sec.
U.T. Longitude Latitude Altitude
HR:MN:SC ° ' " ° ' " ° '
───────────────────────────────────────────────────
-180 00 00 NO LIMIT EXISTS
17:24:00 -170 00 00 +15 21 56 +05 23
17:27:47 -160 00 00 +19 15 30 +16 32
17:35:44 -150 00 00 +22 38 02 +28 14
17:48:01 -140 00 00 +25 11 44 +40 26
18:04:40 -130 00 00 +26 38 07 +53 15
18:25:41 -120 00 00 +26 38 08 +66 52
18:51:02 -110 00 00 +24 50 49 +81 38
19:20:10 -100 00 00 +20 56 13 +81 50
19:50:22 -90 00 00 +14 56 12 +64 09
20:16:19 -80 00 00 +07 46 00 +46 29
20:34:12 -70 00 00 +00 46 21 +30 28
20:44:11 -60 00 00 -05 18 08 +16 35
20:48:12 -50 00 00 -10 19 59 +04 35
-40 00 00 NO LIMIT EXISTS
EXAMPLE 6) CENTRAL LINE FOR GIVEN TIMES:
TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 1991 JUL 11
SAROS # 136 CENTRAL LINE DELTA T = 57.8 Sec.
U.T. Longitude Latitude DUR. ALT. Width % OF
HR:MN:SC ° ' " ° ' " MN:SC ° ' (km) AREA
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
17:23:16 -174 36 33 +12 28 19 03:11 +00 00 203.1 1.0611
17:33:16 -151 58 05 +20 56 26 04:22 +25 29 226.9 1.0692
17:43:16 -143 02 37 +23 25 16 04:57 +36 20 235.5 1.0723
17:53:16 -136 16 39 +24 46 18 05:26 +44 54 241.5 1.0744
18:03:16 -130 36 28 +25 28 10 05:50 +52 20 246.2 1.0760
18:13:16 -125 37 55 +25 42 16 06:10 +59 05 249.9 1.0773
18:23:16 -121 08 47 +25 34 32 06:27 +65 22 252.8 1.0783
18:33:16 -117 01 44 +25 08 35 06:39 +71 22 255.0 1.0790
18:43:16 -113 11 47 +24 26 44 06:48 +77 09 256.6 1.0795
18:53:16 -109 35 12 +23 30 33 06:53 +82 49 257.5 1.0798
19:03:16 -106 08 50 +22 21 04 06:53 +88 24 257.8 1.0799
19:13:16 -102 49 47 +20 58 53 06:51 +86 00 257.6 1.0799
19:23:16 -99 35 11 +19 24 13 06:45 +80 23 257.0 1.0796
19:33:16 -96 21 53 +17 36 54 06:35 +74 40 256.0 1.0792
19:43:16 -93 06 15 +15 36 17 06:23 +68 48 254.6 1.0786
19:53:16 -89 43 35 +13 21 05 06:07 +62 41 252.7 1.0777
20:03:16 -86 07 30 +10 49 04 05:49 +56 12 250.2 1.0766
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 17
Note the differences between the times and longitude methods.
If you wish to plot the central line on a map the second
method would be much easier than the first. Imagine how
difficult it would be to manually plot each individual point
given from Example 6.
GRAPHICS SUBMENU
╔══════ M A I N M E N U ══════╗
║ Setup Tabular Graphics Quit ║
╚═════════════════╒════════════════════════╕
│ Eclipse Simulation │
│ Rectangular Projection │
└────────────────────────┘
ECLIPSE SIMULATION
Starting with Version 1.30, SOLAR now has the
capability to display how the eclipse will look at the
selected city site. There are two modes available with
this option: Real Time and Simulated.
The real time mode will read your system clock time and
calculate the positions of the sun and moon. The times
and other various data such as: magnitude and positional
angles will be updated each second. The graphic of the
sun will be refreshed every 10 seconds.
The simulated mode gives you the option to set the length
of time between each graphic display. The beginning time
is preset to the time of first contact. An interesting
little graphic display can be shown for the 1991 July 11
total eclipse. If you set your local coordinates to
Mexico City and run the simulation mode, note the moon's
motion as the eclipse progresses. It appears to go to the
right and then make a reverse turn. This is caused to the
fact that the sun has passed over the city's local meridan.
The sun's altitude has reached its maximum elevation and is
now decreasing.
With either mode selected, you can pause and print the
display. To enter pause mode, just press the spacebar.
To continue, press any key. However, if you wish to print
the display, press Cntrl-P.
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 18
RECTANGULAR PROJECTION
This option will graphically display a rectangular map
projection of the Earth and automatically plot all the limits
of the selected eclipse. You may return to the Main Menu at
any time by pressing RETURN. Example 7 shows how the screen
will look.
Starting with version 1.20, SOLAR will allow you to print the
graphics display on your printer. After the graphics plot is
completed, you will hear a beep. Press <Cntrl> <P>. The
screen will now be dumped to your printer. Note: You must
have correctly set your printer type and port number in the
setup menu.
You may also if you wish print the screen by pressing <Shift>
<Print Screen>. However, to use this method you must run
GRAPHICS.COM (from your DOS diskette) before running SOLAR.
Example 7 shows the type of data that will be displayed.
EXAMPLE 7) GRAPHICS DISPLAY
1991 JUL 11
┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ │
│ │
│ │
│ WORLD MAP DISPLAY │
│ │
│ │
│ │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
TYPE: TOTAL SAROS #: 136
LUNATION #: 848 NODE: Descending
BEGINS: 16:29 UT ENDS: 21:43 UT
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 19
QUIT SUBMENU
This option will allow you to exit the program and return to
DOS. If you made any changes, you will be asked if you
wish to save the changes to the configuration file. If you
answer yes, then the next time you run SOLAR, you will not
have to keep changing your local coordinates, etc. It is a
convenient little feature. Example 8 shows what the screen
will look like.
EXAMPLE 8) UPDATE CONFIGURATION FILE
South Gate, California
Longitude: -118.2033
Latitude: 33.95333
Height: 100
Current Eclipse: 1991 JUL 11
Delta T = 57.8 Sec
Do you wish to update configuration file? (y/n)
QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS
I would like to hear from anyone interested in this
program. Although, this program has been thoroughly tested,
there is a slight possibility that some "bugs" slipped
through. If you find any such errors, or have any
suggestions or other comments; I can be reached on the
following BBS's:
Rancho Palos Verdes BBS Celestial RCP/M
(213) 541-7299 (513) 427-0674
24 Hours, 2400/1200 Baud 24 Hours, 2400/1200 Baud
If you wish, please fill out the comment form in the README
file and mail it back to me.
Thank you for your reply.
May your have clear skies!!!
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 20
GLOSSARY
Aphelion:
The Earth's position when it reaches its farthest
distance from the Sun.
Besselian Elements:
A method of computating circumstances of an eclipse
relative to the Moon's shadow.
Draconic Month:
The time it takes for the Moon to return to the same
node along its orbit. It is equal to 27.21220 days.
Inex Period:
A time period consisting of 358 synodic months (29 years
minus 20 days). When an eclipse is followed by another
eclipse by one inex period, then the second eclipse has a
saros number equal to one greater than the former.
Julian Day:
The day number from an astronomical continuous count
from -4712 January 1. This facilitates chronological
computations for many purposes. Each astronomical day
begins at 12 noon Universal Time.
Lunation Number:
The number of orbits of the New Moon since an epoch in
the past. E.W. Brown's series starts on the New Moon of
1900 January 1.
Perihelion:
The Earth's position when it reaches the closest
distance to the Sun around its orbit.
Positional Angles:
Angles that characterize the geometric positions of the
Sun and Moon. Angle P shows the true geocentric positions
and Angle Z shows the positions measured from the zenith
point of the solar limb positive towards the East.
Saros Period:
An eclipse period consisting of 6,585.321144 days (18
years 10 or 11 days) where an eclipse nearly repeats
those conditions of the previous period.
Synodic Month:
The time it takes for the Moon to return to the same
phase around its orbit. For example, the time it takes
for the Moon to pass from one New Moon to the next. It
is equal to 29.530589 days.
Solar Eclipse Program PG. 21
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Britannica Encyclopedia, 15th edition, Vol. 17, PG. 894-903,
Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.
Espenak, Fred, FIFTY YEAR CANON OF SOLAR ECLIPSES: 1986-2035,
Sky Publishing Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1987.
Meeus, Jean, ASTRONOMICAL FORMULAE FOR CALCULATORS, 2nd
Edition, Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, VA. 1982.
Meeus, Jean, CANON OF LUNAR ECLIPSES, -2002 to +2526,
Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, VA. 1983.
Meeus, Jean, ELEMENTS OF SOLAR ECLIPSES, 1951 - 2200,
Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, VA. 1989.
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