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14GLOSS.TXT
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GLOSSARY
alternate collating sequence - A sorting sequence other
than the standard ASCII sequence that specifies the
order in which Btrieve sorts keys.
application - A program or set of programs, such as a
spreadsheet or a payroll application, that performs a
task or a group of related tasks. Also, a program
written by or for a user to apply to the user's work.
application interface - A program that allows access to
Btrieve files from an application program.
ascending - A key attribute that instructs Btrieve to
collate an index in ascending order.
ASCII - An acronym for American Standard Code for
Information Interchange. ASCII is a 7-bit information
code that defines 128 standard characters, including
control characters, letters, numbers, and symbols.
Btrieve - A key-indexed record manager for file
handling. A function call from a standard programming
language or from NetWare SQL invokes Btrieve.
Btrieve Requester - The Btrieve Requester program for
the applicable DOS, OS/2, Windows, or UnixWare
environment that resides at a workstation and provides
communication between Btrieve and a workstation
application making Btrieve calls.
buffer - A storage area in memory that is used to store
data temporarily.
cache - The area of memory in which Btrieve stores
images of physical disk pages. Btrieve uses the cache
to reduce the number of physical disk I/O requests.
case insensitive - A key characteristic that instructs
Btrieve to sort an index so that values in uppercase
letters are sorted in the same order as values in
lowercase letters. (For example, SANDY is equal to
sandy.)
chunk - Any arbitrary portion of a record, specified by
its offset and length. Btrieve v6.1 allows
applications to update and retrieve portions of very
large records, called chunks, rather than the entire
record.
command file - A user-defined file that contains a
sequence of commands.
concurrency controls - The methods Btrieve uses to
resolve possible conflicts when two applications
attempt to access the same data. Controls include
passive control, record locking, and transaction
control.
configuration - The customization of a program such as
Btrieve. You can customize Btrieve through the Setup
utility.
configuration options - Specifications defined for
Btrieve when it is loaded. Configuration options
control the way in which Btrieve operates. You can
use the Setup utility to change the configuration
options.
connection number - The unique identifier number that
NetWare assigns when a workstation attaches to a
server.
continuous operation - A Btrieve feature that allows
you to back up data files while they are open and in
use. Btrieve opens the files in read-only mode to
allow backup utilities to access the files╒ static
images. Btrieve stores changes to the original files
in temporary files called delta files. When the backup
is complete, Btrieve automatically updates the
original files with the changes stored in the delta
files. Btrieve deletes each temporary file as soon as
all applications close the Btrieve data file
corresponding to that delta file.
database - A set of one or more records or files that
contain information on a related subject.
default - A preset option or value. For example, the
default directory or disk drive is the one in which
you are currently working.
description file - An ASCII file containing information
that the Maintenance utility commands CREATE, INDEX,
and SINDEX need to perform their operations.
directory - A disk structure that contains files. A
directory may also contain subdirectories. DOSThe DR
DOS, MS-DOS, or PC-DOS operating system.
duplicatable - A key attribute specifying that multiple
records in a file can have the same value in the key
field.
dynamic link library (DLL) - A program library that
contains related modules of compiled code. At
runtime, the application reads the functions in the
DLL. This process is called dynamic linking.
dynamic link routine - In OS/2 and Windows v3.x, a
program that the operating system loads on demand
(dynamically) and terminates automatically.
field - The smallest meaningful unit of data in a file.
file - A collection of records stored on a disk. A
file is sometimes also referred to as a physical file.
index - A key or a group of keys that Btrieve uses to
sort a file. See also key.
index balancing - The process of searching for
available space in sibling index pages when a given
index page becomes full, and then rotating values from
the full page into the pages that have space
available. Index balancing is a new feature you can
activate in Btrieve v6.1 (as explained in Chapter 3,
"Installing and Configuring Btrieve").
integrity control - A method of ensuring that data in a
file is complete and accurate. Btrieve uses
concurrency controls and shadow paging to guarantee
data file integrity. See also concurrency controls
and shadow paging.
key - A field in a Btrieve file by which the file can
be sorted. See also index.
manual key - A modified form of the null key, useful in
excluding particular records from the index. In a
manual key, if every byte of one segment contains the
null value, Btrieve excludes the key from the index.
(The Btrieve Programmer's Manual refers to manual keys
as "any-segment null keys.")
modifiable - A key attribute that allows you to modify
the key field during an update to a file. If a key is
not modifiable, you cannot change the value in the key
field.
NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) - A server program built
into server memory with NetWare. You can load or
unload an NLM while the server is running. The NLM
becomes part of the operating system and can access
NetWare directly.
NetWare SQL - Novell's relational data access system,
which resides at the server as an NLM.
null key A key field that can be a user-defined
character. For null keys, Btrieve does not include
the record in the index if the record's key value
matches the null value. (The Btrieve Programmer╒s
Manual refers to null keys as "all-segment null
keys.")
owner name - A password that protects data files from
unauthorized access by Btrieve applications. You can
assign an owner name using the Maintenance utility or
by implementing a Set Owner record operation.
page - A unit of a data file. A page is the smallest
unit of storage that Btrieve moves between main memory
and disk. Pages contain a multiple of 512 bytes (up
to 4,096 bytes).
pathname - The server name, volume, directory path, and
filename that uniquely identify a file.
pre-imaging - Storing the image of a file page before
updating a record on the page. Btrieve v5.x and
earlier use pre-imaging to provide recovery
capabilities in case a file is damaged or a system
failure occurs during an update to the file.
record locking - A type of concurrency control that
enables an application to lock the record it is
accessing within a file. Other users can read the
record, but no other user can lock, update, or delete
the record until the application that holds the lock
releases it.
Record Manager - The server-based Btrieve Record
Manager is a program that resides at the server and
handles data I/O with the file system. The
client-based Btrieve Record Manager resides at the
workstation and handles data I/O with the file system
through operating system calls.
referential integrity (RI) - The assurance that when a
field in one table references a field in another
table, changes to these fields are synchronized.
Requester - A program that resides at a workstation and
passes requests from an application to a server-based
application.
roll back - Aborting a transaction and undoing all the
changes made to a file during the transaction, thus
restoring the file to the state it was in before the
transaction began. See also transaction.
roll forward - Recovering changes made to a Btrieve
file between the time logging is initiated and a system
failure. See also roll back and roll in.
roll in - Writing to a Btrieve original file all the
changes made to the corresponding temporary file
during the continuous operation backup period. When
the backup is complete, Btrieve automatically updates
the original file with the changes and deletes the
temporary file. See also continuous operation.
segmentedA key attribute that allows a key to consist
of one or more fields (or segments).
Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX) - A Novell
communication protocol that monitors network
transmission to ensure successful delivery. SPX runs
on top of Novell's Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX).
shadow paging - A technique that Btrieve v6.x uses to
ensure data integrity. When a user needs to change a
page, Btrieve makes the change to a physical shadow
page, which is a virtual copy of the original page.
When the change is committed, Btrieve designates the
shadow page as the current page, and the original page
becomes available for reuse.
sign trailing separate (STS) - A COBOL data type that
is basically a numeric data type, represented as an
ASCII string. STS is right justified and padded with
leading zeros, and it has the sign byte at the end.
supervisor - The person responsible for the
administration and maintenance of a network, a
database, or both. A supervisor has access rights to
all volumes, directories, and files.
thread - A separate stream of execution within a
program.
transaction - A set of related operations that
constitutes a logical unit of work. The application
performing the transaction requires that either all or
none of these operations be performed.
user - Someone who is authorized to log in to a network
and/or database when security is installed and who has
access rights to specific filenames, directories, and
files.
Variable-Tail Allocation Table (VAT) - An array of
pointers to the variable-length portion of Btrieve
records. The VAT is implemented as a linked
list.