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PCCALC3.ARC
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READ.ME
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Text File
|
1988-01-01
|
32KB
|
793 lines
+------------------------------------------------------+
| Welcome to "User Supported Software" (Shareware). |
| This remarkable revolution in software distribution |
| was co-pioneered in 1982 by Jim Button and Andrew |
| Fluegelman. It has become a major force in the |
| software industry, helping to drive software prices |
| down and eliminate copy protection schemes. |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Member, Association of Shareware Professionals
HERE'S HOW USER SUPPORTED SOFTWARE WORKS:
You are encouraged to copy the PC-Calc+ diskettes and share them freely with
others. You have the luxury of trying out the complete programs, at your
own pace and in the comfort of your own home or workplace. This is not a
crippled or "demo" copy, but the complete working version of the program.
If, after trying out the programs, you decide to continue to use them, you
are trusted to purchase PC-Calc+ from the program's author, or from an
authorized dealer.
Why pay at all?
--------------------------------------------------------------
* You receive a CURRENT copy of the program
* You receive a printed manual (320 pages)
* One year of technical support - by phone or written
* Notification of updates (and fixes, if required)
* Inexpensive upgrade offers
* Notification of new products
* Your input and ideas help shape future products
* Periodic offers and "deals" (for our customers only)
* Access to the on-line ButtonWare Bulletin Board, which
means:
- Information and announcements (on line)
- Communication with other ButtonWare users
- More technical support, and helpful tips/pointers
* A sense of pride and ownership, in having honestly
participated in the User Supported software revolution
* You help to keep software prices down, by supporting a
distribution method which doesn't rely on expensive
advertising campaigns.
So please, dive in and enjoy the fun of legally sharing good software with
your friends and associates. But also be aware of the following
restrictions, designed to protect the community of User Supported software
users and authors, and to prevent greedy people from taking unfair advantage
of the trust, hard work, and good will of User Supported software authors:
1. No price or consideration may be charged. However, a distribution cost may
be charged for the cost of the diskettes, shipping, and handling, not to
exceed $10 total.
2. The files and programs on the disks may not be modified, deleted, nor
added to.
3. The programs cannot be sold as part of some other more inclusive package.
4. The programs cannot be "rented" or "leased" to others.
5. The printed manual cannot be copied or reproduced in any way.
6. In the case of distribution via computerized "bulletin boards" or through
any other telecommunications link the following must be done:
* X-Modem or some other error checking protocol must be used
* All ButtonWare programs (and documentation files) must be
transferred in a library format. That means the files have
all been combined into one file. You can get assistance with
this procedure from the Technical Support Department at
ButtonWare.
7. If you're copying the disks for distribution to students in a classroom,
you must provide them with the following written notice:
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| These diskettes are distributed to you through the |
| courtesy of (your school or instructor name), and |
| Jim Button. No royalty or registration fee has |
| been paid for the programs, which are for your use |
| and evaluation as a student. |
| |
| If you wish to receive technical support from |
| ButtonWare, as well as announcements of updates and |
| improvements to the programs, you must first become |
| a "registered user." You do that by purchasing |
| each program you plan to use - from an authorized |
| dealer or directly from ButtonWare: |
| |
| Jim Button |
| P.O. Box 5786 |
| Bellevue, WA 98006 |
| |
| You may also purchase by calling the toll-free |
| ButtonWare order line, 1-800-JBUTTON. |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
8. PC-Calc+ may not be copied or shared outside the United States,
Canada, and England. We believe that most foreign users are best
served by their own publishers who sell licensed versions of PC-Calc+.
PRINTING A COPY OF THE MANUAL
If you received this disk from a friend, associate, computer club, or
bulletin board, then you are evaluating the program.
We have tried to provide you with everything necessary to evaluate
PC-Calc+. The program utilizes clear, informative menus. Help screens are
always a keystroke away. F1 help is context sensitive, and F2 help
provides quick summaries of different features. A reference card is
provided at the end of this file.
This is sufficient for most people to do a good evaluation of the program.
However, some people prefer to have a complete copy of the printed manual.
A complete copy of the printed manual for PC-Calc+ is available on a
floppy disk, to help you with your evaluation of the program. It's about
300 pages long, so you'll need a lot of time, patience, and paper to print
it out.
The manual on disk has been mailed to all computer clubs, user groups,
shareware disk dealers, and bulletin board operators that ButtonWare is
aware of. You can obtain the manual on disk from one of these groups.
Just ask for the PC-Calc+ disk number 3, or the PC-Calc+ manual on disk.
In order to keep costs down, the manual on disk is not included with
purchased copies of the program and cannot be purchased directly from
ButtonWare. Purchased copies of PC-Calc+ include a complete printed copy
of the 320 page manual, typeset and bound.
To print the manual:
* Put the PC-Calc+ manual on disk into the A: drive
* type A:DOC and press the (Enter) key
If your printer jams and you need to restart the printing at a point midway
through the document, or if you need to print a wider left margin, you can
enter other commands on the same line with DOC. Here is how the commands
are entered:
A:DOC p=pageskip m=margin
Replace "pageskip" above with the number of pages to skip over before
printing begins. For example, if you say A:DOC p=50, then 50 pages will
be skipped over before printing begins. Replace "margin" above with the
number of blank spaces to print at the left of the document. To print 10
blanks spaces at the left, say A:DOC m=10.
+-----------------------+
| NOTES AND |
| UNDOCUMENTED FEATURES |
+-----------------------+
The following notes pertain to this version of PC-Calc+, but were too
late to make it into the manual.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The PC-Calc+ Utility Disk contains the following printer control code files:
EPSON.PRN - for Epson and IBM dot matrix printers
HP.PRN - for HP Laser Jet printers (independent of the cartridge,
courier portrait and landscape defaults).
NEC_PIN.PRN - for NEC Pinwriter dot matrix printers
OKIDATA.PRN - for Okidata dot matrix printers
TANDY.PRN - for Tandy (Radio Shack) DMP dot matrix printers
TOSHIBA.PRN - for Toshiba dot matrix printers
See the section "Installing PC-Calc+" for information on loading the
appropriate file for your printer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
If graphs don't print correctly on your IBM Proprinter, try setting Dip
Switch #6 to ON. The switch is accessed by snapping open the small
compartment cover on the left side of the printer (as you face it from the
front.) Before setting the switch, turn the printer power off. Please
refer to the section "Switch Settings" in your Proprinter manual for more
information. Note: This step is not required to print PC-Calc+ reports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
When using the CONVERT program on a monochrome graphics display, you must
start the program by typing:
CONVERT /GREEN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
When converting Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheets to PC-Calc+ or PC-Calc+
spreadsheets to Lotus 1-2-3, functions which are defined in only one of the
programs, and functions which are different between the two programs will
be converted to text. Some Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheets may be too big to load
into PC-Calc+.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
There are some other text files on the PC-Calc+ Utility disk worth
taking a look at:
FILES - A short description of the files included on the disks.
PRODUCTS - Short review of ButtonWare products, and an order form.
RESPONSE - A user feedback survey. We really like to receive these
from you.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CORRECTIONS TO THE USER'S GUIDE
Page ii and Page 290 list incorrect hours for technical support. The
technical support line is answered between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m.
Monday through Friday. The bulletin board is available all
other hours except 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. Monday through Friday.
Page 208, second example on the page should read:
IF(C10>1500,B1*.10,IF(C10>1000,B1*.50,0))
Page 230, first sentence of the Special Notes section should read:
The NPV function does not require the interval between different
payments to be consistent.
Page 284, reference to the modulo function should read:
MOD(value1,value2)
BUTTONWARE FEATURED ON COMPUSERVE AND THE SOURCE
ButtonWare technical support and ButtonWare products are now featured on
CompuServe Information Service and The Source.
Because of the easy accessibility of CompuServe and The Source, ButtonWare
users can easily communicate with us and with each other. CompuServe and
The Source are available 24 hours a day, and generally do not require long
distance phone calls.
The ButtonWare Technical Support Department checks messages every day of
the week. Online technical support will be available to all ButtonWare
users - whether registered or not. In addition, answers to common
questions, Shareware copies of the entire ButtonWare product line, and
product descriptions are available.
Here is the information for logging onto CompuServe and The Source:
1. CompuServe
From the CompuServe Top Menu, type: GO PCVEN
Within the PCVEN forum, ButtonWare is subtopic #1.
For more information regarding CompuServe, call 1-800-848-8990.
Inside Ohio and outside the U.S. call 614-457-8650.
2. The Source
From The Source prompt, type: IBMSIG PRODUCTS BUTTON
For more information regarding The Source, call 1-800-336-3366.
PC-CALC+ SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
PC-Calc+ runs on all of the IBM series of personal computers, all
compatible, and most "nearly compatible" computers. PC-Calc+ is designed
to work with any printer.
PC-Calc+ requires the following:
* Minimum 280K available RAM (more is recommended). Use the DOS CHKDSK
program to determine the amount of available RAM. The last line of
information from CHKDSK will show the amount of available memory. This
line should show at least 280,000 bytes free. For more information on
CHKDSK, please refer to your DOS manual.
* Two 360K floppy disk drives, or one 360K floppy drive and one hard drive,
or one 720K floppy disk drive. Both 5-1/4'' and 3-1/2'' disk drives are
supported.
* PC-DOS or MS-DOS version 2.0 or later.
* A monochrome, graphics, color, EGA or VGA monitor with 80 column display.
Note: If you are using a monochrome monitor, you must also have the
Hercules monochrome graphics card installed in order to use the graphing
feature of PC-Calc+.
* A printer is optional. PC-Calc+ will support any printer. Printer files
have been included for the most popular printers. You can also create
your own printer files.
INSTALLING PC-CALC+
INSTALLING ON A FLOPPY DISK
Follow the steps below to make a working copy of your PC-Calc+ disks:
1. Put your DOS system disk in drive A and a blank disk in drive B.
The disk in drive B will become your new PC-Calc+ working disk.
2. If you don't see the normal DOS prompt on the screen, usually A>, then
start DOS in the usual manner. If you don't yet know how to do this,
please consult your DOS manual for further information.
3. Make sure that you are logged onto drive A. To do this, type
A:
and then press Enter.
4. Format the disk in drive B. To do this, type
FORMAT B:
and then press Enter.
5. When the format process is complete, remove the DOS disk from
drive A and replace it with the PC-Calc+ Program Disk.
6. Copy the PC-Calc+ files to the disk in drive B. To do this, type
COPY A:*.* B:
and then press Enter.
7. Remove the disk from drive B and label it as your "PC-Calc+ Working
Disk".
8. Repeat steps 1 through 7 using the PC-Calc+ Utility Disk instead of the
PC-Calc+ Program Disk.
INSTALLING ON A HARD DISK
1. Make sure that you booted up with DOS in the normal fashion. You
should see the DOS prompt on your screen before you continue with this
procedure.
2. Make sure that you are logged onto your hard disk. For example, if
your hard disk is drive C, you should see a DOS prompt that looks something
like this C>
3. Make sure you are in the root directory. To do this, type
CD \
and then press Enter.
4. Make a subdirectory where you would like the PC-Calc+ program files to
reside. If you already have a subdirectory in mind and it already exists,
skip this step. Otherwise, type
MD \PCC
and then press Enter.
Note: The above example assumes that you want to name the subdirectory PCC.
If you have some other name in mind, you can substitute your name for PCC
in the above example, and in the other commands which follow.
5. Change directories to the subdirectory which will contain the PC-Calc+
program files. To do this, type
CD \PCC
and then press Enter.
6. Place the PC-Calc+ Program Disk in drive A.
7. Copy the PC-Calc+ files to your subdirectory on the hard disk. To do
this, type
COPY A:*.*
and then press Enter.
8. Remove the PC-Calc+ Program Disk from drive A. Repeat steps 6 and 7
using the PC-Calc+ Utility Disk instead of the PC-Calc+ Program Disk.
9. Store the PC-Calc+ disks in a safe place.
3-1/2" DISK VERSION
The 3-1/2" disk version of PC-Calc+ contains only one disk. All files
normally found on the PC-Calc+ Utility Disk have been included on the
PC-Calc+ Program Disk. If you are using the 3-1/2" disk version of
PC-Calc+, all references to the "PC-Calc+ Utility Disk" can be changed to
the "PC-Calc+ Program Disk".
PREVIOUS USERS OF PC-CALC
PC-Calc+ stores spreadsheet files in a different format than previous
versions of PC-Calc. You will need to convert your current spreadsheet
files to the new format before using them with PC-Calc+.
To convert spreadsheet files created with previous versions of PC-Calc, you
must run the program CONVERT. Select option O of the CONVERT menu to
convert old PC-Calc data. For more information on the CONVERT program,
please see Appendix A of the PC-Calc+ manual.
HARDWARE CONFIGURATION AND PRINTER FILES
The PC-Calc+ Utility Disk contains a default configuration file and several
default printer files. These default files are provided for your
convenience. You do not have to use these default files.
Default Configuration File
The file COLOR.PRO contains screen color definitions for color monitors.
If you have a color monitor and want to use the default colors, copy the
file COLOR.PRO to PCCALC.PRO. The new PCCALC.PRO file must be on the same
drive and subdirectory containing the PCC.EXE file.
If you have installed PC-Calc+ on a floppy disk, place your "PC-Calc+
Working Disk" in drive A. This is the disk you created in the section
Installing on a Floppy Disk. Place the PC-Calc+ Utility Disk in drive B.
Type
COPY B:COLOR.PRO A:PCCALC.PRO
and then press Enter.
The next time you start PC-Calc+, the default screen colors will
automatically be loaded from the file PCCALC.PRO.
Note: You can change the screen colors at any time using the Configure,
Display command. Any other color settings you make will automatically be
saved in your spreadsheet files (filename.PCC).
Default Printer Files
Printer files have been included for many popular printers. If a printer
file has been included for your printer, we recommend you install the print
file now. Otherwise, you can create a printer file later using the
Print/Graph, Escape codes command.
To load a printer file, follow these steps:
1. Log on to the drive and subdirectory containing your PC-Calc+ program
file. Start PC-Calc+ by typing
PCC
and then pressing Enter.
2. With the cell pointer in cell A1, press / to display the main
menu.
3. Press L to select the (L)oad/Save option of the main menu.
4. Press P to select the (P) Load print codes option of the Load/Save
menu.
5. You will be asked for the path containing the file to load. Just
press Enter.
6. You will be shown a list of different printer files. Move the
highlight bar to the printer file for your printer. Press Enter.
7. Now you need to save the printer codes to the PCCALC.PRO file.
Press / again to display the main menu.
8. Press L to select the (L)oad/Save option of the main menu.
9. Press D to select the Save configuration option of the Load/Save
menu.
10. You will be asked for the path to save the configuration file.
Just press Enter.
11a. If you see a file called PCCALC, move the highlight bar to this
file and press Enter.
11b. If you do not see a file called PCCALC, press Enter with the
highlight bar on the file New_File. You will be asked to type the
name for the new file. Type
PCCALC
and press Enter.
PC-Calc+ will store the printer codes you just loaded in the file
PCCALC.PRO. The next time you start PC-Calc+, the default printer
codes will automatically be loaded from the file PCCALC.PRO.
Note: You can change the printer codes at any time using the Print/Graph,
Escape codes command. The printer information is automatically stored in
your spreadsheet files (filename.PCC).
+---------------------------+
| PC-CALC+ REFERENCE CARD |
+---------------------------+
STARTING PC-CALC+
To start PC-Calc+, log on to the drive and path containing the PC-Calc+
program file, and type:
PCC
and then press Enter. (Note: If you have placed the PC-Calc+ drive and
subdirectory in your path using the DOS PATH command, you don't have to
be logged on the PC-Calc+ drive and subdirectory to start the program).
There are several command line parameters which can be used when you start
PC-Calc+. These command line parameters are listed below:
PCC filespec Start PC-Calc+ and load a spreadsheet
PCC /E=H Start PC-Calc+ and change number of lines
PCC /E=M per screen on EGA and VGA monitors
PCC /E=L
PCC /GREEN Start PC-Calc+ and override color settings
PCC /H=drive:subdirectory Start PC-Calc+ and tell where to find the
help file
PCC filespec /M=x Start PC-Calc+, load a spreadsheet and
execute macro x
+---------------------------+
| PC-CALC+ REFERENCE CARD |
+---------------------------+
SPECIAL KEYS
/ - Display the main menu
Esc - Stop or cancel the current operation
F1 - Display a context sensitive help screen
F2 - Display a summary help screen
F3 - Enter the edit mode
F6 - Delete data to the right of the cursor
F10 - Recalculate the spreadsheet
AltY - Begin and End macro definition
CtrlB - Alternate method of defining a range
CtrlC - Select a fill character
CtrlE - Toggle EGA/VGA screen modes
CtrlF - Toggle Formula Display option
CtrlG - Alternate form of the Goto command
CtrlK - Used to define an interactive macro
CtrlP - "Put" or write the fill character
CtrlR - Re-mark the last marked range
CtrlS - Switch from one split screen to the other
CtrlT - Synchronize the two split screens
CtrlU - Unmark the marked range
CtrlY - Execute the Y macro
CELL POINTER MOVEMENT IN WORKSHEET AREA
Cell
up arrow - move up one row in current column
down arrow - move down one row in current column
left arrow - move left one column in current row
right arrow - move right one column in current row
Enter - move one cell in the direction of Smart Cursor
Screen
PgUp - scroll one screen towards beginning of spreadsheet
PgDn - scroll one screen towards end of spreadsheet
+ (numeric keypad) - scroll one screen to the right
- (numeric keypad) - scroll one screen to the left
Home - move to left column of screen, then top row of screen,
then left column of spreadsheet, then top row of spreadsheet
End - move to right column of screen, then bottom row of screen,
then right column of spreadsheet, then bottom row of
spreadsheet
Alt5 - move to the middle cell of current screen
AltUp - move to top row, current column of screen
AltDown - move to bottom row, current column of screen
AltLeft - move to left-most active column, current row of screen
AltRight - move to right-most active column, current row of screen
AltHome - move to upper left active cell of screen
AltEnd - move to lower left active cell of screen
AltPgUp - move to upper right active cell of screen
AltPgDn - move to lower right active cell of screen
+---------------------------+
| PC-CALC+ REFERENCE CARD |
+---------------------------+
Spreadsheet
Ctrl5 (numeric keypad) - move to center cell in spreadsheet
CtrlUp - move to top active row in spreadsheet, current column
CtrlDown - move to bottom active row in spreadsheet, current column
CtrlLeft - move to left-most active column in spreadsheet, current
row
CtrlRight - move to right-most active column in spreadsheet,
current row
CtrlHome - move to upper left active cell in spreadsheet
CtrlEnd - move to lower left active cell in spreadsheet
CtrlPgUp - move to upper right active cell in spreadsheet
CtrlPgDn - move to lower right active cell in spreadsheet
Specific cell
CtrlG - go to specific cell reference
/Goto, Goto - go to specific cell reference
/Goto, book mark - go to defined book mark
CURSOR MOVEMENT ON EDIT LINE
Left arrow - move the cursor one character to the left
Right arrow - move the cursor one character to the right
Tab - move the cursor five characters to the right
ShiftTab - move the cursor five characters to the left
Home - move the cursor to the first character on Edit Line
End - move the cursor to the right of the last character
Ctrl right arrow - move the cursor to the next word
Ctrl left arrow - move the cursor to the previous word
F6 - delete the data from the cursor to the end of the Edit Line
Backspace - delete the character to the left of the cursor and move all
other characters one position to the left
Ins - toggle Insert mode on and off
Del - delete the current character and move all characters to the right
of the cursor one position to the left
Esc - return to Worksheet Area without saving changes
Enter - return to Worksheet Area saving changes to current cell and move
the cell pointer one cell in direction of Smart Cursor
+---------------------------+
| PC-CALC+ REFERENCE CARD |
+---------------------------+
COMMANDS
BLOCK - /B
Blank, Copy, Fill, Move, Range, Sort, Transform, Zap
CONFIGURE - /C
Auto-Backup, Calculate, Display, Equation Delimiter, Flicker,
Globals, Import paths, Loop settings, Number of Columns,
Printer setup, Smart Cursor, Width, Sort Field Types,
ASCII Sort Order
DOS - /D
EDIT - /E
FORMAT - /F
Cells, Delete, Formulas, Insert, Shape, Width
GOTO - /G
IMPORT - /I
PC-Calc+, PC-Calc+ Import Table, PC-File+, PC-Type+/ASCII Mailmerge,
External Files Import Table
LOAD/SAVE - /L
Load spreadsheet, Save spreadsheet, Load printer file,
Save printer file, Load configuration, Save configuration,
Load macros, Save macros
MACROS - /M
Define, Change name, Delete, Execute, Modify, Reassign
LOOPS - /O
Loop processing, Display loops, Iterate loops
PRINT/GRAPH - /P
Print new report, Modify/Run saved reports, Escape codes,
Printer setup, Translation Table, Graph, Change/Run saved graphs
SPLIT - /S
Horizontal, Vertical, Switch screens, Unsplit
TITLE - /T
Lock rows, Lock columns, Lock rows and columns, Unlock
+---------------------------+
| PC-CALC+ REFERENCE CARD |
+---------------------------+
FUNCTIONS
Date and Time Functions
DATE(month,day,year) date given days
DAY(days) day of week
HOUR(seconds) hour given seconds since midnight
MINUTE(seconds) minute given seconds
MONTH(days) month of year
NOW current time
SECOND(seconds) second
TIME(hours,minutes,seconds) time
TODAY today's date
WKDY(days) day of week
YEAR(days) year
Financial Functions
FV(payment,rate,periods) future value of annuity
IRR(guess,cash flow) internal rate of return
NPV(interest,cash flow) net present value
PAYMENT(principal,rate,periods) payment
PERIODS(principal,payment,rate) periods
PRINCIPAL(payment,rate,periods) principal
RATE(principal,payment,periods) interest rate
Mathematical Functions
ABS(value) absolute value
CEIL(value) integer
COMB(value1,value2) combinations
EXP(value) exponentiation
FACT(value1,value2) factorial
FIX(value) integer
FLOOR(value) integer
INT(value) integer
LN(value) natural log
LOG(value) log base 10
MAX2(value1,value2) maximum value of two values
MIN2(value1,value2) minimum value of two values
MOD(value) modulo
PERM(value1,value2) permutations
RANDOM(value1,value2) random value generator
RMNDR(value) remainder
ROUND(value,n) round value to n decimal places
SGN(value) sign (1=+, -1=-, 0=0)
SQRT(value) square root
+---------------------------+
| PC-CALC+ REFERENCE CARD |
+---------------------------+
Logical Functions
FALSE set cell to 0, FALSE
IF(condition,then,else) if, then, else
IF condition THEN then ELSE else if, then, else (alternate form)
ISERR(cell) test if cell is ERROR
ISNA(cell) test if cell is available
TRUE set cell to 1, TRUE
Special Functions
BESSEL(kind,order,value) bessel function
COSH(value) hyperbolic cosine
DISPLAY(cell) display cell with text
ERROR set cell to ERROR
ITERCNT number of iterations for loop
LOOKUP(value,range,offset) lookup in range
NA set cell to NA, not available
NODISPLAY don't display anything in cell
NOPRINT don't print row
PAGE(value) page break, conditional page break
PATTR printer attributes (control codes)
SELECT(value,item0,...,itemN) select an item from a list
SINH(value) hyperbolic sine
TANH(value) hyperbolic tangent
Statistical Functions
AVG(range) average of range
COUNT(range) count of cells in range
MAX(range) maximum value in range
MIN(range) minimum value in range
STDEV(range) standard deviation
SUM(range) sum values in range
Trigonometric Functions
ACOS(value) arc cosine
ACSC(value) arc cosecant
ASEC(value) arc secant
ASIN(value) arc sine
ATN(value) arc tangent
ATN2(value1,value2) arc tangent (4 quadrants)
COS(radians) cosine
CSC(radians) cosecant
CTN(radians) cotangent
DEG(value) degrees converted from radians
PI pi, 3.1415...
RAD(value) radians converted from degrees
SEC(radians) secant
SIN(radians) sine
TAN(radians) tangent
+---------------------------+
| PC-CALC+ REFERENCE CARD |
+---------------------------+
OPERATORS
() permitted, nesting permitted
Mathematical
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
^ exponentiation
Logical
& and
| or
! not
XOR exclusive or
Relational
= equal
!= not equal
> greater than
< less than
>= greater than or equal
<= less than or equal