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.cw10 .po17 .pn 1 .PN 1 .FO 1-# 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N Thσáá purposσá oµá thi≤á manua∞á i≤á t∩á describσá thσá usσáá anΣ ì installatioε oµ thσ Portablσ ├ Subroutinσ Library«á Thi≤ librar∙ ì i≤á ß collectioε oµ module≤ writteε iε thσ ├ languagσá (Referencσ ì [2])¼á tha⌠á i≤á capablσá oµá equivalen⌠á operatioεá iεá multiplσ ì environments«á Thσá librar∙á i≤á availablσ iεá sourcσá forφá fo≥ ì compilatioεá anΣ integratioε int∩ ß systeφ librar∙ t∩ replacσ thσ ì hos⌠á vendo≥ ├ library«á Listing≤ oµ thσ portablσ ├ librar∙á arσ ì containeΣ iε ß separatσ documen⌠ (Referencσ [15]). Thσá conten⌠ oµ thσ librar∙ consist≤ oµ function≤ whicΦá minimizσ ì thσ visibilit∙ oµ system-specifiπ I/╧ formats¼á thσ usσ oµ systeφ ì commands¼á anΣ thσ reliancσ oε specifiπ systeφá resources«á Somσ ì customizatioεáá i≤á necessary¼áá however¼áá t∩á accommodatσáá thσ ì ideosyncracie≤ oµ eacΦ ne≈ host« Somσ oµ thesσ ideosyncracie≤ caε ì bσá removeΣá b∙ prope≥ definitioε oµ parameter≤ iεá heade≥á file≤ ì includeΣá wheεá thσ portablσ librar∙ i≤ recompiled«á Other≤á ma∙ ì requirσá ß smal∞ amoun⌠ oµ codσ alteration«á ┴ late≥ sectioεá oµ ì thi≤á documen⌠ contain≤ informatioε anΣ procedure≤á fo≥á adaptinτ ì thσ portablσ ├ librar∙ iε sucΦ cases. Thσá systeφá I/╧ interfacσ i≤ restricteΣ t∩ thσá function≤á sbrk¼ ì close¼á creat¼á exit¼á lseek¼á open¼á read¼á unlink¼á anΣá write¼ ì supplieΣ b∙ thσ hos⌠ ├ languagσ vendor«á Thesσ arσ assumeΣ t∩ bσ ì compatiblσ witΦ UNIXtmö conventions«á Anothe≥ functioε ¼á rename¼ ì i≤á assumed¼á eithe≥á addeΣá b∙ thσ ├ languagσ vendo≥ o≥á b∙á thσ ì installe≥ oµ thi≤ library«á Thσ floatinτ poin⌠ arithmetiπá systeφ ì interfacσ consist≤ oµ onl∙ ß fe≈ functions¼ sucΦ a≤ chrstc¼ fint¼ ì ldexp¼á astof¼á anΣá ftoa¼á tha⌠á requirσ somσ alteratioε oµá thσ ì sourcσ code«á Thσ remainde≥ oµ thσ librar∙ utilize≤ thσ standarΣ ì Kernighaε anΣ Ritchiσ (Referencσ [2]⌐ ├ languagσ features. A≤á man∙á oµ thσ UNI╪ librar∙ function≤ a≤ werσá deemeΣá portablσ ì werσá includeΣ iε thσ portablσ ├ library«á Thesσ bea≥á thσá samσ ì name≤á herσá a≤ the∙ d∩ iε thσ paren⌠ library«á Othe≥á function≤ ì havσ beeε addeΣ fo≥ greate≥ utility. Description≤á iε thi≤ manua∞ follo≈ thσ UNI╪ Programmer'≤á Manua∞ ì format╗á iε fact¼á thσ description≤ oµ thσ commoε function≤á werσ ì adapteΣ froφ thσ paren⌠ manual« Thσ tex⌠ i≤ collecteΣ int∩ ß se⌠ ì oµ subsections¼ whicΦ appea≥ wheε applicable: áááááThσá headingé oµ eacΦ entr∙ give≤ ß ver∙ shor⌠ descriptioε oµ ì áááááthσ purposσ oµ thσ function≤ iε tha⌠ entry. áááááThσá nameé subsectioε list≤ thσ exac⌠ name≤ oµ thσ heade≥á o≥ ì ááááásubroutine≤ covereΣ unde≥ thσ entry. *UNIX is a Trademark of Bell Laboratories. èáááááThσá synopsiséá summarize≤á thσ usσá oµá thσá functioεá beinτ ì ááááádescribed¼á includinτ requireΣ includeé statements¼á formats¼ ì áááááanΣ passeΣ parameters« ┴ fe≈ convention≤ arσ used: ááááááááááBoldfaceé word≤ arσ considereΣ literals¼á anΣ arσá typeΣ ì áááááááááájus⌠ a≤ the∙ appear. ááááááááááSquarσá bracket≤á █ ]é arounΣ aε argumen⌠ indicatσá tha⌠ ì ááááááááááthσ argumen⌠ i≤ optional« Wheε aε argumen⌠ i≤ giveε a≤ ì áááááááááá'name'¼ i⌠ alway≤ refer≤ t∩ ß filσ name. ááááááááááEllipse≤á '...ºá arσá useΣ t∩ sho≈á tha⌠á thσá previou≤ ì ááááááááááargument-prototypσ ma∙ bσ repeated. áááááááááá┴ fina∞ conventioε i≤ useΣ b∙ thσ command≤á themselves« ì ááááááááááAεá argumen⌠á beginninτ witΦ ß minu≤ sigε '-º i≤á ofteε ì áááááááááátakeεá t∩ meaε somσ sor⌠ oµ option-specifyinτá argumen⌠ ì ááááááááááeveεá iµá i⌠ appear≤ iε ß positioε wherσá ßá filσá namσ ì áááááááááácoulΣá appear«á Therefore¼á i⌠ i≤ unwisσ t∩ havσ file≤ ì ááááááááááwhosσ name≤ begiε witΦ '-'. áááááThσá descriptioné subsectioε discusse≤ iε detai∞ thσá subjec⌠ ì áááááa⌠ hand. ááááá┴ seσ alsoé subsectioε give≤ pointer≤ t∩ relateΣ information. ááááá┴áá diagnosticséáá subsectioεáá discusse≤áá thσááá diagnostiπ ì áááááindication≤á whicΦá ma∙á bσ produced«á Message≤á whicΦá arσ ì áááááintendeΣ t∩ bσ self-explanator∙ arσ no⌠ listed. áááááThσáá bugséáá subsectioεá give≤á knowεá bug≤á anΣáá sometime≤ ì ááááádeficiencies«áá Occasionall∙á thσá suggesteΣá fi°á i≤á als∩ ì ááááádescribed. .pa oè.PN 1 .FO 2-# 2. H E A D E R L I B R A R Y Thi≤á chapte≥á describe≤á eacΦ oµ thσ portablσá librar∙á standarΣ ì heade≥ files¼á whicΦ contaiε definition≤ oµ constant≤ anΣá macro≤ ì t∩áá bσá useΣá wheεá compilinτá use≥á programs¼áá anΣá als∩á wheε ì recompilinτ thσ portablσ librar∙ itself«á Iε addition¼á global.hé ì anΣ stdio.hé definσ globa∞ datß structures╗á global.hé i≤á requireΣ ì fo≥á eacΦ mainé segment¼á anΣ stdio.hé i≤ requireΣ fo≥ al∞ program≤ ì which use buffered i/o. Generally¼á al∞ macro≤ anΣ constant≤ defineΣ iε heade≥ file≤á arσ ì captalized¼á s∩á tha⌠ thσ use≥ ma∙ kno≈ tha⌠ the∙ arσ such«á Thσ ì exception≤á arσá thσ globa∞ variable≤á errnoéá anΣá progname¼á anΣ ì definitions of stdin, stdout, stderr, tiny, and utiny. Generally¼áá al∞áá system-dependen⌠á constant≤á o≥á switche≤á arσ ì containeΣá iε thesσ heade≥ files«á Thu≤ customizatioε fo≥ ßá ne≈ ì systeφáá primaril∙á involve≤á changinτá onl∙á thσá heade≥áá file≤ ì (stdio.h¼ mathcons.h)« Howeve≥ somσ subroutine≤ ma∙ als∩ requirσ ì modification«áá Seσáá thσáá customizatioεá note≤áá fo≥áá furthe≥ ì informatioε concerninτ thi≤ subject. The portable library standard header files are:ì .uj0 áááááctype.h standard character-type macros ááááádefs.h standard definitions and selectors file áááááerrno.h standard error number definition file áááááglobal.h standard global variable header file ááááámathcons.h constant file for math functions ááááámathtyp.h header file to declare math functions scrnio.h terminal display data file ááááástdio.Φ standarΣ buffereΣ i/∩ definition package ááááástdtyp.h standard defined-types file .uj1 .paè.hectype.Φ ctype.h Standard Character-Type Macros NAME áááááctype.h SYNOPSIS ááááá#includσ <ctype.h> áááááBOOL ISALPHA(c) áááááint c; ááááá« « . DESCRIPTION áááááThesσá macro≤á classif∙ ASCII-codeΣ intege≥ value≤ b∙á tablσ ì ááááálookup«á EacΦá i≤ ß predicatσ returninτ nonzer∩á fo≥á TRUE¼ ì ááááázer∩á fo≥ FALSE«á ISASCII i≤ defineΣ oε al∞ intege≥ values╗ ì áááááthσá res⌠ arσ defineΣ onl∙ wherσ ISASCII i≤ TRUE anΣ oεá thσ ì ááááásinglσá non-ASCI╔ valuσ EOFé (seσ stdio.h)«á Thσá condition≤ ì áááááfo≥ TRUEé are: .uj0 áááááISALNUM(c) c i≤ aε alphanumeriπ character. áááááISALPHA(c) c i≤ ß letter. áááááISASCII(c) c i≤ aε ASCI╔ character¼ codσ les≤ thaε 0x80. áááááISCNTRL(c)á c i≤ ß deletσ characte≥ (0x7f⌐á o≥á ordinar∙ ì ááááá áááácontro∞ characte≥ (les≤ thaε 0x20). áááááISDIGIT(c) c i≤ ß digit. áááááISLOWER(c) c i≤ ß lowe≥ casσ letter. áááááISOCTAL(c)ááááá cé i≤ aε octa∞ character. áááááISPRIN╘(c)áá céái≤á ßá printinτá character¼áá codσáá 0x2░ ì ááááá (space⌐ througΦ 0x7σ (tilde). áááááISPUNCT(c) c i≤ ß punctuatioε characte≥ (neithe≥ contro∞ ì ááááá áááááno≥ alphanumeric). áááááISSPACE(c) c i≤ ß space¼á tab¼ carriagσ return¼ newline¼ ì ááááá áááááo≥ formfeed. áááááISUPPER(c) c i≤ aε uppe≥ casσ letter. .uj1 áááááThσ followinτ usσ thσ ISUPPERé anΣ ISLOWERé macros¼ anΣ returε ì áááááß character: .uj0 áááááTOLOWER(c)é return≤ thσ lowe≥ casσ oµ c¼á o≥ π iµ i⌠á i≤ ì ááááá lower case. áááááTOUPPER(c) returns upper case of c. .uj1 èSEE ALSO ááááácorrespondinτ lis⌠ oµ functions. BUGS áááááBecausσá thesσ arσ implementeΣ a≤ macros¼á sidσ effect≤á ma∙ ì áááááno⌠á bσá handleΣá correctly╗á e.g«á ISALPHA(*s++⌐á ma∙á no⌠ ì áááááproducσ thσ intendeΣ result« Usσ thσ functioε forφ oµ thesσ ì ááááámacros in such cases. .paè.hedefs.h defs.h Standard Definitions and Selectors File NAME ááááádefs.h SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <defs.h> áááááMAX(a, b) áááá ... DESCRIPTION áááááThe following operators are defined in defs.h: .uj0 áááá AND replacemen⌠á fo≥á '&&'¼áá thσá logica∞á 'andº ì ááááá operato≥. áááá FOREVERé samσ a≤ 'fo≥ (;;)'¼á cause≤ aε infinitσ loop« ì áááá IS á replace≤áá '=='¼áá thσá logica∞áá equivalencσ ì ááááá operator. áááá ISNT act≤ a≤ thσ non-equivalencσ operator¼á '!='« ì áááá NOT substitutσá fo≥á '!'¼á thσá logica∞á negatioε ì ááááá operator. áááá OR replace≤á '||'¼áá thσá logica∞áá inclusive-o≥ ì ááááá operator. áááááThe standard constants defined in defs.h are the following: EOF (-1) FAI╠ áááá 1 FALSE áááá 0 NO áááá 0 NULL 0 SUCCESS áááá 0 TRUE áááá 1 YES áááá 1 áááááAls∩ iε defs.hé arσ severa∞ macros: áááá ABS(x)é return≤ thσ absolutσ value of x. èáááá GZ(x)é return≤ xé iµ xé i≤ greate≥ thaε zero« Iµ not¼ ì ááááá i⌠ return≤ zero. áááááLURSHIFT(n¼ b)é return≤ thσ valuσ oµ lonτ né afte≥ aε unsigneΣ ì ááááá right shift of b bits.ì áááá MAX(x¼ y)é return≤ thσ large≥ oµ ° anΣ y. áááá MIN(x¼ y)é return≤ thσ lesse≥ oµ x and y. áááááSGN(x)é return≤ +▒ iµ ° i≤ positive¼á -▒ iµ negative¼ ì ááááá o≥ ░ iµ 0. áááááURSHIFT(n¼áb)éá return≤á thσ valuσ oµ in⌠ néá bit≤á afte≥á aε ì ááááá unsigneΣ righ⌠ shif⌠ oµ bé bits. áááááExamples: áááááááááááiµ (statement▒ AN─ statement2⌐ ... ááááááááááá° ╜ GZ(x); áááááááááááFOREVE╥ ... áááááááááááiµ (op▒ I╙ op2⌐ ... áááááááááááiµ (op▒ ISN╘ op2⌐ ... áááááááááááwhilσ (NOT x⌐ ... áááááááááááwhilσ (statement▒ O╥ statement2⌐ ... ááááá large = MAX(x, y); .uj1 SE┼ ALSO ááááálist of corresponding functions. BUGS áááááBecausσ ABS¼á GZ¼á MAX¼á MIN¼ SG╬ arσ implementeΣ a≤ macros¼ ì ááááásidσá effect≤á ma∙ no⌠ bσ handleΣá properly«á Fo≥á example¼ ì áááááABS(i++⌐ ma∙ bσ incorrect«á Usσ thσ functioε form≤ oµ thesσ ì ááááámacros in such cases. .paè.heerrno.h errno.h Standard Error Number Definition File NAME áááááerrno.h SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <errno.h> DESCRIPTION áááááerrno.héá define≤ erro≥ numbe≥ values«á Thσ onl∙ tw∩ useΣá iε ì áááááthσ portablσ math librar∙ are: .uj0 áááááERANGEé computeΣ matΦ valuσ i≤ ou⌠ oµ computablσ range. áááááEDOMé functioε argumen⌠ i≤ no⌠ iε defineΣ domain. .uj1 áááááOthe≥á value≤ oµ errnoé ma∙ bσ returneΣ b∙ systeφá call≤á anΣ ì ááááábuffereΣ i/∩ functions« Typica∞ errnoé value≤ returneΣ b∙ thσ ì ááááásysteφ call≤ useΣ b∙ thσ portablσ librar∙ are: .uj0 áááááENOENT file does not exist áááááE2BIG argument list too long áááááEBADF bad file descriptor áááááENOMEM not enough memory for requested operation áááááEEXIST file already exists on create request áááááEINVAL invalid argument áááááENFILE exceeded maximum number of disk files áááááEMFILE exceeded maximum number of file descriptors áááááENOTTY not a terminal or device to which calls apply áááááEACCES invalid access request áááááEIO i/o error during read or write áááááENXIO no such device or address áááááEPERMé modificatioε forbiddeε excep⌠ t∩ owne≥, superuser áááááEFAULT bad address áááááEXDEV cross-device link attempted áááááENODEV no such device áááááEFBIG file too large áááááENOSPC no space left on device áááááEROFS read-only file system áááááEMLINK too many links to a file .uj1 SE┼ ALSO áááááglobal.h .paè.heglobal.Φ global.h Standard Global Variable Header File NAME áááááglobal.h SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <global.h> ááááámain(argc, argv) áááááSTRING *argv; DESCRIPTION áááááThi≤á heade≥á declare≤ ß globa∞ variablσ errn∩ anΣ ßá globa∞ ì ááááávariablσá strinτá progname t∩ bσ useΣ iεá thosσá case≤á wheε ì áááááargv[0▌á doe≤ no⌠ contaiε thσ prograφ name«á Thσ programme≥ ì áááááma∙áá usσáá thi≤áá variablσáá t∩áá recorΣáá thσáá name¼áá a≤ ì ááááá ááááá strcp∙(progname¼ "<prograφ name>")╗ ááááá áááááIµ arg[0▌ doe≤ contaiε thσ namσ oµ thσ invokeΣ program¼ theε ì áááááthσ samσ effec⌠ i≤ obtaineΣ viß ááááá strcpy(progname, argv[0]); áááááThi≤á filσ als∩ contain≤ outrow[]é anΣ outcol[]é whicΦ contaiε ì áááááthσ ro≈ anΣ columε value≤ oµ al∞ outpu⌠ channels¼ indexeΣ b∙ ì áááááuni⌠á number«áá Fo≥á buffereΣá i/o¼áá thesσá arσá giveεá b∙ ì áááááfp->_unit╗á fo≥ unbuffereΣ i/o¼ thσ uni⌠ number≤ arσ STDOUT¼ ì áááááSTDERR¼ anΣ filσ descriptor≤ returneΣ b∙ open. .paè.hemathcons.h mathcons.h Constant File for Math Functions NAME ááááámathcons.h SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <mathcons.h> DESCRIPTION áááááThi≤á heade≥á filσá contain≤á thσ value≤á oµá thσá followinτ ì ááááámachine-dependent constants: .uj0 áááááááááá BIG10╪á 10▐(2▐(BIG10X-1)⌐ ╝áINFINITYì áááááááááá BIG╪ 1╢ ¬ log2(INFINITY⌐ - ▒ áááááááááá DPRECISIO╬ (int⌐ PRECISIO╬ áááááááááá INFINIT┘ machinσ infinity¼ 2(MAXEXP-1⌐ áááááááááá INFINLE╟ INFINIT┘ » sqrt(2⌐ ááááá LEAS╘ leas⌠ doublσ representablσ áááááááááá LOGINFINIT┘ larges⌠ loτ argumen⌠ áááááááááá LOGLEAS╘ smalles⌠ loτ argumen⌠ áááááááááá MAXEX╨ larges⌠ characteristiπ áááááááááá MAXEXP╟ MAXEX╨ - │ guarΣ bit≤ áááááááááá MINEX╨ smalles⌠ characteristiπ áááááááááá MINEXP╟ MINEX╨ ½ │ guarΣ bit≤ áááááááááá PRECISIO╬ -log1░ oµ WASHOU╘ áááááááááá RTHLFIN╞ sqrt(INFINIT┘ » 2⌐ áááááááááá SMALL╪áá 1╢á¬álog2(LEAST⌐ ½ ▒ áááááááááá SYMLEAS╘ symmetriπ leas⌠ (ha≤ inverse) áááááááááá TANHXBI╟ (sig« bit≤ ½ 2⌐ ¬ ln(2⌐ » ▓ áááááááááá WASHOU╘ 1.░ ½ (° ╝ WASHOUT⌐ ╜ 1.░ .uj1 ááááámathcons.há als∩ contain≤ thσ followinτá machine-independent ì áááááconstants: .uj0 áááááááááá CBRTFOU╥ cubσ roo⌠ oµ ┤ áááááááááá CBRTTW╧ cubσ roo⌠ oµ ▓ áááááááááá FADEOU╘áá Taylo≥áserie≤áfadeout term áááááááááá FOURTHLOG▓ log(2)/┤ áááááááááá HALFLOG2σ log2(e)/▓ áááááááááá INVP╔ ▒ » pΘ áááááááááá LOG▓ loτ oµ ▓ basσ σ áááááááááá LOG2σ loτ oµ σ basσ ▓ áááááááááá LOGe1 loτ oµ 1░ basσ σ áááááááááá LOG10e loτ oµ σ basσ 1░ áááááááááá LOG10tw∩ loτ oµ ▓ basσ 1░ áááááááááá MAXANGL┼ int(pΘ ¬ 225⌐ áááááááááá P╔ pΘ áááááááááá PIover▓ pΘ » ▓ áááááááááá PIover│ pΘ » │ áááááááááá PIover┤ pΘ » ┤ áááááááááá PIover╢ pΘ » ╢ áááááááááá ROOTHAL╞ squarσ roo⌠ oµ 1/▓ áááááááááá ROOTTW╧ squarσ roo⌠ oµ ▓ áááááááááá SQRT│ sqrt(3⌐ èáááááááááá SQRT3m▒ááááá sqrt(3⌐á- ▒ áááááááááá TWOLOG2σ ▓ ¬ log2(e⌐ áááááááááá TWOmSQRT│ ▓ - sqrt(3⌐ áááááááááá TWOoverP╔ ▓ » pΘ .uj1 .paè.hemathtyp.h mathtyp.h Header File to Declare Math Functions NAME ááááámathtyp.h SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <mathtyp.h> DESCRIPTION áááááThi≤á contain≤á typσ declaration≤ whicΦ definσ thσ type≤á oµ ì áááááal∞á doubleá matΦ function≤ iεá thi≤á library«á Usinτá thi≤ ì áááááheade≥á delete≤ thσ necessit∙ t∩ declarσ eacΦ matΦá functioε ì áááááseparatel∙ iε use≥ programs. Included are: ááááá acos cotan fmin modf sgn ááááá asin erf frexp ntail simpson ááááá atan erfc hypot nprob sin ááááá atan2 exp inverf pow sinh ááááá atof fabs inverfc randexp sqrt ááááá cbrt fint ldexp randnorm tan ááááá ceil floor log random tanh ááááá cos frac log10 ratfun ááááá cosh fmax log2 round .paè.hescrnio.h scrnio.h Screen Function Data File NAME áááááscrnio.h SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <scrnio.h> DESCRIPTION áááááscrnio.héá i≤á thσ datß filσ whicΦ declare≤ al∞á globa∞á datß ì ááááánecessar∙á fo≥ thσ usσ oµ thesσ termina∞ displa∙á functions« ì áááááI⌠ contain≤ thσ value≤ oµ thσ followinτ constants: ááááááááá ALT_SCRN[7] áááááááalternatσ intensit∙ on ááááááááááBKCURSOR[9] cursor back ááááááááá CB4R ááááááááááááááboolean║ columε beforσ row? ááááááááá CLEARSCREEN[9] ááááclea≥ screeε anΣ homσ cursor ááááááááá COFFSET ááááááááááácolumε valuσ offset ááááááááááDNCURSOR[9] cursor down ááááááááá EREOLN[7] áá áááááááerasσ t∩ end-of-line ááááááááá EREOPG[9] á áááááááerasσ t∩ enΣ oµ page ááááááááááFWCURSOR[9] cursor forward ááááááááá HEIGHT áááááááááááááline≤ pe≥ screen ááááááááá HOMER[9] ááááááááááhomσ thσ cursor ááááááááá LEADIN[9] áááááááááácurso≥ lead-iε sequence ááááááááá LINDELETE[7] ááááááádeletσ line ááááááááá LININSERT[9] ááááááinser⌠ line ááááááááá NORM_SCRN[7] áááááánorma∞ intensit∙ on ááááááááááRCSEPARATOR[5] áááárow-columε separator ááááááááááRCENDER[5] áááááááálead-iε termination ááááááááááROFFSET áááááááááááro≈ valuσ offset ááááááááááSCRNINI[9] áááááááááinitializσ terminal ááááááááááSCRNUNI[9] ááááááááun-initializσ terminal ááááááááááSCRNWRAP áááááááááááboolean║ screeε wrap-around?è ááááááááááTERMINAL[20] áááááánamσ oµ terminal ááááááááááUPCURSOR[9] cursor up ááááááááááUSELAST áááááááááááboolean║ usσ las⌠ screeε character? ááááááááááWIDTH áááááááááááááácolumn≤ pe≥ screen ááááááááááXLT2ASCII áááááááááboolean║ translatσ t∩ ASCII? SEE ALSO áááááscrnioéá in Section 4. .paè.hestdio.h stdio.h Standard Buffered Input/Output Definition Package NAME ááááástdio.h SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <stdio.h> áááááFILE *stdin; áááááFILE *stdout; áááááFILE *stderr; DESCRIPTION áááááIεá thσ user-leve∞ frameworkinτ scheme¼á thσ function≤á getcé ì áááááanΣá putcé handlσ character≤ iε botΦ buffereΣ anΣá unbuffereΣ ì ááááámodes«á Thσá highe≥á leve∞á routine≤á gets¼á fgets¼á scanf¼ ì áááááfscanf¼á fread¼ puts¼ fputs¼ printf¼ fprintf¼ fwriteé al∞ usσ ì ááááágetcé anΣ putc╗ the∙ caε bσ freel∙ intermixed. ááááá┴ filσ witΦ associateΣ bufferinτ i≤ calleΣ ß stream¼á anΣ i≤ ì ááááádeclareΣá t∩á bσ ß pointe≥ t∩ ß defineΣá typσá FILE«á fopen ì ááááácreate≤ certaiε descriptivσ datß fo≥ ß streaφ anΣ return≤á ß ì ááááápointe≥ t∩ designatσ thσ streaφ iε al∞ furthe≥ transactions« ì áááááTherσ arσ threσ normall∙ opeε stream≤ witΦ constan⌠ pointer≤ ì ááááádeclareΣá iεá thσá includσá filσá anΣá associateΣá witΦá thσ ì ááááástandard open files: ááááá stdin standard input file ááááá stdout standard output file ááááá stderr standard error file áááááSTDIN¼á STDOUTé anΣ STDERRé arσ thσ filσ descriptor≤ tha⌠ reaΣ ì áááááand write recognize as standard preopened files. áááááA constant 'pointer' NULL (0) designates no stream at all. áááááAε intege≥ constan⌠ EO╞ (-1⌐ i≤ returneΣ upoε enΣ oµ filσ o≥ ì áááááerror by integer functions that deal with streams. áááááMAXSTREAMéá i≤á thσ maximuφ numbe≥ oµá input/outpu⌠á streams, ì áááááand IObuffs is the file stream table. áááááAn∙ routinσ tha⌠ use≤ thσ standarΣ input/outpu⌠ packagσ mus⌠ ì áááááincludσáá thσá heade≥á filσá <stdio.h╛á oµá pertinen⌠á macr∩ ì ááááádefinitions« áááááBuffered Input/Output Definitions: áááááááááááBUFSIZ ááááááástreaφ buffe≥ size áááááááááááCRINSUP áááááádefineΣá wheε '\rº iε inpu⌠ tex⌠ mus⌠ bσ èááááááááááááááááááááá ááásuppressed áááááááááááCROUTADDáá defineΣ wheε '\rº mus⌠ accompan∙ '\nº iε ì ááááááááááááááááááááááááátext output áááááááááááCURPOS ááááááfilσ positioε designator (lseek) áááááááááááFILEND ááááááfilσ enΣ positioε designator (lseek) áááááááááááMAXLINE ááááámaximuφ stdi∩ inpu⌠ linσ width áááááááááááORIGIN ááááááábeginninτ oµ filσ designator (lseek) áááááááááááPMODE áááááááfopen(⌐ protectioε modσ (fo≥ UNIX) áááááááááááSYS_EOF ááááásystem end-of-file character (if any) áááááááááááTABSTOP stdout tabstop width ááááááááááá_RDONLY áááááfilσ opeε fo≥ reaΣ only ááááááááááá_RDWRIT áááááfilσ opeε fo≥ read/writσ access ááááááááááá_WRONLY áááááfilσ opeε fo≥ writσ only áááááFile Stream _flags bit masks: ááááááááááá_ALLBUF ááááábit set (1⌐ wheε buffe≥ i≤ allocated ááááááááááá_BUSY áááááábit set (1⌐ wheε ß FIL┼ i≤ open ááááááááááá_DIRTY áááááábit set (1⌐ wheε buffe≥ i≤ unflushed ááááááááááá_EOF áááááááábit set (1⌐ iµ streaφ EO╞ i≤ reached ááááááááááá_IOERR áááááábit set (1⌐ iµ i/∩ streaφ error áááááFile Stream Data Structure Definition, FILE *fp: áááááááááááBUFFER _bend point≤ onσ cha≥ pas⌠ las⌠ iε buffer áááááááááááBUFFER _bptr áácurren⌠ pointe≥ iε streaφ buffer áááááááááááBUFFER _buff addres≤ oµ streaφ buffer áááááááááááunsigned _buflen lengtΦ oµ buffer áááááááááááchar _bytbuf singlσ bytσ fo≥ unbuffereΣ streams áááááááááááTBITS _flags opeε mode¼ error¼ eof¼ busy¼ etc. áááááááááááutiny _unit áfilσ descripto≥ returneΣ b∙ open è áááááStandard I/O Macros: áááááááááááclearerr(fp) ((fp)->_flag≤ &╜ ~(_IOERR|_EOF) ááááááááááágetchar() ááágetca(stdin) áááááááááááfeof(fp) áááá(((fp)->_flag≤ &_EOF⌐ !╜ 0) áááááááááááferror(fp) ááá(((fp)->_flag≤ &_IOERR⌐ !╜ 0) áááááááááááfileno(fp) áá((fp)->_unit) áááááááááááputchar(c) áááputca(c¼ stdout) eputc(c) putca(c, stderr) SEE ALSO áááááopen, close, read, write DIAGNOSTICS áááááThσ valuσ EO╞ i≤ returneΣ uniforml∙ t∩ indicatσ tha⌠ ßá FIL┼ ì ááááápointe≥ ha≤ no⌠ beeε initializeΣ witΦ fopen¼á inpu⌠ (output⌐ ì áááááha≤á beeε attempteΣ oε aε outpu⌠ (input⌐ stream¼á o≥ ßá FIL┼ ì ááááápointe≥á designate≤ corrup⌠ o≥ otherwisσ unintelligiblσ FIL┼ ì ááááádata. .paè.hestdtyp.h stdtyp.h Standard Defined-Types File NAME ááááástdtyp.h SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <stdtyp.h> DESCRIPTION áááááSevera∞á bug≤á iε ├ program≤ oµ aε earlie≥á generatioεá werσ ì áááááfounΣá b∙ rigorousl∙ type-defininτ anΣá consistency-checkinτ ì ááááásucΦá interface≤ a≤ functioεá arguments¼á functioεá returneΣ ì ááááávalues¼ááá anΣáá structurσáá definitions«áá Thi≤áá semantiπ ì áááááreadabilityá argumen⌠á i≤á thσ onl∙á justificatioεá fo≥á thσ ì ááááádefined-type≤ LBITS¼ BITS¼ TBITS¼ METACHAR¼ BOOL, anΣ TBOOL¼ ì ááááábecausσáá thσá underlyinτá type≤á arσá no⌠á subjec⌠á t∩á an∙ ì áááááportability problems for their restricted usage. áááááThσá casσá i≤á differen⌠á fo≥ thσá type≤á tiny¼á anΣá utiny« ì áááááPortabilit∙ problem≤ (botΦ machinσ anΣ compiler⌐ arσ ßá maiε ì áááááreasoεá fo≥ thesσ distinctions«á Differen⌠ version≤ oµá thσ ì ááááácompile≥á havσá introduceΣá datß type≤á fo≥á unsigneΣá char¼ ì áááááunsigneΣá short,éá anΣá eveε unsigneΣá long«á AnΣá differen⌠ ì ááááámachine≤ ma∙ trea⌠ thσ typσ charé a≤ signeΣ o≥ unsigned«á Iµ ì áááááprogram≤á arσ writteε witΦ thesσ ra≈ ├ types¼á the∙ mus⌠á bσ ì áááááediteΣ b∙ hanΣ beforσ portinτ t∩ anothe≥ compile≥ tha⌠á doe≤ ì áááááno⌠ suppor⌠ ß ne≈ type«á However¼ iµ ß se⌠ oµ defined-type≤ ì ááááái≤ consistentl∙ used¼á theε thσ defined-typσ caε bσ targeteΣ ì ááááát∩ thσ ne≈ typσ wheε i⌠ exists¼á anΣ bσ targeteΣ t∩ aε olde≥ ì ááááábasσá typσ otherwise«á Fo≥ truσ portability¼á sucΦ defined-ì ááááátype≤ mus⌠ bσ augmenteΣ witΦ rvaluσ macros: .uj0 ááááá TINY(n) produce≤á ß signeΣ valuσ froφ ╕ o≥á morσ ì áááááááááááááááááááááááábit≤ oµ n. ááááá UTINY(n) produce≤á aε unsigneΣ valuσ froφ ╕á bit≤ ì áááááááááááááááááááááááá(o≥ more⌐ oµ n. áááááPseudo Storage Classes: ááááá FASTáááááááááááequivalen⌠ t∩ register. ááááááááááGLOBAL equivalent to extern. ááááááááááLOCAL equivalent to static. áááááType definitions: áááááááááátin∙ an 8 bit (or larger) signed integer. ááááááááááutinyá aε ╕ bi⌠ (o≥ larger⌐ unsigneΣá intege≥ ì áááááááááááááááááááááááááuseΣ fo≥ ß quantity. èááááá TBITS aεá ╕á bi⌠á (o≥ larger⌐á useΣá fo≥á bi⌠ ì ááááááááááááááááááááááááámanipulation. ááááá TBOOL aε ╕ bi⌠ (o≥ larger⌐ integer¼á bu⌠ useΣ ì áááááááááááááááááááááááááfo≥ boolean. ááááá TEXT aε ╕ bi⌠ (o≥ larger⌐ iteφ useΣ onl∙ fo≥ ì ááááááááááááááááááááááááácharacters. ááááá BOOL integer, but used for boolean. ááááá LBITS long, but only for bit manipulation. ááááá BITS ßá 1╢ bi⌠ (o≥ larger⌐ intege≥ onl∙á fo≥ ì ááááááááááááááááááááááááábi⌠ manipulation. ááááá METACHAR ßáá 1╢áá bi⌠á (o≥áá larger⌐áá augmenteΣ ì ááááááááááááááááááááááááácharacte≥ (ma∙ bσ -1). ááááá VOID a function that returns no value. ááááá STRING a string of TEXT, (char *). ááááá BUFFE╥á ßá characte≥ arra∙ useΣá a≤á ßá buffer¼ ì ááááá (cha≥ *). ááááá ALIG╬á Storagσ allocatioε worΣ alignmen⌠á datß ì ááááá structure. ááááááááááHEADER Storage allocation header. .uj1 áááááExcep⌠á fo≥ tiny,é anΣ utiny¼á defined-type≤ arσ writteεá iε ì áááááuppe≥ casσ t∩ emphasizσ thei≥ definitioε iε ß heade≥ file. áááááThi≤á particula≥ heade≥ filσ ha≤ beeε adapteΣ froφ thσ Plum-ì áááááHal∞ StandarΣ (Referencσ 4)«á Thi≤ filσ mus⌠ bσá customizeΣ ì ááááát∩á thσ intendeΣ compiler/machinσ environment¼á a≤ describeΣ ì áááááin the reference and Section 5 of this manual. .he .pa o (Intentionally left blank) .PAè.PN 1 .FO 3-# 3. S Y S T E M C A L L S Thi≤ sectioε describe≤ al∞ thσ entrie≤ int∩ thσ systeφ assumeΣ b∙ ì thσá portablσá ├á library«á Mos⌠ oµ thesσ call≤á havσá aεá erro≥ ì return«áá Aεá erro≥á conditioεá i≤á indicateΣá b∙á aεá otherwisσ ì impossiblσá returneΣá value«á Almos⌠á alway≤á thi≤á i≤á -1╗á thσ ì individua∞ section≤ specif∙ thσ details« Aε erro≥ numbe≥ i≤ als∩ ì madσá availablσá iε thσ externa∞ variablσ errno«á errnoéá i≤á no⌠ ì cleareΣ oε successfu∞ calls¼ s∩ i⌠ shoulΣ bσ testeΣ onl∙ afte≥ aε ì erro≥ ha≤ occurred. The system calls assumed are: ááááá close read ááááá creat rename ááááá exit sbrk ááááá lseek unlink ááááá open write Sourcσ codσ fo≥ thesσ function≤ i≤ no⌠ containeΣ iε thσá portablσ ì library╗á thesσá function≤á expecteΣá t∩ bσ availablσá iεá thσá ├ ì language system interface supported by the vendor. .paè.heclose close Closσ ß File¼ Operating ╙ystem Interface NAME áááááclose SYNOPSIS áááááint close(fildes) áááááint fildes; DESCRIPTION ááááá┴áá filσá descipto≥á i≤á aεá intege≥á useΣáá ináá subsequen⌠ ì áááááinvocation≤á oµá othe≥ input-outpu⌠ function≤ oεá thσá file« ì áááááGiveεá ßá filσ descripto≥ sucΦ a≤ returneΣ froφ aεá openéá o≥ ì ááááácreat¼á closeéá close≤ thσ associateΣ file«á ┴ closσ oµá al∞ ì áááááfile≤á i≤ automatiπ oε exit¼á bu⌠ sincσ therσ i≤ ß limi⌠á oε ì áááááthσ numbe≥ oµ opeε file≤ pe≥ process¼ closeé i≤ necessar∙ fo≥ ì áááááprogram≤ whicΦ dea∞ witΦ man∙ files. SEE ALSO áááááopen, write, creat, fclose DIAGNOSTICS ááááácloseéá return≤ ß zer∩ iµ ß filσ i≤ closed╗á EOF i≤á returneΣ ì áááááfo≥ aε unknowε filσ descriptor. .paè.hecreat creat Creatσ ß File¼ Operating ╙ystem Interface NAME ááááácrea⌠ SYNOPSIS áááááint creat(name, mode) áááááSTRING name; áááááint mode; DESCRIPTION ááááácreat create≤ ß ne≈ filσ o≥ prepare≤ t∩ rewritσ aεá existinτ ì áááááfilσ calleΣ name¼ giveε a≤ thσ addres≤ oµ ß null-terminatinτ ì ááááástring«á Iµá thσá filσá diΣ no⌠á exist¼á i⌠á i≤á giveεá thσ ì áááááprescribeΣ mode« áááááIµ thσ filσ diΣ exist¼á it≤ modσ anΣ owne≥ remaiεá unchangeΣ ì ááááábut it is truncated to zero length. áááááThσ filσ i≤ als∩ openeΣ fo≥ writing¼ anΣ it≤ filσ descripto≥ ì áááááis returned. áááááThσá modeéá giveε i≤ arbitrary╗á i⌠ neeΣ no⌠á allo≈á writing« ì áááááThi≤á featurσá i≤á system-dependent¼áá originall∙á useΣáá b∙ ì áááááprogram≤á whicΦá dea∞ witΦ temporar∙ file≤ oµá fixeΣá names« ì áááááThσ creatioε wa≤ donσ a≤ ß modσ tha⌠ forbid≤ writing«á Theε ì áááááiµ ß seconΣ instancσ oµ thσ prograφ werσ t∩ attemp⌠ ß creat¼ ì áááááaεá erro≥ i≤ returneΣ anΣ thσ prograφ know≤ tha⌠ thσ namσ i≤ ì áááááunusablσá fo≥á thσ moment«á However¼á thi≤ featurσá i≤á no⌠ ì áááááguaranteeΣ iε thσ portablσ library¼ anΣ shoulΣ no⌠ bσ relieΣ ì áááááupon. SEE ALSO áááááopen, write, close, stdio.h DIAGNOSTICS áááááFo≥ creat¼á thσ valuσ EOF i≤ returneΣ if║ ß needeΣ director∙ ì ááááái≤ no⌠ searchable╗ thσ filσ doe≤ no⌠ exis⌠ anΣ thσ director∙ ì áááááiε whicΦ i⌠ i≤ t∩ bσ createΣ i≤ no⌠ writable╗á thσ filσ doe≤ ì áááááexis⌠ anΣ i≤ unwritable╗á thσ filσ i≤ ß directory╗ therσ arσ ì áááááalread∙ to∩ man∙ file≤ open. .paè.heexit exit Terminate Process NAME áááááexit, _exit SYNOPSIS áááááVOID exit(status) áááááint status; áááááVOID _exit(status) áááááint status; DESCRIPTION áááááexité i≤ thσ norma∞ mean≤ oµ terminatinτ ß process«á exité i≤ ì ááááásupposeΣ t∩ closσ al∞ thσ process'≤ files╗á however¼á i⌠ ma∙ ì áááááno⌠á closσ buffereΣ stream≤ oµ thσá portablσá library«á Fo≥ ì áááááthi≤á purpose¼á thσá portablσ functioε fcloseé i≤á available« ì ááááástatusé ma∙ bσ availablσ t∩ whateve≥ proces≤ calleΣ thi≤ one¼ ì ááááádependinτ oε thσ system¼á s∩ thσ succes≤ o≥ failurσ oµá thσ ì áááááprograφá caε bσ testeΣ b∙ anothe≥ prograφ tha⌠ use≤ thi≤ onσ ì áááááa≤ ß sub-process. áááááThis call can never return. áááááThσá ├á functioε exit ma∙ causσ cleanu≡ action≤á beforσá thσ ì áááááfina∞á 'sy≤á exit'«á Thσá functioεá _exitá circumvent≤á al∞ ì ááááácleanup. SEE ALSO áááááfclose, redirbuf .pa è.helseek lseek Move Read/Write Pointer NAME ááááálseek SYNOPSIS ááááálong lseek(fildes, offset, whence) áááááint fildes; ááááálong offset; áááááint whence; DESCRIPTION áááááThσá filσá descripto≥ refer≤ t∩ ß filσ opeε fo≥á readinτá o≥ ì áááááwriting« Thσ reaΣ (resp« write⌐ pointe≥ fo≥ thσ filσ i≤ se⌠ ì áááááas follows: áááááááááááIµ whenceé i≤ ORIGI╬ (0)¼á thσ pointe≥ i≤ se⌠ t∩ offseté ì ááááááááááábytes. áááááááááááIµá whenceé i≤ CURPO╙ (1)¼á thσ pointe≥ i≤ se⌠á t∩á it≤ ì ááááááááááácurren⌠ locatioε plu≤ offset. áááááááááááIµá whenceéá i≤ FILEN─ (2)¼á thσ pointe≥ i≤ se⌠ t∩á thσ ì ááááááááááásizσ oµ thσ filσ plu≤ offset. áááááThe returned value is the resulting pointer location. áááááSeekinτ fa≥ beyonΣ thσ enΣ oµ ß file¼á theε writing¼ create≤ ì áááááß ga≡ o≥ hole¼ whicΦ occupie≤ n∩ physica∞ spacσ anΣ read≤ a≤ ì ááááázeros. SEE ALSO áááááopen, creat, fseek, stdio.h DIAGNOSTICS áááááEOFé i≤ returneΣ fo≥ aε undefineΣ filσ descriptor¼ o≥ seeδ t∩ ì áááááß positioε beforσ thσ beginninτ oµ file. .paè.heopen open Open for Reading or Writing NAME áááááopen SYNOPSIS áááááint open(name, flag, mode) áááááSTRING name; áááááint flag, mode; DESCRIPTION áááááopenéá open≤ thσ filσ nameé fo≥ readinτ (iµ flagéá i≤á _RDONLY¼ ì ááááá0)¼á writinτ (iµ flagé i≤ _WRONLY¼ 1⌐ o≥ fo≥ botΦ readinτ anΣ ì áááááwritinτ (iµ flagé i≤ _RDWRIT¼á 2)«á nameé i≤ thσ addres≤ oµ ß ì ááááástrinτáá oµá ASCI╔á character≤á representinτá thσá filename¼ ì áááááterminateΣ b∙ ß NULLé character. áááááThσá filσá i≤á positioneΣ a⌠ thσ beginninτá (bytσá 0)«á Thσ ì áááááreturneΣá filσ descripto≥ mus⌠ bσ useΣ fo≥ subsequen⌠á call≤ ì áááááfor other input-output functions on the file. áááááThσ modeé i≤ arbitrary¼á anΣ i≤ unuseΣ fo≥ thσ flaτ value≤ oµ ì áááááthσá portablσ library«á Thσ presencσ o≥ absencσ oµ thσ modeé ì áááááargumen⌠ ma∙ requirσ module≤ callinτ thσ opené functioε t∩ bσ ì ááááámodifieΣá t∩á conforφá witΦ thσá requirement≤á oµá thσá hos⌠ ì ááááácomputer. SEE ALSO ááááácreat, read, write, close, fopen, stdio.h DIAGNOSTICS áááááThσ valuσ EOFé i≤ returneΣ iµ thσ filσ doe≤ no⌠ exist¼ iµ onσ ì áááááoµáá thσáá necessar∙á directorie≤á doe≤á no⌠á exis⌠á o≥áá i≤ ì áááááunreadable¼ iµ thσ filσ i≤ no⌠ readablσ (resp« writable)¼ o≥ ì áááááiµ to∩ man∙ file≤ arσ open. .paè.heread read Read from File NAME áááááread SYNOPSIS áááááint read(fildes, buffer, nbytes) áááááint fildes, nbytes; áááááBUFFER buffer; DESCRIPTION ááááá┴áá filσá descripto≥á i≤á thσá in⌠á valuσá returneΣá froφá ß ì ááááásuccessfu∞ open o≥ creat.é bufferé i≤ thσ locatioε oµá nbytesé ì ááááácontiguou≤ byte≤ int∩ whicΦ thσ inpu⌠ wil∞ bσ placed« I⌠ i≤ ì áááááno⌠á guaranteeΣá tha⌠á al∞ nbytesé byte≤ wil∞á bσá read╗á fo≥ ì áááááexample¼ iµ thσ filσ refer≤ t∩ ß typewrite≥ a⌠ mos⌠ onσ linσ ì áááááwil∞ bσ returned«á Iε an∙ event¼á thσ numbe≥ oµá character≤ ì áááááreaΣ i≤ returned. áááááIµá thσá returneΣ valuσ i≤ zero¼á theε end-of-filσ ha≤á beeε ì áááááreached. SEE ALSO áááááopen, creat DIAGNOSTICS áááááA≤ mentioned¼á NUL╠ (0⌐ i≤ returneΣ wheε thσ enΣ oµ thσ filσ ì áááááha≤á beeε reached«á Iµ thσ reaΣ wa≤ otherwisσá unsuccessfu∞ ì áááááthσá returε valuσ i≤ EOF«á Man∙ condition≤ caε generatσá aε ì áááááerror║ physica∞ I/╧ errors¼ baΣ buffe≥ address¼ preposterou≤ ì ááááánbytes¼ filσ descripto≥ no⌠ tha⌠ oµ aε inpu⌠ file« BUGS áááááSomσá system≤ ma∙ contaiε interna∞ bufferinτ t∩ makσ usσá oµ ì ááááátermina∞á linσ editinτ feature≤ oµ somσá operatinτá systems« ì áááááTherefore¼á read(0¼á buffer¼ 1)é ma∙ no⌠ responΣ properl∙ fo≥ ì ááááácharacter-by-character inputs. .paè.herename rename Rename a File NAME ááááárename SYNOPSIS áááááint rename(old¼ new) áááááSTRIN╟ old¼ new; DESCRIPTION ááááárename changes the name of a file from old to new. DIAGNOSTICS ááááárename returns the value NULL if successful, and EOF is not. .paè.hesbrk sbrk Change Core Allocation NAME ááááásbrk SYNOPSIS áááááSTRING sbrk(incr) áááááint incr; DESCRIPTION áááááIεá sbrk¼á incr morσ byte≤ arσ addeΣ t∩ thσá program'≤á datß ì áááááspacσá anΣ ß pointe≥ t∩ thσ star⌠ oµ thσ lowes⌠ locatioε no⌠ ì áááááused by program (called the break) is returned. SEE ALSO ááááámalloc, free DIAGNOSTICS áááááAεá EOFé (-1⌐ i≤ returneΣ iµ thσ prograφ request≤ morσ memor∙ ì áááááthaε thσ systeφ limi⌠ o≥ iµ othe≥ operatinτ systeφá interna∞ ì ááááácontraints are violated. BUGS áááááSettinτá thσ breaδ iε thσ rangσ 017770▒ t∩ 017777╖á (oεá thσ ì áááááPDP11) is the same as setting it to zero. .paè.heunlink unlink Remove Directory Entry NAME áááááunlink SYNOPSIS áááááint unlink(name) áááááSTRING name; DESCRIPTION ááááánameé point≤ t∩ ß null-terminateΣ string« unlinké remove≤ thσ ì áááááentr∙á fo≥á thσ filσ identifieΣ b∙ nameé froφ it≤á directory« ì áááááIµ thi≤ entr∙ wa≤ thσ las⌠ linδ t∩ thσ file¼ thσ content≤ oµ ì áááááthσ filσ arσ freeΣ anΣ thσ filσ i≤ destroyed«á If¼ however¼ ì áááááthσ filσ wa≤ opeε iε an∙ process¼á thσ actua∞ destructioε i≤ ì ááááádelayeΣ unti∞ i⌠ i≤ closed¼á eveε thougΦ thσ director∙ entr∙ ì áááááha≤ disappeared. DIAGNOSTICS áááááNULLéá (0⌐ i≤ normall∙ returned╗á EOFé indicate≤ tha⌠ thσ filσ ì ááááádoe≤á no⌠ exist¼á tha⌠ it≤ director∙ canno⌠ bσá written¼á o≥ ì ááááátha⌠ thσ filσ contain≤ purσ procedurσ tex⌠ tha⌠ i≤ currentl∙ ì áááááiεá use«á Writσá permissioεá i≤ no⌠ requireΣá oεá thσá filσ ì áááááitself«á I⌠á i≤ als∩ illega∞ t∩ unlinδ ß director∙á (excep⌠ ì áááááfo≥ thσ super-user, in UNIX). .paè.hewrite write Write on a File NAME áááááwrite SYNOPSIS áááááint write(fildes, buffer, nbytes) áááááint fildes, nbytes; áááááBUFFER buffer; DESCRIPTION ááááá┴á filσ descripto≥ i≤ aε intege≥ returneΣ froφ ßá successfu∞ ì áááááopeε o≥ creat. ááááábufferé i≤ thσ addres≤ oµ nbytesé contiguou≤ bytes¼á whicΦ arσ ì áááááwritteεá oεá thσá outpu⌠ file«á Thσá numbe≥á oµá character≤ ì áááááactuall∙ writteε i≤ returned«á I⌠ shoulΣ bσ regardeΣ a≤á aε ì áááááerro≥ iµ the returned value i≤ no⌠ thσ samσ a≤ nbytes. áááááWrite≤á oµá ßá certaiε sizσ ma∙ bσ morσá efficien⌠á oεá somσ ì ááááámachines, depending on implementation particulars. SEE ALSO ááááácreat, open DIAGNOSTICS áááááReturn≤á EOFé oε error║á baΣ descriptor¼á buffe≥ address¼á o≥ ì ááááácount╗ physica∞ I/╧ errors. .he .pa o (Intentionally left blank) .PAè.PN 1 .FO 4-# 4. F U N C T I O N L I B R A R Y Thi≤á chapte≥á describe≤á function≤ containeΣ iε thσá portablσá ├ ì function library. Function≤ iε thσ matΦ librar∙ ma∙ returε conventiona∞ value≤ wheε ì thσá functioεá i≤ undefineΣ fo≥ thσ giveε argument≤ o≥á wheεá thσ ì valuσ i≤ no⌠ representable« Iε thesσ case≤ thσ externa∞ variablσ ì errnoé i≤ se⌠ t∩ thσ valuσ EDOMé o≥ ERANGE« Thσ value≤ oµ EDOMé anΣ ì ERANGE are defined in the include file <errno.h>. Man∙á entrie≤á contaiεá morσá thaεá onσá function╗á however¼á al∞ ì functioε name≤ (anΣ shor⌠ definition¼ iµ differen⌠ froφ name⌐ arσ ì includeΣ iε thσ inde° fo≥ eas∙ access. Becausσá oµá filσ spacσ limitation≤ iεá somσá hos⌠á systems¼á thσ ì conglomeratioεá oµá function≤ int∩ file≤ i≤ expecteΣ t∩ bσá host-ì dependent╗á and¼á therefore¼á no⌠ covereΣ here« ┴ lis⌠ oµ sourcσ ì files and the functions they contain is given in Section 5. .paè.heabs abs Absolute Values NAME áááááabs, fabs, labs SYNOPSIS áááááint abs(i) áááááint i; ááááádouble fabs(x) ááááádouble x; ááááálong labs(n) ááááálong n; DESCRIPTION áááááabsá i≤á ßá functioεá returninτ thσ absolutσá valuσá oµá it≤ ì áááááintege≥ operand. áááááABSá i≤ thσ macr∩ iε heade≥ filσ defs.h¼á whicΦ perform≤ thσ ì ááááásamσá operatioεá a≤á thσ functioε abs¼á bu⌠á ma∙á havσá sidσ ì áááááeffects. ABS works for all numeric types. áááááfabs returns the absolute value |x|. ááááálabsá return≤á thσ lonτ intege≥ absolutσ valuσ oµá it≤á lonτ ì áááááoperand, n. BUGS áááááYo⌡á ge⌠á wha⌠á thσ hardwarσ give≤ oε thσá larges⌠á negativσ ì áááááinteger. .paèallot allot Memory Allocation Package NAME áááááallot, liberate SYNOPSIS áááááSTRING allot(nbytes) áááááunsigned nbytes; áááááVOID liberate(ptr, nbytes) áááááSTRING ptr; áááááunsigned nbytes; DESCRIPTION áááááalloté anΣ liberateé providσ ß simple¼á general-purposσ memor∙ ì áááááallocatioε package«á alloté return≤ ß pointe≥ t∩ ß blocδá oµ ì áááááa⌠á leas⌠ nbytesé bytes«á Thσ argument≤ oµ liberateé definσ ß ì áááááblocδá t∩á bσ madσ availablσ fo≥á furthe≥á allocation«á Thσ ì áááááliberated block need not have been previously allotted. áááááNeedles≤á t∩ say¼á gravσ disorde≥ wil∞ resul⌠ iµá thσá spacσ ì áááááassigneΣá b∙á allotéá i≤ overruε o≥ iµ somσá randoφá ptréá o≥ ì áááááoversizσ nbytesé i≤ handeΣ t∩ liberate. áááááallotéá allocate≤á thσ firs⌠ big-enougΦ contiguou≤á reacΦá oµ ì áááááfreσá spacσá founΣ iε ß circula≥ searcΦ froφ thσ las⌠á blocδ ì áááááallocateΣá o≥ freed¼á coalescinτ adjacen⌠ freσ block≤ a≤á i⌠ ì ááááásearches«á I⌠ call≤ sbrké t∩ ge⌠ morσ memor∙ froφ thσ systeφ ì áááááwhen there is no suitable space already free. áááááallotéá anΣá liberateé worδ mucΦ thσ samσ a≤ mallocé anΣá free« ì áááááThσ difference≤ arσ tha⌠ mallocé anΣ freeé operatσ witΦ block≤ ì ááááátha⌠á contaiε aε overheaΣ structure¼á anΣ freeΣ block≤á mus⌠ ì áááááhavσá beeεá previousl∙ allocated¼á wherea≤á allotteΣá block≤ ì ááááácontaiε n∩ sucΦ overhead¼ anΣ liberateΣ block≤ ma∙ bσ freel∙ ì áááááaddeΣá t∩á thσ availablσ store«á Block≤á arσá allotteΣá anΣ ì áááááliberateΣ iε unit≤ oµ sizσ sizeof(HEADER)é bytes. DIAGNOSTICS áááááallotéá return≤ ß NULLé pointe≥ (0⌐ iµ therσ i≤á n∩á availablσ ì memor∙á o≥á iµ thσ operatinτ systeφ ha≤ detecteΣá corruptioε ì áááááoutside the allotted area. SEE ALSO ááááámalloc, free .paè.heatoµ atof ASCII/Numeric Conversion NAME astof¼á astoi¼á astol¼á atof¼ atoi¼ atol¼ ftoa¼ itoa¼ itoab¼ ì áááááltoa, ltoab, tobase, utoa SYNOPSIS STRING astof(s, val) áSTRING s; ááááádouble *val; STRING astoi(s, val) STRING s; áááááint *val; STRING astol(s, val) STRING s; ááááálong *val; double atof(s) STRING s; int atoi(s) STRING s; long atol(s) STRING s; áááááSTRING ftoa(s, x, pr, mode) áááááSTRING s; ááááádouble x; áááááint pr; áááááchar mode; áááááSTRING itoa(s, n, w) áááááSTRING s; áááááint n, w; áááááSTRING itoab(s, n, w, b) áááááSTRING s; áááááint n, w, b; áááááSTRING ltoa(s, n, w) áááááSTRING s; ááááálong n; áááááint w; áááááSTRING ltoab(s, n, w, b) áááááSTRING s; ááááálong n; áááááint w, b; èáááááMETACHAR tobase(ch, base) áááááchar ch; áááááint base; áááááSTRING utoa(s, n, w) áááááSTRING s; áááááunsigned n; áááááint w; DESCRIPTION áááááastof¼á astoiéá anΣ astolé conver⌠ ß strinτ pointeΣ t∩ b∙ sé t∩ ì áááááfloating¼á integer¼á anΣá lonτá intege≥á valéá representatioε ì ááááárespectively«á Thσá firs⌠ unrecognizeΣ characte≥á end≤á thσ ì ááááástring«á The∙á operatσá iε thσ samσ wa∙ a≤ atof¼á atoiéá anΣ ì áááááatol¼á excep⌠ tha⌠ the∙ storσ thσ valuσ iε val¼ anΣ returε ß ì ááááápointe≥ t∩ thσ nex⌠ unuseΣ character. áááááatof¼á atoi¼á anΣ atolé function≤ conver⌠ ß strinτ pointeΣ t∩ ì áááááb∙ sé t∩ floating¼á integer¼ anΣ lonτ intege≥ representation¼ ì ááááárespectively«á Thσá firs⌠ unrecognizeΣ characte≥á end≤á thσ ì áááááconversion. áááááatof recognize≤ aε optiona∞ strinτ oµ tab≤ anΣ spaces¼á theε ì áááááaεá optiona∞á sign¼á theεá ßá strinτá oµá digit≤á optionall∙ ì ááááácontaininτá ßá decima∞ point¼á theε aε optiona∞ 'eºá o≥á 'Eº ì áááááfolloweΣ b∙ aε optionall∙ signeΣ integer. áááááatoiá anΣá atolá recognizσ aε optiona∞ strinτá oµá tab≤á anΣ ì áááááspaces¼á theε aε optiona∞ sign¼ theε ß strinτ oµ digits« Iµ ì áááááthσ strinτ begin≤ iε '0x'¼á theε thσ numbe≥ i≤ assumeΣ t∩ bσ ì áááááhexadecimal╗á otherwise¼á iµá thσ leadinτ digi⌠ i≤ '0'¼á thσ ì ááááástring is interpreted as an octal. áááááftoaéá convert≤ xé t∩ aε ASCI╔ strinτ sé witΦ precisioεá préá iε ì ááááámodeéá 'e'¼á 'f',é o≥ 'g'é format«á Thi≤ functioε return≤á thσ ì ááááápointe≥ t∩ s«á Thσ modeé argumen⌠ ma∙ als∩ bσ 0¼á 1é o≥ 2éá t∩ ì ááááádesignate 'e', 'f', or 'g', respectively. áááááitoaé convert≤ aε intege≥ t∩ ASCII«á I⌠ return≤ ß pointe≥ t∩ ì ááááás¼ whicΦ contain≤ thσ ASCI╔ valuσ oµ né t∩ minimuφ widtΦ |w|¼ ì ááááá0-filleΣá iµ w<0¼á elsσ space-filled«á Thi≤ functioεá i≤á ß ì ááááámodifieΣá versioεá oµ itoa(⌐ founΣ iε Kernighaε anΣá Ritchiσ ì ááááá(seσ Referencσ 2¼á pp«á 60)¼ witΦ modification≤ a≤ suggesteΣ ì áááááiεá exercise≤á 3-│ anΣ 3-5¼á anΣ witΦá returneΣá pointe≥á t∩ ì áááááresul⌠ string. áááááitoabéá convert≤á aεá intege≥ né t∩ ßá minimuφá oµá |w|éá asciΘ ì ááááácharacters¼á basσá b«á I⌠á return≤ ß pointe≥á t∩á s¼á whicΦ ì ááááácontain≤á thσá ASCI╔ value«á Iµ wé i≤ les≤ thaε zero¼á séá i≤ ì ááááázero-filled╗ otherwise¼ i⌠ i≤ space-filled. áááááltoaéá convert≤ ß lonτ né t∩ ß minimuφ oµ |w|é ASCI╔ character≤ ì ááááá(0-filleΣ iµ wé ╝ 0¼á anΣ space-filleΣ otherwise)¼á anΣá put≤ ì ááááátheφá iεá s¼á returninτ thσ pointe≥ t∩ s«á Thi≤ i≤á als∩á ß ì ááááámodifieΣá versioε oµ itoa(⌐ froφ Kernigaε anΣ Ritchie¼á witΦ ìèááááámodification≤ a≤ suggesteΣ iε exercise≤ 3-│ anΣ 3-5¼ fo≥ usσ ì áááááwitΦ thσ lonτ datß type« (seσ Referencσ 2¼ pp« 60) áááááltoabéá convert≤ lonτ né t∩ ß minimuφ oµ wéá asciΘá characters¼ ì ááááábasσ b¼ anΣ put≤ thσ ASCI╔ iε s¼ returninτ ß pointe≥ t∩ s. ááááátobaseéá return≤ thσ valuσ oµ characte≥ ché t∩ basσá base¼á iµ ì ááááávalid, or EOF if not. áááááutoaé return≤ ß pointe≥ t∩ thσ strinτ s¼ whicΦ contain≤ ASCI╔ ì ááááávaluσá oµ unsigneΣ n¼á basσ 10¼á witΦ minimuφ widtΦ |w|éá (0-ì áááááfilleΣ iµ wé ╝ 0¼ anΣ space-filleΣ otherwise)« Thi≤ functioε ì ááááái≤á anothe≥á modifieΣ versioε oµ itoa(⌐ founΣ iε ╦ ª ╥á (seσ ì áááááReferencσ 2¼á pp«á 60)¼á witΦ modification≤ a≤ suggesteΣá iε ì áááááexercise≤á 3-┤ anΣ 3-5¼á anΣ witΦ returneΣ pointe≥ t∩ resul⌠ ì ááááástring. SE┼ ALSO áááááscanf BUGS áááááThere are no provisions for overflow. .paè.hebitcount bitcount Count Bits in Argument NAME ááááábitcount SYNOPSIS áááááint bitcount(i) áááááBITS i; DESCRIPTION ááááábitcountéá i≤ ß ╦ ª ╥ functioε (Referencσ 2¼á pagσ 47⌐á whicΦ ì ááááácount≤ anΣ return≤ thσ numbe≥ oµ 1-bit≤ iε i. .paè.heclearerr clearerr Stream Status Inquiries NAME áááááclearerr, feof, ferror, filen∩ SYNOPSIS ááááá#includσ <stdio.h> áááááVOID clearerr(stream) áááááFIL┼ *stream; áááááBOOL feof(stream) áááááFIL┼ *stream; áááááBOOL ferror(stream) áááááFILE *stream; áááááint fileno(stream) áááááFIL┼ *stream; DESCRIPTION áááááclearerréá reset≤á (set≤á t∩ 0⌐ thσ erro≥ indicatioεá oεá thσ ì ááááánameΣ stream. áááááfeoµ return≤ non-NULL wheε enΣ oµ filσ i≤ reaΣ oε thσá nameΣ ì áááááinpu⌠ stream¼ otherwisσ it returns NULL. áááááferroréá return≤á non-NULLé iµ aε erro≥ ha≤ occurreΣá oεá FIL┼ ì ááááástream; otherwise, it returns NULL. áááááfilen∩á return≤ thσ intege≥ filσ descripto≥ associateΣá witΦ ì áááááthσ stream; seσ open. áááááIεá UNIX¼á thesσ function≤ arσ implementeΣ a≤á macros╗á the∙ ì ááááácanno⌠á bσá redeclared«á Here¼á however¼á the∙á arσá norma∞ ì áááááfunction≤á anΣá d∩á no⌠ havσ thσ possiblσá sidσá effect≤á oµ ì ááááámacros« áááááThe∙á d∩á havσá correspondinτá macros¼áá founΣá iεá stdio.h: ì áááááCLEARERR¼ FEOF¼ FERROR¼ anΣ FILENO. SEE ALSO áááááfopen¼ open .paè.heerf erf Gaussian Error Functions and Inverses NAME áááááerf, erfc, inverf, inverfc SYNOPSIS ááááádouble erf(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble erfc(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble inverf(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble inverfc(x) ááááádouble x; DESCRIPTION áááááerfé return≤ thσ erro≥ functioε oµ x¼á a≤ defineΣ iε Handbooδ ì áááááoµ Mathematica∞ Functionsô (Seσ Referencσ 3¼ pp« 297). áááááerfcéáá return≤á thσá complimentar∙á erro≥á functioεá oµáá x¼ ì ááááá1-erf(x). áááááCoefficient≤á fo≥ thσ abovσ function≤ arσá froφá Schonfelde≥ ì ááááá(see Reference 7). áááááinverfé return≤ thσ inversσ oµ thσ erro≥ function¼ erf« Thi≤ ì ááááároutinσ use≤ thσ approximation≤ giveε iε "Rationa∞ Chebyshe÷ ì áááááApproximation≤áá fo≥á thσá Inversσá Erro≥á Function"¼áá (seσ ì áááááReference 8, pp. 827-830) áááááinverfcá return≤á thσá inversσ oµá thσá complementar∙á erro≥ ì áááááfunction, erfc. DIAGNOSTICS áááááIε inverf¼á iµ |x|é ╛ 1.0¼ errnoé i≤ se⌠ t∩ EDOM« Iε inverfc¼ ì áááááiµ |x|é ╝ ░ o≥ ╛ 2¼á errnoé i≤ se⌠ t∩ EDOM¼á anΣ iµ xé i≤ zero¼ ì ááááái⌠ i≤ se⌠ t∩ ERANGE« Iε eacΦ oµ thesσ cases¼ INFINITYé o≥ ì ááááá-INFINITYéáá i≤áá returneΣá fo≥á positivσá o≥áá negativσáá x¼ ì ááááárespectively; .paè.heexp exp Mathematical Functions NAME áááááexp¼á log¼á log10¼á log2¼á pow¼á sqrt¼á cbr⌠ ì SYNOPSIS ááááádouble exp(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble log(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble log10(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble log2(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble pow(x,y) ááááádouble x, y; ááááádouble sqrt(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble cbrt(x) ááááádouble x; DESCRIPTION áááááAl∞á function≤ abovσ excep⌠ cbrté werσ programmeΣá usinτá thσ ì áááááalgorithms in Coty and Waite (Reference 5). áááááexpéá return≤á thσá exponentia∞á functioεá oµá x¼áá ex¼á (seσ ì áááááReferencσ 5¼ pp« 60-83). ááááálogé return≤ thσ natura∞ logarithφ oµ xé (seσ Referencσ 5¼ pp« ì ááááá35-59). ááááálog10éá return≤á thσá commoε (basσ 10⌐á logarithm¼á anΣá log2é ì áááááreturn≤ thσ binar∙ logarithφ (basσ 2⌐ oµ x. ááááápowé return≤ xé raiseΣ t∩ thσ powe≥ oµ y¼ wherσ xé ╛ 0¼ xyé (seσ ì áááááReferencσ 5¼ pp« 84-124). ááááásqrté return≤ thσ squarσ roo⌠ oµ x¼ fo≥ x > ░ (seσ Referencσ 5¼ ì ááááápp« 17-34). ááááácbrté return≤ thσ cubσ roo⌠ oµ xé (seσ Referencσ 6). SE┼ ALSO áááááhypot, sinh DIAGNOSTICS áááááexpéá anΣá powé returε INFINIT┘ wheε thσ correc⌠á valuσá woulΣ ì áááááoverflow╗á errnoéá i≤ se⌠ t∩ ERANGE«á powé return≤ zer∩á anΣ ìèáááááset≤á errnoé t∩ EDOMé wheε thσ seconΣ argumen⌠ i≤ negativσ anΣ ì ááááánon-integral¼ anΣ als∩ wheε botΦ argument≤ arσ zero. ááááá ááááálogé return≤ zer∩ wheε xé i≤ zer∩ o≥ negative╗á errnoé i≤á se⌠ ì ááááát∩ EDOM. ááááásqrté return≤ zer∩ wheε xé i≤ negative╗ errnoé i≤ se⌠ t∩ EDOM. .paè.hefclose fclose Close or Flush a Stream NAME áááááfclose, fflush, flush SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <stdio.h> áááááint fclose(stream) áááááFILE *stream; áááááint fflush(stream) áááááFILE *stream; áááááint flush(stream, c) áááááFILE *stream; áááááint c; DESCRIPTION áááááfcloseá cause≤á an∙á buffer≤á fo≥ thσá nameΣá streamá t∩á bσ ì áááááemptied¼á anΣá thσ filσ t∩ bσ closed«á Buffer≤ allocateΣ b∙ ì áááááthe standard input/output system are freed. áááááfcloseé i≤ performeΣ automaticall∙ upoε callinτ exit¼á oε al∞ ì áááááopen files. áááááfflush cause≤ an∙ buffereΣ datß fo≥ thσ nameΣ outpu⌠á stream ì áááááto be written to that file. The stream remains open. áááááflushé write≤ an∙ buffereΣ character≤ ont∩ FIL┼ stream╗á theε ì áááááiµ cé isn'⌠ EOF¼á i⌠ put≤ i⌠ iε thσ buffer« SE┼ ALSO áááááclose, fopen DIAGNOSTICS áááááThesσá routine≤ returε EOFé iµ stream i≤ no⌠ associateΣá witΦ ì áááááaε outpu⌠ file¼ o≥ iµ buffereΣ datß canno⌠ bσ transferreΣ t∩ ì áááááthat file. NULL is returned on success. .paè.hefint fint Absolute Value, Rounding, Integer and Fractional Part Functions NAME áááááfint¼ fraπ, chrstc, floor, ceil, roundì SYNOPSIS ááááádouble fint(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble frac(x) ááááádouble x; áááááint chrstc(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble floor(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble ceil(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble round(x) ááááádouble x; DESCRIPTION áááááfinté return≤ thσ intege≥ par⌠ oµ xé a≤ ß double. áááááfracé return≤ thσ fractiona∞ par⌠ oµ x¼ i.e« ° - fint(x). áááááchrstπá return≤ thσ characteristiπ (2'≤ exponent⌐ oµá doublσ ì áááááx. The mantissa is in [.5,1). áááááfloor returns the largest integer not greater than x. áááááceil returns the smallest integer not less than x. áááááround return≤ x roundeΣ t∩ thσ neares⌠ intege≥ iε magnitude. .paè.hefopen fopen Open a Stream NAME áááááfopeε SYNOPSIS ááááá#includσ <stdio.h> áááááFIL┼ *fopen(filename¼ type) áááááSTRING filename¼ type; DESCRIPTION áááááfopená open≤á thσá filσ nameΣ b∙ filename anΣá associate≤á ß ì ááááástreaφá witΦá it«á fopen return≤ ß pointe≥ t∩á bσá useΣá t∩ ì áááááidentif∙ thσ streaφ iε subsequen⌠ operations. ááááátypeá i≤á ßá characte≥ strinτ havinτ onσá oµá thσá followinτ ì ááááávalues: ááááá"ró opeε fo≥ reading ááááá"wó creatσ fo≥ writing ááááá"aó append║ opeε fo≥ writinτ a⌠ enΣ oµ file¼ o≥ creatσ fo≥ ì ááááá áááááwriting ááááá"r+óá opeεá fo≥ readinτ anΣ writing«á samσ ß "róá bu⌠á thσ ì ááááá device or file may also be written to. ááááá"w+óá opeε fo≥ readinτ anΣ writing«á samσ a≤ "wóá bu⌠á thσ ì ááááá device or file may also be read. ááááá"a+ó opeε fo≥ appenΣ anΣ read«á samσ a≤ "aó bu⌠ thσ devicσ ì ááááá or file may also be read. SEE ALSO áááááopen¼ fclose DIAGNOSTICS áááááfopená return≤á thσá pointe≥á NULLá iµá filenameá canno⌠á bσ ì áááááaccessed. .paè.hefread fread Buffered Input/Output NAME áááááfread, fwrite SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <stdio.h> áááááint fread(ptr, ptrsize, nitems, stream) áááááBUFFER ptr; áááááint ptrsize, nitems; áááááFILE *stream; áááááint fwrite(ptr, ptrsize, nitems, stream) áááááBUFFER ptr; áááááint ptrsize, nitems; áááááFILE *stream; DESCRIPTION áááááfreadé reads¼á int∩ ß blocδ beginninτ a⌠ ptr¼ nitemsé item≤ oµ ì áááááptrsizeé byte≤ froφ thσ nameΣ inpu⌠ stream«á I⌠ return≤á thσ ì ááááánumbe≥ oµ item≤ actuall∙ read. áááááfwriteé append≤ a⌠ mos⌠ nitemsé item≤ oµ ptrsizeé byte≤ oµ typσ ì ááááá*ptréá t∩á thσ FIL┼ stream«á I⌠ return≤ thσ numbe≥ oµá item≤ ì áááááactuall∙ written. ááááá SE┼ ALSO áááááread¼ write¼ fopen¼ getc¼ putc¼ gets¼ puts¼ printf¼ scanf DIAGNOSTICS áááááfreadé anΣ fwriteé returε NULLé upoε enΣ oµ filσ o≥ error. .paè.hefrexp frexp Mantissa and Exponent Functions NAME áááááfrexp, ldexp, modf SYNOPSIS ááááádouble frexp(value, eptr) ááááádouble value; áááááint *eptr; ááááádouble ldexp(value, exp) ááááádouble value; áááááint exp; ááááádouble modf(value, iptr) ááááádouble value, *iptr; DESCRIPTION áááááfrexpéá return≤á thσ mantissß oµ ß doublσ valueé a≤á ßá doublσ ì áááááquantity¼á x¼á oµá magnitudσ iε thσ interva∞ [0.5¼á 1)¼á anΣ ì ááááástore≤á aεá intege≥ né sucΦ tha⌠ valuσ ╜ °á ¬á 2néá indirectl∙ ì áááááthrougΦ eptr. áááááldexp returns the quantity value*2exp. ááááámodféáá return≤áá thσá fractiona∞á par⌠áá oµáá value¼áá i.e.¼ ì áááááfrac(value)¼á anΣ store≤ thσ intege≥ par⌠ indirectl∙ througΦ ì áááááiptr¼ i.e.¼ *ipt≥ ╜ fint(value). BUGS áááááThσ definitioε oµ modfé appear≤ t∩ bσ somewha⌠ differen⌠ thaε ì áááááthat given in Ref. 1 for negative value arguments. SEE ALSO áááááfrac, fint .paè.hefseek fseek Reposition a Stream NAME áááááfseek¼ ftell¼ rewinΣ SYNOPSIS ááááá#includσ <stdio.h> áááááint fseek(stream¼ offset¼ whence) áááááFIL┼ *stream; ááááálonτ offset; áááááint whence; ááááálonτ ftell(stream) áááááFIL┼ *stream; áááááint rewind(stream) áááááFILE *stream; DESCRIPTION áááááfseekéá set≤á thσá positioεá oµá thσá nex⌠á inpu⌠á o≥á outpu⌠ ì áááááoperatioε oε thσ stream«á Thσ ne≈ positioε i≤ a⌠ thσ signeΣ ì ááááádistancσá offsetéá byte≤á froφá thσá beginning¼á thσá curren⌠ ì áááááposition¼á o≥á thσ enΣ oµ thσ file¼á accordinτ a≤ whenceé ha≤ ì áááááthσ valuσ ORIGI╬ (0)¼ CURPO╙ (1)¼ o≥ FILEN─ (2). áááááfseeδ undoe≤ an∙ effect≤ oµ ungetc. áááááftelléá return≤á thσá curren⌠ valuσ oµ thσá offse⌠á iεá byte≤ ì ááááárelativσá t∩á thσá ORIGINé oµ thσ FIL┼á stream¼á measureΣá iε ì ááááábytes. áááááOεá somσá systems¼á ftellé ma∙ bσ thσ onl∙ foolprooµá wa∙á t∩ ì áááááobtain an offset for fseek. ááááárewind(stream)é i≤ equivalen⌠ t∩ fseek(stream¼á OL¼á ORIGIN)« ì áááááIt sets the FILE fp to the ORIGIN. SEE ALSO ááááálseek¼ fopen ááááá DIAGNOSTICS áááááfseeδ and rewind return EOF fo≥ imprope≥ seeks. .paè.hegetbuf getbuf Get a Buffer NAME ááááágetbuf SYNOPSIS áááááVOID getbuf(fp) áááááFAST FILE *fp; DESCRIPTION ááááágetbuféá get≤ ß buffe≥ eithe≥ froφ alloté o≥ elsσ i⌠ use≤á thσ ì ááááábytbuf, attaching to the FILE fp. .paè.hegetc getc Get Character or Word from Stream NAME ááááágetc, getca, getchar, getf, geti, getl SYNOPSIS ááááá#includσ <stdio.h> áááááin⌠ getc(stream) áááááFIL┼ *stream; áááááint getca(stream) áááááFILE *stream; áááááin⌠ getchar() ááááádouble getf(prompt, check, low, high) áááááSTRING prompt; áááááBOOL check; ááááádouble low, high; áááááint geti(prompt, check, low, high) áááááSTRING prompt; áááááBOOL check; áááááint low, high; ááááálong getl(prompt, check, low, high) áááááSTRING prompt; áááááBOOL check; ááááálong low, high; DESCRIPTION ááááágetc return≤ thσ nex⌠ characte≥ froφ thσ nameΣ inpu⌠ stream. ááááágetcaé i≤ thσ samσ a≤ getc¼ excep⌠ tha⌠ '\rº character≤ inpu⌠ ì áááááfroφá thσá streaφá arσ suppresseΣ (wheεá compileΣá witΦá thσ ì áááááCRINSUP switch in stdio.h TRUE). ááááágetchar()éá i≤ identica∞ t∩ getca(stdin)«á stdio.héá contain≤ ì áááááthσ macro¼ GETCHARé whicΦ i≤ thσ samσ a≤ thi≤ function. ááááágetféá print≤á promptéá oε stdout¼á theε read≤á froφá stdiεá ß ì ááááádouble¼ whicΦ i⌠ returns« Iµ checδ i≤ TRUE¼ double≤ outsidσ ì áááááof the low - high bounds will not be accepted. ááááágetié anΣ getlé worδ thσ samσ a≤ getf¼ excep⌠ tha⌠ the∙ returε ì áááááan integer and a long, respectively. áááááThσ standarΣ inpu⌠ streaφ stdiné i≤ normall∙ buffereΣ iµá anΣ ì áááááonl∙á iµ thσ inpu⌠ refer≤ t∩ ß devicσ othe≥ thaε ß terminal« ì áááááWheε aε inpu⌠ streaφ i≤ unbuffered¼á informatioε i≤ returneΣ ì áááááfroφá getcé a≤ sooε a≤ i⌠ i≤ written╗á wheε i⌠ i≤á buffered¼ ì áááááman∙ character≤ arσ saveΣ u≡ anΣ returneΣ b∙ getcé onl∙ afte≥ ì áááááßá newlinσá i≤á encountered«áá T∩á ensurσá portabilit∙áá oµ ìèáááááprograms¼ alway≤ usσ setbufé t∩ se⌠ thσ prope≥ bufferinτ modσ ì áááááat the beginning. SEE ALSO áááááfopen¼ putc¼ gets¼ scanf¼ fread¼ ungetc, setbuf DIAGNOSTICS áááááThesσá function≤á returε thσ intege≥ constan⌠ EOFé a⌠ enΣá oµ ì áááááfilσ o≥ upoε reaΣ error. BUGS áááááSomσá system≤ ma∙ contaiε interna∞ bufferinτ t∩ makσ usσá oµ ì ááááátermina∞á linσá editinτ feature≤ oµ somσ operatinτá systems¼ ì áááááeveεá wheε unbuffereΣ inpu⌠ i≤ desired«á Thereforσá getcharé ì ááááámay not respond properly for character-by-character inputs. .paè.hegets gets Get a String from a Stream NAME ááááágets, getns, fgets SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <stdio.h> áááááSTRING gets(s) áááááSTRING s; áááááSTRING getns(p, s, n) áááááSTRING p, s; áááááint n; áááááSTRING fgets(s, n, stream) áááááSTRING s; áááááFILE *stream; áááááint n; DESCRIPTION ááááágetséá read≤á ßá tex⌠ strinτ int∩ sé froφ thσá standarΣá inpu⌠ ì ááááástreaφ stdin«á Thσ strinτ inpu⌠ i≤ terminateΣ b∙ ßá newlinσ ì ááááácharacter¼ whicΦ i≤ replaceΣ iε sé b∙ ß NULLé character« getsé ì áááááreturn≤ it≤ argument. ááááágetnséá prompt≤á stdou⌠ witΦ thσ strinτ p¼á theε read≤ néá - ▒ ì ááááácharacters¼á o≥ u≡ t∩ ß newlinσ character¼á whicheve≥á come≤ ì áááááfirst¼á froφá stdin«á Thσá las⌠á caracte≥ reaΣá int∩á séá i≤ ì áááááfolloweΣá b∙á NULL«á getnsé return≤ s«á Character≤á entereΣ ì áááááafte≥á thσá (néá - 1)th¼áá u≡á t∩á anΣá includinτá ßá newlinσ ì ááááácharacter¼ arσ discarded. áááááfgetséá read≤á n-▒á tex⌠á characters¼á o≥á u≡á t∩á ßá newlinσ ì ááááácharacter¼á whicheve≥ come≤ first¼á froφ thσ streamé int∩ thσ ì ááááástrinτá s«á Thσ las⌠ characte≥ reaΣ int∩ sé i≤ followeΣ b∙ ß ì áááááNULLé character« fgetsé return≤ s. SE┼ ALSO áááááputs, getc, scanf, fread DIAGNOSTICS ááááágets anΣ fgets returε thσ constan⌠ pointe≥ NULL upoε enΣá oµ ì áááááfile, empty s or error. BUGS ááááágets delete≤ ß newline¼á fgets keep≤ it¼á al∞ iε thσ namσ oµ ì ááááábackward compatibility. .paè.hehypot hypot Euclidian Distance Function NAME áááááhypo⌠ SYNOPSIS ááááádouble hypot(x, y) ááááádouble x, y; DESCRIPTION áááááhypot returns ááááááááááásqrt(x*° ½ y*y), ááááátaking precautions against unwarranted overflows. SE┼ ALSO ááááásqrt DIAGNOSTICS áááááThσ INFINITYé valuσ i≤ returneΣ oε overflow¼ anΣ errnoé i≤ se⌠ ì áááááto ERANGE. .paè.heindex index String Operation Functions NAME áááááindex¼á rindex¼á stradd¼á strcat¼á strncat¼ strcmp¼ strncmp¼ ì ááááástrcpy¼ strncpy¼ streql¼ strindex¼ strlen¼ strsave SYNOPSIS áááááSTRING index(s¼ c) áááááSTRING s; áááááchar c; áááááSTRING rindex(s¼ c) áááááSTRING s; ááááácha≥ c; áááááSTRING stradd(n, s, arg[, ...]) áááááSTRING s, arg, ...; áááááSTRING strcat(s1¼ s2) áááááSTRING s1¼ s2; áááááSTRING strncat(s1¼ s2¼ n) áááááSTRING s1¼ s2; áááááint n; áááááint strcmp(s1¼ s2) áááááSTRING s1¼ s2; áááááint strncmp(s1¼ s2¼ n) áááááSTRING s1¼ s2; áááááint n; áááááSTRING strcpy(s1¼ s2) áááááSTRING s1¼ s2; áááááSTRING strncpy(s1¼ s2¼ n) áááááSTRING s1¼ s2; áááááint n; áááááBOOL streql(s, t) áááááSTRING s, t; áááááint strindex(s, t) áááááSTRING s, t; ááááá áááááint strlen(s) áááááSTRING s; áááááSTRING strsave(s) áááááSTRING s; DESCRIPTION áááááThesσ function≤ operatσ oε null-terminateΣ strings« The∙ d∩ ì áááááno⌠ checδ fo≥ overflo≈ oµ an∙ receivinτ string.è áááááinde°á (rindex)á return≤á ßá pointe≥á t∩á thσá firs⌠á (last⌐ ì áááááoccurancσ oµ characte≥ c iε strinτ s¼á o≥ NULL iµ c doe≤ no⌠ ì áááááoccu≥ iε thσ string. ááááástrcatá append≤ ß cop∙ oµ strinτ s2 t∩ thσ enΣ oµ strinτ s1« ì ááááástrncat copie≤ a⌠ mos⌠ n characters«á BotΦ returε ß pointe≥ ì ááááát∩á thσá null-terminateΣá result«áá straddéá concatenate≤á né ì ááááástrings, s and arg[, ...]. ááááástrcmp compare≤ it≤ argument≤ anΣ return≤ aε intege≥ greate≥ ì áááááthan¼á equa∞á to¼á o≥á les≤ thaε zero¼á accordinτ a≤á s1éá i≤ ì ááááálexicographicall∙ greate≥ than¼á equa∞ to¼á o≥ les≤ thaε s2« ì ááááástrncmpéá make≤ thσ samσ comparison¼á bu⌠ look≤ a⌠ a⌠ mos⌠á né ì ááááácharacters. ááááástrcpyé copie≤ strinτ s2é t∩ s1«á strncpyé copie≤ né character≤ ì áááááoµ s2¼ o≥ al∞ oµ s2¼ whicheve≥ i≤ less« BotΦ returε s1. ááááástreqlé return≤ TRUE iµ string≤ sé anΣ té arσ thσ same. ááááástrindexé locate≤ onσ strinτ iε another¼ return≤ thσ inde° oµ ì ááááátéá iεá s¼á o≥ EOFé iµ i⌠ doe≤ no⌠ exist«á Thi≤ i≤ thσá indexé ì áááááfunctioεá giveεá iεá Kernighaε anΣá Ritchie¼á pagσá 6╖á (seσ ì áááááReference 2). ááááástrlen return≤ thσ numbe≥ oµ non-NULL character≤ iε s. ááááástrsaveéá get≤á enougΦá stroragσ fo≥ séá anΣá put≤á i⌠á there¼ ì áááááreturn≤á thσá pointe≥á t∩ thσ string¼á o≥ NULLé iµá therσá i≤ ì áááááinsufficien⌠á strinτá space«á Thi≤ i≤á froφá Kernighaεá anΣ ì áááááRitchie (see Reference 2, pp. 103). .paè.heisalpha isalpha Character Classification Functions NAME áááááisalnum¼ isalpha¼ isascii¼ iscntrl¼ isdigit¼ ishex¼ islower¼ ì áááááisoctal¼ isprint¼ ispunct¼ isspace¼ isupper SYNOPSIS áááááBOOL isalpha(c) áááááint c; ááááá« « . DESCRIPTION áááááThesσ function≤ classif∙ ASCII-codeΣ intege≥ value≤ b∙ tablσ ì ááááálookup«á EacΦá i≤á ß predicatσ returninτ nonzer∩ fo≥á TRUE¼ ì ááááázer∩ fo≥ FALSE«á isasciié i≤ defineΣ oε al∞ intege≥á values╗ ì áááááthσá res⌠ arσ defineΣ onl∙ wherσ isasciié i≤ TRUE anΣ oεá thσ ì ááááásinglσ non-ASCI╔ valuσ EOFé (seσ stdio)«á Thσ condition≤ fo≥ ì áááááa return of TRUE are .uj0 áááááisalnuφ c i≤ aε alphanumeriπ character. áááááisalphß c i≤ ß letter. áááááisasciΘ c i≤ aε ASCI╔ character¼ codσ les≤ thaε 0x80. áááááiscntr∞á c i≤ ß deletσ characte≥ (0x7f⌐á o≥á ordinar∙ ì ááááá áááácontro∞ characte≥ (les≤ thaε 0x20). áááááisdigi⌠ c i≤ ß digit. áááááishex c is a hex number, 0 - 9, a - f. áááááislowe≥ c i≤ ß lowe≥-casσ letter. áááááisoctal c is an octal digit, 0 - 7. áááááisprin⌠á cá i≤á ßá printinτá character¼á codσá 0x20 ì ááááá áááá(space⌐ througΦ 0x7e (tilde). áááááispunc⌠ c i≤ ß punctuatioε characte≥ (neithe≥ contro∞ ì ááááá áááááno≥ alphanumeric). áááááisspacσ c i≤ ß space¼á tab¼ carriagσ return¼ newline¼ ì ááááá áááááo≥ formfeed. áááááisuppe≥ c i≤ aε uppe≥-casσ letter. .uj1 SEE ALSO áááááMacro≤áá correspondinτá t∩á eacΦá oµá thesσá function≤áá arσ ì áááááavailablσ iε ctype.h. .paè.heisok isok Quesion User NAME áááááisok SYNOPSIS áááááBOOL isok(prompt) áááááSTRING prompt; DESCRIPTION ááááápromptéá output≤á t∩á stdou⌠ anΣ accept≤ ßá y/εá answer«á I⌠ ì áááááreturns TRUE for y, and FALSE for n. .paè.hemalloc malloc Main Memory Allocator NAME ááááámalloc¼ free¼ realloc¼ calloπ SYNOPSIS áááááSTRING malloc(nbytes) áááááunsigned nbytes; áááááVOID free(ptr) áááááSTRING ptr; áááááSTRING realloc(ptr,size) áááááSTRING ptr; áááááunsigned size; áááááSTRING calloc(nelem, elsize) áááááunsigned nelem, elsize; DESCRIPTION ááááámallocéá anΣá freeé providσ ßá simplσá general-purposσá memor∙ ì áááááallocatioε package«á mallocé return≤ ß pointe≥ t∩ ß blocδ oµ ì áááááa⌠ leas⌠ nbytesé byte≤ beginninτ oε ß worΣ boundary. áááááThσá argumen⌠á t∩á freeé i≤ ß pointe≥ t∩ ßá blocδá previousl∙ ì áááááallocateΣá b∙á malloc╗á thi≤á spacσ i≤á madσá availablσá fo≥ ì áááááfurthe≥ allocation¼ bu⌠ it≤ content≤ arσ lef⌠ undisturbed. áááááNeedles≤á t∩á say¼á gravσ disorde≥ wil∞ resul⌠ iµ thσá spacσ ì áááááassigneΣá b∙ mallocé i≤ overruε o≥ iµ somσ randoφá numbe≥á i≤ ì áááááhandeΣ t∩ free. ááááámallocéá allocate≤á thσ firs⌠ big-enougΦ contiguou≤ reacΦá oµ ì áááááfreσá spacσ founΣ iε ß circula≥ searcΦ froφ thσá las⌠á blocδ ì áááááallocateΣá o≥ freed¼á coalescinτ adjacen⌠ freσ block≤ a≤á i⌠ ì ááááásearches«á I⌠ call≤ sbrké t∩ ge⌠ morσ memor∙ froφ thσ systeφ ì áááááwheε therσ i≤ n∩ suitablσ spacσ alread∙ free. áááááreallocéá change≤ thσ sizσ oµ thσ blocδ pointeΣ t∩ b∙ ptréá t∩ ì ááááásizσá byte≤á anΣ return≤ ß pointe≥ t∩ thσá (possiblyá moved⌐ ì áááááblock«á Thσ content≤ wil∞ bσ unchangeΣ u≡ t∩ thσ lesse≥á oµ ì áááááthσ ne≈ anΣ olΣ sizes. áááááreallocé als∩ work≤ iµ ptré point≤ t∩ ß blocδ freeΣ sincσá thσ ì ááááálas⌠ cal∞ oµ malloc¼á reallocé o≥ calloc╗á thus¼ sequence≤ oµ ì áááááfree¼á mallocé anΣ reallocé caε exploi⌠ thσ searcΦ strateg∙ oµ ì ááááámallocé t∩ d∩ storagσ compaction« ááááácallocéá allocate≤á spacσ fo≥ aε arra∙ oµ neleméá element≤á oµ ì ááááásizσ elsize« Thσ spacσ i≤ initializeΣ t∩ zeros. áááááEacΦá oµ thσ allocatioε routine≤ return≤ ß pointe≥ t∩á spacσ ì ááááásuitabl∙á aligneΣá (afte≥á possiblσá pointe≥á coercion⌐á fo≥ ì ááááástorage of any type of object.è DIAGNOSTICS ááááámalloc¼á reallocéá anΣá callocé returε ß NULLé pointe≥á (0⌐á iµ ì ááááátherσá i≤ n∩ availablσ memor∙ o≥ iµ thσ operatinτ systeφ ha≤ ì ááááádetecteΣ storagσ corruptioε outsidσ thσ allocateΣ areas. SEE ALSO áááááallot, liberate BUGS áááááWheε reallocé return≤ zero¼á thσ blocδ pointeΣ t∩ b∙ ptréá ma∙ ì ááááábσ destroyed. .paè.hemax max Maximum and Mimimum Function for Integers, Doubles and Longs NAME ááááámax¼á min¼á fmax, fmin, lmax¼á lmiεá ì SYNOPSIS áááááint max(a, b) áááááint a, b; áááááint min(a, b) áááááint a, b; ááááádouble fmax(x, y); ááááádouble x, y; ááááádouble fmin(x, y); ááááádouble x, y; ááááálong lmax(x, y) ááááálong x, y; ááááálong lmin(x, y) ááááálong x, y; DESCRIPTION ááááámaxéá anΣ miné finΣ thσ maximuφ anΣ thσ minimuφ oµ integer≤á aé ì áááááanΣá b«á fmaxé anΣ fminé d∩ thσ samσ fo≥ doubles╗á lmaxéá anΣ ì ááááálminé d∩ thσ samσ fo≥ longs. áááááMAXá anΣ MIN arσ macro≤ iε defs.Φ whicΦ takσ thσ maximuφ anΣ ì áááááminimum values of any numeric type. SEE ALSO ááááádefs.h .paè.henprob nprob Normal Probability Functions NAME ááááánprob, nprobc SYNOPSIS ááááádouble nprob(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble nprobc(x) ááááádouble x; DESCRIPTION ááááánprobéá i≤á thσ norma∞ cumulativσ probabilit∙ functioεá oµá ß ì ááááárandoφá variablσ havinτ uni⌠ variancσ anΣá zer∩á mean¼á i.e« ì áááááPr{· <╜ x}. ááááánprobcéá i≤á thσ complementar∙ cumulativσ norma∞á probabilit∙ ì áááááfunction, i.e., nprobc(x) = 1 - nprob(x). SEE ALSO áááááerf, erfc .paè.heprintf printf Formatted Output Conversion NAME áááááprintf¼ fprintf¼ eprintf, sprintµ, format SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <stdio.h> áááááVOID printf(fmt [, arg ] ... ) áááááSTRING fmt; áááááunsigned arg; áááááVOID fprintf(stream, fmt [, arg ] ... ) áááááFILE *stream; áááááSTRING fmt; áááááunsigned arg; áááááVOID eprintf(fmt [, arg ] ... ) áááááSTRING fmt; áááááunsigned arg; áááááVOID sprintf(s, fmt [, arg ] ... ) áááááSTRING s, fmt; áááááunsigned arg; áááááVOID format(putsub, fmt, args) áááááint (*putsub)(); áááááSTRING fmt; áááááunsigned args; DESCRIPTION áááááprintféá place≤ outpu⌠ oε thσ standarΣ outpu⌠ streaφá stdout.é ì áááááfprintféáá place≤áá outpu⌠á oεá thσá nameΣáá outpu⌠áá stream« ì áááááeprintf(fm⌠ [¼á arτ ▌ ..« )é place≤ outpu⌠ oε stderr« sprintfé ì áááááplace≤á outpu⌠á iεá thσá strinτá s¼á followeΣá b∙á thσá NULLé ì ááááácharacter«á formaté place≤ outpu⌠ usinτ thσ putsubé oµ ß lis⌠ ì áááááoµ item≤ pointeΣ t∩ b∙ args. áááááEacΦ oµ thesσ function≤ converts¼á formats¼á anΣ print≤á it≤ ì áááááargé argument≤ unde≥ contro∞ oµ thσ fmté argument« Thσ fmté i≤ ì áááááßá characte≥á strinτá whicΦ contain≤ tw∩ type≤á oµá objects║ ì áááááplaiεá characters¼á whicΦá arσ simpl∙ copieΣ t∩á thσá outpu⌠ ì ááááástream¼á anΣ conversioε specifications¼ eacΦ oµ whicΦ cause≤ ì áááááconversioεá anΣ printinτ oµ thσ nex⌠ successivσ argéá oµá thσ ì ááááálist. áááááEacΦ conversioε specificatioε i≤ introduceΣ b∙ thσ characte≥ ì ááááá%« Followinτ thσ %¼ therσ ma∙ be ááááá-áááááaεáá optiona∞áá minu≤á sigεá whicΦáá specifie≤áá lef⌠ ì áááááááááááadjustmen⌠á oµá thσ converteΣ valuσ iεá thσá indicateΣ ì áááááááááááfield; ááááá-áááááaε optiona∞ digi⌠ strinτ specifyinτ ß fielΣ width╗á iµ ìèáááááááááááthσá converteΣá valuσ ha≤ fewe≥á character≤á thaεá thσ ì áááááááááááfielΣá widtΦá i⌠ wil∞ bσ blank-paddeΣ oε thσ lef⌠á (o≥ ì áááááááááááright¼á iµá thσá left-adjustmen⌠á indicato≥á ha≤á beeε ì ááááááááááágiven⌐ t∩ makσ u≡ thσ fielΣ width╗á iµ thσ fielΣ widtΦ ì ááááááááááábegin≤ witΦ ß zero¼á zero-paddinτ wil∞ bσ donσ insteaΣ ì áááááááááááoµ blank-padding; ááááá-áááááaε optiona∞ perioΣ whicΦ serve≤ t∩ separatσ thσá fielΣ ì áááááááááááwidtΦ froφ thσ nex⌠ digi⌠ string; ááááá-áááááaεá optiona∞ digi⌠ strinτ specifyinτ ß precisioε whicΦ ì áááááááááááspecifie≤á thσá numbe≥ oµ digit≤ t∩ appea≥á afte≥á thσ ì ááááááááááádecima∞ point¼ fo≥ e- anΣ f-conversion¼ o≥ thσ maximuφ ì ááááááááááánumbe≥ oµ character≤ t∩ bσ printeΣ froφ ß string; -áááááthσ characte≥ ∞ specifyinτ tha⌠ ß followinτ d¼á o¼á x¼ ì áááááááááááo≥áá ⌡á correspond≤á t∩á ßá lonτá intege≥áá arg«áá (┴ ì ááááááááááácapitalizeΣá conversioεá codσá accomplishe≤á thσá samσ ì áááááááááááthing.) -áááááß characte≥ whicΦ indicate≤ thσ typσ oµ conversioεá t∩ ì ááááááááááábσ applied. ááááá┴á fielΣá widtΦ o≥ precisioε ma∙ bσ '*º insteaΣ oµá ßá digi⌠ ì ááááástring«á Iεá thi≤á casσ aε intege≥ arg supplie≤á thσá fielΣ ì áááááwidtΦ o≥ precision. áááááThe conversion characters and their meanings are d,o,x Thσá intege≥ arτ i≤ converteΣ t∩á decimal¼á octal¼á o≥ ì áááááááááááhexadecima∞ notatioε respectively. áááááfáááááThσá floa⌠á o≥á doublσ argéá i≤á converteΣá t∩á decima∞ ì ááááááááááánotatioε iε thσ stylσ '[-]ddd.dddº wherσ thσ numbe≥ oµ ì ááááááááááád'≤á afte≥ thσ decima∞ poin⌠ i≤ equa∞ t∩ thσ precisioε ì áááááááááááspecificatioεá fo≥ thσ argument«á Iµ thσ precisoεá i≤ ì ááááááááááámissing¼á ╢á digit≤á arσ given╗á iµ thσá precisioεá i≤ ì áááááááááááexplicitl∙á zero¼á n∩ digit≤ anΣ n∩ decima∞ poin⌠á arσ ì áááááááááááprinted. áááááeáááááThσá floa⌠á o≥ doublσ arτ i≤ converteΣ iεá thσá stylσ ì ááááááááááá'[-]d.ddde+ddºá wherσá therσ i≤ onσ digi⌠á beforσá thσ ì ááááááááááádecima∞á poin⌠á anΣ thσ numbe≥ afte≥ i≤ equa∞á t∩á thσ ì áááááááááááprecisioεá specificatioεá fo≥ thσ argument╗á wheεá thσ ì áááááááááááprecisioε i≤ missing¼ ╢ digit≤ arσ produced. ááááágáááááThσá floa⌠á o≥ doublσ arτ i≤ printeΣ iεá stylσá d¼á iε ì ááááááááááástylσ f¼ o≥ iε stylσ e¼ whicheve≥ give≤ ful∞ precisioε ì áááááááááááiε minimuφ space. ááááácáááááThσá characte≥ arτ i≤ printed«á NULLá character≤á arσ ì áááááááááááignored. ááááásáááááarτá i≤á takeε t∩ bσ ß strinτ (characte≥ pointer⌐á anΣ ì ááááááááááácharacter≤á froφ thσ strinτ arσ printeΣ unti∞á ßá NULL ìèááááááááááácharacte≥á o≥ unti∞ thσ numbe≥ oµ character≤ indicateΣ ì áááááááááááb∙ thσ precisioε specificatioε i≤ reached╗á howeve≥ iµ ì áááááááááááthσá precisioε i≤ zer∩ o≥ missinτ al∞ character≤ u≡ t∩ ì áááááááááááß NULLé arσ printed. áááááuáááááThσá unsigneΣ intege≥ arτ i≤ converteΣ t∩ decima∞á anΣ ì áááááááááááprinteΣá (thσá resul⌠á wil∞ bσ iε thσá rangσá zer∩á t∩ ì ááááááááááá65535). ááááá%áááááPrin⌠ ß '%'╗ n∩ argumen⌠ i≤ converted. áááááIεá n∩ casσ doe≤ ß non-existen⌠ o≥ smal∞ fielΣá widtΦá causσ ì ááááátruncatioεá oµá ßá field╗á paddinτ take≤ placσ onl∙á iµá thσ ì áááááspecifieΣ fielΣ widtΦ exceed≤ thσ actua∞ width«á Character≤ ì ááááágenerated by printf are printed by putchar. áááááExamples: áááááT∩ prin⌠ ß datσ anΣ timσ iε thσ forφ ááááá áááááSunday¼ Jul∙ 3¼ 10:02 áááá wherσá weekdayéá anΣ monthé arσ pointer≤á t∩á null-terminateΣ ì ááááástrings: áááááááááááprintf("%s¼á %≤ %d¼á %02d:%02d"¼á weekday¼ month¼ day¼ ì áááááááááááhour¼ min); áááááTo print pi to 5 decimals: áááááááááááprintf("pΘ ╜ %.5f"¼ 4*atan(1.0)); SE┼ ALSO áááááputc, scanf BUGSá áááááVery wide fields (>MAXLINE characters) fail. .paè.heputc putc Put Character or Word on a Stream NAME áááááputc, putca, putchar, eputc SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <stdio.h> áááááint putc(c, stream) áááááint c; áááááFILE *stream; áááááint putca(c, stream) áááááint c; áááááFILE *stream; áááááint putchar(c) áááááint c; áááááint eputc(c) áááááchar c; DESCRIPTION áááááputcé append≤ thσ characte≥ cé t∩ thσ nameΣ outpu⌠ stream« I⌠ ì áááááreturn≤á thσ characte≥ written«á putcaé i≤ thσ samσ a≤á putcé ì áááááexcep⌠á tha⌠á '\nº i≤ accompanieΣ b∙ '\rº wheεá CROUTADDéá iε ì ááááástdio.hé i≤ TRUE. áááááputchar(c)éá i≤á defineΣá a≤á thσá macr∩á putca(c¼áá stdout)¼ ì áááááreturninτ c¼ iε stdio.h. áááááeputcé output≤ cé t∩ thσ standarΣ erro≥ device¼ stderr« eputcé ì ááááái≤ defineΣ a≤ thσ macr∩ putca(c¼ stderr). áááááThσ standarΣ streaφ stdouté i≤ normall∙ buffereΣ iµ anΣá onl∙ ì áááááiµá thσ outpu⌠ doe≤ no⌠ refe≥ t∩ ß terminal«á Thσá standarΣ ì ááááástreaφá stderré i≤ b∙ defaul⌠ unbuffereΣ unconditionall∙ (seσ ì áááááfopen)«á Wheεá aεá outpu⌠ streaφ i≤á unbuffereΣá informatioε ì áááááappear≤á oεá thσá destinatioε filσ o≥ termina∞á a≤á sooεá a≤ ì áááááwritten╗á wheε i⌠ i≤ buffered¼á man∙ character≤ arσ saveΣ u≡ ì áááááanΣ writteε a≤ ß block«á fflushé (seσ fclose⌐ ma∙ bσ useΣ t∩ ì áááááforcσ thσ blocδ ou⌠ early. áááááputc updates the outrow[] and outcol[] of its stream->_unit. SE┼ ALSO áááááfopen, fclose, getc, puts, printf, fread, stdio.h DIAGNOSTICS áááááThesσ function≤ returε thσ constan⌠ EO╞ upoεá error«á .paè.heputs puts Put a String on a Stream NAME áááááputs, fputs, eputs SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <stdio.h> áááááint puts(s) áááááSTRING s; áááááint fputs(s, stream) áááááSTRING s; áááááFILE *stream; áááááint eputs(s) áááááSTRING s; DESCRIPION áááááputsé copie≤ thσ tex⌠ strinτ s¼á followeΣ b∙ newline¼á t∩ thσ ì ááááástdioé device¼ anΣ return≤ ß newlinσ characte≥ iµ successful¼ ì áááááEOFé iµ not. ááááá áááááfputséá copie≤ thσ tex⌠ strinτ sé t∩ thσ nameΣ outpu⌠á stream« ì áááááI⌠ return≤ NULLé iµ successful¼ EOFé iµ not. áááááeputséá put≤ thσ strinτ ou⌠ t∩ thσ standarΣ erro≥ device«á I⌠ ì áááááreturns newline if successful, EOL if not. áááááNonσ oµ thσ routine≤ copie≤ thσ terminatinτ NULLé character. SE┼ ALSO áááááfopen¼ gets¼ putc¼ printf¼ ferror¼ fwrite BUGS áááááputsé append≤ ß newline¼á fputsé doe≤ not¼á al∞ iε thσ namσ oµ ì ááááábackwarΣ compatibility. .paè.herandom random Random Number Generator Functions NAME ááááárandize, random, randnorm, randexp, urandom SYNOPSIS áááááVOID randize(seed) áááááint seed; ááááádouble random() ááááádouble randnorm() ááááádouble randexp() áááááunsigned urandom() DESCRIPTION ááááárandizeé initialize≤ thσ randoφ numbe≥ generato≥ accordinτ t∩ ì áááááseed«á Iµ seedé i≤ zero¼á aε interna∞ valuσ i≤ useΣ t∩ star⌠ ì áááááthσ generator╗á iµ ß positivσ valuσ i≤ used¼á tha⌠ valuσá i≤ ì áááááconverteΣá t∩á ß pseudorandoφ startinτ value╗á anΣ iµ -▒á i≤ ì áááááused¼ aε unknowε valuσ i≤ useΣ a≤ thσ starter. ááááárandom returns a uniform random value in [0, 1]. ááááárandnorméá return≤á ß normall∙ distributeΣ randoφ valuσá witΦ ì ááááázero mean and unit standard deviation. ááááárandexpéáá use≤áá thσáá functioεá random()éáá t∩áá returεáá aε ì áááááexponentiall∙ distributeΣ randoφ valuσ characterizeΣ b∙ uni⌠ ì ááááámean¼ i.e. -log(random()). áááááurandoméá return≤ ß uniforφ randoφ unsigneΣ intege≥ valuσá iε ì ááááá[0, 65535]. áááááNumber≤á generateΣá havσ n∩á seria∞á correlation«á Adjacen⌠ ì ááááásample≤áá oµá randoméá anΣá urandoméá number≤á arσáá uniforml∙ ì ááááádistributeΣá ove≥á thσ 32-cube¼á anΣ runs-u≡á anΣá runs-dowε ì ááááátest≤á u≡ t∩ lengtΦ 1│ woulΣ requirσ morσ thaε 1011öá sample≤ ì ááááát∩á sho≈á deviatioεá froφ theoretical«á Thσ perioΣá oµá thσ ì ááááágenerato≥á i≤á abou⌠á 1.│á ¬ 10154«á Thσá number≤á forφá aε ì áááááasymptoticall∙á randoφ Tausworthσ linea≥ recurrancσá (modul∩ ì ááááá2⌐á sequence¼á describeΣ iε Ref«á 12¼á usinτá thσá primitivσ ì ááááátrinomial x521 + x32 + 1. .paè.heratfun ratfun Rational Function Evaluation NAME áááááratfun SYNOPSIS ááááádouble ratfun(x, P, Q, n, m) ááááádouble x, P[], Q[]; áááááint n, m; DESCRIPTION áááááratfun return≤ thσ valuσ oµ thσ rationa∞ functioεá P(x)/Q(x) ì áááááwherσ ε ╜ deg(P)¼ φ ╜ deg(Q). DIAGNOSTICS áááááIµá thσ denominato≥ i≤ zero¼á errnoé i≤ se⌠ t∩á ERANGE╗á theε ì ááááápositivσá INFINITYéá i≤á returneΣ iµ thσá numerato≥á i≤á non-ì ááááánegative╗á otherwise¼á negativσá INFINITYé i≤á returned«á Oε ì áááááunderflow¼ errnoé i≤ se⌠ t∩ ERANGE¼ anΣ zer∩ i≤ returned« Oε ì áááááoverflow¼á errnoé i≤ se⌠ t∩ ERANGEé anΣ INFINITYé oµ thσ prope≥ ì ááááásigε i≤ returned. .paè.herkstep rkstep Fourth Order Runga-Kutta NAME ááááárkstep, rknstep SYNOPSIS áááááVOID rkstep(f, h, t, yp) ááááádouble (*d)(), h, t, *yp; áááááVOID rknstep(N, f, h, t, y1, y2, dy, k, ys) ááááádouble (*f)(), h, t, y1[], y2[], dy[], k[], ys[]; DESCRIPTION ááááárkstepé perform≤ aε integratioε ste≡ fo≥ ß first-orde≥á diffì áááááerentia∞áá equatioεá usinτá thσá fourtΦá orde≥áá Runga-Kuttß ì áááááformulas«á Thσ forφ oµ thσ equatioε i≤ yº ╜ f(t¼ y)¼ ì áááááwherσá ∙á ╜ *ypé anΣ differenticatioε i≤ witΦ respec⌠ t∩á thσ ì áááááfirs⌠ variablσ oµ f«á (Seσ Referencσ 3¼á pg«á 896¼á formulß ì ááááá25.5.10) ááááárknstepéá perform≤á aεá integratioε ste≡ fo≥á aεá N-tuplσá oµ ì áááááfirst-orde≥ ordinar∙ differentia∞ equation≤ usinτ thσ fourtΦ ì áááááorde≥á Runga-Kuttßá formula≤á referenceΣ above«á Néá i≤á thσ ì ááááádimensioεá oµ thσ tuple¼á y1é i≤ thσ curren⌠ vecto≥ statσá a⌠ ì ááááá(time⌐ t¼ y2é i≤ thσ calculateΣ N-tuplσ statσ valuσ a⌠ (time⌐ ì ááááá⌠ ½ hé returneΣ b∙ rknstep¼á dyé i≤ ß scratcΦ arra∙ needeΣá t∩ ì áááááholΣ intermediatσ calculation≤ accumulatinτ thσ dyé value¼á ké ì áááááhold≤á coefficient≤á k1¼á k2¼á k3,é anΣ k4¼á anΣ ysé i≤ fo≥á yé ì áááááapproximant≤á fo≥ eacΦ equation«á Al∞ oµ thσ scratcΦá arra∙ ì ááááámust have dimension not less than N. áááááThσ functioε fé ha≤ │ arguments╗á f(i¼á t¼ y)¼ wherσ ié i≤ thσ ì ááááávecto≥ componen⌠ index¼á té i≤ thσ differenticatioε variable¼ ì áááááanΣ yé i≤ thσ curren⌠ statσ valuσ vector«á Tha⌠ is¼ ì áááááyiö ╜ f(i¼ t¼ y)é fo≥ Θ ╜ 1¼ 2,...,N.é Iε botΦ functions¼ hé i≤ ì áááááthσ ste≡ size. .paè.hescanf scanf Formatted Input Conversion NAME áááááscanf¼ fscanf¼ sscanµ, unformat SYNOPSIS ááááá#includσ <stdio.h> áááááint scanf(forma⌠ █ ¼ pointer ▌ ... ) áááááSTRING format; áááááunsigned *pointer; áááááint fscanf(stream¼ forma⌠ █ ¼ pointer ▌ ... ) áááááFIL┼ *stream; áááááSTRING format; áááááunsigned *pointer; áááááint sscanf(s¼ forma⌠ █ ¼ pointer ▌ ... ) áááááSTRING s¼ format; áááááint *pointer; áááááint unformat(get, format [ , pointer ] ... ) áááááint (*get)(); áááááSTRING format; áááááint *pointer; DESCRIPTION áááááscanféá read≤ froφ thσ standarΣ inpu⌠ streaφá stdin«á fscanfé ì áááááread≤á froφ thσ nameΣ inpu⌠ stream«á sscanfé read≤ froφá thσ ì ááááácharacte≥á strinτá s«á unformaté utilize≤ thσá getéá functioε ì áááááargumen⌠áá t∩á fetcΦá characters«áá EacΦáá functioεáá read≤ ì ááááácharacters¼á interpret≤ theφ accordinτ t∩ format¼ anΣ store≤ ì áááááthσá result≤á iεá it≤ remaininτá arguments«á EacΦá functioε ì áááááexpect≤á a≤á argument≤ ß contro∞á strinτá format¼á describeΣ ì ááááábelow¼á anΣ ß se⌠ oµ pointeré argument≤ indicatinτ wherσá thσ ì áááááconverteΣ inpu⌠ shoulΣ bσ stored. áááááThσááá contro∞ááá strinτáá usuall∙ááá contain≤ááá conversioε ì áááááspecifications¼á whicΦá arσ useΣ t∩ direc⌠ interpretatioε oµ ì áááááinpu⌠ sequences« Thσ contro∞ strinτ ma∙ contain: ááááá1.ááááBlanks¼á tab≤ o≥ newlines¼á whicΦ matcΦ optiona∞ whitσ ì áááááááááááspacσ iε thσ input. ááááá2.ááááAεá ordinar∙á characte≥ (no⌠ %⌐ whicΦ mus⌠á matcΦá thσ ì ááááááááááánex⌠ characte≥ oµ thσ inpu⌠ stream. ááááá3.ááááConversioε specifications¼ consistinτ oµ thσ characte≥ ì ááááááááááá%¼á aε optiona∞ assignmen⌠ suppressinτ characte≥ *¼ aε ì áááááááááááoptiona∞áá numerica∞á maximuφá fielΣá width¼áá anΣáá ß ì áááááááááááconversioε character. ááááá┴á conversioεá specificatioε direct≤ thσ conversioεá oµá thσ ì ááááánex⌠á inpu⌠á field╗á thσ resul⌠ i≤ placeΣá iεá thσá variablσ ìèááááápointeΣ t∩ b∙ thσ correspondinτ argument¼á unles≤ assignmen⌠ ì ááááásuppressioεá wa≤ indicateΣ b∙ *«á Aε inpu⌠ fielΣ i≤ defineΣ ì áááááa≤ ß strinτ oµ non-spacσ characters╗á i⌠ extend≤ t∩ thσ nex⌠ ì áááááinappropriatσá characte≥á o≥á unti∞á thσá fielΣá width¼áá iµ ì áááááspecified¼ i≤ exhausted. áááááThσ conversioε characte≥ indicate≤ thσ interpretatioε oµ thσ ì áááááinpu⌠ field╗ thσ correspondinτ pointe≥ argumen⌠ mus⌠ usuall∙ ì ááááábσáá oµá ßá restricteΣá type«áá Thσá followinτáá conversioε ì ááááácharacter≤ arσ legal: ááááá%áááááßá singlσ '%º i≤ expecteΣ iε thσ inpu⌠ a⌠ thi≤á point╗ ì ááááááááááán∩ assignmen⌠ i≤ done. ááááádáááááßá decima∞á intege≥á i≤á expected╗á thσá correspondinτ ì áááááááááááargumen⌠ shoulΣ bσ aε intege≥ pointer. áááááoáááááaεá octa∞á intege≥á i≤á expected╗áá thσá correspondinτ ì áááááááááááargumen⌠ shoulΣ bσ aε intege≥ pointer. áááááxáááááß hexadecima∞ intege≥ i≤ expected╗á thσá correspondinτ ì áááááááááááargumen⌠ shoulΣ bσ aε intege≥ pointer. ááááásáááááßá characte≥á strinτ i≤á expected╗á thσá correspondinτ ì áááááááááááargumen⌠ shoulΣ bσ ß characte≥ pointe≥ pointinτ t∩á aε ì áááááááááááarra∙á oµ character≤ largσ enougΦ t∩ accep⌠ thσ strinτ ì áááááááááááanΣá ß terminatinτ NULL¼á whicΦ wil∞á bσá added«á Thσ ì áááááááááááinpu⌠á fielΣá i≤ terminateΣ b∙ ß spacσ characte≥ o≥á ß ì ááááááááááánewline. ááááácáááááßá characte≥ i≤ expected╗á thσ correspondinτá argumen⌠ ì áááááááááááshoulΣá bσ ß characte≥ pointer«á Thσ norma∞ ski≡ ove≥ ì áááááááááááspacσ character≤ i≤ suppresseΣ iε thi≤ case╗á t∩á reaΣ ì áááááááááááthσ nex⌠ non-spacσ character¼á tr∙ '%1s'«á Iµ ß fielΣ ì áááááááááááwidtΦá i≤á given¼á thσ correspondinτá argumen⌠á shoulΣ ì ááááááááááárefe≥ t∩ ß characte≥ array¼á anΣ thσ indicateΣá numbe≥ ì áááááááááááoµ character≤ i≤ read. áááááeáááááß floatinτ poin⌠ numbe≥ i≤ expected╗ thσ nex⌠ fielΣ i≤ ì áááááfáááááconverteΣáá accordingl∙áá anΣáá storeΣáá througΦáá thσ ì ááááááááááácorrespondinτ argument¼ whicΦ shoulΣ bσ ß pointe≥ t∩ ß ì áááááááááááfloat« Thσ inpu⌠ forma⌠ fo≥ floatinτ poin⌠ number≤ i≤ ì áááááááááááaεáá optionall∙á signeΣá strinτá oµá digit≤áá possibl∙ ì ááááááááááácontaininτá ß decima∞ point¼á followeΣ b∙ aεá optiona∞ ì áááááááááááexponen⌠á fielΣ consistinτ oµ aε ┼ o≥ σ followeΣ b∙ aε ì áááááááááááoptionall∙ signeΣ integer. ááááá[áááááindicate≤á ßá strinτá no⌠ t∩á bσá delimiteΣá b∙á spacσ ì ááááááááááácharacters«á Thσ lef⌠ bracke⌠ i≤ followeΣ b∙ ß se⌠ oµ ì ááááááááááácharacter≤ anΣ ß righ⌠ bracket╗ thσ character≤ betweeε ì áááááááááááthσ bracket≤ definσ ß se⌠ oµ character≤ makinτ u≡á thσ ì ááááááááááástring« Iµ thσ firs⌠ characte≥ i≤ no⌠ circumfle° (^)¼ ì áááááááááááo≥ tildσ (~)¼á thσ inpu⌠ fielΣ i≤ al∞ character≤ unti∞ ì áááááááááááthσá firs⌠á characte≥á no⌠á iεá thσá se⌠á betweeεá thσ ì ááááááááááábrackets╗á iµá thσá firs⌠á characte≥á afte≥á thσá lef⌠ ìèááááááááááábracke⌠ i≤ ▐ (o≥ ~)¼ thσ inpu⌠ fielΣ i≤ al∞ character≤ ì áááááááááááunti∞á thσá firs⌠ characte≥ whicΦ i≤ iε thσá remaininτ ì áááááááááááse⌠áá oµáá characer≤á betweeεáá thσáá brackets«áá Thσ ì ááááááááááácorrespondinτá argumen⌠á mus⌠á poin⌠á t∩á ßá characte≥ ì áááááááááááarray. áááááThσ conversioε character≤ d¼á ∩ anΣ ° ma∙ bσ capitalizeΣá o≥ ì ááááápreceedeΣá b∙á lé t∩ indicatσ tha⌠ ß pointe≥ t∩á longéá rathe≥ ì áááááthaεá t∩á intéá i≤ iεá thσá argumen⌠á list«á Similarly¼á thσ ì áááááconversioεá character≤ eé o≥ fé ma∙ bσ capitalizeΣ o≥ precedeΣ ì áááááb∙á Lé t∩ indicatσ ß pointe≥ t∩ double rathe≥ thaε t∩ float« ì áááááThσ conversioε character≤ d¼á oé anΣ xé ma∙ bσ preceedeΣ b∙á hé ì ááááát∩á indicatσá ß pointe≥ t∩ shorté rathe≥ thaεá t∩á int«á Thσ ì áááááconversioεá hdéá ma∙á bσ shorteneΣ t∩ onl∙ héá t∩á conforφá t∩ ì áááááKernighan and Ritchie (Reference 2). áááááThσá scanµá function≤á returεá thσá numbe≥á oµá successfull∙ ì ááááámatcheΣá anΣá assigneΣá inpu⌠ items«á Thi≤ caε bσá useΣá t∩ ì ááááádecidσ ho≈ man∙ inpu⌠ item≤ werσ found« Thσ constan⌠ EO╞ i≤ ì áááááreturneΣ upoε enΣ oµ input╗ notσ tha⌠ thi≤ i≤ differen⌠ froφ ì ááááázero¼ whicΦ mean≤ tha⌠ n∩ conversioε wa≤ done╗ iµ conversioε ì áááááwa≤á intended¼áá i⌠á wa≤á frustrateΣá b∙á aεáá inappropriatσ ì ááááácharacte≥ iε thσ input. áááááFo≥ example¼ thσ call áááááááááááin⌠ i╗ ááááá floa⌠ x╗ ááááá cha≥ name[50]; ááááá scanf¿ "%d%f%s"¼ &i¼ &x¼ name); áááááwitΦ thσ inpu⌠ line ááááááááááá2╡ 54.32E-▒ synott áááááwil∞ assigε t∩ Θ thσ valuσ 25¼á ° thσ valuσ 5.432¼á anΣ namσ ì áááááwil∞ contaiε 'synott'« Or, áááááááááááin⌠ i╗ ááááá floa⌠ x╗ ááááá cha≥ name[50]; ááááá scanf("%2d%f%*d%[1234567890]"¼ &i¼ &x¼ name); áááááwitΦ input ááááááááááá5678╣ 012│ 56a72 áááááwil∞ assigε 5╢ t∩ i¼á 789.░ t∩ x¼ ski≡ '0123'¼ anΣ placσ thσ ì ááááástrinτá '56º iε name«á Thσ nex⌠ cal∞ t∩ getcharé wil∞ returε ì ááááá'a'. áááááThσ geté argumen⌠ oµ thσ unformaté functioε itselµ use≤ ß modσ ì áááááargument║ get(TRUE⌐ i≤ assumeΣ t∩ perforφ ß characte≥ input¼ ì áááááand get(FALSE) does an unget on the last character fetched. è SEE ALSO áááááatof¼ getc¼ printf DIAGNOSTICS áááááThσ scanµ function≤ returε EO╞ oε enΣ oµ input¼á anΣ ß shor⌠ ì ááááácoun⌠ fo≥ missinτ o≥ illega∞ datß items. BUGS áááááThσáá succes≤áá oµá incompatiblσá type≤á i≤áá no⌠áá directl∙ ì ááááádeterminable. .paè.hescreeε i/∩ screeε i/o Screen Input/Output NAME áááááaltscrn¼á clrscrn¼á cursor¼á eraeol¼á eraeop¼ home¼ iniscrn¼ ì ááááánormscrn, putscrn, uniscrn SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <scrnio.h> áááááBOOL altscrn() áááááVOID clrscrn() áááááBOOL cursor(r, c) áááááint r, c; áááááBOOL eraeol(r, c) áááááint r, c; áááááBOOL eraeop(r, c) áááááint r, c; áááááVOID home() áááááVOID iniscrn() áááááBOOL normscrn() áááááMETACHAR putscrn(c) áááááint c; áááááVOID uniscrn() DESCRIPTION áááááaltscrnéá begin≤ thσ alternate-intensit∙ mode«á Iµ thi≤ i≤ ß ì ááááásysteφ supporteΣ function¼á altscrné return≤ TRUE╗ iµ not¼ i⌠ ì áááááreturn≤ FALSE. áááááclrscrnéá clear≤ anΣ erase≤ thσ termina∞ screeεá anΣá return≤ ì áááááthe cursor to the home position. ááááácursoréá position≤á thσá curso≥á a⌠á ro≈á r¼á columεá c«á Iµ ì ááááásuccessful¼á thi≤á functioε return≤ TRUE«á Iµ ßá coordinatσ ì áááááaddreessinτ erro≥ i≤ sensed¼ i⌠ wil∞ returε FALSE. áááááeraeoléá erase≤ ro≈ ré froφ columε cé t∩ thσ enΣ oµá thσá line« ì áááááI⌠ wil∞ returε TRUEé iµ successful¼ o≥ FALSEé oε imprope≥ ré o≥ ì ááááác. The cursor is positioned at row r, column c afterward. áááááeraeopéá erase≤ froφ ro≈ r¼á columε cé t∩ thσ enΣ oµ thσ page« ì áááááTRUEéá i≤á normall∙ returned╗á imprope≥ ré o≥á céá wil∞á causσ ì áááááeraeopé t∩ returε FALSE«á Thσ curso≥ i≤ positioneΣ a⌠ ro≈ r¼ ì ááááácolumn c afterward. èáááááhomeéá move≤á thσá curso≥ t∩ ro≈ zero¼á columεá zer∩á oµá thσ ì áááááterminal. áááááiniscrnéá send≤ thσ initializatioε sequencσ t∩ thσá terminal¼ ì áááááif it exists. ááááánormscrné begin≤ thσ normal-intensit∙ mode«á I⌠ return≤ TRUEé ì áááááiµ thi≤ functioε i≤ supported¼ o≥ FALSEé iµ not. áááááputscrné send≤ thσ characte≥ cé t∩ thσ termina∞ iεá unbuffereΣ ì ááááámode«áá outcol[STDOUT]éá anΣá outrow[STDOUT]éá arσá correctl∙ ì áááááupdated¼ ie.¼ putscrné wil∞ bσ ignoreΣ iµ thσ screeε sizσ ha≤ ì ááááábeen exceeded. áááááuniscrnéáá send≤áá thσá un-initializatioεá sequencσá t∩áá thσ ì áááááterminal, if it exits. áááááGloba∞á variable≤ outrow[STDOUT]é anΣ outcol[STDOUT]é holΣ thσ ì ááááácurrent position of the cursor at all times. áááááscrnio.héá i≤á thσ datß filσ whicΦ declare≤ al∞á globa∞á datß ì ááááánecessar∙á fo≥ thσ usσ oµ thesσ termina∞ displa∙á functions« ì áááááscrnio.hé shoulΣ bσ includeΣ beforσ stdio.hé iε ever∙á prograφ ì áááááusing screen i/o functions. áááááRo≈á ░á i≤á thσ topmos⌠ row¼á anΣ columε ░ i≤á thσá leftmos⌠ ì ááááácolumn. BUGS áááááThesσ function≤ ma∙ no⌠ operatσ oε system≤ iε whicΦ termina∞ ì áááááoutput cannot be direct. .paè.hesetbuf setbuf Assign Buffer NAME ááááásetbuf SYNOPSIS áááááVOI─ setbuf(fp¼ buffer) áááááFAS╘ FIL┼ *fp; áááááBUFFE╥ buffer; DESCRIPTION ááááásetbufé i≤ useΣ afte≥ ß streaφ ha≤ beeε openeΣ bu⌠ beforσá i⌠ ì ááááái≤ reaΣ o≥ written«á Iµ fpé alread∙ ha≤ ß buffe≥ assigneΣ t∩ ì áááááit¼á i⌠ cause≤ thσ characte≥ arra∙ bufferé t∩ bσ useΣ insteaΣ ì áááááoµá aεá automaticall∙á allocateΣ buffer«á An∙ datßá iεá thσ ì áááááexistinτ buffe≥ i≤ lost«á Iµ bufferé i≤ thσ constan⌠ pointe≥ ì áááááNULL, input/output will be completely unbuffered. áááááUsσá oµ setbuf(stdin¼á NULL)é a⌠ thσ beginninτ oµá ßá prograφ ì áááááassures that terminal input will be unbuffered. BUGS áááááUnbuffereΣáááá termina∞ááá inpu⌠ááá depend≤ááá oεááá whethe≥ ì áááááread(0, buffer, 1)éáá return≤á ßá bytσá immediatel∙áá o≥áá i≤ ì áááááinternall∙ buffereΣ fo≥ linσ editinτ purposes. .paè.hesgn sgn Sign Function NAME ááááásgn SYNOPSIS ááááádouble sgn(x) ááááádouble x; DESCRIPTION ááááásgné wil∞ returε thσ doublσ sgε functioε oµ x¼á i.e.¼ +1¼ -1¼ ì áááááo≥á 0¼á accordingl∙ a≤ xé i≤á positive¼á negative¼á o≥á zero¼ ì ááááárespectively. áááááSGNá i≤á thσ macr∩ iε heade≥ filσ defs.Φ whicΦ perform≤á thσ ì ááááásamσá function¼á excep⌠ fo≥ sidσ effects¼á anΣ oε al∞ signeΣ ì ááááánumeric types. .paè.hesimpson simpson Integration by Simpson's Modified Rule NAME ááááásimpson SYNOPSIS ááááádouble simpson(func, lowlim, uplim, n) ááááádouble (*func)(), lowlim, uplim; áááááint n; DESCRIPTION ááááásimpsonéá integrate≤á thσ functioε funcé froφ lowlimé t∩á uplimé ì áááááusinτ 2né points¼á accordinτ t∩ thσ Simpsoε integratioε rule« ì áááááThe error value is given by ááááá e = -(n * h5/90) * funciv(x) áááááwherσá héá ╜á (uplimé - lowlim)/(2n⌐ anΣ lowlimé <ô xéá <ôá uplim« ì ááááá(see Reference 3, formula 25.4.6) .paè.hesin sin Trigonometric Functions NAME ááááásin¼ cos¼ tan¼ asin¼ acos¼ atan¼ atan2¼ cotaε SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <mathcons.h> ááááádouble sin(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble cos(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble tan(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble asin(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble acos(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble atan(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble atan2(x, y) ááááádouble x, y; ááááádouble cotan(x) ááááádouble x; DESCRIPTION áááááAl∞á oµ thesσ function≤ werσ programmeΣ usinτ thσ algorithm≤ ì ááááágiveεá iε Softwarσ Manua∞ fo≥ thσ Elementar∙ Functionsôá (seσ ì áááááReference 5). ááááásin¼á co≤á anΣ taε returε trigonometriπ function≤ oµá radiaε ì áááááarguments«á Thσ magnitudσ oµ thσ argumen⌠ shoulΣ bσ checkeΣ ì áááááb∙ thσ calle≥ t∩ makσ surσ thσ resul⌠ i≤á meaningful«á (seσ ì áááááReference 5, pp. 125-149 and 150-173) áááááasin returns the arc sin in the range -pi/2 to +pi/2. áááááacosé return≤ thσ arπ cosinσ iε thσ rangσ zer∩ t∩ pi. ááááá áááááataεá return≤á thσá arπ tangen⌠ oµ ° iε thσ rangσá -pi/▓á t∩ ì ááááá+pi/2. (see Reference 5, pp. 194-216) áááááatan2 returns the arc tangent of x/y in the range -pi to +pi. ááááácotan returns the cotangent of x. DIAGNOSTICSèáááááArgument≤á oµá magnitudσ greate≥ thaε unit∙ causσá asinéá anΣ ì áááááacosé t∩ returε valuσ 0╗á errnoé i≤ se⌠ t∩ EDOM« Thσ valuσ oµ ì ááááátané a⌠ it≤ singula≥ point≤ i≤ INFINITY¼á anΣ errnoé i≤ se⌠ t∩ ì áááááERANGE. BUGS áááááThσá valuσá oµ tané fo≥ argument≤ greate≥á thaεá MAXANGL┼á i≤ ì ááááágarbage. .paè.hesinh sinh Hyperbolic Functions NAME ááááásinh¼ cosh¼ tanΦ SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <mathtyp.h> ááááádouble sinh(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble cosh(x) ááááádouble x; ááááádouble tanh(x) ááááádouble x; DESCRIPTION áááááThesσá function≤ computσ thσ designateΣ hyperboliπ function≤ ì áááááfor real arguments. áááááAl∞á werσ programmeΣ usinτ thσ algorithm≤ giveε iεá Softwarσ ì áááááManua∞á fo≥ thσ Elementar∙ Functionsô (seσ Referencσá 5¼á pp« ì ááááá217-238 and 239-255). DIAGNOSTICS ááááásinhéá anΣ coshé returε INFINITY oµ appropriatσ sigε wheεá thσ ì ááááácorrec⌠ valuσ woulΣ overflow. .paè.hesortH sortH Sort Functions NAME ááááásortH¼ sortS¼ sortQ¼ sort┬, qsort SYNOPSIS áááááVOID sortH(n, comp, exch) áááááint n, (*comp)(); áááááVOID (*exch)(); ááááá áááááVOID sortS(n, comp, exch) áááááint n, (*comp)(); áááááVOID (*exch)(); áááááVOID sortQ(n¼ comp, exch) áááááint n, (*comp)(); áááááVOID (*exch)(); áááááVOID sortB(n, comp, exch) áááááint n, (*comp)(); áááááVOID (*exch)(); áááááVOI─ qsort(base¼ n¼ width¼ compar) áááááSTRIN╟ base; áááááin⌠ n, width, (*compar)(); DESCRIPTION áááááEacΦá oµá thesσ function≤ wil∞ sor⌠ aε arra∙ oµ sizσ néá witΦ ì ááááárespec⌠á t∩á ßá comparisoε functioεá comp(i¼á j)¼á whicΦá i≤ ì ááááápositive¼á iµ anΣ onl∙ iµ element≤ ié anΣ jé oµ thσ arra∙á arσ ì áááááou⌠á oµ order«á Thσ exch(i¼á j)é functioε exchange≤ thσ ithô ì áááááanΣ jthô element≤ oµ thσ array«á Thσ namσ anΣ typσ oµá arra∙ ì áááááarσ unknowε t∩ thσ sor⌠ routines¼á bu⌠ must¼á oµ course¼á bσ ì áááááknowε t∩ exché anΣ comp. ááááásortHéá use≤ thσ heapsor⌠ algorithm¼á witΦ timσá complexit∙ ì áááááO(ε ¬ log(n))« (Seσ Referencσ 10¼ pp« 87-92.) ááááásortSé use≤ thσ Shel∞ sor⌠ algorithm¼ witΦ timσ complexit∙ oµ ì áááááabou⌠ O(n1.5)« (Seσ Reference≤ ▓ anΣ 9.) ááááásortQéá use≤ thσ quicksor⌠ algorithm¼á oµ timσá complexit∙ ì áááááO(ε ¬ log(n)⌐ t∩ O(n2)« (Seσ Referencσ 11.) ááááásortBé perform≤ ß bubble-sor⌠ iε whicΦ largσ value≤ bubblσ u≡ ì áááááand low values shuttle down in the array, O(n) to O(n2). áááááqsortéá i≤ anothe≥ implementatioε oµ thσ quicksor⌠ algorithm« ì áááááThσ baseé i≤ ß pointe≥ t∩ thσ beginninτ oµ thσ data╗ né i≤ thσ ì ááááánumbe≥á oµá elements╗á thirΣ i≤ thσ widthé oµ aεá elemen⌠á iε ì ááááábytes╗á las⌠á i≤á thσ namσ oµ thσ comparisoε routinσá t∩á bσ ì ááááácalleΣá witΦ tw∩ arguments¼á pointer≤ t∩ thσ element≤á beinτ ì ááááácompared«á Thσá comparisoε mus⌠ returε aεá intege≥á greate≥ ì áááááthaε zer∩ iµ anΣ onl∙ iµ thσ element≤ beinτ compareΣ arσ ou⌠ ìèáááááoµ sort. .paè.hetolower tolower Conversion to Lower and Upper Case NAME ááááátolower, toupper SYNOPSIS áááááchar tolower(c) áááááint c; áááááchar toupper(c) áááááint c; DESCRIPTION ááááátolower return≤ thσ lowe≥ casσ oµ c¼á iµ c i≤ aεá upper-casσ ì áááááletter. ááááátoupperá return≤ thσ uppe≥ casσ oµ c¼á iµ c i≤ ßá lower-casσ ì áááááletter. áááááTOLOWERá anΣá TOUPPER arσ thσ macro≤ founΣá iεá heade≥á filσ ì áááááctype.Φá whicΦ arσ identica∞ t∩ thσ function≤ above¼á excep⌠ ì áááááfor side-effects. .paè.heungetc ungetc Push Character Back into Input Stream NAME áááááungetc SYNOPSIS ááááá#include <stdio.h> áááááint ungetc(c, stream) áááááint c; áááááFILE *stream; DESCRIPTION áááááungetc pushe≤ thσ characte≥ c bacδ oε aε inpu⌠ stream« Tha⌠ ì ááááácharacte≥á wil∞á bσ returneΣ b∙ thσ nex⌠ getc cal∞á oεá tha⌠ ì ááááástream. ungetc returns c. áááááOnσá characte≥ oµ pushbacδ i≤ guaranteeΣ provideΣá somethinτ ì áááááha≤á beeεá reaΣ froφ thσ streaφ anΣ thσ streaφá i≤á actuall∙ ì ááááábuffered. áááááfseek erases all memory of pushed back characters. SE┼ ALSO ááááágetc, fseek DIAGNOSTICS áááááungetc returns EOF if c is EOF. .he .pa oè.PN 1 .FO 5-# 5. C U S T O M I Z A T I O N N O T E S Therσá arσá approximatel∙ 16▓ function≤ anΣá 16╖á parameter≤ ì (constants¼ macros¼ anΣ globa∞ variables⌐ name≤ iε thσ portablσ ├ ì subroutinσ library« Oµ these¼ 1▓ arσ systeφ functions¼ fo≥ whicΦ ì sourcσá codσ i≤ no⌠ included¼á anΣ anothe≥ 14╡ function≤ anΣá 15▓ ì parameter≤ tha⌠ arσ machine-independent« Onσ oµ thσ system-leve∞ ì function≤ anΣ thσ remaininτ ╡ function≤ anΣ 5╢ parameter≤ mus⌠ bσ ì customizeΣá t∩ thσ ideosyncracie≤ oµ thσ hos⌠á environment«á Thσ ì systeφ interfacσ function≤ arσ listeΣ iε Tablσ 5-1¼á thσ element≤ ì tha⌠á mus⌠á bσ giveε attentioε arσ listeΣ iε Tablσ 5-2¼á anΣá thσ ì machine-independen⌠á element≤á arσá giveεá iεá Tablσá 5-3«áá Al∞ ì elements are listed in Table 5-4. Thσá procedure≤á fo≥ effectinτ thσ needeΣ change≤á froφá thσ ì distributioεá sourcσá i≤á containeΣá iεá thσá remainde≥á oµá thi≤ ì section. .po11 Table 5-1: PORTABLE C LIBRARY SYSTEM INTERFACE Element Type File Description close function csys.lib Close file OS interface. creat function csys.lib Create file function, OS interface. exit function csys.lib Close all files and terminate program. lseek function csys.lib Move file position using arg as offset. open function csys.lib Open file for operation, OS interface. read function csys.lib Read from stream into buffer: OS interfc rename function csys.lib Rename a file: OS interface. sbrk function csys.lib Set pointer to available memory: OS i/f. unlink function csys.lib Unlink a file name from a file (delete). write function csys.lib File write OS interface. _exit function csys.lib Immediate termination of program. .paè Table 5-2: PORTABLE C LIBRARY COMPILER- & SYSTEM-DEPENDENT ELEMENTS Element Type File Description ALIGN typedef stdtyp.h K & R storage allocation header aligner. ALTSCRN TEXT scrnio.h Terminal into alternate intensity string astof function atof.c ASCII number to (double) float. Pointer. BIG10X constant mathcons.h Largest 10^(2^(BIG10X -1)) < INFINITY BIGX constant mathcons.h 16 * log2(INFINITY) - 1 BUFSIZ constant stdio.h I/O stream buffer size. CB4L TBOOL scrnio.h Column-before-row boolean. chrstc function chrstc.c Return int characteristic of double. CLEARSCREEN TEXT scrnio.h Terminal clear-screen string. COFFSET tiny scrnio.c Cursor lead-in column offset value. CRINSUP constant stdio.h Set TRUE to suppress CR text input. CROUTADD constant stdio.h Set true to echo '\n' with CR. DPRECISION constant mathcons.h (int) PRECISION EDOM constant errno.h Function argument not in defined domain. EOF constant defs.h Standard End-of-File value. ERAEOLN TEXT scrnio.c Terminal Erase-to-End-of-Line string. ERAEOPG TEXT scrnio.h Terminal erase-to-end-of-page string. fint function fint.c Float (double) INTeger-part function. ftoa function ftoa.c Float (double) to ASCII conversion. HEIGHT tiny scrnio.h Terminal height, number of lines. HOME string scrnio.h Terminal cursor-to-home (0,0) string. INFINITY constant mathcons.h Largest double value on this machine. INFINLEG constant math.cons INFINITY / ROOTTWO. ldexp function frexp.c Load exponent (multiply by power of 2). LEADIN TEXT scrnio.h Cursor lead-in sequence. LEAST constant mathcons.h Least double representable in machine. LINDELETE TEXT scrnio.c Terminal line-delete string. LININSERT TEXT scrnio.h Terminal line-delete string. LOGINFINITY constant mathcons.h Largest argument of log function. LOGLEAST constant mathcons.h Log of smallest machine number mathcons.h header mathcons.h Constant file for math functions. MAXCHANNELS constant global.h Maximum number of i/o channels at once. MAXEXP constant mathcons.h Largest numeric characteristic. MAXEXPG constant mathcons.h MAXEXP - 3 guard bits. MAXLINE constant stdio.h Maximum no. of chars. on input line. MAXSTREAM constant stdio.h Maximum number of buffered i/o streams. MINEXP constant mathcons.h Characteristic of least machine double. MINEXPG constant mathcons.h MINEXP + 3 guard bits. NALLOC constant stdtyp.h No. of HEADER units for malloc(). NORMSCRN TEXT scrnio.h Terminal string, return normal intensity PMODE constant stdio.h fopen() protection mode (for UNIX). PRECISION constant mathcons.h -log10(WASHOUT). RCENDER TEXT scrnio.h Row-column lead-in terminator. RCSEPARATOR TEXT scrnio.h Cursor row, column separator string. rename function csys.lib Rename a file: OS interface. ROFFSET tiny scrnio.h Cursor lead-in row offset value. RTHLFINF constant mathcons.h sqrt(INFINITY / 2). SCRNINI TEXT scrnio.h Initialize-terminal string. SCRNUNI TEXT scrnio.h Terminal un-initialize string. SCRNWRAP TBOOL scrnio.h Signal for auto terminal wrap-around. SMALLX constant mathcons.h 16 * log2(LEAST) + 1.0 è PORTABL┼ ├ LIBRAR┘ COMPILER- ª SYSTEM-DEPENDEN╘á ELEMENT╙ (cont.) Element Type File Description SYMLEAST constant mathcons.h Symmetric Least value (1/SYMLEAST) exist SYS_EOF macro stdio.h System end-of-file marker, if any. TANHXBIG constant mathcons (No. sig bits + 2) * log(2) / 2 TBITS typedef stdtyp.h Tiny (8 char min) for bit manipulation. TBOOL typedef stdtyp.h Tiny (8 char min) used tor boolean. TERMINAL TEXT scrnio.h Terminal identification string. TINY macro stdtyp.h rvalue for tiny. USELAST TBOOL scrnio.h Signal to use final terminal column. UTINY macro stdtyp.h rvalue for utiny. WASHOUT constant mathcons.h 1.0 + (x < WASHOUT) = 1.0 to precision. WIDTH tiny scrnio.h Terminal width, number of characters. XLT2ASCII TBOOL scrnio.h Translate-to-ASCII boolean. .paè Table 5-3: PORTABLE C LIBRARY SYSTEM-INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS Element Type File Description ABS macro defs.h Absolute value of any numeric type. abs function abs.c Absolute value function, int. acos function asin.c arc cosine, double. allot function malloc.c malloc() without header overhead. altscrn function scrnio.c Set terminal to alternate intensity. AND macro defs.h Logical "and" operator, &&. asin function asin.c Arc sine function, double. astoi function atoi.c ASCII int to int. Also returns pointer. astol function atol.c ASCII to long. Also returns pointer. atan function atan.c Arc tangent, double. atan2 function atan.c Two-argument arc tangent, double. atof function atof.c ASCII to (double) float. atoi function atoi.c ASCII to int. atol function atol.c ASCII to long. bitcount function bitcount.c K & R function counts bits in argument. BITS typedef stdtyp.h Short used only for bit manipulation. BOOL typedef stdtyp.h Int used only for boolean. BUFFER typedef stdtyp.h Used only for pointers to char buffers. calloc function malloc.c C allocation for arrays. cbrt function cbrt.c Cube root function, double. CBRTFOUR constant mathcons.h Cube root of 4. CBRTTWO constant mathcons.h Cube root of 2. ceil function floor.c Ceiling function of double. clearerr macro stdio.h Reset error indicator on file stream. clrscrn function scrnio.c Clear terminal screen. cos function sin.c Cosine function, double. cosh function cosh.c Hyperbolic cosine, double. cotan function tan.c Cotangent function, double. CURPOS constant stdio.h Current file position seek indicator. cursor function scrnio.c Position terminal cursor at row, column. eprintf function eprintf.c Formatted print to stderr. eputc macro stdio.c Put character out to stderr. eputs function eputs.c Put string out to stderr. eraeol function scrnio.c Erase terminal screen to end of line. eraeop function scrnio.c Erase terminal screen to end of page. ERANGE constant errno.h Computed math value out of range. erf function erf.c Error function, double. erfc function erf.c Complimentary error function, double. errno short global.h Standard error variable. exp function exp.c Exponential function, double. fabs function fabs.c Absolute value function, double. FADEOUT constant mathcons.h Magnitude of washout term in Taylor ser. FAIL constant defs.h Standard Failure value. FALSE constant defs.h Standard False value. fclosall function putc.c Close all buffered i/o streams. fclose function fopen.c Close file using descriptor. feof macro stdio.h Evaluate end-of-file status, int. ferror macro stdio.h Boolean for file i/o error. fflush function fopen.c Flush file buffers to the medium. fgets function fgets.c Get string from file (buffered). è PORTABLE C LIBRARY SYSTEM-INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS (cont.) Element Type File Description FILE typedef stdio.h Standard file type declaration. FILEND constant stdio.h File end seek position designator. fileno macro stdio.h Return file descriptor of stream. floor function floor.c Floor function, double. flush function putc.c Flush output buffer when char overflow. fmax function fminmax.c Maximum of a, b, double. fmin function fminmax.c Minimum of a, b, double. fopen function fopen.c Open file for buffered operation. FOREVER macro defs.h Same as "for (::)". format function format.c Basic output format utility. FOURTHLOG2 constant mathcons.h log(2) / 4 fprintf function fprintf.c Formatted output to file. fputs function fputs.c Put string out to file, unformatted. frac function frac.c Fractional-part function, double. fread function fread.c Buffered read from file. free function malloc.c Free previously allocated storage. frexp function frexp.c Fraction (mantissa) and exponent, double fscanf function fscanf.c Formatted scan inputs from file. fseek function fseek.c Buffered file reposition function. ftell function ftell.c Return current file offset from origin. fwrite function fwrite.c Buffered write to file. getbuf function getbuf.c Get an i/o buffer from allot(). getc function getc.c Get character from file. getca function getc.c Get ASCII char from buffered i/o stream. getchar macro stdio.c Get character from stdin. getf function getf.c Prompt and get double from stdin. geti function geti.c Prompt and get integer from stdin. getl function getl.c Prompt and get long from stdin. getns function getns.c Prompt and get string from stdin. gets function gets.c Get string from stdin. GLOBAL macro stdtyp.h Pseudo storage class (extern) for port. GZ macro defs.h Greater than Zero, GZ(x) = (x>0? x : 0) HALFLOG2e constant mathcons.h log2(e) / 4 HEADER typedef stdtyp.h K & R storage allocation block type. home function scrnio.c Home the terminal cursor. hypot function hypot.c Compute hypotenuse of right triangle. index function index.c Find position of char in string arg. iniscrn function scrnio.c Initialize terminal screen output. inverf function inverf.c Inverse of error function, erf, double. inverfc function inverf.c Inverse of complementart error function. INVPI constant mathcons.h 1.0 / pi IObuffs buffers stdio.h I/O buffers for buffered streams. IS macro defs.h Logical equivalence operator, ==. isalnum function isalnum.c True if arg is alpha or number. ISALNUM macro ctype.h True if arg is alpha or number. isalpha function isalpha.c True if arg is alpha. ISALPHA macro ctype.h True if arg is alpha. isascii function isascii.c True if arg is < 128. ISASCII macro ctype.h True if arg < 128. iscntrl function iscntrl.c True if arg is control or DEL character. è PORTABLE C LIBRARY SYSTEM-INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS (cont.) Element Type File Description ISCNTRL macro ctype.h True if arg is control or DEL character. isdigit function isdigit.c True if arg is decimal digit. ISDIGIT macro ctype.h True if arg is decimal digit. ishex function ishex.c Returns TRUE if argument is hex number. islower function islower.c True if arg is lower-case alpha. ISLOWER macro ctype.h True if arg is lower case alpha. ISNT macro defs.h Logical non-equivalence operator, !=. ISOCTAL macro ctype.h True if arg is octal character. isoctal function isoctal.c Returns TRUE if argument is octal digit. isok function isok.c Prompts and accepts y/n answer. isprint function isprint.c True if arg is printable character. ISPRINT macro ctype.h True if arg is printable character. ispunct function ispunct.c True if arg is punctuation. ISPUNCT macro ctype.h True if arg is not cntrl or alphanum. isspace function isspace.c True if arg is space, tab, or newline. ISSPACE macro ctype.h True if arg is space, tab, or newline. isupper function isupper.c True if arg is upper-case alpha. ISUPPER macro ctype True if arg is upper case alpha. itoa function itoa.c Integer-to-Ascii conversion. itoab function itoa.c Based int-ASCII conversion. labs function labs.c Absolute value function, long. LBITS typedef stdtyp.h Long used only for bit manipulation. liberate function malloc.c free() without header overhead. lmax function lminmax.c Maximum of a, b: long. lmin function lminmax.c Minimum of a, b: long. log function log.c Natural logarithm, double. log10 function log10.c Common logarithm, double. LOG10e constant mathcons.h Log of e base 10. LOG10two constant mathcons.h log of 2 base 10. log2 function log2.c Logarithm, base 2, double. LOG2 constant mathcons.h Natural log of 2. LOG2e constant mathcons.h Log of e base 2. LOGe10 constant mathcons.h log of 10 base e. ltoa function ltoa.c Long-to-ASCII conversion. ltoab function ltoa.c Long to base conversion. LURSHIFT macro defs.h Long Unsigned Right Shift long n, b bits malloc function malloc.c Storage allocator: get memory from OS. max function max.c Maximum of two integers. MAX macro defs.h Maximum value of any two numbers. MAXANGLE constant mathcons.h Maximum trigonometric angle, pi * 2^25. METACHAR typedef stdtyp.h Augmented char to include EOF value. min function min.c Minimum of two integer values. MIN macro defs.h Minimum value of any two numeric values. modf function modf.c Fraction and integer parts, double. NO constant defs.h Standard NOt true value. normscrn function scrnio.c Return terminal to normal intensity. NOT macro defs.h Logical negation operator, !. nprob function nprob.c Normal probability function. nprobc function nprob.c Normal probability tail function, double NULL constant defs.h Standard NULL pointer value. è PORTABLE C LIBRARY SYSTEM-INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS (cont.) Element Type File Description OR macro defs.h Logical inclusive-or operator, ||. ORIGIN constant stdio.h Beginning of file seek designator. outcol int array global.h Global variable, output column for chan. outrow int array global.h Global variable, output row for channel. PI constant mathcons.h pi PIover2 constant mathcons.h pi / 2 PIover3 constant mathcons.h pi / 3 PIover4 constant mathcons.h pi / 4 PIover6 constant mathcons.h pi / 6 pow function pow.c Power: raise x to y power, double. printf function printf.c Formatted print to stdout. progname TEXT global.h Standard global string to hold prog name putc function putc.c Buffered char output to stream. putca function putc.c Buffered ASCII character output. putchar macro stdio.h Put car out to stdout. puts function puts.c Put string out to stdout. putscrn function scrnio.c Put character directly to screen, unbuff qsort function qsort.c Quicksort an array. randexp function randexp.c Random number, double, exponential dist. randize function random.c Seed the random number generator. randnorm function randnorm.c Random number, double, normal distrib. random function random.c Random number, double, uniform distrib. ratfun function ratfun.c Rational function evaluation, double. realloc function realloc.c Change storage allocator block size. redirbuf function redirbuf.c Set redirected i/o buffer size. rewind function rewind.c Rewind buffered i/o medium to beginning. rindex function rindex.c Find last occurrence of char in string. rknstep function rknstep.c 4-th order Runge-Kutta n-th order DE. rkstep function rkstep.c 4-th order Runge-Kutta 1-st order DE. ROOTHALF constant mathcons.h sqrt(0.5) ROOTTWO constant mathcons.h sqrt(2.0) round function round.c Round to nearest integer, double. scanf function scanf.c Formatted scan input from stdin. setbuf function setbuf.c Assign memory buffer to i/o stream. SGN macro defs.h Sign value: +1, 0, -1, any numeric type. sgn function sgn.c Sign function: +1, 0, -1, double. simpson function simpson.c Integration by Simpson's modified rule. sin function sin.c Sine function, double. sinh function sinh.c Hyperbolic sine, double. sortB function sortB.c Bubble-sort array in memory, in-place. sortH function sortH.c Heapsort an array, in-place in memory. sortQ function sortQ.c Quicksort memory array, in place. sortS function sortS.c Shell-sort memory array, in-place. sprintf function sprintf.c Formatted output to string buffer. sqrt function sqrt.c Square-root function, double. SQRT3 constant mathcons.h sqrt(3) SQRT3m1 constant mathcons.h sqrt(3.0) - 1.0 sscanf function sscanf.c Formated scan input from string. STDERR constant stdio.h Standard error output device number. stderr macro stdio.h Standard buffered i/o error stream. è PORTABLE C LIBRARY SYSTEM-INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS (cont.) Element Type File Description STDIN constant stdio.h Standard input device number. stdin macro stdio.h Standard buffered input stream. STDOUT constant stdio.h Standard output device number. stdout macro stdio.h Standard buffered output stream. stradd function stradd.c Multiple string concatenation. strcat function strcat.c Concatenate two strings. strcmp function strcmp.c Compare two strings lexicographically. strcpy function strcpy.c copy one string to another. streql function streql.c Returns TRUE if strings are equal. strindex function strindex.c Locate one string in another. STRING typedef stdtyp.h Used only for pointers to strings. strlen function strlen.c Compute length of string. strncat function strncat Concatenate strings up to n chars. strncmp function strncmp.c Compare strings up to n chars. strncpy function strncpy.c Copy one string to another, up to n char strsave function strsave.c Save (copy) a string to heap storage. SUCCESS constant defs.h Standard non-FAIL value. TABSTOP macro stdio.h Number of spaces per tab stop. tan function tan.c Tangent function, double. tanh function tanh.c Hyperbolic tangent, double. TEXT typedef stdtyp.h Used only for ASCII printable characters tiny typedef stdtyp.h A char used for signed int work. tolower function tolower.c Convert arg to lower-case, if upper. TOLOWER macro ctype.h Convert arg to lower-case, if upper. toupper function toupper.c Convert to upper case, if lower. TOUPPER macro ctype.h Convert arg to upper case, if lower. TRUE constant defs.h Standard truth value. TWOLOG2e constant mathcons.h 2 * log2(e) TWOmSQRT3 constant mathcons.h 2 - sqrt(3) TWOoverPI constant mathcons.h 2.0 / pi unformat function unformat.c Basic scan function, arbitrary medium. ungetc function ungetc.c Put char back into input stream. uniscrn function scrnio.c Uninitialize terminal screen. urandom function random.c Random number, unsigned, uniform distrib URSHIFT macro defs.h Unsigned Right Shift, unsigned n, b bits utiny typedef stdtyp.h A char used for unsigned int work. utoa function utoa.c Unsigned to ASCII conversion. VOID typedef stdtyp.h Used for function returning no value. YES constant defs.h Standard truth value. _ALLBUFF constant stdio.h Allocated buffer flag mask. _BUSY constant stdio.h File open (busy) flag mask. _EOF constant stdio.h Buffered stream end-of-file flag mask. _IOERR constant stdio.h Buffered stream i/o error mask. _RDONLY constant stdio.h File open signal to read only. _RDWRIT constant stdio.h File open signal for read and write. _WRONLY constant stdio.h File open signal for write-only access. .paè.po6 Table 5-4: PORTABLE C LIBRARY ELEMENTS Element Type File Portable Description ABS macro defs.h yes Absolute value of any numeric type. abs function abs.c yes Absolute value function, int. acos function asin.c yes arc cosine, double. ALIGN typedef stdtyp.h customize K & R storage allocation header aligner. allot function malloc.c yes malloc() without header overhead. altscrn function scrnio.c yes Set terminal to alternate intensity. ALTSCRN TEXT scrnio.h customize Terminal into alternate intensity string AND macro defs.h yes Logical "and" operator, &&. asin function asin.c yes Arc sine function, double. astof function atof.c customize ASCII number to (double) float. Pointer. astoi function atoi.c yes ASCII int to int. Also returns pointer. astol function atol yes ASCII to long. Also returns pointer. atan function atan.c yes Arc tangent, double. atan2 function atan.c yes Two-argument arc tangent, double. atof function atof.c yes ASCII to (double) float. atoi function atoi.c yes ASCII to int. atol function atol.c yes ASCII to long. BIG10X constant mathcons.h customize Largest 10^(2^(BIG10X -1)) < INFINITY BIGX constant mathcons.h customize 16 * log2(INFINITY) - 1 bitcount function bitcount.c yes K & R function counts bits in argument. BITS typedef stdtyp.h yes Short used only for bit manipulation. BOOL typedef stdtyp.h yes Int used only for boolean. BUFFER typedef stdtyp.h yes Used only for pointers to char buffers. BUFSIZ constant stdio.h customize I/O stream buffer size. calloc function malloc.c yes C allocation for arrays. CB4L TBOOL scrnio.h customize Column-before-row boolean. cbrt function cbrt.c yes Cube root function, double. CBRTFOUR constant mathcons.h yes Cube root of 4. CBRTTWO constant mathcons.h yes Cube root of 2. ceil function floor.c yes Ceiling function of double. chrstc function chrstc.c customize Return int characteristic of double. clearerr macro stdio.h yes Reset error indicator on file stream. CLEARSCREEN TEXT scrnio.h customize Terminal clear-screen string. close function csys.lib system Close file OS interface. clrscrn function scrnio.c yes Clear terminal screen. COFFSET tiny scrnio.c customize Cursor lead-in column offset value. cos function sin.c yes Cosine function, double. cosh function cosh.c yes Hyperbolic cosine, double. cotan function tan.c yes Cotangent function, double. creat function csys.lib system Create file function, OS interface. CRINSUP constant stdio.h customize Set TRUE to suppress CR text input. CROUTADD constant stdio.h customize Set true to echo '\n' with CR. CURPOS constant stdio.h yes Current file position seek indicator. cursor function scrnio.c yes Position terminal cursor at row, column. DPRECISION constant mathcons.h customize (int) PRECISION EDOM constant errno.h yes Function argument not in defined domain. EOF constant defs.h yes Standard End-of-File value. eprintf function eprintf.c yes Formatted print to stderr. eputc macro stdio.c yes Put character out to stderr. eputs function eputs.c yes Put string out to stderr. eraeol function scrnio.c yes Erase terminal screen to end of line. è PORTABLE C LIBRARY ELEMENTS (cont.) Element Type File Portable Description ERAEOLN TEXT scrnio.c customize Terminal Erase-to-End-of-Line string. eraeop function scrnio.c yes Erase terminal screen to end of page. ERAEOPG TEXT scrnio.h customize Terminal erase-to-end-of-page string. ERANGE constant errno.h yes Computed math value out of range. erf function erf.c yes Error function, double. erfc function erf.c yes Complimentary error function, double. errno short global.h yes Standard error variable. exit function csys.lib system Close all files and terminate program. exp function exp.c yes Exponential function, double. fabs function fabs.c yes Absolute value function, double. FADEOUT constant mathcons.h yes Magnitude of washout term in Taylor ser. FAIL constant defs.h yes Standard Failure value. FALSE constant defs.h yes Standard False value. FAST macro stdtyp.h customize Pseudo storage class (register). fclosall function putc.c yes Close all buffered i/o streams. fclose function fopen.c yes Close file using descriptor. feof macro stdio.h yes Evaluate end-of-file status, int. ferror macro stdio.h yes Boolean for file i/o error. fflush function fopen.c yes Flush file buffers to the medium. fgets function fgets.c yes Get string from file (buffered). FILE typedef stdio.h yes Standard file type declaration. FILEND constant stdio.h yes File end seek position designator. fileno macro stdio.h yes Return file descriptor of stream. fint function fint.c customize Float (double) INTeger-part function. floor function floor.c yes Floor function, double. flush function putc.c yes Flush output buffer when char overflow. fmax function fminmax.c yes Maximum of a, b, double. fmin function fminmax.c yes Minimum of a, b, double. fopen function fopen.c yes Open file for buffered operation. FOREVER macro defs.h yes Same as "for (::)". format function format.c yes Basic output format utility. FOURTHLOG2 constant mathcons.h yes log(2) / 4 fprintf function fprintf.c yes Formatted output to file. fputs function fputs.c yes Put string out to file, unformatted. frac function frac.c yes Fractional-part function, double. fread function fread.c yes Buffered read from file. free function malloc.c yes Free previously allocated storage. frexp function frexp.c yes Fraction (mantissa) and exponent, double fscanf function fscanf.c yes Formatted scan inputs from file. fseek function fseek.c yes Buffered file reposition function. ftell function ftell.c yes Return current file offset from origin. ftoa function ftoa.c customize Float (double) to ASCII conversion. fwrite function fwrite.c yes Buffered write to file. getbuf function getbuf.c yes Get an i/o buffer from allot(). getc function getc.c yes Get character from file. getca function getc.c yes Get ASCII char from buffered i/o stream. getchar macro stdio.c yes Get character from stdin. getf function getf.c yes Prompt and get double from stdin. geti function geti.c yes Prompt and get integer from stdin. getl function getl.c yes Prompt and get long from stdin. è PORTABLE C LIBRARY ELEMENTS (cont.) Element Type File Portable Description getns function getns.c yes Prompt and get string from stdin. gets function gets.c yes Get string from stdin. GLOBAL macro stdtyp.h yes Pseudo storage class (extern) for port. GZ macro defs.h yes Greater than Zero, GZ(x) = (x>0? x : 0) HALFLOG2e constant mathcons.h yes log2(e) / 4 HEADER typedef stdtyp.h yes K & R storage allocation block type. HEIGHT tiny scrnio.h customize Terminal height, number of lines. home function scrnio.c yes Home the terminal cursor. HOME string scrnio.h customize Terminal cursor-to-home (0,0) string. hypot function hypot.c yes Compute hypotenuse of right triangle. index function index.c yes Find position of char in string arg. INFINITY constant mathcons.h customize Largest double value on this machine. INFINLEG constant math.cons customize INFINITY / ROOTTWO. iniscrn function scrnio.c yes Initialize terminal screen output. inverf function inverf.c yes Inverse of error function, erf, double. inverfc function inverf.c yes Inverse of complementart error function. INVPI constant mathcons.h yes 1.0 / pi IObuffs buffers stdio.h yes I/O buffers for buffered streams. IS macro defs.h yes Logical equivalence operator, ==. isalnum function isalnum.c yes True if arg is alpha or number. ISALNUM macro ctype.h yes True if arg is alpha or number. isalpha function isalpha.c yes True if arg is alpha. ISALPHA macro ctype.h yes True if arg is alpha. isascii function isascii.c yes True if arg is < 128. ISASCII macro ctype.h yes True if arg < 128. iscntrl function iscntrl.c yes True if arg is control or DEL character. ISCNTRL macro ctype.h yes True if arg is control or DEL character. isdigit function isdigit.c yes True if arg is decimal digit. ISDIGIT macro ctype.h yes True if arg is decimal digit. ishex function ishex.c yes Returns TRUE if argument is hex number. islower function islower.c yes True if arg is lower-case alpha. ISLOWER macro ctype.h yes True if arg is lower case alpha. ISNT macro defs.h yes Logical non-equivalence operator, !=. ISOCTAL macro ctype.h yes True if arg is octal character. isoctal function isoctal.c yes Returns TRUE if argument is octal digit. isok function isok.c yes Prompts and accepts y/n answer. isprint function isprint.c yes True if arg is printable character. ISPRINT macro ctype.h yes True if arg is printable character. ispunct function ispunct.c yes True if arg is punctuation. ISPUNCT macro ctype.h yes True if arg is not cntrl or alphanum. isspace function isspace.c yes True if arg is space, tab, or newline. ISSPACE macro ctype.h yes True if arg is space, tab, or newline. isupper function isupper.c yes True if arg is upper-case alpha. ISUPPER macro ctype yes True if arg is upper case alpha. itoa function itoa.c yes Integer-to-Ascii conversion. itoab function itoa.c yes Based int-ASCII conversion. labs function labs.c yes Absolute value function, long. LBITS typedef stdtyp.h yes Long used only for bit manipulation. ldexp function frexp.c customize Load exponent (multiply by power of 2). LEADIN TEXT scrnio.h customize Cursor lead-in sequence. è PORTABLE C LIBRARY ELEMENTS (cont.) Element Type File Portable Description LEAST constant mathcons.h customize Least double representable in machine. liberate function malloc.c yes free() without header overhead. LINDELETE TEXT scrnio.c customize Terminal line-delete string. LININSERT TEXT scrnio.h customize Terminal line-delete string. lmax function lminmax.c yes Maximum of a, b: long. lmin function lminmax.c yes Minimum of a, b: long. LOCAL macro stdtyp.h customize Pseudo storage class (static) for port. log function log.c yes Natural logarithm, double. log10 function log10.c yes Common logarithm, double. LOG10e constant mathcons.h yes Log of e base 10. LOG10two constant mathcons.h yes log of 2 base 10. log2 function log2.c yes Logarithm, base 2, double. LOG2 constant mathcons.h yes Natural log of 2. LOG2e constant mathcons.h yes Log of e base 2. LOGe10 constant mathcons.h yes log of 10 base e. LOGINFINITY constant mathcons.h customize Largest argument of log function. LOGLEAST constant mathcons.h customize Log of smallest machine number lseek function csys.lib system Move file position using arg as offset. ltoa function ltoa.c yes Long-to-ASCII conversion. ltoab function ltoa.c yes Long to base conversion. LURSHIFT macro defs.h yes Long Unsigned Right Shift long n, b bits malloc function malloc.c yes Storage allocator: get memory from OS. max function max.c yes Maximum of two integers. MAX macro defs.h yes Maximum value of any two numbers. MAXANGLE constant mathcons.h yes Maximum trigonometric angle, pi * 2^25. MAXCHANNELS constant global.h customize Maximum number of i/o channels at once. MAXEXP constant mathcons.h customize Largest numeric characteristic. MAXEXPG constant mathcons.h customize MAXEXP - 3 guard bits. MAXLINE constant stdio.h customize Maximum no. of chars. on input line. MAXSTREAM constant stdio.h customize Maximum number of buffered i/o streams. METACHAR typedef stdtyp.h yes Augmented char to include EOF value. min function min.c yes Minimum of two integer values. MIN macro defs.h yes Minimum value of any two numeric values. MINEXP constant mathcons.h customize Characteristic of least machine double. MINEXPG constant mathcons.h customize MINEXP + 3 guard bits. modf function modf.c yes Fraction and integer parts, double. NALLOC constant stdtyp.h customize No. of HEADER units for malloc(). NO constant defs.h yes Standard NOt true value. normscrn function scrnio.c yes Return terminal to normal intensity. NORMSCRN TEXT scrnio.h customize Terminal string, return normal intensity NOT macro defs.h yes Logical negation operator, !. nprob function nprob.c yes Normal probability function. nprobc function nprob.c yes Normal probability tail function, double NULL constant defs.h yes Standard NULL pointer value. open function csys.lib system Open file for operation, OS interface. OR macro defs.h yes Logical inclusive-or operator, ||. ORIGIN constant stdio.h yes Beginning of file seek designator. outcol int array global.h yes Global variable, output column for chan. outrow int array global.h yes Global variable, output row for channel. PI constant mathcons.h yes pi è PORTABLE C LIBRARY ELEMENTS (cont.) Element Type File Portable Description PIover2 constant mathcons.h yes pi / 2 PIover3 constant mathcons.h yes pi / 3 PIover4 constant mathcons.h yes pi / 4 PIover6 constant mathcons.h yes pi / 6 PMODE constant stdio.h customize fopen() protection mode (for UNIX). pow function pow.c yes Power: raise x to y power, double. PRECISION constant mathcons.h customize -log10(WASHOUT). printf function printf.c yes Formatted print to stdout. progname TEXT global.h yes Standard global string to hold prog name putc function putc.c yes Buffered char output to stream. putca function putc.c yes Buffered ASCII character output. putchar macro stdio.h yes Put car out to stdout. puts function puts.c yes Put string out to stdout. putscrn function scrnio.c yes Put character directly to screen, unbuff qsort function qsort.c yes Quicksort an array. randexp function randexp.c yes Random number, double, exponential dist. randize function random.c yes Seed the random number generator. randnorm function randnorm.c yes Random number, double, normal distrib. random function random.c yes Random number, double, uniform distrib. ratfun function ratfun.c yes Rational function evaluation, double. RCENDER TEXT scrnio.h customize Row-column lead-in terminator. RCSEPARATOR TEXT scrnio.h customize Cursor row, column separator string. read function csys.lib system Read from stream into buffer: OS interfc realloc function realloc.c yes Change storage allocator block size. redirbuf function redirbuf.c yes Set redirected i/o buffer size. rename function csys.lib customize Rename a file: OS interface. rewind function rewind.c yes Rewind buffered i/o medium to beginning. rindex function rindex.c yes Find last occurrence of char in string. rknstep function rknstep.c yes 4-th order Runge-Kutta n-th order DE. rkstep function rkstep.c yes 4-th order Runge-Kutta 1-st order DE. ROFFSET tiny scrnio.h customize Cursor lead-in row offset value. ROOTHALF constant mathcons.h yes sqrt(0.5) ROOTTWO constant mathcons.h yes sqrt(2.0) round function round.c yes Round to nearest integer, double. RTHLFINF constant mathcons.h customize sqrt(INFINITY / 2). sbrk function csys.lib system Set pointer to available memory: OS i/f. scanf function scanf.c yes Formatted scan input from stdin. SCRNINI TEXT scrnio.h customize Initialize-terminal string. SCRNUNI TEXT scrnio.h customize Terminal un-initialize string. SCRNWRAP TBOOL scrnio.h customize Signal for auto terminal wrap-around. setbuf function setbuf.c yes Assign memory buffer to i/o stream. SGN macro defs.h yes Sign value: +1, 0, -1, any numeric type. sgn function sgn.c yes Sign function: +1, 0, -1, double. simpson function simpson.c yes Integration by Simpson's modified rule. sin function sin.c yes Sine function, double. sinh function sinh.c yes Hyperbolic sine, double. SMALLX constant mathcons.h customize 16 * log2(LEAST) + 1.0 sortB function sortB.c yes Bubble-sort array in memory, in-place. sortH function sortH.c yes Heapsort an array, in-place in memory. sortQ function sortQ.c yes Quicksort memory array, in place. è PORTABLE C LIBRARY ELEMENTS (cont.) Element Type File Portable Description sortS function sortS.c yes Shell-sort memory array, in-place. sprintf function sprintf.c yes Formatted output to string buffer. sqrt function sqrt.c yes Square-root function, double. SQRT3 constant mathcons.h yes sqrt(3) SQRT3m1 constant mathcons.h yes sqrt(3.0) - 1.0 sscanf function sscanf.c yes Formated scan input from string. STDERR constant stdio.h yes Standard error output device number. stderr macro stdio.h yes Standard buffered i/o error stream. STDIN constant stdio.h yes Standard input device number. stdin macro stdio.h yes Standard buffered input stream. STDOUT constant stdio.h yes Standard output device number. stdout macro stdio.h yes Standard buffered output stream. stradd function stradd.c yes Multiple string concatenation. strcat function strcat.c yes Concatenate two strings. strcmp function strcmp.c yes Compare two strings lexicographically. strcpy function strcpy.c yes copy one string to another. streql function streql.c yes Returns TRUE if strings are equal. strindex function strindex.c yes Locate one string in another. STRING typedef stdtyp.h yes Used only for pointers to strings. strlen function strlen.c yes Compute length of string. strncat function strncat yes Concatenate strings up to n chars. strncmp function strncmp.c yes Compare strings up to n chars. strncpy function strncpy.c yes Copy one string to another, up to n char strsave function strsave.c yes Save (copy) a string to heap storage. SUCCESS constant defs.h yes Standard non-FAIL value. SYMLEAST constant mathcons.h customize Symmetric Least value (1/SYMLEAST) exist SYS_EOF macro stdio.h customize System end-of-file marker, if any. TABSTOP macro stdio.h yes Number of spaces per tab stop. tan function tan.c yes Tangent function, double. tanh function tanh.c yes Hyperbolic tangent, double. TANHXBIG constant mathcons customize (No. sig bits + 2) * log(2) / 2 TBITS typedef stdtyp.h customize Tiny (8 char min) for bit manipulation. TBOOL typedef stdtyp.h customize Tiny (8 char min) used tor boolean. TERMINAL TEXT scrnio.h customize Terminal identification string. TEXT typedef stdtyp.h yes Used only for ASCII printable characters tiny typedef stdtyp.h yes A char used for signed int work. TINY macro stdtyp.h customize rvalue for tiny. tolower function tolower.c yes Convert arg to lower-case, if upper. TOLOWER macro ctype.h yes Convert arg to lower-case, if upper. toupper function toupper.c yes Convert to upper case, if lower. TOUPPER macro ctype.h yes Convert arg to upper case, if lower. TRUE constant defs.h yes Standard truth value. TWOLOG2e constant mathcons.h yes 2 * log2(e) TWOmSQRT3 constant mathcons.h yes 2 - sqrt(3) TWOoverPI constant mathcons.h yes 2.0 / pi unformat function unformat.c yes Basic scan function, arbitrary medium. ungetc function ungetc.c yes Put char back into input stream. uniscrn function scrnio.c yes Uninitialize terminal screen. unlink function csys.lib system Unlink a file name from a file (delete). urandom function random.c yes Random number, unsigned, uniform distrib è PORTABLE C LIBRARY ELEMENTS (cont.) Element Type File Portable Description URSHIFT macro defs.h yes Unsigned Right Shift, unsigned n, b bits USELAST TBOOL scrnio.h customize Signal to use final terminal column. utiny typedef stdtyp.h yes A char used for unsigned int work. UTINY macro stdtyp.h customize rvalue for utiny. utoa function utoa.c yes Unsigned to ASCII conversion. VOID typedef stdtyp.h yes Used for function returning no value. WASHOUT constant mathcons.h customize 1.0 + (x < WASHOUT) = 1.0 to precision. WIDTH tiny scrnio.h customize Terminal width, number of characters. write function csys.lib system File write OS interface. XLT2ASCII TBOOL scrnio.h customize Translate-to-ASCII boolean. YES constant defs.h yes Standard truth value. _ALLBUFF constant stdio.h yes Allocated buffer flag mask. _BUSY constant stdio.h yes File open (busy) flag mask. _EOF constant stdio.h yes Buffered stream end-of-file flag mask. _exit function csys.lib system Immediate termination of program. _IOERR constant stdio.h yes Buffered stream i/o error mask. _RDONLY constant stdio.h yes File open signal to read only. _RDWRIT constant stdio.h yes File open signal for read and write. _WRONLY constant stdio.h yes File open signal for write-only access. .po 17 Customization Procedure T∩á customizσ anΣ instal∞ thσ ├ languagσ portablσ subroutinσ ì (function⌐á librar∙ oε ß ne≈ host¼á thσ procedurσ i≤á roughl∙á a≤ ì follows: ááááá1.ááDeterminσá thσá exten⌠ t∩ whicΦ thσ 1░ systeφá function≤ ì ááááááááágiveεá iεá Tablσ 5-▒ (i.e.¼á al∞ bu⌠ rename⌐á exis⌠á anΣ ì ááááááááásatisf∙á thσá interfacσ specification≤ iε Sectioεá │á oµ ì áááááááááthi≤á manual«á Determinσá thσá systeφá run-time-suppor⌠ ì áááááááááinterfacσá requirement≤á withiεá thσá supplieΣáá librar∙ ì áááááááááfile(s). ááááá2.ááPrograφá ß renameé functioε anΣ conver⌠ i⌠ t∩ relocatablσ ì áááááááááforφáá suitablσá fo≥á thσáá linkinτáá loader«áá Modify¼ ì áááááááááreprogram¼á o≥ creatσ an∙ oµ thσ 1░ systeφ function≤ anΣ ì ááááááááábasiπá runtime-suppor⌠ function≤ t∩ makσ theφ conforφ t∩ ì áááááááááthσ interface¼ anΣ similarl∙ conver⌠ theφ t∩ relocatablσ ì áááááááááform«áá Iµáá redirecteΣá i/∩á i≤á handleΣá withiεáá thσ ì áááááááááaccessiblσ systeφ functions¼á alte≥ thesσ a≤ appropriatσ ì ááááááááát∩á cal∞á redirbuféá t∩ expanΣá stdiεá o≥á stdou⌠á streaφ ì ááááááááábuffer≤á t∩á BUFSIZ╗á otherwisσá redirecteΣ i/∩á ma∙á bσ ì áááááááááconsiderably slower. ááááá3.ááExtrac⌠á thσ remaininτ (conformant⌐ systeφ function≤á iε ì áááááááááTablσ 5-▒ anΣ al∞ systeφ run-time-suppor⌠ function≤ froφ ì áááááááááthσ existinτ hos⌠ ├ functioε library¼á anΣ inser⌠ al∞ oµ ì áááááááááthσ systeφ interfacσ function≤ int∩ ß librar∙ o≥ archivσ ì áááááááááfilσ usinτ thσ hos⌠ librar∙ maintenancσ program¼ cal∞ i⌠ ìèááááááááácsys.liΓáá (o≥áá csys.a¼áá etc.¼áá dependinτáá oεáá hos⌠ ì ááááááááárestrictions)«á Observσ topologica∞ sortinτ precedence≤ ì áááááááááimposed by the system. ááááá4.ááCustomizσá thσ function≤ anΣ parameter≤ listeΣ iεá Tablσ ì ááááááááá5-2¼á anΣá recompilσá al∞ function≤ iεá thσá portablσá ├ ì ááááááááálibrary¼á usinτá thσá hos⌠á ├ compiler¼á int∩á thσá forφ ì áááááááááexpecteΣá b∙á thσ linkinτ loader«á Combinσá thesσá witΦ ì ááááááááácsys.liΓáá functions¼ááá observinτáá topologica∞ááá sor⌠ ì áááááááááprecedences¼á int∩ ß ne≈ librar∙ file¼á cal∞ i⌠ lib0.liΓ ì ááááááááá(or other, depending on host restrictions). Iµá thσá origina∞á hos⌠ ├ librar∙á contain≤á function≤á tha⌠ ì satisf∙á thσ functiona∞ description≤ hereiε giveεá exactly¼á theε ì the∙á ma∙á bσá extracteΣá froφ thi≤á librar∙á anΣá includeΣá int∩ ì lib0.lib in lieu of the portable-source version, if desired. Customization Example Thσá procedurσá outlineΣá iεá thσá precedinτá paragraph≤á i≤ ì perhap≤ bes⌠ detaileΣ b∙ illustration«á Thσ followinτ step≤ werσ ì takeεá t∩á instal∞ thσ portablσ ├ librar∙ function≤ int∩á ßá filσ ì acceptablσá fo≥á thσá AZTEC-I╔á (Versioεá 1.50¼áá copyrigh⌠á Man° ì Softwarσ Systems¼á Shrewsbury¼á NJ⌐ ├ compile≥ oε ß microcompute≥ ì witΦ CP/═ (ß trademarδ oµ Digita∞ Research¼á Inc.¼ Pacifiπ Grove¼ ì CA⌐á operatinτá system«á Thσ ├ librar∙ filσ delivereΣá witΦá thσ ì compiler was named libc.lib. ááááá1.ááStudy of existing system: áááááááááa« Iε extractinτ thσ systeφ interfacσ froφ libc.lib¼ i⌠ ì áááááááááwa≤á noteΣ tha⌠ _exité wa≤ absent¼á bu⌠ al∞ othe≥á systeφ ì áááááááááfunctions were present. áááááááááb«á Thσá sbrké functioε (anΣ aε internally-useΣá callcpφ ì áááááááááfunction) did not function properly. ááááááááác«á Thσá STDI╬ readé functioε alway≤ buffereΣ character≤ ì áááááááááuntil a newline was received. ááááááááád«á RedirecteΣ outpu⌠ wa≤ handleΣ withiε thσ ├á system¼ ì áááááááááanΣ iµ redirecteΣ t∩ ß file¼á wa≤ ver∙ slow¼ onσ writteε ì ááááááááácharacter per disk access. áááááááááe«á Thσá ├á run-timσá systeφá invokeΣá strcpy¼á strcat¼ ì ááááááááástrcmp,éá anΣá strlenéá function≤ withiεá thσá portablσá ├ ì ááááááááálibrary being installed. áááááááááf«á Thσ systeφ invokeΣ ß functioε closall_é t∩ flusΦ al∞ ì áááááááááopeε stream≤ anΣ closσ al∞ files¼ anΣ ß functioε putterré ì áááááááááto output a character to STDERR. ááááá2.ááCorrective system actions: èáááááááááa«á renameéá wa≤ presen⌠ anΣ correc⌠ withiε thσ supplieΣ ì ááááááááásystem, thus not reprogrammed. áááááááááb«á Thσá functioεá puterr(c)é wa≤á made¼á equivalen⌠á t∩ ì áááááááááwrite(STDERR, &c, 1). ááááááááác«á Thσ _exité functioε wa≤ programmeΣ a≤ ß direc⌠á jum≡ ì áááááááááto the reboot function of the CP/M operating system. ááááááááád«á ┴ correctl∙ functioninτ versioε oµ sbrké anΣ callcpφ ì áááááááááwerσá availablσá iε sourcσ forφ oεá thσá vendor-supplieΣ ì ááááááááádiskettes╗á thesσá werσ compileΣ anΣ substituteΣ fo≥ thσ ì áááááááááfunctions extracted from libc.lib. áááááááááe«á ┴ closeall_é functioε wa≤ programmeΣ t∩ cal∞ fclosallé ì ááááááááá(ßá functioεá withiε putc)╗á wheneve≥á buffereΣá outpu⌠ ì áááááááááfunction≤á arσ used¼á outpu⌠ stream≤ arσá thu≤á properl∙ ì áááááááááflusheΣá anΣ closeΣ b∙ exit«á ┴ dumm∙ fclosallé functioε ì áááááááááfilσ wa≤ provideΣ merel∙ t∩ closσ al∞ opeε file≤ iεá thσ ì áááááááááevent output is unbuffered (putc not used). áááááááááf« Fortunately¼ thσ sourcσ codσ wa≤ availablσ fo≥ read¼ ì ááááááááás∩á i⌠á wa≤ modifieΣ t∩ delive≥á single-characte≥á inpu⌠ ì áááááááááimmediately, without waiting for a newline. ááááááááág«á Sincσ sourcσ codσ wa≤ available¼ i⌠ wa≤ possiblσ t∩ ì áááááááááalte≥á thσá systeφ crooté functioε t∩ cal∞ redirbuféá wheε ì áááááááááinpu⌠ o≥ outpu⌠ i≤ redirecteΣ t∩ ß file. Notσ tha⌠ botΦ ì ááááááááágetcéá anΣá putcéá contaiεá unreachablσá codσá t∩áá invokσ ì áááááááááredirbuf╗ wheε STDI╬ o≥ STDOU╘ i≤ redirecteΣ t∩ ß file¼ ì áááááááááit≤ streaφ buffe≥ i≤ thu≤ expandeΣ froφ ▒ t∩ BUFSIZ«á ┴ ì áááááááááfile¼á dredir.c¼á containinτ ß do-nothinτ dumm∙ redirbufé ì áááááááááwa≤á supplieΣá fo≥ loadinτ wheε stdio.Φ stream≤ arσá no⌠ ì áááááááááused. 3. Create system interface library. Al∞á systeφ function≤ werσ archiveΣ b∙ thσá librar∙á manage≥ ì functioεá int∩á thσ ├ systeφ interfacσá library¼á csys.lib«á Thσ ì contents and order of functions in the file are: supp8080 fsubs puterr uexit callcpm croot closall dfclose open read write lseek blkio rename unlink block lsubs sbrk dredir strlen strcpy strcmp strcat stradd Notσá tha⌠á i⌠ wa≤ necessar∙ t∩ includσ strlené anΣá othe≥á strinτ ì function≤á iεá thi≤ file¼á becausσ the∙ werσ invokeΣá withiεá thσ ì system functions (actually, croot). 4. Customize, compile, and form function library. Constants¼ floating-poin⌠ numbe≥ formats¼ anΣ othe≥ element≤ ì t∩ bσ customizeΣ werσ madσ t∩ conforφ witΦ thσ AZTEC-I╔á compile≥ ì specifications. See the following files for details:è atof.c chrstc.c defs.h errno.h fint.c frexp.c ftoa.c global.h mathcons.h scrnio.h stdio.h stdtyp.h Al∞á non-matΦ librar∙ function≤ werσ compileΣ anΣá collecteΣ ì into the file lib0.lib in the following order: random getf geti getl isok getns sortB sortH sortS bitcount scrnio printf eprintf fprintf sprintf fscanf format eputs sscanf scanf fwrite unformat fputs ftoa fgets puts putc fopen rewind qsort fseek fread gets getc redirbuf getbuf atof strsave realloc sortq atoi setbuf isupper islower ispunct isoctal ishex isprint iscntrl isascii isalnum atol malloc rindex min max lminmax labs itoa ftell ungetc index ltoa isdigit isspace isalpha abs utoa tolower toupper strncmp strncal strindex streql strncpy ┴á separatσ librar∙ file¼á mathlib¼á wa≤ madσ t∩ contaiε thσ ì mathematical functions: asin randnorm randexp hypot cosh cbrt sqrt tanh tan sinh sin nprob inverf erf rkstep rknstep pow floor exp log2 log10 log frexp sgn ratfun fminmax modf chrstc round frac fint fabs atan simpson Duσ t∩ thσ fac⌠ tha⌠ thσ vendo≥ linkagσ edito≥ wa≤ incapablσ ì oµ workinτ witΦ file≤ large≥ tha⌠ 64K¼á i⌠ wa≤ necessar∙ t∩ leavσ ì the library in these three segments. .pa oè.heappendix appendix .PN 1 .FO A-# A. R E F E R E N C E S 1.áááUNI╪ Programmer'≤ Manual¼ Bel∞ Telephonσ Laboratories¼ Inc.¼ ì áááááMurra∙ Hill¼ Ne≈ Jersey¼ 1983. 2. ááKernighan¼áá Briaεá W.¼áá anΣá Ritchie¼á Denni≤á M.¼á Thσá ├ ì áááááProgrammingô Language¼ Prentice-Hall¼ Inc.¼ EnglewooΣ Cliffs¼ ì áááááNe≈ Jersey¼ 1978. 3.áá Handbooδá oµá Mathematica∞á Functions¼á Nationa∞á Burea⌡á oµ ì áááááStandard≤á ApplieΣ Mathematic≤ Serie≤ #55¼á U.S«á Governmen⌠ ì áááááPrintinτ Office¼ Washington¼ D.C.¼ 1964. 4.á Plum¼áá Thomas¼á ├á Programminτá Standard≤á anΣá Guidelines¼ ì áááááVersioε ╒ (UNI╪ anΣ offspring)¼á Pluφ Hall¼á Inc.¼á Cardiff¼ ì áááááNe≈ Jersey¼ 1982. 5. ááCoty¼á Williaφ J.¼á Jr.¼ anΣ Waite¼ William¼ Softwarσ Manua∞ ì áááááfo≥á thσá Elementar∙á Functions¼áá Prentice-Hal∞á Serie≤á iε ì áááááComputationa∞ Mathematics¼á Prentice-Hall¼á Inc.¼á InglewooΣ ì áááááCliffs¼ Ne≈ Jersey¼ 1980. 6.á J«á F« Hart¼ E« W« Cheney¼ C« L« Lawson¼ H« J« Maehly¼ C« K« ì áááááMesztenyi¼á J« R« Rice¼ H« C« Thacher¼ Jr.¼ anΣ C« Witzgall¼ ì áááááCompute≥ Approximations¼á Johε Wile∙ ª Sons¼ Inc.¼ Ne≈ York¼ ì áááááNe≈ York¼ 1968. 7.á Schonfelder¼á J«á L.¼ Mathematic≤ oµ Computation¼ Volumσ 32¼ ì áááááNo. 144¼ October¼ 1978, pp. 1232-1240. 8. áBlair¼á J«á M.¼á et« al.¼ "Rationa∞ Chebyshe÷ Approximation≤ ì áááááfo≥ thσ Inversσ Erro≥ Function"¼ Mathematic≤ oµ Computation¼ ì áááááVolumσ 30¼ No. 136¼ October¼ 1976. 9.á Wirth¼á Nicklaus¼á Algorithm≤á ½ Datß Structure≤ ╜ Programs¼ ì áááááPrentice-Hall¼ Inc.¼ EnglewooΣ Cliffs¼ Ne≈ Jersey¼ 1976« 10.á Aho¼á AlfreΣ v.¼ Hopcroft¼ Johε E.¼ anΣ Ullman¼ Jeffre∙ D.¼ ì áááááThσá Desigεá anΣ Analysi≤ oµ Compute≥á Algorithms¼á Addison-ì áááááWesle∙ Publishinτ Company¼ Reading¼ Massachusetts¼ 1975¼ pp« ì ááááá87-92. 11.á Knuth¼á DonalΣá E.¼á Ar⌠ oµ Compute≥á Programming¼á Vol«á 2¼ ì áááááSemi-Numerica∞áá Algorithms¼ááá Addison-Wesle∙ááá Publishinτ ì áááááCompany¼ Reading¼ Massachusetts¼ 1973. 12.ááTausworthe¼á R«á C.¼á "Randoφá number≤á generateΣ b∙á linea≥ ì ááááárecurrencσ modul∩ two"¼á Mathematic≤ oµ Computation¼á Volumσ ì ááááá19¼ 1965¼ pp« 201-209. 13.ááPurdom¼áá Jack¼á Thσá ├á Programmer'≤á Library¼á Quσá Corp.¼ ì áááááIndianapolis, 1984. è14.ááThσ ├ User'≤ Grou≡ Newsletters¼á McPhereson¼á K« S.¼ Vol« I¼ ì áááááNo« 1¼ June¼ 1981¼ througΦ Vol« II¼ No« 6¼ March¼ 1985. 15.ááPortablσá ├ Subroutinσá Library¼á Vol«á II¼á Je⌠á Propulsioε ì áááááLaboratory, 1985. .pß oè.PN 1 .FO B-# B. I N D E X .FI B:USEGUIDE.IDX