home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
The Starbase One Astronomy & Space Collection
/
STARBASE_ONE.ISO
/
a96
/
disk11
/
diskjet.txt
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1996-01-19
|
5KB
|
99 lines
SCIENCE BACKGROUND
STELLAR DISKS AND JETS
Stellar jets are analogous to giant lawn sprinklers. Whether a sprinkler
whirls, pulses or oscillates, it offers insights into how its tiny
mechanism works. Likewise stellar jets, billions or trillions of miles
long offer some clues to what's happening close into the star at scales
of only millions of miles, which are below even Hubble's ability to
resolve detail. Hubble's new findings address a number of outstanding
questions:
Where Are Jets Made?
Hubble shows that a jet comes from close into a star rather than the
surrounding disk of material. Material either at or near the star is heated
and blasted into space, where it travels for billions of miles before
colliding with interstellar material.
Why Are Jets So Narrow?
The Hubble pictures increase the mystery as to how jets are confined
into a thin beam. The pictures tend to rule out the earlier notion that a
disk was needed to form a nozzle for collimating the jets, much like a
garden hose nozzle squeezes water to a narrow stream. One theoretical
possibility is that magnetic fields in the disk might focus the gas into
narrow beams, but there is as yet no direct observational evidence that
magnetic fields are important.
What Causes a Jet's Beaded Structure?
Hubble is solving the puzzle of a unique beaded structure in the jets,
first detected from the ground but never fully understood.
"Before the Hubble observations the emission knots were a mystery,"
said Jeff Hester. "Many astronomers thought that the knots were the
result of interactions of the jet with the gas that the jet is passing
through, while others thought that the knots were due to 'sputtering'
of the central engine. We now know that the knots are the result of
sputtering." Hester bases this conclusion on Hubble images which
show the beads are real clumps of gas plowing through space like a
string of motor boats. Competing theories, now disproved by Hubble,
suggested a hydrodynamic effect such as shock-diamond patterns
seen in the exhaust of a jet fighter.
What Do Jets Tell Us about Star Birth?
"The jet's clumpy structure is like a stockbroker's ticker tape; they
represent a recorded history of events that occurred close to the star,"
said Jon Morse. "The spacing of the clumps in the jet reveals that
variations are occurring on several time scales close to the star where
the jet originates. Like a "put-put" motor, variations every 20 to 30
years create the strings of blobs we see," Morse concluded.
"However, every few hundred years or so, a large amplitude
variation generates a 'whopper' of a knot, which evolves into one
of the major bow-shaped shock waves." Other Hubble views by
Chris Burrows reveal new blobs may be ejected every few months.
"If the circumstellar disk drives the jet then the clumpiness of the
jet provides an indirect measure of irregularities in the disk."
Why Are Jets "Kinky"?
The Hubble pictures also show clear evidence that jets have unusual
kinks along their path of motion. This might be evidence for a stellar
companion or planetary system that pulls on the central star, causing
it to wobble, which in turn causes the jet to change directions, like
shaking a garden hose. The jet blast clears out material around the
star, and perhaps determines how much gas finally collapses onto
the star.
Star Formation
A star forms through the gravitational collapse of a vast cloud of
interstellar hydrogen. According to theory, and confirmed by
previous Hubble pictures, a dusty disk forms around the newborn star.
As material falls onto the star, some of it can be heated and ejected
along the star's spin axis as opposing jets. These jets of hot gas blaze
for a relatively short period of the star's life, less than 100,000 years.
However, that brief activity can predestine the star's evolution, since
the final mass of a star determines its longevity, temperature, and
ultimate fate. The jet might carry away a significant fraction of the
material falling in toward the star, and, like a hose's water stream
plowing into sand, sweeps out a cavity around the star that prevents
additional gas from falling onto the circumstellar disk.
Historical Background
In the early 1950's, American astronomer George Herbig and Mexican
astronomer Guillermo Haro independently catalogued several
enigmatic "clots" of nebulosity near stars near the Orion nebula that
have since been called Herbig-Haro objects. It is only in the last 20
years, however, that the true nature of these objects, and their role
in the star formation process, has been revealed. Careful study
showed that many of the Herbig-Haro objects represent portions
of high-speed jets streaming away from nascent stars. Now there
are nearly 300 Herbig-Haro objects identified by astronomers around
the world, and the list is growing as new technologies and techniques
are developed to probe the dusty depths of nearby stellar nurseries.