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95_04.txt
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1996-01-12
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EMBARGOED UNTIL 3:30 p.m. MST, January 11, 1995
SURPRISING HUBBLE IMAGES CHALLENGE QUASAR THEORY
Astronomers report today that new observations from NASA's Hubble Space
Telescope challenge thirty years of scientific theory about quasars,
the most energetic objects in the universe. Hubble images show, to the
surprise of researchers, that the environment surrounding quasars is
far more violent and complex than expected, with evidence for galactic
collisions and mergers.
"This is a giant leap backwards in our understanding of quasars," says
Professor John Bahcall of the Institute of Advanced Study at
Princeton.
Since their discovery in 1963, quasars (quasi-stellar objects) have
been enigmatic because they emit prodigious amounts of energy from a
very compact source. The most widely accepted model is that a quasar
is powered by a supermassive black hole in the core of a more or less
normal galaxy. However, confirming this model has been difficult
because a quasar is so bright it drow ns out the light from the stars
in the suspected host galaxy.
Using the Wide Field Planetary Camera-2, Bahcall observed fourteen of
the brightest and nearest quasars , assuming that the Space Telescope's
resolution and sensitivity would at last reveal the host galaxies
suggested by previous ground-based observations.
"We were astonished when images of eight quasars did not reveal the
bright host galaxies, as we expected based on simulations," says
Bahcall, who conducted the observations with Donald Schneider,
Pennsylvania State University, and Sofia Kirhakos, also of the
Institute for Advanced Study. However, moderately bright host galaxies
were identified in three other quasars observed.
Donald Schneider emphasizes: "We are struggling to understand how our
images fit into the general picture of quasar creation and evolution.
This is the most enigmatic data I have ever analyzed, and it is much
too early to know what the final conclusions will be."
Even more puzzling, Hubble image s reveal that these apparently
naked quasars have distinct companion galaxies that are so close that
they will merge with the quasars in no more than ten million years.
One pair in particular Bahcall calls the "smoking gun" because it
reveals a galaxy that has been distorted by the gravitational pull of
the quasar. Bahcall concludes, "this is clear evidence for
interactions between this quasar and its nearby companion galaxy."
This would mean that the quasars seen with a host galaxy have be en
caught in the act of merging with their companion.
Bahcall and his colleagues plan to extend his survey to other quasars.
Their observations to date provide a new challenge for theorists since
no current models predict the complex quasar interaction unveiled by
Hubble. The results are being reported at the 185th meeting of the
American Astronomical Society in Tucson, Arizona.