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p43887.txt
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1995-04-30
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PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIFORNIA 91109.
TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
PHOTO CAPTION P-43887
April 13, 1994
This picture is a three-dimensional perspective view of Death
Valley, California. This view was constructed by overlaying a
SIR-C radar image on a U.S. Geological Survey digital elevation
map. The SIR-C image is centered at 36.629 degrees north
latitude and 117.069 degrees west longitude. We are looking at
Stove Pipe Wells, which is the bright rectangle located in the
center of the picture frame. Our vantage point is located atop a
large alluvial fan centered at the mouth of Cottonwood Canyon.
In the foreground on the left, we can see the sand dunes near
Stove Pipe Wells. In the background on the left, the Valley
floor gradually falls in elevation toward Badwater, the lowest
spot in the United States. In the background on the right we can
see Tucki Mountain. This SIR-C/X-SAR supersite is an area of
extensive field investigations and has been visited by both Space
Radar Lab astronaut crews. Elevations in the Valley range from 70
meters (230 feet) below sea level, the lowest in the United
States, to more than 3,300 meters (10,800 feet) above sea level.
Scientists are using SIR-C/X-SAR data from Death Valley to help
the answer a number of different questions about Earth's geology.
One question concerns how alluvial fans are formed and change
through time under the influence of climatic changes and
earthquakes. Alluvial fans are gravel deposits that wash down
from the mountains over time. They are visible in the image as
circular, fan-shaped bright areas extending into the darker
valley floor from the mountains. Information about the alluvial
fans helps scientists study Earth's ancient climate. Scientists
know the fans are built up through climatic and tectonic
processes and they will use the SIR-C/X-SAR data to understand
the nature and rates of weathering processes on the fans, soil
formation and the transport of sand and dust by the wind. SIR-
C/X-SAR's sensitivity to centimeter-scale (inch-scale) roughness
provides detailed maps of surface texture. Such information can
be used to study the occurrence and movement of dust storms and
sand dunes. The goal of these studies is to gain a better
understanding of the record of past climatic changes and the
effects of those changes on a sensitive environment. This may
lead to a better ability to predict future response of the land
to different potential global climate-change scenarios. Vertical
exaggeration is 1.87 times; exaggeration of relief is a common
tool scientists use to detect relationships between structure
(for example, faults and fractures) and topography.
Death Valley is also one of the primary calibration sites for
SIR-C/X-SAR. In the lower right quadrant of the picture frame
two bright dots can be seen which form a line extending to Stove
Pipe Wells. These dots are corner reflectors that have been set
up to calibrate the radar as the shuttle passes overhead. Thirty
triangular-shaped reflectors (they look like aluminum pyramids)
have been deployed by the calibration team from JPL over a 40- by
40-kilometer (25- by 25-mile) area in and around Death Valley.
The signatures of these reflectors were analyzed by JPL
scientists to calibrate the image used in this picture. The
calibration team here also deployed transponders (electronic
reflectors) and receivers to measure the radar signals from SIR-
C/X-SAR on the ground.
-----
SIR-C/X-SAR radars illuminate Earth with microwaves allowing
detailed observations at any time, regardless of weather or
sunlight conditions. SIR-C/X-SAR uses three microwave
wavelengths: L-band (24 cm), C-band (6 cm) and X-band (3 cm).
The multi-frequency data will be used by the international
scientific community to better understand the global environment
and how it is changing. The SIR-C/X-SAR data, in conjunction
with aircraft and ground studies, will give scientists clearer
insights into those environmental changes which are caused by
nature and those changes which are induced by human activity.
SIR-C was developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. X-SAR
was developed by the Dornier and Alenia Spazio companies for the
German space agency, Deutsche Agentur fur
Raumfahrtangelegenheiten (DARA), and the Italian space agency,
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI).
#####