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1994-03-06
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PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109. TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
PHOTO CAPTION February 1994
Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, torn into pieces as a result of a close
approach to Jupiter in July 1992, will collide with Jupiter
during the third week of July 1994. Of tremendous scientific
importance, the impacts of the cometary fragments will release
more energy into Jupiter's atmosphere than that of the world's
combined nuclear arsenals. Because the impacts will occur on the
night side of Jupiter, the explosions will not be directly
observable from Earth. However, professional and amateur
astr onomers may observe the impact light flashes reflected off
the inner satellites of Jupiter. Any lasting effects on Jupiter,
such as atmospheric clouds, ejecta plumes, or seismic thermal
disturbances, may be observable an hour or so later when the
rot ation of Jupiter brings the impact sites into Earth's view.
Analysis of high-resolution images of the comet taken by the
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope in July 1993 suggests that the
major cometary fragments range in size from one to a few
kilometers . The large fragments are embedded in a cloud of
debris with material ranging in size from boulder-sized to
microscopic particles. Although comet-like outgassing of the
fragments has not been observed, the fragile nature of the object
suggests that it is indeed a comet rather than a more compact
asteroid.
Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was the ninth short-periodic comet
discovered by Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy. It
was first detected on a photograph taken on the night of March
24, 19 93 with the 0.4-meter Schmidt telescope on Palomar Mountain
in California. Subsequent observations were forthcoming from
observers at the University of Hawaii, the Spacewatch telescope
on Kitt Peak in Arizona and McDonald Observatory in Texas. These
observations were used to demonstrate that the comet was in orbit
about Jupiter, and had made a very close approach (within 1.4
Jupiter radii from Jupiter's center) on July 7, 1992. During
this close approach, the unequal Jupiter gravitational
attra ctions on the comet's near and far sides broke apart the
fragile object. The disruption of a comet into multiple
fragments is an unusual event, the capture of a comet into an
orbit about Jupiter is even more unusual, and the collision of a
large come t with a planet is an extraordinary, millennial event.
In this series of depictions, comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacting
Jupiter is shown from three different perspectives: at left,
from the viewpoint of Earth; center, from the Voyager 2
spacecraft in the outer reaches of the solar system; and, at
right, from Jupiter's south pole. For visual appeal, most of the
large cometary fragments are shown close to one another in this
image. At the time of Jupiter impact, the fragments will be
separated fr om one another by several times the distances shown.
This image was created by David A. Seal of JPL's Mission Design
Section using orbital computations provided by Dr. Paul W. Chodas
and Dr. Donald K. Yeomans of JPL's Navigation Systems Section.
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