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1993-11-13
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Path: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!gatech!swrinde!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!decwrl!waikato!comp.vuw.ac.nz!kauri.vuw.ac.nz!gnat
From: gnat@kauri.vuw.ac.nz (Nathan Torkington)
Newsgroups: comp.infosystems.www,alt.hypertext,alt.answers,comp.answers,news.answers
Subject: WWW (World Wide Web) FAQ
Supersedes: <www-faq_752065205@kauri.vuw.ac.nz>
Followup-To: comp.infosystems.www
Date: 14 Nov 1993 11:00:19 GMT
Organization: Dept. of Comp. Sci., Victoria Uni. of Wellington, New Zealand.
Lines: 285
Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
Distribution: world
Message-ID: <www-faq_753274818@kauri.vuw.ac.nz>
Reply-To: Nathan.Torkington@vuw.ac.nz
NNTP-Posting-Host: kauri.vuw.ac.nz
Originator: gnat@kauri.vuw.ac.nz
Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu comp.infosystems.www:3116 alt.hypertext:3480 alt.answers:1215 comp.answers:2625 news.answers:14630
Archive-name: www/faq
Maintained-by: Nathan.Torkington@vuw.ac.nz (Nathan Torkington)
Contents
********
o 1. Recent changes to the FAQ
o 2. Information about this document
o 3. What are WWW, hypertext and hypermedia?
o 4. What is a URL?
o 5. How can I access the web?
o 5.1 Browsers accessable by telnet
o 5.2 Obtaining browsers
o 6. How can I provide information to the web?
o 7. How does WWW compare to gopher and WAIS?
o 8. What is on the web?
o 9. I want to know more.
o Z. Credits
1. Recent changes to the FAQ
****************************
These are most recent changes.
o html-mode.el mentioned
o disclaimer for crappy formatting
2. Information about this document
**********************************
This is an introduction to the World-Wide Web project, describing
the concepts, software and access methods. It is aimed at people who
know a little about navigating the Internet, but want to know more
about WWW specifically. If you don't think you are up to this level,
try an introductory Internet book such as Ed Krol's "The Whole
Internet".
This informational document is posted to news.answers,
comp.infosystems.gopher, comp.infosystems.wais and alt.hypertext on
the 1st and 15th of every month (please allow a day or two for it to
propagate to your site). The latest version is always available on the
web as http://www.vuw.ac.nz:80/non-local/gnat/www-faq.html (see
the section titled "What is a URL?" to understand what this means).
The most recently posted version of this document is kept on the
news.answers archive on rtfm.mit.edu in
/pub/usenet/news.answers/www-faq (the URL for this is
file://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/www-faq). For
information on FTP, send e-mail to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with
"send usenet/news.answers/finding-sources" in the body, instead of
asking me.
Nathan Torkington maintains this document. Feedback about it is to
be sent via e-mail to Nathan.Torkington@vuw.ac.nz
In all cases, regard this document as out of date. Definitive
information should be on the web, and static versions such as this
should be considered unreliable at best. Please excuse any formatting
inconsistencies in the posted version of this document, as it is
automatically generated from the on-line version.
3. What are WWW, hypertext and
******************************
hypermedia?
***********
WWW stands for the "World Wide Web". The WWW project,
started and driven by CERN (the European Laboratory for Particle
Physics), seeks to build a distributed hypermedia system.
To access the web, you run a browser program. The browser reads
documents, and can fetch documents from other sources. Information
providers set up hypermedia servers which browsers can get
documents from.
The browsers can, in addition, access files by FTP, NNTP (the
Internet news protocol), gopher and an ever-increasing range of
other methods. On top of these, if the server has search capabilities,
the browsers will permit searches of documents and databases.
The documents that the browsers display are hypertext documents.
Hypertext is text with pointers to other text. The browsers let you
deal with the pointers in a transparent way -- select the pointer, and
you are presented with the text that is pointed to.
Hypermedia is a superset of hypertext -- it is any medium with
pointers to other media. This means that browsers might not display
a text file, but might display images or sound or animations.
4. What is a URL?
*****************
URL stands for "Uniform Resource Locator". It is a draft standard
for specifying an object on the Internet, such as a file or newsgroup.
URLs look like this:
o file://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors/msdos/graphics/gifkit.zip
o file://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors
o http://info.cern.ch:80/default.html
o news:alt.hypertext
o telnet://dra.com
The first part of the URL, before the colon, specifies the access
method. The part of the URL after the colon is interpreted specific to
the access method. In general, two slashes after the colon indicate a
machine name (machine:port is also valid). For more information,
see
5. How can I access the web?
****************************
You have two options -- either use a browser that can be telnetted
to, or use a browser on your machine.
5.1 Browsers accessable by telnet
=================================
An up-to-date list of these is available on the Web as
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/FAQ/Bootstrap.html and should
be regarded as an authoritative list.
info.cern.ch
No password is required. This is in Switzerland, so continental
US users might be better off using a closer browser.
ukanaix.cc.ukans.edu
A full screen browser "Lynx" which requires a vt100 terminal.
Log in as www.
www.njit.edu
(or telnet 128.235.163.2) Log in as www. A full-screen browser
in New Jersey Institute of Technology. USA.
vms.huji.ac.il
(IP address 128.139.4.3). A dual-language Hebrew/English
database, with links to the rest of the world. The line mode
browser, plus extra features. Log in as www. Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Israel.
sun.uakom.cs
Slovakia. Has a slow link, only use from nearby.
info.funet.fi
(or telnet 128.214.6.100) Not available when tested in
O29-Oct-92. (FINLAND)
5.2 Obtaining browsers
======================
The preferred method of access of the Web is to run a browser
yourself. Browsers are available for many platforms, both in source
and executable forms. Here is a list generated from the authoritative
list, http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Clients.html ...
Terminal based browsers
Line Mode Browser
This program gives W3 readership to anyone with a
dumb terminal. A general purpose information
retrieval tool.
"Lynx" full screen browser
This is a hypertext browser for vt100s using full screen,
arrow keys, highlighting, etc.
NJIT's Browser
Assumes a character-grid terminal with cursor
addressing, and provides a full-screen interface to the
web.
Tom Fine's perlWWW
A tty-bbased browser written in perl.
Graphic User Interfaces
XMosaic
Browser using X11/Motif. Works well. This is the most
polished browser.
Macintosh Browser
Browser for the Macintosh. (Alpha.)
"Cello" PC/Windows client
Browser for windows. (Not yet released)
"Erwise"
Browser for X/Motif. (Unsupported).
"ViolaWWW" Browser for X11
Browser for X11. (Beta, unsupported)
tkWWW Browser
Browser for X11. (Beta).
MidasWWW Browser
WWW browser for X/Motif. (Beta, works well.)
Browser-Editor on the NeXT
A browser/editor for NeXTStep. Allows wysiwyg
hypertext editing. Requires NeXTStep 3.0
Unreleased
Browser on CERNVM
A full-screen browser for VM. Nonexistant. Use the
line mode www.
Dave Ragget's Browser
Unreleased. For X11, (later PC?)
6. How can I provide information to
***********************************
the web
*******
Information providers run programs that the browsers can obtain
hypertext from. These programs can either be WWW servers that
understand the HyperText Transfer Protocol HTTP (best if you are
creating your information database from scratch), "gateway"
programs that convert an existing information format to hypertext,
or a non-HTTP server that WWW browsers can access --
anonymous FTP or gopher, for example.
If you only want to provide information to local users, placing your
information in local files is also an option. This means that there
would be no off-machine access.
CERN's server is available for anonymous FTP from info.cern.ch
and many other places. Use archie to search for "www" or "WWW"
to find copies close to you. NCSA have their own server, for FTP
from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu.
See http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Daemon/Overview.html for
more information on writing gateways and for servers in general.
To produce HTML, you can either use an SGML editor with the
HTML DTD (URL is
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/DTDHeading.html), or
use EMACS and html-mode.el (URL is
ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Web/elisp/html-mode.el).
7. How does WWW compare to
**************************
gopher and WAIS?
****************
While all three of these information presentation systems are
client-server based, they differ in terms of their model of data. In
gopher, data is either a menu, a document, an index or a telnet
connection. In WAIS, everything is an index and everything that is
returned from the index is a document. In WWW, everything is a
(possibly) hypertext document which may be searchable.
In practice, this means that WWW can represent the gopher (a menu
is a list of links, a gopher document is a hypertext document without
links, searches are the same, telnet sessions are the same) and WAIS
(a WAIS index is a searchable page, returning a document with no
links) data models as well as providing extra functionality.
The principal difference between the three systems, it turns out, is
deployment. WWW does not have as large a user base as gopher,
mainly because of the small number of WWW browsers that are out.
This is changing as WWW reaches critical mass (usage of the server
at CERN doubles every 4 months -- twice the rate of Internet
expansion).
8. What is on the web?
**********************
Currently accessable through the web:
o anything served through gopher
o anything served through WAIS
o anything on an FTP site
o anything on Usenet
o anything accessable through telnet
o anything in hytelnet
o anything in hyper-g
o anything in techinfo
o anything in texinfo
o anything in the form of man pages
o sundry hypertext documents
One of the few limitations of the current networked information
systems is that there is no simple way to find out what has changed,
what is new, or even what is out there. As a result, a definitive list of
the web's contents is impossible at this moment.
9. I want to know more
**********************
To find out more, use the web.
Credits
*******
o Nathan Torkington
o marca@ncsa.uiuc.edu
o Tony Johnson