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# version
$Header: helpfile,v 1.1 87/12/26 23:35:43 plocher Posted $
# atob, btoa
btoa, atob -- encode/decode binary to printable ASCII
Usage: btoa < infile > outfile
cmd | btoa > outfile
atob infile
Btoa is a filter that reads anything from the standard input, and encodes it
into printable ASCII on the standard output. It also attaches a header and
checksum information used by the reverse filter atob to find the start of the
data and to check integrity.
Atob reads an encoded file, strips off any leading and trailing lines added
by mailers, and recreates a copy of the original file on the standard
output. Atob gives NO output (and exits with an error message) if its input
is garbage or the checksums do not check.
# chmod
chmod -- change file modes
Usage: chmod mode file ...
Mode can be either SYMBOLIC or OCTAL.
SYMBOLIC MODES:
[who] op perm
who: `u' (user), `g' (group), `o' (others); `a' is equivalent to `ugo';
op: + adds permission, - removes permission, = sets absolute permissions
perm: `r' read, `w' write, `x' execute (or search for directories);
Super-User only:
`s' set UID or set GID; `t' save text/sticky bit.
OCTAL MODES:
These are constructed by ORing the appropriate modes from this list:
4000 Set UID (Superuser only)
2000 Set GID (Superuser only)
1000 Sticky Bit (Superuser only)
0400 Read by Owner
0200 Write by Owner
0100 Execute by Owner
0070 Read, Write, Execute by Group
0007 Read, Write, Execute by Others
# chown
chown, chgrp -- change owner or group
Usage: chown user file(s)
chgrp group file(s)
User and Group can be either a numerical UID or GID, or a login or group
name found in the /etc/passwd and /etc/group files.
Only the owner of a file (or the Superuser) can change the owner or group
of that file.
# col
col -- convert reverse and half line feeds from nroff
Usage: col [-f -b -x -p] [file(s)]
-f output device can perform forward half line feeds
-b output device is cannot backspace
-x do not output tabs for multiple spaces
-p let unrecognized escape sequences (other than ESC 7, ESC 8, and
ESC 9) pass.
Col is used to print nroff output on devices that cannot perform forward and
reverse half line motions or reverse line feeds, as is the case with most
simple printers and CRT terminals. If no files are given, col reads standard
input.
# cu
cu -- call another UNIX system
Usage: cu [-s speed] [-l line] [-h] [-t] [-d] [-o|e] [-n] telno
cu [-s speed] [-h] [-d] [-o|e] -l line
cu [-h] [-d] [-o|e] systemname
-s Specify transmission speed (300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600);
-l Specify a line to be used
-h Emulate local echo (half duplex)
-t Map newline to CR/LF for ascii terminals
-d Print diagnostic traces
-o Generate odd parity on outgoing data
-e Generate even parity on outgoing data
-n Prompt for telephone number
Commands start with `~' in the first column of a line:
~. terminate the conversation
~! escape to interactive shell on local system
~!cmd run cmd locally (via sh -c)
~$cmd run cmd locally and send its output to remote system
~%cd change directory on local system
~%take copy file1 on remote system to file2 on the local system.
If file2 is not specified, the file will have the same name on the
local system as on the remote system.
~%put copy file1from the local system to file2 on the remote system.
If file2 is not specified, the file will have the same name on the
remote system as on the local system.
~~line send the line "~line" to the remote system (to execute a cu command on
the remote system)
~%break transmit a BREAK to the remote system
~%debug toggle debug option on/off
~t print the values of the termio structure variables for the user's
terminal
~l print the values of the termio structure variables for the remote
communications line
~%nostop toggle between XON/XOFF input control protocol and no input control
# help
help -- provide brief command explanations
Usage: help [command]
Looks in $HELPDIR/$HELPFILE (/usr/lib/ and helpfile are the defaults) for
explanations of a command.
# lp, cancel
lp, cancel -- send/cancel requests to an LP device
Usage: lp [-c] [-d dest] [-m] [-n num] [-o opt] [-s] [-t title] [-w] [file(s)]
cancel [ids] [devices]
-c Copy files immediately instead of linking
-d Choose dest as the printer or class of printers to do the printing.
-m Send mail after files have been printed
-n Print num copies
-o Specify printer-dependent options
-s Suppress messages from lp such as "request id is ..."
-t Print title on the banner page of the output
-w Write a message on the user's terminal when files have been printed.
Cancel cancels line printer requests that were made with the lp command.
The commandline arguments may be either request ids as returned by lp without
the -s option, or printer names (for a complete list do "lpstat").
# lpstat
lpstat -- print LP status information
Usage: lpstat [options]
-a list Print acceptance status (with respect to lp) of destinations for
requests. "List" is a list of intermixed printer and class names.
-c list Print class names and their members. "List" is a list of class names.
-d Print the default destination for lp.
-o list Print the status of output requests. "List" is a list of intermixed
printer names, class names, and request ids.
-p list Print the status of printers. "List" is a list of printer names.
-r Print the status of the LP request scheduler.
-s Print a status summary
-t Print all status information
-u list Print status of output requests for users. "List" is a list of login
names.
-v list Print the names of printers and the pathnames of devices associated
with them. "List" is a list of printer names.
If "list" is omitted in the above options, all information relevant to the
option letter will be printed.
# mail, mailx
mail, mailx -- electronic mail programs
Usage: mail # to check for mail
mailx
mail user # to send mail to user
mailx user
The options and commands for these two programs are too numerous
to list here. See the manual entries and tutorials if you need more information
than shown above.
# mesg
mesg -- permit or deny messages
Usage: mesg [-n] [-y]
-n Forbid messages via write(1)
-y Allow messages via write(1)
Without options, mesg reports the current status.
# more
more -- file browser
Usage: more file(s)
# newgrp
newgrp -- log in to a new group
Usage: newgrp [-] [group]
Invokes a new shell with the group id set to the specified group.
With argument `-', newgrp sets up the environment as if the user had
actually logged in again as a member of the specified group.
Without arguments, the group id is set back to that specified in /etc/passwd.
# nice
nice -- run a command at a low priority
Usage: nice [-increment] command [arguments]
Nice executes command with a lower CPU scheduling priority. If no "increment"
argument is given, a default of 10 is used.
Only the Superuser may run commands with higher-than-usual priority by using
a negative increment (e.g. --10).
# nohup
nohup - run a command immune to hangups and quits
Usage: nohup command [arguments]
If nohup should apply to several commands, they should be placed in a file
and invoked as "nohup sh commandfile".
If the output from "command" is not redirected by the user, it will be placed
into a file nohup.out in the current or HOME directory of the user.
# nroff
nroff -- text formatter for line printer devices
Usage: nroff [options] [files]
-olist print only pages listed; ranges are allowed
-nN number first page N
-sN stop every N pages to allow paper loading or
changing. Resume upon receipt of a newline.
-raN set register a (must be one-character name) to N.
-i read standard input after files are exhausted
-q invoke the simultaneous input-output mode of the .rd request
-z print only messages generated by .tm (terminal message) requests
-mname prepend to the input files the the non-compacted (ASCII text) macro file
located in /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.name
-cname prepend to the input files the compacted macro files located in
/usr/lib/macros/cmp.[nt].[dt].name and
/usr/lib/macros/ucmp.[nt].name.
-kname Compact the macros used in this invocation of nroff, placing the output
in files [dt].name in the current directory.
-Tname prepare output for device name. Known names are 37 (Teletype 37,
default), ascii (generic ascii printer w/o reverse linefeed),
ansi (ansi or vt100 terminal), fx80 (Epson FX-80 printer),
8510 (NEC 8510/C.Itoh dot matrix printer), 3550 (NEC Spinwriter),
lp (generic ascii printer with reverse linefeed)
-e produce equally-spaced words in adjusted lines, using full device
resolution
-h use output horizontal tabs to speed output and reduce output character
count. Does not work with all printers.
-wn set the embolding factor for Font 3 to n, or to zero if n is missing.
# otroff
otroff -- text formatter for Wang Laboratories C/A/T photo typesetter
Usage: otroff [options] [files]
-olist print only pages listed; ranges are allowed
-nN number first page N
-sN stop every N pages to allow paper loading or
changing. Resume when typesetter's start button is pressed.
-raN set register a (must be one-character name) to N.
-i read standard input after files are exhausted
-q invoke the simultaneous input-output mode of the .rd request
-z print only messages generated by .tm (terminal message) requests
-mname prepend to the input files the the non-compacted (ASCII text) macro file
located in /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.name
-cname prepend to the input files the compacted macro files located in
/usr/lib/macros/cmp.[nt].[dt].name and
/usr/lib/macros/ucmp.[nt].name.
-kname Compact the macros used in this invocation of otroff, placing the output
in files [dt].name in the current directory.
-t Direct output to the standard output instead of the phototypesetter.
-f Refrain from feeding out paper and stopping the phototypesetter at the
end of the run.
-w Wait until phototypesetter is ready, if it is currently busy.
-b Report on busy/ready status of phototypesetter. No text processing
is done.
-a Send a printable ASCII approximation of the result to the standard
output.
-pN print all characters in point size N while retaining all prescribed
spacings and motions, to reduce phototypesetter elapsed time.
-Tcat Use font-width tables for Wang C/A/T phototypesetter. This is both
the default and the only choice.
# ps
ps -- display process status
Usage: ps [options]
-e Print information about all processes
-d Print information about all processes, except process group leaders
-a Print information about all processes, except process group leaders
and processes not associated with a terminal
-f Generate a full listing
-l Generate a long listing
-cfile Use the specified core file instead of /dev/mem
-sdev Use the specified swap device instead of /dev/swap
-nfile Use specified file instead of /unix
-tlist Restrict listing to processes associated with terminals given in list.
-plist Restrict listing to processes whose PIDs are given in list.
-ulist Restrict listing to processes whose UIDs or LOGNAMEs are given in list.
-glist Restrict listing to processes whose GIDs or GROUP names are given in
list.
# sleep
sleep -- suspend execution for a specified time
Usage: sleep seconds
# strip
strip -- remove symbol table from COFF executable files
Usage: strip [-l] [-x] [-r] [-V] file ...
-l Strip line number information only; do not strip symbol table
-x Do not strip static or external symbol information
-r Reset relocation indexes
-V Print strip Version information to standard error.
If executed on an ar(1) archive, the archive symbol table will be removed.
# stty
stty - set terminal characteristics and options
Usage: stty [-a] [-g] [options]
-a Report all current settings
-g report current settings in a form that can be used as arguments
for another stty command.
CONTROL MODES:
parenb (-parenb) enable (disable) parity generation & detection
parodd (-parodd) select odd (even) parity
cs5 cs6 cs7 cs8 select character size (data bits)
0 110 300 600 1200 1800 2400 4800 9600
select baudrate. 0 hangs up phone immediately.
hupcl (-hupcl) hangup (don't hangup) dataphone on last close
hup (-hup) same as hupcl (-hupcl)
cstopb (-cstopb) use two (one) stop bits per character
cread (-cread) enable (disable) the receiver
clocal (-clocal) assume a line without (with) modem control
loblk (-loblk) block (don't block) output from non-current layer
INPUT MODES:
ignbrk (-ignbrk) ignore (don't ignore) break on input
brkint (-brkint) signal (don't signal) INTR on break
ignpar (-ignpar) ignore (don't ignore) parity errors
parmrk (-parmrk) mark (don't mark) parity errors
inpck (-inpck) enable (disable) input parity checking
istrip (-istrip) strip (don't strip) input characters to 7 bits
inlcr (-inlcr) map (don't map) NL to CR on input
igncr (-igncr) ignore (don't ignore) CR on input
icrnl (-icrnl) map (don't map) CR to NL on input
iuclc (-iuclc) map (don't map) upper case to lower case on input
ixon (-ixon) enable (disable) XON/XOFF output control
ixany (-ixany) allow any character (only XON) to restart output
ixoff (-ixoff) request that system send (not send) XON/XOFF
characters when input queue is nearly empty/full.
OUTPUT MODES
opost (-opost) post-process output (do not post-process output; ignore
all other output modes)
olcuc (-olcuc) map (don't map) lower case to upper case on output
onlcr (-onlcr) map (don't map) NL to CR-NL on output
ocrnl (-ocrnl) map (don't map) CR to NL on output
onocr (-onocr) do not (do) output CR at column 0
onlret (-onlret) on the terminal, NL performs (doesn't perform) the
RETURN function
ofill (-ofill) use fill characters (use timing) for delays
ofdel (-ofdel) fill characters are DELs (NULs)
cr0 cr1 cr2 cr3 set style of delay for CRs
nl0 nl1 set style of delay for LFs
tab0 tab1 tab2 tab3 set style of delay for horizontal tabs
bs0 bs1 set style of delay for backspaces
ff0 ff1 set style of delay for formfeeds
vt0 vt1 set style of delay for vertical tabs
LOCAL MODES
isig (-isig) enable (disable) interpretation of special control
characters INTR, QUIT, ans SWTCH.
icanon (-icanon) enable (disable) canonical input (ERASE and KILL
processing)
xcase (-xcase) canonical (unprocessed) upper/lower case presentation
echo (-echo) echo back (don't echo back) every character typed
echoe (-echoe) echo (don't echo) ERASE as a backspace-space-backspace
string
echok (-echok) echo (don't echo) NL after KILL character
lfkc (-lfkc) same as echok (-echok) -- obsolete.
echonl (-echonl) echo (don't echo) NL
noflsh (-noflsh) disable (enable) flush after INTR, QUIT, or SWTCH
stwrap (-stwrap) disable (enable) truncation of lines longer than 79
characters on a synchronous line
stflush (-stflush) enable (disable) flush on synchronous line after every
write(2)
stappl (-stappl) use application mode (use line mode) on a synchronous
line
CONTROL ASSIGNMENTS
control-char c set control-char to c, where control-char is one of:
erase, kill, intr, quit, swtch, eof, ctab, min, or time
If c is preceded by an (escaped from the shell) caret
(^), then the value used is the corresponding CTRL
character (e.g. "^d" is CTRL-D); "^?" is DEL.
line i set line discipline to i ( 0 < i < 127 ).
COMBINATION MODES
evenp or parity parenb cs7
oddp parenb cs8 parodd
-parity -parenb cs8
-evenp -parenb cs8
-oddp -parenb cs8
raw (-raw or cooked) enable (disable) raw input and output (no ERASE, KILL,
INTR, QUIT, SWTCH, EOT, or output post processing).
nl (-nl) unset (set) icrnl, onlcr. In addition, -nl unsets
inlcr, igncr, ocrnl, and onlret.
lcase (-lcase) set (unset) xcase, iuclc, and olcuc.
LCASE (-LCASE) same as lcase (-lcase)
tabs (-tabs or tab3) preserve (expand to spaces) tabs when printing
ek set ERASE and KILL characters back to # and @.
sane reset all modes to some reasonable values
term set all modes suitable for the terminal type term,
where term is one of tty33, tty37, vt05, tn300, ti700,
or tek.
IF THIS FLASHED BY QUICKER THAN YOU COULD READ IT, TRY IT AGAIN LIKE THIS:
help stty | more
# su
su -- become super-user or another user
Usage: su [-] [name [arg ...]]
- If the first argument to su is `-', the environment will be changed
to what it would be if the user actually logged in as "name".
name If name is given, become that user. If no name is given, become
root (e.g. the super-user).
arg Optional arguments are passed to the shell invoked by su.
Thus, "su - bin -c command args" executes "command" with the temporary
environment and permissions of user "bin".
# tput
tput - query terminfo database
Usage: tput [-Ttype] capname [parms...]
-Ttype indicates the type of terminal. Normally unnecessary, since
the default is taken from the environment variable TERM.
capname indicates the attribute (capabilitry) from the terminfo database
parms if the capability needs parameters, the argument parms will be
instantiated into the string.
# troff
troff, ditroff -- text formatter for typesetters and other high-resolution
output devices
Usage: troff [options] [files]
-o list Print only pages whose numbers appear in "list".
-nN Number first page generated N.
-sN Generate output to encourage typesetter to stop every N pages
-mname Prepend the macro file /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.name to the input files.
-raN Set register a (one-character name) to N.
-i Read standard input after the input files are exhausted.
-q Invoke the simultaneous input-output mode of the .rd request
-z Print only messages generated by the .tm request
-a Send a printable ASCII approximation of the results to the standard
output.
-Tdest Prepare output for typesetter dest.
# true
true, : , false -- provide truth values
Usage: : [argument ...]
true [argument ...]
false
True and : do nothing, successfully. False does nothing, unsuccessfully.
: is also used as a magic number for Bourne or Korn shell scripts in a
C-Shell environment.
# tty
tty -- get name of terminal
Usage: tty [-l] [-s]
-l print synchronous line number if the terminal is on an active
synchronous line
-s prevent printing of tty pathname, return result as a return code.
2 - invalid options; 0 - if tty is a terminal; 1 - otherwise
# umask
umask -- set file-creation mode mask
Usage: umask [ooo]
Without an argument, umask prints the current value of the mask.
With argument, umask sets the mask to the value specified by the three-digit
octal number. See help entry for chmod for legal values.
# write
write -- write to another user
Usage: write user [line]
If you want to write to a user who is logged in more than once, the
"line" argument may be used to direct which terminal to write to.
Permission to write may be denied or granted by the use of mesg(1).
During a write session, a line starting with ! will cause the rest
of that line to be passed to the shell as a command.
Terminate a write session with your INTR or EOF character.