"Antarctica","Mawson Station","Severe low temperatures","Approximately 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock. Average elevations between 2,000m and 4,000m.","NA","NA","NA"
"Argentina","","Mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest","Rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border","Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French","Buenos Aires","1 nuevo peso argentino = 100 centavos"
"Australia","Sydney","Generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north","Mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast","English, native languages","Canberra","1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents"
"Austria","","Temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers","In the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the eastern and northern margins mostly flat or gently sloping","German","Vienna","1 Austrian schilling (S) = 100 groschen"
"Belgium","","Temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy","flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast","Dutch 56%, French 32%, German 1%, legally bilingual 11% divided along ethnic lines","Brussels","1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100 centimes"
"Brazil","","Mostly tropical, but temperate in south","Mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt","Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French","Brasilia","1 real (R$) = 100 centavos"
"Canada","","Varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north","Mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast","English (official), French (official)","Ottawa","1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents"
"China","","Extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north","Mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east","Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects","Beijing","1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao"
"Congo","","Tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator","Coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin","French (official), African languages (Lingala and Kikongo are the most widely used)","Brazzaville","1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes"
"Cuba","","Tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)","Mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast","Spanish","Havana","1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos"
"Denmark","","Temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers","Low and flat to gently rolling plains","Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect), German (small minority)","Copenhagen","1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere"
"Egypt","","Desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters","Vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta","Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes","Cairo","1 Egyptian pound (#E) = 100 piasters"
"Fiji","","Tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation","Mostly mountains of volcanic origin","English (official), Fijian, Hindustani","Suva","1 Fijian dollar (F$) = 100 cents"
"Finland","","Cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes","Mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills","Finnish 93.5% (official), Swedish 6.3% (official), small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities","Helsinki","1 markka (FMk) or Finmark = 100 pennia"
"France","","Generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean","Mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east","French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)","Paris","1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes"
"Germany","","Temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidity","Lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south","German","Berlin","1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige"
"Greece","","Temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers","Mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas or chains of islands","Greek (official), English, French","Athens","1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta"
"Greenland","","Arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters","Flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coast","Eskimo dialects, Danish","Nuuk","1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere"
"Hong Kong","","Tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall","Hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north","Chinese (Cantonese), English","Victoria","1 Hong Kong dollar (HK$) = 100 cents"
"Iceland","","Temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers","Mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords","Icelandic","Reykjavik","1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar"
"India","","Varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north","Upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north","English, Hindi, Bengali (official), Telugu (official), Marathi (official), Tamil (official), Urdu (official), Gujarati (official), Malayalam (official), Kannada (official), Oriya (official), Punjabi (official), Assamese (official), Kashmiri (official), Sindhi (official), Sanskrit (official), Hindustani","New Delhi","1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise"
"Indonesia","","Tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands","Mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains","Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official), English, Dutch, Javanese","Jakarta","1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used)"
"Iran","","Mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast","Rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts","Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Baloch 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%","Tehran","10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman"
"Iraq","","Mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers","Mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey","Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian","Baghdad","1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 fils"
"Ireland","","Temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time","Mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast","Irish (Gaelic), English","Dublin","1 Irish pound (#Ir) = 100 pence"
"Israel","","Temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas","Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift Valley","Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English","Jerusalem","1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot"
"Italy","","Predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south","Mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands","Italian, German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)","Rome","1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi"
"Jamaica","","Tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior","Mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain","English, Creole","Kingston","1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents"
"Japan","","Varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north","Mostly rugged and mountainous","Japanese","Tokyo","yen (Ñ)"
"Kenya","","Varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior","Low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west","English (official), Swahili (official), numerous indigenous languages","Nairobi","1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents"
"Korea, North","","Temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer","Mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains wide in west, discontinuous in east","Korean","P'yongyang","1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon"
"Korea, South","","Temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter","Mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south","Korean, English widely taught in high school","Seoul","1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chun (theoretical)"
"Kuwait","","Dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters","Flat to slightly undulating desert plain","Arabic (official), English widely spoken","Kuwait","1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 fils"
"Madagascar","","Tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south","Narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center","French (official), Malagasy (official)","Antananarivo","1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimes"
"Malaysia","","Tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons","Coastal plains rising to hills and mountains","Malay (official), English, Chinese dialects, Tamil","Kuala Lumpur","1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen"
"Mexico","","Varies from tropical to desert","High, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert","Spanish, various Mayan dialects","Mexico","1 New Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos"
"New Zealand","","Temperate with sharp regional contrasts","Predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains","English (official), Maori","Wellington","1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents"
"Norway","","Temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior; rainy year-round on west coast","glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north","Norwegian (official)","Oslo","1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 oere"
"Pakistan","","Mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north","Flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west","Urdu (official), English (official), Punjabi 64%, Sindhi 12%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu 7%, Balochi and other 9%","Islamabad","1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa"
"Papua New Guinea","","Tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation","Mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills","English spoken by 1%-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region, 715 indigenous languages","Port Moresby","1 kina (K) = 100 toea"
"Peru","","Varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west","Western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)","Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara","Lima","1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centimos"
"Philippines","","Tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)","Mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands","Pilipino (official; based on Tagalog), English (official)","Manila","1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos"
"Poland","","Temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers","Mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border","Polish","Warsaw","1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy"
"Russia","","Humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast","Broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions","Russian, other","Moscow","1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks"
"Saudi Arabia","","Harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature","Mostly uninhabited, sandy desert","Arabic","Riyadh","1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalah"
"Singapore","","Tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons; thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April)","Lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and nature preserve","Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English (official)","Singapore","1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents"
"South Africa","Cape Town","Mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights","Vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain","Eleven official languages, including Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu","Pretoria","1 rand (R) = 100 cents"
"Spain","","Temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast","Large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in north","Castilian Spanish, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%","Madrid","1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos"
"Sudan","","Tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October)","Generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west","Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English","Khartoum","1 Sudanese pound (#Sd) = 100 piastres"
"Sweden","","Temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north","Mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west","Swedish","Stockholm","1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 oere"
"Switzerland","","Temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers","Mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes","German 65%, French 18%, Italian 12%, Romansch 1%, other 4%","Bern","1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi"
"Taiwan","","Tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year","Eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west","Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects","Taipei","1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents"
"Thailand","","Tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid","Central plain; Khorat plateau in the east; mountains elsewhere","Thai, English the secondary language of the elite, ethnic and regional dialects","Bangkok","1 baht (B) = 100 satang"
"Ukraine","Kiev","Temperate continental; Mediterranean on southern Crimean coast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; mostly warm summers - hot in the south","Fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south","Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian","Kiev (Kyyiv)","karbovanets (hryvnya to be introduced)"
"United Kingdom","","Temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than half of the days are overcast","Mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeast","English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)","London","1 British pound (ú) = 100 pence"
"United States","","Mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida and arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest","Vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in Hawaii","English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority)","Washington, DC","1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents"
"Vanuatu","","Tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds","Mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains","English (official), French (official), pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama)","Port-Vila","1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes"
