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This is Info file ../info/viper, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input file viper.texi. Distribution ************ Copyright (C) 1995, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the same conditions as for modified versions. File: viper, Node: Viper Specials, Next: Vi Macros, Prev: Packages that Change Keymaps, Up: Customization Viper Specials ============== Viper extends Vi with a number of useful features. This includes various search functions, histories of search strings, Ex commands, insertions, and Vi's destructive commands. In addition, Viper supports file name completion and history, completion of Ex commands and variables, and many other features. Some of these features are explained in detail elsewhere in this document. Other features are explained here. `(vip-buffer-search-enable)' `vip-buffer-search-char nil' Enable buffer search. Explicit call to `vip-buffer-search-enable' sets `vip-buffer-search-char' to `g'. Alternatively, the user can set `vip-buffer-search-char' in `.vip' to a key sequence to be used for buffer search. There is no need to call `vip-buffer-search-enable' in that case. `vip-toggle-search-style' This function, bound to `C-c /', lets one toggle case-sensitive and case-insensitive search, and also switch between plain vanilla search and search via regular expressions. Without the prefix argument, the user is asked which mode to toggle. With prefix argument 1, this toggles case-sensitivity. With prefix argument 2, regular expression/vanilla search will be toggled. However, we found that the most convenient way to toggle these options is to bind a Vi macro to bind `//' to toggles case sensitivity and to `///' to toggles vanilla search. Thus, quickly hitting `/' twice will switch Viper from case sensitive search to case-insensitive. Repeating this once again will restore the original state. Likewise, quickly hitting `/' three times will switch you from vanilla-style search to search via regular expressions. If you hit something other than `/' after the first `/' or if the second `/' doesn't follow quickly enough, then Viper will issue the usual prompt `/' and will wait for input, as usual in Vi. If you don't like this behavior, you can "unrecord" these macros in your `~/.vip' file. For instance, if u don't like the above feature, put this in `~/.vip': (vip-unrecord-kbd-macro "//" 'vi-state) (vip-unrecord-kbd-macro "///" 'vi-state) *Note Vi Macros::, for more information on Vi macros. `vip-heading-start' `vip-heading-end' Regular Expressions for `[[' and `]]'. Note that Emacs defines Regexps for paragraphs and sentences. *Note Paragraphs and Sentences: (emacs)Paragraphs, for details. `M-x vip-set-expert-level' Change your user level interactively. `vip-smart-suffix-list '("" "tex" "c" "cc" "el" "p")' Viper supports Emacs-style file completion when it prompts the user for a file name. However, in many cases, the same directory may contain files with identical prefix but different suffixes, e.g., prog.c, prog.o, paper.tex, paper.dvi. In such cases, completion will stop at the `.'. If the above variable is a list of strings representing suffixes, Viper will try these suffixes in the order listed and will check if the corresponding file exists. For instance, if completion stopped at `paper.' and the user typed RET, then Viper will check if the files `paper.', `paper.tex', `paper.c', etc., exist. It will take the first such file. If no file exists, Viper will give a chance to complete the file name by typing the appropriate suffix. If `paper.' was the intended file name, hitting return will accept it. To turn this feature off, set the above variable to `nil'. `vip-insertion-ring-size 14' Viper remembers what was previously inserted in Insert and Replace states. Several such recent insertions are kept in a special ring of strings of size `vip-insertion-ring-size'. If you enter Insert or Replace state you can reinsert strings from this ring by typing `C-c M-p' or `C-c M-n'. The former will search the ring in the direction of older insertions, and the latter will search in the direction of newer insertions. Hitting `C-c M-p' or `C-c M-n' in succession will undo the previous insertion from the ring and insert the next item on the ring. If a larger ring size is needed, change the value of the above variable in the `~/.vip' file. Since typing these sequences of keys may be tedious, it is suggested that the user should bind a function key, such as `f31', as follows: (define-key vip-insert-global-user-map [f31] 'vip-insert-prev-from-insertion-ring) This binds `f31' (which is usually `R11' on a Sun workstation) to the function that inserts the previous string in the insertion history. To rotate the history in the opposite direction, you can either bind an unused key to `vip-insert-next-from-insertion-ring' or hit any digit (1 to 9) then `f31'. One should not bind the above functions to `M-p' or `M-n', since this will interfere with the Minibuffer histories and, possibly, other major modes. `vip-command-ring-size 14' Viper keeps track of the recent history of destructive commands, such as `dw', `i', etc. In Vi state, the most recent command can be re-executed by hitting ``.'', as in Vi. However, repeated typing `C-c M-p' will cause Viper to show the previous destructive commands in the minibuffer. Subsequent hitting ``.'' will execute the command that was displayed last. The key `C-c M-n' will cycle through the command history in the opposite direction. Since typing `C-c M-p' may be tedious, it is more convenient to bind an appropriate function to an unused function key on the keyboard and use that key. For instance, the following (define-key vip-vi-global-user-map [f31] 'vip-prev-destructive-command) binds the key `f31' (which is usually `R11' on a Sun workstation) to the function that searches the command history in the direction of older commands. To search in the opposite direction, you can either bind an unused key to `vip-next-destructive-command' or hit any digit (1 to 9) then `f31'. One should not bind the above functions to `M-p' or `M-n', since this will interfere with the Minibuffer histories and, possibly, other major modes. `vip-minibuffer-vi-face 'vip-minibuffer-vi-face' `vip-minibuffer-insert-face 'vip-minibuffer-insert-face' `vip-minibuffer-emacs-face 'vip-minibuffer-emacs-face' These faces control the appearance of the minibuffer text in the corresponding Viper states. For heavy-duty customization, consult the Lisp Reference to Emacs. You can also take a look how these faces are defined in `viper.el'. However, on a color workstation, the following method usually suffices: (set-face-foreground vip-minibuffer-vi-face "blue") (set-face-background vip-minibuffer-emacs-face "orchid") This will make a blue foreground in the Minibuffer when it is in Vi state; its background will turn to orchid when it switches to Emacs state. Note that only the text you type in is affected by the above faces. Prompts and Minibuffer messages are not affected. Purists who do not like adornments in the minibuffer can always zap them by putting (copy-face 'default 'vip-minibuffer-vi-face) (copy-face 'default 'vip-minibuffer-insert-face) (copy-face 'default 'vip-minibuffer-emacs-face) in the `~/.vip' file. However, in that case, the user will not have any indication of the current Viper state in the minibuffer. (This is important if the user accidentally switches to another Viper state by typing `ESC' or `C-z'. Viper provides some support for multi-file documents and programs. If a document consists of several files we can designate one of them as a master and put the following at the end of that file: ;;; Local Variables: ;;; eval: (vip-setup-master-buffer "file1" "file2" "file3" "file5" "file5") ;;; End: where `file1' to `file5' are names of files related to the master file. Next time, when the master file is visited, the command `vip-setup-master-buffer' will be evaluated and the above files will be associated with the master file. Then, the new Ex command `:RelatedFile' (abbr. `:R') will display files 1 to 5 one after another, so you can edit them. If a file is not in any Emacs buffer, it will be visited. The command `PreviousRelatedFile' (abbr., `:P') goes through the file list in the opposite direction. These commands are akin to `:n' and `:N', but they allow the user to focus on relevant files only. Note that only the master file needs to have the aforementioned block of commands. Also, ";;;" above can be replaced by some other markers. Semicolon is good for Lisp programs, since it is considered a comment designator there. For LaTeX, this could be "%%%", and for C the above block should be commented out. Even though these commands are sometimes useful, they are no substitute for the powerful *tag table* facility of Emacs. Viper's `:tag' command in a primitive interface to Emacs tags. *Note Tags: (emacs)Tags, for more information on tags. The following two commands are normally bound to a mouse click and are part of Viper. They work only if Emacs runs as an application under X Windows (or under some other window system for which a port of Emacs 19 is available). Clicking the mouse when Emacs is invoked in an Xterm window (using `emacs -nw') will do no good. `M-S-mouse-1 (Emacs)' `meta shift button1up (XEmacs)' Holding Meta and Shift while clicking mouse button 1 will initiate search for a region under the mouse pointer (defined below). This command can take a prefix argument, which indicates the occurrence of the pattern to search for. Note: Viper binds this mouse action only if it is not already bound to something else. If you want to use this feature and `M-S-mouse-1' is already used for something else, you can rebind mouse-search as, for example, in the following example: (global-set-key [M-mouse-1] 'vip-mouse-click-search-word) (global-set-key [M-down-mouse-1] 'vip-mouse-catch-frame-switch) This would bind mouse search to the action invoked by pressing the Meta key and clicking mouse button 1. Note: if `vip-mouse-click-search-word' is bound to an action, then `vip-mouse-catch-frame-switch' must be bound to a down-action, as shown in the above example. In XEmacs, you can change bindings as follows: (global-set-key [(meta control button1up)] 'vip-mouse-click-search-word) (global-set-key [(meta control button1)] 'vip-mouse-catch-frame-switch) if, say, you prefer to hold both meta and control while clicking. Like in Emacs, there are special rules for binding these functions: the first must be bound to a button-up event while the second must be bound to a button-event (which is XEmacs' equivalent of a down-mouse event). Also, in Emacs, the double-click and triple-click actions for the same button (`double-S-mouse-1', etc., if the above default binding is used) should not be bound (or it should be bound to the same function, `vip-mouse-click-search-word'). The region that is chosen as a pattern to search for is determined as follows. If search is invoked via a single click, Viper chooses the region that lies between the beginning of the "word" under the pointer ("word" is understood in Vi sense) and the end of that word. The only difference with Vi's words is that in Lisp major modes `-' is considered an alphanumeric symbol. This is done for the convenience of working with Lisp symbols, which often have an `-' in them. Also, if you click on a non-alphanumeric character that is not a word separator (in Vi sense) then this character will also be considered alphanumeric, provided that it is adjacent (from either side) to an alphanumeric character. This useful feature gives added control over the patterns selected by the mouse click. On a double-click, the region is determined by the beginning of the current Vi's "Word" (i.e., the largest non-separator chunk of text) and the End of that "Word" (as determined by the `E' command). On a triple-click, the region consists of the entire line where the click occurred with all leading and trailing spaces and tabs removed. `M-S-mouse-2 (Emacs)' `meta shift button2up (XEmacs)' Holding Meta and Shift while clicking mouse button 2 will insert the region surrounding the mouse pointer. The rules defining this region are the same as for mouse-search. This command takes an optional prefix argument, which indicates how many such regions to snarf from the buffer and insert. (In case of a triple-click, the prefix argument is ignored.) Note: Viper binds this mouse action only if it not already bound to something else. If you want to use this feature and `S-mouse-2' is already used for something else, you can rebind mouse-insert as follows: (global-set-key [M-mouse-2] 'vip-mouse-click-insert-word) (global-set-key [M-down-mouse-2] 'vip-mouse-catch-frame-switch) In XEmacs, you can change the bindings as follows: (global-set-key [(meta control button2up)] 'vip-mouse-click-insert-word) (global-set-key [(meta control button2)] 'vip-mouse-catch-frame-switch) `vip-multiclick-timeout' This variable controls the rate at which double-clicking must occur for the purpose of mouse search and mouse insert. By default, this is set to `double-click-time' in Emacs and to `mouse-track-multi-click-time' milliseconds in XEmacs. Note: The above functions search and insert in the selected window of the latest active frame. This means that you can click in another window or another frame and have search or insertion done in the frame and window you just left. This lets one use these functions in a multi-frame configuration. However, this may require some getting used to. For instance, if you are typing in a frame, A, and then move the mouse to frame B and click to invoke mouse search, search (or insertion) will be performed in frame A. To perform search/insertion in frame B, you will first have to shift focus there, which doesn't happen until you type a character or perform some other action in frame B--mouse search doesn't shift focus (in XEmacs, to shift focus to frame B, you will have to select this frame with a mouse, by clicking. If you decide that you don't like the above feature and always want search/insertion be performed in the frame where the click occurs, don't bind (and unbind, if necessary) `vip-mouse-catch-frame-switch' from the mouse event it is bound to. Mouse search is integrated with Vi-style search, so you can repeat it with `n' and `N'. It should be also noted that, while case-sensitivity of search in Viper is controlled by the variable `vip-case-fold-search', the case of mouse search is controlled by the Emacs variable `case-fold-search', which may be set differently from `vip-case-fold-search'. Therefore, case-sensitivity of mouse search may be different from that of the usual Vi-style search. Finally, if the way Viper determines the word to be searched for or to be inserted is not what you want, there is a variable, `vip-surrounding-word-function', which can be changed to indicate another function for snarfing words out of the buffer. The catch is that you will then have to write such a function and make it known to your Emacs. The function `vip-surrounding-word' in `viper.el' can be used as a guiding example. File: viper, Node: Vi Macros, Prev: Viper Specials, Up: Customization Vi Macros ========= Viper supports much enhanced Vi-style macros and also facilitates the use of Emacs-style macros. To define a temporary macro, it is generally more convenient to use Emacs keyboard macro facility. Emacs keyboard macros are usually defined anonymously, and the latest macro can be executed by typing `C-x e' (or `*', if Viper is in Vi state). If you need to use several temporary macros, Viper lets you save them to a register (a lowercase letter); such macros can then be executed by typing `@a' in Vi state (if a macro was previously saved in register `a'). *Note Macros and Registers::, for details. If, however, you need to use a macro regularly, it must be given a permanent name and saved. Emacs manual explains how to do this, but invocation of named Emacs macros is quite different from Vi's. First, invocation of permanent Emacs macros takes time because of the extra keys. Second, binding such macros to function keys, for fast access, hogs valuable real estate on the keyboard. Vi-style macros are better in that respect, since Vi lets the user overload the meaning of key sequences: keys typed in fast succession are treated specially, if this key sequence is bound to a macro. Viper provides keyboard macros through the usual Ex commands, `:map' and `:map!'. Vi-style macros are much more powerful in Viper than they are in the original Vi and in other emulators. This is because Viper implements an enhanced vi-style interface to the powerful Emacs keyboard macro facility. First, any Emacs command can be executed while defining a macro, not just the Vi commands. In particular, the user can invoke Emacs commands via `M-x command-name' or by pressing various function keys on the keyboard. One can even use the mouse, although this is usually not useful and is not recommended (and macros defined with the use of the mouse cannot be saved in command history and in the startup file, for future use). Macros defined by mixing Vi and Emacs commands are represented as vectors. So, don't be confused when you see one (usually through the history of Ex commands). For instance, if `gg' is defined by typing `l', the up-arrow key and `M-x next-line', its definition will look as follows in Emacs (in XEmacs, it looks slightly different, see below): [l up (meta x) n e x t - l i n e return] Second, Viper macros are defined in a WYSIWYG style. This means that commands are executed as you type them, so you can see precisely what is being defined. Third, macros can be bound to arbitrary sequences of keys, not just to printable keys. For instance, one can define a macro that will be invoked by hitting `f3' then `f2' function keys. (The keys `delete' and `backspace' are excluded; also, a macro invocation sequence can't start with ESC. Some other keys, such as `f1' and `help', can't be bound to macros under Emacs (not XEmacs), since they are bound in `key-translation-map', which overrides any other binding the user gives to keys. In general, keys that have a binding in `key-translation-map' can't be bound to a macro.) Fourth, in Viper, one can define macros that are specific to a given buffer, a given major mode, or macros that are defined for all buffers. In fact, the same macro name can have several different definitions: one global, several definitions for various major modes, and definitions for various specific buffers. Buffer-specific definitions override mode-specific definitions, which, in turn, override global definitions. As if all that is not enough, Viper (through its interface to Emacs macros) lets the user define keyboard macros that ask for confirmation or even prompt the user for input and then continue. To do this, one should type `C-x q' (for confirmation) or `C-u C-x q' (for prompt). For details, *note Customization: (emacs)Kbd Macro Query. When the user finishes defining a macro (which is done by typing `C-x)' -- a departure from Vi), you will be asked whether you want this macro to be global, mode-specific, or buffer-specific. You will also be given a chance to save the macro in your `~/.vip' file. This is the easiest way to save a macro and make it permanently available. If you work your startup files with bare hands, here is how Viper saves the above macro so that it will be available in Viper's Insert state (and Replace state) in buffer `my-buf' only: (vip-record-kbd-macro "gg" 'insert-state [l up (meta x) n e x t - l i n e return] "my-buf") To do the same for Vi state and all buffers with the major mode `cc-mode', use: (vip-record-kbd-macro "gg" 'vi-state [l up (meta x) n e x t - l i n e return] 'cc-mode) Both macro names and macro definitions are vectors of symbols that denote keys on the keyboard. Some keys, like `\', ` ', or digit-keys must be escaped with a backslash. Modified keys are represented as lists. For instance, holding Meta and Control and pressing `f4' is represented as `(control meta f4)'. If all members of a vectors are printable characters (or sequences, such as `\e', `\t', for ESC and TAB), then they can also be represented as strings: (vip-record-kbd-macro "aa" 'vi-state "aaa\e" "my-buffer") Thus, typing `aa' fast in Vi state will switch Viper to Insert state (due to the first `a'), insert `aa', and then it will switch back to Vi state. All this will take effect only in the buffer named `my-buffer'. Note that the last argument to `vip-record-kbd-macro' must be either a string (a buffer name), a symbol representing a major mode, or `t'; the latter says that the macro is to be defined for all buffers (which is how macros are defined in original Vi). For convenience, Viper also lets you define Vi-style macros in its Emacs state. There is no Ex command, like `:map' and `:map!' for doing this, but the user can include such a macro in the `~/.vip' file. The only thing is that the `vip-record-kbd-macro' command should specify `'emacs-state' instead of `'vi-state' or `'insert-state'. The user can get rid of a macro either by using the Ex commands `:unmap' and `:unmap!' or by issuing a call to `vip-unrecord-kbd-macro'. The latter is more powerful, since it can delete macros even in `'emacs-state'. However, `vip-unrecord-kbd-macro' is usually needed only when the user needs to get rid of the macros that are already predefined in Viper. The syntax is: (vip-unrecord-kbd-macro macro state) The second argument must be `'vi-state', `'insert-state', or `'emacs-state'. The first argument is a name of a macro. To avoid mistakes in specifying names of existing macros, type `M-x vip-describe-kbd-macros' and use a name from the list displayed by this command. If an error occurs during macro definition, Emacs aborts the process, and it must be repeated. This is analogous to Vi, except that in Vi the user doesn't know there is an error until the macro is actually run. All that means that in order for a definition to be successful, the user must do some simple planning of the process in advance, to avoid errors. For instance, if you want to map `gg' to `llll' in Vi state, you must make sure that there is enough room on the current line. Since `l' moves the cursor forward, it may signal an error on reaching the end of line, which will abort the definition. These precautions are necessary only when defining macros; they will help avoid the need to redo the job. When macros are actually run, an error during the execution will simply terminate the current execution (but the macro will remain mapped). A macro name can be a string of characters or a vector of keys. The latter makes it possible to define macros bound to, say, double-hits on a function key, such as `up' or `f13'. This is very useful if you run out of function keys on your keyboard; it makes Viper macro facility a *keyboard doubler*, so to speak. Elsewhere (*Note Keybindings::, for details), we review the standard Emacs mechanism for binding function keys to commands. For instance, (global-set-key [f13] 'repeat-complex-command) binds the key f13 to the Emacs function that repeats the last minibuffer command. Under Viper, however, you may still use this key for additional purposes, if you bind, say, a double-hitting action for that key to some other function. Emacs doesn't allow the user to do that, but Viper does this through its keyboard macro facility. To do this, type `:map ' first. When you are asked to enter a macro name, hit f13 twice, followed by RET or SPC. Emacs will now start the mapping process by actually executing Vi and Emacs commands, so that you could see what will happen each time the macro is executed. Suppose now we wanted to bind the key sequence `f13 f13' to the command `eval-last-sexp'. To accomplish this, we can type `M-x eval-last-sexp' followed by `C-x )'. If you answer positively to Viper's offer to save this macro in `~/.vip' for future uses, the following will be inserted in that file: (vip-record-kbd-macro [f16 f16] 'vi-state [(meta x) e v a l - l a s t - s e x p] 'lisp-interaction-mode) To illustrate the above point, Viper provides two canned macros, which, by default, are bound to `[f12 \1]' and `[f12 \2]' (invoked by typing `f12' then `1' and `2', respectively). These macros are useful shortcuts to Viper's command ring history. The first macro will execute the second-last destructive command (the last one is executed by `.', as usual). The second macro executes the third-last command. If you need to go deeper into the command history, you will have to use other commands, as described earlier in this section; or you can bind, say, `f12 \3' like this: (vip-record-kbd-macro [f12 \3] 'vi-state [(meta x) r e p e a t - f r o m - h i s t o r y] t) Note that even though the macro uses the function key `f12', the key is actually free and can still be bound to some Emacs function via `define-key' or `global-set-key'. Viper allows the user to define macro names that are prefixes of other macros. For instance, one can define `[[' and `[[[[' to be macros. If you type the exact sequence of such keys and then pause, Viper will execute the right macro. However, if you don't pause and, say, type `[[[[text' then the conflict is resolved as follows. If only one of the key sequences, `[[' or `[[[[' has a definition applicable to the current buffer, then, in fact, there is no conflict and the right macro will be chosen. If both have applicable definitions, then the first one found will be executed. Usually this is the macro with a shorter name. So, in our case, `[[[[text' will cause the macro `[[' to be executed twice and then the remaining keys, `t e x t', will be processed. When defining macros using `:map' or `:map!', the user enters the actually keys to be used to invoke the macro. For instance, you should hit the actual key `f6' if it is to be part of a macro name; you do *not* write `f 6'. When entering keys, Viper displays them as strings or vectors (e.g., "abc" or [f6 f7 a]). The same holds for unmapping. Hitting TAB while typing a macro name in the `:unmap' or `:unmap!' command will cause name completion. Completions are displayed as strings or vectors. However, as before, you don't actually type """, "[", or "]" that appear in the completions. These are meta-symbols that indicate whether the corresponding macro name is a vector or a string. One last difference from Vi: Vi-style keyboard macros cannot be defined in terms of other Vi-style keyboard macros (but named Emacs macros are OK). More precisely, while defining or executing a macro, the special meaning of key sequences (as Vi macros) is ignored. This is because it is all too easy to create an infinite loop in this way. Since Viper macros are much more powerful than Vi's it is impossible to detect such loops. In practice, this is not really a limitation but, rather, a feature. We should also note that Vi macros are disabled in the Minibuffer, which helps keep some potential troubles away. The rate at which the user must type keys in order for them to be recognized as a timeout macro is controlled by the variable `vip-fast-keyseq-timeout', which defaults to 200 milliseconds. For the most part, Viper macros defined in `~/.vip' can be shared between Emacs, XEmacs, and X and TTY modes. However, macros defined via function keys may need separate definitions when XEmacs and Emacs have different names for the same keyboard key. For instance, the `Page Up' key may be known in Emacs as `prior' and in XEmacs as `pgup'. The problem with TTY may be that the function keys there generate sequences of events instead of a single event (as under a window system). Both Emacs and XEmacs mape some of these sequences back to the logical keys (e.g., the sequences generated by the arrow keys are mapped to `up', `left', etc.). However, not all function keys are mapped in this way. Macros that are bound to key sequences that contain such unmapped function keys have to be redefined for TTY's (and possibly for every type of TTY you may be using). To do this, start Emacs on an appropriate TTY device and define the macro using `:map', as usual. Finally, Viper provides a function that conveniently displays all macros currently defined. To see all macros along with their definitions, type `M-x vip-describe-kbd-macros'. File: viper, Node: Commands, Prev: Customization, Up: Top Top Commands ******** This section is a semi-automatically bowdlerized version of the Vi reference created by `maart@cs.vu.nl' and others. It can be found on the Vi archives. Very little has been changed for Viper. * Menu: * Groundwork:: Textual Conventions and Viper basics * Text Handling:: Moving, Editing, Undoing. * Display:: Scrolling. * File and Buffer Handling:: Editing, Writing and Quitting. * Mapping:: Mapping Keys, Keyboard Macros * Shell Commands:: Accessing Shell Commands, Processing Text * Options:: Ex options, the `:set' commands * Emacs Related Commands:: Meta Keys, Windows * Mouse-bound Commands:: Search and insertion of text File: viper, Node: Groundwork, Next: Text Handling, Prev: Commands, Up: Commands Groundwork ========== The VI command set is based on the idea of combining motion commands with other commands. The motion command is used as a text region specifier for other commands. We classify motion commands into "point commands" and "line commands". The point commands are: `h', `l', `0', `$', `w', `W', `b', `B', `e', `E', `(', `)', `/', `?', ``', `f', `F', `t', `T', `%', `;', `,', `^' The line commands are: `j', `k', `+', `-', `H', `M', `L', `{', `}', `G', `'', `[[', `]]', `[]' Text Deletion Commands (*Note Deleting Text::), Change commands (*Note Changing Text::), even Shell Commands (*Note Shell Commands::) use these commands to describe a region of text to operate on. Viper adds two region descriptors, `r' and `R'. These describe the Emacs regions (*Note Basics::), but they are not movement commands. The command description uses angle brackets `<>' to indicate metasyntactic variables, since the normal conventions of using simple text can be confusing with Viper where the commands themselves are characters. Watch out where `<' shift commands and `<count>' are mentioned together!!! `<move>' refers to the above movement commands, and `<a-z>' refers to registers or textmarkers from `a' to `z'. Note that the `<move>' is described by full move commands, that is to say they will take counts, and otherwise behave like normal move commands. `<address>' refers to Ex line addresses, which include `. <No address>' Current line `.+n .-n' Add or subtract for current line `number' Actual line number, use `.=' to get the line number `'<a-z>' Textmarker Last line `x,y' Where x and y are one of the above For the whole file, same as (1,$). `/pat/' `?pat?' Next or previous line with pattern pat Note that `%' is used in Ex commands to mean current file. If you want a `%' in your command, it must be escaped as `\%'. Similarly, `#' expands to the previous file. The previous file is the first file in `:args' listing. This defaults to previous window in the VI sense if you have one window only. Others like `<args> -- arguments', `<cmd> -- command' etc. should be fairly obvious. Common characters referred to include: `<sp>' Space `<ht>' Tab `<lf>' Linefeed `<esc>' Escape `<cr>' Return, Enter We also use `word' for alphanumeric/non-alphanumeric words, and `WORD' for whitespace delimited words. `char' refers to any ASCII character, `CHAR' to non-whitespace character. Brackets `[]' indicate optional parameters; `<count>' also optional, usually defaulting to 1. Brackets are elided for `<count>' to eschew obfuscation. Viper's idea of Vi's words is slightly different from Vi. First, Viper words understand Emacs symbol tables. Therefore, all symbols declared to be alphanumeric in a symbol table can automatically be made part of the Viper word. This is useful when, for instance, editing text containing European, Cyrillic, etc., letters. Second, Viper lets you depart from Vi's idea of a word by changing the value of `vip-syntax-preference'. By default, this variable is set to `'strict-vi', which means that alphanumeric symbols are exactly as in Vi. However, if the value is `'reformed-vi' then alphanumeric symbols will be those specified by the current Emacs syntax table (which may be different for different major modes) plus the underscore symbol `_'. The user can also specify the value `'emacs', which would make Viper use exactly the Emacs notion of word. In particular, the underscore may not be part of a word. Finally, if `vip-syntax-preference' is set to `'extended', Viper words would consist of characters that are classified as alphanumeric *or* as parts of symbols. This is convenient for writing programs and in many other situations. `vip-syntax-preference' is a local variable, so it can have different values for different major modes. For instance, in programming modes it can have the value `'extended'. In text modes where words contain special characters, such as European (non-English) letters, Cyrillic letters, etc., the value can be `'reformed-vi' or `'emacs'. Changes to `vip-syntax-preference' should be done in the hooks to various major modes. Furthermore, for these changes to take effect, you should execute `(vip-update-alphanumeric-class)' right after changing the value of `vip-syntax-preference'. The above discussion concerns only the movement commands. In regular expressions, words remain the same as in Emacs. That is, the expressions `\w', `\>', `\<', etc., use Emacs' idea of what is a word, and they don't look into the value of variable `vip-syntax-preference'. This is because Viper doesn't change syntax tables in order to not thwart the various major modes that set these tables. The usual Emacs convention is used to indicate Control Characters, i.e C-h for Control-h. *Do not confuse this to mean the separate characters C - h!!!* The `^' is itself, never used to indicate a Control character. File: viper, Node: Text Handling, Next: Display, Prev: Groundwork, Up: Commands Text Handling ============= * Menu: * Move Commands:: Moving, Searching * Marking:: Textmarkers in Viper and the Emacs Mark. * Appending Text:: Text insertion, Shifting, Putting * Editing in Insert State:: Autoindent, Quoting etc. * Deleting Text:: Deleting * Changing Text:: Changing, Replacement, Joining * Search and Replace:: Searches, Query Replace, Pattern Commands * Yanking:: Yanking, Viewing Registers * Undoing:: Multiple Undo, Backups File: viper, Node: Move Commands, Next: Marking, Up: Text Handling Move Commands ------------- `<count> h C-h' <count> chars to the left. `<count> j <lf> C-n' <count> lines downward. `<count> l <sp>' <count> chars to the right. `<count> k C-p' <count> lines upward. `<count> $' To the end of line <count> from the cursor. `<count> ^' To the first CHAR <count> - 1 lines lower. `<count> -' To the first CHAR <count> lines higher. `<count> + <cr>' To the first CHAR <count> lines lower. To the first char of the line. `<count> |' To column <count> `<count> f<char>' <count> <char>s to the right (find). `<count> t<char>' Till before <count> <char>s to the right. `<count> F<char>' <count> <char>s to the left. `<count> T<char>' Till after <count> <char>s to the left. `<count> ;' Repeat latest `f t F T' <count> times. `<count> ,' Repeat latest `f t F T' <count> times in opposite direction. `<count> w' <count> words forward. `<count> W' <count> WORDS forward. `<count> b' <count> words backward. `<count> B' <count> WORDS backward. `<count> e' To the end of word <count> forward. `<count> E' To the end of WORD <count> forward. `<count> G' Go to line <count> (default end-of-file). `<count> H' To line <count> from top of the screen (home). `<count> L' To line <count> from bottom of the screen (last). To the middle line of the screen. `<count> )' <count> sentences forward. `<count> (' <count> sentences backward. `<count> }' <count> paragraphs forward. `<count> {' <count> paragraphs backward. `<count> ]]' To the <count>th heading. `<count> [[' To the <count>th previous heading. `<count> []' To the end of <count>th heading. `m<a-z>' Mark the cursor position with a letter. ``<a-z>' To the mark. `'<a-z>' To the first CHAR of the line with the mark. `[<a-z>' Show contents of textmarker. `]<a-z>' Show contents of register. To the cursor position before the latest absolute jump (of which are examples `/' and `G'). To the first CHAR of the line on which the cursor was placed before the latest absolute jump. `<count> /<string>' To the <count>th occurrence of <string>. `<count> /<cr>' To the <count>th occurrence of <string> from previous `/ or ?'. `<count> ?<string>' To the <count>th previous occurrence of <string>. `<count> ?<cr>' To the <count>th previous occurrence of <string> from previous `? or /'. Repeat latest `/' `?' (next). Repeat latest search in opposite direction. `C-c /' Without a prefix argument, this command toggles case-sensitive/case-insensitive search modes and plain vanilla/regular expression search. With the prefix argument 1, i.e., `1 C-c /', this toggles case-sensitivity; with the prefix argument 2, toggles plain vanilla search and search using regular expressions. *Note Viper Specials::, for alternative ways to invoke this function. Find the next bracket and go to its match. File: viper, Node: Marking, Next: Appending Text, Prev: Move Commands, Up: Text Handling Marking ------- Emacs mark is referred to in the region specifiers `r' and `R'. *Note Emacs Preliminaries:: and *note Basics::. for explanation. Also see *Note Mark: (emacs)Mark, for an explanation of the Emacs mark ring. `m<a-z>' Mark the current file and position with the specified letter. `m .' Set the Emacs mark (*Note Emacs Preliminaries::) at point. `m <' Set the Emacs mark at beginning of buffer. `m >' Set the Emacs mark at end of buffer. `m ,' Jump to the Emacs mark. `:mark <char>' Mark position with text marker named <char>. This is an Ex command. `:k <char>' Same as `:mark'. Exchange point and mark. Exchange point and mark and go to the first CHAR on line. `'<a-z>' Go to specified Viper mark. Go to specified Viper mark and go to the first CHAR on line. File: viper, Node: Appending Text, Next: Editing in Insert State, Prev: Marking, Up: Text Handling Appending Text -------------- *Note Options:: to see how to change tab and shiftwidth size. See the GNU Emacs manual, or try `C-ha tabs' (If you have turned Emacs help on). Check out the variable `indent-tabs-mode' to put in just spaces. Also see options for word-wrap. `<count> a' <count> times after the cursor. `<count> A' <count> times at the end of line. `<count> i' <count> times before the cursor (insert). `<count> I' <count> times before the first CHAR of the line `<count> o' On a new line below the current (open). The count is only useful on a slow terminal. `<count> O' On a new line above the current. The count is only useful on a slow terminal. `<count> ><move>' Shift the lines described by <count><move> one shiftwidth to the right (layout!). `<count> >>' Shift <count> lines one shiftwidth to the right. `<count> ["<a-z1-9>]p' Put the contents of the (default undo) buffer <count> times after the cursor. The register will be automatically downcased. `<count> ["<a-z1-9>]P' Put the contents of the (default undo) buffer <count> times before the cursor. The register will `[<a-z>' Show contents of textmarker. `]<a-z>' Show contents of register. `<count> .' Repeat previous command <count> times. For destructive commands as well as undo. `f1 1 and f1 2' While `.' repeats the last destructive command, these two macros repeat the second-last and the third-last destructive commands. *Note Vi Macros::, for more information on Vi macros. `C-c M-p and C-c M-n' In Vi state, these commands help peruse the history of Vi's destructive commands. Successive typing of `C-c M-p' causes Viper to search the history in the direction of older commands, while hitting `C-c M-n' does so in reverse order. Each command in the history is displayed in the Minibuffer. The displayed command can then be executed by typing ``.''. Since typing the above sequences of keys may be tedious, the functions doing the perusing can be bound to unused keyboard keys in the `~/.vip' file. *Note Viper Specials::, for details. File: viper, Node: Editing in Insert State, Next: Deleting Text, Prev: Appending Text, Up: Text Handling Editing in Insert State ----------------------- Minibuffer can be edited similarly to Insert state, and you can switch between Insert/Replace/Vi states at will. Some users prefer plain Emacs feel in the Minibuffer. To this end, set VIP-VI-STYLE-IN-MINIBUFFER to `nil'. `C-v' Deprive the next char of its special meaning (quoting). `C-h' One char back. `C-w' One word back. `C-u' Back to the begin of the change on the current line. File: viper, Node: Deleting Text, Next: Changing Text, Prev: Editing in Insert State, Up: Text Handling Deleting Text ------------- There is one difference in text deletion that you should be aware of. This difference comes from Emacs and was adopted in Viper because we find it very useful. In Vi, if you delete a line, say, and then another line, these two deletions are separated and are put back separately if you use the `p' command. In Emacs (and Viper), successive series of deletions that are *not interrupted* by other commands are lumped together, so the deleted text gets accumulated and can be put back as one chunk. If you want to break a sequence of deletions so that the newly deleted text could be put back separately from the previously deleted text, you should perform a non-deleting action, e.g., move the cursor one character in any direction. `<count> x' Delete <count> chars under and after the cursor. `<count> X' Delete <count> chars before the cursor. `<count> d<move>' Delete from point to endpoint of <count><move>. `<count> dd' Delete <count> lines. The rest of the line. `<count> <<move>' Shift the lines described by <count><move> one shiftwidth to the left (layout!). `<count> <<' Shift <count> lines one shiftwidth to the left. File: viper, Node: Changing Text, Next: Search and Replace, Prev: Deleting Text, Up: Text Handling Changing Text ------------- `<count> r<char>' Replace <count> chars by <char> - no <esc>. `<count> R' Overwrite the rest of the line, appending change COUNT - 1 times. `<count> s' Substitute <count> chars. `<count> S' Change <count> lines. `<count> c<move>' Change from begin to endpoint of <count><move>. `<count> cc' Change <count> lines. `<count> C' The rest of the line and <count> - 1 next lines. `<count> =<move>' Reindent the region described by move. `<count> ~' Switch lower and upper cases. `<count> J' Join <count> lines (default 2). `:[x,y]s//<r>/<f>' Substitute (on lines x through y) the pattern (default the last pattern) with <r>. Useful flags <f> are `g' for `global' (i.e. change every non-overlapping occurrence of ) and `c' for `confirm' (type `y' to confirm a particular substitution, else `n' ). Instead of `/' any punctuation CHAR unequal to <space> <tab> and <lf> can be used as delimiter. `:[x,y]copy [z]' Copy text between `x' and `y' to the position after `z'. `:[x,y]t [z]' Same as `:copy'. `:[x,y]move [z]' Move text between `x' and `y' to the position after `z'. Repeat latest Ex substitute command, e.g. `:s/wrong/good'. `C-c /' Toggle case-sensitive search. With prefix argument, toggle vanilla/regular expression search. `#c<move>' Change upper case characters in the region to lower case. `#C<move>' Change lower case characters in the region to upper case. `#q<move>' Insert specified string at the beginning of each line in the region `C-c M-p and C-c M-n' In Insert and Replace states, these keys are bound to commands that peruse the history of the text previously inserted in other insert or replace commands. By repeatedly typing `C-c M-p' or `C-c M-n', you will cause Viper to insert these previously used strings one by one. When a new string is inserted, the previous one is deleted. In Vi state, these keys are bound to functions that peruse the history of destructive Vi commands. *Note Viper Specials::, for details. File: viper, Node: Search and Replace, Next: Yanking, Prev: Changing Text, Up: Text Handling Search and Replace ------------------ *Note Groundwork::, for Ex address syntax. *Note Options:: to see how to get literal (non-regular-expression) search and how to stop search from wrapping around. `<count> /<string>' To the <count>th occurrence of <string>. `<count> ?<string>' To the <count>th previous occurrence of <string>. `<count> g<move>' Search for the text described by move. (off by default) Repeat latest `/' `?' (next). Idem in opposite direction. Find the next bracket and go to its match `:[x,y]g/<string>/<cmd>' Search globally [from line x to y] for <string> and execute the Ex <cmd> on each occurrence. `:[x,y]v/<string>/<cmd>' Execute <cmd> on the lines that don't match. `#g<move>' Execute the last keyboard macro for each line in the region. *Note Macros and Registers::, for more info. Query Replace. `:ta <name>' Search in the tags file where <name> is defined (file, line), and go to it. `:[x,y]s//<r>/<f>' Substitute (on lines x through y) the pattern (default the last pattern) with <r>. Useful flags <f> are `g' for `global' (i.e. change every non-overlapping occurrence of ) and `c' for `confirm' (type `y' to confirm a particular substitution, else `n'). Instead of `/' any punctuation CHAR unequal to <space> <tab> and <lf> can be used as delimiter. Repeat latest Ex substitute command, e.g. `:s/wrong/good'. File: viper, Node: Yanking, Next: Undoing, Prev: Search and Replace, Up: Text Handling Yanking ------- `<count> y<move>' Yank from begin to endpoint of <count><move>. `<count> "<a-z>y<move>' Yank from begin to endpoint of <count><move> to register. `<count> "<A-Z>y<move>' Yank from begin to endpoint of <count><move> and append to register. `<count> yy' <count> lines. `<count> Y' Idem (should be equivalent to `y$' though). `m<a-z>' Mark the cursor position with a letter. `[<a-z>' Show contents of textmarker. `]<a-z>' Show contents of register. `<count> ["<a-z1-9>]p' Put the contents of the (default undo) buffer <count> times after the cursor. The register will be automatically downcased. `<count> ["<a-z1-9>]P' Put the contents of the (default undo) buffer <count> times before the cursor. The register will File: viper, Node: Undoing, Prev: Yanking, Up: Text Handling Undoing ------- `u U' Undo the latest change. Repeat undo. `:q!' Quit Vi without writing. `:e!' Re-edit a messed-up file. `:rec' Recover file from autosave. Viper also creates backup files that have a `~' appended to them.